Commonweal thSecretariat ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••71 28 72 28 73-87 28 73 28 74 29 7S 29 76 30 77 30 78-81 30 82 31 83 31 84 32 85 32 86 32 87 32 88-98 33 88-89 33 90 33 91 33 92 33 93 34 /...••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••Fund•••••••••••••••••••• f,•• ......, .WorldHealthOrgani.ation •••••••••••••••••••••••••FoodandAgriculture Organisation ofthe UnitedNations••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••International LabourOrganilation ••••••••••••••••• Inte:national CivilAviation Organi.ation ••••••••• WorldMeteorological Organisation •••••••••••••••••International Monetary Universal POltalUnion International Telecommunication Union International Maritime Organi.ation International FundtorAgricultural Development ••• UnitedNations Indultrial Development Organization2.Speciali.ed agencie. andreletedorgani.ations of theUnitedNationl 'Ylt~m••••••••••••••••••••••••• AndeanDevelopment Corporation ••••••••••••••••••••••••African Development Bank•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• International AirTransport Allociation •••••••••••••••Inter-American Development Bank•••••••••••••••••••••••c.Summariel ofreplies received fromintergovernmental organizations•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••J../44/588 English Paqe5 CONTENTS (continuad) Paragraphs f.UO. Int.rnational RoadTransport Union•••••••••••••••••••• I'lamia Dev.lopm.nt Bank•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Organilation ofAmerican State,••••••••••••••••••••••• Organilation forEconomic Co-operation andD.v.lopm.nt OPECFundforInternational D8velopm.nt •••••••••••••••95 97 9834 3434 34 35 Appendix. Statistical tables••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 /...A/44/588 English Page6 I.INTRODUCTION 1.Theinternational community viewswithdeepconcern theparticular problems facingtheland-locked developing countries because oftheirgeographical handicaps. Itisinthisper.spective thattheGeneral Assembly andtheUnited Nations Conference onTradeandDevelopment (UNCTAD) havecontinued toreiterate theirappealforincreased financial and~echnical assistance tothosecountries. Inordertomobilize suchassistance itisessential thattheawareness ofthe distinct nature andevolving dimension oftheseparticular problems befurther fostered. Accordingly, initsresolution 42/174of11Dec~mber 1987,theGeneral Assembly, welcoming thereportonthegeographical disadvantage ofland-locked developing countries submitted toitatitsforty-second session, 1/requested the Secretary-General ofUNCTADtoprepare another reportforSUbmission toitatits forty-fourth session. PartsIIIandIVofthepresent reporthavebeenprepared in response tothatrequest. 2.PartVofthereportwasprepared inaccordance withparagraph 12of Conference resolution 137(VI),inwhichtheSecretary-General ofUNCTADis required tokeepunderconstant reviewtheprogress intheimplementation of specific actionrelated totheparticular needsandproblems oftheland-locked developing countries assetoutinthatresolution, aswellasinConference resolutions 63(IIl), 98(IV)and123(V). 11.MAINCONCLUSIONS ANDPOLICY OPTIONS 3.Theweakeconomic performance ofmost land-lock~d developing countries over thelast30years refl~cts thedirect andindirect impactofgeographical situation onkeymacro-economic variables. TheGovernments ofland-locked countries can, through tradeanddevelopment policy, modifythepriceandincomeeffects of )naccessibi1ity tointernational trade,butthAirroomformanoeuvre in distributing thecostsandrisksoftransit-transport amongtheil"producers and consumers islimited bytheneedtoachieve appropriate balance between foreign-exchange requirements andforeign-exchange availability, andbetween public expenditure requirements andnon-inflationary meansofraising revenue. 4.Supply-side measures designed, interalia,torehabilitate, maintain and improve investment intransit corridor infrastructure, topromote bilateral and subregional transit agreements, totraintransit managers andtoestablish