moreimportant, arefurbished version ofwhitedomination concealed inthEIrhetoric ··61)-of"grouprights" and"powersharing". Ineffect, Pretol'ia lspllqlurtiny undtu'the groupaoncept toensurethevetopowerofwhitAs. Suchaprogreunmfl iunuRnRwefto thecountry's severepolitical, economic andsocialccnfl\ct. 261.Asrecentprotests suggest, theopposition toaparlb.l..U1 isIIl1cUlnlnhhec1 Rnd hallre-em.rged withanewstrength. Despite thestateo(emergenc:y andthebono andrestri...tionsplacedonmanyblackleaders andorganizations, t.heMI'Ultl Democratic Movement' IDeUance Campaign hashadaremarkable impewto. It.was significant thatonelection daymorethan3million wOl'kers andstudentl.l stayedat home.Thhgrowing resistance showsthatanyeffortbytheregime tooco-opt "moderate" blackslntoitscQnstitutional programme wUlbere1twtel1 JJytheblack majority, thereby i.lcreasintJ thepossibility offurthl" violent nonfU<:t.inthe country. OnlywhenMr.deKlerkmakestangible hisplansforademocratic society w111hebeabletoconvince hisopponents bothwithin andoutside SouthAfricathat heisserious aboutaprocess offundamental changeinthecountry. 262. Unde~.'thecircumstances, theinternational community h,'18twoopt.ionnl itcan takenofurther actionandadoptnonewsanctions, thusmaintaining ali(eline to aparthoid andallowing Mr.deKlerktoproceed withhispaced"I'efonnS"1 orit.can stepupthepressure, eitherbyadopting comprehensive antImanda!;lllov seullltiuns or byimposing concerted andstrictly monitored sanct\ons onthevulllernble areaRof theDouthAfrican economy, untilPretoria resists nofUl'ther theneedforgenuine negotiations. Thefirstoptionwillundoubtedly leadtCIEldeepening (If:the conflict andfurther bloodshed andsuffering forSouthAfricans andominuus consequences forsouthern Africa andtheworld. Thesecondoption wIJulc1leadtoa peacefUl andpromptendofapartheid. 263.Despite ulaimsmadebyPretoria, present sanctions, eveniftheir implementation, monitoring andenforcement hasbeen unco-ordinate~ Eln~lax,have hadaserious impactontheeconomy andhaveincreased theisolBtJon o(thewhite minority. Experts' studi&s shcwthatsanctions have cOlltdbute~ toslowratesof growth, addingtothechronic structural difficulties oftheuoulllAfrican economy. Thecombined effects ofdisinvestment, thedearthofnewcapital investment andthedenialoflong-term credithaveallc:ontributed toundermining SouthAfrica's ability toimposeitsdesigns bothwithin andoutsideitsborders. InviewofthefactthatSouthAfricaremains extremely dependent ontherestof theworldforitseconomic viability, thedenialofexternal trade,transport facilities, foreign financing, foreign technology andexpertise remains crucial for thedemiseofAPartheid. a64.Sanctions doindeedwork,asisevident inthemandata·. almsembargo, which, inspiteofviolations, hasprevented SouthAfrica fromobtalning mOdeI'llweapons systems, particularly aircraft, afactthatcontributed toPretoria's rel:reat from Namibia, andintheoilembargo, whichhascostPretoria $25bUllun overthepast 10years. Furthermore, thesportsandcultural boycotts have \ncreAse~ thesense ofisolation ofSouthAfrica. a65.Whilethevulnerability oftheeconomy isclear,measures or.lopt.e~ bythose countries imposing sanctions havebeeninadequate totheobjective. ~outhAfrica continues tobeabletopurchase oilandpetroleum products, at8premium price, andhasmanaged toexpandpartsofitsarmaments product.ion andhasavenattempted tosecuremarkets forthem,asmanifested initsparticipation innrmarnents fairs inChileandTurkey. Likewise, SouthAfrica's external tradecont.inues tothrive asaresultofunco-ordinat-d sanctions, theloopholes wI.thin9811(:tIonsf'nclthe ··66-eagerness ofsomesmaller countries toexpandtheirtradewithSouthAfd.ca andto takeadvantage ofrestrictions imposed byotherStates. WhiletheNordicStates areintheforefront ofthosewhichhavecurtailed tradewithSout.hAfrica, the Federal Republic ofGermany surpassed Japanandhasbecomethefi.rsttrading partner ofSouthAfrica. TheUnited Kingdom andtheUnitedStatescontinue tobe majortrading partners ofSouthAfrica. Atthesame ti~e,adisturbing shiftin regional tradeistakingplace. SomeFarEastern andWestern European Statesare increasing tradewithPretoria, thusundermining thepositive actionundertaken by
**Analysis**
The text primarily focuses on the economic and political situation in South Africa during the apartheid era, discussing the impact of sanctions on the country's economy, the effects of the regime's policies on the black majority, and the international community's role in addressing the crisis. The text also touches on the theme of human rights and the need for democratic reforms.

**Category**
International trade, Economic development