particular lack oil deposits, but have succeeded in developinq a manufacturinq sector capable of ca'npetinq with industrialized countries in their O'llln markets in an, increasinq ranqe of products. In fact kncw-ho.; and the provision of adequate incen­ tives to producers may be the two most important factors in development, and qoverr.rnent policies should place more .stress on makinq techr;oloqical !'.now-how available to producers at all levels, while removinq the many disincentives and obstacles to econamic enterprise which pervade many developinq economies. These obstacles are net always evident, and are sametimes created by the best-intentione<] of officials. This can be seen most clearly in the aqricultural sector, where too much emphasis has been placed on keepinq producer prices 1 ow to ensure that food supplies for urban dwellers are cheap and that the central Goverr~ent takes a larqer share of expert prices, while the small farmer is denied incentives in the form of credits a.nd other ser­ vices, and discouraqed by unremunerative prices. Another impor­ tant aspect of development policy is co-operation, beth economic and technical. This is especially vita 1 in Africa, ·,,here the smallness of national markets is a serious obstacle to develop­ ment. African countries should therefore formulate their nation­ al development policies within the broader framework of the Laqos Plan of Action and its objective of ensurinq collective self­ rei ia nee in the African reqion. 25. However, devel opinq countries will still need substantial and increasinq flows of capital and other resources fram developed countries, in order to acquire the equipment necessary for qrowth and the skills they lack. Noreover, it is essential for the developed countries to aqree to measures aimed at remov­ inq obstacles to imports of manufactures and other products from developinq countdes, in order to stop the emerqinq trend towards 16 E/ECA/CM.9/5 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the development of economies, specifically in African countries, and highlights the importance of manufacturing, incentives, technological know-how, and cooperation. It also touches on the need for capital and resources from developed countries. The text does not focus on natural resources, environment, health, education, employment, humanitarian aid, culture, or science and technology, which are not directly relevant to the discussion.

**Category**
Economic development, International trade