resistance to changing the racist system would be long, hard and difficult. S. In his own study on the achievements made and obstacles encountered during the Decades to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/8 and Add.l), he had listed seven areas in which the change or lack of change in the apartheid system could be assessed: land and citizenship, the racist classification system, political rights, education, segregation of human relations, job reservations and trade unions. In paragraph 281 and the succeeding paragraphs he had examined the situation in 1988-1989 and had made observations which could now be compared with those in the report presented by the Secretary-General on Progress made in the implementation of the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa (A/44/960). That report (pages 6-59), together with information provided by Governments and others, made it possible to identify what had taken place in a number of the areas studied. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/SR.l2 page 3 6. As indicated in his own report (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/8 and Add.l), in the most important area, land and citizenship, the economic and political foundations of apartheid had preceded by many decades the emergence of the Nationalist Party and the formal introduction of apartheid in 1948, going back to the appropriation of vast areas of land by white people, formalized by the Native Land Act of 1913. The stated goal had been, through the Black Authorities Act of 1951, to give those territories self-government and eventually independence, but the obvious intention had been to deny the African people citizenship in South Africa. That was the most serious anti-democratic and racist aspect of the system and there was no indication of any reversal of that policy by the present South African Government. 7. As reported in paragraph 189 of document A/44/960, the Ministry of 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the apartheid system in South Africa, specifically the racist policies and lack of progress in changing the system. It highlights the importance of land and citizenship, and the lack of reversal of policies that deny African people citizenship. The text also mentions reports and documents related to the situation. Given this context, it seems that the category should be related to human rights, society, or politics.

**Category**
Education, Humanitarian aid and relief