electromagnetic pulse (m,e) lut vith a higher intensity ffId shortel rise tine. The nechanisms r-sponsible for producing efectromagnetic waves in the forrt of El"{P are rather cornplicated, but are in essence due to the absorption of some of the nuclear high energy gafima rays r^rhi ch are immediately reLeased by the nuclear reactions at the moment of explosion. In the absorption processes' electlons aae torn avay from the surrculding media leaving behind etectrically charged atoos (ions), It is, roughly speaking, this rapid separation of elect"ons from the atoms that gentrates the electromagnetic pu1se, lrhich will then propagate outwards with the velocitt' of light. .te- Atth(rrroh the r-elative amcunt of energ.y from a nuclear explosion released. aS IX"IP is less than 0.01 per cent of the totaf, that is sbil1 a considelable amount in absolute terms. irrhife the m4P vaves are qualitatively sirnilar to those produced by a radio (or TV) transmitter' they differ in two important respects' tr'irst, IMP contains electromagnetic waves of all frecluencies frorn a vely 1ow to a very high ranger whereas a radio transnitter sends at one or a few frequencies' ilal'..nrllv 1-.h c ri!1e time and duration of an EMP is extremely short - in fact the rise time is about 1OO tirnes shorter than the EMP produced by ordinary lightning. Hence an El4P consists of very strong e1e ctrornagnetic fields - of the ordel of a million times those generated by a radio transmitter - with a very rapid rise (and, fall) of the fi;lds. Because of the short rise time of the trMP' devices desi8ned to protect electrical and electlonic equipment against lightning vil] aften be inadequate for protection against the effects of nuclear E4P'r/ 35 / 392 Engli sh Annex Page 16!
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) produced by nuclear explosions, its mechanisms, and its effects on electrical and electronic equipment. The language used is technical and scientific, indicating a focus on a specific area of study. The text does not mention any economic, social, or humanitarian implications, but rather explores the physical properties of EMP.

**Category**
Science and technology, Industry