used except to describe a statement which is both under oath and in writing. The person making a deposition or an affidavit is called a deponent in England and an affiant or a deponent in the United States. If the statement has not been made under oath, it should be called a statement or a declaration. Both terms imply a certain degree of formality. In police and judicial proceedings, individuals - suspects, accused persons, witnesses, parties, counsel, judges - make statements, not declarations, but in a declaratory judgement a court makes a declaration, not a statement. In extrajudicial matters, formal statements are usually called declarations. As a term of art affirmation is best avoided, since in England it has the special meaning of a statement having the force of an affidavit but not made under oath because the person making it, the affirmant, has beliefs which prevent him from taking an oath. Statutory definitions of the terms oath, affidavit and statutory declaration as used in England are given in Schedule 1 to the Interpretation Act 1978. - 1180 - Note 19 INTERVENTION. JOINDER OF PARTIES This note concerns civil, criminal and (in France) administrative proceedings involving at the outset, or later in the action, more than one plaintiff or defendant or a third party. A problem arises in translating the French term intervention into English because in France the notion covers both voluntary and enforced intervention whereas in England, when properly used, it covers voluntary intervention only. According to Jowitt and Halsbury (vol. 37, p. 171), intervener and intervention are used in both senses, but this does not seem to be the case in practice in England or the United States. In England the rules about adding parties are dealt with under the 
**Analysis**
This text appears to be discussing legal terminology and concepts, specifically related to court proceedings, statements, and parties involved. It does not seem to be related to any specific industry, sector, or field that would fall under the categories listed.

**Category**
Law, none