88. Historical conparisons of sonle major induslrialtzed countries yielal a pattern of econdnic perfornlnce that corresponds quite closely to the relative civilian and nilitary orilntation of their technological effolt. Thus, several recent studies have shotrn that those concentrating highly on milicary technology exPerlenced sloner rates of growth than those who were noe leaaling developers in this fleId. 47/ The crucial issue of technological diversion, however, is more relevant to the N37/3e6 Engl ish Annex Page 44 historical experience of the industrialized countries, because the developingcountries so far do not account for even a calculable fraction of the global-military R and D effort - which can be considered fairly indicative of theirtechnological orientation. 89. A najor lesson to be learnt from the past is ehat the inportance of civilianspin-offs from military technology has been either grossly exaggerated and/orhighly misplaced. A basic problern here, as indeed elsewhere, is a comparison between a situati.on that exj.sts with a condition that did not prevail. ?o be sure, nany civilian sectors of modern industry owe their existence and deveLognent to thetechnological inpetus of the military sector. Metallurgy, for instance, and the rProduction techniques of high-guatity metal thrived on manufacturing processes producing cannon barrels and arnour plates. The transport industry is to soneextent linked t,ith the technological inventions applied to armoured vehicles. Merchant shipbui].ding processes are sustained by techniques for naval technology producing sophisticated nil-itary carriers, and civil aviation is closely connectedrrith the Production of conbat aircraft. But it is extremely difficult to ldentify $here the transfer fron nilitary to civilian sectors, and vice versa, occurs, atleast intellectually, if not historically. 90. Take the nost nidely k noh,n sectors of civilian i.ndustry which are comnonly believed to have benefited directly fron the nost advanced results of militarytechnology, namely, aerospace and electronics. Restricting the origins of the
**Analysis**
The text discusses the relationship between military and civilian technological advancements, and how they impact economic development. It highlights the historical pattern of correlation between a country's military orientation and its economic performance, as well as the issue of technological diversion. The text also mentions the importance of civilian spin-offs from military technology, but questions the extent to which this transfer occurs.

**Category**
Industry, Science and technology