transportation andenergy. In1987thebilateral assistance toZambia tota~led Fmk115.6million ($26.3million). Nftpal,beingoneoftheleastdeveloped countries, receives Finnishbilateral assistance forenergyprojects, forestry, electrification andtelecommunications. In1987thebi1at~ral aidtoNepal amounted toFmk43.6million ($9.9million). ThemainFinnish support forsolving thetransport problems ofland-locked developing cOllntrie. h~1beenprovided inthe framework ofSAOCC. Approximately onethirdofthetotalFinnishbilateral aidis beingdirected totheSAOCCregionduring1988-1990. Finnish participation inthis areaincludes largeprojects, suchastheaeiraCorridor andNacalaPortprojects inMozambique andtheport proje~t ofOarelSalaamandtheTazararailway in UnitedRepUblic ofTanzania. Thlseprojects arelarg,ly forthebenefit ofthe land-locked developing countries ofthewholeSAOCCregion. 57.TheGovernment ofJapanwillcontinue toimprove theratiootofficial developm,nt aSlistance togrossnational product, and,takingaccount ofitl financial situation, will'aimatincreasing thetotalamountofassis~ance during theperiodfrom1986tolQ92tomorethan$40billion. Forthispurpose, the Government ofJapan,Whileexpanding itsgrantaidandtGchnical co-operation, strengthening itsaidthrou1h international fina~cial institutions andimproving thedisbursement ratioofofficial development assistance loans,willmakeefforts todoubletheamountofassistance in1992 compar~d to1985.In1986,Japan ~chieved thetargetoftheSubst"ntial NewProgramme ofActionforthe19801for theLeastDeveloped Countries ofdoubling theamountofitsofficial development assistance totheleastdeveloped countries, thusresponding almostintimetothe r""",)mmendation oftheprl!sent Programme. Furthermore, in1987,Japan'soffichl development assistance totheleastdeveloped countries onthedisbursement basis soaredto$595million, whichwasa95.6percentincrease inrelation tothatof thepreceding year.Theland-locked leastdeveloped countries havebenefited fronl thisexpanded assistance. 58.Inaddition totheexpansion ofthevolumeofofficial development assistance, itsquality alsorequires impr~vement. Inaccordance withtheprinciple ofitsaid policytosupport theself-help efforts ofthedeveloping countries, theGovernment ofJapanwillimplement various formsofassistance inrespons, totheirneed., withgreater coherence, mobility andflexibility. InpartiCUlar, grantaidwillbe further expanded. Inthelightoftheimportance ofaidmeasures fortheleast dev~loped countries, theshareofgrantaidintheofficial development assistance tothesecountries willbefurther increa••d.Debtreliefmea.ure. totheleast deve~oped countries willalsobeexpan,jed. Theleastdeveloped land-1Qcked count~ie. willalsobenefit from thi~treatment. I •••A/44/588 Englhh Page25 t.e.11Q..t.bg 59.Completely surrounded bytheRepubJ.ic ofSouthAfrica, Lelotho faceslerious problemY inthemovement ofitstransit cargo. Inordertoalleviate these problems, theGovernment hasrecently soughtassistance forpurchasing more tunsport equipment forimproving airtransport co-ordination between ~ot.wana and Swaziland andfortheestablishment ofacontainer terminal atMaaeru. 60.Peruha.entered into.everalbilateral agreements withBolivia tofacilitate tr~nsittraffic, amongwhicharethePeruvian-Bolivian Convention onfreetransit (1948)andtheConvention ontheRailways linking PeruandBolivia (1973), related turail/road transport. Furthermore ajointco-ordination Jommi:Rionhasbeen established tosupervise matters relj,ted tointernational transport. SJoL.l.de.n 61.TheGovernment ofSwedenrecognizes theleastdeveloped countries asaspecial category, buttherehasbeennospecific efforttoimplement resolution 42/174. TheSwedishbilateral aidtodeveloping countries, however, includes extensive amounts toland-locked countries. 62. Thail~nd hasprovided technical assistance tofourland-J.ocked developing countrios -namelyAfghanistan, Bhutan, theLaoPeople's Democratic Republic and Nepal-inth$formofscholarships andtraining programmes. Mostofthetechnical assistance programmes aferelated toagricultural mechanization, telecommunication, roadconstruction inruralareas,agricultural development planning, rural development, pUblichealthservices andnursing~ familyplanning anddermatology
**Analysis**
The text appears to focus on international development aid and cooperation, with a specific emphasis on the challenges faced by land-locked developing countries. It discusses the provision of financial assistance, technical cooperation, and infrastructure development in various countries, including Zambia, Nepal, and Mozambique. The text also touches on the importance of improving the quality and coherence of aid, as well as debt relief measures.

**Category**
Economic development, Transport and communication, International trade