UNITED NATIONSA --------------------~--------_ .._------ GeneralAssembly Distr. GENERAL A/40/535 17September 1985 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Fortieth session Item68(b)oftheprovisional agenda" GENERAL ANDCOMPLETE DISARMAMENT Studyonthenaval armsrace Report oftheSecretary-General 1.Byresolution 38/188 Gof20December 1983,theGeneral Assembly requested the Secretary-General, withtheassistance ofqualified governmental experts, tocarry outacomprehensive studyonthenavalarmsrace,onnavalforces andnaval arms systems, including maritime nuclear-weapons systems, aswellasonthedevelopment, deployment andmodeofoperation ofsuchnavalforces andsystems, allwithaview toanalysing theirpossible implications forinternational security, forthe freedom ofthehighseas,forinternational shipping routes andforthe exploitation ofmarine resources, thereby facilitating theidentification of possible areasfordisarmament andconfidence-building measures. TheGeneral Assembly further requested theSecretary-General tosubmit thefinalreporttothe Assembly atitsfortieth session. 2.Pursuant tothatresolution, theSecretary-General hasthehonour totransmit herewith totheAssembly thestudyonthenaval armsrace. "A/40/150. 85-24912 1617-180 (El /...A!40!535 English Page2 ANNEX Studyonthenaval armsrace CONTENTS Chapter Paragraphs FOREWORD BYTHESECRETARY-GENERAL .......................................................................... 5 LETTER OFTRANSMITTAL ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 I.GENERAL BACKGROUND ANDSETTING........................................................ 1 -52 8 A.Purposes andobjectives ofthestudy.•......•.•....... 3 - 7 8 B.Relevant principles oftheFinalDocument andthe United Nations Convention ontheLawoftheSea.....•. 8 -17 9 c.Briefhistorical background ofmeasures ofnavalarms limitations andrelated matters upto1945.•••••••..•. 18-28 11 D.Theseaanditsresources andtheirvaluetomankind ..29-52 13 II•DEVELOPMENT OFNAVALCAPABILITIES 53-80 20 A.Motivations forStates todevelop navalcapabilities 53-61 20 B.Thenuclear revolution . D.Weapons systems .c.Theelectronic revolution . F.Existing forces .62-68 22 69-73 24 74-80 25 81-138 28 81-82 28 83-87 28 88-94 30 95-98 31 99-100 32 101-138 33Transfers ofnavalarmsLevelsofnavies D.B.Seapowerinthegeneral political, economic and security context .. E.Newtechnologies .C. A.Majordevelopments inthepast50years .Ill. NAVALFORCES ANDNAVAL ARMSSYSTEMS ••••••••••••••••••••.•• /...A/40/535 English Page3 CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Paragraphs Page IV.APPLICATIONS ANDUSESOFNAVALCAPABILITIES •••••••••••••••• 139-17044 A.Deployment andmodes,ofoperation •••••••••••••••••••••• 139 44 B.Strategic nuclear deterrence •••..•.•.•.••••..••....•.•. 140-141 44 C.Powerprojection •..•••••••••••...••••..•••••.•••••...•• 142-143 44 D.Seacontrol andseadenial•••..••••••••••••.••••••••••• 144-146 4S E.Operations inseaareascovered byice••••••••••••••••• 147-152 45 F.Affirmation ofsovereignty, navalpresence and surveillance 153-155 46 G.PUblic service ••.•••••..••••••••••••••••...•••••.•••••• 156-170 47 V..MARITIME LEGAL CONTEXT 171-254 50 A.General rulesofinternational lawrestricting theuse offorce,rightofself-defence andcollective self-defence atsea••••••.•••....•••••.••••..••••...••• 173-180 50 B. C.TheConvention ontheLawofthe Multilateral treaties since1945Sea .. .. ..181-228 229-24153 63 D.Bilateral agreements ••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••.•••••• 242-245 66 E.Declarations. .246-254 67 VI.IMPLICATIONS FORSECURITY ANDTHEPEACEFUL USESOFTHESEAS 255-28170