conEributions to non-qorr"rimental organi'ition" in various countrl€s' have responded to disagters, and in particular to the aPPatling falnine in sub-Saharan Africa, nlth aubstantial emergency assistance' SubstanCial 62. The Rain is6ues concerning the Substantial Neot Progranune of Action modalities.innediate action conPonent of the were discussed in the contex! of ai'd c. Technical assis.tance 63. Althougtt the lerel of technicat assistance to least developed countries ,nas suustaniially higber in the periott 1981'-1983 than i'n 1976-1980' 1t has remained at about $t.s niilton airnuatly ' The increased focus on technical assistance aimed at inBtl'tution-bu il'l ing and training of nanpower given by a number of donors' Including the unite'l NaEions Developnent Proqramme' $as noted, 64. Experience indicatee that there is further scope for inprovlng- the effectiveness of lechnical co-operation. including a closer link betl{een technical co-operation and financial assistance, a further integration of .lifferent technlcal "o-op.,".io', inputs, inclu.ling the provision o€ eguipment, and Ehe provision of hiqlly quatiflea experls able to operate effectively in the €nvironment of least developed countries' associated witb appropriate counterpart staff. /"'Idnedlate action conPonenlD.A/ 40 /9e9 /AdA . L0 English Page 23 neasures at the international level l. ComnerciaL policy neasures 55' The decrrne in dolrar terms rn the export earnings of the least developedcountries, due particularly to the drop in the prices of primary connoditieg31nce 1979, 1s a source of serious cont".n, This, eoupled eith thedeterloration in the terrna of trade. has led Co a reduction in essentiatinporls and an increase in the extefnal debt of tbe reast areveroped countriesand has impeded their plan€ for trade expansion and d ivers if ication. rn theseclrcunstances, the efforts made by the induatrialized councries in tradepolicy rnatters have not produced the aleEired effect. (a) Access to markets
**Analysis**
The text discusses the challenges faced by least developed countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, in terms of economic development, trade, and external debt. It highlights the need for international cooperation, technical assistance, and policy measures to address these issues. The text also touches on the importance of effective use of resources, including equipment and highly qualified experts.

**Category**
International trade, Economic development