32. Atthough internaEional aid has nade efforts in the energy sector, it has no! solved the energy problems of lhe leasc developeil countries' and modalilies have not alrdays been flexible enough !o permit the full econornic and social development of Local potential' D. ltanuf?cturing industry 33. The indu str ial izat lon targetg of the substanglal Nes Programme Of Action have not yet been achieved. In the najorlty of the least developed countrles' the sbare of manufacturing in GDP is currently close to 9 per cent' while in a nunber of cases it does not even exceed 4-5 Per cenl' 34. The mainEenance over a long period of unrealistic price structures and rates of exchangb has sonetimes exerted a negative lmPact on industrial development efforts. 35, In a number of leasE developed counEries industrial policies, including the role to be played by the state in the induscrial developnent sphere' have been redefined. In several least developed countrles atate enterprises continue co play an irnportant role in this process' 36. In sone cases lndustrial proootion mechanlsns, nainly credit sbructurea and technical training' as welt as international aid' continue to be insufficien!, and often entail gevere conditions that the pfonoters are unable to fuLfil. 3'1 . In rnany cases in the past the cholce of technologies, boeh by donors an'l by beneficiaries, has been inappropriate' leading to tlifficulties in mainEenance and utilization of capacities. 38. The comPlenentarity of the agricultural and lndustrial sectors has not alvrays been fully taken lnto consi.detatlon, particularlt in respect of linkage eff€cts on enployment. However the leagt 'leveloped countries have endeavoured to pronole ttrl formulation of integrated strategies. Local capacities for on-the-spot processing of prinary commodities have not yet been fully developed, owing to a lack of technical and financlal rneans and of technology transfers to the least developeal countries'
**Analysis**
The text discusses the challenges faced by least developed countries in achieving sustainable economic development, specifically in the areas of industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. It highlights the importance of flexible economic and social development models, as well as the need for technical and financial support to develop local capacities. The text also mentions the role of international aid and the impact of unrealistic price structures and exchange rates on industrial development efforts.

**Category**
Economic development, Industry