nuclear-weapon-free regimetocoverallseaareaspresently demarcated bythe Antarctic Treatyatthelatitude of600south(seearticle VIoftheTreaty, whichhastheeffectofexclUding thehighseaswithinthearea). Therehavealso beenproposals tointroduce acontiguous nuclear-weapon-free areaatseabetween 600southandsomeotherlatitude asmaybeagreed. 293.Othertypesofgeographical restraint couldbetheconfinement ofmissile submarines toagreed-areas, disengagement arrangements achieved bylimitations on navaldeployments incertain oceansorseasorreductions inthelevelofmilitary presence inappropriate regions distant fromhometerritory; limitations onthe length orsizeofnavalmanoeuvres incertain areas; andreduction ofexisting, and prohibition ofnew,foreign navalbases. 294.Whereitisagreedthatrestrictions andconfidence-building measureS areto applytoaspecific region, therearetwogeneral waysinwhichtheareaof application might.be defined. Oneisadefinition ingeographical termsaswas doneinthecaseoftheTreatyofTlatelolco. Theotherisadefinition in functional termsasenvisaged intheagreed-mandate fortheConference on Confidence- andSecurity-building Measures andDisarmament inEurope. 295.Inrecentyears,various ideashavebeenputforward fordiscussion. These include: (a)Abanonthetransit andtransport ofnuclear weapons ininternational waters, globally, byareaorbycategories ofships; (b)Thewithdrawal otvessels carrying nuclear weapons fromcertain oceanand seaareas,e.g.theIndian OceanandtheMediterranean sea; /...A/40/535 English Page82 (c)Theestablishment ofpeacezones,ornuclear-weapon-free zones,with oceanorseaareasastheirprimary constituents ..e.g.theIndianOcean,the Mediterranean Sea,theBalticSea,South-East Asia,theSouthPacific; (d)Theprohibition ofthetransit andtransport ofnuclear weapons through peacezonesorthrough nuclear-veapen-free zonesJ (e)Theremoval ofmissile submarines fromextensive areasofcombat patrol andtheconfinement oftheirpatrolareaswithinagreedlimits; (f)Therestriction ofnavalactivities bythecreation ofmaritime zones within whiChtherightsofnon-coastal Statesofindividual zoneswouldbe restricted; (g)Therestricting andlowering ofthelevelofmilitary presence and military activity inappropriate regions. Inthiscontext, ithasbeensuggested thatsuchrestraints maybeapplicable inmanyareassuchastheAtlant~c, the IndianorthePacific Oceans, intheMediterranean SeaorintheGulf,andinsea areasadjacent tonorthern Europe; (h)Theprohibition ontheestablishment ofnew,andthegradual elimination ofexisting, foreign navalbases; (i)Various geographical limitations onnavalexercises andmanoeuvres. D.Confidence-building measures 296.Ithaslongbeenarguedthatoneofthehestwaysofencouraging Statesto negotiate measureS ofdisarmament istotakestepstoincrease mutualtrustand confidence. IntheUnitedNations Comprehensive StudyOnConfidence-building Measures, theGroupofExperts concluded that"theoverall objective of confidence-building measures istocontribute towards reducing or,insome instances, eveneliminating thecauses formistrust, fear,tensions, and hostilities assignificant factors behindtheinternational armsbuild-up". 34/ 297.Ithasalsolongbeenrecognized thatconfidence-building measures cannot be substitutes forspecific disarmament measures~ Theyassist andsupport disarmament initiatives andtheycancreateanatmosphere conducive toprogress, buttheyare notareplacement forrealdisarmament action. 298.Confidence-building measures canbeagreedinmanyforms. Inthenaval context theycanhepolitical and/ormilitary. Theycanbeglobal, regional or sUbregional, andtheycanhenegotiated multilaterally orbilaterally oreven adopted asunilateral initiatives. Amongthetypesofmeasures thathavebeen suggested inrecentyearsasappropriate tothenavalarmsracearethefollowing, someofwhiChmaybeclosely related tomeasures listed inothergroups: /...A/40/535 English page83 (a)Extension ofexisting confidence-building measures toseasandoceans, especially toareaswiththebusiest sealanesl Cb)Agreements nottoexpand navalactivities inareasoftension orarmed conflictl (c)Asacorollary ofCb),withdrawal offoreign navalforcestospecified distances fromregions oftension Orarmedconflict; (d)Agreements hetween twoormOreextra-regional Statestoforgoona reciprocal basissomeorallformsofnavaldeployment, activity and/ortransit in aparticular area; (e)Restraints ontheuseofforeign navalbasesl
**Analysis**
This text appears to be discussing international security and disarmament, specifically in the context of naval weapons and military presence. The language used is formal and technical, suggesting a focus on diplomatic and international relations rather than economic or social issues.

**Category**
International relations, Transport and communication