In various S&T fields at doctoral and post-doctoral levels. strengthening of the Unlverlsty library, documentation and labo­ ratory facilities, advanced training of talented unvlerslty tea­ chers, Improvement of teacher to student ratio, etc. In fact a genuine transformation In the prevailing environment In the uni­ versities Is required so th&t they can discharge their fundamen­ tal responsblllty for training of high level research manpower and at the same time serve as a source of new knowledge. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Development In various sectors of national life has been almost entirely dependent on the Imported processes and technolo­ gies. In the rece~t past some progress has been achieved In unpackaglng of Imported technologies through enhancement of Indi­ genous technological Inputs. The basic aim of the approved Science Pol Icy Is to achieve greater self-reliance In the develo­ ment and transfer of technology. In order to achieve a meaning­ ful technological progress. It Is Imperative that all technologi­ cal developments should be based on maximum utilization of Indi­ genous manpower, material resources and techno.ogy and In the case of Imported technology Its assimilation/adaptation to natio­ nal needs. In addition. vigorous measures should be taken to stimulate demand for domestic technologies and generate technolo­ gies Indigenously. The three main routes by which new technology can be acquired, are: a) Importation of technology In "packaged" form (turn-key contracts); b) Importation of "unpackaged• technology with or without adaptation to local conditions, either directly to the users or through the national R&D system; and c) up-gradation of the level and Intensity of national effort so as to strengthen the local S&T sector technology development. R&D tor The basic strategy that developing countries, like Pakistan, need to adopt for achieving self-reliance Is to move away from predominant reliance on the first (or turn-key) mechanism to an 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the importance of strengthening science and technology (S&T) infrastructure in universities, improving research and development (R&D) capabilities, and promoting indigenization of technology. It highlights the need for developing countries like Pakistan to adopt a strategy that focuses on developing their own S&T capabilities rather than relying heavily on imported technology. The text does not explicitly mention economic development, but it can be inferred that the overall goal is to promote economic growth and self-reliance through S&T development.

**Category**
Science and Technology