physical features were comprehensively and scientifically mapped for the first time. A nation-wide network of metereological laboratories and observatories was set up. Pioneering work on malaria and kala-azar was carried out. Fairly modern communica­ tion systems were set up. The Indian Renal~sance: The 20th century brought with It a major reawakening In the Indian scientific community. J.C. Bose first worked on the experimental demonstration of the production and detection of 5-25 mm electromagnetic waves. and later on accurate measurement·of·bJophyslcal parameters rela­ ting to plant growth and behaviour. C.V. Raman discovered the famour Raman Effect In 1928. S.N. · Bose worked with Einstein on the Bose-Einstein statistics. · Meghnad Saha1s theory on thermal Ionization and Srtnivasa RemanuJan1s work on number theory are equ~lly well-known. PLANNED DEVELOPMENT After Independence in 1947. and especially with the advent of planned development In 1951. science and technology got a new bo.;>st. A chain of national laboratories covering the whole spec­ trum of science and technology. Including medical and biological sciences. as well as engineering, were set up. Similarly, advanced research in nuclear energy and fundamental scientific research were encouraged. A major space programme was launched. Statistics were harnessed In the cause of planning. Expenditure on scienti­ fic and research has Increased manyfold over the years. ------ ---~------ Plan Years Number 1st 1951-56 2nd 1956-61 3rd 1961-66 4th 1969-74 5th 1964-79 Annual 1979-80 6th 1980-85 9-4 Outlay (Rupees In Plan amount 140 330 710 1420 6930 2080. 19190 125 millions} Non-Plan ·amount 60 340 730 23t0 6870 2220 14780 Total 200 670 1440 3730 13800 4300 33970 Assuming one US$ to equal Rs.5 during the first plan and Rs.10 during the 6th plan, one can say that Plan expenditure on scienti­ fic research has gone up from US$ 28m. In the 1st plan to US$ 