overflightl recommendation eoftheThirdAirTransport Conference recommending thattheSecretary-General ofICAOstudyspecial problems thatmaybebrouqht to theattention oftheICAOCouncil regarding impediments tooverflight ofaircraft toandfromland-locked countries andrecommending thatStatesdonotimpose unnecessary impediments tosuchoverflights inviewof'~hespecial hardships faced byland-locked countriesl andarticle 5oftheChicaqo Convention regarding the "rightofnon-schedUled flight" totransit non-stop ar,rosstheterritory ofa contracting State. Furthermore, theland-locked countries benefit fromICAO's continuing programme ofregional studies, workshops andleminars andtechnical assistance. /...A/44/588 English Page30 WQ.LldHealthOrganization 76.WHO,throughitstechnical co-operation programmes, supports notional health programmes thathavebeenformulated onthebasisofidentified healthproblems and goals.Ithasconsequently notbeenpresented withanyproblem u~iqueto land-locked developing memberStatesthatrequires actiondifferent fromthe support offered, forexample, toanisland de~8loping country. Disease patterns mayvaryandtraining requirements mayreflect thedifferent degrees of socio-economic development, buttheoverall pattern ofco-operation relates onlyto thespecific healthprogramme developed bythememberState,approved inthe relevant WHORegional Committee andSUbsequently bytheWorldHealthAssembly. WorldBank 77.WorldBanklanding policies focused onspecific economic circumstances and requirements ofindlvidual membercountries ratherthanthoseofparticular country groups. Bankassistance toland-locked developing countries duringfiscalyears 1987and1988wasconcentrated inadjustment pro~rammes, infrastructure and agriCUlture. Totalassistance inthefisc41years1987and1988was$54.1million and$1,005.8 million respectively. In.tunA.t.i.g.l1al Mon.tar~ Fund 78.Indetermining thesizeof0member's quota,andthusitsvotingpowerandits maximum accesstofinancial resources, theFundtakesintoaccount notonlythe member's economic size,butalsocharacteristics suchostheopennes& ofitstrade, itsoverage imports, thevariability ofitsexports andtheratioofexports to notional income. Asland-locked developing countries aretY9ically producers of primary exports thataresubject topriceandvolumefluctuations, thismethodof determination ofquotastendstogivethemquotasthatarelargerthantheir economic sizewouldsuggest. TheFund'sfinancial resources oremadeavailable to membercountries through variousfacilities, whicharedescribed below. At mid-1988, theoutstanding useofFundresources underallfacilities byland-locked developing countries totalled $1,375million inapeclal drawing rights(SOR). 79.Stand-by arrangements oredesigned toassuremembers oftheFundfinancial assistance uptoaspecified amountinaperioduptothreeyears,subject to certain performance criteria. Extended fbcilities, whichallowmembers todrawup to140percentoftheirquota,orealsointended toprovide financial support to countries withbalance-of-plyments difficulties, butoveraperiodlongenoughto allowthemtoadoptsuitable corrective measures. Ofthe21l~nd-locked developing countries, allofwhichoreFundmembers, 11madeuseofFundresources undersuch arrangements during1983tomid-1988 forpurch&ses totalling SOR838million. At mid-1988, theoutstanding useofFundresources undersucharrangements bythese membercountries totalled SOR884million. Asupplementary financing facility, established tosupplem.nt reqular Fundr.sources withresources borrowed at market-related rote.fromsurplus countrie., allowsmembers toaddress large balance-ol-payment. needsrelative totheirquotas. /...A/44/588 English Page31 80.Thecompensatory financing facility provide. additional financing tomember countries experiencing balance-of-payments difficulties thatresultfromtemporary exportshortfalls duetofactorR largely beyondtheircontrol. From1983to mid-1988, nineland-locked deve~~ping countries madeuseotthecompenlatory financing facility fortotalpurchases ofSOR478million. Atmid-1gee, these