based upon that paid to local DDS workers (approximately $100 per month). 25. The approach consists therefore of three mutually reinforcing elements which are described in the paragraphs which follow. 26. Support to the strengthening of ongoing participatory grass roots processes. Core managerial staff and field workers of DDS organizations are trained in techniques required for participatory grass roots development. One way of doing this is through the participation of field workers in the UNV/DDS volunteer exchange programme. On returning to their home organizations, they take back with them a rich experience upon which to draw in tackling development problems in their home countries. A second facet is on-the-job training provided for core staff of DDS organizations. A third way is the workshops, seminars, evaluation meetings and other gatherings which UNV helps to organize, in which the maximum participation of DDS working-level staff is encouraged. The common feature of all three methods is that the learning process takes place outside formal training institutions and is based on a process of increasing awareness and strengthening operational capabilities through the sharing of experiences. 27. In addition, DDS organizations are helped in conducting small-scale innovative experiments aimed at increasing the self-reliance of communities including, in particular, disadvantaged groups. This is being achieved, first, by attaching UNV specialists directly to co-ordinating organizations at the national level to assist in introducing proper programming procedures and effective operational activities; second, by assisting these organizations in identifying the needs for technical assistance, estimating the modest financial inputs required, and securing of such inputs where possible; and third, by creating a number of appropriate technology centres accessible to local communities and capable of engaging in extension work. 28. Further, networks of exchange are established and promoted at the national, regional and subregional levels between animators from DDS groups
**Analysis**
The text discusses the strengthening of participatory grassroots processes, training of local workers, and supporting small-scale innovative experiments to increase community self-reliance. These initiatives seem to be focused on empowering local communities and organizations to take charge of their own development. This suggests that the main focus is on social and community development, rather than economic or environmental issues.

**Category**
Education, Humanitarian aid and relief