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Minibike
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A pocket bike (or rather mini-race bike) next to a slightly bigger pitbike, both much smaller than a full size motorcycle
A miniature dirt-bike (type of minimoto).
A minibike, sometimes called a minimoto or pocketbike, is a miniature motorcycle. Most minibikes use two-stroke engines and chain drive.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
3 Legal status
3.1 Canada
3.2 United Kingdom
3.3 USA
4 Safety
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
An old style minibike.
The Doodle Bug scooter was a very compact, small-wheeled motorscooter built from 1946-’48 in Webster City, Iowa by the Beam Manufacturing Company. Sold by the Gambles store chain, a total of 40,000 of these were built—a small number with single-cylinder Clinton engines, and most with 1.5 hp Briggs & Stratton air-cooled, single-cylinder engines. They were marketed under the “Hiawatha” brand name. Complete Doodle Bugs were to be found here and there for decades thereafter and, as well, their frames and other parts were not uncommon.
However in the 1950s, like go-karts, minibikes were made by enthusiasts from spare parts found in their garages. These were first popularly used as "pit bikes", for drag racers to travel in the pits during races in the late 1950s.[citation needed] They were very useful for this purpose, as they could maneuver very well in the tight pit roads, fit in about the same space as a small bicycle in a trailer or pickup. As racers brought them home and used them around their neighborhoods, many children liked the idea of having a mini motorcycle and started building their own. The June 1967 Popular Mechanics magazine had an article with plans.[1] All you needed was an engine from a lawnmower and a neighbor with a welding torch.
Commercial manufacture
A market for minibikes developed, and from the early 1960s many cottage and major industries developed to meet the demand. Most lawnmower shops began carrying a line of mini-bikes. Minibike companies include Arctic-Cat, Rupp, Taco, Heath, Gilson, and Fox, many of which also made other power toys such as go-karts, trikes and choppers. Traditional motorcycle manufacturers also began coming out with models like the Honda Z50A, inspired by aspects of minibikes. In America the peak of the minibike/go-kart era was from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. Many of the brands, foremost Rupp, have gained a cult-following of enthusiasts and owners.
Early minibike power train
These early minibikes usually had a power train with a small four-stroke, horizontal crankshaft, flathead engine. The transmission usually was of a crank-mounted centrifugal clutch and chain drive to a rear sprocket. As the minibike and the mini-powersports field grew, Comet introduced a continuously variable transmission, much like a snowmobile's, called the Torque-a-Verter, which automatically adjusts gear ratios, resulting in better top speed and acceleration.
Types[edit]
Today minibikes have evolved into several specialized types.
Pocketbike/minimoto
These look like sport bikes and are used in pocketbike racing on kart racing tracks. The usual height is less than 50 cm (20 in), and up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) length. Power usually comes from a 39–50 cc (2.4–3.1 cu in) two-stroke engine with a maximum of 4.5–6 horsepower (3.4–4.5 kW). Maximum speed varies between 30 to 64 km/h (19 to 40 mph). Pocketbikes are also made in both four-stroke gasoline and electric versions. The four-stroke models are usually 110cc automatic or manual engines, and are referred to as Super Pocket Bikes. Common Super Pocket Bike models include the X7, X15, X18, X19, and X22. The popularity of these types of minibikes grew due to the influx of cheap pocket bikes imported from China.
Pitbikes
Pit bikes are true to the original concept of a small scooter used to quickly move around the pit areas of motor racing tracks and events. Modern versions look like motocross motorcycles and are also used in some motocross competitions. Recently[when?] the sport of pitbike racing (racing pit bikes on motocross and supercross tracks) has taken off. There are numerous series in the United States and there are also full-fledged pitbike pros. The Las Vegas Mini Supercross is the biggest pitbike event of the year.
The sport of mini-motard consists of pitbikes racing with slick tires on go-cart tracks, much like super-motard or super-moto. The bikes are prepared for racing with precautions such as catch tanks to collect fluid spills on the track, causing skidding hazards.
Mini choppers
Mini choppers are mini bikes that look like choppers, but still have the general look of a pocket or mini bike.
Midi motos / Super pocket bikes
Midi motos, also called super pocket bikes,[2] are similar to pocket bikes, but slightly larger. They are still smaller than the street bikes they mimic, but the seat height is about a foot to two feet higher than a mini moto's seat height. They started off with 47cc 2 stroke engines (capable of around 48–64 km/h/30-40 mph) in the midi motos and then included 110cc 4 stroke engines (capable of around 86–105 km/h/55-65 mph). Most midi bikes are made in China and usually equipped with a Honda engine or copy of a Honda engine.
Quad bikes
Mini bikes that look like all terrain vehicles or quad bikes, which are four-wheeled off-road motorcycles.
A rider wearing kneepads and a helmet
Legal status[edit]
Canada[edit]
In Canada mini motorcycles, commonly referred to as “pocket bikes” or "mini choppers,” do not meet federal safety standards for use on public roads. These vehicles do not meet minimum height specifications for headlamps, tail lamps, stop lamps, and turn signals. They are also difficult for other motorists to see.
Transport Canada classifies mini motorcycles as restricted use motorcycles that are permitted to be imported as competition vehicles for closed-course racing only.[3]
In Ontario, pocket bikes may not be operated on public roads, sidewalks, or parks. It is recommended riders be twelve years of age or older to ride pocket bikes.[by whom?] Although many people unknowingly disobey the law by riding these bikes on sidewalks and in parks, police officers do not fine riders without a complaint from other people. Pocket bikes may not be driven on highways under any circumstances.
In Alberta, pocket bikes are considered miniature vehicles, which may only be operated on private property. Miniature vehicles include: personal transporters, pocket bikes, go-carts, electric scooters, and golf carts.[4][5]
In British Columbia, a $900 fine may be applied along with seizure of the vehicle. It is not recommended that children under 6 years of age be permitted to ride.[by whom?]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, it is illegal for minibikes to be ridden on public roads or off-road on public land. The only places these types of vehicle may be ridden are purpose-built race tracks and privately owned land with the owner's permission (and where they do not cause harassment, alarm or distress). All of these minibikes are regarded as "motor vehicles" as defined by section 185 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 and so to be ridden on the public road, a motor vehicle must comply with all aspects of road traffic law and meet the mandatory European construction requirements by having a "Certificate of Conformity" indicating that they have European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval (ECWVTA).[6]
Minibikes are not manufactured to meet these requirements, and would need to be modified significantly to do so. Reported instances of this occurring are incredibly rare, meaning that it is very unlikely that minibikes can actually be registered for road use. However, where a minibike or other vehicle does not have ECWVTA, it might conceivably pass a Motorcycle Single Vehicle Approval (MSVA) inspection which would result in a Ministerial Certificate of Approval, permitting it to be road-registered.
In addition to the Vehicle Type Approval, to be ridden on the road the minibike must be registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, display a valid road tax disc (vehicle excise duty), and the driver or rider must be aged 17 or over (or 16 if the vehicle meets the definition of a moped), have an appropriate driving license, and insurance. The only exceptions relate to electrically-assisted pedal cycles and mobility aids for disabled people. In the UK there are in most areas mini bike tracks for the public.
During August 2006 the UK Government ran a campaign to highlight the dangers of minibike misuse on roads and their anti-social use. A guidance document was produced to provide police and other agencies with practical information to deal with the issues and prevent misuse. The guidance outlined the legal status of minibikes and included information on enforcement measures and the provision of legal sites.[7]
Later the death of Abbi Perrin from Louth brought the dangers back into public view.[8]
Police may seize and destroy the vehicle and prosecute the rider when caught riding on public roads.[9]
USA[edit]
DOT laws vary by state, but for the most part minibikes are illegal for use on public roadways because most do not carry the necessary equipment (and often size requirements) to be street legal. In many states the seat of a motorcycle must be at least 25 inches (64 cm) off the ground, which is often a limiting factor in registration. Use on public roadways may result a number of offenses,[10] including but not limited to: no indicator lights, no rearview mirror, no horn or signaling device, no headlight, too-small muffler (noise pollution), improper lane change (no blinkers), or reckless driving.
Some of the larger "super" pocket bikes, most commonly the X15 (FS549), X18 (FS559), X19 (FS569), and X22 could meet all the requirements. However, they were imported and sold as "off road use purposes only". In some states, they could be registered for legal street use by converting an off-road purposes only bike into a road-worthy model. These bikes had headlights, turn signals, tail/brake lights, a horn, and speedometer, and could also do the speed limit in most scenarios (typically 4 stroke bikes with manual 4 speed transmissions can reach speeds of 55 mph). In many states all one needs to do is add a rearview mirror and a license plate bracket, but it is best to check with local DMV authorities for exact requirements. In some cases, if the bike requires minor modification to meet requirements, one may be able to register it as a "unique/home-built."
Like full-size motorcycles, the rider of a modified super pocket bike must carry insurance, have a current inspection, and wear a helmet if local laws require it. Depending on if the state classes a pocketbike as a "moped" or full "motorcycle", the rider may or may not need a special motorcycle license. If not, a regular driver's license may suffice.
Safety[edit]
Minibikes are not toys, although often treated as such. Even the cheapest 38 cc US-made bikes (often sold for as little as $150) are capable of speeds of at least 25 mph (40 km/h). The 49 cc pocket bikes can reach speeds of 30 to 45 mph (48 to 72 km/h), and the 110–125 cc four-stroke bikes are capable of 60-80 mph. Gasoline-powered bikes are substantially faster and require more skill than off-the-shelf electric bikes, which typically can not exceed 10 to 15 mph (16 to 24 km/h).[11]
The number of injuries caused by pocket bikes each year is unknown. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) estimates that 2,345 injured riders of pocket bikes and larger minibikes were treated in emergency rooms in 2003. There have also been numerous deaths in The USA and Canada.[12]
See also[edit]
Tote Gote
Pocketbike racing
Honda Z series - known in the UK as the Monkey bike.
Mini chopper
MotoVox
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Build Yourself A Minibike" June 1967, p160, Popular Mechanics
Jump up ^ "SUPER POCKET BIKES". TEMPLE CITY, California, USA: Mini Pocket Rockets. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pocket bikes (mini motorcycles); Mini motorcycles cannot be operated on roads in B.C." Insurance Corporation of British Columbia.
Jump up ^ Owning and Operating a Small Vehiclein Alberta
Jump up ^ New and Alternative Vehicles
Jump up ^ “Vehicle Type Approval”
Jump up ^ “The Home Office press release” Archived 2006-10-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ BBC News "Man jailed over mini-moto death"
Jump up ^ Police get tough on minimoto bikes - Worcester News
Jump up ^ From Popular Mechanics, at http://www.popularmechanics.com/outdoors/adventures/1278186.html?page=3
Jump up ^ [dubious – discuss] "Pocket Bike Hazards". Roberts Law Firm.
Jump up ^ Wright, Jeanne, "Small pocket bikes, big dangers", Los Angeles Times
External links[edit]
Doodle Bug Scooter basic description with good pic
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minibikes.
Minimoto at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Mini bike at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents – Mini Motorbike Safety Factsheet (PDF)
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text:
Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015
← 2011 12 December 2015 Next →
2/3 of seats in 284 municipalities
Turnout
47%
Elections were held in Saudi Arabia on 12 December 2015 for municipal councils, which have limited decision-making powers on local issues such as rubbish collection and street maintenance.[1][2][3] The previous two elections, in 2005 and 2011, were for half the council seats and were open to male candidates and voters only. The 2015 election was for two thirds of the council seats, on 284 municipal councils,[4] with both male and female candidates and voters.[5][6][7] This was the first election in Saudi Arabia in which women were allowed to vote, the first in which they were allowed to run for office, and the first in which women were elected as politicians.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Preparations
3 Candidates
3.1 Male candidates
3.2 Female candidates
4 Results
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Saudi Arabia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Saudi Arabia
Basic Law
Monarchy[show]
King and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Salman
Crown Prince
Mohammad bin Salman
Deputy crown prince
vacant
Allegiance Council
Succession
Government[show]
Prime Minister
Salman
Council of Ministers
Consultative Assembly
President: Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
National Security Council
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
Legal system[show]
The Quran
Judiciary
Capital punishment
Freedom of religion
Human rights
Women's rights
LGBT rights
Recent elections[show]
Municipal: 2005
2011
2015
Administrative divisions[show]
Regions
Governorates
Foreign relations
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Half the seats in municipal councils in Saudi Arabia were chosen in men-only elections in 2005 and 2011. The municipal councils reportedly have "little power" in Saudi Arabia, an absolute monarchy.[10][11] Saudi Arabian women campaigned for the right to participate in the 2011 elections,[12][13] organising through the "Baladi" (My Country) and Saudi Women's Revolution[14] campaigns for women's right to participate.[12] Several women tried to register as electors in Jeddah,[7] Riyadh, and Dammam.[15] A few days before the 2011 election took place, King Abdullah announced that women would be able to participate as voters and candidates in the 2015 election.[6][16]
In the 2015 municipal elections, two-thirds of the council seats were elected positions, and women were allowed as candidates and voters.[4]
Preparations[edit]
Voter registration started on 16 August 2015 in Medina and Mecca, and elsewhere on 22 August, to continue for a 21-day period.[17]
Two women voters registered in Medina and Mecca on 16 August.[5] Hatoon al-Fassi of the Baladi campaign said that Baladi had intended to organise training sessions for voter education but was blocked by the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs.[17]
About 131,000 women and about 1.35 million men registered to vote.[4]
Candidates[edit]
Male candidates[edit]
There were 5,938 men registered as candidates.[4][18]
Female candidates[edit]
There were 978 women registered as candidates;[4][18] however, many were barred from registering by the authorities. No reasons were given; however, it was noted that a number of them were advocates for the expansion of women's rights in the Kingdom.[3] Haifa al-Hababi, 36 years old as of August 2015, was a candidate. She stated, "Change the system. Change is life. The government has given us this tool and I intend to use it."[5] Two women candidates were disqualified. Loujain Hathloul, who had been detained for two months after driving from the United Arab Emirates to Saudi Arabia in December 2015, was disqualified; Nassima al-Sadah, a Shia human rights activist from Qatif, was also disqualified.[19][4]
As women in Saudi Arabia are not permitted to address men who are not related to them, women candidates could only speak directly to women voters. At men's campaign meetings, they had to either speak from behind a partition, or have a man read their speech on their behalf.[18] Many women also stated they could not afford the high cost of running an election campaign.[20]
Results[edit]
The turnout for the election was reported as 47%, split down as 82% of the 132,000 female voters registered and 44% of the 1.35m male voters registered.[21]
In results released to the Associated Press on 13 December, 20 female candidates were elected to the approximately 2,100 municipal council seats being contested.[22] Salma bint Hizab al-Oteibi became the first elected female politician in Saudi Arabia as a result of the election, when she won a seat on the council in Madrakah in Mecca province.[23][24]
See also[edit]
List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia
Timeline of women's suffrage
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia elects its first female politicians". Aljazeera. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Women elected to power in Saudi Arabia. What now?". Yahoo. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saudi Arabian women vote for first time in local elections". Reuters. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Two disqualified as first Saudi women begin campaign for election". The Guardian/AFP. 29 November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Withnall, Adam (18 August 2015). "Saudi women are registering to vote in elections across the country for the first time ever". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saudis vote in municipal elections, results on Sunday". Oman Observer/AFP. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Voters register for Saudi municipal elections". Al Jazeera English. 23 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Photograph Tasneem Alsultan, National Geographic. "In a Historic Election, Saudi Women Cast First-Ever Ballots".
Jump up ^ Stewart, Ellen (13 December 2015). "Women win seats in the Saudi election for the first time in history". i100. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia to hold elections next month after year and a half delay". Toronto: Toronto Star/AP. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Women remain barred from voting as Saudi Arabia announces elections". The National (Abu Dhabi)/AP/Bloomberg. 23 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Abu-Nasr, Donna (28 March 2011). "Saudi Women Inspired by Fall of Mubarak Step Up Equality Demand". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "In aim to start casting their votes Saudi women aim to create their own municipal council". Al Arabiya. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Kareem, Mona (18 March 2011). "The Saudi Women Revolution Statement". Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Shaheen, Abdul Nabi (26 April 2011). "Saudi women defy ban to register for polls". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Saudi king: Women can vote in 2015 elections – USATODAY.com". USATODAY.COM.
^ Jump up to: a b "First Saudi women register to vote". Al Jazeera English. 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Saudi Arabia's women vote in election for first time - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Cynthia Gorney (12 December 2015). "In a Historic Election, Saudi Women Cast First-Ever Ballots". National Geographic. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saudi women vote, run for office for first time in history". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "20 Frauen gewinnen Sitze bei Wahl in Saudi-Arabien". Welt Online (in German). 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Voters Elect 20 Women Candidates for the First Time". AP. 13 December 2015 – via The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia: First women councillors elected". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia elects its first female politicians". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
External links[edit]
Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) (Arabic)
women's suffrage "Baladi" campaign (Arabic)
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Conscription in Israel
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IDF recruits during the initial stages of the recruitment process. After they finished the recruitment process they would begin their basic training. Photos taken in 2006
Conscription
Military service
National service
Conscription crisis
Conscientious objector
Alternative civilian service
Conscription by country
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Conscription exists in Israel for all Israeli citizens over the age of 18 who are Jewish, Druze or Circassian; Arab citizens of Israel are not conscripted. Other exceptions are made on religious, physical or psychological grounds. The normal length of compulsory service is currently two years and eight months for men (with some roles requiring an additional four months of service), and two years for women.
In 2013, 26% of potential conscripts were exempt from military service. Some 13.5% for religious reasons, 4% for mental health reasons, 2% for physical health reasons, 3% due to criminal records, and 3% due to residing abroad.[1]
The Israeli Defense Service Law (חוק שירות ביטחון) regulates these duties and exceptions. According to the Defense Service Law, the enlistment to the Israeli Defense Forces is mandatory for all Israeli citizens who have turned 18 (with the above-mentioned exemptions enshrined in the Defense Service Law).
Contents
[hide]
1 Military service obligation
2 Medical profiles
3 Exemption from service
4 Policy regarding various specific population groups
5 Draft process
6 Deferment
7 Academic programs
8 Incompatibility and adjustment difficulties
9 Volunteering
10 Civilian national service
11 Future
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Military service obligation[edit]
Officers in reserve duty before parachuting exercise. Reserve service may continue until the age of 51[2]
In 1949, after the founding of the State of Israel, the Defense Service Law gave the IDF the authority to enlist any citizen. Draftees would then be required to show up for the draft in accordance with the military's decision to enlist them. Under this law, the period of service for men was 30 months and for women 18 months (although in accordance with a temporary order from January 10, 1968, six additional months were added to the mandatory service, 36 months for men and 24 months for women respectively.) The draft requirement applies to any citizen or permanent resident who has reached the age of 18, and in accordance with the law, the individuals who are exempt from the draft are dismissed for various reasons, such as incapability, medical problems, military personnel needs, etc. Many of the soldiers who complete their mandatory military service are later obligated to serve in a reserve unit in accordance with the military's needs.
Economic constraints on the IDF have caused them to reconsider their structure and slowly shift towards a more modern military. A shift towards a professional militia has caused the IDF to adopt more career-oriented attributes, thus becoming more selective than in prior years. Instead of focusing on “role expansion,” Israel, most specifically its government, is focusing on “nation building.”[3] One of the most extraordinary recent developments is a focus on inclusivity of gay[4] and especially disabled citizens.[5]
Medical profiles[edit]
Main article: Medical Profile
The IDF determines a medical profile for each soldier; according to that profile, the army decides where to assign the draftees. The highest medical profile draftees serve in the five infantry Brigades, Field/Combat Intelligence units, and Combat engineers. The second highest medical profiles are assigned to serve in the Armoured Corps, Artillery, Military Police, Border Police, and Aman. The lowest acceptable level of medical profiles are drafted into the combat support and combat service support Arms, such as the Adjutant Corps, Logistics Corps, and the Ordnance Corps. Draftees with lower than acceptable profiles (Profile 21) and draftees diagnosed as not suitable for military service are fully exempted from military obligations. The highest profile is 97.
Exemption from service[edit]
Main article: Exemption from military service in Israel
Although the conscription is officially compulsory, in practice a significant percentage of the population does not enlist for various reasons. Among other things, recent decades have seen a growing, but still very rare, phenomenon of draft dodging from military service, mainly due to conscience or political reasons (See Refusal to serve in the Israeli military). Exemptions have come under attack on grounds of fairness, and also because of a perceived shortage of combat personnel.[6]
Yeshiva students who declare that "Torah study is their artistry" (Torato Omanuto) (תורתו אומנותו) can delay their conscription as long as they continue their studies, under the so-called Tal Law. In practice, many of them end up never serving at all. This is a very controversial issue in Israel and key component of religious relations in Israel. Several attempts were made to change the practice, notably the establishment of the Tal committee in 1999, which led to the Tal Law, implemented in 2002. Yet the Torato Omanuto exemption continued largely unchanged. The Tal Law was later ruled unconstitutional in its current form, and a replacement is needed before August 2012.[7] Most beneficiaries of this exemption are Haredi Jews. Members of the Religious Zionist sector often serve within a separate system called Hesder which combines advanced Talmudic studies with military service in the Israel Defense Forces. The IDF also tends to make the military service easier for recruits at an older age and recruits with families, as well as athletes and musicians of note.
From time to time a public debate emerges in Israel around the issue of exemption from military service in Israel.[8]
A basic law of Israel is the Israeli Defense Service Law. It lists the guidelines and regulations of mandated military service in Israel. Some regulation includes age, duties, service requirements, time of service, etc. Chapter 5: Reserve Service: Going Abroad covers the rules and requirements for going on becoming a temporary reserve and going abroad. (a) A person designated for defense service and a person of military age who belongs to the regular forces of the Israel Defense Forces shall not go abroad unless granted a permit from the Minister of Defense. (b) A person of military age the continuance of whose regular service has been deferred for any reason shall not go abroad during the period of deferment save under a permit from the Minister of Defense. (c) A permit under this section may be unconditional or subject to conditions, including a condition relating to the holder's stay abroad. (e) Where any of the conditions of the permit is not fulfilled, the Minister of Defense may revoke the permit and may direct him, by order, to return to Israel within the time prescribed in the order. (f) The Minister of Defense shall not exercise his power under subsection (e) before he has given the holder of the permit an opportunity to state his case to him.[9]
The IDF had strict restraints on letting individuals go into the reserves, even if just temporarily because of their high risk of attack from neighboring states. Through the dissolution of partnerships and peace treaties in recent years, that threat has reduced considerably.[10] Consequently, the high demand for IDF soldiers has slightly decreased as well.
Policy regarding various specific population groups[edit]
The IDF does not conscript Arab citizens of Israel who are Muslim or Christian, however, increasing numbers choose to volunteer for military service. Many Bedouins enlist on a voluntary basis. For Druze and Circassian men, enlistment is mandatory.[11]
Yeshiva students who declare that "Torah study is their profession" (Torato Omanuto) (תורתו אומנותו) could delay their conscription as long as they continue their studies, under the so-called Tal Law until it has been cancelled.
Female draftees who state that they maintain a religious Jewish way of life are exempt from military service, and many of them choose to volunteer for an alternative national service called Sherut Leumi.
Male members of the Religious Zionist sector often serve within a separate system called Hesder which combines advanced Talmudic studies with military service in the Israel Defense Forces. They normally serve for a year and four months instead of three years.
Draftees who state that they are pacifists are required to appear before a committee tasked with examining the credibility of their claim. Exemption from service is granted if the committee is persuaded that their pacifism is sincere and meets the agreed criteria. Only a few individuals each year are granted an exemption on grounds of pacifism; all other self-declared pacifists are required to enlist.
Immigrants who immigrate to Israel at the age of recruitment get various concessions in their military service.
Draftees with a physical disability which are exempt from military service may still volunteer to serve. It can be a symbolic service of four hours a day, but they might also end up serving in full-time military service.
Leading active athletes might in many cases be granted an "Outstanding athlete" status which allows them to get a more convenient and shorter service, so they can continue to develop their career and represent Israel abroad in international competitions. The "Outstanding athlete" status is given only to athletes competing in Olympic sports.[12] In addition, the military also grants the similar "Outstanding dancer" status and an "Outstanding musician" status. This status is granted in the same way and after the individuals have been examined. They may also be granted a more convenient service so that they can continue to improve their abilities and career during military service.
Draft process[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2011)
The military draft process occurs in the following steps: The Army calls upon a potential soldier in a letter and this is called the "First Calling" or Tzav Rishon. This letter states that the teenager must report to a certain place at a certain time for a day-long examination and interviewing. After careful looking over of the Tzav Rishon's results the army will call the people to enlist when they turn a certain age to begin the army process and basic training.
Deferment[edit]
There are various routes which allow the draftees to postpone the date of recruitment. An automatic postponement is granted for student to graduate from high school. Additional routes which lead to the postponing of the recruitment:
Volunteering for a one-year service in a youth organization.
Postponement of conscription due to the IDF needs, usually due to a course beginning in a date which occurs later than the original drafting date given to the draftee.
Postponement of conscription due to various personal reasons.
One can postpone the draft in a year in order to go to Torah studies.
One can postpone the draft as part of the Hesder agreement.
Academic programs[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2011)
Academic Reserve - a program designed to enlist and train soldiers which have an academic background in fields vital to the military's needs.
Talpiot program - an elite training program for young people who have demonstrated outstanding academic ability in the sciences, physics and mathematics. Graduates of the Talpiot program pursue higher education while serving in the army, and then utilize their expertise to further IDF research and development.
The pilot course also offers a Tal college degree.
The Israeli Naval Academy (קורס חובלים), whose candidates study for a degree from the Haifa University during the course.
Incompatibility and adjustment difficulties[edit]
During the drafting process sometimes draftees get exempted from the draft because of incompatibility. Sometimes the incompatibility of an individual is determined later on during his or her military service, and leads to dismissal from the army. The incompatibility may stem from various reasons:
Criminal record or history of using drugs.
Low motivation to serve.
When there is a surplus of recruits, the military often raises the threshold required of recruits, and grants an exemption due to incompatibility to a much larger number of recruits. In addition, there is a widespread phenomenon of granting exemption from military service because of incompatibility to female candidates who were identified as having a low medical profile and/or low motivation to serve. In such cases the reason for the exemption would usually be stated as: "Excess of female recruits."[citation needed]
The IDF can also determine that a draftee has adjustment difficulties. A soldier with adjustment difficulties would not serve as a combat soldier.
Volunteering[edit]
A draftee found unfit for military service may still choose to volunteer for military service; his status will be similar to all the other draftees found to be fit for service. Once enlisted, these volunteers cannot choose to quit the military early.[13]
Civilian national service[edit]
Main article: Sherut Leumi
There is an alternative voluntary civilian national service in Israel for those that cannot or do not wish to serve in the Israel Defense Forces. Most participants are Jewish women from the Religious Zionist sector.[citation needed]
Future[edit]
The IDF has reportedly concluded that it will, at some point in the future, have to end conscription in favor of an all-volunteer force. Reasons include growing unpopularity of military service among Israeli youth, a growth in draft-dodging, and budgetary constraints that would prevent the IDF from conscripting all those eligible even if draft-dodging were not an issue. Israel is reportedly studying how the United States and European nations ended conscription and transitioned to all-volunteer forces, for a possible future transition.[14]
See also[edit]
Israel Defense Forces
Women in the Israel Defense Forces
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4331273,00.html
Jump up ^ Israel Defense Forces (IDF)—An IntroductionJewish Virtual Library
Jump up ^ Cohen, S. A. "The Israel Defense Forces (IDF): From a "People's Army" to a "Professional Military"-Causes and Implications". SAGE journals. pp. 237–254. doi:10.1177/0095327x9502100205.
Jump up ^ Lavers, Michael K. (20 April 2017). "New group defends integrated Israel military". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Eisenbud, Daniel K. "11 soldiers with disabilities sworn into IDF". The Jerusalem Post.
Jump up ^ Amos Harel (2012-02-24). "IDF facing shortage of new soldiers". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
Jump up ^ Yair Ettinger and Gili Cohen (2012-02-21). "Israel's High Court rules Tal Law unconstitutional, says Knesset cannot extend it in present form". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
Jump up ^ Balmer, Crispian (2 March 2014). "Ultra-Orthodox Jews stage mass protest against Israeli draft law". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Israel Defense Service Law (1986)". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
Jump up ^ http://afs.sagepub.com/content/21/2/237.full.pdf+html
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/30/world/europe/israeli-coalition-divided-on-military-conscription.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ http://www.mcs.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/ABB60909-76A9-498E-8FF1-54C4B3924B30/0/קריטריוניםלספורטאיםמצטיינים.doc
Jump up ^ פסק-דין בתיק בג"ץ 7350/08
Jump up ^ "Morale: Israel Considers Cancelling Conscription". Strategypage.com. 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
External links[edit]
IDF: Nearly 28% of Israeli males avoided conscription in 2007 - published in Haaretz
Dodging Israel's draft - published on BBC News
Israel confronts flagging interest in military service - published in washingtonpost.com
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Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Danny Leiner
Produced by
Nathan Kahane
Greg Shapiro
Written by
Jon Hurwitz
Hayden Schlossberg
Starring
John Cho
Kal Penn
Paula Garcés
Neil Patrick Harris
Anthony Anderson
Fred Willard
Music by
David Kitay
Cinematography
Bruce Douglas Johnson
Edited by
Jeff Betancourt
Production
company
Senator International
Kingsgate Films
Endgame Entertainment
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
Release date
July 30, 2004 (2004-07-30)
Running time
88 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$9 million[1]
Box office
$23.9 million[1]
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (alternatively known as Harold & Kumar Get the Munchies) is a 2004 American stoner comedy film and the first installment of the Harold & Kumar series. The film was written by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg, and directed by Danny Leiner.
The story follows Harold Lee (John Cho) and Kumar Patel (Kal Penn) as they decide to go to the fast food chain White Castle after smoking marijuana, but end up on a series of comical misadventures along the way.
The film also features Fred Willard, Paula Garcés, Anthony Anderson, Dan Bochart, Ethan Embry, Jamie Kennedy, Bobby Lee, Christopher Meloni, Ryan Reynolds, Shaun Majumder, David Krumholtz, Eddie Kaye Thomas, Malin Åkerman, and Neil Patrick Harris, who plays a fictionalized version of himself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
5 Sequels
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Investment banker Harold Lee is persuaded by his colleagues to do their work while they leave for the weekend. Kumar Patel attends a medical school interview, but intentionally botches it to prevent getting accepted. Harold is attracted to his neighbor, Maria, but is unable to admit his feelings. After smoking marijuana with Kumar, and seeing an advertisement for White Castle, the pair decide to get hamburgers. After traveling to the nearest White Castle in New Brunswick, they find it replaced by "Burger Shack" but learn of another White Castle in Cherry Hill.
Kumar suggests stopping at Princeton University to buy more marijuana. Kumar buys marijuana from a student and they are discovered by campus security and forced to flee, losing their marijuana. Harold and Kumar resume their drive, and Kumar pulls over to urinate. A raccoon gets in the car and bites Harold. Kumar takes Harold to a hospital where Kumar's father and older brother work. Kumar steals ID badges to obtain medical marijuana, but after being mistaken for his brother, Kumar performs surgery on a gunshot victim and, after the surgery, the patient tells them how to reach White Castle.
Kumar spots Maria at a movie theatre. He decides to get her attention so Harold can talk to her, but Harold panics and crashes the car. They are rescued by Freakshow, a tow-truck driver, who takes them to his house to repair their car. Harold and Kumar are propositioned by Freakshow's wife, but after Freakshow suggests a foursome, Harold and Kumar flee in disgust. Kumar pick up a hitchhiker, Neil Patrick Harris, who is high on ecstasy. Harold and Kumar go into a convenience store to get directions and Harris drives away. The duo are then harassed by a racist police officer for jaywalking. Harold attempts to punch Kumar for teasing the officer, but ends up punching the officer, resulting in his arrest.
Kumar fakes a 911 call to draw the police away and breaks into the station to free Harold. Harold and Kumar flee. The pair encounters an escaped cheetah, and after smoking marijuana with it, they ride it. After encountering a group of extreme sports punks who have been harassing the pair, Harold and Kumar steal their truck. A police officer spots the speeding truck and chases them. They are trapped when they reach the edge of a cliff. Spotting the White Castle below, Harold and Kumar use a hang glider from the truck to reach their destination. The pair place their orders but are disheartened to find they have no money. Harris suddenly appears, and pays for their meal as an apology for stealing their car.
Kumar realizes he wants to be a doctor, but is afraid of conforming to the stereotype of Indians becoming doctors. Harold notices his co-workers pull up with two women and gets angry at them because they said they had to work with clients but were actually out partying. He tells them off and threatens to get them fired and humiliated if it happens again. After returning to their apartment they encounter Maria. Harold professes his feelings for her and they kiss. She informs Harold that she is leaving for Amsterdam but will return in ten days. Kumar convinces Harold to go with him to Amsterdam to pursue Maria, reminding him that marijuana is legal in the Netherlands.
Cast[edit]
John Cho as Harold Lee, a second generation Korean-American man working at his first job in investment banking.
Kal Penn as Kumar Patel, a second generation Indian-American whose family thinks that he will become a doctor like his father and brother.
Paula Garcés as Maria Perez, Harold and Kumar's neighbor, on whom Harold has a crush.
Neil Patrick Harris as a fictionalized version of himself.
Ryan Reynolds as an OR nurse
David Krumholtz as Goldstein, Harold and Kumar's neighbor and Rosenberg's roommate
Eddie Kaye Thomas as Rosenberg, Harold and Kumar's neighbor and Goldstein's roommate
Brooke D'Orsay as Clarissa, twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar
Kate Kelton as Chrissy, twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar
Christopher Meloni as Randy/Freakshow, a car mechanic with infected pimples on his face and neck who fixed Harold and Kumar's car
Sandy Jobin Bevans as Officer Palumbo, a police officer
Fred Willard as Dr. Willoughby, medical school dean who interviewed Kumar
Robert Tinkler as J.D.
Anthony Anderson as the Burger Shack Employee
Siu Ta as Cindy Kim, student at Princeton University who has a crush on Harold
Malin Åkerman as Liane, Freakshow's wife
Dov Tiefenbach as Bradley Thomas, student at Princeton University who sold weed to Kumar
Gary Anthony Williams as Tarik Jackson, a philosophical black man in who has been arrested for being black
Gary Archibald as Nathaniel Brooks
Craig Stevens as Ralph
Jamie Kennedy as Creepy Guy (uncredited)
Ethan Embry as Billy Carver
Soundtrack[edit]
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle – Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
July 27th, 2004
Label
Bulletproof
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle : Original Soundtrack was released on July 27, 2004. It contains 16 songs from the film.
The Princeton campus was used as one of the sets in Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle.
Track list
"Chick Magnet" – MxPx
"One Good Spliff" – Ziggy Marley / The Melody Makers
"Yeah (Dream of Me)" – All Too Much
"Righteous Dub" – Long Beach Dub All Stars
"Skunk One" – Kottonmouth Kings
"Same Old Song" – Phunk Junkeez
"White Castle Blues" – The Smithereens
"Crazy On You" – Heart
"Cameltoe" – Fannypack
"Kinda High, Kinda Drunk" – Coolio
"Mary Jane" – Rick James
"I Wanna Get Next to You" – Rose Royce
"Hold On" – Wilson Phillips
"Ridin'" – Classic & 86
"Arrival at White Castle" – Heiruspecs
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – Nicki French
Songs that are in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack include:
"Also Sprach Zarathustra" – David Kitay
"Baby Baby" – Amy Grant
"Ballin' Boy" – No Good
"Click Click Pow" – Lexicon (real song title is "The Official")
"Warrior Dance" – Zion I feat. Pep Love
"Fall In Line" – Phunk Junkeez
"Faraway" – Dara Schindler
"Gangsta Gangsta" – J. O'Neal / D. Black
"Girl From Ypsilanti" – Daniel May
"Let's Get Retarded" – Black Eyed Peas (this song is the unedited version of their "Let's Get It Started" hit)
"Looney" – Moonshine Bandits
"Mariachi Speier" – Eric Speier
"On the Ganges" – Matt Hirt
"Rock to the Rhythm" – Lexicon (actual song name is "Rock")
"Rock Your Body 2004" – Stagga Lee
"Ooh Wee" – Mark Ronson
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $5,480,378 in 2135 theatres in the United States and Canada. In total it had a worldwide gross of $23,936,908.[1]
Critical reception[edit]
The film was positively received by critics, with a 74% rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 147 reviews; the consensus states "The likable leads and subversion of racial stereotypes elevate Harold and Kumar above the typical stoner comedy."[2][3]
Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote "One secret of fiction is the creation of unique characters who are precisely defined. The secret of comedy is the same, with the difference being that the characters must be obsessed with unwholesome but understandable human desires."[4]
Sequels[edit]
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay is the 2008 sequel to White Castle. The movie revolves around Harold and Kumar trying to get to Amsterdam to find Maria, but when the two are mistaken for terrorists on the plane, they are sent to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.
Both Hurwitz and Schlossberg announced plans to write a third Harold and Kumar film, with Greg Shapiro returning as producer, and Kal Penn and John Cho returning in their title roles,[5][6] While Todd Strauss-Schulson directed the film. A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, was released on November 4, 2011 in 2D and 3D.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle".
Jump up ^ "A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas - WarnerBros.com - Movies". Haroldandkumar.com. 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Harold and Kumar:Go to White Castle". Roger Ebert.com. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Harold and Kumar 3 Announced - /Film". Slashfilm.com. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (2008-07-24). "'Harold & Kumar' set for third puff". Variety. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle on IMDb
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at AllMovie
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at Box Office Mojo
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at Rotten Tomatoes
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Harold & Kumar
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004)
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008)
A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas (2011)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Danny Leiner
Time Expired (1992)
Layin' Low (1996)
Dude, Where's My Car? (2000)
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004)
The Great New Wonderful (2005)
Balls Out: Gary the Tennis Coach (2008)
[show]
v
t
e
Films by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg
As director
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008)
American Reunion (2012)
As writer
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004)
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008)
A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas (2011)
American Reunion (2012)
Blockers (2018)
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