collectively. Terminology in the United States is much the same as in England. In French-speaking and Spanish-speaking countries there is a hierarchy of terms. In France, with the exception of the Tribymal des conflits and the Conseil d'Etat, the superior courts are called cour and the inferior ones tribunal or juge: the administrative branch of justice also includes a number of juridictions d'exception (juridictions administratives spécialisées) called conseil or commission, which unlike their English counterparts are an integral part of the jurisdictional system. The generic term for all these courts and bodies is juridiction and they are often described collectively as les cours et tribunaux. Tribunal is also used in a generic sense, but usually only in academic language, and in a specific sense for arbitral tribunals. - 1138 - In Spain the superior courts, including the Constitutional Court, are tribunales and some of them audiencias, and the inferior ones jajsgadflfe or jueces. The same holds good for Latin America, except that the most senior courts of all are called corte. In Spain there are a large number of quasi-judicial tribunales called comisión. Jmta or jurado which lie outside the main judicial system like their counterparts in England. In the international sphere we find CQurt for the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the old Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice, and tribunal for arbitral tribunals. Iribîgial is the usual collective term for these bodies in English. 7. References England: Archbold, Sixth Supplement (1987) to 42nd edition, 4-47 Cross and Jones, chap. 20 (with diagrams), chap. 21 (pp. 401-403) David Sys. p. 348 Halsbury vol. 3, para. 1160 and n.l; vol. 8, paras. 1286, 1289-1290 1336 n.l, 1353 n.4; vol. 10, 'County Courts* 'Courts'; vol. 29, 'Magistrates' Hampton 65-68, 109-116 Ingman chaps. 1-3 James chap. 2 Langan 3-14 Martin administrative tribunal. domest-JC trifeuhftl, tribunal of 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the terminology and structure of court systems in different countries, including France, Spain, and Latin America. It also mentions international courts and arbitral tribunals. Given the focus on legal systems and terminology, it seems unlikely that the text falls under categories related to economic development, natural resources, agriculture, industry, transport, international trade, health, education, employment, or humanitarian aid and relief.

**Category**
Culture, Science and Technology