AtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA). Bytheseactions weshallcontinue todemonstrate our commitment tocheckuncontrolled nuclearproliferation. Itisrightthatweshouldconcentrate ourattention ontheglobalissuesthat threaten allnations' security. Butinthisworldofcloseinterdependence, more specific regional issuesalsoaffectourinterests. Ithinkinpartic~lar of southern Africa, wherethegrowingcrisisinSouthAfricaandthecontinuing threats toherneighbours causeusgraveconcern. Westrongly condemn theincursion intoAngolan sovereign territory bySOuth African defence forces. Wehavejoinedwiththerestofthesecurity Council in givingforcetothiscondemnation. Suchactscanonlyundermine thestability of theregionanddamageefforts toachieve Namibian independence. SouthAfrica shouldbeinnodoubtofourdetermination thatNamibia mustbebrought quickly to independence inaccordance withsecurity Council resolution 435(1978)Jthis resolution remains theonlyinternationally accepted basisforaNamibian settlement.JSM/at------ ~----------------------- A/40/PV.9 58 (SirGeoffrey Howe,UnitedKingdom) SouthernAfricahasseenmajorchanges inrecentyearswiththecomingto independence ofMozambique, AngolaandZimbabwe. Itisessential thatallthe countries oftheregionshouldbefreedfromthepresent tensions andallowed to concentrate onbuilding apeaceful andprosperous futureinharmony withtheir neighbours. InSouthAfricaitself wedeeplydeplore thefailureoftheSouthAfrican authorities toliftthestateofemergency, thecontinuing ~epression ofpeaceful protest, andthedetention ofcitizens withouttrial. Morefundamentally, we reject thesystemofapartheid -whichissocontrary tothevaluesoftheUnited Nations Charter andwhichundermines muchofrealvalueinSouthAfrica. Wecall upontheSouthAfrican Government urgently tomovebeyondmerewordstoactions whicharelongoverdue: toendapartheid, andtoestablish asystemofgovernment acceptable tothepeopleofSOuthAfricaasawhole. Britainisunitedwithothercountries initsdetermination toseefundamental changes made. Wehaveconsistently brought pressure tobearontheSOuthAfrican Government toachieve this. WecomplyfullywiththeUnitedNations arms embargoes. wedonotcollabora tewiththeSouthAfricane inthedevelopment of theirnuclear programme, civilormilitary. Ourguidelines forthedisposal of North Sl~aoilexclude salestoSouthAfrica. Weoperate controls onawiderange ofsensitive exports toSouthAfrica. Wefulfilourobligations todiscourage sporting contacts. WehavefUllyapplied theEuropean codeofconduct toBritish companies operating inSOuthAfricatoensurethattheycontribute aseffectively aspossible tothecrucial changes wewishtopromote. Wherewedifferfromsomeisnotinourwillingness toapplypressure butin ourjudgement ofthelikelyeffectiveness ofmandatory economic andtrade boycotts. Iunderstand thepassions thatpronptcallsforsuchmeasures. Butwe(SirGeoffrey Hove,UnitedKingdom) arenotpersuaded thatmeasures ofthiskindwouldachieve theaimsofthosewhoJSM/at A/40/PV.9 59 callforthem.TheyWl:.\'ulddiminish ratherthanincrease effective pressures onthe SouthAfrican Government tointroduce fundamental changes, andwouldbearmost· heavily ontheweakersections ofthepopulation andneighbouring countries. We believe thatallthosewithlongstanding political, economic anddiplomatic contacts withSOuthAfricahaveareflconsibility tousesuchlinkstopromote fundamental change. Inkeeping withthisapproach, wehavereached agreement withourEuropean partners onanumberofmeasures whichwebelievewillstrengthen theforcesfor changeinSouthAfrica. Ihavetodayannounced ouradoption ofallthemeasures agreedatLuxembourg on10september. Thesemeasures buildontherecentvisitof mythreeCommunity colleagues whi~~clearly demonstrated European concern. In recentweekstherehavebeensignsofmovement bytheSouthAfrican Government. ThesemUstnowbetranslated intofirmdecisions todismantle apartheid. Tothis endthereisnowanurgentneedfordialogue withgenuine representatives ofthe .Africanmajority. IntheMiddleEasttension hastoooftenflaredintoviolentconflict. Itis asadreflection thatinnosingleyearsincetheunitedNations wasfounded has thisareabeenatpeace. Nowhere arenegotiated settlements moreurgently needed. InLebanon therecanbenopeaceuntilthecommunities therethemselves work together torebuild theircountry freefromoutside interference. Israelmust withdraw allitsforcesfromLebanese territory assoonaspossible. l.ndthe Lebanese themselves mustputanendtotheappalling cycleofviolence inthat country. Wecondemn without reservation thekidn~pping ofinnocent hostages,
**Analysis**
This text appears to be a speech or statement from a government official, specifically the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary, Sir Geoffrey Howe, addressing the United Nations General Assembly. The main topics discussed are the situation in Southern Africa, particularly South Africa and Namibia, and the Middle East. The text highlights the UK's concerns about the human rights situation in South Africa, the need for the country to end apartheid and establish a new government, and the UK's stance on international issues such as the Israeli-Lebanese conflict. The text does not appear to be primarily focused on economic development, natural resources, or environmental issues, but rather on international relations, politics, and human rights.

**Category**
International relations, Humanitarian aid and relief