ratified or acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Riqhts and therefore had no obligation to notify the Secretarv-General of the United Nations under article 4 of the Covenant. However, in ~ccordance with the practice followed by a number of states in a similar situation, the Soecial Raooorteur would aporeciate being notified if the President of the Reoublic of Namibia one day decided to proclaim a state of emergency. Principle of exceptional threat B. The state of emergency may be declared in three crisis situations, under two circumstances: at a time of national disaster or during a state of national defence or public emergencv threateninq the life of the nation or the constitutional order. 9. Martial law mav be proclaimed only when a state of national defence involving another c~untrv exists or when civil war prevails. Powers of the Executive and principle of proportionality 10. The princiole of proportionalitv is based on the theory of self-defence: the measures taken to ensure protection against an imminent danger must be orooortionate to the danaer. 11. Accordina to that principle, it has to be determined, derogation by deroaation and both in time and in space, whether the measures of restriction or susoension enacted go beyond the strict limits required bv the situation. To this end, it must be asked whether the measures admissible in normal times would not have been sufficient, whether the emergency measures really make it possible to abate or bring to an end the soecific situation of danaer and, when ordinarv guarantees have been suspended, whether extra-iudicial reolacement guarantees have been introduced (see Questiaux, oo.cit. supra, oar as. 60-63). 12. Article 26, paragraoh (Sl, of the Constitution provides that, during a state of emergency in terms of that article or when a state of national 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the principles and procedures for declaring a state of emergency in Namibia, including the powers of the executive and the principle of proportionality. It does not seem to be related to economic development, natural resources, industry, transport, communication, international trade, health, education, employment, humanitarian aid, culture, or science and technology. The focus on law, emergency powers, and constitutional order suggests that the text is more closely related to governance and administration.

**Category**
Humanitarian aid and relief, Governance