usedbytheBanktodetermine leastdeveloped status, Bolivia andParaguay continue toqualify for~ccesstotheBank'smostconcessional sourceoffinancin91 the FundforSpecial Operations. Inaddition, theirrespective project pipelines continue toreflect thepriority attached tothatstatuI bythecountries andthe Bank. I •••A/44/588 English Pa~e34 lJl~QrnDtional AirTran'port A,sociotion Q3.lATAhasestablished anInternational Training Fundtoprovide scholarnhips, fellowships andother11milar formsof:lnancial assistance tothestaffof airlin~s fromdeveloping countries inordertoenable themtoattendprofessional training courses inthefieldofcivilaVlation. In1988alone,theFundwill gran~over60scholarships, ofwhich28willgotoland-locked countries. in~ationol RoodTransport Union 94.IRUsupports allmeasures designed toensure freedom oftransit for land-locked countries. Suchinter-country arrang~ments ostheNorthern Corridor Agre~ment between Burundi, Kenya,Rwanda, Uganda andZaire,whichprovides alegal andadministrative framework forthesmoothflowofcargoalongthetransit corridor linking theaboveland-locked cC~J)tries andZairewiththeportofMombasa inKenya,shouldbeencouraged. ~lamic Development Bank qs.Fiveland-locked countries havebenefited frontheassistance provided bythe Bank.Thebulkofthi~assistance covered ordinorl operations (projects ftnd £oreign tradefinancing). BytheendofAugust-1988, theresource expenditures wereasfollows. Niger($36million), Mali($50million), Uganda ($36million), ftndBurkino Faso($43million). Themainareasforwhich fun~ing wasprovided include a9ricultur~, tran~port, health, industry andhumanresource development. Qr~zation ofAmerican Statea 96.OASapproved theamountof$2,050million fvrtheprojects inBolivia during thebiennium 1986-1987. Inaddition totheabove, anamountofsome$850million hadbeenapproved intheprevious years. Asacounterpart contribution tothe totalamfunt, Bolivi~ contributed $1,676million forthebiennium andanamountof $89million wasgranted byotherorganizations tobeuseufortheexecution of projects inBolivia. OASalsoapproved theamountof$1,506million forthe projects inParaguay duringthebiennium 1986-1987. Inaddition totheabove,an amountof$650million hadbeenapproved intheprevious years. Asanational counterpart contribution tothetotalamount, Paraguay contributed $1,678million forthebie\\oium andanamountof$1,016million wasgran'dbyotherorganizations tobeused fc~theexecution ofprojects inParaguay. Q~qanisation forEconomic CO-QRerat1pn andDeY~QRmant 97.ThenettotaldiRbursements ofoflicial development assistance incurrenc pricesfromallsources to20land-locked countries increased from$2.9oi11ion in 1982to$11billion in1986.Thelevelofindividubl country receipts rangedfrom $46~million forZambiato$35million forSwaziland in1086. /.....A/44/588 English Page35 Organization ofPetroleum Exporting Countries FundforInternational Deyelopment 98.TheFundhasmadeloancommitments to18oftheland-locked countries overtheperiod 1976-1988, amounting toabout$334million. Theprojects financed covervarious areas,including ruraldevelopment, transport, education, agriculture,industry andenergy. Someofthese comm~~~ents havealsobeenintheformofbalance-of-payments support loans. Duri~_thisperiodtheFundhasalsoprovidedassistance ingrantformtoseveral ofthesecountries through international andsubregional financing institutions. 1/"Progress intheimplementation ofspecific actionrelated totheparticular needsandproblems ofland-locked developing countries", (A/42/537,e-nnex)• ~/Forabroader discussion oftheseperspectives see,inparticular, thereportoftheAdhocGroupofExperts toStudyWaysandMeansofImprovingTransit-Transport Infrastructure andServices forLand-locked Developing Countries(TD/B/I002-TD/B/AC.39/3), Geneva, 1984. ~/TheUnitedNations transport andcommunications programmes, particularlyintheAfrican region, havehelpedplananddevelop atransport network thatisgoingtoenhance bothinter-country tr~deandtheestablishment ofjointventuresandschemes, whichinanational context wouldhavehadverylimited viability.TheNorthern Corridor Transit Agreement, whichhasbeensigned andratified byallthecountries ofEast-Central Africa, hasspearheaded afurther positivedevelopment inthisarea(seealsopara.18).