outfalls, dumping ofpackaged industrial radioactive waste,discharge oflow-level nuclear wastefromcoastal nuclear installations orfromearlier nuclear tests. 52.Measures tolimitandcontrol marinepollution havebeenthesubject of several multilateral efforts, bothwithin andoutside theUnitedNations anditis clearthatthesewillhavetobecontinued ifthevalueoftheseastomankind is I...A/40/535 English Page20 tobeprotected. Maritime forces, bothafloat andair-borne, cananddoprovide considerable assistance inpollution control, particularly inareasofprime responsibility ascribed toStatesintheConvention ontheLawoftheSea.The International Convention forthePrevention ofPollution fromShips, 1973(MARPOL) , whichwasmodified bytheProtocol of1978relating thereto (generally referred to asMARPOL73/781, provides thebasisforsuchaction. CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OFNAVALCAPABILITIES A.Motivations forStatestodevelop navalcapabilities 53.Awidelyrespected authority onthedefinition ofseapoweranditsuses, Admiral Alfred Thayer MahanoftheUnitedStates Navy,wroteattheendofthe nineteenth century thatheregarded theseaas"agreathighway· forcommercial and military transport. 11/GiVing ahistorical perspective tohissurvey, inMahan's viewnavies hadtwo~rposes -toprotect commerce andtopromote theinterests of trading nations bytheaCQuisition oftrading stations, colonies andhasesin foreign lands. 54.WhileStates nolongeruseseapowertoacquire colonies, inessence the motivations ascribed byMahanremainvalidtoday,almost 100yearslater. Asmay beseenfromearlier paragraphs, manyStates havemajorinterests insea-borne trade,inthecontinued viability ofshipping routes andintheprotection ofthose routes andtheshipsthatplythemintimesofpeaceandwar.Thepreservation of sealinesofcommunication during warcanbecomevitaltoanation's survival, as canthedenialoftheuseoftheseatoadversaries. Traditionally, thishasbeen theprincipal motivation foraCQuiring navalcapabilities. Statesthathave identified theneedforamaritime strategy, andhavebeenabletoaffordone,have takenstepstodevelop navalforcesaccordingly. Another motivation forStatesto aCQuire navalcapabilities hasbeentoprotect themselves fromaggression fromthe seaorfromtheeffects ofpiracy. 55.However, themodern worldissignificantly morecomplex thantheworldof 100yearsago.Thedecline ofcolonialism andtheemergence ofmanysovereign States, eachwithitsownresponsibilities andinterests, together witharefusal toacceptthecontinuance oftheprevious political andeconomic order, havebeen majorandirreversible developments. Thecontinued increase intheworld's human population, themuchincreased levelsofindustrialization andtechnological advance, andtheneedsforsocial andeconomic progress -particularly in developing countries -havecreated newdemands andnecessitate freshmethods and arrangements tomeetthenewchallenges. 56.Thechanges intheusesofoceanspaceandtheexploitation ofthesea's resources, identified inthe1960sbytheinternational community andnowembodied intheConvention ontheLawoftheSea,willbringnewrights andresponsibilities tomanyStates andtheneedtopolice andprotect them.Therearetherefore additional motivations forStates, inclUding thosethatmaynotpreviously havehad anynavalcapabilities, todevelop suchforces. /...A/40/535 English Page21 57.Separately, theeXistence ofamuchgreater numberofsovereign States and theirinherent rights Ofself-defence arelikelytoleadtoperceptions onthepart ofsomethatnavalcapability isrequired inordertobeabletoexercise those rights andtoresistinterference andintervention, particularly intheabsence of aneffective systemofinternational security. 58.AbOveall,themostsignificant technological changehasbeentheadventof nuclear weapons. Theseahasnowbetometheoperational environment ofballistic missile submarines, eachofwhichhasbeenestimated tobecarrying theequivalent ofmoreexplosive powerthanwasusedbyallthecombatants intheSecondworld War.Thecombination ofmissile andwarhead design, nuclear propulsion power, hiqhlyaccurate navigation andguidance systems andsophisticated hulldesign and construction techniques hasprovided theopportunity forthedevelopment ofan entirely newnavalcapability ofawesome specific purpose.
**Analysis**
The text discusses the importance of naval capabilities and the need for states to develop them to protect their interests, including trade and security. It also touches on the environmental impact of pollution and the need for measures to control it. The text seems to be focused on the relationship between states and the sea, highlighting the significance of maritime forces and the development of naval capabilities.

**Category**
Transport and communication, Industry, Natural resources and environment