information. Among the firms that have chosen to dioinvest in this way, 29 were from the United States, one from the United Kingdom and two from the Federal Republic of Germany. The Dresdner Bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Chaee Manhattan Bank of the United States were the two prominent trsnsaational banks that closed their representative office8 in South Africa. Sowever, the most widely publicised ohut-doun occurred in 1987, when the Eastman Kodak Company of the United States ennounced its sell-off end the closure of its msrketing and photo-printing operations, even though the company had no manufacturing facilities in South Africa. Kodak also announced that its products would not be evailable to South African clients through any Bource. gowever, Kodak re-eeteblished its direct presence inSouth Africa in 1988 with the acquisition of Sterling Drug Inc., and Kodak productc are still. available in South Africa. elthouah it ie not clear how they get there. Tiror4firre l a OhUt-=r”x of --..-..&4z.&. .(ae.a nn+ n‘W.lUluPril” maan pn end to “p”m,“-“..” ..--_ ---- ..------ --~~ ~~ future commitments to South Africa. Thirteen of the 32 companies dioinveeted in this manner msjntain ongoing relations in one form or another with South Africa. I... A/45/552 English Page 10 2. of direcr;m 20. Ibis method includes partial sale Md dilution of ohareholdinge. Since both partial aaleo and dilutions imply a reduction rather than a termination of South African holdingo. it follows that the existence of ongoing relations are an iatenral oart of theoe withdrawals. Both method0 aloo represent the early stage; of &at will eventually become a total dfoinveotment. Tbir wae the came with Bill Samuel, Standard Chartered PLC and Metal Box, which dioinvested totally from South Africa ourauant to reducine their otakee in the be&nin& A total of 31 compauieo eo-far are reported to have reduced their 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the withdrawal of international companies from South Africa, specifically in the context of economic sanctions imposed on the country. The companies mentioned are from various industries, including banking, photography, and manufacturing. The text also touches on the impact of these withdrawals on the companies' future commitments to South Africa.

**Category**
Industry, International trade