transportation andenergy. In1987thebilateral assistance toZambia tota~led Fmk115.6million ($26.3million). Nftpal,beingoneoftheleastdeveloped countries, receives Finnishbilateral assistance forenergyprojects, forestry, electrification andtelecommunications. In1987thebi1at~ral aidtoNepal amounted toFmk43.6million ($9.9million). ThemainFinnish support forsolving thetransport problems ofland-locked developing cOllntrie. h~1beenprovided inthe framework ofSAOCC. Approximately onethirdofthetotalFinnishbilateral aidis beingdirected totheSAOCCregionduring1988-1990. Finnish participation inthis areaincludes largeprojects, suchastheaeiraCorridor andNacalaPortprojects inMozambique andtheport proje~t ofOarelSalaamandtheTazararailway in UnitedRepUblic ofTanzania. Thlseprojects arelarg,ly forthebenefit ofthe land-locked developing countries ofthewholeSAOCCregion. 57.TheGovernment ofJapanwillcontinue toimprove theratiootofficial developm,nt aSlistance togrossnational product, and,takingaccount ofitl financial situation, will'aimatincreasing thetotalamountofassis~ance during theperiodfrom1986tolQ92tomorethan$40billion. Forthispurpose, the Government ofJapan,Whileexpanding itsgrantaidandtGchnical co-operation, strengthening itsaidthrou1h international fina~cial institutions andimproving thedisbursement ratioofofficial development assistance loans,willmakeefforts todoubletheamountofassistance in1992 compar~d to1985.In1986,Japan ~chieved thetargetoftheSubst"ntial NewProgramme ofActionforthe19801for theLeastDeveloped Countries ofdoubling theamountofitsofficial development assistance totheleastdeveloped countries, thusresponding almostintimetothe r""",)mmendation oftheprl!sent Programme. Furthermore, in1987,Japan'soffichl development assistance totheleastdeveloped countries onthedisbursement basis soaredto$595million, whichwasa95.6percentincrease inrelation tothatof thepreceding year.Theland-locked leastdeveloped countries havebenefited fronl thisexpanded assistance. 58.Inaddition totheexpansion ofthevolumeofofficial development assistance, itsquality alsorequires impr~vement. Inaccordance withtheprinciple ofitsaid policytosupport theself-help efforts ofthedeveloping countries, theGovernment ofJapanwillimplement various formsofassistance inrespons, totheirneed., withgreater coherence, mobility andflexibility. InpartiCUlar, grantaidwillbe further expanded. Inthelightoftheimportance ofaidmeasures fortheleast dev~loped countries, theshareofgrantaidintheofficial development assistance tothesecountries willbefurther increa••d.Debtreliefmea.ure. totheleast deve~oped countries willalsobeexpan,jed. Theleastdeveloped land-1Qcked count~ie. willalsobenefit from thi~treatment. I •••A/44/588 Englhh Page25 t.e.11Q..t.bg 59.Completely surrounded bytheRepubJ.ic ofSouthAfrica, Lelotho faceslerious problemY inthemovement ofitstransit cargo. Inordertoalleviate these problems, theGovernment hasrecently soughtassistance forpurchasing more tunsport equipment forimproving airtransport co-ordination between ~ot.wana and Swaziland andfortheestablishment ofacontainer terminal atMaaeru. 60.Peruha.entered into.everalbilateral agreements withBolivia tofacilitate tr~nsittraffic, amongwhicharethePeruvian-Bolivian Convention onfreetransit (1948)andtheConvention ontheRailways linking PeruandBolivia (1973), related turail/road transport. Furthermore ajointco-ordination Jommi:Rionhasbeen established tosupervise matters relj,ted tointernational transport. SJoL.l.de.n 61.TheGovernment ofSwedenrecognizes theleastdeveloped countries asaspecial category, buttherehasbeennospecific efforttoimplement resolution 42/174. TheSwedishbilateral aidtodeveloping countries, however, includes extensive amounts toland-locked countries. 62. Thail~nd hasprovided technical assistance tofourland-J.ocked developing countrios -namelyAfghanistan, Bhutan, theLaoPeople's Democratic Republic and Nepal-inth$formofscholarships andtraining programmes. Mostofthetechnical assistance programmes aferelated toagricultural mechanization, telecommunication, roadconstruction inruralareas,agricultural development planning, rural development, pUblichealthservices andnursing~ familyplanning anddermatology