UnitedStates whichatpresent hastwoandby1988expects tohavefourin setvice. Allfourshipswerebuiltintheearly1940sbuthavebeenrecently (or arebeing)reactivated andequipped withmodern weapons andequipment, including sea-launched cruisemissiles. TheSoviet Unionhasconstructed twonew battle-cruisers, significantly largerthantraditional cruisers andwithawide variety ofmodern weapons andsensors. Atalowerlevelthanbattleships and battle-cruisers, cruisers ateapowerful component ofanavalforce,providing a platform formissiles, guns,helicopter operations, detection andcommunications equipment andgoodfacilities forfleetcommand andcontrol. 112.Manynaviespossess destroyers and/orfrigates. Varying considerably insize (generally between 2,000and7,000tons),age,weapon-fit andotherequipment, they perform manyofthelong-standing navaltasksdescribed inchapter IV.Itisoften notpossible todifferentiate between destroyers andfrigates, particulatly in recentyears, andingeneral theyateclassified bytheprimary function forwhich theyatebestequipped, e.g.ASWfrigate. (b)Navalaviation 113.Several nations havesignificant navalairforces. Sometimes theseoperate fromaircratt-carriers, whichmayhaveavariety ofmissions, orfromshipswith otherlanding platfotms, buttherearealsoseveral Statesthathavefeworevenno aircraft-carriers yetoperate strongnavalairpowetfrombasesonshore. Naval aircraft include fighters, bombers, anti-submarine aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, ait-borne early-warning aircraft, tankers forin-flight refuelling, reconnaissance aircraft andawidevariety ofhelicopters. Helicopters are particulatly usefulinanti-submatine operations, forwhichtheyarecatried on ma~yshipsdowntofrigate size,andinamphibious assault operations. /........Table2.Selected conventional navalstrengtns (active service)!I Destroyers Submarines Aircraft- and corvettes/FAC <YFACltorpedo) /(excl.Ballistic carriersElBattleships Cruisers frigates (miSSile) FAC(gun) Missile SUDS.) Argentina 1 - - 11 7/- 2/2 3 Brazil 1 - - 18 16/- -/3 7 China - - - 41 14/222 250/345 103 France 2 - 2 43 -/5 -/- 19 India 1 - 1 28 3/16 -/- 8 Indonesia - - - 10 -/4 2/- 2 Italy 2 - 2 19 8/- 4/- 10 Japan --- 52 -/- 5/- 14 Spain 1- - 26 5/- -/- 9 SWeden - - - 2 -/30 6/- 12 TUrkey - - - 17 -/14 5/1 17 UnionofSOviet Socialist Republics 4 - 41 263 59/105 10/- 279 united Kingdom 2 - 4 56 -/- -/- 27 unitedStatesof America 14 2 28 168 -/- -/- 99 Source: Jane's Fighting Ships1984-85, pp.150-151. !IExcluding shipsinreserve orunderconstruction ormodernization. ElThetermnaircraft-carrier· isusedinabroadsense; someofthevessels soclassified carrymostlyhelicopters. Thesovietclassification is"tactical aircraft-carry~n9 crUiser". ~FastAttackCraft(seepara.129below)...."'.."~,10..0oil!>....,0...,.....'"..."'......A/40/535 English Page38 114.Effective control hasbeenSeentodemandeffective control oftheadjacent airspace. Inthissense,sincethe1940stheaircraft-carrier hassuperseded the battleship asthecapital shipofnavalsurface forces. Thelargest aircraft-carriers areatpresent operated bytheUnitedStates Navy.Displacing over90,000tonsatfullload,theyareOver330m(1,000feet)inlength, nuclear-propelled, carryover90aircraft andatotalnavalandaircreWof
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing naval forces and military capabilities of various countries, including their ship composition, aircraft, and naval aviation. It seems to be providing a snapshot of the naval strengths of different nations in 1984-85. The language used is technical and specific to the naval industry, indicating that the text is not related to economic development, natural resources, agriculture, or other categories outside of defense and military affairs.

**Category**
Transport, Science and Technology