syotem itoelf. IoterPetionally, oenctiono will make acceeo to merketo a continuing problem& internally, m will mean oaall domestic markets and scarcity of skilled labour. ’ C. -ted bv f& Govm 52. Responses of the South African Governmeat to economic eenctfooe have revealed acme of the loopholes and ohortcuminqe in the qeaeuree currently in force, such ao: failure to adopt compreheoeive mandatory senctioae becauee of oppoeition in the United Nation0 Security Council; limitations in ths scope end oarromeaa io the interpretation of eenctiooe; and inadequate enforcement, monftoriog and co-ordioeting mecbaniemo. 53. With regard to trade, South Africa has been able to avade senctione by diverting imports sod exports through third countries and off&ore facilities such ae free porto end free-trade eooee. 10 the conduit countries, verioua techniques are used to dieguise the South African origin of the product. They include practices ouch ae false lebelliog, acquiring false certificates of origio and traneformatioo a0 io the case of coal channelled to Europe through Rotterdam and Antwerp. Tbeoe often So without detection becewe of low priority given to enforcement and monitoriog. 54. Sanction6 have also been wndermioad by third countries taking advantage of eanctiono impoosd by other Steteo. As the United Stetee, Nordic and some Ccimnonweelth countriee heve reduced their trade with South Africa, acme countrise in the Far Bast and Europe are increeeiug theirs. The Commonwealth report, however, wanxe against overemphaeieiog oeactione-buetiog and divereioa of trade. Between 1985 end 1989, the iecreeoeo ia trade by South Africa’0 traditional tradio8 partoero such a8 Weet Genneny, Japan, Taiwan and Spaio have been much larger thau trade with oew pertnero. 55. The uee of narrow definitions aleo reetricte the range of products that bano era ouppoeed to cover. For inetence, “ima ar?d steel” ie usually interpreted as excluding iron ore and ferro-alloye, both of which are major 
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing the economic situation of South Africa, specifically the country's attempts to evade sanctions and its trade relationships with other countries. The text mentions issues such as the lack of comprehensive mandatory sanctions, limitations in the scope and interpretation of sanctions, and inadequate enforcement. It also discusses the use of techniques to disguise the origin of South African products and the impact of sanctions on trade.

**Category**
International trade, Industry