being turned over to private enterprise. In the Congo, some publicly owned firms have been closec and ethers put under private management. In almost all cases, it is fcunc that the firms are drawing heavy subsidies from the public treasury, that their prices are unremunerative, their work force overeJ<tenced and their management incompetent. Reforms are eenerally oriented towards restoring profitability through cost-based pricing, streamlining the workforce and introducing management policies fostering greater autonomy. In Mali, where the State-controlled enterprises have been in deficit for many years, measures led to an increase in prices and a reduction in eY.cessively high manning levels. In Senegal, a system of contracts between the State and public corporations has been initiated under which the corpora­ tions obtain considerable autonomy in return for the attainment of definite objectives. 122. Recently, new orientations have appeared in industrial policies, notably an emphasis on eYports. In this field, Mauritius has been particularly successful with its EY.port Processing Zone, but serious difficulties are created by the bar­ riers put up by industrialized countries to imports of manufac­ tured goods from developing countries. EEC has introcuced com­ plex regulations in the form of quotas, quality controls and the like to keep cut imports of manufactures from low-cost countries, and this has had an impact on African countries like Hauri tius, Morocco and Tunisia which are among the few with significant eY­ ports of manufactured eooos to non-African customers. 123. In the framework of the Lagos Plan of Action, the in­ dustrial policies of many countries now stress the use of local resources and the orientation of industry tcwarcs African markets. In this respect, the progress made by such subreeional economic groupings as ECOVIAS, the Eastern anc Southern African Preferential Trade Area, SADCC and UDEAC is crucial. An eJ<amina­
**Analysis**
The text appears to be discussing economic reforms and policies in African countries, specifically in the context of industrial development and international trade. The author highlights the privatization of state-owned enterprises, the introduction of cost-based pricing, and the emphasis on exports, which suggests a focus on economic development and industrial growth.

**Category**
Economic development, Industry, International trade