proceedings, civil or criminal, are divided into causes and matters. and causes are subdivided into actions and criminal proceedings. 2/ All civil proceedings are therefore actions or matters. The distinction between an action and a matter is a technical one depending, for historical reasons, partly on the nature of the proceedings and partly on the kind of originating process (here process is used in its strict sense, see the glossary entry for process 2.) by which they are begun. It corresponds broadly to the distinction drawn in both common law and civil law systems between contentious and non-contentious proceedings. Appeals are classified as matters, not actions. In county courts, which deal exclusively with civil cases, proceedings are again divided into actions and matters. In magistrates' courts all proceedings are called proceedings. If It should be borne in mind that proceedings classified as administrative-law proceedings in civil law countries fall under the heading of civil law proceedings in England. If It follows that action in the strict sense can only be used of civil proceedings. See Note 1, sect. 1. - 1119 - The situation described above is further complicated by the fact that matrimonial causes are always described as such, although individually all of them, being causes and not matters, are actions, e.g. for divorce or nullity of marriage. Another complication is that action has in the past been used, and continues to be used, in a broad sense exceeding its former and present technical meanings. (ii) Recommeuded renderings In an attempt to reduce the above comments to practical guidance for English translators, the following equivalents are suggested for the French and Spanish terms concerned (the numbers refer to the glossary sub-entries in cases where these terms have more than one meaning): FIRST INSTANCK CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FIRST INSTANCE ADMINISTRATIVE-LAW 
**Analysis**
This text appears to be related to the legal system, specifically the classification of civil and criminal proceedings in England. The language used is technical and focused on the nuances of legal terminology, suggesting that it is intended for legal professionals or students. The text does not appear to be related to any of the other categories, as it does not discuss economic development, natural resources, industry, transportation, international trade, health, education, employment, humanitarian aid, culture, or science and technology.

**Category**
Law, Education