states, these military expenditures decreased ln the mid-L970s. The figure in 1977 rras 120.8 billion dollars. rn the late 19?Os, there was an increase resulting in 126 biUion dollars in .L980. Both tnited states figures are in 1979 Priees and based on SIPRI estlmates. L4/ See colLln l,lorman, The God that Linps: science and Technologv in the Eiqhties ( Nevr Yor k, vl. w. Norton and oonPany, l98I). !1,/ SIPRI Yearbook 1982, pp. 304-305. ^/37/386Engl ish Annex Page 70 t{o tes 16/ see whence the Threat to Peace (uoscow, Military Publishing House, tJSsR Ministry of Defence, 1982) t also see Eg!!9g-!!i!iEllryg! (Vlashinglon, D.C., United States Governnent Printing Office, 19821 . I7-/ Nuclear nissiles are generally classified as tactical or strategic either on considerations related to nilitary doctrines or their technical character istics, or both. The nost coanonly knoun classlficat{on distinguishes long-range missiles (nore than 51000 km), nedirn-range nissiles (between 11000 and 5'000 km) and short-range rnissiles (up to 1'000 ktnl . -19,/ fne soviet tvro-stage ss-20 reith three tillRved warheads was created to replace Ss-4 and Ss-5 misslles with single warheads. The ss-20, bhe dePloynent of which started in 1976. has been credited rrith high accuracy, raPid-reload capability and hi.gh rnobiLity. The Pershlng II is a Product of a nutber of technological advances, including more rapid means of targetlng and launching and a highly accurate, terminally guided warhead. The Latter also po€sesses an earth-Penetr ator caPability naking it useful for attacks on hardened targets trtr lle mininizing collateral danage. In the long-range cruise rnissite in its various forms (air-, sea-, and ground- launched), at least three strands of technological developrnent have coII€ together to produce a system which can greatly enhance the counterforce and war-fighting capabilities of any nation which Possesses it. Advances in jet engine technoloqy produced snall, I ight-weight and highly efficient englnes. More energetic ]iquid
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing military expenditures and technological advancements in missiles, which suggests that it is related to defense and security issues. The text also mentions the Soviet Union and the United States, which implies an international context. Additionally, the text provides specific details about military hardware and technological capabilities, which is typical of discussions in the science and technology category.

**Category**
Science and technology, International trade