overflightl recommendation eoftheThirdAirTransport Conference recommending thattheSecretary-General ofICAOstudyspecial problems thatmaybebrouqht to theattention oftheICAOCouncil regarding impediments tooverflight ofaircraft toandfromland-locked countries andrecommending thatStatesdonotimpose unnecessary impediments tosuchoverflights inviewof'~hespecial hardships faced byland-locked countriesl andarticle 5oftheChicaqo Convention regarding the "rightofnon-schedUled flight" totransit non-stop ar,rosstheterritory ofa contracting State. Furthermore, theland-locked countries benefit fromICAO's continuing programme ofregional studies, workshops andleminars andtechnical assistance. /...A/44/588 English Page30 WQ.LldHealthOrganization 76.WHO,throughitstechnical co-operation programmes, supports notional health programmes thathavebeenformulated onthebasisofidentified healthproblems and goals.Ithasconsequently notbeenpresented withanyproblem u~iqueto land-locked developing memberStatesthatrequires actiondifferent fromthe support offered, forexample, toanisland de~8loping country. Disease patterns mayvaryandtraining requirements mayreflect thedifferent degrees of socio-economic development, buttheoverall pattern ofco-operation relates onlyto thespecific healthprogramme developed bythememberState,approved inthe relevant WHORegional Committee andSUbsequently bytheWorldHealthAssembly. WorldBank 77.WorldBanklanding policies focused onspecific economic circumstances and requirements ofindlvidual membercountries ratherthanthoseofparticular country groups. Bankassistance toland-locked developing countries duringfiscalyears 1987and1988wasconcentrated inadjustment pro~rammes, infrastructure and agriCUlture. Totalassistance inthefisc41years1987and1988was$54.1million and$1,005.8 million respectively. In.tunA.t.i.g.l1al Mon.tar~ Fund 78.Indetermining thesizeof0member's quota,andthusitsvotingpowerandits maximum accesstofinancial resources, theFundtakesintoaccount notonlythe member's economic size,butalsocharacteristics suchostheopennes& ofitstrade, itsoverage imports, thevariability ofitsexports andtheratioofexports to notional income. Asland-locked developing countries aretY9ically producers of primary exports thataresubject topriceandvolumefluctuations, thismethodof determination ofquotastendstogivethemquotasthatarelargerthantheir economic sizewouldsuggest. TheFund'sfinancial resources oremadeavailable to membercountries through variousfacilities, whicharedescribed below. At mid-1988, theoutstanding useofFundresources underallfacilities byland-locked developing countries totalled $1,375million inapeclal drawing rights(SOR). 79.Stand-by arrangements oredesigned toassuremembers oftheFundfinancial assistance uptoaspecified amountinaperioduptothreeyears,subject to certain performance criteria. Extended fbcilities, whichallowmembers todrawup to140percentoftheirquota,orealsointended toprovide financial support to countries withbalance-of-plyments difficulties, butoveraperiodlongenoughto allowthemtoadoptsuitable corrective measures. Ofthe21l~nd-locked developing countries, allofwhichoreFundmembers, 11madeuseofFundresources undersuch arrangements during1983tomid-1988 forpurch&ses totalling SOR838million. At mid-1988, theoutstanding useofFundresources undersucharrangements bythese membercountries totalled SOR884million. Asupplementary financing facility, established tosupplem.nt reqular Fundr.sources withresources borrowed at market-related rote.fromsurplus countrie., allowsmembers toaddress large balance-ol-payment. needsrelative totheirquotas. /...A/44/588 English Page31 80.Thecompensatory financing facility provide. additional financing tomember countries experiencing balance-of-payments difficulties thatresultfromtemporary exportshortfalls duetofactorR largely beyondtheircontrol. From1983to mid-1988, nineland-locked deve~~ping countries madeuseotthecompenlatory financing facility fortotalpurchases ofSOR478million. Atmid-1gee, these
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the challenges faced by land-locked developing countries and the international organizations' efforts to address these challenges. The text highlights the specific difficulties faced by these countries, such as limited access to markets and resources, and the need for international cooperation to overcome these challenges.

**Category**
Economic development, International trade