act8 and intellectual or “abstract” acts. Thus, aiding or abetting the principal perpetrator constituted an identifiable physical act whereas counsel, instigation, promises, threats or provocation were abstract acts the existence of which was sometimes difficult to establish. - 22 -56. Taking into account some of the ObSerVatiOnE made chring tho discussion, the Speaial Rapporteur submitted to the Conunisaion a new version af &aft artiale 15. U/ (0) Conaairacrv s7,In his eighth report, and in his presentation of draft article 16 on conspiracy, 261 the Special Rapportour pointed out that tho article compriaodme- 2l/The new version of &aft article 15 submitted by the Special Repporteur read as follows: “Articln,Lli* I?aQlu?u “Participation. !.n the commission of a crime against the peace and security of mankind constitutes the crime of complicity. The following are acts of complicity: (a) Aiding, abatting or povlsion of moans to tho direct perper rator, or making him a promiser (b) Inup!ring the commission of a crime ergciinst the peace and security of mankind by, i-&es, incitement, urging, instigation, order, threat or abstention, whbn in a pooition to provont itt [(c) Afdfng the direct perpetrator, after the commiesion of a crime, to evade criminal prosecution, either by giving him refuge or by helping him to eliminate the avidance of the criminal act. 1” 2.81 The original version of draft article 16 submitted by the Special Rapporteur read as Pollowst “liE.Ltia ’ raQmJ2A.r.w The following constitute crimes against. the poeco and security of mankind: (1) Participation in a common plan or cons; ’ racy to commit any of the crimes defined in this Code. Any crime committed in the execution of the common plan referred to in paragraph (1) above attaches criminal responsibility not only to the perpetrator of such crime but also to any individual who ordered,
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing international law and the definition of crimes against the peace and security of mankind, specifically focusing on complicity and conspiracy. The language used is formal and technical, indicating a legal or academic context. The content is not related to economic development, natural resources, or any other category that focuses on tangible assets or human needs.

**Category**
Law, International Relations