In various S&T fields at doctoral and post-doctoral levels. strengthening of the Unlverlsty library, documentation and labo­ ratory facilities, advanced training of talented unvlerslty tea­ chers, Improvement of teacher to student ratio, etc. In fact a genuine transformation In the prevailing environment In the uni­ versities Is required so th&t they can discharge their fundamen­ tal responsblllty for training of high level research manpower and at the same time serve as a source of new knowledge. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Development In various sectors of national life has been almost entirely dependent on the Imported processes and technolo­ gies. In the rece~t past some progress has been achieved In unpackaglng of Imported technologies through enhancement of Indi­ genous technological Inputs. The basic aim of the approved Science Pol Icy Is to achieve greater self-reliance In the develo­ ment and transfer of technology. In order to achieve a meaning­ ful technological progress. It Is Imperative that all technologi­ cal developments should be based on maximum utilization of Indi­ genous manpower, material resources and techno.ogy and In the case of Imported technology Its assimilation/adaptation to natio­ nal needs. In addition. vigorous measures should be taken to stimulate demand for domestic technologies and generate technolo­ gies Indigenously. The three main routes by which new technology can be acquired, are: a) Importation of technology In "packaged" form (turn-key contracts); b) Importation of "unpackaged• technology with or without adaptation to local conditions, either directly to the users or through the national R&D system; and c) up-gradation of the level and Intensity of national effort so as to strengthen the local S&T sector technology development. R&D tor The basic strategy that developing countries, like Pakistan, need to adopt for achieving self-reliance Is to move away from predominant reliance on the first (or turn-key) mechanism to an 