Increasing competition fromthenewlyindustrializing countries andfromemerging newlyindustrializing countries, particularly intheareaofexport ofmanufactures inthemoderate technology sector, ononeside,andfromlow-income developing countries withlabour-intensive products, ontheother,hasledmanycountries to heighten theirtradebarriers onexports fromtheircompetitors. Developed countries arealsoincreasingly demanding reciprocity intraderelations from developing countries, whiletheoutcome oftheUruguay Roundofmultilateral trade negotiations couldhaveaprofound effect onthetradeprospects ofdeveloping countries oftheregionbyconferring bothnewopportunities andnew responsibilities fortheconduct ofinternational trade. Expansion of international tradethrough themaintenance offreeandopenmarkets andthe enhancement ofvalueaddition inexports willbeakeyinstrument forgrowth of boththeexport-led economies andothernational economies oftheregioninorder -16- Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Librarytoaccelerate themomentum ofeconomic development. Thiswillrequire (a)a response totheuncertainties oftheprevailing external environment byappropriate adjustments atboththetradepolicyandtradepromotion levels, (b)diversification inexports byamorepronounced shiftfromtradeintensiveness innatural resources andcommodities towards tradeintensiveness inintermediate andhighertechnology, (c)improved accesstonewandemerging markets asaresult ofchanges inthelegalandbusiness environment inmanycountries following adoption ofmarket-oriented reforms, and(d)improved andcost-effective techniques oftradepromotion through information andtradefacilitating measures, including thestrengthening ofmeasures forhumanresource development. Also,theroleof tourism hasbecomeparticularly significant asasourceofforeign exchange in developing countries withlimited resources. Tourism intheregionisexpected to playasubstantial development rolethroughitspotential toearnforeign exchange andcreate employment opportunities. 31.67Theobjectives ofthesubprogramme arethefollowing: (a)Toincrease intraregional tradeandinvestment asavehicle formore extensive regional co-operation; (b) countries groupingsToenhance national andcollective capabilities ofthedeveloping member toenable themtoexpa~dtradeandtradepolicies alliances, regional andotherbarriers against competitive exporters; (c)Toformulate improved tradepolicyoptions foreffective mobilization of natural andhumanresources; (d)Tointroduce cost-effective tradepromotion andtrade-support measures; (e)Toaccommodate andeffectively operate inthetradeenvironment expected toemerge fromtheUruguay Roundofmultilateral tradenegotiations; (f)Toexpandtradethrough accesstoalternative markets created asaresult ofchanges inthebusiness environment; (g)Toimprove thetradeperformance ofthelandlocked, leastdeveloped and islanddeveloping countries inordertorevitaliz~ theireconomic development; (h)Tohelpformulate andimplement improved tourism development policies and related measures toachieve sustainable growthinthisareaandcontribute to socio-economic development. (b)Courseofactionofthesecretariat 31.68Considering thecontinuing structural changes intheeconomies ofdeveloping countries ofthisregion, thegoalsofthesecretariat willbethefollowing: (a)Togivepriority attention toexpansion ofvalue-added tradeandto support national andcollective efforts through research, technical co-operation andadvisory missions; (b)Toexamine thetraderegimes formanufactures intheregionandto evaluate thepotential fortradeexpansion inmanufactures toundertake an -17- i Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Libraryassessment ofinvestment opportunities andthepromotion ofjointventures through analytical studies andtheprovision oftechnical co-operation; (c)Toidentify andcarryoutresearch onnewsectors withhightrade potential andtoproviae technical co-operation inordertostrengthen national institutions inpreparation fordiagnostic studies oftheroleofservices inthe economic development andtradeofthedeveloping countries oftheregion;
**Analysis**
The text primarily focuses on the challenges and opportunities in international trade, particularly for developing countries in a specific region. It highlights the need to diversify exports, improve trade policies, and promote trade facilitation measures. The text also mentions tourism as a significant source of foreign exchange and employment opportunities. The goals and objectives of the sub-programme are centered around increasing intraregional trade, enhancing national and collective capabilities, and promoting economic development. Considering these points, it is likely that the text falls under the category of international trade.

**Category**
International trade