<human>:  Can you explain the different stages of photosynthesis to me?
<bot>: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants transform energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and water into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis can be broken down into two main stages—the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. In this stage, photons from sunlight are absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy. This energy is then used to produce oxygen from water molecules, as well as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The ATP and NADPH are then used in the Calvin cycle.The Calvin cycle, which is also known as the light-independent reactions, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Here, the ATP and NADPH molecules generated by the light-dependent reaction are used to fix carbon dioxide into 3-carbon sugar molecules, which then convert into glucose. Oxygen is released as a by-product of this process.