endorsed with the statement of claim, petition setting forth the claim; in a county court, a simraions combined with the plaint. In the High Court the following kinds of action are begun either by writ (i.e. writ of summons) or by originating summons (in some cases there is no choice): breach of contract (including debt), breach of trust, tort, recovery of property, mortgage, probate, defamation, patent infringement, admiralty actions in rem. Matrimonial causes (divorce, nullity of marriage, judicial separation) and insolvency and company winding-up (liquidation) proceedings are begun by petition. Judicial review proceedings are begun by originating motion. In a county court, ordinary actions are begun by stmmions. matrimonial causes by petition. In a magistrates' court, all contentious civil proceedings are begun by fifiOElâint. In all courts, most non-contentious proceedings are begun by application. Appeals are begun by notice of appeal. 6. Judgements and orders (i) General As used in England, the terms judgement and order overlap considerably, but it is hoped that the English notes to the entries arrêt, judgement and flrdÊT explain to some extent the distinction between them and the way in which judgement, order, decree and sentence are used. The term judicial decision covers all of them. The position can be summed up as follows: (a) Civil proceedings. A final or interlocutory decision which settles the main issue is a judgement if the proceeding is an action other than a matrimonial cause (i.e. other than an action for divorce, nullity or judicial separation), a decree if it is a matrimonial cause and an order if the proceeding is any other kind of proceeding. Every other decision is an order. (b) Criminal proceedings. A decision given on conviction of a person aged 17 or over and imposing punishment or its equivalent is a sentence and some 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the procedural aspects of civil and criminal proceedings in a court of law, including the types of actions that can be brought, the methods of beginning proceedings, and the terminology used to describe judicial decisions. This suggests that the text is related to the administration of justice, which is a fundamental aspect of a society's legal system.

**Category**
Law, Education