"20.1 As an essential aspect of the planning process, efforts should be made to involve both public and private bodies in the organization and promotion of research on the non-custodial treatment of offenders. "20.2 Research on the problems that confront clients, practitioners, the community and policy makers should be carried out on a regular basis. "20.3 Research and information mechanisms should be built into the criminal justice system for the collection and analysis of data and statistics on the implementation of non-custodial treatment for offenders. "21. Policy formulation and programme development "21.1 Programmes for non-custodial measures should be systematically planned and implemented as an integral part of the criminal justice system within the national development process. "21.2 Regular evaluations should be carried out with a view to implementing non-custodial measures more effectively. "21.3 Periodic reviews should be conducted to assess the objectives, functioning and effectiveness of non-custodial measures. "22. Linkage? with reievgtnt.-ege.nc,ies. ahá afiii.ylbiaa "22.1 Suitable mechanisms should be evolved at various levels to facilitate the establishment of linkages between services responsible for non-custodial measures, other branches of the criminal justice system, social development and welfare agencies, both governmental and non-governmental, in such fields as health, housing, education and labour, and the mass media. "23. International co-operation "23.1 Efforts shall be made to promote scientific co-operation between countries in the field of non-institutional treatment. Research, training, technical assistance and the exchange of information among Member States on non-custodial measures should be strengthened, through the United Nations regional and interregional institutes, in close collaboration with the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch of the United Nations Secretariat. "23.2 Comparative studies and the harmonization of legislative provisions should be furthered to expand the range of non-institutional options and facilitate their application across national frontiers, in 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be focused on the criminal justice system and the implementation of non-custodial measures for offenders. It discusses the importance of research, policy formulation, and international cooperation in this area. The text also mentions the need for linkages between different branches of the criminal justice system, social development, and welfare agencies.

**Category**
Education, Employment, Humanitarian aid and relief