limits wereplaced ongunsize;andagreements weremadeontheexchange ofcertain information andonthetransfer ofwarships tootherStates. TheTreatyalso contained aclause(art.XIX)thesenseofwhichwastoforbid newfortifications ornavalbasesonislands inthePacific exceptasspecified, e.g.inAustralia, NewZealand andHawaii. 25.Another treatyadopted attheWashington Conference on6February 1922laid downspecific rulesgoverning theuseofsubmarines inwarfare. Theserules, popularly knownastheRootResolution, prohibited surprise attacks onmerchant vessels andimposed certain standards onsUbmarine operations, standards whichwere seenasan"established partofinternational law".However, thistreatynever entered intoforce. I...Af40f535 English Page13 26.TheLondonTreatyfortheLimitation andReduction ofNavalArmaments, of 22April1930,contained further restrictions (quantitative andqualitative) <elating towarships. 'TheLondonTreatyalsocontained arestatement ofthe Washington rulesonsubmarine warfare (art.22).ItwaslaiddownintheTreaty thatthisarticle -beingdeclaratory ofinternational law-shouldremaininforce without limitoftime.Accordingly, whentheTreatyof1930expired attheend of1936,article 22remained inforce. However, inviewofthelastparagraph of article 22,whichstatesthattheCont<acting Parties inviteallotherPowersto express tbeirassenttotherulesembodied inthisa<ticle (e.g.submarines maynot sinkmerchant vessels without havingfirstplacedpassengers andcrewinaplaceof safety), anewdocument wasdrawnup.Thiswasthefamous LondonProtocol of 6November 1936,whichincorporated verbatim theprovisions ofarticle 22ofthe Treatyof1930. Aconsiderable numbe<ofstates acceded tothisProtocol, butin theevent,submarine commanders duringtheSecondworldwarweregiveninstructions nottoabidebyitsrules. 27.Thequestion ottheTurkish straits, theDardanelles andtheBosphorus, was paidconsiderable attention du<ingtheinter-war period. Aseparate Straits Convention wasconcluded in1923. Amongotherthings, theConvention created demilita<ized zonesalongbothsho<esofthestraits within whichnomilitary establishments couldbemaintained. Thisarrangement wasabrogated in1936whena newStraits Convention wasconcluded atMontreux. However, theMontreux Convention, laiddownelaborate p<ovisions withrespect tothepassage ofmerchant vessels andwarships intimesofpeaceandintimesofwar.Forexample, intimes ofpeacethemaximum aggregate tonnage offoreign navalforcesintransit, except theforcesoftheBlackSeaPowers, mustnotexceed 15,000tons,andindividual wa<ships cannot exceed10,000tons,exceptforcourtesy visitsattherequest of theGovernment ofTurkey. Warships ofBlackSeaStates enjoyamorefavourable status.ifAlltheStatesparties continue toadheretotheprovisions ofthe Convention. 28.Thearmscontrol measures mentioned above,aswellassomefurther examples of navalarmscontrol a«angements priorto1945,arelistedinannexI. o.Theseaanditsresources andtheirvaluetomankind 29.Useoftheseaforthebenefit ofmankind isasoldasthehistory ofthe humanrace,butithasbeenonlyinthepast500yearsthattheoceans havebeen usedtoanylargeextentforpu<poses otherthanlocalfishing orexploration. 30.Withthedevelopment oftheocean-going sailing shipcamethedevelopment of overseas tradeand,subsequently, theageofcolonialist expansion. Otherthanas amediumoftravel andtransport, however, theseaanditsresources havenotbeen gene<ally usedfo<thebenefit ofmankind untilthepresent century, parallel with thegene<al technological development intheworld. Evennow,manysignificant benefits f<omthevastresources oftheseastillliebeyond humanreachduetothe natural hazards oftheelement andthetechnological challenges ofovercoming them.Allthemotereason, the<efore, toestablish aclimate ofgreater I...A/40/535 EngliSh Page14 international security, mutualtrustandco-operation within whichtheresources of theseacanbedeveloped tomeet,someofthegrowing socialandeconomic needsof theworld's humanpopulation. ' 1.Fisheries 31.Fishisamajorsourceofprotein andassuchisanimportant partofthe humandietalmosteverywhere, particularly insomedeveloping countries whereitis oftenthemainsourceofanimalprotein tosupplement riceormaize.Itprovides nearly onequarter oftheworld's supplyofanimalprotein. Ifcountries are ranked byreliance onanimalprotein derived fromfish,39ofthefirst40places areoccupied bydeveloping countries. 2/ 32.Themainfishing grounds producing threequarters oftheworld's totalcatch are:
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing various international agreements and treaties related to naval armaments, submarines, and international cooperation, as well as the importance of the sea and its resources for human development. It also touches on the topic of fisheries and their significance in providing protein to the human diet. The text seems to be focused on the themes of international cooperation, security, and sustainable use of natural resources.

**Category**
Natural resources and environment, International trade, Agriculture, forestry and fishing