at any rate not Inferior to that In the more advanced European nations." The <British) Indian Industrial Comm Iss Jon, 1918. HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE Ancient and Medieval India: The earl lest evidence of advances In science and technology In the Indian sub-continent dates back to circa 3000 BC. Town planning on geometric lines, drainage facll ltles; standardised bricks, granaries and marine ports--alI of these were to be found In the ancient Indus civil lzatlon. India's basis of all course, the India also the branches most noteworthy contrlbutlcr, and one that Is the modern scientific and technological endeavour Is. of decimal place system using 9 digits and the zero. has to Its credit major mathematical discoveries In of algebra, geometry and astronomy. In addition to Ayurveda, Its famous health-oriented system of medicine, India had made notable advances In the field of surgery lithotomy, rhlnlplasty, trephining as well as surgery with sharp and blunt Instruments were used In the ancient times. Some Indian clans In the remote hi I Is, as wei I as In some not so remote rural areas. stll I practice these sciences. In the field of metallurgy, bronze castings and rust-proof Iron pillars. as well as chemical distillations and great masonry observatories were known In ancient and medieval t~mes as wei I. Between the 12th and 18th centuries over 10,000 science and technology we.re written In India. There flow of knowledge between India and the middle-East. Presented by Parvez Dewan 124 books on was free 0 II) (0 N The Recent Past: The British rulers of the colonial era ·tailored science and technology development In India to meet the needs and requirements of the colonial government: for revenues. defence. communications (for trade) and administrative control of the country. Still some very valuable work got done. The country and its 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the historical development of science and technology in India, highlighting its ancient and medieval achievements and its subsequent development during the colonial era. The focus is on the country's scientific and technological advancements, including mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, and architecture. The text also touches on the impact of colonialism on India's science and technology development.

**Category**
Science and technology, Culture