butpositive changes couldbenoticed intelevision advertising. 43.Theminimum marriage ageforgirlswas14,withtheconsent ofbothparents. Thatwasclearly averyearlyageandtherewereindications thatthesituation was changing evenintheruralareas. 44.Withreference toarticle 11,shepointed outthatinTurkey 35.4percentof womenand64.6percentofmenworked; 82.49percentofwomenwhoworked didsoin theagricultural sector, manywithout remuneration. Noagricultural worker, whether manorwoman, wasprotected bysocialsecurity orhealthinsurance, although theywereeligible forvoluntary insurance intheself-employed workers' insurance system. Therewasnounemployment insurance inTurkey. Owingtothe. highunemployment rateinthecountry, womentendedtokeeptheirjobsona full-time basis. Fewcivilservants tookretirement after20yearsofservice. Recently, theminimum retirement agehadbeenincreased to50forwomenand55for men.Atuniversities, theretirement agewas67,although, ifbothsidesagreed, a university professor couldcontinue toworkonacontract basiswhilereceiving his orherpension. 45.Inaddition tomaternity leaveandotherallowances mentioned inthereport, themother hadtheright t~threeyears'leavewithout payinordertorearher childwithout losingherjob.Beforebeingreinstated inherwork,shewasoffered _courses toupdateherwithrecenttechnological developments, although thatwasnot awidespread practice. Children hadtherighttoattendday-care centres and nursery schools atthefather's placeofwork. 46.Duringthedecadeofthe1920stheprinciple ofequalpayforequalworkhad beenstarted. Generally speaking however, menoccupied thehigherpostsandwere betterpaid. Theincomeofthewifewastaxedindependently ofherhusband's income. Therewerenotmanycomplaints regarding harassment ofwomenatwork. Labourlegislation madenodistinction between thesingle manandthesingle woman. 47.InTurkey 8,096,000 individuals wereactive members ofsocialsecurity institutions and10.95percentofthosewerewomen. In1989,68,986housewives participated intheself-employed workers' insurance system. Therewereno statistics regarding thepercentage ofwomenbelonging totradeunions. 48.During thedecadeofthe1950s,whiletheindustrialization process ofthe country wasaccelerating, migration fromthecountryside tothecities hadbegun. /...CEDAW/C/SR.165 English Page9 (Ms.Dogramaci, Turkey) Emigration towards thecountries ofWestern Europe beganslowly andgradually accelerated. Inbothcases,thewomanhadtofacesocial andcultural problems. Qualified womenreturning fromabroad foundjobs,particularly intourism. Many girlswhoreturned married butapproximately 40percentcontinued theirhigher education. Therewerespecial schools forreturning children andtherewereplans forestablishing aGermansubuniversity withintheUniversity ofMarmara in Istanbul asajointproject oftheGovernments ofTurkey andtheFederal Republic ofGermany. Manyheadsofhousehold werewomenasaconsequence ofmigration. Thosewomenengaged inthesamekindoftransactions asmen. 49.Inconnection witharticle 12,shepointed outthatwomen's organizations, assisted bymunicipalities, hadsetupshelters forbattered wivesandwomen lawyers wereoffering advicefreeofcharge. Indomestic industries, suchas carpet weaving, thewoman's incomehelpedtoincrease thefamilybudget, although partwasgiventothefemaleworkers. Inprinciple suchworkdidnotlimit workers' possibilities forstudy. 50.Inconnection witharticle 13,therewerenodifferences b~tween menandwomen regarding bankloansorfamilyallowances. 51.Inregardtoarticles 15and16,itshouldbepointed outthatmarried women didnotneedtheirspouse's permission inordertotravelinside Turkeyorabroad; neither didanunmarried womanrequire thepermission ofherfatherorbrother. Inheritance lawsdidnotmakeanydifference between thesexes. According tothe CivilCode,thefactthatthewifehadtakenajobagainst thewishesofher husband wasnotacausefordivorce. Inpractice, whensuchasituation arose,the husband couldfilesuitfordivorce onthegrounds of"incompatibility". Thewife hadthesamerightasthemantosuefordivorce. 52.Beforeacceding totheConvention, theGovernment ofTurkey hadexpressed reservations oncertain paragraphs ofarticles 15and16,whichwereincompatible withsomearticles oftheCivilCode. Thesituation wasbeingstudied anditwas hopedthatthosereservations wouldbewithdrawn beforethesecondperiodic report wassubmitted. 53.Ms.WALLA-TCHANGAI expressed thehopethat,initsnextreport, Turkey would provide morecomplete andprecise information regarding actiontakentopromote activities fortheadvancement ofwomenintheruralareasandalsoonmeasures
**Analysis**
The text primarily discusses the social and economic status of women in Turkey, including their employment, education, and family life. It also touches on issues related to labor laws, social security, and inheritance. The text does not seem to focus on economic development, natural resources, or industry, but rather on the human aspect of women's lives in Turkey.

**Category**
Employment, Education, Culture