must be open to accession by the other developing States. This is so in the caseof the Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries adoptedin Geneva on I December 1971 under the auspices of GATT; the Protocol is open to accession by all developing countries, and exemptions regarding implementation of the provisions of article I, paragraph l, of the General Agreement were authorized ' in connection with the Protocol. 23. Although lt is possible that this article was drafted with a global system of preferences among developing countries in mind, on the basis of the resolution of the Third !'tinisterial lteeting of the Group of Seventy-seven, I'tanila, the Fifth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countriesr Colombor and the l,lexico conference on co-operation among developing countries, and the re]-evantA/40/444 English Page 19 UNCTAD resolutions 123/Tt, 48/tIT, g2/TV, L27/V and 139,/VI), it must be recognized,as acknowledged in a number of these resolutions, that there are preferential trade agreements anbng developing countries that have a limited scope and that in suchcases the developing count.ries benefiting fron nost-favoured-nation clauses inbilateral or nultilateral agreements that do not participate in such preferential agreements should not benefit fron the advantages granted by developing countriesparticipating in the agreements. For example, attention should b€ drawn to thenultilateral preferential trade agreenent signed on 23 December 1957 at New Delhiby India, the United Arab Republic and yugoslavia. 24. In this connection, it would be desirable to adopt the criteria of theso-called enabling clause, or decision of, 28 November L979, which resulted from themultilateral trade negotiations held in the context of GATI and which to a certainextent represents the outcome of a process of refinement taking place over a numberof years, in the course of which, through norms, procedures, acts, statenents ofintent and agreements more or less representing conpromises, a binding legalformula for differential treatment for developing countries that commands asizeable consensus in the internationai community has been developed.
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing international trade agreements and their implications for developing countries. It mentions the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries, as well as the concept of "enabling clause" and its relation to differential treatment for developing countries. The text also mentions specific trade agreements between developing countries, such as the multilateral preferential trade agreement signed by India, the United Arab Republic, and Yugoslavia. Given the focus on international trade and its implications for developing countries, it is likely that the text is related to the field of economic development.

**Category**
International trade, Economic development