commissions of the local ogvernments have direct responsibility to organize and monitor the Implementation of such pol lcles and Plans. PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION From these deve I opments, It Is c I ear that ChIna accomplished a great deal of work In the formulation Implementation of science and technology policies and plans, achieved remarkable progress. has and and Yet, from a nation-wide vleweornt, our newS and T policies are still In the Initial fmplemenfatlon stage, and exper-Iences are yet to be accumulated. There are depar-tments or­ organIzatIons wh lch I ack an adequate .understandIng of the Importance of science and technology policies, leading 'to Ineffective Implementation. Furthermore, our policies as such ~hould also undergo the test of practice. so as to be assessed, Improved and to be more comprehensive. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFRA~TRUCTURE Science and technology research lnstltuttons : According to 1983 statistics. China has over 4400 Independent research Institutes In the field of natural sciences at or above municipal or prefecture level. About 10-15 percent of these are ·rn basic research, the rest In R and D. Most of these Institutes were established before 1979. Since 1979, China has strengthened Its S and T Infrastructure In five aspects: (1) establishing a number of •soft sciences• research Institutes. specialized InS and Tor techno-economic pol lcles, such as the National Research Centre for Science and Technology for Development; (2) establishing technology develop­ ment consulting and service corporations to undertake technology develop.ment and transfer; (3) establlsh.lng supporting organlza­ tlons such as national or provincial computing centers, testing centers or pilot plant.beses, etc; (4) establishing a number of Institutes In emerging technologies: BeiJing Institute of Infor­ matics. Biotechnology Development Center, Software Development Center, etc; (5) strengthening of SandT tnformatlon, publica­ tion, management training Institutes. There is no admlnlsltratlve relation between policy making 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the development and implementation of science and technology policies in China, highlighting the progress made and the remaining challenges. It also touches on the infrastructure supporting scientific research and technology development. This suggests that the category should be focused on science and technology, with potential connections to economic development.

**Category**
Science and technology