(vii) Requête and solicitud should be translated as âpEUfiâtion, but petition can be used instead if these terms denote the act by which judicial proceedings are begun and if the proceedings concern divorce, nullity of marriage, judicial separation, insolvency or company winding-up (liquidation). Application can be replaced by motion in judicial proceedings, particularly if the text concerns a point raised orally. If in doubt, use application. Translate requérir 4., requerir 4, and solicitar accordingly. 4. Names of pleadings Pleadings are the formal written statements exchanged step by step between the parties to a civil action, and must be distinguished from process {see section 5). Each step has a different name: £nç[iand 12/ France 17/ Spain 21/ principal claim counterclaim, if any principal claim counterclaim, if any principal claim counterclaim, if any 1. By plaintiff 2. By defendant 3. By plaintiff 4. By defendant statement of claim 13/ - demande initiale IB/ defence 14/ counterciaitn conclusions en défense 19/ reply 15/ defence to counterclaim répliqué 20/ rejoinder 16/ rejoinder duplique demanda demande reconventionnelle contestación ? réplica reconvención In the International Court of Justice the steps are: 1. Mémoire, memorial, memoria. 2. Contre-mémoire, counter-roemorial, contramemoria. 3. Réplique, reply, réplica. In the Court of Justice of the European Communities and ? tne European Court Of Human Rights the steps arei 1. Mémoire, statement of case. 2. contre-mémoire, counter-memorlal. 12/ The terras used in England are in general use in the United States as well, except that complaint replaces statement of claim and answer replaces defence. 13/ In the High Court; it can he endorsed on tlie writ or be separate from it. Formerly called plaint or declaration and still called plaint in a county court, where it is an integral part of the summons, i.e. originating process and the pleading ace combined. In a matrifnorial cause the petitioner's 
**Analysis**
This text appears to be a glossary of legal terms related to civil actions and pleadings in various courts, including international courts. The terminology and structures mentioned are specific to legal proceedings, and the text provides translations and explanations for different terms.

**Category**
Law