279. Long before the emergence of nuclear veapons, nilitary doctrines of various kind.s have been used to describe the intended conduct of future l,''ars, to contTol or guide the use of force aIrd to determine the conditions the].eof. The existence of nucl-ear weapons and the rapid. technologicat development in thj.s field rluring ttie last 30 years have given rise to numerous military doctrines relating to the use or threat of use of nucfear weapons and l-ed to their constant revision. ?80. The concept of nilitary d.octrine is used in somewhat differert ways by the naJor nititary Po'wers. In the West nilitary doctrines tend to be regarded as operational concepts whose postulates are confined. to the use or threat of use of force. Thus, most strategic doctrines in the West deal vith poticies concerning the use of nuclear rteapons. In the Soviet Union nilitary doctrine has a broader meaning and. has been defined as rran officially accepted system of vievs in a given State and in its antred forces on the nature of rrar and nethods of conducting it and on preparation of the country and. arny fo wat'r. 30/ The Soviet view of nititary scienee embraces the entire range of potitical, econonic and. technol-ogical considerations wLrich might affect the course of a var. z8t. Militaly doctrines are often formally expressed in statenents and speeches by national feaders and,ranking mifitary persona"lities, but they a.re also Ieflected in the military preparations of a given State or group of States, e,g. in decisions on procurement and deplolrnent, in training manuals, as wel]- as in military and politica1 periodi.cals and books, 282. A large spectrr:m of thinking exists on the subject of nuclear weapons and their possible use. This thinking is sometimes grouped into certain "schools",
**Analysis**
The text discusses military doctrines and the use of nuclear weapons, which suggests a strong connection to science and technology, as well as international relations and conflict resolution. The text also touches on the concept of national security, which could be linked to employment, education, and humanitarian aid.

**Category**
Science and technology, International trade