from colonialism Is, however, that of a diploma mil I where an examining affiliating Institute undertakes very I lttle research and training at Ph.D level. Though the nation has established twenty universities, produces annually around a dozen Ph.Ds In the natural sciences. against 5,000 from the 20 British Unlversl• ties we are still dependent on advanced countries for the tral~­ lng of all our high-level personnel. The country Is consequently perpetually short of high-level professional and research human resorce for launching a viable scientific or high technology development programmes. In advanced countries, support to applied research Is pro• vlded by un~versltles through the development of basic and tunda· mental research as well as the training of high-level manpower. Basic research, conducted mostly In the universities Is, In fact• the foundation which supports the superstructure of advanced technological research. In Pakistan, though all the universitieS are vested with autonomy under their charters to undertake re­ search, very little research Is acutally carried out In them• partly due to the fact that the resources allocated for research have been extremely meagre. Only Rs. 3.2 mil I ion Is set aside for research out of a total budget of Rs. 311 mil lions tor the nineteen universities. The current allocations of about one percent of the budget of universities for research Is lnslgnltlc• ant. In advanced nations, It Is around 33 percent In general universities and much higher In research universities. It has 202 therefore been recommended that at least 15 percent of their budget should be spent on research by the universities. For promotion of research at the Universities the pol Icy package contains recommendations aimed at revival of the Board of Advanced Studies and Research <BASR> at each university, non lapsable separate funds for R&D, vigorous programme of training 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the state of research and education in Pakistan, highlighting the lack of resources and infrastructure, and the dependence on advanced countries for training high-level personnel. The text also emphasizes the importance of basic research and its role in supporting advanced technological research. The recommendations for promoting research at universities are focused on increasing funding and providing training programs. Based on this analysis, it is likely that the text falls under the categories related to education and science and technology.

**Category**
Education, Science and technology