Inter-American TreatyofReciprocal Assistance (RioTreaty), 1947 InEuropeandtheNorthAtlantic Treaty between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, theNetherlands andtheUnited Kingdom (Brussels Treaty), 1948 NorthAtlantic Treaty (NATO), 1949 warsawTreatyofFriendship, Co-operation andMutualAssistance (Warsaw Treaty), 1955I...A/40/535 English Page52 IntheMiddleEast Collective Security Pactbetween StatesoftheArabLeague, 1950 InthePacific area Security Treaty between Australia, NewZealand andtheUnitedStates (ANZUS Treaty), 1951 Thesetreaties envisage takingmeasureS ofcollective self-defence atseasince theirzonesofapplication covermaritime areas. 177.Thelegalvalidity ofthesearrangements areallexpressly basedonthe Charter oftheUnitedNations, insomecasesinparticular onArticle 51ofthe Charter. Specific reference toArticle 51isfoundintheRioTreaty, theBrussels Treaty, theNATOTreaty andthewarsawTreaty. Nosuchreference ismadeinthe ANZUSTreaty. However, itisexpressly declared inthatTreatythattherightsand obligations ofanyoftheParties undertheCharter arenotaffected andthe responsibility oftheUnitedNations forthemaintenance ofinternational peaceand security isnotprejudiced. 178.Intheexercise oftherightofcollective self-defence itisclearthat parties tothesesecurity arrangements mayuseforceuponthehighseas,withinthe limitsprescribed byinternational law,toprotect theirarmedforces, pUblic vessels oraircraft. Asalwaysinthecaseoflegitimate self-defence, theuseof forceshallnotexceed aproportional response tothearmedattack, takinginto account itsnature andmagnitude. 179.Theprinciple ofnon-intervention ininternational lawisembodied inthe Charter oftheUnitedNations. Armedintervention isprohibited bythegeneral prohibition oftorceinArticle 2,paragraph 4,andvarious formsofindirect intervention areprohibited bytheprovisions ofArticle I,paragraph 2(calling forrespect fortheprinciple ofequalrights andself-determination ofpeoples) andbyArticle 2,paragraph 1(setting forththeprinciple ofthesovereign equality ofStates). IntheDeclaration onPrinciples ofInternational Law concerning Friendly Relations andCo-operation amongStatesinaccordance withthe Charter oftheUnitedNations (seeGeneral Assembly resolution 2625(XXV),annex), anauthoritative interpretation oftheCharter wasestablished, according towhich theprinciple ofnon-intervention should begivenawidescopeofapplication. The Declaration coversallformsofinterference orthreats against "thepersonality" ofStates. Modern navalcapabilities permitthepolitical useofnavalforces new andsubtle formswhichdonothavetobeexplicit inordertobeperceived as coercion. 180.Oneexample ofprohibited activity -prohibited intheinterests of maintaining international peaceandsecurity -istheblockade. Initsdefinition ofaggression, adopted without avotein1974inresolution 3314(XXIX)of 14December 1974,theGeneral Assembly, interalia,specifies that,"theblockade oftheportsorcoastsofaStatebythearmedforcesofanother State"qualifies asanactofaggression (annex,art.3(c»).Suchablockade is,intheabsence of aSecurity Council decision tothateffect, notevenpermitted asaformof reprisal against aStatewhichhascommitted acrimeagainst international law. I...A/40/535 English Page53 B.TheConvention ontheLawoftheSea 181.TheConvention ontheLawoftheSeaconfirms toalargeextentthemaritime regimeestablished bythefourGenevaConventions of1958.Itclarifies thelawin manyrespects, setting aclearlimitfortheterritorial seaandintroducing definitive limitstothecontinental shelf.Italsointroduces newconcepts into maritime law:theexclusive economic zoneandarchipelagic waters. Aboveall,it givespractical expression totheprinciple ofthecommonheritage ofmankind set outinGeneral Assembly resolution 2749(XXV)of17December 1970,whichcontains, interalia,threeguidelines: (a)Thattheareadeclared tobethecommonheritage ofmankind shallnotbe suhject toappropriation bynational meansortoanyclaimofsovereignty or sovereign rightsoveranypartthereof; (b)Thattheexploitation ofthesea-bed andoceanfloor,andthesubsoil thereof, shallbecarried outforthebenefit ofmankind asawhole,takinginto consideration theinterests andneedsofthedeveloping countries; (c)Thattheareashallhereserved exclusively forpeaceful purposes. Resolution 2749(XXV)implies, therefore, therecognition oftheneedfor
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing international law and treaties related to maritime law, self-defense, and the use of force. It also mentions the Convention on the Law of the Sea, which sets out rules for the use of the world's oceans. The text does not seem to be focused on economic development, natural resources, or human activity, but rather on the legal framework governing these areas.

**Category**
International trade, Transport and communication