progress in the development of low-cost technologies was achieved, particularly in rural areas. Their application however, needs to be considered for, and new methods applied to, the extension of services to the poor in per-i-urban areas. 91. The Mar de1 Plata Action Plan recommended that countries evolve, within the framework of national science policies, a particular policy for research work in the development, management and conservation of water resources, The need still /. . .A/45/327 English Page 27 remains for countries to analyse research and development requirements, particularly in the areas of applied adaptive research, and to develop programmes to ensure that systems introduced are appropriate both from a technical and operational point of view, as well as from a standpoint of social acceptability. The intensification of information exchange will ensure that the results are widely disseminated so as to maximise benefits and avoid duplication of efforts. 92. The Mar de1 Plata Action Plan also stated that countries should accord priority to conducting surveys to determine national needs for administrative, scientific and technical manpower in the water resources area. Since the availability of suitably trained personnel at all levels remains a serious constraint, countries are urged to conduct manpower surveys to define and identify such needs, or to update existing surveys so as to ensure their validity in the years to come. Surveys should be carried out in the context of planned expansion of services and, where necessary, curricula may need to be modified or strengthened in the formal education sector. The number of water management specialists and engineers should be increased, and national, regiona: and international training programmes established or strengthened for technicians and workers, including training of villagers for the management, operation and maintenance of local supply facilities. Employment policies, including motivation through improved working
**Analysis**
The text appears to focus on the development of low-cost technologies and the management of water resources, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas. It highlights the need for research, training, and manpower development in the water resources sector. These themes suggest that the text is related to economic development, natural resources, and employment.

**Category**
Natural resources and environment, Education, Employment