9. rt should be stressed that the practice of econooic coercive measures is alsoemployed by the united states and some of its alries against the ussR and againsbother soclarisL countries, sometimes on a far larger scare than against developingcountries. As far as the soviet union is concerned, practically lhroughout itshistory and particurarLy since the second nbrld t{ar it has been the object of suchmeasures on the part of the leading western sta!€s, and above al-r tbe unitedStates, Only in the past flve years after the adoptlon by the United States ofexport control legislation (1979). whlch considerably increased the list ofrestricted goods for export to the ussR, the unitear states Governnent. initiated anumber of measureE, r,rh ich are eel.l known to the world comnunity, to limit trade and economic relations with the Soviet Union. I0. The followlng are the rnost important of these in the field of trade: (a) In 1980 the United States lmposed an embargo on sales to the USSR ofgraln, superphosphoric acid and some forms of technology, (b) In 1981-1982 United States companies r^rer e prohibited froo providing eguipment for the urengoi-poma r i-uzhgorod pipeline in the soviet union. Attemptswere made to extend the effect of tbis prohibition to subsittiaries of united statescompanles in other States, nhlch represented a direct violation of those countriesrsover eign ty i (c) rn 1982' at the initlative of the unitd states, an agreement lras reachedin the OECD to raise the minioum rates for export credits for the USSR,A/40/596 English Page 65 td) In 1984, under the influence of the Unlted States the so-called COCOM lists of good s which cannot be exported to the ussR and other soci,alist countries were expanded. 11. It trould be possible to go on giving slmllar examples. It is important to stress that ft.rny of these neasures of economic coercion rthich were first unsuccessfully used against the USSR (sanctions, boycotts, embargoes) were subsequently extended to olher countries, in particular developing States. !2. rn the soviat vielt, the rdork oE the united Nations and its relevant bodies, particularly uNCTAD, to counter lhe practice of economic measures used for political and economic @ercion against lndividual States or groups of countries, should be undertaken on a universal basis, consider aII aspect of this pressing problen and take account o€ the interests of all countries agains! which such measures are employed. ft seems that only by adoptlng this approach will it be
**Analysis**
The text discusses the practice of economic coercion, specifically the use of economic measures by the United States and other Western states against the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. The measures mentioned include embargoes, boycotts, and restrictions on trade and technology transfer. The text suggests that this practice has been used on a large scale, and that it is important to counter it through international cooperation and a universal approach.

**Category**
International trade, Economic development