countries import-substitution and export-promotion components. Three major could be identified: firstly, the major oil exporters (Algeria, typologies of Iraq, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates); secondly the more developed countries with little or no oil resources (Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia); and thirdly, the least developed countries (Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Oman, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen). While the first category has had ample resources of foreign exchange, the others rely largely on revenue from emigrant workers and official aid. 24. In the oil exporting countries a significant industrial structure has emerged in oil refining, fertilizers, basic petrochemicals and building materials. Less attention has been awarded to the capital goods sector except in Algeria where iron and steel production was subsequently integrated into a growing mechanical engineering industry. Low competitiveness in the relatively labour intensive food-processing and textiles industries, coupled with inadequate supply from the agricultural sector as well as a virtually free imports policy in most countries had, on the whole, discouraged the growth of a viable consumer goods industry. This problem could probably be alleviated by increased utilization and co-ordination of intersectoral linkages and in particular by encouraging the lagging agricultural production. Lack of adequate managerial and labour skills have resulted in a bottleneck for industry in certain countries. Furthermore, high investments and excessive international interest rates have tended to significantly raise foreign debts. Generally, competitiveness of manufacturing other than hydro-carbons decreased, causing an increase in imports and a decrease in utilization of productive capacities. 25. In the non-oil exporting countries with sizeable industrial structures, imports of capital goods and acquisition of foreign expertise were achieved through rising capital resources from repatriations of emigrant workers, official aid, and joint industrial and 
**Analysis**
The text appears to focus on the economic development of countries in the Middle East, discussing their industrial structures, trade policies, and reliance on oil resources. It highlights the challenges faced by these countries, such as lack of competitiveness in certain industries, inadequate supply from the agricultural sector, and high foreign debts.

**Category**
Economic development, Industry