coveraqe of these schemes could be expanded to inelude, for example, changes in taxor royalty rates, restrictions on employment of non-nationalsr and restraints oninvestment, sales and purehases after the agreenent is concluded. A strengthenedand expanded investment insurance system in the developed countries might belp toarrest the decline of, or even to increase, the flow of private capital - eitherthrough international oil eonrpanies or commercial banks - into the energy sector ofthe developing countries. C. International polieyi co-operation anong developing countries 47. Menber States of OPEC provided over half a billion dollars for the developmentof energy resources in other developing countries in 1978 (A/3g/420 and Corr.l,table 5). This bilateral assistance declined to $320 billion in 1982. Assistaneehas been provided in the form of project lending on favourable terms; jointfinancing of projects, sometimes including developed countriesl joint ventures withother developing countries; and preferential access to oil suppJ-ies. An exarnple isthe Energy Co-operation Progran for Central America and the Caribbean (the 'rSanJose Accord"), whereby Mexico and Venezuela committed thenselves to supply the imported conponent of the net domestic oil consumption of nine Central American andA/40/sLL English Page 17 Caribbean countries, up to a maximum rate of 1601000 barrels per day. Furthernore,the recipient countries had the option of drawing a loan from the supplying countryin the among of 30 per cent of the value of the oil purchased, at an interest rateof 4 per cent per year for five years. If the funds were used to develop energy resources, tbe amortization period gould be extended to 20 years and the interestrate decreased to 2 per cent per year. 48. The aid organizations of developing countries include the OPEC Furd forInternational Developnent, the Islamie Developtnent Bank, the Arab Bank for Econorrlc Development, in Africa and the national institutions of most of the Araboil-exporting countries. The commitments of these institutions in 1982 and 1983 amounted to around $2.7 and $2.0 billion, respectiveby. 47/ 49. Although the decline in oil prices has restricted the ability of the fornercapital-surplus, energy-exporting developing countries to finance developnents inother parts of the world, these countries nonetheless remain significant potential
**Analysis**
The text discusses the potential schemes for expanding energy cooperation among developing countries, including changes in tax and royalty rates, restrictions on employment, and restraints on investment. It also mentions the decline of private capital flow into the energy sector and the role of international organizations in providing aid and assistance. This suggests that the category should be related to economic development and natural resources.

**Category**
Economic development, Natural resources and environment