for various sizes heve been developed for small towns and villages. Bamboo has been used as a substitute for expensive reinfcrcing steel in walls of household rainwater tanks in Thailand. In several African countries mud and brush or chicken wire walls for latrines have been used instead of concrete blocks, and soil-cement has been used in Brazil for the construction of water tanks. The ferro-concrete water tanks developed in Fiji for household storage and rainwater collection have been adopted by other Pacific Island countries, including Samoa and Vanuatu, and special training courses have been developed to support the transfer of this technology. In Ecuador, the choice of ferro-cement for water reservoir construction is estimated to have saved 60 per cent of previous costs. Also, the use of a locally developed wind-turbine design drawing on the abundant supply of energy at high altitude has significantly reduced energy costs, and this design is under consideration for nationwide application where meteorological conditions are favourable. In Burkina Faso, simple techniques for the protection of water in traditional wells have been tested and introduced while simple water transporting carts have been designed to leasen women’s daily drudgery of water-carrying. This innovation has helped to break down prevailing taboos which prevented boys from assisting in the task of water transportation. 33. A wide spectrum of Low-cost Sanitation Options, such as pour-flush latrines, ventilated pit latrines and shallow small bore sewers, have seen extended application in the course of the Decade. An example is the shallow sewer system developed and applied through community participation in high-density low-income urban areas of Brazil, which has also seen application through technology transfer /. . .A/45/327 English Page 10 to Pnkistan. Furthermore, efforts have been undertaken to develop and improve purpose-made residue waste removal vehicles for use in association with on-site sanitation systems.
**Analysis**
The text primarily focuses on innovative, low-cost solutions for improving access to water and sanitation in developing countries. It highlights various technologies and techniques that have been developed and implemented to address these challenges, with a focus on reducing costs and increasing sustainability. The text also touches on the benefits of these innovations, such as reduced energy costs and increased community participation.

**Category**
Economic development, Health