clear deterioration in 1980 and 1979, the level of resources provided in 1980 being under the 1977 one. In 1 S81 ODA commit­ ments from DAC countries fell to $8,189 mill ion from $8,925 mil­ lion in 1980, or by 8.2 per cent. This is a large reduction, and considering that OPEC ODA flm;s fell by 35.5 per cent, total ODA flows to African countries may have decreased by as much as 12 per cent. As for non-ODA flows they have increased substantial­ ly, as seen from balance of payments figures (see table VI.B.l) showing an increase of capital inflows by 60 per cent in 1981. CCA, Table VI.D.2 Net recorded flows to African countries, 1977-1981 (Billions of US dollars) 1977 1978 1979 1980 net receipts total 7.4 71 8.601 9. 384 9.946 1981 DAC bilateral 3.683 4.835 5. 758 6.814 8.189 OPEC bilateral 1.45 7 1.026 1. 216 1. 239 . 791 Non-ODA flows 6.840 10.569 8.671 8.984 Total (at current prices) 14.310 19.188 18.055 18. 930 Total (at constant 1981 prices) 19.65 7 22.897 19.117 18.362 !I -----------------------------------------------------------------Source: As for table VI.D.l. !/ Comr..itments. 35. The decline in ODA and the increase in non-ODA .llows plus direct investment is of significance to Africa, and reflects the general economic malaise in the industrial countries. This decline in the share of lower-cost resources flowing to the con­ tinent is due to the inflation and high unemployment that the traditional conors are facing, which makes it difficult for them 124 E/ECA/CM.9/5 to increase their grants and aid, despite tl1e fact that these same problems are exacerbating African countries needs for con­ cessionary resources. As a result the latter are obliged to seek external funds from the more expensive non-concessionary sources, and at 'the same time to intensify their efforts to attract direct 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the decline in Official Development Assistance (ODA) and the increase in non-ODA flows to African countries, which has significant implications for their economic development. The text highlights the impact of inflation and high unemployment in industrial countries on their ability to provide aid to African countries, which are facing increasing needs for concessionary resources.

**Category**
Economic development, International trade