nuclear-weapon-free regimetocoverallseaareaspresently demarcated bythe Antarctic Treatyatthelatitude of600south(seearticle VIoftheTreaty, whichhastheeffectofexclUding thehighseaswithinthearea). Therehavealso beenproposals tointroduce acontiguous nuclear-weapon-free areaatseabetween 600southandsomeotherlatitude asmaybeagreed. 293.Othertypesofgeographical restraint couldbetheconfinement ofmissile submarines toagreed-areas, disengagement arrangements achieved bylimitations on navaldeployments incertain oceansorseasorreductions inthelevelofmilitary presence inappropriate regions distant fromhometerritory; limitations onthe length orsizeofnavalmanoeuvres incertain areas; andreduction ofexisting, and prohibition ofnew,foreign navalbases. 294.Whereitisagreedthatrestrictions andconfidence-building measureS areto applytoaspecific region, therearetwogeneral waysinwhichtheareaof application might.be defined. Oneisadefinition ingeographical termsaswas doneinthecaseoftheTreatyofTlatelolco. Theotherisadefinition in functional termsasenvisaged intheagreed-mandate fortheConference on Confidence- andSecurity-building Measures andDisarmament inEurope. 295.Inrecentyears,various ideashavebeenputforward fordiscussion. These include: (a)Abanonthetransit andtransport ofnuclear weapons ininternational waters, globally, byareaorbycategories ofships; (b)Thewithdrawal otvessels carrying nuclear weapons fromcertain oceanand seaareas,e.g.theIndian OceanandtheMediterranean sea; /...A/40/535 English Page82 (c)Theestablishment ofpeacezones,ornuclear-weapon-free zones,with oceanorseaareasastheirprimary constituents ..e.g.theIndianOcean,the Mediterranean Sea,theBalticSea,South-East Asia,theSouthPacific; (d)Theprohibition ofthetransit andtransport ofnuclear weapons through peacezonesorthrough nuclear-veapen-free zonesJ (e)Theremoval ofmissile submarines fromextensive areasofcombat patrol andtheconfinement oftheirpatrolareaswithinagreedlimits; (f)Therestriction ofnavalactivities bythecreation ofmaritime zones within whiChtherightsofnon-coastal Statesofindividual zoneswouldbe restricted; (g)Therestricting andlowering ofthelevelofmilitary presence and military activity inappropriate regions. Inthiscontext, ithasbeensuggested thatsuchrestraints maybeapplicable inmanyareassuchastheAtlant~c, the IndianorthePacific Oceans, intheMediterranean SeaorintheGulf,andinsea areasadjacent tonorthern Europe; (h)Theprohibition ontheestablishment ofnew,andthegradual elimination ofexisting, foreign navalbases; (i)Various geographical limitations onnavalexercises andmanoeuvres. D.Confidence-building measures 296.Ithaslongbeenarguedthatoneofthehestwaysofencouraging Statesto negotiate measureS ofdisarmament istotakestepstoincrease mutualtrustand confidence. IntheUnitedNations Comprehensive StudyOnConfidence-building Measures, theGroupofExperts concluded that"theoverall objective of confidence-building measures istocontribute towards reducing or,insome instances, eveneliminating thecauses formistrust, fear,tensions, and hostilities assignificant factors behindtheinternational armsbuild-up". 34/ 297.Ithasalsolongbeenrecognized thatconfidence-building measures cannot be substitutes forspecific disarmament measures~ Theyassist andsupport disarmament initiatives andtheycancreateanatmosphere conducive toprogress, buttheyare notareplacement forrealdisarmament action. 298.Confidence-building measures canbeagreedinmanyforms. Inthenaval context theycanhepolitical and/ormilitary. Theycanbeglobal, regional or sUbregional, andtheycanhenegotiated multilaterally orbilaterally oreven adopted asunilateral initiatives. Amongthetypesofmeasures thathavebeen suggested inrecentyearsasappropriate tothenavalarmsracearethefollowing, someofwhiChmaybeclosely related tomeasures listed inothergroups: /...A/40/535 English page83 (a)Extension ofexisting confidence-building measures toseasandoceans, especially toareaswiththebusiest sealanesl Cb)Agreements nottoexpand navalactivities inareasoftension orarmed conflictl (c)Asacorollary ofCb),withdrawal offoreign navalforcestospecified distances fromregions oftension Orarmedconflict; (d)Agreements hetween twoormOreextra-regional Statestoforgoona reciprocal basissomeorallformsofnavaldeployment, activity and/ortransit in aparticular area; (e)Restraints ontheuseofforeign navalbasesl
**Analysis**
The text discusses the concept of nuclear weapon-free zones, confidence-building measures, and geographical restraints in the context of international relations and disarmament. It seems to focus on the political and military aspects of these issues, with no direct reference to economic development, natural resources, or environmental concerns. The text also does not mention agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, transportation, communication, health, education, employment, humanitarian aid, or culture.

**Category**
International relations, Science and technology