(f)Restraints ontheuseofcertain weapon systems I (g)Thepromotion ofmutualtrustandconfidence hymoreopenness between States concerning theirnavalstrengths, activities andintentions, e.g.prior notification ofandexchanges ofinformation onnavalexercises ormanoeuvres oron majormovements ofnaval, including amphibious, forces, thepresence ofobservers duringexercises ormanoeuvres; notification ofthepassage ofsubmarines, especially inregions ofhighinternational tension; Ch}International agreements toprevent incidents between navalforces onor overthehighseas,similar totheexisting US/USSR Agreement ontheprevention of incidents onandoverthehighseasof19721 Ci)Measures related tothenon-proliferation ofcertain technologies of maritime warfare. E.Verification 299.AsstatedintheFinalDocument oftheTenthSpecial Session oftheGeneral Assembly, -Disarmament andarmslimitation agreements should provide foradeauate measures ofverification satisfactory toallparties concerned inordertocreate thenecessary confidence andensure thattheyarebeingobserved byall·parties· (para.31).Verification hasimportant political andtechnical aspects -political because States areoftenveryreluctant toallowverification tobecarried outon theirownnational territory because thenatureoftheactivities maybe unacceptably intrusive, technical because therearewaysinwhichcertain formsof verification canbecarried outreliably bynational technical means, andbecause suchmeanscanworkadeauately without necessitating on-site inspection. 300.verification ofnavaldisarmament andassociated measures hascertain features whichcanbedifferent fromverification ofsuchmeasures onlanda Inthefirst place,verification carried outatseadoesnotraisetheaspectofintrusion or violation oflandterritory orterritorial airspace ifitiscarried outonthe highseas,andnoon-site inspection isinvolved. Second, navalvessels and /...A/40/535 English Page84 aircraft arefiniteunits;theirpresence andmovements canundercertain circumstances bereadily andprecisely identified. Third,theinternational nature oftheoceans -indeed, thefreedom oftheseas-renders observation more practicable, provided thatthenecessary technical andphysical meansare available. Inthisrespect, however, significant problems willhavetobe addressed concerning suchaspects assubmarines andastheidentification ofwhich shipsare,ormaybe,carrying nuclear weapons. Ontheotherhand,some confidence-building measures providing foropenness andthetransfer ofinformation couldcontribute tomoreeffective verification. 301.TherearewidepoSsibilities forthechoiceofhowverification mightbe carried outandbywhom,depending onthemattertobeverified. Technical means mightinclude detection devices onsatellites, aircraft orothervessels or deployed underwater. Verification teamscouldbedrawnfromtheStates participating inthemeasures, ortheycouldberepresentatives ofinternational or regional organizations orrepresentatives ofneutral orotherStates fromwithin, oroutside, theareaconcerned. Thereisalmost nolimittothetypesof verification methods thatmightbeusedwithout beingintrusive, provided that States demonstrate thenecessary political readiness toconsider themeasures neededtoensurethemutualconfidence ofStatesinfulfilling theirobligations. F.Modernization ofthelawsofseawarfare 302.Mostofthetreaty lawwhichregUlates navalwarfare isveryold,forexample theParisDeclaration of1856relating tomerchant shipping inwartime andthe HagueConventions of1907351whichtodayarepartlyobsolete. Theonly comparatively modern document onwaratsea ~sthesecond Geneva Convention of1949~Iontheprotection ofwounded, sickandshipwrecked members ofarmed forcesatsea.Howeve[, thelongtradition andexistence ofoldtreaties info[ce suggest thatthisissueshould beconsidered insomedetail. 303.Therecentrevision of,andadditions to,therulesofinternational humanitarian lawapplicable inarmedconflict (the1977Protoco1s Additional tothe GenevaConventions of1949)371didnotfullyaddress thelawsofwaratsea.The second Geneva Convention doesnotregulate warfare assuchbutonlytheprotection
**Analysis**
The text appears to focus on international relations, specifically on naval warfare and disarmament. It discusses the need for mutual trust and confidence between states, the promotion of openness and transparency, and the importance of verification measures to ensure compliance with disarmament agreements. The text also touches on the need for modernization of the laws of sea warfare.

**Category**
Transport and communication, International relations