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Ming tombs
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This article is about the Ming tombs in Beijing. For the Ming tomb in Nanjing, see Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum.
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Location
China
Includes
Chang Ling Mausoleum
Xian Ling Mausoleum
Jing Ling Mausoleum
Yu Ling Mausoleum
Mao Ling Mausoleum
Tai Ling Mausoleum
Kang Ling Mausoleum
Yong Ling Mausoleum
Zhao Ling Mausoleum
Qing Ling Mausoleum
Ding Ling Mausoleum
De Ling Mausoleum
Si Ling Mausoleum
Criteria
Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
Reference
1004
Inscription
2000 (24th Session)
Extensions
2003; 2004
Coordinates
40°15′12″N 116°13′3″E / 40.25333°N 116.21750°E / 40.25333; 116.21750
The Ming tombs are a collection of mausoleums built by the emperors of the Ming dynasty of China. The first Ming emperor's tomb is located near his capital Nanjing. However, the majority of the Ming tombs are located in a cluster near Beijing and collectively known as the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty (Chinese: 明十三陵; pinyin: Míng Shísān Líng; literally: "Ming Thirteen Mausoleums"). They are within the suburban Changping District of Beijing Municipality, 42 kilometres (26 mi) north-northwest of Beijing city center. The site, on the southern slope of Tianshou Mountain (originally Huangtu Mountain), was chosen based on the principles of feng shui by the third Ming emperor, the Yongle Emperor. After the construction of the Imperial Palace (Forbidden City) in 1420, the Yongle Emperor selected his burial site and created his own mausoleum. The subsequent emperors placed their tombs in the same valley.
From the Yongle Emperor onwards, 13 Ming dynasty emperors were buried in the same area. The Xiaoling tomb of the first Ming emperor, the Hongwu Emperor, is located near his capital Nanjing; the second emperor, the Jianwen Emperor, was overthrown by the Yongle Emperor and disappeared, without a known tomb. The "temporary" emperor, the Jingtai Emperor, was also not buried here, as the Tianshun Emperor had denied him an imperial burial; instead, the Jingtai Emperor was buried west of Beijing.[1] The last Ming emperor buried at the location was the Chongzhen Emperor, who committed suicide by hanging (on 25 April 1644). He was buried in his concubine Consort Tian's tomb, which was later declared as an imperial mausoleum Si Ling by the emperor of the short-lived Shun dynasty, Li Zicheng, with a much smaller scale compared to the other imperial mausoleums built for Ming emperors.
During the Ming dynasty the tombs were off limits to commoners, but in 1644 Li Zicheng's army ransacked and set many of the tombs on fire before advancing and capturing Beijing in April of that year.
In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title Marquis of Extended Grace posthumously on Zhu Zhuliang in 1750, and the title passed on through twelve generations of Ming descendants until the end of the Qing dynasty.
Presently, the Ming Tombs are designated as one of the components of the World Heritage Site, the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which also includes a number of other locations near Beijing and in Nanjing, Hebei, Hubei, Liaoning province.
Contents
[hide]
1 Layout
2 List of the Imperial Tombs
3 Excavation of Dingling tomb
4 Images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Layout[edit]
An overview of the Changling tomb
Statue in the Ming Tombs grounds
The siting of the Ming dynasty imperial tombs was carefully chosen according to Feng Shui (geomancy) principles. According to these, bad spirits and evil winds descending from the North must be deflected; therefore, an arc-shaped valley area at the foot of the Jundu Mountains, north of Beijing, was selected. This 40 square kilometer area—enclosed by the mountains in a pristine, quiet valley full of dark earth, tranquil water and other necessities as per Feng Shui—would become the necropolis of the Ming dynasty.
A 7-kilometer (4 mi) road named the "Spirit Way" (pinyin: Shéndào) leads into the complex, lined with statues of guardian animals and officials, with a front gate consisting of a three-arches, painted red, and called the "Great Red Gate". The Spirit Way, or Sacred Way, starts with a huge stone memorial archway lying at the front of the area. Constructed in 1540, during the Ming dynasty, this archway is one of the biggest stone archways in China today.
Further in, the Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion can be seen. Inside it, there is a 50-ton stone statue of Bixi carrying a memorial tablet. Four white marble Huabiao (pillars of glory) are positioned at each corner of the stele pavilion. At the top of each pillar is a mythical beast. Then come two pillars on each side of the road, whose surfaces are carved with the cloud design, and tops are shaped like a rounded cylinder. They are of a traditional design and were originally beacons to guide the soul of the deceased, The road leads to 18 pairs of stone statues of mythical animals, which are all sculpted from whole stones and larger than life size, leading to a three-arched gate known as the Dragon and Phoenix Gate.
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At present, only three tombs are open to the public. There have been no excavations since 1989, but plans for new archeological research and further opening of tombs have circulated. They can be seen on Google earth: Chang Ling, the largest (40°18′5.16″N 116°14′35.45″E / 40.3014333°N 116.2431806°E / 40.3014333; 116.2431806 (Chang Ling tomb)); Ding Ling, whose underground palace has been excavated (40°17′42.43″N 116°12′58.53″E / 40.2951194°N 116.2162583°E / 40.2951194; 116.2162583 (Ding Ling tomb)); and Zhao Ling.
The Ming Tombs were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in August 2003. They were listed along with other tombs under the "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" designation.
Watercolor overview of the Ming Tombs
.
List of the Imperial Tombs[edit]
The imperial tombs are in chronological order and list the individuals buried:
Chang Ling (Chinese: 长陵; pinyin: Cháng Lìng, 1424), tomb of the Yongle Emperor
Empress Renxiaowen
Xian Ling (Chinese: 獻陵; pinyin: Xiàn Lìng,1425), tomb of the Hongxi Emperor
Jing Ling (Chinese: 景陵; pinyin: Jǐng Lìng; literally: "Scenic Tomb", 1435), tomb of the Xuande Emperor
Empress Xiaogongzhang
Yu Ling (Chinese: 裕陵; pinyin: Yù Lìng, 1449), tomb of the Zhengtong Emperor
Empress Xiaozhuangrui
Empress Xiaosu
Mao Ling (Chinese: 茂陵; pinyin: Mào Lìng, 1487), tomb of the Chenghua Emperor
Empress Xiaomu
Empress Xiaozhenchun
Empress Xiaohui
Tai Ling (Chinese: 泰陵; pinyin: Tài Lìng, 1505), tomb of the Hongzhi Emperor
Empress Xiaochengjing
Kang Ling (Chinese: 康陵; pinyin: Kāng Lìng, 1521), tomb of the Zhengde Emperor
Empress Xiaojingyi
Yong Ling (Chinese: 永陵; pinyin: Yǒng Lìng, 1566), tomb of the Jiajing Emperor
Empress Xiaojiesu
Empress Xiaolie
Empress Xiaoke
Zhao Ling (Chinese: 昭陵; pinyin: Zhāo Lìng, 1572), tomb of the Longqing Emperor
Empress Xiaoyizhuang
Empress Xiao'an
Empress Dowager Xiaoding
Qing Ling (Chinese: 慶陵; pinyin: Qìng Lìng, 1620), tomb of the Taichang Emperor
Empress Xiaoyuanzhen
Empress Dowager Xiaohewang
Empress Dowager Xiaochun
Dingling (Chinese: 定陵; pinyin: Dìng Lìng; literally: "Tomb of Stability", 1620), tomb of the Wanli Emperor
Empress Xiaoduanxian
Empress Dowager Xiaojing
De Ling (Chinese: 德陵; pinyin: Dé Lìng, 1627), tomb of the Tianqi Emperor
Empress Xiao'aizhe
Si Ling (Chinese: 思陵; pinyin: Sī Lìng, 1644), tomb of the Chongzhen Emperor
Empress Xiaojie
Noble Consort Tian
The Ming emperors not buried in one of the Thirteen Tombs are: Hongwu Emperor, Kang Emperor, Jianwen Emperor, Jingtai Emperor, and Xian Emperor.
Excavation of Dingling tomb[edit]
Dingling (Chinese: 定陵; pinyin: Dìng Lìng; literally: "Tomb of Stability"), one of the tombs at the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty site, is the tomb of the Wanli Emperor, his empress consort and the mother of the Taichang Emperor. It is the only Ming tomb to have been excavated. It also remains the only intact imperial tomb, of any era, to have been excavated since the founding of the People's Republic of China, a situation that is almost a direct result of the fate that befell Dingling and its contents after the excavation.
Inside the Dingling tomb
Dingling tomb, one of the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty near Beijing
The excavation of Dingling began in 1956, after a group of prominent scholars led by Guo Moruo and Wu Han began advocating the excavation of Changling, the tomb of the Yongle Emperor, the largest and oldest of the Ming tombs near Beijing. Despite winning approval from premier Zhou Enlai, this plan was vetoed by archaeologists because of the importance and public profile of Changling. Instead, Dingling, the third largest of the Ming Tombs, was selected as a trial site in preparation for the excavation of Changling. Excavation completed in 1957 and a museum was established in 1959.
Golden crown (replica) excavated from Dingling tomb
The excavation revealed an intact tomb, with thousands of items of silk, textiles, wood, and porcelain, and the skeletons of the Wanli Emperor and his two empresses. However, there was neither the technology nor the resources to adequately preserve the excavated artifacts. After several disastrous experiments, the large amount of silk and other textiles were simply piled into a storage room that was draughty and wet from water leaks. As a result, most of the surviving artifacts today have severely deteriorated, and many replicas are instead displayed in the museum. Furthermore, the political impetus behind the excavation created pressure to quickly complete the excavation. The haste meant that documentation of the excavation was poor.
Jewelry from Ming tombs, shaped like the Chinese character '心', a Kangxi radical meaning 'heart'.
A more severe problem soon befell the project, when a series of political mass movements swept the country. This escalated into the Cultural Revolution in 1966. For the next ten years, all archaeological work was stopped. Wu Han, one of the key advocates of the project, became the first major target of the Cultural Revolution, and was denounced, and died in jail in 1969. Fervent Red Guards stormed the Dingling museum and dragged the remains of the Wanli Emperor and empresses to the front of the tomb, where they were posthumously "denounced" and burned. Many other artifacts were also destroyed.[2]
It was not until 1979, after the death of Mao Zedong and the end of the Cultural Revolution, that archaeological work recommenced in earnest and an excavation report was finally prepared by those archaeologists who had survived the turmoil.
The lessons learned from the Dingling excavation has led to a new policy of the People's Republic of China government not to excavate any historical site except for rescue purposes. In particular, no proposal to open an imperial tomb has been approved since Dingling, even when the entrance has been accidentally revealed, as was the case of the Qianling Mausoleum. The original plan, to use Dingling as a trial site for the excavation of Changling, was abandoned.
The panorama painting "Departure Herald", painted during the reign of the Xuande Emperor (1425-1435 AD), shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial City to the Ming tombs.
Images[edit]
An entrance to a Ming tomb
Ling'en Hall of Changling tomb
Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion at the beginning of the sacred walk leading to the tombs
A statue inside the Ming Dynasty Tombs
A statue inside the Ming Dynasty Tombs
Ling'en Gate of Changling tomb
A silk burning stove at the Changling tomb
Minglou Tower of Changling tomb
See also[edit]
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing
Ming Ancestors Mausoleum in Jiangsu Province
Eastern Qing tombs near Beijing
Western Qing tombs near Beijing
The three imperial tombs north of the great wall
Fuling Tomb east of Shenyang in Liaoning
Zhao Mausoleum north of Shenyang in Liaoning
Yongling Tombs east of Fushun in Liaoning
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eric N. Danielson, "[1]". CHINA HERITAGE QUARTERLY, No. 16, December 2008.
Jump up ^ "China's reluctant Emperor", The New York Times, Sheila Melvin, Sept. 7, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty.
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties on the UNESCO World Heritage List
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text:
Blueberry Hill (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Blueberry Hill"
Single by Fats Domino
from the album This Is Fats Domino!
B-side
"Honey Chile"
Released
1956 (1956)
Genre
Rock and roll
rhythm and blues
Length
2:28
Label
Imperial 5407
Songwriter(s)
Vincent Rose
Larry Stock
Al Lewis
Fats Domino singles chronology
"When My Dreamboat Comes Home"
(1956) "Blueberry Hill"
(1956) "The Rooster Song"
(1957)
"Blueberry Hill" is a popular song published in 1940 best remembered for its 1950s rock n' roll version by Fats Domino. The music was written by Vincent Rose, the lyrics by Larry Stock and Al Lewis. It was recorded six times in 1940. Victor Records released the recording by the Sammy Kaye Orchestra with vocals by Tommy Ryan on May 31, 1940 (catalog #26643, with the flip side "Maybe"; matrix #51050[1]). Gene Krupa's version was issued on OKeh Records (#5672) on June 3 and singer Mary Small did a vocal version on the same label with Nat Brandwynne's orchestra, released June 20, 1940 on OKeh Records #5678. Other 1940 recordings were by: The Glenn Miller Orchestra on Bluebird Records (10768), Kay Kyser, Russ Morgan, Gene Autry (also in the 1941 film The Singing Hill[2]), Connee Boswell, and Jimmy Dorsey. The largest 1940 hit was by The Glenn Miller Orchestra, where it reached #1.[3]
Louis Armstrong's 1949 recording charted in the Billboard Top 40, reaching #29.[4] It was an international hit in 1956 for Fats Domino and has become a rock and roll standard. It reached #2 for three weeks on the Billboard Top 40 charts, becoming his biggest pop hit, and spent eight non-consecutive weeks at #1 on the R&B Best Sellers chart.[5] The version by Fats Domino was also ranked #82 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[6] The song was Domino's greatest hit and remains the song most associated with him.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recorded versions
2 In popular culture
3 References
4 External links
Recorded versions[edit]
This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (January 2018)
Gene Autry (1940) (the original version, from the movie The Singing Hill) (1941)
The Glenn Miller Orchestra (vocal by Ray Eberle) (1941) (The most famous version in the 1940s. Recorded in Chicago on May 13, 1940. It was released by Bluebird Records as catalog number 10768A (i USA)[7] and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog numbers BD 5632 and MH 92)
Russ Morgan and His Orchestra (vocal by Carol Kaye) (1941)
Kay Kyser and His Orchestra (vocal by Harry Babbitt) (1941)
Louis Armstrong with Gordon Jenkins' Orchestra and Choir (1949) (with different lyrics)
Steve Gibson and the Red Caps (1949)
Scatman Crothers (1957)
Elvis Presley (1957)
Mose Allison (1957)
Ricky Nelson (1958)
Andy Williams (1959)
Duane Eddy (1959)
Conway Twitty (1959)
Carl Mann (1959)
Bill Haley & His Comets (1960)
John Barry Orchestra (1960)
Buster Brown (1960)
Skeeter Davis (1961)
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album On the Sentimental Side (1962).
Cliff Richard (1962)
Johnny Hallyday (1962)
Little Richard (1964)
Slim Harpo (1964)
San Remo Golden Strings (1966)
The Loved Ones, Australia, (1966)
The Everly Brothers (1967)
Dave Clark 5 (1967)
Led Zeppelin (1970 on the Led Zeppelin bootleg recording Live on Blueberry Hill)
Freddy Fender (1970s)
Loretta Lynn (1971)
Dick Rivers (1972)
Jerry Lee Lewis (1973, Southern Roots)
Ellen McIlwaine (1975)
The Beach Boys (1976)
Billy "Crash" Craddock (1977)
Adriano Celentano (1977)
Link Wray (1982)
Mud (1982)
Jah Wobble (1980, The Legend Lives On... Jah Wobble in "Betrayal")
Yellowman (1987)
John Fahey (1990)
Little Willie Littlefield on his album Singalong with Little Willie Littlefield (1990)
New Orleans Nightcrawlers instrumental version on their album New Orleans Nightcrawlers (1996) [8]
Bruce Cockburn with Margo Timmins (1999)[9]
Jimmy Clanton (2006, played in Boomtown Casino)
Johnny Hallyday with Chris Isaak (2007, La Cigale, live album recorded 2006 Flashback Tour)
Elton John (2007, Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino)
Brenda Lee
Celine Dion and Johnny Hallyday
Gene Autry (1941)
Pat Boone
Nat King Cole with Billy Preston (1957)
The Loved Ones
Babybird (2015 – recorded 1988)
In popular culture[edit]
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (March 2017)
Play media
Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin singing "Blueberry Hill" on a charity concert in 2010.
In the popular 1970s sitcom Happy Days, set in the 1950s, lead character Richie Cunningham, played by Ron Howard, would often sing "I found my thrill..." (the first line of Domino's 1950s version of "Blueberry Hill") in reference to pretty girls he dated or wanted to date.
Joe Edwards' restaurant Blueberry Hill, on the Delmar Loop in St. Louis, Missouri, where Chuck Berry frequently played, is named after the song.[10]
The Far Side, a comic written by Gary Larson, features a comic parodying the lyrics of this song. A man is talking in a phone booth on top of a hill named "Blueberry Hill." He says into the phone "Norm? This is Mitch. ... You were right—I found my drill." The parody is of the line "I found my thrill on Blueberry Hill."
Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin made a cover performance of the song on December 10, 2010 before an audience of international film and television celebrities, in support of a charity for ill children. Videos of his performance quickly went viral worldwide.[11][12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Victor 26500 - 27000, a numerical listing of issues". 78discography.com. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
Jump up ^ The Singing Hill Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Glenn Miller Orchestra, "Blueberry Hill" Chart Position Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Louis Armstrong, "Blueberry Hill" Chart Position Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 167.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time: Fats Domino, 'Blueberry Hill'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "BLUEBIRD numerical listings 10500 - 11000". 78discography.com. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
Jump up ^ [1] Retrieved from YouTube April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bruce Cockburn Songs Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Medlin, Jarrett (August 16, 2012). "Blueberry Hill Turns 40". St. Louis Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Sing-along-a-Vlad: now Putin is Blueberry Hill crooner of the Kremlin". Daily Mail. London. December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Martel, Frances (11 December 2010). "This Exists: Vladimir Putin Serenades Audience With Rendition Of 'Blueberry Hill'". Mediaite. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
External links[edit]
SongFacts: Blueberry Hill
"Blueberry Hill" - Lead sheet at wikifonia.org
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Honky Tonk" (Part 1 & 2) by Bill Doggett Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number-one single
November 3, 1956 Succeeded by
"Blue Monday" by Fats Domino
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text:
Latissimus dorsi muscle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Latissimus Dorsi
Latissimus dorsi originates from the mid to lower back
Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column.
Details
Origin
Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and inferior angle of scapula
Insertion
Floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus
Artery
Thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular artery
Nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Actions
Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm when the insertion is moved towards the origin. When observing the muscle action of the origin towards the insertion, the lats are a very powerful rotator of the trunk.
Antagonist
Deltoid and trapezius muscle
Identifiers
Latin
Musculus latissimus dorsi
TA
A04.3.01.006
FMA
13357
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
The latissimus dorsi (/ˌləˈtɪsɪməs ˈdɔːrsaɪ/) a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline. The word latissimus dorsi (plural: latissimi dorsi) comes from Latin and means "broadest [muscle] of the back", from "latissimus" (Latin: broadest)' and "dorsum" (Latin: back). The pair of muscles are commonly known as "lats", especially among bodybuilders. The latissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the upper body.
The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.
Due to bypassing the scapulothoracic joints and attaching directly to the spine, the actions the latissimi dorsi have on moving the arms can also influence the movement of the scapulae, such as their downward rotation during a pull up.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Variations
1.2 Triangles
1.3 Nerve supply
2 Function
2.1 Training
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Cardiac support
3.2 Injury
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Variations[edit]
Axillary arches shown from two different angles.
The number of dorsal vertebrae to which it is attached varies from four to eight; the number of costal attachments varies; muscle fibers may or may not reach the crest of the ilium.
A muscular slip, the axillary arch, varying from 7 to 10 cm in length, and from 5 to 15 mm in breadth, occasionally springs from the upper edge of the latissimus dorsi about the middle of the posterior fold of the axilla, and crosses the axilla in front of the axillary vessels and nerves, to join the under surface of the tendon of the pectoralis major, the coracobrachialis, or the fascia over the biceps brachii. This axillary arch crosses the axillary artery, just above the spot usually selected for the application of a ligature, and may mislead a surgeon. It is present in about 7% of the population and may be easily recognized by the transverse direction of its fibers. Guy et al. extensively described this muscular variant using MRI data and positively correlated its presence with symptoms of neurological impingement.[1]
A fibrous slip usually passes from the upper border of the tendon of the Latissimus dorsi, near its insertion, to the long head of the triceps brachii. This is occasionally muscular, and is the representative of the dorsoepitrochlearis brachii of apes.[2][3] This muscular form is found in ~5% of humans and is sometimes termed the latissimocondyloideus.[4]
The latissimus dorsi crosses the inferior angle of the scapula. A study found that, of 100 cadavers dissected:[5]
43% had "a substantial amount" of muscular fibers in the latissimus dorsi originating from the scapula.
36% had few or no muscular fibers, but a "soft fibrous link" between the scapula and the latissimus dorsi
21% had little or no connecting tissue between the two structures.
Triangles[edit]
The lateral margin of the latissimus dorsi is separated below from the obliquus externus abdominis by a small triangular interval, the lumbar triangle of Petit, the base of which is formed by the iliac crest, and its floor by the obliquus internus abdominis.
Another triangle is situated behind the scapula. It is bounded above by the trapezius, below by the latissimus dorsi, and laterally by the vertebral border of the scapula; the floor is partly formed by the rhomboideus major. If the scapula is drawn forward by folding the arms across the chest, and the trunk bent forward, parts of the sixth and seventh ribs and the interspace between them become subcutaneous and available for auscultation. The space is therefore known as the triangle of auscultation.
The latissimus dorsi can be remembered best for insertion as "A Miss Between Two Majors". As the latissimus dorsi inserts into the floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus it is surrounded by two major muscles. The teres major inserts medially on the medial lip of the intertubercular groove and the pectoralis major inserts laterally onto the lateral lip.
Nerve supply[edit]
The latissimus dorsi is innervated by the sixth, seventh, and eighth cervical nerves through the thoracodorsal (long scapular) nerve. Electromyography suggests that it consists of six groups of muscle fibres that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system.[6]
Function[edit]
The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint.[citation needed] It also has a synergistic role in extension (posterior fibers) and lateral flexion (anterior fibers) of the lumbar spine, and assists as a muscle of both forced expiration (anterior fibers) and an accessory muscle of inspiration (posterior fibers).[7]
Most latissimus dorsi exercises concurrently recruit the teres major, posterior fibres of the deltoid, long head of the triceps brachii, among numerous other stabilizing muscles. Compound exercises for the 'lats' typically involve elbow flexion and tend to recruit the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis for this function. Depending on the line of pull, the trapezius muscles can be recruited as well; horizontal pulling motions such as rows recruit both latissimus dorsi and trapezius heavily.
Training[edit]
The power/size/strength of this muscle can be trained with a variety of different exercises. Some of these include:
Vertical pulling movements such as pull-downs and pull-ups (including chin-ups).
Horizontal pulling movements such as bent-over row, T-bar row and other rowing exercises.
Shoulder extension movements with straight arms such as straight-arm lat pulldowns and Pull-overs.
Deadlift.
Clinical significance[edit]
Tight latissimus dorsi has been shown to be one cause of chronic shoulder pain and chronic back pain.[8] Because the latissimus dorsi connects the spine to the humerus, tightness in this muscle can manifest as either sub-optimal glenohumeral joint (shoulder) function which leads to chronic pain or tendinitis in the tendinous fasciae connecting the latissimus dorsi to the thoracic and lumbar spine.[9]
The latissimus dorsi is a potential source of muscle for breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy (e.g. Mannu flap) [10] or to correct pectoral hypoplastic defects such as Poland's syndrome.[11][12] An absent or hypoplastic latissimus dorsi can be one of the associated symptoms of Poland's syndrome.[13][14]
Cardiac support[edit]
For heart patients with low cardiac output and who are not candidates for cardiac transplantation, a procedure called cardiomyoplasty may support the failing heart. This procedure involves wrapping the latissimus dorsi muscles around the heart and electrostimulating them in synchrony with ventricular systole.
Injury[edit]
Injuries to the latissimus dorsi are rare. They occur disproportionately in baseball pitchers. Diagnosis can be achieved by visualization of the muscle and movement testing. MRI of the shoulder girdle will confirm the diagnosis. Muscle belly injuries are treated with rehabilitation while tendon avulsion injuries can be treated surgically, or with rehab. Regardless of treatment, patients tend to return to play without any functional losses.[15]
Additional images[edit]
Position of the latissimus dorsi muscle (shown in red). Animation.
Animation. Rib cage is not shown, except for 10th rib, 11th rib and 12th rib.
Lumbar triangle
Latissimus dorsi
Full back muscle flex showing the latissimus dorsi muscle
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latissimus dorsi muscles.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Muscle energy techniques
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 432 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Guy MS, Sandhu SK, Gowdy JM, Cartier CC, Adams JH. MRI of the axillary arch muscle: prevalence, anatomic relations, and potential consequences. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Jan;196(1):W52-7.
Jump up ^ Haninec P, Tomás R, Kaiser R, Cihák R., Development and clinical significance of the musculus dorsoepitrochlearis in men, Clin Anat. 2009 May;22(4):481-8. PMID 19373904.
Jump up ^ Edwards, William E., The Musculoskeletal Anatomy of the Thorax and Brachium of an Adult Female Chimpanzee,6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, New Mexico, 1965. [1]
Jump up ^ "Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: L:Latissimus Dorsi". www.anatomyatlases.org.
Jump up ^ Giacomo, Giovanni Di; Pouliart, Nicole; Costantini, Alberto; Vita, Andrea de (25 September 2008). "Atlas of Functional Shoulder Anatomy". Springer Science & Business Media.
Jump up ^ Brown JM, Wickham JB, McAndrew DJ, Huang XF. (2007). Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17(1):57-73. PMID 16458022 doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007
Jump up ^ Muscles Testing and Function With Posture and Pain. 2005. p. 238. ISBN 9780781747806.
Jump up ^ Arnheim, D.D., Prentice, W.E., Principles of athletic training. 9th ed. McGraw Hill, pp 570-574, 1997.
Jump up ^ Francis, P., Applied anatomy and kinesiology, supplemental materials. KB Books., p 19-25, 1999.
Jump up ^ Mannu, G. S., Farooq, N., Down, S., Burger, A. and Hussien, M. I. (2013), Avoiding back wound dehiscence in extended latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction. ANZ J Surg, 83: 359–364. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06292.x/full
Jump up ^ Yang CE, Roh TS, Yun IS, Kim YS, Lew DH (2014). "Immediate partial breast reconstruction with endoscopic latissimus dorsi muscle flap harvest". Arch Plast Surg. 41 (5): 513–9. doi:10.5999/aps.2014.41.5.513. PMC 4179355  . PMID 25276643.
Jump up ^ Lantzsch T, Lampe D, Kantelhardt EJ (2013). "Correction of Poland's Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Current Literature". Breast Care (Basel). 8 (2): 139–42. doi:10.1159/000350778. PMC 3683949  . PMID 24419214.
Jump up ^ Masia J, Pons G, Loschi P, Sanchez Porro-Gil L, Nardulli ML, Olivares L (2015). "Autologous reconstruction of a complex form of Poland syndrome using 2 abdominal perforator free flaps". Ann Plast Surg. 74 (5): 580–3. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31829a39b1. PMID 24322640.
Jump up ^ Beer GM, Kompatscher P, Hergan K (1996). "Poland's syndrome and vascular malformations". Br J Plast Surg. 49 (7): 482–4. PMID 8983554.
Jump up ^ Donohue, Benjamin; Lubitz, Marc (December 20, 2016). "Sports Injuries to the Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1177/0363546516676062.
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 01:03-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Superficial layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back."
Cross section image: pembody/body8a—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
[hide]
v
t
e
Muscles of the thorax and back
Back
splenius
capitis
cervicis
erector spinae
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
transversospinales
semispinalis thoracis
semispinalis cervicis
semispinalis capitis
multifidus
rotatores
interspinales
intertransversarii
Vertebral column
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid
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