(Percentsge of labour force) Group TOTAI t{a le Female A1!. developing countries a/ IFtln America and the caribbean Iow-incone countries MIddle-income countries Asia llldldle-lncome countries India Other low-income countr ies Africa anal the Middle E:ast Iow-incone countr ies Mlddle-income countrles Capital surplus oil producers5.0 5.2 7.8 3.4 t'l r0,28.1 5.5 3.4 4.6 14 .8 7.7 5.47.8 3.4 2.3 15. 9 4.7 b.r10. 3 8.4 8.7 4.0 Erct JLO, lsorld Labour Report, 1984, voI. lr table t.3, p.7. l/ Excluding china.A/ 40 / 5Le English Page 92 TabLe 32. Rates of open urban unenployment ln 12 Latin Anerican countries (Percentage) Country I970 1978 1979 1980 19 81 1982 1983 Argentins Bol ivia Brazil Chi le Colombia Costa Rica Mexlco Panama Paraguay P€r u Uruguay Vene?ueIa4.9 6.5 4.r 10.6 J.J 7.0 10. 3 6.9 7.5 7.82.8 4.5 6.8 r3. 3 9.0 5.8 6.9 9.6 4.1 8.0 l0.l 5.12.0 6.2 5.4 t3.4 8.9 5.3 5.7 II. 6 5.9 6.5 8.3 5.82.3 ?< 6.2 tl.7 9.7 5.0 4.5 9.8 4.1 7,1 7.4 6.64.5 9.7 7.9 9.0 a.2 9.1 4.2 ll. I 2.2 6.8 6.7 6.84.7 9.4 5.3 20 .0 9.3 9.9 4.1 10. 4 5.6 7.O II.9 1.54.0 l2 .l 6.7 19 .0 11.8 8.5 6.9 8.4 8.8 15.5 9.8 Sourcer lnternatlonal Labour Revteu, vol. 123, No. 5, September -October 1984,p. 588. 190. In Africa, nhere only 8 linited proportlon of total incone is nonnally derivedfron enploynent in the nodern Eector, opportunities for gainful employment. in bothtbe nodern aactor and the rural econony have been Ehrinking rapidly. Critical shortaqea of Bkilled rnanpowe r contlnued to co-exist with low produbtlvity and lol'levela of incorne in the rural area6 and in the urban informal sector. Open unenplolment has also increased in tbis region. Nev opportunitles for gainful
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing labor market trends and employment rates in various regions, including developing countries, Latin America, and Africa. It highlights the issues of unemployment, low productivity, and lack of opportunities for gainful employment in these regions. The text also mentions the importance of modern sector employment and the shrinking opportunities for employment in the modern sector.

**Category**
Employment, Economic development