f6' fhe individual fires -. caused by thezn,al ignition or indirectly through blast -'ight under certain circunstances nerge into e iass fire ove? a large area. These could then be of two kinds: a firestJm with high.winars rushing in ards creating extrenely high tenperatures or a ttconflagrat iont', i.e. a moving"fireirorrt a"i.,,r"o u.,A/ 35 /3)2 f ;nara sl l Annex raile -LOLf ambient winds. Tn addition to Hiroshima, well-knovn examples of firestorrns are those of DTesden, Ilamburg and Tokyo caused by conventional bombing in the Second !trorld i{ar. People c aught in these often did not survive even in shelters' due to heat and asphyxiation. 1?. Even if a flrestorm does not develop ' many people in urban areas - and possibly forests - who rnight otherwise have survived could t'e trapFed by blast iebris,-leg injuries, unconsciousness 1'rom heatl injuries and hence die due to their inability to escape fl.om even a slow1y d.eveloping fire' Tt has been estimated that about 50 per cent of the casualties in l.liroshina lesulted f1lom direcl or indireci .:urn injuries. close to two thirds of those vho sutvived for a feu days ancl then died are reported to have been badly burned' lYre high irni;onnp ^r hlrn inirrries and casualties in Hiroshima was caused. by a m:mber of coinciding factors, such as a warn clear day, the tirne of explosion taking place in the norning vith many people being outdoors, etc', favourin€ burn injuries' Even so, these tlrpes of injuries should, unless the circunstances are exceptional' be regarded as a very 1ike1y najor cause of casualties whenevet there is s nuclear explosion oveT or in the vicinity of an urban area. This is I)articula]'ly true foi farger yie1cl weapons, where the area covered by thernal radiation intense enough to car:se third-degree burns or ignite easily inflannable material is considerably larger than that covered by hazardous blast oI' initial nuclear radiation. D. TLre electronagnetic pulse and its effects 18. A nuclear explosion - Just as lightning - generates a sharp aJId short