105.TOtalUNHCRexpenditure in1984amounted to$458.6million, asshownintable1ofannex11.Ofthattotal,voluntary fundsexpenditure represented$444.1million, including $346million underGeneral Programmes and$98.1millionunderSpecial Programmes. Voluntary fundsexpenditure hasthusincreased byapproximately 10percentbetween 1983and1984,reflecting additional refugeeaSl3istance requirements, particularly inAfricaandtheAmericas. 106.Thefollowing paragraphs provide asummary ofthemajorareasofassistance aswellasanoverview ofmajordevelopments ineachofthegeographical areascoveredbythefourUNHCRregional bureaux. Detailed information onthelevelsofexpenditure foreachcountry orarea progra~me isgivenintables1and2ofannex11. B.Majortrendsinassistance 1.Emergency response 107.Emergencies requiring quickaction mayresultfromnewinfluxes intoacountryofasylumorfromadeterioration ofinternal conditions affecting .existing refugeesituations. TheHighCommissioner hastheauthority torespond torequests foremergency assistance andcanallocate upto$10million annually fromhisEmergencyFundforneedsarising insuchcases,provided thattheamountmadeavailable forasingleemergency doesnotexceed$4million. ~ -22-~l or s t f as ed ry ee a108.In1984,$9,760,787 wereobligated fromtheEmergency Fund,asshownin table4ofannexII.Asignificant partofthesefundswasusedinAfrica. An amountof$2.4million wasusedtofinance assistance toEthiopians arriving in eastern Sudanwhile$3.1million wereallocated forrefugees fromChadinthe Central African Republic. Mozambican refugees inSwaziland andZimbabwe and Angolan refugees inZaire(Shabaregion) andinZambiaalsobenefited from. allocations fromtheEmergency Fund.Inotherregions, $940,000 wereallocated to assistrefugees fromIrianJaya(Indonesia) inPapuaNewGuineawhilesmaller amounts wereutilized toassistneedydisplaced Lebanese inCyprus, SpainandSyria aswellaswithinLebanonitself. 109.UNHCRcontinued toimproveitscapability inthevitalareaofemergency response. Inparticular, aseriesofprofiles oncountries receiving largenumbers ofrefugees waslaunched. Theseprofiles provide basicdatatofacilitate planning andrapidaction. TheSpanish-language version oftheHandbook forEmergencies was finalized andwidelydistributed. DemandfortheEnglish andFrenchlanguage versions hasremained highandsome3,000copiesfordistribution outside UNHCRhad beenordered bytheendoftheyear.Atotalof119UNHCR/WHO HealthKits, 30FieldKitsand26OfficeKitsweredistributed. ANutrition Kitwasaddedto thespecialized emergency equipment available tostaffmembers andoperational partners. 2.Careandmaintenance 110.Political, physical, environmental orsocio-economic factors oftenpreclude therapididentification orimplementation ofdurable solutions ormeasures which wouldmakerefugees self-sufficient withinashorttime.Undersuchcircumstances, andattherequest ofthehostGovernment, UNHCRprovides intermediate assistance intheformofcareandmaintenance. Thismayinclude theprovision offood, shelter, water,healthservices andsanitation, clothing, household' utensils and equipment, andprimary education. Whenever feasible, careandmaintenance programmes alsoinclude vocational training orincome-generating activities that prepare refugees foramoreproductive lifeandpromote acertain degreeof self-reliance incampsorrefugee villages. -Ill.In1984,intermediate careandmaintenance assistance amounted to approximately 59percentoftotalUNHCRGeneral Programmes expenditures as compared to65.3percentin1983,confirming thedeclining relative importance of thistypeofassistance. Thelargest singlecareandmaintenance programme continued tobetheassistance programme forAfghanrefugees inPakistan, forwhich $59.2million wereobligated underthe1984General Programmes. Anincreasing proportion ofthisamountisdevoted toincome-generating andother self-sufficiency measures. 112.Anamountof$48.3million wasobligated in1984underGeneral Programmes for Indo-Chinese refugees inEastandSouth-East Asiaofwhich$24.3million werefor thecareandmaintenance ofrefugees inThailand pending theidentification ofa moredurable solution (which,inmostcases,wasresettlement inacountry outside \theregion). 113.InSomalia, atotalof$22.7million wasallocated forintermediate careand maintenance ofEthiopian refugees during1984.Theshiftofactivities inSomalia andparticularly intheSudantowards localintegration programmes washampered in thelatterpartof1984bylargeinfluxes ofpersons ofconcern toUNHCRforwhom, emergency assistance wasrequired (seepara.7above). -23-to ria ,ers ing was had