once convicted or acquitted is not to be tried again for the same offence. Article 15 87. Indian laws do not permit retrospective opera ­ tion of criminal laws. There is no doubt that a sover ­ eign legislature has the power to enact prospective as well as retrospective laws. However, article 20 of the Indian Constitution sets forth two limitations upon the law making power of every legislative authority in In­ dia as regards criminal legislation. It prohibits (i) the making of ex post facto criminal law, that is, making an act a crime for the first time and then making that law retrospective; (ii) the infliction of a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law which was enforced when that act was committed. The prohibition of this clause is not merely against the pass­ ing of such retrospective laws but also against convic ­ tion under such laws. This position has also been re­ ferred to while discussing article 6 above. Articles 16 and 26 88. These two articles of the Covenant recognize that everyone shall have the right to recognition as a person before the law and that all persons are equal be­ fore the law and are entitled to the equal protection of the law. All Indian courts recognize all individuals as persons before the law and the Indian legal system rec­ ognizes the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law. These rights are enshrined in ar­ ticle 14 of the Constitution, which reads as follows: The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of laws within the territory of India. 89. As already explained above, the Constitution of India requires the State not to discriminate against 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the principles and limitations of law-making in India, specifically with regards to criminal laws and the protection of individual rights. The text does not seem to be related to any specific economic, environmental, or social issue that would fall under a category like "Economic development" or "Natural resources and environment". Instead, it seems to be focused on the fundamental principles of law and governance.

**Category**
Law and Governance