high levef, given the collateral- effects of the nuclear attacks against the enemyrs air force and other long-range systen0s. fn addition to the civilian casualties, large military forces would have been virtually obliterated and thousand.s of nucleaf weapons s?ent (but the over-all nuc.Iear strength of the!,1 7:' /192 l'r g:L i sh Air r ai:,i r'',19c I D .jr{c"-;o}ers ',./ould stil:l renain essendially intact), The civil-ian casualties ,,^, r,r ^ .+n1,*1.^y I t-e ni t i+.pr.v nnec ?iw mof,e than 12 to 1. D. Il.ffects of a total nuclea" war, a nuclear exchange 21.i. A total- nuclea war is the highest 1eve1 of hunan nadness. Perhaps it is, therefcle, not surprising that many studies of this have been carried out, analysing the consequences in some detail-. The results of course vary llith the assumltions nade regarding targets, the numbers and yields of weapons, their modc cf eruJ-oynen'u, the metearol-ogical conditions aJrd the existence (or nor-existence) of protective measures. The concfusions vhich may be dral'n from the outcome of these studies is. horrever. that nuc.lear veapons must never be used. 211+" Tn these studies various scenarios have been described. fhey are generally of tvo kinds: either a counterforce or counter-walue strike is as srmecl ' A counterforce strike is aimed at destroying the opponentts missile si1os, strategic bomber and subnarine bases, aircraft carriers and, to the extent that their positions are knor,in, the strategic submarines at sea. fnportant nilitary coril and' connunication and surveillance cent"es night also be included on the target 1i3t. In counter-value scenarios " industrial and population centres are assumed to be directly attacked in an attenpt to cause unacceptable destruction to the opponent's industrial and hurnan resources. ttlilitary facilities might then be +.-rdn+ a/t ^F n^t /lArAhdr'-n ^, +1.6 .i+1.-+r'^nu4- rr,- rEu uu! L.tJrJrE 215. T'hese sL rdies often ne€lcct consequences other than direct physical damage
**Analysis**
The text discusses the devastating consequences of a nuclear war, including civilian casualties, destruction of military forces, and long-term effects on human resources. It highlights the importance of considering the collateral effects of such a war and the need for studies to analyze the consequences in detail. The text focuses on the potential outcomes of a nuclear exchange and the need to avoid using nuclear weapons.

**Category**
Health, Humanitarian aid and relief