Scientific andCultural Organization; theunitedNations Children's Fund;the unitedNations Development Programme; theFoodandAgriculture Organization) the WorldFoodprogramme andotherformsofmaterial assistance; thelivessavedbythe effortsoftheunitedNations High COlmni~sioner forRefugees; thesocialprofit fromsuchprogrammes asthe-ecentwomen's C@~ference inNairobi; andthe International Yearsofthedisabled, ofyouthandofpeace. Forthepast40yearsnoworldwarhasbrokenout,thoughwehavebeenclose attimes,andanimportant factorinthissuccess hasbeentheauthority andsense ofcommunity whichhasbeenwonbythisOrganization. Imakethislastpointin thelistofblessings whichtheunitedNations hashelpedbestowonthe international community notbecauseitisacauseforcongratulations between us herebutbecauseitisalsoamatterwhichshouldcauseustothinkcarefully about whatwemeanbysuchconcepts aspeaceandprogress ar.dcommunity independence. It isamatterwhichshouldcauseustoreflect onwhether ornotwecanmakethis Organization servetheseconcepts moreeffectively andjustly, especially inthe context ofpeaceandfreedom. InhisreportontheworkoftheOrganization theSecretary-General refersto aremarkbythelatePresident Franklin Roosevelt whichwasaguiding signaltothe Australian Government atthetime.TheUnitedNations, thePresident said, ftspells -anditoughttospell-theendofthesystemofunilateral action, exclusive alliances, andspheres ofinfluence, andbalances ofpower,andall theotherexpedients whichhavebeentriedforcenturies andhavealways failedft•(A/40/1, p.2) Ifthatstandard isapplied tothisOrganization, ithastobesaidthatwestill havealottodo.,------------------ EMS/7 A/40/PV.17 18 (Mr.Hayden, Australia) Letmeemphasize apointaboutourrecordoftherehavingbeennoworldwars for40years. Therearepeopleoneverycontinent whowoulddisagree strongly. Therearepeopleoneverycontinent whowouldholdthatwhenwetalkaboutthe absence ofworldwarwehaveaverylimited worldinmind.Therearepeopleon everycontinent whoseworldwouldhavebeenshattered orevendestroyed byevents thatmanyofusherewouldcalllittle l(~aldifficulties. Thesepeoplediscern fromtheinternational structures thatwehavecreated, suchastheUnitedNations, thatourworldisaplaceinwhichpolitical, economic andmilitary poweris restricted. Theyobserve thegreatparadox oftheunitedNations, that,asthe international community ofindepe~dent Stateshasgrown,powerinithasbeengiven intofewerhands.* Thes~retary-General hasdrawn,}ur~ttention toanexample ofthis:the impactonmanycountries ofindebtedness andmethods ofdebt-servicing - acomplex andsensitive issue.Iftherichcouldhireotherpeopletodieforthem,asthe oldsayinggoes,thepoorcouldmakeawondel?Culliving. Measures suchas adjustment programmes anddebtrescheduling areimportant elements ofastrategy whichmaybesuccessful. Isay Mmaybe"because wecannotyetassumethatthe problemissolved. Moreover, wehavetobecareful thatthecurewillnotkillthe patient. Wehavetotakecarethat,whileadjustment measures mayrestore credit-worthiness andstability todebtorcountries, theydonotundermine the oftenfragile democracy existing inthosecountries. Andthosedebtorcountries whicharegoingthrough theadjustment process haveeveryrighttoexpectsupport fromtheinternational community, inpolicies leadingtoreasonable exchange rates, forexample, incredible exchange ratesandinbetteraccesstothemarkets of industrialized countries. *Mr.Moushoutas (Cyprus), Vice-President, tooktheChair.EMS/7 A/40!PV.17 19 (Mr.Hayden, Australia) Thisisanexample notonlyoftheconcentration ofpowerbutalsoof concentrated powerbeingexercised outside theinfluence ofthisOrganization. Thisprocess began,infact,whenthefounding nations gathered toorganize the unitedNations. InAustralia wenotedthatthetopicofdiscussion wasnotpaths topeacesomuchasthedistribution ofpower,whoshouldhaveit,whocouldshare it.Thiswasthegrainofsandthatwasputintothemachinery ofworld government. Themachinery works~thereisnoargument aboutthat:AsIhavesaid, itprovides worldorder,worldauthority andthefoundation ofatrueworld community. Butthemachinery couldworkbetterforthosewhowerenotpresentat thepower-sharing ceremonies 40yearsago. AttheUnitedNations weweavecomplex websoftheology andrhetoric about suchdevelopments asapartheid, forexample, ordisarmament. Wehavelearned to livewiththeseproblems. Someofusemployexperts whospendtheirentirecareers workingatthem.Somehow, theproblems remainandevengrow.Thisisinspiteof thefactthattheycreateconcern andsometimes eventerroramongmanypeople who relyonusforrepresentation. TheAustralian Government contends thatatthis fortieth session oftheGeneral Assembly weshouldstarttheprocess bywhichthe Organization willbecomemoreeffective indealing withsuchproblems forthe greater good. Ihavedeliberately nominated apartheid anddisarmament because of boththeirpotential fordisaster andthebettercapacity oftheunitedNations to dealwiththem. Idonotintendtodwellontheevilnatureofapartheid, whichisobvious to allhere.Itisamoralabomination. TheSouthAfrican Government hascarried out somecosmetic pruning ofit,butitstrunk,itsmainbranches anditsrootsremain,
**Analysis**
The text discusses the role of the United Nations in promoting peace, development, and human rights, highlighting the importance of the organization's efforts in preventing world wars, promoting economic development, and addressing global challenges such as poverty, debt, and inequality. The text also touches on the concentration of power and the need for the organization to be more effective in addressing problems such as apartheid and disarmament.

**Category**
Humanitarian aid and relief, International relations, Economic development