"13.1 within the framework of a given non-custodial measure, various schemes, such as case-work, group therapy, residential programmes and the specialized treatment of various categories of offenders, should be developed to meet the needs of offenders more effectively. "13.2 Treatment should be conducted by professionals who have suitable training and practical experience. "13.3 When it is decided that treatment is necessary, efforts should be made to understand the offender's background, personality, aptitude, intelligence, values and, especially, the circumstances leading to the commission of the offence. "13.4 The competent authority may involve the community and social support systems, such as the family, neighbourhood, school, work-place and social and religious organizations, lay-persons and volunteers, in the application of non-custodial measures. "13.5 Case-load assignments shall be maintained as far as practicable at a manageable level to ensure the effective implementation of treatment programmes. "13.6 For each offender, a case record shall be established and maintained by the competent authority. "14. Discipline and breach of conditions "14.1 A breach of the conditions to be observed by the offender may result in a modification or revocation of the non-custodial measure. "14.2 The modification or revocation of the non-custodial measure shall be made by the competent authority; this shall be done only after a careful examination of the facts adduced by both the supervising officer and the offender. "14.3 The failure of a non-custodial measure should not automatically lead to the imposition of a custodial measure. "14.4 In the event of a modification or revocation of the non-custodial measure, the competent authority shall attempt to establish a suitable alternative non-custodial measure. A sentence of imprisonment may be imposed only in the absence of other suitable alternatives. "14.5 The power to arrest and detain the offender under supervision in cases 
**Analysis**
This text appears to be related to the criminal justice system and the administration of non-custodial measures, such as community service, probation, and treatment programs. It outlines the principles and guidelines for the implementation of these measures, including the role of professionals, the importance of understanding the offender's background, and the need for effective case management.

**Category**
Health, Education