59/ Some countries may wish to make this an optional ground for refusal under article 4. "(f) If the person whose extradition is requested has been or would be subjected in the requesting State to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or if that person has not received or would not receive the minimum guarantees in criminal proceedings, as contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 14; 60/ "(g) If the judgement of the requesting State has been rendered in absentia, the convicted person has not had sufficient notice of the trial nor the opportunity to arrange for his or her defence and he has not had or will not have the opportunity to have the case retried in his or her presence. 61/ •ARTICLE 4 "Extradition may be refused in any of the following circumstances; "(a) If the person whose extradition is requested is a national of the requested State. Where extradition is refused on this ground, the requested State shall, if the other State so requests, submit the case to its competent authorities with a view to taking appropriate action against the person in respect of the offence for which extradition had been requested; "(b) If the competent authorities of the requested State have decided either not to institute or to terminate proceedings against the person for the offence in respect of which extradition is requested; "(c) If a prosecution in respect of the offence for which extradition is requested is pending in the requested State against the person whose extradition is requested; "(d) If the offence for which extradition is requested carries the death penalty under the law of the requesting State, unless that State gives such assurance as the requested State considers sufficient that the death penalty will not be imposed or, if imposed, will not be carried out; 62/
**Analysis**
This text appears to be a section of a treaty or international agreement related to extradition and human rights. The language used is formal and legal, and the topics discussed are related to the protection of individuals from abuse or mistreatment. The text mentions torture, cruel treatment, and lack of due process, which are all key concepts in the field of human rights.

**Category**
Humanitarian aid and relief, International trade