is just five per cent. By 1990, the average rural sanitation coverage of all developing countries (excluding Chi- 24na) will be 15 per cent - a figure which suggests that, in the 1990s, performance levels in terms of cov- erage rates will have to be 44 times better than those of the past decade if universal coverage is to be achieved by the year 2000. Poor national performances in this sector can be traced to public atti- tudes, traditional practices and limi- ted funding. Many countries allocate less than 10 per cent of their WATSAN budgets to sanitation. Also lacking is a systematic attempt to mobilize chan- ges in community thinking and behaviour. Manpower shortages: A lack of trained professionals and sub- professionals has also been a major drawback to the effective program- ming of WATSAN activities in almost all developing countries. A few nations are, however, attempting to overcome institutional weaknesses through training programmes. They include Burkina Faso, Democratic Yemen, India, Kampuchea, Myanmar, Paki- stan and the Philippines. Technical co-operation: In general, insufficient use has been made of opportunities for technical co-opera- tion among UNiCEF-assistcd countries. During 1989, Bangladesh trans- ferred its hand-drilling technology to Viet Nam and was involved in theintroduction of its Tara handpump to China, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria and Viet Nam. In return, Bangladesh re- ceived WATSAN visitors from India, Nigeria and Viet Nam. Kampuchea is manufacturing the Bangladesh No. 6 suction handpump, and about 30 de- veloping countries are using the India Mark II handpump. Also during the past year, the WATSAN Project Officer in Rwanda served a three-week-long consultancy in Namibia and acted as an evaluator for Sudan's WATSAN programme. Collaboration: UNICEF collabora- tion with other United Nations agen- cies (UNDP, WHO, World Bank) has continued at headquarters level through the Decade Steering Com-
**Analysis**
The text discusses the issue of rural sanitation coverage in developing countries, highlighting the poor performance levels and the challenges faced by countries in achieving universal coverage. It also mentions the importance of technical cooperation and collaboration among organizations to overcome these challenges. This suggests that the category is likely to be related to health, humanitarian aid and relief, and international development.

**Category**
Health, Humanitarian aid and relief, Economic development