342. Rapid population growth and rural-urban nigration have accelerated the pace ofurbanization in Africa. The urban populaCion, ,tich ,""s 11 per cent of the toCalrn sub-satraran Africa in ]960, doubred Eo 22 per cent in 19g2. rn 1960 there rrereonly three citles i.n sub-saharan Africa with a population of over 500,000, butthere were 28 in 1982. Rapid urbanization was acconpanied by overcrowding,unemploynent, underemploymeht ' crime, suffering, and destitutron. rn 1977 about40 per cent of the active population of Africa was underenployed 4/ and thesituation has alnost certainly worsened in the l980s.A/ a0 /5L9 EngIi sh Page 176 B, Development gaps 343. scarclty of investnent resources and of the foreign exchange reguired to lftport needed raw materlals, lntermediate products and capital goods can severely Limlt the rate of eocl.o-economic developnent. While these constralnts are present in all aleveloping countrles, they. are partlcularty aerious in a region as Poor as Afrlca. t{u6, lt ls l$portant to anafyse the gap betueen savings and investment and bitlreen exportg and ioports and to examlne the nay that such gaps were closed by capital inflows in the form of forelgn investnents and foreign ald. This analysis provides the background for the growth projections for Africa, discussed be lolt. 1. Savlngs gap 344. Tabte 52 shows consumption, Eavings and investment as a percentage of GDP for the lorr-lncome countries of Atrica, compared with the low-lncome countries of Asia, and all developlng countrles together. Table 62. Consumption, investment and savings as a percentage of GDP, 1970, 1975 and I98l Country group 1970 1975 19 81 AII developing countties Consunption InveEtment Savings Iprd-income Aslan countr ies Consunption fnveBtment Savlngc Ion-income Af rican countriea Consumption InvesEoent Savlngs78.9 22.7 21. I 77 .r 23.7 22.9 85.5 J-t.) 13 .476.7 26 .3 23.375 .8 27 .0 23.2 76.2 25. I ?3 .8 94 .1 -LO.O 5.975.7 25 .7 24.3 92.5 16.4 sg r world Bank, 9for ld Development Report 1984 , p.24 .A/40 /5L9 English Page l?7 345. The share of consumption in cDP wae 94 per cent for the low-lncome Afrlcancountrles in 198r, compared with 76 per cent for the lou-incooe Agtan countriea and
**Analysis**
The text primarily discusses the economic development of Africa, specifically the challenges and issues related to rapid urbanization, savings gaps, and investment constraints. It also touches on the comparison with other developing regions, such as Asia. The text does not mention natural resources, agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, transport, communication, international trade, health, education, employment, humanitarian aid, or culture.

**Category**
Economic development