A.Implications forinternational security •••••••••••••••• 255-27370 B.Implications forthefreedom ofnavigation and international shipping routes•••••.•••••.•••••••••••••. 274-277 7S C.Implications fortheexploitation ofmarineresources ••278-28176 /...A/40/535 English Page4 CONTENTS (continued) Chapter paragraphs Page VII.POSSIBLE MEASURES OFDISARMAMENT ANDCONFIDENCE-BUILDING. 282-307 77 A.Quantitative restraints .•••••••••..•••••.••••.••••••• 287 79 B.Qualitative Ortechnological restraints •••••••••••••• 288-289 80 C.Geographic and/or mission restraints ••••••••••••••••• 290-295 80 D.Confidence-building measures ••••••.••••••.•.••••••••• 296-298 82 E.Verification.................................................................................. 299-301 83 F.Modernization ofthelawsofseawarfare ••••••••••••• 302-304 84 G.Relation totheLawoftheSea••••••••••••••••••••••• 305 86 H.APpropriate forumsfornegotiations •••••••••••••••••• 306-307 86 VIII. SUMMARY ANDCONCLUSIONS .. .. Annexes308-326 87 I.EXAMPLES OFMEASURES OFNAVAL ARMSLIMITATIONS ANDRELATED MA!"I'ERS PRIORTO1945 95 11.TYPESOFTACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS FORMARITIME USE••••••••••••••••••• 98 Ill. MAPS 100 /......A/40/535 English Page5 FOREWORD BYTHESECRETARY-GENERAL 1.Thepresent studywascarried outbyagroupofqualified governmental experts appointed bytheSecretary-General pursuant toGeneral Assembly resolution 38/188G of20December 1983.Inthatresolution theGeneral Assembly requested a comprehensive studyonthenavalarmsracewithaviewtoanalysing thepossible implications forinternational security, forthefreedom ofthehighseas,for international shipping routesandfortheexploitation ofmarineresources, thereby facilitating theidentification ofpossible areasfordisarmament and confidence-building measures. 2.Attheoutsetofthereport, theexperts recallthatsome71percentofthe earth's surface isseaandovertwothirdsoftheworld's humaninhabitants live within 300kilometres ofaseacoast. Theworld's oceansareamajorsourceof protein andenergy. Theyhavealready playedanimportant roleinhuman exploration anddevelopment andcanbeexpected tobeofevengreater significance tomankind inthefuture. 3.Sincethe1920sand1930s,whentheissuesofnavaldisarmament werelast discussed multilaterally, therehavebeensignificant changes. Indescribing the natureoftheworld's navies, thereportsetsoutthepresent extentofforce capabilities andtheasymmetries arising fromdiffering geopolitical andother factors. Thereportdescribes theserious implications forinternational security represented bytheincreasing deployment atseaofstrategic nuclear forces, bythe numbers andextentoftactical nuclear weapons andbytherecentintroduction of long-range, sea-launched cruisemissiles whichwillcreatefurtherdifficulties for thesuccessful negotiation ofnuclear disarmament measures. Thereportalso describes themoretraditional navalfunctions andtheirimplications, both beneficial andotherwise, fortheusesoftheseas. 4.Afterlisting anumberofmeasures ofnavaldisarmament and confidence-building thathave have beensuggested inrecentyears,theGroup identifies twoobjectives foraction: first,theachievement bynegotiation of effective measures ofnuclear disarmament atseawithintheoverall objective of halting andreversing thearmsraceingeneral, andsecond, theinvestigation of possible waysinwhichnavalorganization, capabilities andexperience maymake positive contributions totheestablishment ofimproved andmoreeffective ocean management policies forthepeaceful usesoftheworld's seasintheyearsahead, sothatfuturegenerations mayusetothebestadvantage theresources ofthesea forthebenefit ofallmankind. Theexperts' reportpointstotheimportance this aspectwillassumewiththeentryintoforceoftheUnitedNations Convention on theLawoftheSea. 5.TheSecretary-General expresses tothemembers oftheGroupofExperts his appreciation fortheirreport, whichissubmitted herewith totheGeneral Assembly foritsconsideration. Itshould benotedthattheobservations andconclusions in thepresent reportarethoseofthemembers oftheGroupofExperts andthatthe Secretary-General isnotinaposition topassjudgement onallaspects ofthework accomplished bytheGroup.
**Analysis**
The text primarily focuses on the implications of naval arms race on international security, freedom of navigation, and the exploitation of marine resources. It also discusses measures of disarmament and confidence-building, as well as the importance of ocean management policies. Given the context, it appears that the text is concerned with the management of natural resources and the impact of human activities on the environment.

**Category**
Natural resources and environment, International security