infrastructure, especially intheareasoftransport andcommunications. 30.42 Theobjectives ofthesubprogramme are: (a)Tomonitor theeconomic development oftheleastdeveloped, land-locked andislandcountries inAfrica andtopromote appropriate policies fortheir transformation towardself-sustained development; (b)Toassist themwithintheframework'of theimplementation ofregiona11y andinternationally agreedstrategies andoftheprogramme ofactionadopted to address theirspecial andpeculiar problems. (b)CQurseofactionoftheSecretariat 30.43In-depth studies oftheeconomies oftheleastdeveloped, land-locked, seml-land-locked andislandcountries inAfrica asagroup,willcontinue tobe undertaken bytheECAsecretariat. Theinstitutional arrangements forthe monitoring, folloW-Up andreviewoftheimplementation oftheSubstantial New Programme ofActionforthe1980sfortheLeastDeveloped Countries, adopted bythe General Assembly initsresolution 36/194of17December 1981,willalsohavetobe continued. 30.44Technical advisory services willalsobeprovided tothemembers ofthe Commission, uponrequest, toassisttheleastdeveloped, land-locked andisland countries inAfricainformulating plansandprogrammes onthebasisofappropriate methodologies. Technical co-operation projects willbeidentified andsubmitted to donorsforfunding. Theleastdeveloped, land-locked, andislandcountries in Africawillbegivenpreference ininter-country technical co-operation projects. Concerted efforts willbemadeforfollow-up, monitoring, periodic reviewand -12-a Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Libraryevaluation offollow-up arrangements totheSubstantial NewProgramme ofActionfor the1980sfortheLeastDeveloped Countries inthelightoftherecommendations of theSecondUnited Nations Conference ontheLeastDeveloped Countries. 30.45Specifically, efforts willbedirected at: (a)Assessing international efforts astheyrelatetothepromotion ofthe necessary structural changes required toovercome theextreme economic difficulties ofthosecountries, andenabling themtoachieve adequate internationally acceptable minimum standards ofliving. Special attention willbepaidtotheneed toimprove aidmodalities, adjustthevolumeofaidanditsusetodevelopment needsofthecountries anddeviseappropriate changes inaidprogrammes; (b)Undertaking studies thatwillassistleastdeveloped, land-locked and islandcountries inAfricatoformulate plansandprogrammes onthebasisof appropriate planning methodologies withaviewtotransforming theireconomies; (c)Assisting leastdeveloped, land-locked andislandcountries inAfricato secure emergency support incaseofnatural disasters; (d)Undertaking studies onefficient macro-economic management, developing structural adjustment andstabili~ing programmes oftheeconomies ofthose countries, including effective mobilization andefficient utilization ofdomestic andhumanresources. SUBPROGRAMME 5.PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ANDFISCAL AFFAIRS (a)Objectives 30.46 Thelegislative authority forthesubprogramme derives fromvarious General Assembly, Economic andSocialCouncil andEconomic Commission forAfrica resolutions, themostrecent andpertinent ofwhichareAssembly resolutions 40/213 and41/182; Council resolutions 1987/5, 1987/92 and1988/7; andCommission resolution 619(XXII). 30.47Despite efforts byGovernments inseveral African countries toimprove the performance oftheirpublicservices inthemanagement ofdevelopment, theresults achieved, asevidenced fromtheeconomic crisesofthe1970sand1980s,havebeen marginal. Numerous problems persist, suchasthetardiness oftheAfricancivil service totransform itself fromacolonial, rule-bound service tothatofa development-oriented one,theinadequate specialized skillsandtheknowledge, capability andmotivation thatwillhelptheAfrican publicservice torespond effectively todevelopment challenges. 30.48 Thecontribution ofthepublicenterprise sectortotheprocess ofeconomic development hasfailedtomatchexpectations. State-owned enterprises thathave beenexpected toprovide financial surplUS tothegovernment budgethaveoften
**Analysis**
The text appears to be focused on the development of African countries, specifically the least developed, land-locked, and island countries. It discusses economic development, infrastructure, and public administration, with a focus on improving the performance of public services and the economy. The text also mentions the need for structural changes and international support.

**Category**
Economic development, Transport and communication