text:
Deep Thought
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Deep Thought or Deep Thinking may refer to:
Deep Thought (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy), a fictional computer in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Deep Thought (chess computer), an IBM-produced chess computer, named after the Hitchhiker's Guide's Deep Thought
Deep Thought, a chatterbot made to work over IRC, named after the Hitchhiker's Guide Deep Thought
Deep Thoughts by Jack Handey, a segment on Saturday Night Live consisting of one-liner jokes written and orated by Jack Handey
Deep Thought (logic tutor), an interactive learning environment for teaching logical proofs
Deep Thoughts (album), or The Thought Remains the Same, 2000 compilation album consisting of songs by bands on Nitro Records
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Deep Thought.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Thought&oldid=810637667"
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Firearms licence (New Zealand)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In New Zealand, a firearms licence is required by:
anyone wishing to possess or use a firearm, or an air gun that is designated as "specially dangerous"
arms dealers, and their employees, and
anyone under 18 years of age who wants to use or possess an air gun.
Self-defence is not a valid reason to possess firearms in New Zealand.[1]
There are exemptions from the need for a licence for police, military and related occupations, and for the use of firearms when closely supervised by licence-holders. In addition certain types of firearms - such as humane killers, tranquiliser guns, flare pistols, antiques - may be used and possessed without a licence.
The statutory basis for licensing of firearms use in New Zealand is laid out in the Arms Act and Arms Regulations.[2] The act is administered by the New Zealand Police, according to policies documented in their Arms Manual 2002.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Granting of licences
2 The "fit and proper person" test
3 General Licence
4 Endorsements
5 Visitors
6 See also
7 References
Granting of licences[edit]
Licences are issued at the discretion of the police. The possession of firearms is considered a privilege, rather than a right.[4][5]
To be granted a licence, the applicant must:
Be 16 or older;
Be a "fit and proper person" to possess and use firearms;
Attend a safety lecture given by a volunteer from the New Zealand Mountain Safety Council;
Pass a written test based on the material in the Arms Code,[6] a booklet compiled jointly by the New Zealand Mountain Safety Council and the Police;
Have a police officer inspect the security at the applicant's home (a gun rack, safe, strongroom or "receptacle of stout construction" is required);
Undergo an interview with a police officer;
Provide two referees, one a relative and one not, to vouch for the applicant;
Pay NZ$126.50 at a local PostShop.[7]
Licences are issued for a period of 10 years.
The "fit and proper person" test[edit]
As part of the application for a licence, the police will assess whether the applicant is a fit and proper person to possess firearms. An applicant could be considered not fit and proper if he/she:
has been the subject of a protection order;
has shown no regard for the Arms Act or Arms Regulations;
has been involved in substance abuse;
has committed any serious offence, or any crimes involving violence or drugs;
has committed a series of minor offences (or a serious offence) against the Arms Act;
has been affiliated with a gang involved in violence;
has been involved in acts or threats of matrimonial violence;
has exhibited signs of mental ill health;
has attempted to commit suicide or other self injurious behaviour[3]
General Licence[edit]
The "general" (or "type A") licence gives permission to own and use "sporting configuration" firearms. A sporting configuration firearm is a rifle or shotgun that does not meet the legal definition of any of a Military-Style Semi-Automatic (MSSA), "Restricted Weapon" or "pistol". Sporting configuration firearms are not individually registered, and licence-holders may own as many as they wish and buy or sell them freely from/to other licence-holders or dealers.
Endorsements[edit]
Under certain circumstances, a licence may carry endorsements to allow the possession and use of other types of weapons, as follows:
Endorsement
Use
B Allows the holder to possess and use pistols. Granted only to bona fide members of pistol clubs. Weapons held under a "B" endorsement may only be fired at an approved pistol range, and are subject to strict controls on carriage away from the owner's home.
C Allows the holder to possess and use pistols and restricted weapons. Granted only to bona fide collectors, to people for whom a particular weapon has a special significance (e.g. as an heirloom), to museum curators, and to theatre, film and TV production armourers. Weapons held under a "C" endorsement may not be fired with live ammunition, though blanks may be fired for film, TV and theatre purposes.
E Allows the holder to possess and use MSSAs. Granted only to applicants showing a genuine reason for needing to use an MSSA - such as professional hunting, or participation in service-rifle or IPSC 3-gun competitions.
D, F Special endorsements for firearms dealers.
Endorsements are granted only after further police vetting, and a higher standard of firearm storage security is required. Each application for an endorsement costs NZ$200.[7]
Weapons other than sporting-configuration rifles and shotguns must be individually registered, and transfer of possession is subject to prior approval by the police.
Visitors[edit]
Visitors to New Zealand may be granted a temporary visitor's licence. "B" or "E" endorsements may be included on the licence when appropriate (e.g. an overseas competitor in a pistol shooting competition).
See also[edit]
Gun laws in New Zealand
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arms Code Section 4: Firearms Licensing", NZ Police
Jump up ^ Arms Regulations 1992(SR 1992/346)
^ Jump up to: a b "Arms Manual 2002". New Zealand Police. 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Police v Corby (District Court Lower Hutt (MA 194/81) 5 June 1981)
Jump up ^ Giles v O’Fee (District Court Wellington (MA 309/88) 29 August 1989)
Jump up ^ Arms Code Archived 2007-06-24 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b New Zealand Firearm Safety and Licences
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firearms_licence_(New_Zealand)&oldid=813322586"
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text:
Church of the Multiplication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Church of the Multiplication
Exterior of the church
Basic information
Location
Tabgha, Israel
Affiliation
Roman Catholic
Country
Israel
Year consecrated
1982
Leadership
Benedictines
Completed
1982
The Church of the Multiplication of the Loaves and Fish, shortened to the Church of the Multiplication, is a Roman Catholic church located at Tabgha, on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. The modern church rests on the site of two earlier churches.
Contents
[hide]
1 Religious affiliation
2 History
2.1 4th-century church
2.2 5th-century church
2.3 19th-20th-century rediscovery
2.4 20th-century church
2.4.1 Arson attack
3 Interior
3.1 Layout
3.2 Mosaics
3.3 Fifth century remains
4 Gallery
5 References
6 External links
Religious affiliation[edit]
The church is maintained and overseen by the Benedictine Order.
History[edit]
4th-century church[edit]
The earliest recording of a church commemorating Jesus' feeding of the five thousand is by the Spanish pilgrim Egeria circa AD 380.[1]
"Not far away from there (Capernaum) are some stone steps where the Lord stood. And in the same place by the sea is a grassy field with plenty of hay and many palm trees. By them are seven springs, each flowing strongly. And this is the field where the Lord fed the people with the five loaves and two fishes. In fact the stone on which the Lord placed the bread has now been made into an altar. Past the walls of this church goes the public highway on which the Apostle Matthew had his place of custom. Near there on a mountain is a cave to which the Savior climbed and spoke the Beatitudes."
5th-century church[edit]
The church was significantly enlarged around the year 480, with floor mosaics also added at this time. These renovations are attributed to the Patriarch Martyrius of Jerusalem. In AD 614 Persians destroyed the Byzantine church.[2]
19th-20th-century rediscovery[edit]
After the AD 614 destruction, the exact site of the shrine was lost for some 1,300 years. In 1888 the site was acquired by the German Catholic Society for Palestine (Palästina-Verein der Katholiken Deutschlands) which was associated with the Archdiocese of Cologne. An initial archaeological survey was conducted in 1892, with full excavations beginning in 1932. These excavations resulted in the discovery of mosaic floors from the 5th-century church, which was also found to be built on the foundations of a much smaller 4th-century chapel.
20th-century church[edit]
Since 1939 the property has been administered by the Benedictine order as a daughter-house of the Dormition Abbey in Jerusalem. The Germans have at first erected a provisional protective structure over the holy rock and the Byzantines mosaics. The current church, inaugurated in 1984, was built to the same floor plan as the 5th-century Byzantine church. The windows are fitted with alabaster panels.
Arson attack[edit]
A glimpse at the Church of the Multiplication through the burnt roof of an auxiliary building. While the adjacent office and storage building was burnt down to its walls, the church itself did not suffer damage.
On 17 June 2015, an auxiliary building next to the church was significantly damaged by an arson attack committed by Jewish extremists.[3] Hebrew graffiti, with the words "false idols will be smashed", was sprayed on the walls of the adjacent dormitory. This incident follows a series of arson and graffiti attacks by Jewish extremists against Christian sites. [4][5] Israeli officials have labeled the attack as "terrorism".[6] “Whatever repairs are not covered by insurance must be paid for by the Israeli government,” said Wadie Abunassar, media spokesman for the Assembly of Catholic Ordinaries of the Holy Land. “We believe this attack was tantamount to a terror attack, and when there is a terror attack the state is responsible for paying for compensation and prosecutes the perpetrators.”[7]
In late July 2015, four Israeli Jews age 18 to 24 and an unnamed minor were arrested by the Israel police and indicted for the arson. The suspects are reportedly associated with the Jewish extremist, ultra-nationalist "Hilltop Youth".[8][9][10][11]
The media coverage at the time of the arson largely distorted the fact that the magnificent church building had been, in fact, unharmed. In February 2017, new media reports suggested that the church itself had been closed for nearly two years as a result for the arson attack, whereas the church was opened throughout the time.[12] [13]
Interior[edit]
Layout[edit]
The interior of the church has a central nave and two aisles. The sanctuary is backed by an apse with transepts on either side. Under the altar is a block of limestone found during excavation, that is venerated as the stone on which the miraculous meal was laid.
Mosaics[edit]
One of the main highlights of the church are its restored 5th-century mosaics. These are the earliest known examples of figurative floor mosaics in Christian art in the Holy Land. The mosaics in the two transepts depict various wetland birds and plants, with a prominent place given to the lotus flower. This flower, which is not indigenous to the area, suggests the artist's use of a Nilotic landscape popular in Roman and Early Byzantine art. All the other motifs depict plants and animals from the Galilee. The mosaic found in front of the altar depicts two fish flanking a basket containing four loaves of bread.
Fifth century remains[edit]
Also preserved in the modern church are the sill of the left entrance to the atrium, basalt paving stones, and part of the apse frieze. The foundations of the original 4th-century church can also be seen under a glass panel to the right of the altar. Basalt presses and a font are also displayed in the courtyard.
Gallery[edit]
Exterior of the church
Interior of the church
Mosaic in the church
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Holy Land. By Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
Jump up ^ "The Church of the Multiplication of Loaves and Fishes | Dormitio-Abtei". Dormitio-Abtei (in German). Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Jump up ^ Two Men Indicted for Church of the Loaves and Fishes Arson Attack. Available at: http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.668589
Jump up ^ Noa Shpigel and Barak Ravid (June 18, 2015). "Arson Suspected at Church of Loaves and Fish in Northern Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 November 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Ben Lynfield (18 June 2015). "Jewish extremists suspected of torching Sea of Galilee 'loaves and fishes' church in Tabgha". The Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Sea of Galilee church where 'Jesus fed 5,000,' torched in suspected hate attack | The Times of Israel. 2015. Sea of Galilee church where 'Jesus fed 5,000,' torched in suspected hate attack | The Times of Israel. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.timesofisrael.com/arson-suspected-in-fire-at-church-on-sea-of-galilee/.
Jump up ^ [1] The Jewish Week, 20 July 2015
Jump up ^ Hartman, Ben (July 29, 2015). "Suspects from extremist Jewish group indicted for arson of Church of Loaves and Fishes". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Levinson, Chaim; Shpigel, Noa (July 30, 2015). "DNA and Cameras: Police Reveal How They Solved Church of Fish and Loaves Arson". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Shpigel, Noa (August 14, 2015). "Arson Suspect in Galilee Church Torching Charged With Sedition". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court Rejects Church Arson Suspect's Appeal". Arutz Sheva. September 4, 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Sinclair, Kenya (2017-02-13). "Church of the Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes survives Jewish extremist attack - Celebrates first Mass in 2 years - Middle East - International - News - Catholic Online". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Famed church in Israel reopens 2 years after arson attack". AP News. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of the Multiplication.
Church of the Multiplication Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Church of the Loaves and Fish, Tabgha
Coordinates: 32°52′24″N 35°32′55″E / 32.87333°N 35.54861°E / 32.87333; 35.54861
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Multiplication&oldid=809890251"
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Roman Catholic churches in Tabgha
Buildings and structures in Northern District (Israel)
Tourist attractions in Northern District (Israel)
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1982
1982 establishments in Israel
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This page was last edited on 12 November 2017, at 03:48.
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Transduction (physiology)
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This article is about signal transduction over long distances in cells or between cells. For signalling within cells, see Signal transduction.
In physiology, sensory transduction is the conversion of a sensory stimulus from one form to another.
Auditory Transduction is the process of translating sound from when it enters the ear to when it reaches the neural impulses inside the ear. Because the human ear has three main parts: outer, middle, and inner pieces, the entire process of transduction has a lot of complicated and confusing components so here is a summary.

Transduction in the nervous system typically refers to stimulus alerting events wherein a physical stimulus is converted into an action potential, which is transmitted along axons towards the central nervous system where it is integrated.
A receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane.[1] It causes the depolarization of the membrane to allow the action potential to be transduced to the brain for integration.[2]
The outer part of the ear is called the pinna, and this is the visible part of the ear. When sound is created, there are changes in air pressure, and the pinna is able to collect those changes and carry them to the ear drum (tympanic membrane). To do this, the pinna funnels the changes in air pressure down the external auditory canal which is a tube goes from the outer ear to the middle ear. This part of the ear is made of cartilage and the inner ear is made up of more bones. Because this external auditory canal only travels to the middle ear, the changes in air pressure are then brought to the tympanic membrane, or more commonly called, the ear drum.
When the ear drum receives the changes in air pressure, it responds through vibrations that moves three tiny bones. These bones are the malleus, incus, and stapes. These three tiny bones together make up the ossicles and in latin, their names mean hammer, anvil, and stirrup because of their shapes. They work together to convert the vibrations from the ear drum into pressure waves that are amplified. These amplified waves are then sent to the fluid of the cochlea, which is in the inner ear. The waves have to be amplified because the fluid in the cochlea reduces sound.

Going from inner ear outwards, the stapes is first, the incus is second, and the mallets is on the outermost part of these three bones. At the end of the stapes is the cochlea that is filled with fluid , and the middle ear acts as a mechanical amplifier to make sure the sound waves will be able to reach and be interpreted by the organ of Corti. Here is a very brief description of how this all works:
At the end of the stapes, there is a footplate that is supposed to be translating vibrations into pressure waves. But the tympanic membrane (ear drum) is almost three times the size of this footplate. This is why it is important that all three bones in the ossicles work together. The incus acts as a lever and transmits force onto the stapes so that the vibrational energy is concentrated. This concentrated energy is what allows the middle ear to actually amplify the pressure waves so much (twenty-two times more than the air that initially entered the pinna).
At the base of the cochlea, there is an oval window, and this is what the footplate at the end of the stapes presses on. When the footplate presses on this oval window, it pressurizes the fluid in the vestibular canal which is the part of the cochlea that is filled with fluid and receives incoming acoustic vibrations. At the base of the cochlea, there is a round window that is a flexible membrane. It absorbs the pressure that is left after the stapes' footplate sends the pressurized waves into the cochlea and drains it from the system so that theres not limitless pressure going into the cochlea at all times without any release.
The basilar membrane is also an important part of the transduction process because it separates the scala media and the scala tympani: two tubes filled with liquid that run along the coil of the cochlea. When there is a transfer of pressure from one side to the other, the basilar membrane creates a traveling wave. The basilar membrane is important in the concept of tonotopy because the frequency distribution that the basilar membrane portrays through having a more flexible apex and a more stiff base. Depending on how far down the membrane you are from the base, a different frequency will result, so the different places in the membrane are sensitive to different frequencies which truly helps in the entire process of auditory transduction.

Auditory transduction is not the only marvelous type of transduction our body performs though. Here are some others:
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Contents
[hide]
1 Transduction and the senses
1.1 The visual system
1.2 The auditory system
1.3 The olfactory system
1.4 The gustatory system
1.5 The somatosensory system
2 References
Transduction and the senses[edit]
The visual system[edit]
Main article: Visual phototransduction
In the visual system, sensory cells called rod and cone cells in the retina convert the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain. The light causes a conformational change in a protein called rhodopsin. This conformational change sets in motion a series of molecular events that result in a reduction of the electrochemical gradient of the photoreceptor. The decrease in the electrochemical gradient causes a reduction in the electrical signals going to the brain. Thus, in this example, more light hitting the photoreceptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses, effectively communicating that stimulus to the brain. A change in neurotransmitter release is mediated through a second messenger system. Note that the change in neurotransmitter release is by rods. Because of the change, a change in light intensity causes the response of the rods to be much slower than expected (for a process associated with the nervous system).[2]
The auditory system[edit]
In the auditory system, sound vibrations (mechanical energy) are transduced into electrical energy by hair cells in the inner ear. Sound vibrations from an object cause vibrations in air molecules, which in turn, vibrate your ear drum. The movement of the eardrum causes the bones of your middle ear (the ossicles) to vibrate. These vibrations then pass in to the cochlea, the organ of hearing. Within the cochlea, the hair cells on the sensory epithelium of the organ of Corti bend and cause movement of the basilar membrane. The membrane undulates in different sized waves according to the frequency of the sound. Hair cells are then able to convert this movement (mechanical energy) into electrical signals (graded receptor potentials) which travel along auditory nerves to hearing centres in the brain.[3]
The olfactory system[edit]
Main article: Olfactory transduction
In the olfactory system, odorant molecules in the mucus bind to G-protein receptors on olfactory cells. The G-protein activates a downstream signalling cascade that causes increased level of cyclic-AMP (cAMP), which trigger neurotransmitter release.[4]
The gustatory system[edit]
In the gustatory system, our perception of five primary taste qualities (sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami [savoriness] ) depends on taste transduction pathways, through taste receptor cells, G proteins, ion channels, and effector enzymes.[5]
The somatosensory system[edit]
Main article: Mechanotransduction
In the somatosensory system the sensory transduction mainly involves the conversion of the mechanical signal such as pressure, skin compression, stretch, vibration to electro-ionic impulses through the process of mechanotransduction.[6] It also includes the sensory transduction related to thermoception and nociception.
References[edit]
Koike et al.: Modeling of the human middle ear J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 3, March 2002
Faddis, B. T. (2008). "Structural and functional anatomy of the outer and middle ear". In W. Clark & K. Ohlemiller (Eds.), Anatomy and physiology of hearing for audiologists (pp. 93–108). Thomson Delmar Learning.

Jump up ^ Breedlove, S.M., Rosenzweig, M.R., & Watson, N.V., Biological Psychology, 5th Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, MA, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 3rd Edition, Inc, San Francisco, CA, 2004.
Jump up ^ Eatock, R. (2010). Auditory receptors and transduction. In E. Goldstein (Ed.), Encyclopedia of perception. (pp. 184-187). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412972000.n63
Jump up ^ Ronnett, Gabriele V., & Moon, Cheil. L (2002). G PROTEINS AND OLFACTORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Annual Review of Physiology. 64. pp. 189–222. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.082701.102219. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Timothy A Gilbertson; Sami Damak; Robert F Margolskee, "The molecular physiology of taste transduction", Current Opinion in Neurobiology (August 2000), 10 (4), pg. 519-527
Jump up ^ Biswas, Abhijit; Manivannan, M.; Srinivasan, Mandyam A. (2015). "Vibrotactile Sensitivity Threshold: Nonlinear Stochastic Mechanotransduction Model of the Pacinian Corpuscle". IEEE Transactions on Haptics. 8 (1): 102–113. doi:10.1109/TOH.2014.2369422. PMID 25398183.
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