213' As for women in row-income groups who are nostly working because of presslngecononic necessity' ]1,/ the curtailment of cheir fertility does r.rot come from aoeslre tor a smarler family or from an expectati.on of being satisfied by a socialr"yattractive job. The apparent lreakness of this relationship in the early stages ofeconomic deveropment w nay be due to the counteracting influence of the economiccontribution that young chirdren provide to the famiry even in metropolitan areasof a number of deveroping countries, as werr as to the inabi.rity of poorry educatedwomen to cohtrol thelr fertillty. Hence, it may be suggested that in thedeveloping countries the single factor crucial ior strengLheni.ng the inversererationship between fertirity anit participation of femaies in Lhe rabour forcemi'ght be increased access by those women to education, particularly at secondaryand.higher Levels, and professionar training. However, secondary schoor enrormentratios for girls remain low in nost developing countries anal the situation does nocseem to be improving. ![,,/ 214' Most sLudies in industriarized countries have found the er.pected inverserelationship, !./ and although there remain sone doubts about the causa]explanation of the research findings, it seens that duration of employment afterfeaving school and after marriage are associated rrith rower desired and actr-ratfamily size and with greater planning of fertility. while the socialist countriesA/ 40 /519 Eng1i sh Page 101 of Eastern Europe have consistently high, age-standa rdi zed rates of female part.icipation in the labour force, higher on average than in other industrialized counEries, I8l these different patterns are not related to cross-national differentials in fertility levels. It appears, ho!,rever, that, as fertility approaches replacement level- and as institutional child-care facilities and other economic support for families expand, the constraining influence of Children may be somewha t modera ted. 215. lihile a number of studies have found a signifiCant positive relationship between chilat employment ahd fertility at the household level' l9l the causality is directed from child labour to fertility rather than vice versa. llonever, it can be suggested that, in so far as reduced fertility cdntributes to increased per capita income and to greater public resources for education, it is llkely that the participation rates of young people in the labour force will be reduced' In addition, a decline in the proportion of children in the population nould also contribute to a decline in the afibunt of child labour. Moreover, under certain conditions lower fertility is likely to increase the demand for social services for the agetl by reducing the aRount of potentially available help from children' (ii) Mortalitv. labour suDDIv and emplovment 216. Patterns of mortality and oorbidity can affect both labour suppLy and labour
**Analysis**
The text discusses the relationship between fertility rates and women's participation in the labor force, specifically in developing countries. It highlights the importance of education and economic factors in determining fertility rates and labor force participation. The text also touches on the impact of child labor and institutional support for families on fertility rates.

**Category**
Employment, Education