oPerations havealsoexacerbated thefinancial difficulties oftheunited Nations. Asthenumberofpeace-keeping operations financed byassessed oontributions hasincreased substantially inthep3stthreeyears,the problem ofd:>taining sufficient contributions tokeepeachoPeration funded hasgra.-mproportionally. 17.TherearesixPeace-keeping operations currently financed byassessed contributirns: UNEF/UNDOF; UNIFIL; theUnitedNations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group(UNIIM:J3); theUnitedNations AngolaVerification Mission (UNAVEM); theUnitedNations Transition Assistance Group(UNI'AG); andthe UnitedNations Observer GroupinCentral America (00tX:A). At 30september 1990outstanding contributions tothesepeace-keeping operations totalled $430.9million, asshownbelow: OUtstanding oontributions asof·30September 1990 (millions ofUnitedStatesdollars) UNEF/UNDOFal UNIFIL'91/UNIIMX; c UNAVEMd7 UNl'AGi! OOUCAY1:;}.6 360.3 11-0 3.4 30.2 6.4 a/Assessments through 30November 1990. blAssGssments through 31January 1991- clAssessments through 30September 1990. dlAssessments through 2January 1991- elAssessments through 31March1990. flAssessments through 7November 1990. 18.Therelationship oftheoutstanding oontributions foreachofthesesix Peace-keeping operations tothearrounts assessed fromtheinception ofeach operation throughitscurrent rrandateisillustrated infigure2below: I... Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld LibraryA/C.5/45/l7 English Page7 Figure2 PERCENTAGE OFUNPAIDCONTRIBUTIONS TOPEACE=KEEPING OPERATIONS 25'O%r------------, 23.1% 20.0% 1).-D Q.c15.0%] ID (J) D+Jc10.0% ID ~ ID Cl. 5.00 0.0%UNEF/UNDOF UNIIMOG UNTAG UNIFIL UNAVEM ONUCA AT30SEPTEMBER 1990 /...A/C.5/45/l7 English Page7 Figure2 PERCENTAGE OFUNPAIDCONTRIBUTIONS TOPEACE=KEEPING OPERATIONS 25'O%r------------, 23.1% 20.0% 1).-D Q.c15.0%] ID (J) D+Jc10.0% ID ~ ID Cl. 5.00 0.0%UNEF/UNDOF UNIIMOG UNTAG UNIFIL UNAVEM ONUCA AT30SEPTEMBER 1990 /... Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld LibraryA/C.5/45/17 English Page8 19.Thedranatic increase inthenumberofpeace-keeping cperations financed byassessed contributicns hasalsofocusedattention ontheproblem ofstart-up financing forsuchoperations. Thisrefet'stothefundsneeded forcoststhathavetobemetbeforetheGeneral Assembly hasactedto approve thefinancing oftheoperaticn andpriortothereceiptofan adeqate levelofassessed contributions. Thebasicmechanism available for thispurposeistheWJrking capital Fund,Whichnaybeutilized tmderthe provisions governing tmforeseen andextraordinary expenses. TheWJrking Capital Fundis,however, alsorequired tomeetshortfalls inreceipt of assessed contributicns totheregular budget, asindicated inparagraph 10 above. Atitspresent levelof$100million, theWJrkingcapital Fundis clearly insufficient toservebothpurposes. D.SUspension oftheprovisions offinancial regulaticns 4.3,4.4and5.2(d) 20.Asonemeasuretodealwiththeorganization's financ;::ial problems, the General Assembly decided, inresolutions 2947AandB(XXVII), 36/116B, 40/241Band42/216A,tosuspend theprovisions offinancial regulatioos 4.3,4.4and5.2(d)inrespect ofthesurpluses tmdertheregular budget arisingattheendof1972andattheendofthe1980-1981, 1982-1983, 1984-1985 and1986-1987 bienniurns. 21.Whenthesefinancial regulations areapplied, theUnitedNations returns toeachM:!rnberStateitsshareoftheb3.1ance oftheappropriations notrequired todischarge obligations inrespect ofgoods,supplies and services rendered inthefinancial Periodortoliquidate anyother outstanding legalobligation ofthefinancial Period. Thisisaccanplished bygivingeachMemberStateacreditagainstitsassessed contribution in thesecondyearofthebienniurn following theoneinwhichtheobligations lapse.
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the financial difficulties of the United Nations, specifically the problem of unpaid contributions to peace-keeping operations and the need for start-up financing for new operations. It also touches on the topic of financial regulations and the suspension of certain provisions to address the organization's financial problems. This suggests that the text is related to the financial management and sustainability of the United Nations.

**Category**
International trade, Humanitarian aid and relief