particular instances of disinvestment in order to ascertain to what extent economic links with South Africa are continuing through other arrangements by the departing companies. 1. Total shut-down of operations : __sales and represgntatiye. 1 9. Since 1984, 32 TNCs have employed this method of withdrawal, which constitutes 9 per cent of the total disinvestment identified from available information. Among the firms that have chosen to disinvest in this way, 29 were from the United States, one from the United Kingdom and two from the Federal Republic of Germany. The Dresdner Bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Chase Manhattan Bank of the United States were the two prominent transnational banks that closed their representative offices in South Africa. However, the most widely publicized shut-down occurred in 1987, when the Eastman Kodak Company of the United States announced its sell-off and the closure of its marketing and photo-printing operations, even though the company had no manufacturing facilities in South Africa. Kodak also annotmced that its products would not be available to South African clients through any source. However, Kodak re-established its direct presence in South Africa in 1988 with the acquisition of Sterling Drug Inc., and Kodak products are still available in South Africa, although it is not clear how they get there. Therefore, a shut-down of operations does not necessarily mean an end to future commitments to South Africa. Thirteen of the 32 companies disinvested in this manner maintain ongoing relations in one form or another with South Africa. 2. Rfiduction of direct investment 20. This method includes partial sale and dilution of shareholdings. Since both partial sales and dilutions imply a reduction rather than a termination of South African holdings, it follows that the existence of ongoing relations are an integral part of these withdrawals. Both methods also represent the 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the disinvestment of transnational corporations (TNCs) from South Africa, particularly in the context of economic links and arrangements. The language used is technical and focused on business and economic concepts, such as "disinvestment", "economic links", "direct investment", and "shareholdings". The text also mentions specific companies, such as Eastman Kodak and Dresdner Bank, which further supports the hypothesis that the text is related to economic development.

**Category**
Industry, International trade