usedbytheBanktodetermine leastdeveloped status, Bolivia andParaguay continue toqualify for~ccesstotheBank'smostconcessional sourceoffinancin91 the FundforSpecial Operations. Inaddition, theirrespective project pipelines continue toreflect thepriority attached tothatstatuI bythecountries andthe Bank. I •••A/44/588 English Pa~e34 lJl~QrnDtional AirTran'port A,sociotion Q3.lATAhasestablished anInternational Training Fundtoprovide scholarnhips, fellowships andother11milar formsof:lnancial assistance tothestaffof airlin~s fromdeveloping countries inordertoenable themtoattendprofessional training courses inthefieldofcivilaVlation. In1988alone,theFundwill gran~over60scholarships, ofwhich28willgotoland-locked countries. in~ationol RoodTransport Union 94.IRUsupports allmeasures designed toensure freedom oftransit for land-locked countries. Suchinter-country arrang~ments ostheNorthern Corridor Agre~ment between Burundi, Kenya,Rwanda, Uganda andZaire,whichprovides alegal andadministrative framework forthesmoothflowofcargoalongthetransit corridor linking theaboveland-locked cC~J)tries andZairewiththeportofMombasa inKenya,shouldbeencouraged. ~lamic Development Bank qs.Fiveland-locked countries havebenefited frontheassistance provided bythe Bank.Thebulkofthi~assistance covered ordinorl operations (projects ftnd £oreign tradefinancing). BytheendofAugust-1988, theresource expenditures wereasfollows. Niger($36million), Mali($50million), Uganda ($36million), ftndBurkino Faso($43million). Themainareasforwhich fun~ing wasprovided include a9ricultur~, tran~port, health, industry andhumanresource development. Qr~zation ofAmerican Statea 96.OASapproved theamountof$2,050million fvrtheprojects inBolivia during thebiennium 1986-1987. Inaddition totheabove, anamountofsome$850million hadbeenapproved intheprevious years. Asacounterpart contribution tothe totalamfunt, Bolivi~ contributed $1,676million forthebiennium andanamountof $89million wasgranted byotherorganizations tobeuseufortheexecution of projects inBolivia. OASalsoapproved theamountof$1,506million forthe projects inParaguay duringthebiennium 1986-1987. Inaddition totheabove,an amountof$650million hadbeenapproved intheprevious years. Asanational counterpart contribution tothetotalamount, Paraguay contributed $1,678million forthebie\\oium andanamountof$1,016million wasgran'dbyotherorganizations tobeused fc~theexecution ofprojects inParaguay. Q~qanisation forEconomic CO-QRerat1pn andDeY~QRmant 97.ThenettotaldiRbursements ofoflicial development assistance incurrenc pricesfromallsources to20land-locked countries increased from$2.9oi11ion in 1982to$11billion in1986.Thelevelofindividubl country receipts rangedfrom $46~million forZambiato$35million forSwaziland in1086. /.....A/44/588 English Page35 Organization ofPetroleum Exporting Countries FundforInternational Deyelopment 98.TheFundhasmadeloancommitments to18oftheland-locked countries overtheperiod 1976-1988, amounting toabout$334million. Theprojects financed covervarious areas,including ruraldevelopment, transport, education, agriculture,industry andenergy. Someofthese comm~~~ents havealsobeenintheformofbalance-of-payments support loans. Duri~_thisperiodtheFundhasalsoprovidedassistance ingrantformtoseveral ofthesecountries through international andsubregional financing institutions. 1/"Progress intheimplementation ofspecific actionrelated totheparticular needsandproblems ofland-locked developing countries", (A/42/537,e-nnex)• ~/Forabroader discussion oftheseperspectives see,inparticular, thereportoftheAdhocGroupofExperts toStudyWaysandMeansofImprovingTransit-Transport Infrastructure andServices forLand-locked Developing Countries(TD/B/I002-TD/B/AC.39/3), Geneva, 1984. ~/TheUnitedNations transport andcommunications programmes, particularlyintheAfrican region, havehelpedplananddevelop atransport network thatisgoingtoenhance bothinter-country tr~deandtheestablishment ofjointventuresandschemes, whichinanational context wouldhavehadverylimited viability.TheNorthern Corridor Transit Agreement, whichhasbeensigned andratified byallthecountries ofEast-Central Africa, hasspearheaded afurther positivedevelopment inthisarea(seealsopara.18).
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing various international organizations and their efforts to support the economic development of landlocked countries. It highlights specific initiatives and projects in sectors such as transport, agriculture, industry, and education. The text also mentions the provision of financial assistance and scholarships to support the development of human resources in these countries.

**Category**
Economic development, Transport and communication