with the respective responslbl ltles for coordination of the acti­vities of other executors and for the final result. The programme activities of alI the organizations-executors are financed from the budget of the respective ministry or _department. 319. The Academy of sciences plays an Important role In programme formulation and accomplishment. The scientists have Identified the most Important scientific and technological achievements ready for practical uti I lzatlon, have defined the priority areas for SandT development, have evaluated economic prerequisites and consequences of new technology and have out I ined the prob I ems requiring programme development. To ensure Interdepartmental activities during the Implementation, phase coordinating councils are being organized which are headed by the programme leader. This role Is usually performed by leadlnQ scientists or executive heads of leading m1n1stires. The programme form of organizing complete Innovative cycle (Including series productln stage) has the following major common advantages: -coordination and selection of programme economic and social significance expressed In results; targets their havIng planned -strict orientation of the whole problem solving process towards the achievement of final goal; -accurate estimation of the required resource expenditures and the duration of programme Implementation; -efficient control over the major elements and Indices of a programme allowing timely exposure of deviations and lntrod!lctlon of measures for their el lmlnatlon (Including programme discontinuance). T h e ex per i e n c e s g a I n ed t h r o u g h p r ac t I c a I a p p I I c a t I o n of t h e programme method shows that: -It increases the number of successfully completed developments within the planned time limits; -It leads to a considerable raise of the expected economic and social effect <sometimes by 1.5 to 2-toldl; 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be focused on the coordination and implementation of scientific and technological programs, highlighting the role of the Academy of Sciences and the government in facilitating innovation and development. The text also mentions the economic and social effects of these programs, which suggests that the category should be related to economic development.

**Category**
Science and technology, Economic development