convictions, othersfortheirreligious beliefs: solidarity tr~deunionists in Poland; Jews,Baptists, RomanCatholics, Pentecostalists andothersintheSoviet Union;Baha'is inIran.Withallthemenandarmsattheirdisposal, whatare theseGovernments afraidof? Thesebraveand.oftennameless prisoners ofconscience struggle toachieve for menandwomenineverycorneroftheworldthepromises ofthisOrganization. We arewiththem,andwecallonallStatesasMernb,.,softhisbodytohonourtheir solemncommitments. AsThomasJefferson oncesaid, "Theopinions ofmenandwomenarenottherightful objectofanyGovernment p anywhere."AMBlll A/40/PV.4 41 (Mr.Shultz,...!:J;;n;,;;;i.;;te;;;d;;;..;;S;,;t;.;a;.;;te=s,) Thequestforpeacecontinu1Ni:? {~nmanyfronts.tinafu!:alltheoostacles confronting it,thereareexampl,';!f! ,~fsuccess -suct&:4St:he ~';;,.eatyonAntarctica, whichrecently markedaquarter centuryofeffective int~rnational co-operation. Wecanlearnfromproblems overcome aswetackletheformidable problems ahead. IntheMiddleEast,10or15yearsago,peacebetw(!enIsraelandanyArab Stateseemedaremote,ifnotimpossible, dream. Final.ly, afteruntoldsuffering andfourwars,acourageous leader, AnwarEl-sadat, abandoned theoldwaysof thinking andtookthestepnootherArableaderhadbeenwilling orprepared even tocontemplate: herecognized thattheStateofIsraelwasheretostay an~,with PrimeMinister Begin,vowedtherewouldbenomorewars.Peaceandnormal relations wereestablished, andtheSinaiwasreturned. Thepastyearhasseenmajorefforts towardnewnegotiations betweenIsrael anditsArabneighbours. TheUnitedStatesiscommitted andengaged insupportof thoseefforts, inaccordance withPresident Reagan's initiative ofthreeyears ago.Yetthelessonofthepastisclear: progress canbeachieved onlythrough directnegotiations, basedonSecurity Council resolutions 242(1967)and338 (1973). Thereisnoo~~erway, &~devasionofthisreality onlyprolongs suffering andheightens dangers. Nothing positive willeverbeachieved bychasingillusions ofso-called armedstruggle; butmuchcanbeaccomplished byparties whoare committed topeaceandengaged inserious dialogue. Themomentisathand-this year-tomakemajorprogress andtobegindirectnegotiations. Totheeast,wehavethecontinuing failure ofreasontoprevail andendthe devastating warbetween IranandIraq.Prolonged byIran'srefusal tocometo termswithitsinability toachieve Victory, thiswarhasnowentereditsfifth year,withnoendinsight. WeagaincalIon bothparties tonegotiate anendto thefighting.l'..MB/ll 1>./40/PV.4 42 (Mr.Shultz, UnitedStates) OntheKoreanpeninsula weseethefirsttentative stepsbeingtakentoget awayframthemodeofth!nking thathascharacterized thepas.t4~years. Adecade ago,thereseemedlittlehopeforasignificant reduction oftension. Yetlast yearbothKoreasbeganamultifaceted, directdialogue, whichtheUnitedStates supports asthekeytoasolution. Whilethea~imosities ofalifetime arenot resolved quickly, eostarthasbeenmadeu Wealsobelievethatmembership inthe unitedNations forboththeRepu~lic ofKoreaandNorthKorea,inaccordance with theprinciple ofuniversality, wouldhelpreaucetensions. Perhaps themostdramatic problem thatrequires ne~waysofthinking is international State-sponsored terrorism. Terrol:ism ise,verybitasmucbafor~of waragainst anation's interests andYaluesasafull-s(~ale armedattack. Andit isaweaponwieldedparticularly against innocent civilians, against freenations, against democracy, against moderation andagainst peaceful solutioris. Itisan affront toeverything theUnitec:Nations standsfor. Progress hasbeenmadeagainst theterrorist threatthrough co-operation in theUnitedNations system. Manynations subscribe toTheHague,TokyoandMontreal Conventions tomakeairtravel saf~erandtosuppress hijacking ands~botage. Progress hasalsobeenmadeinproviding protection fordiplomats, andsomenations haveagreedonhowtohandlehostage situations. Justthismonth,participants at theSeventh UnitedNations Congress onthePrevention ofCrimeandtheTreatment of Offenders, heldatMilan,adopted astrong, broad-ranging re...olution urgingall Statestoadheretotheseagreements andtostrengthen international actions against terrorism. Muchmoreremains tobedone.TheUnitedStatesandothernations, for example, areworking withtheInternational CivilAviation Organization (ICAO)to improve standards ofsecurity. Overthispastyear,sofue90potential terrorist actions ag<~inst UnitedStatesfacilities orcitizens havebeendeterred orAMH/ll A/40/P-V.4 43 (Mr.Shultz, unitedStates) prevented. Butthefighthas,onlybegun,anditcannotbewonbyoneGovernment alone. Tbecivilized worldmustputtheterrorists andtheirsupporters on notice: wewilldefendourselves inanyandeverywaywecan. Tbereality oftbenuclear agebas~mpelled theUnitedStatesandtheSoviet Uniontoengageinadialogue, ofvarying intensity, forthepast40years. Tbis