commissions of the local ogvernments have direct responsibility to organize and monitor the Implementation of such pol lcles and Plans. PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION From these deve I opments, It Is c I ear that ChIna accomplished a great deal of work In the formulation Implementation of science and technology policies and plans, achieved remarkable progress. has and and Yet, from a nation-wide vleweornt, our newS and T policies are still In the Initial fmplemenfatlon stage, and exper-Iences are yet to be accumulated. There are depar-tments or­ organIzatIons wh lch I ack an adequate .understandIng of the Importance of science and technology policies, leading 'to Ineffective Implementation. Furthermore, our policies as such ~hould also undergo the test of practice. so as to be assessed, Improved and to be more comprehensive. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFRA~TRUCTURE Science and technology research lnstltuttons : According to 1983 statistics. China has over 4400 Independent research Institutes In the field of natural sciences at or above municipal or prefecture level. About 10-15 percent of these are ·rn basic research, the rest In R and D. Most of these Institutes were established before 1979. Since 1979, China has strengthened Its S and T Infrastructure In five aspects: (1) establishing a number of •soft sciences• research Institutes. specialized InS and Tor techno-economic pol lcles, such as the National Research Centre for Science and Technology for Development; (2) establishing technology develop­ ment consulting and service corporations to undertake technology develop.ment and transfer; (3) establlsh.lng supporting organlza­ tlons such as national or provincial computing centers, testing centers or pilot plant.beses, etc; (4) establishing a number of Institutes In emerging technologies: BeiJing Institute of Infor­ matics. Biotechnology Development Center, Software Development Center, etc; (5) strengthening of SandT tnformatlon, publica­ tion, management training Institutes. There is no admlnlsltratlve relation between policy making 