Charter istheminimum actionrequired ofthisOrganization. Theyaremerited on threecounts: first, SOuthAfrica's defiance oftheUnitedNations over Namibia~ secondly, itsconstant andcontinuing direct andindirect attacks onits independent neighbours; thirdly, theindignity, theslavery, theviolence andthe dangers toworldpeacewhichareinherent initspolicyoforganized racism - a erimeagainsthumanity.BBS/ed A/40/PV.13 14-15 (President Nyerere) Theproblems ofsouthern Africahavedeveloped totheirpresent dangerous condition because therehasbeenafailure toactinternationally atanearly stage. Butint:hesphereofinternational economics therehasbeenaclear regzession fromtheinternationalism whichcreated theUnitedNations. By1945itappeared thattheworldhadlearned theeconomic lessons ofthe 1920sand1930s.Itwasthusforhard-headed reasons, aswellasr'2newed feelings ofhumansolidarity, thattheBretton WOOdsinstitutions andotherUnitedNations specialized agencies werecreated toworkwithandalongside theEconomic and SocialCouncil oftheUnitedNatiofls.MLG/rd A/40/PV.13 16 (President Nyerere) Thedeclared purpose oftheentiresystemwasthewell-being andprosperity of allnations, basedonincreased inte~national co-operation andtrade,anda reduction ofpoverty, ignorance anddisease ~~roughout theglobe. Inevitably, the institutions werenotalwayswell-targeted 6sufficient inscope,orsufficiently adaptable forthetasksgiventothem,buttheywerethere,tobeimproved and extended according toexperience. Andthesystemwasextended, withtheInternational Development Association (lOA),theUnitedNations COnference onTradeandDevelopment (UNCTAD), theUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNlDO) andtheUnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP)beingcreated duringthe1960s,andtheInternational FundforAgricultural Development (IFAD)aslateas1977.Asanother reflection of internationalism, in1960theGeneral Assembly adopted atargetof0.7percentof grossnational product tobeallocated bythericherandmoredeveloped Members to thewaragainst worldpoverty. Notallnations committed themselves tothis target; indeed,quitespurious reasons wereadvanced bysomenations fornotdoing so.Butthemajority ofthedeveloped nations didacceptthattarget. Unfortunately, aneworthodoxy, backedupbyeconomic power,hasinthelast fiveorsixyearsincreasingly ignored thefactthattheworld's current economic problems arisefromrapidtechnological advance, andtheinadequacy andassymetry oftheinternational structures previously established. SOinsteadoffurther international co-operation, andanintensified attackontheproblems ofpoverty, wehaveareturntothemonetarism andtheeconomic nationalist insularity ofthe 19206and1930s. Attempts weremade,andworkwasevenbegun,ondealing withtheincreasingly obvious worldeconomic problems through international negotiation. In1974,the General Assembly adopted theDeclaration ontheEstablishment ofaNewMLG/rd A/40/PV.13 17 (President Nyerere) International Economic Order. Atthethirty-fourth session in1979,theAssembly decided tolaunchglobalandsustained negotiations oninternational economic co-operetion fordevelopment, withthefi:streportoftheC~~ittea oftheWhole tobesubmitted tothe1980special sessiQn~ Bythenattitudes hadchanged. Wehadthatspecial session,itachieved nothing, notevenagreement onprocedures, atime-framer orevenanagenda. Then in1981,wehadthecancunmeeting inMexico, designed, inthewakeoftheBrandt COmmission report, tosearchoutabasisfornegotia'tions. Thecanounmeeting achieved nothing. Andsincethenithasprovedimpossible eventoge~talksabout talksaboutglobalnegotiations. Themajordeveloped countries, ledbytheUnited States, haveblockedallprogress. Theyarenotevenwilling toconsider ~hefacts ofpoverty anditsinterrelationship withthepresent international eco~omic system, worldpoverty hasbeenpushedofftheinternational agenda. Instead, weseetilt:.!.ewanti-internationalist climate reflected intheactions oftheInternational Monetary Fund(IMF). Thisinstitution isnowlittlemorethan aninstrument usedbythewealthiest andmostpowerful nations forthe international enforcement oftheirowneconomic policies ontheunder-developed countr~es ofthewcrld. Theattempt tousetheWorldBanksysteminthesamtwayhasnothadcomplete success, although someMemberStateshavebeendeniedaccesstoitsfundsforwhat canonlybedescribed asideological reasons. Butwehaveseenadecreasing
**Analysis**
The text is a speech by President Nyerere, discussing the economic issues of the world, specifically the problems of poverty, inequality, and the lack of international cooperation. He highlights the failure of the international community to address these issues and the return to economic nationalism and monetarism. The speech is critical of the actions of developed countries, particularly the United States, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

**Category**
Economic development, International trade