Thetemperate andsub-Arctic watersoftheNorthAtlantic andNorthPacificl Thecontinental shallows ofthesameoceans I Theareasoffthewestern coastsofthecontinents ofAfrica andtheAmericas (between ChileandCalifornia) wherecold,nutrient watersrisetothesurface. Ofthe1983catchof76.5million tons,67million tonswaSharvested fromthe sea.~Atpresent morethan95percentiscaughtwithin 200milesofshore. In otherwords,almostallthetotalfishcatchistakenfromlessthan35percentof theworld's seaarea(seeannexIll,map1). 33.Theyearssince1945haveseenmuch-improved techniques withtheintroduction ofelectronic equipment tofindfish,accurate navigational equipment, automated gearhandling, high-capacity freezing eauipment toconserve thecatchoverlong periods oftimeandincreased propUlsion powerinfishing vessels. Inaddition, theintroduction ofindustrial fishing toproduce fish-meal foruseasfertilizer andanimalfeedstock andself-contained factory fishing fteetshaveledtomuch largercatches thanwasthought possible 40yearsago. 34.Insomecasestheseimproved methods haveresulted inoverfishing incertain partsoftheoceans; sometimes natural events suchasshifts insea-water currents haveledtoscarcities offish.Forexample, between 1975and1980thecatchof NorthSeaherring dropped from3.7million to675thousand tons,andthatof pilchards offthesouth-west African coastfrom1million to12thousand tons.2/ 35.Thepresent globalaverage consumption annually is11.6kilograms (kg),butif thisaverage istobemaintained inthefaceoftheanticipated increase inthe world's population, theworld's annualfishcatchwillhavetobeover100million tonsbytheyear2000.TheFoodandAgriculture Organization oftheUnitedNations (FAO)estimates thatwithproper management, andaftertherecovery ofdepleted stocks, asteadylevelof100million tonscouldbereacbed forconventional species. Greater catches wouldbepossible byusingresources atpresent notused ornotfullyused,suchassquid,mesopelagic fishandkrill. /...A/40/535 English Page15 36.Theadventof200-mile exclusive economic zones,introduced bytheConvention ontheLawoftheSea,willprovide anewdimension tonational rights andduties andpresent anumberofStateswithopportunities toexploit newresources butalso withproblems ofhowtodevelop maritime capabilities toprotect theirinterests andenforce theobligations ofotherStatesfishing intheirrespective zones. In turn,thedevelopment willalsopresent anumberofotherStateswiththeproblem ofhowtomaintain accesstotraditional fishing grounds withhistoric rightswhich willnowfallunderdifferent jurisdiction. Oneexample ofnewarrangements has beentheestablishment inJanuary 1983ofacommonfisheries policyforthe European Communities, providing, interalia,foryearlydecisions ontheallowable catchofeachtypeoffishforeachmemberState. 37.Globally, amajoreventwastheFAOConference onworldFisheries Management andDevelopment heldinRomefrom27Juneto6July1984.TheConference adopted a resolution entitled "TheStrategy forFiSheries Management andDevelopment" comprising guidelines andprinciples Whicharetobetakenintoaccount by Governments andorganizations whenplanning andimplementing fisheries management anddevelopment. TheConference alsoapproved anintegrated package offive Programmes ofActiontoassistdeveloping countries toincrease fishproduction and improve theirindividual andcollective self-reliance infisheries. 38.Insum,itmaybeseenthatoceanfiSheries represent amajorresource. with anincreasing humanpopUlation therewillberisingdemands forprotein fromthe seawhichwillbestbemetbyajUdicious useofmoderntechnology andmethods and acombination ofinternational andnational management ofavailable andpotential fishresources. Furthermore, theincreased rights anddutiesofStatesintheir respective exclusive economic zonesarising fromtheConvention ontheLawofthe Seawillstimulate significant national interest inandrequirements forthe development ofimproved methods andtoolsformanagement intherespective areasof thefishing industry. 2.Mineral resources ofthesea-bed 39.Fourcategories ofminerals canbeidentified: GroupI GroupIILiquid andgaseous substances suchaspetroleum, gas,condensate, helium, nitrogen, carbondioxide, water, steam, hotwater, SUlphur andsaltsextracted inliquid forminsolution. Thisgroup includes important sources ofenergy andwillbediscussed in paragraphS 40to42below. Minerals whichoccurunderthesea-bed atdepth~greater than3 m ­
**Analysis**
The text discusses the current state and future prospects of the global fishing industry, highlighting its economic importance, challenges, and management issues. It also touches on the impact of human population growth and the need for sustainable fishing practices. The text mentions international agreements and national policies related to fisheries, as well as the exploitation of mineral resources in the sea.

**Category**
Agriculture, forestry and fishing, Natural resources and environment, Industry