thecommunity level. Studies andworkshops willbeundertaken toclarify the causesofcrime,particularly juvenile crime,inthecontext ofrapiddevelopment andtodevise improved meansofreducing theincidence ofcrime,particularly juvenile crime. Aregional network ofdrugabuseprevention, treatment and .rehabilitation programmes willbedeveloped. Planning workshops willbeundertaken todevelop integrated drugabusedemandcontrol programmes inseveral communities intheregion. Aseriesofseminar-cum-study toursandtraining courses for community-level drugabusedemandcontrol practitioners willbeimplemented. Evaluations ofongoing drugabusedemandcontrol programmes willbeconducted and programme improvements proposed. 31.93 Surveys andstudies willbeundertaken ofthecurrent situation andmajor problems facingmarginalized socialgroups, including theabsolute poor,youth, women,disabled persons andtheelderly andpractical approaches willbedevised to enhancing theparticipation ofthosegroupsindevelopment. Advisory services will beprovided toassist government agencies andnon-governmental organizations in promoting theparticipation ofthosegroups. Training courses willbeconducted andtraining manuals willbeprepared forupgrading theleadership skillsof members ofthosegroupsasameansofpromoting self-help movements among marginalized socialgroups. SUBPROGRAMME 12.SPECIAL PROGR~ES FORTHELEASTDEVELOPED ANDISLAND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (a)Objectives 31.94 Thelegislative authority forthissubprogramme derives fromGeneral Assembly resolutions 34/203; 34/210; 35/56, annex,para.136;35/205; 36/194, paras. 8,10,11,and13;40/205; 41/163; 42/177; 43/186; and43/189; and Commission resolutions 244(XLI)and269(XLIV). 31.95Despite theadoption oftheSubstantial NewProgramme ofActionforthe 1980sfortheLeastDeveloped Countries, thesocio-economic situation ofthatgroup ofcountries intheregiongenerally deteriorated inthe1980s. Forthemostpart, thegoalssetintheProgramme werenotachieved andtheaverage GDPgrowthofthe leastdeveloped countries oftheESCAPregion wasmuchbelowthetarget of 7.2percentperannumenvisaged intheProgramme. Hence,theirgenerally poor economic performance overthepastdecade, thegrowing incomedisparity between themandmostotherdeveloping countries intheregion, andthelargegapbetween thecommitments andactualdelivery ofinternational assistance extended tothem haveraisedserious concern fortheirgrowthprospects intheyearsahead. 31.96 WithregardtothePacific island economies, theirgrowth onaverage has beenthelowestintheESCAPregion. Thathasledtoalong-term decline inthe -24- Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Librarystandard oflivingofmostofthoseeconomies. Moreover, lowgrowthhasbeen exacerbated byhighvolatility ineconomic performance andthecountries remain extremely vulnerable toeconomic shocksofbothdomestic andforeign origin. That vulnerability hascreated complications andhasaddedcostsindesigning and implementing development policies andplans.Ithasalsomadethetaskof macro-economic management andstabilization moredifficult •. 31.97Inthelightofthoseconcerns, emphasis willbeplacedontheneedto rededicate international commitment tomeetthespecial needsoftheleast developed andislanddeveloping countries, aswellasforthesecountries tomakea concerted effortformoreeffective utilization ofresources attheircommand, both generated internally andthoseflowing fromabroad. 31.98 Theobjectives withregardtotheleastdeveloped countries are: (a)Toreview andmonitor theimplementation ofthenewassistance programme fortheirbenefit resulting fromtheSecondUnitedNations Conference ontheLeast Developed Countries, tobeheldin1990; (b)Toundertake periodic reviews andassessments onthestateoftheir socio-economic situation; (c)Toanalyse themajorpolicyissuesfacing themandtosuggest feasible measures fortheirresolution; (d)Toassistthesecountries inimproving skillsintheformulation, implementation andmanagement ofdevelopment activities. 31.99 Theobjectives withrespect toislanddeveloping countries are: (a)Toassesstheireconomic performance, withemphasis onananalysis of
**Analysis**
The text appears to focus on development programs and initiatives aimed at addressing the socio-economic challenges faced by least developed and island developing countries. The language used emphasizes the need for international cooperation, resource mobilization, and capacity building to support the development efforts of these countries.

**Category**
Economic development, International trade, Humanitarian aid and relief