<human>:  What is the history of indoor plumbing?
<bot>: The history of indoor plumbing dates back to ancient civilizations. It is believed that the Ancient Romans were the first to develop a plumbing system to transport water from aqueducts to public baths and private villas. By the middle Ages, public baths and indoor plumbing was commonplace throughout much of Europe. During the Renaissance, many cities in Europe and North America put forth significant efforts to improve the sanitation of their homes and public facilities. This led to the development of more sophisticated plumbing systems, with copper pipes and shutoff valves. Modern indoor plumbing systems expanded further in the 19th century, with the invention of the flush toilet, hot water heaters and other plumbing fixtures. Today, indoor plumbing is taken for granted in most parts of the world, and is an essential part of modern building infrastructure.