having adequate figures about a certain issue. It is therefore necessary to briefly consider several additional issues. For instance, what are we to do if an indicator defined as "core" by one agency is considered defective by another? Moreover, can some generally defective indicators none the less provide assistance as general measurements, rather than as core indicators? Which indicators have been defined as defective and why? 81. As an example, UNRISD has found the following indicators to be defective in terms of international usage and their purposes: crude death rate; primary school enrolment; percent of population in urban areas; percent of dwellings with piped water; income distribution; transportation; energy consumption; expenditure on food as a percent of total private consvimption expenditure; and expenditure on national health or education as a percentage of the total national budget or of the GNP. 54/ 82. The one indicator which has probably received the most extensive criticism is GNP per capita. Researchers have stated, for instance, that: "We agree that GNP per capita should not be used to measure social development but cannot imagine why anyone should want to do so. One might make a crude guess at approximate levels of social development factors from the GNP per capita but certainly not measure them". 55/ UNICEF has noted a variety of reasons why GNP per capita is of limited use as a development indicator, namely: (1) it does not adequately reflect such factors as the growing of food for family consumption, the unpaid labour of women, do-it-yourself building of homes or the local consumption of water or firewood; (2) this measurement suffers from serious distortions; since a large proportion of GNP does not enter into world trade, official exchange rates cannot reflect domestic purchasing power; and (3) the fact that it is an 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the limitations and criticisms of certain indicators used to measure social development, specifically GNP per capita. It highlights the need to consider multiple perspectives and the potential flaws in using a single indicator to measure development. The text also mentions other indicators that are considered defective, such as crude death rate and primary school enrolment.

**Category**
Economic development, Health, Education