andsensitizing themtorefugee problems intheirspheres ofresponsibility. Co-operation withnon-governmental organizations willalsobestrengthened inorder tostimulate andstrengthen theirinterest inrefugee lawandinternational protection. Jointefforts intraining refugee advocacy lawyers andotherrefugee lawpractitioners willbeparticularly important inthisrespect. That collaboration willfurther manifest itselfintheestablishment anduseofdata basescovering international andnational legislation andcaselaw.Consultations willbeheldwithministries ofeducation andofficials ofinstitutions ofhigher learning withaviewtopromoting theintrOduction ofcourses onrefugee lawinthe curricula ofthoseinstitutions aswellastheinclusion ofthehumanrightsof refugees intothesocialstudies curriculum. Assistance SUBPROGRAMME 4.EMERGENCY RESPONSE ANDRELIEF, CAREANDMAINTENANCE (a)Objectives 36.39 Thelegislative authority forsUbprogramme 4derives fromarticle Iofthe statute ofUNHCRandGeneral Assembly resolutions 1166(XII), 2956(b)(XXVII), 3271B(XXIX), 35/41B,42/108 and44/137. 36.40 Theproblems addressed inthesUbprogramme embrace refugees inaninitial emergency influx andthoseinongoing refugee situations. Inthefirstcategory therearethelargenumbers ofasylum-seekers, eitherindividuals orgroups, who havebeenforcedtofleefromtheircountries oforigin. Overall in1988-1989, new emergencies inAfrica, AsiaandSouth-East Asiaaddedafurther 700,000 peopleto theUNHCRcaseload. Usually thosepeopleleaveinacondition ofseverepersonal andfamilydeprivation, including lossorseparation offamily members, property andmeansoflivelihood, andtherefore findthemselves indestitute conditions in countries offirstasylum. Theprovision ofbasicreliefassistance tosuch persons, withspecial attention giventothespecific needsofwomenandchildren, isthusofparamount importance intheinitial phaseofarefugeecrisis. After theemergency phasehaspassed, theroleofUNHCRistoprovide ongoing careand maintenance torefugees whilesearching fordurable solutions totheirsituation. Suchongoing assistance mayinclude theprovision offood,transportation, shelter, water,healthservices, sanitation, clothing, household utensils andbasic education. Whenever feasible, programmes alsoinclude vocational training orsmall income-generating activities toprepare refugees foramoreproductive lifeand promote areasonable degreeofself-reliance. Thegoal,then,isgreater refugee -13- Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Libraryparticipation inprogrammes aimedatself-sufficiency andpreparations forthe anticipated durable solutions. Inthoseprogrammes, thepotential contribution of refugee womenasagentsintheirplanning andimplementation needstobeemphasized. 36.41Inthefieldofcareandmaintenance, UNHCRisimplementing largeprogrammes inEthiopia, Malawi andSomalia. Thelargest singlecareandmaintenance programme remains, however, thatforAfghanrefugees inPakistan. Included intheprogramme isasubstantial component ofincome-generating andself-sufficiency activities. Attheendof1988,thereweresome156,000 Indo-Chinese asylum-seekers receiving careandmaintenance inUNHCR-assisted campsinSouth-East Asia. Thedramatic upsurge inthearrival ofVietnamese asylum-seekers intheterritory ofHongKong andincountries inSouth-East Asiaduringthefirstsixmonths of1989created an alarming situation thatnecessitated thesearchforanewapproach. Withno prospects oflocalintegration, thatcase10ad created unprecedented problems in protection andassistance. TheInternational Conference onIndo-Chinese Refugees, heldinJune1989,agreedonaComprehensive PlanofAction. InLatinAmerica, substantial careandmaintenance programmes areoperating inHonduras andMexico. InEurope, largenumbers ofasylum-seekers andrefugees inGreece, Italy, Turkey andYugoslavia continue torequire theprovision ofcareandmaintenance while awaiting theattainment ofadurable solution. 36.42 Theobjectives ofthesubprogramme fallintotwogeneral categories: (a)Toprovide relieftorefugees inemergency situations and,especially, to focusontheparticular needsofwomenandchildren, andtopromote greater
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the activities and objectives of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in providing humanitarian aid and relief to refugees and asylum-seekers. The text highlights the importance of providing emergency relief, care, and maintenance to refugees, as well as promoting self-sufficiency and durable solutions to their situations. The text also mentions the need to provide specific support to women and children, and to promote refugee participation in programs aimed at self-sufficiency.

**Category**
Humanitarian aid and relief