financial and technical assistance from donor countries and organizations, so that policies are conceived, formulated and implemented most effectively. The experience and expertise of international and regional organizations in these areas should be actively sought. 41. The strategy for addressing the vulnerabilities of IDCs should be based upon enhanced economic management at the national, regional and international levels. Planning mechanisms, particularly in IDCs, must be strengthened, but donors, too, should take full account of the particular constraints that each IDC faces as a result of limitations, including small bureaucracies and limited technical expertise. Efforts to enhance co-ordination mechanisms should be encouraged. 42. Comprehensive development plans remain a key tool for the identification of activities which might assist each IDC to overcome its vulnerabilities and to maximize those comparative advantages it might enjoy. Development plans should explicitly identify and prioritize such activities. They should also be based upon an integrated approach to the development process, including consideration of such areas as human resource development, infrastructure needs, resource exploitation and diversification of the productive base. The long-term costs and benefits of each activity should be addressed and a strong effort needs to be made to ensure that environmental considerations are taken fully into account in development activities. A/CONF.147/5 TD/B/AC.46/4 page 16 43. The development of human resources and of institutional infrastructure, as well as the creation of improved transport and physical infrastructures, will be particularly important for many IDCs. For example, training programmes should take account of present and future skill requirements and the impact of migration. Policies which might facilitate the recruitment and retention of skilled nationals should be fully investigated. The problems of unemployment and underemployment - which can be particularly acute for IDCs undergoing structural adjustment programmes - should receive early attention. Furthermore, particular attention should be paid to the potential role of 
**Analysis**
The text discusses the development strategies and policies for IDCs (Least Developed Countries), focusing on economic management, institutional infrastructure, human resources, and environmental considerations. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive development plans, coordination mechanisms, and the consideration of long-term costs and benefits of development activities.

**Category**
Economic development, Employment, Education