<human>:  Could you explain to me the significance of the Protestant Reformation?
<bot>: The Protestant Reformation was a movement of religious and political revolt in Europe during the 16th century. Protestant leaders such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged the primacy of the pope and the Catholic Church, arguing for religious reform and increased personal freedom of conscience. This marked a dramatic shift in religious, social and political norms and led to the formation of Protestant denominations that still exist today, such as Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Calvinism. The effects of the Protestant Reformation spread beyond Europe, with new ideas representing a challenge to orthodoxy that reverberated through the world and had a deep impact on many aspects of life in Europe and beyond.