Articles 28 to 33 were designed for that purpose. m/ 521. Article 20, the Special Rapporteur explained, intended to bring into harmony the two channels for pursuing a remedy, namely diplomatic negotiations uQ/ For the discussion at this session on the issue of whether the operator or the State of origin should bear primary liability see pares. 505 to 510. 11211 Articles 28,29,30,31,32and33inthepropoL.6.1 b.‘fne reada8 follows I “CHAPTER V.CIVIL LIABILITY (al It is not necessary for all local legal remedies available tc the affected State or tn individuals or legal entities represented by that State to be exhausted prior to submitting a claim under the present articles to the State of origin for liability in the event of transboundery harm. (b) There is nothing in these articles to prevent a State, or any individual or legal entity represented by that State and that considers it has been injured as a consequence of an activity referred to in - 279 -and proceedings before domestic courts. Acaordingly, presentation of a cPsim through negotiations between States did not require prior exhaustion of loos1 remedies in the State of origin. At the same time, if a olaim had already article 1, from submitting a claim to the courts of the State of origin [and in the case of article 29, subparngraph (c), of the affected State]. In that case, however, the affected State may not use the diplomatic channel to claim for the seme harm for which such claim has been made. (a) The parties shall, through their national legislation, give their courta jurisdiction to deal with the claims referred to in the preceding article, and shall also give affected States or individuals or legal entities access to their courts. (b) States parties to these articles shall make provision, in their
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the framework for international liability and remedy for transboundary harm, particularly in the context of environmental damage. It seems to be related to international law and the mechanisms for addressing harm caused by activities such as pollution or environmental degradation.

**Category**
Natural resources and environment, International trade