brought tot.'l~Unit~dN&ticns ora."lyot.~erworldorganizetion fo!discussion. Yet spacebelongs toallofus-ifitcanbelongtoanyone. Someofusdidfeelencouraged bytheSovietUnion's announcement ofa moratorium onnuclear testing. Thestatedperiodwasshort,buttheactionitself represented achallenge forpeaceinateadofforwar.Yettheresponse ofthe othersuper-Power wastosaythatthtswasmerepropaganda, andtheSovietUnion couldwatchThatPower's ownforthcoming nuclear tests.Ifitwaspropaganda, surelytheanswerforanyonewhocaresaboutpeaceismoreeffective propaganda. LettheUnitedStateschallenge theSovietUniontoc.cceptalWchlonger moratorium. Whatistheuseofwatching nuclear tests? Whathumanity needsisan endtoallnuclear-weapon testing everywhere. Ifalltestsstop,thedevelopment ofnewweapons becomes muchmore difficult. Weapons whichmaynotwork,orwhichmayblowupthoseusingthem,are lessattractive toanyarmy,airforceornavy.Acomprehensive testbanwould thusatleastslowdownthearmsraceandprovide timeforthenegotiation and organization ofnuclear disarmament. Itispossible thatverification ofadherence tosuchatreatymaynotyetbe100percentperfect, butmoderntechnology could certainly monitor nuclear explosions verymuchsmaller thantheoneswhich devastated Hiroshima andNagasaki. Letusdowhatcanbedone,andcreatean incentive toperfect theinstruments ofverification. Movement inthatdirection wouldtransform ~~epresent international climate ofmutualsuspicion andhostility. EvennowIappealforanewstart. Ijoin w'~th otherUnitedNations Members inurgiLgthattheplanned meetingoftheduper-Power leaders shouldprovide realandjointleaderhip forpeaceinaccordance withthe original aimsoftheUnitedNations.BBS/ed A/40/PV.13 12 (President Nyerere) Inowturntosouthern Africa. In15'78,afterlongnegotiations, Security Council resolution 435(1978)wasadopted withtheactivesupport oftheWestern blocnaUons, without an)'dissenting votes.ItlaiddowntJ.;ebasisforapeaceful tranaition totheindependence ofNamibia undertheauspices oftheUnited N~tions. Despite quiteheroic ef~orts bytheSecretary-General, thatresolution hasnotbeenimplemented. Onthecontrary, since1981ithasbeeneffectively blocked bythepolicyoflinking Namibian independence withthewithdrawal ofCuban troopsfromAngola. Thispolicyof-linkage- wasinitiated, andisstillbacked bytheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Angolahastri~veryhardtofindsomeformula whichwouldupholditsright todefenditselfagainst attackwiththeaidofallieschosenbyitself, andwhich wouldatthesametimeavoidpolitical embarrassli'lent fotthecurrent American adnlinis tr~tion.Theonlyeffective resu!thasbeenrenewed attacksonAr\9ola by SouthAfrica-whichinfactneverwithdrew allitstroopsfromthatcountry -and arenewed threatbytheUnitedStatestosupport dissidents tryingtooverthrow the Government ofAngola. Thus,onceagain, wehaveavetoPoweractinginsuchawayastoundermine theUnitedNations -andinthiscaseevenonadecision whichittookanactive partinpromoting. Asaresult, SouthAfricaremains inNamibia, attacks Angola andotherneighbours withimpunity, andisabletomocktheverbalcondemnation withwhichitisassailed. Forallofusverbally condemn theapartheid systemwhichisattherootof SouthAfrica's refusal toenditsoccupationofNamibia andofitsattacksonits otherneighbours. Butwehavenotbeenabletousethemachinery available inthe Charter todealwiththisatrocity anditsdangertoworldpeace. Thisdespite the factthataP!rth~ inSouthAfricaisbasedonthesamedoctrines ofracial superiority asnazism, whichtheauthors ofapartheid supported. EventheviolenceSSS/ed A/40/PV.13 13 (President Nyerere) against thepeopleofSOuthAfricaduring thelast18monthshasledonlytoa Security Council resolution -adopted withsomenotable abstentions butatleastno veto-encouraging nations totakeunilateral actions against SOuthAfrica. Surelynoonecanbehappyatthesituation inSouthAfrica now-neither the alliesoftheapartheid Statenoritsenemies. Thereistoomuchsuffering andtoo muchchaos. Thetemptation topowerful nations toseetheirowninterests asbeing involved andthustospread theconflagration isincreasing toofast. ForthepeopleofSouthAfrica haveprotested against apartheid, have demonstrated, beenarrested, tortured anddied,yearafteryear. Anddespite afew incidents ofsabotage, theintensified struggle isstillbasically thatofan unarmed peoplerejecting apartheid angrily andcourageously. Theyarerejecting it withtheirblood,fighting bullets withstones andthesheerforceofnumbers. Theynolonger seemtocareaboutdying. Andtheyarenolongerinterested in concessions orreforms announced byawhiteGovernment. Soapa~theid isclearly doomed, andthelongerittakestocometoanend,thegreaterwillbethemisery andthemoredevastating thechaos. TheUnitedNations mustactnow.Itisessential thatconcerted international actionshouldhelpthelocalpeoplebringdownapartheidquickly. Thetimefor merewarnings haspassed. Mandatory economic sanctions against SouthAfrica underChapterVIrofthe
**Analysis**
The text appears to be a speech or statement by President Nyerere, discussing international relations, peace, and humanitarian issues. It touches on topics such as nuclear disarmament, the situation in southern Africa, and the need for international action against apartheid. The tone is persuasive and calls for collective action to address these issues.

**Category**
International relations, Humanitarian aid and relief