and organizations. Such horizontal co-operation, which provides a framework for the sharing of knowledge and experiences, is a principal characteristic of the UNV/DDS volunteer exchange programme. 29. Finally, the theory and practice of participatory grass roots development is improved to give greater precision to programme formulation, implementation and evaluation. The evaluation of the participatory process calls for judgements based upon qualitative criteria. The DDS programme aims at developing systematic documentation of the practice of grass roots initiatives in order to further the understanding of the participatory method of development and, therefore, how best to improve the effectiveness of rural development projects through such popular participation. o..DP/1985/44 English Page 9 30. Action in relation to recipient and donor Governments. In relation to recipient Governments, continual policy dialogues are held at the national and regional levels between UNV, Governments and NGO representatives from DDS organizations. The UNV programme has already promoted and provided asslstance for the holding of national DDS workshops at which policy directives are reviewed and the active participation of increased numbers of NGOs is strongly encouraged. Periodic subregional and regional workshops are conducted in Africa and in Asia and the Pacific for the same purpose. 31. In relation to donor Governments, a sensitization process as to the nature of UNDP’s grass roots initiatives as undertaken by UNV is under way. The participatory development information paper submitted to last year’s Governing Council, the studies and reports submitted to this year’s session, the consultations with co-operatlng organizations in industrialized countries and direct contacts with foundations and private institutions interested in participating in the programme are all examples of UNV action in this respect. 32. In relation to both recipient and donor countries, a concerted effort has been undertaken to mobilize additional resources in favour of participatory
**Analysis**
The text discusses the United Nations Volunteer (UNV) programme and its activities in promoting participatory development, particularly in rural areas. The programme aims to improve the effectiveness of development projects through the involvement of local communities and NGOs. The text mentions policy dialogues with governments, sensitization efforts with donor governments, and mobilization of resources for participatory development. These activities suggest that the programme is focused on development and community engagement, rather than specific sectors like health or education.

**Category**
Humanitarian aid and relief, Education