text:
Lundy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the island of Lundy, England. For other uses, see Lundy (disambiguation).
Lundy
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Area of Search
Devon, England
Grid reference
SS135460
Interest
Biological
Area
445 ha (1,100 acres) or
4.45 km2 (1.72 sq mi) [1][2]
Notification
1987
Map by Henry Mangles Denham (1832)
Lundy is the largest island in the Bristol Channel. It lies 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of Devon, England,[3] about a third of the distance across the channel from Devon to South Wales. Lundy gives its name to a British sea area and is one of the islands of England.[4] Lundy has been designated by Natural England as national character area 159, one of England's natural regions.[5]
Lundy is included in the district of Torridge with a resident population of 28 people in 2007; these include a warden, a ranger, an island manager, a farmer, bar and house-keeping staff and volunteers. Most live in and around the village at the south of the island. Most visitors are day-trippers, although there are 23 holiday properties and a camp site for over-night visitors, mostly also around the south of the island.
In a 2005 opinion poll of Radio Times readers, Lundy was named as Britain's tenth greatest natural wonder. The entire island has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest[6] and it was England's first statutory Marine Nature reserve, and the first Marine Conservation Zone,[7] because of its unique flora and fauna.[8] It is managed by the Landmark Trust on behalf of the National Trust.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Beacon Hill Cemetery
1.1.1 Inscribed stones
1.2 Knights Templar
1.3 Marisco family
1.4 Piracy
1.5 Civil war
1.6 18th and 19th centuries
1.7 20th and 21st centuries
1.7.1 Wreck of Battleship Montagu
1.7.2 Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber
2 Geography
2.1 Geology
2.2 Climate
3 Ecology
3.1 Flora
3.2 Fauna
3.2.1 Terrestrial invertebrates
3.2.2 Birds
3.2.3 Mammals
3.2.4 Marine habitat
4 Transport
4.1 To the island
4.2 On the island
4.3 Lighthouses
5 Electricity supply
6 Staying on the island
7 Administration
7.1 Stamps
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Lundy's jetty and harbour
The name Lundy is believed to come from the old Norse word for "puffin island" (compare Lundey), lundi being the Old Norse word for a puffin and ey, an island,[9] although an alternative explanation has been suggested with Lund referring to a copse, or wooded area.[10]
Lundy has evidence of visitation or occupation from the Neolithic period onward, with Mesolithic flintwork, Bronze Age burial mounds, four inscribed gravestones from the early medieval period,[11][12] and an early medieval monastery (possibly dedicated to St Elen or St Helen).
Beacon Hill Cemetery[edit]
Sketch of Beacon Hill Cemetery
Beacon Hill Cemetery was excavated by Charles Thomas in 1969.[13] The cemetery contains four inscribed stones, dated to the 5th or 6th century AD. The site was originally enclosed by a curvilinear bank and ditch, which is still visible in the south west corner. However, the other walls were moved when the Old Light was constructed in 1819. Celtic Christian enclosures of this type were common in Western Britain and are known as Llans in Welsh and Lanns in Cornish. There are surviving examples in Luxulyan, in Cornwall; Mathry, Meidrim and Clydau in Wales; and Stowford, Jacobstowe, Lydford and Instow, in Devon.
Thomas proposed a five-stage sequence of site usage:
(1) An area of round huts and fields. These huts may have fallen into disuse before the construction of the cemetery.
(2) The construction of the focal grave, an 11 by 8 ft (3.4 by 2.4 m) rectangular stone enclosure containing a single cist grave. The interior of the enclosure was filled with small granite pieces. Two more cist graves located to the west of the enclosure may also date from this time.
(3) Perhaps 100 years later, the focal grave was opened and the infill removed. The body may have been moved to a church at this time.
(4) & (5) Two further stages of cist grave construction around the focal grave.
23 cist graves were found during this excavation. Considering that the excavation only uncovered a small area of the cemetery, there may be as many as 100 graves.
Inscribed stones[edit]
Inscribed stones
Four Celtic inscribed stones have been found in Beacon Hill Cemetery:
1400 OPTIMI,[13] or TIMI;[14] the name Optimus is Latin and male. Discovered in 1962 by D. B. Hague.[15]
1401 RESTEVTAE,[13] or RESGEVT[A],[14] Latin, female i.e. Resteuta or Resgeuta. Discovered in 1962 by D. B. Hague.[15]
1402 POTIT[I],[13] or [PO]TIT,[14] Latin, male. Discovered in 1961 by K. S. Gardener and A. Langham.[15]
1403 --]IGERNI [FIL]I TIGERNI,[13] or—I]GERNI [FILI] [T]I[G]ERNI,[14] Brittonic, male i.e. Tigernus son of Tigernus. Discovered in 1905.[15]
Knights Templar[edit]
Lundy was granted to the Knights Templar by Henry II in 1160. The Templars were a major international maritime force at this time, with interests in North Devon, and almost certainly an important port at Bideford or on the River Taw in Barnstaple. This was probably because of the increasing threat posed by the Norse sea raiders; however, it is unclear whether they ever took possession of the island. Ownership was disputed by the Marisco family who may have already been on the island during King Stephen's reign. The Mariscos were fined, and the island was cut off from necessary supplies.[16] Evidence of the Templars' weak hold on the island came when King John, on his accession in 1199, confirmed the earlier grant.[17]
Marisco family[edit]
Marisco Castle
In 1235 William de Marisco was implicated in the murder of Henry Clement, a messenger of Henry III.[18] Three years later, an attempt was made to kill Henry III by a man who later confessed to being an agent of the Marisco family. William de Marisco fled to Lundy where he lived as a virtual king. He built a stronghold in the area now known as Bulls' Paradise with 9 feet (3 m) thick walls.[17]
In 1242, Henry III sent troops to the island. They scaled the island's cliff and captured William de Marisco and 16 of his "subjects". Henry III built the castle (sometimes referred to as the Marisco Castle) in an attempt to establish the rule of law on the island and its surrounding waters.[19] At some point in the 13th century the monks of the Cistercian order at Cleeve Abbey held the rectory of the island.[20]
Piracy[edit]
Over the next few centuries, the island was hard to govern. Trouble followed as both English and foreign pirates and privateers – including other members of the Marisco family – took control of the island for short periods. Ships were forced to navigate close to Lundy because of the dangerous shingle banks in the fast flowing River Severn and Bristol Channel, with its tidal range of 27 feet (8.2 m),[21][22] one of the greatest in the world.[23][24] This made the island a profitable location from which to prey on passing Bristol-bound merchant ships bringing back valuable goods from overseas.[25]
In 1627 Barbary Pirates from the Republic of Salé occupied Lundy for five years. The North African invaders, under the command of Dutch renegade Jan Janszoon, flew an Ottoman flag over the island. Some captured Europeans were held on Lundy before being sent to Algiers as slaves.[26][27][28][29] From 1628 to 1634 the island was plagued by pirate ships of French, Basque, English and Spanish origin. These incursions were eventually ended by Sir John Penington, but in the 1660s and as late as the 1700s the island still fell prey to French privateers.[30]
Civil war[edit]
In the English Civil War, Thomas Bushell held Lundy for King Charles I, rebuilding Marisco Castle and garrisoning the island at his own expense. He was a friend of Francis Bacon, a strong supporter of the Royalist cause and an expert on mining and coining. It was the last Royalist territory held between the first and second civil wars. After receiving permission from Charles I, Bushell surrendered the island on 24 February 1647 to Richard Fiennes, representing General Fairfax.[31] In 1656, the island was acquired by Lord Saye and Sele.[32]
Millcombe House
Interior of St. Helena's Church
18th and 19th centuries[edit]
The late 18th and early 19th centuries were years of lawlessness on Lundy, particularly during the ownership of Thomas Benson (1708-1772), a Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1747 and Sheriff of Devon, who notoriously used the island for housing convicts whom he was supposed to be deporting. Benson leased Lundy from its owner, John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower (1694–1754) (who was an heir of the Grenville family of Bideford and of Stowe, Kilkhampton in Cornwall), at a rent of £60 per annum and contracted with the Government to transport a shipload of convicts to Virginia, but diverted the ship to Lundy to use the convicts as his personal slaves. Later Benson was involved in an insurance swindle. He purchased and insured the ship Nightingale and loaded it with a valuable cargo of pewter and linen. Having cleared the port on the mainland, the ship put into Lundy, where the cargo was removed and stored in a cave built by the convicts, before setting sail again. Some days afterwards, when a homeward-bound vessel was sighted, the Nightingale was set on fire and scuttled. The crew were taken off the stricken ship by the other ship, which landed them safely at Clovelly.[33]
Sir Vere Hunt, 1st Baronet of Curragh, a rather eccentric Irish politician and landowner, and unsuccessful man of business, purchased the island from John Cleveland in 1802 for £5,270 (£431,800 today). Sir Vere Hunt planted in the island a small, self-contained Irish colony with its own constitution and divorce laws, coinage and stamps. The tenants came from Sir Vere Hunt's Irish estate and they experienced agricultural difficulties while on the island. This led Sir Vere Hunt to seek someone who would take the island off his hands, failing in his attempt to sell the island to the British Government as a base for troops. After the 1st Baronet's death his son, Sir Aubrey (Hunt) de Vere, 2nd Baronet, also had great difficulty in securing any profit from the property. In the 1820s John Benison agreed to purchase the island for £4,500 but then refused to complete sale as he felt that the 2nd Baronet could not make out a good title in respect of the sale terms, namely that the island was free from tithes and taxes.[34]
William Hudson Heaven purchased Lundy in 1834, as a summer retreat and for the shooting, at a cost of 9,400 guineas (£9,870, or £870,600 today). He claimed it to be a "free island", and successfully resisted the jurisdiction of the mainland magistrates. Lundy was in consequence sometimes referred to as "the kingdom of Heaven". It belongs in fact to the county of Devon, and has always been part of the hundred of Braunton.[32] Many of the buildings on the island today, including St. Helena's Church, designed by the architect John Norton, and Millcombe House (originally known simply as the Villa), date from the Heaven period. The Georgian-style villa was built in 1836.[35] However, the expense of building the road from the beach (no financial assistance being provided by Trinity House, despite their regular use of the road following the construction of the lighthouses), the villa and the general cost of running the island had a ruinous effect on the family's finances, which had been damaged by reduced profits from their sugar plantations in Jamaica.
In 1957 a message in a bottle from one of the seamen of the HMS Caledonia was washed ashore between Babbacombe and Peppercombe in Devon. The letter, dated 15 August 1843 read: "Dear Brother, Please e God i be with y against Michaelmas. Prepare y search Lundy for y Jenny ivories. Adiue William, Odessa". The bottle and letter are on display at the Portledge Hotel at Fairy Cross, in Devon, England. The Jenny was a three-masted schooner reputed to be carrying ivory and gold dust that was wrecked on Lundy (at a place thereafter called Jenny's Cove) on 20 February 1797. The ivory was apparently recovered some years later but the leather bags supposed to contain gold dust were never found.[36][37]
20th and 21st centuries[edit]
William Heaven was succeeded by his son the Reverend Hudson Grosset Heaven who, thanks to a legacy from Sarah Langworthy (née Heaven), was able to fulfill his life's ambition of building a stone church on the island. St Helen's was completed in 1896, and stands today as a lasting memorial to the Heaven period. It has been designated by English Heritage a Grade II listed building.[38] He is said to have been able to afford either a church or a new harbour. His choice of the church was not however in the best financial interests of the island. The unavailability of the money for re-establishing the family's financial soundness, coupled with disastrous investment and speculation in the early 20th century, caused severe financial hardship.[39]
One Puffin coin of 1929, bearing the portrait of Martin Coles Harman
Hudson Heaven died in 1916, and was succeeded by his nephew, Walter Charles Hudson Heaven.[40] With the outbreak of the First World War, matters deteriorated seriously, and in 1918 the family sold Lundy to Augustus Langham Christie. In 1924, the Christie family sold the island along with the mail contract and the MV Lerina to Martin Coles Harman, who proclaimed himself a king. Harman issued two coins of Half Puffin and One Puffin denominations in 1929, nominally equivalent to the British halfpenny and penny, resulting in his prosecution under the United Kingdom's Coinage Act of 1870. The House of Lords found him guilty in 1931, and he was fined £5 with fifteen guineas (£5 + £15.75) expenses. The coins were withdrawn and became collectors' items. In 1965 a "fantasy" restrike four-coin set, a few in gold, was issued to commemorate 40 years since Harman purchased the island.[41] Harman's son, John Pennington Harman was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross during the Battle of Kohima, India in 1944. There is a memorial to him at the VC Quarry on Lundy. Martin Coles Harman died in 1954.
Residents did not pay taxes to the United Kingdom and had to pass through customs when they travelled to and from Lundy Island.[42] Although the island was ruled as a virtual fiefdom, its owner never claimed to be independent of the United Kingdom, in contrast to later territorial "micronations".
Following the death of Harman's son Albion in 1968,[43] Lundy was put up for sale in 1969. Jack Hayward, a British millionaire, purchased the island for £150,000 (£2,266,000 today) and gave it to the National Trust,[41] who leased it to the Landmark Trust. The Landmark Trust has managed the island since then, deriving its income from arranging day trips, letting out holiday cottages and from donations. In May 2015 a sculpture by Antony Gormley was erected on Lundy. It is one of five life-sized sculptures, Land, placed near the centre and at four compass points of the UK in a commission by the Landmark Trust, to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The others are at Lowsonford (Warwickshire), Saddell Bay (Scotland), the Martello Tower (Aldeburgh, Suffolk), and Clavell Tower (Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset).[44][45]
The island is visited by over 20,000 day-trippers a year, but during September 2007 had to be closed for several weeks owing to an outbreak of Norovirus.[46]
Wreck of Battleship Montagu[edit]
Battleship HMS Montagu aground on Lundy in 1906
A naval footnote in the history of Lundy was the wreck of the Royal Navy battleship HMS Montagu. Steaming in heavy fog, she ran hard aground near Shutter Rock on the island's southwest corner at about 2:00 a.m. on 30 May 1906.[47] Thinking they were aground at Hartland Point on the English mainland, a landing party went ashore for help, only finding out where they were after encountering the lighthouse keeper at the island's north light.
HMS Montagu during the failed salvage attempts of the summer of 1906
Strenuous efforts by the Royal Navy to salvage the badly damaged battleship during the summer of 1906 failed, and in 1907 it was decided to give up and sell her for scrap. Montagu was scrapped at the scene over the next fifteen years. Diving clubs still visit the site, where armour plate and live 12-inch (305-millimetre) shells remain on the seabed.
Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber[edit]
Remains of one of the Heinkels just south of Halfway Wall
During the Second World War two German Heinkel He 111 bombers crash landed on the island in 1941. The first was on 3 March, when all the crew survived and were taken prisoner.
The second was on 1 April when the pilot was killed and the other crew members were taken prisoner.[48] This plane had bombed a British ship and one engine was damaged by anti aircraft fire, forcing it to crash land. A few remains can be found on the crash site. Reportedly to avoid reprisals the crew concocted a story that they were on a reconnaissance mission.[49]
Geography[edit]
Lundy Granite
The island of Lundy is 3 miles (5 km) long from north to south by a little over 0.6 miles (1 km) wide, with an area of 1,100 acres (450 ha).[1][2] The highest point on Lundy is Beacon Hill, 469 feet (143 m) above sea level.[50] A few yards off the northeastern coast is Seal's Rock which is so called after the seals which rest on and inhabit the islet.[51][52] It is less than 55 yards (50 m) wide.[52] Near the jetty is a small pocket beach.
Geology[edit]
The island is primarily composed of granite of 59.8 ± 0.4 – 58.4 ± 0.4 million years[53] (from the Palaeocene epoch), with slate at the southern end; the plateau soil is mainly loam, with some peat.[6][54] Among the igneous dykes cutting the granite are a small number composed of a unique orthophyre. This was given the name Lundyite in 1914, although the term – never precisely defined – has since fallen into disuse.[55][56]
Climate[edit]
Lundy island lies on the borderline where the North Atlantic Ocean and the Bristol Channel meet, so it has quite a mild climate. Lundy has cool, wet winters and mild, wet summers. It is often windy. Fog is a continual experience.[57] The record high temperature is 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) on 2 August 1990,[58] and the record low temperature is -4.5 °C (23.9 °F) recorded just six months later on 7 February 1991. [59] Lundy Island is in the USDA 9a plant hardiness zone.[60]
[hide]Climate data for Lundy Island (1973-1994)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
12.0
(53.6) 12.9
(55.2) 15.4
(59.7) 18.0
(64.4) 21.7
(71.1) 25.0
(77) 27.0
(80.6) 28.8
(83.8) 21.0
(69.8) 19.4
(66.9) 18.0
(64.4) 14.6
(58.3) 28.8
(83.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
10.2
(50.4) 10.2
(50.4) 11.3
(52.3) 14.3
(57.7) 17.4
(63.3) 20.2
(68.4) 21.2
(70.2) 21.5
(70.7) 19.1
(66.4) 16.6
(61.9) 14.5
(58.1) 11.6
(52.9) 23.0
(73.4)
Average high °C (°F)
8.3
(46.9) 7.4
(45.3) 8.6
(47.5) 10.1
(50.2) 12.8
(55) 15.3
(59.5) 17.3
(63.1) 17.5
(63.5) 15.9
(60.6) 13.5
(56.3) 11.1
(52) 9.1
(48.4) 12.24
(54.03)
Daily mean °C (°F)
7.2
(45) 6.3
(43.3) 7.4
(45.3) 8.6
(47.5) 11.0
(51.8) 13.0
(55.4) 15.7
(60.3) 16.0
(60.8) 14.6
(58.3) 12.4
(54.3) 9.6
(49.3) 8.1
(46.6) 10.83
(51.49)
Average low °C (°F)
6.0
(42.8) 5.2
(41.4) 6.3
(43.3) 7.1
(44.8) 9.1
(48.4) 12.7
(54.9) 14.3
(57.7) 14.7
(58.5) 13.4
(56.1) 11.3
(52.3) 8.9
(48) 7.0
(44.6) 9.67
(49.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
1.7
(35.1) 1.1
(34) 2.5
(36.5) 3.5
(38.3) 6.8
(44.2) 9.6
(49.3) 12.0
(53.6) 12.3
(54.1) 10.6
(51.1) 8.3
(46.9) 5.2
(41.4) 3.2
(37.8) −0.4
(31.3)
Record low °C (°F)
−4.2
(24.4) −4.5
(23.9) −0.8
(30.6) −0.9
(30.4) 3.0
(37.4) 8.0
(46.4) 10.4
(50.7) 8.0
(46.4) 8.0
(46.4) 6.8
(44.2) 2.2
(36) 1.0
(33.8) −4.5
(23.9)
Average rainy days
19.2 14.5 17.4 13.0 13.0 12.7 13.2 13.1 16.5 18.5 18.8 19.5 189.4
Average snowy days
0.8 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.9
Average relative humidity (%)
84.4 85.6 86.1 85.6 83.4 84.9 84.9 80.2 82.5 81.7 82.0 80.3 83.47
Source: En.tutiempo[61]
Ecology[edit]
Flora[edit]
Lundy cabbage (growing at Bristol Zoo)
There is one endemic plant species, the Lundy cabbage (Coincya wrightii), a species of primitive brassica.[62]
By the 1980s the eastern side of the island had become overgrown by rhododendrons (Rhododendron ponticum) which had spread from a few specimens planted in the garden of Millcombe House in Victorian times, but eradication of this non-native plant has been undertaken by volunteers over the past fifteen years in an operation known on the island as "rhody-bashing". The vegetation on the plateau is mainly dry heath, with an area of waved Calluna heath towards the northern end of the island, which is also rich in lichens, such as Teloschistes flavicans and several species of Cladonia and Parmelia.
Other areas are either a dry heath/acidic grassland mosaic, characterised by heaths and western gorse (Ulex gallii), or semi-improved acidic grassland in which Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) is abundant. Tussocky (Thrift) (Holcus/Armeria) communities occur mainly on the western side, and some patches of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) on the eastern side.[6]
Fauna[edit]
Terrestrial invertebrates[edit]
Two invertebrate taxa are endemic to Lundy, with both feeding on the endemic Lundy cabbage (Coincya wrightii). These are the Lundy cabbage flea beetle (Psylliodes luridipennis), a species of leaf beetle (family Chrysomelidae) and the Lundy cabbage weevil (Ceutorhynchus contractus var. pallipes), a variety of true weevil (family Curculionidae).[63][64] In addition, the Lundy cabbage is the main host of a flightless form of Psylliodes napi (another species of flea beetle) and a wide variety of other invertebrate species which are not endemic to the island.[64] Another resident invertebrate of note is Atypus affinis, the only British species of purseweb spider.[63][65]
Birds[edit]
The number of puffins (Fratercula arctica), which may have given the island its name, declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with the 2005 breeding population estimated to be only two or three pairs, as a consequence of depredations by brown and black rats (Rattus rattus) (which have now been eliminated) and possibly also as a result of commercial fishing for sand eels, the puffins' principal prey. Since 2005, the breeding numbers have been slowly increasing. Adults were seen taking fish into four burrows in 2007,[66] and six burrows in 2008.
A group of six puffins on Lundy, June 2008
As an isolated island on major migration routes, Lundy has a rich bird life and is a popular site for birdwatching. Large numbers of black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) nest on the cliffs, as do razorbill (Alca torda), guillemot (Uria aalge), herring gull (Larus argentatus), lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), skylark (Alauda arvensis), meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), common blackbird (Turdus merula), robin (Erithacus rubecula) and linnet (Carduelis cannabina). There are also smaller populations of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and raven (Corvus corax).
Lundy has attracted many vagrant birds, in particular species from North America. The island's bird list totals 317 species.[67] This has included the following species, each of which represents the sole British record: Ancient murrelet, eastern phoebe and eastern towhee. Records of bimaculated lark, American robin and common yellowthroat were also firsts for Britain (American robin has also occurred two further times on Lundy).[67] Veerys in 1987 and 1997 were Britain's second and fourth records, a Rüppell's warbler in 1979 was Britain's second, an eastern Bonelli's warbler in 2004 was Britain's fourth, and a black-faced bunting in 2001 Britain's third.[67]
Other British Birds rarities that have been sighted (single records unless otherwise indicated) are: Little bittern, glossy ibis, gyrfalcon (3 records), little and Baillon's crakes, collared pratincole, semipalmated (5 records), least (2 records), white-rumped and Baird's (2 records) sandpipers, Wilson's phalarope, laughing gull, bridled tern, Pallas's sandgrouse, great spotted, black-billed and yellow-billed (3 records) cuckoos, European roller, olive-backed pipit, citrine wagtail, Alpine accentor, thrush nightingale, red-flanked bluetail, black-eared (2 records) and desert wheatears, White's, Swainson's (3 records), and grey-cheeked (2 records) thrushes, Sardinian (2 records), Arctic (3 records), Radde's and western Bonelli's warblers, Isabelline and lesser grey shrikes, red-eyed vireo (7 records), two-barred crossbill, yellow-rumped and blackpoll warblers, yellow-breasted (2 records) and black-headed (3 records) buntings, rose-breasted grosbeak (2 records), bobolink and Baltimore oriole (2 records).[67]
Mammals[edit]
Sika Deer
Lundy is home to an unusual range of mammals, almost all introduced, including a distinct breed of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (Rattus rattus) could be found regularly.[68] In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary.[69][70] It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds.[71]
Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), Sika deer (Cervus nippon), pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) and feral goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). Unusually, 20% of the rabbits (Leporidae) on the island are melanistic compared with 4% which is typical in the UK. In mid-2006 the rabbit population was devastated by myxomatosis, leaving only 60 pairs from the previous 15–20,000 individuals.
Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island have been shown to vary their behaviours according to nutritional requirements, the distribution of food and the risk of predation.[72]
Marine habitat[edit]
In 1971 a proposal was made by the Lundy Field Society to establish a marine reserve, and the survey was led by Dr Keith Hiscock, supported by a team of students from Bangor University. Provision for the establishment of statutory Marine Nature Reserves was included in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and on 21 November 1986 the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the designation of a statutory reserve at Lundy.[73]
There is an outstanding variety of marine habitats and wildlife, and a large number of rare and unusual species in the waters around Lundy, including some species of seaweed, branching sponges, sea fans and cup corals.[73]
In 2003 the first statutory No Take Zone (NTZ) for marine nature conservation in the UK was set up in the waters to the east of Lundy island.[74] In 2008 this was declared as having been successful in several ways including the increasing size and number of lobsters within the reserve, and potential benefits for other marine wildlife.[75] However, the no take zone has received a mixed reaction from local fishermen.[76]
On 12 January 2010 the island became Britain's first Marine Conservation Zone designated under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, designed to help to preserve important habitats and species.[8][77][78]
Transport[edit]
The Lundy ferry Oldenburg sails into Ilfracombe Harbour, North Devon, past inflatable ThunderCat powerboats waiting to begin an offshore race.
To the island[edit]
There are two ways to get to Lundy, depending on the time of year. In the summer months (April to October) visitors are carried on the Landmark Trust's own vessel, MS Oldenburg, which sails from both Bideford and Ilfracombe. Sailings are usually three days a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, with additional sailings on Wednesdays during July and August. The voyage takes on average two hours, depending on ports, tides and weather. The Oldenburg was first registered in Bremen, Germany in 1958 and has been sailing to Lundy since her engine was replaced in 1985.[79]
In the winter months (November to March), the Oldenburg is out of service, and the island is served by a scheduled helicopter service from Hartland Point. The helicopter operates on Mondays and Fridays, with flights between 12 noon and 2 pm. The heliport is a field at the top of Hartland Point, not far from the Beacon.
A grass runway of 435 by 30 yards (398 by 27 m) is available, allowing access to small STOL aircraft skilfully piloted.[80]
Properly equipped and experienced canoeists can kayak to the island from Hartland Point or Lee Bay. This takes 4 to 6 hours depending on wind and tides.
Entrance to Lundy is free for anyone arriving by scheduled transport. Visitors arriving by non-scheduled transport are charged an entrance fee, currently (May 2016) £6.00, and there is an additional charge payable by those using light aircraft. Anyone arriving on Lundy by non-scheduled transport is also charged an additional fee for transporting luggage to the top of the island.
On the island[edit]
In 2007, Derek Green, Lundy's general manager, launched an appeal to raise £250,000 to save the mile-long Beach Road, which had been damaged by heavy rain and high seas. The road was built in the first half of the 19th century to provide people and goods with safe access to the top of the island, 120 metres (394 ft) above the only jetty.[81] The fund-raising was completed on 10 March 2009.[82]
Lighthouses[edit]
The Old Light
Lundy North Lighthouse
Lundy North Lighthouse
Devon
Location
Lundy Island
Bristol Channel
England
Coordinates
51°12′06″N 4°40′38″W / 51.201719°N 4.677257°W / 51.201719; -4.677257
Year first constructed
1897
Automated
1985
Construction
brick tower
Tower shape
cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1-storey keeper’s house
Markings / pattern
white tower and lantern
Height
17 m (56 ft)
Focal height
48 m (157 ft)
Current lens
Orga Rml 302 SA rotating beacon with 6 position lampchanger
Intensity
16,154 candela
Range
17 nmi (31 km)
Characteristic
Fl W 15s.
Admiralty number
A5616
NGA number
6244
ARLHS number
ENG 074
Managing agent
Trinity House[83]
[84]
Heritage
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Lundy South Lighthouse
Lundy South Lighthouse
Location
Lundy Island
Bristol Channel
England
Coordinates
51°09′43″N 4°39′21″W / 51.162043°N 4.655758°W / 51.162043; -4.655758
Year first constructed
1897
Automated
1985
Construction
brick tower
Tower shape
cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1-storey keeper’s house
Markings / pattern
white tower and lantern
Height
16 m (52 ft)
Focal height
53 m (174 ft)
Current lens
Orga Rml 302 SA rotating beacon with 6 position lampchanger
Intensity
13,000 Candela (South)
Range
15 nmi (28 km)
Characteristic
Fl W 5s.
Admiralty number
A5618
NGA number
6248
ARLHS number
ENG-075
Managing agent
Trinity House[85]
[86]
Heritage
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Foundations for a lighthouse on Lundy were laid in 1787, but the first lighthouse (now known as the Old Light) was not built until Trinity House obtained a 999-year lease in 1819. The 97-foot (30 m) granite tower, on the summit of Chapel Hill, was designed by Daniel Asher Alexander, and built by Joseph Nelson at a cost of £36,000.[87] Because the site, Beacon Hill, is 469 feet (143 m) above sea level,[50] the highest base for a lighthouse in Britain, the light was often obscured by fog. To counter this problem, the Fog Signal Battery[88] was built about 1861.
The lighthouse had two lights; the lower a fixed white light and the upper a quick flashing white light, showing every 60 seconds. However, this quick revolution gave the impression it was a fixed light with no flashes detectable. This may have contributed to the grounding, at Cefn Sidan, of the La Jeune Emma, bound from Martinique to Cherbourg in 1828. 13 of the 19 on board drowned, including Adeline Coquelin, the 12-year-old niece of Napoleon Bonaparte's divorced wife Joséphine de Beauharnais.[89]
Owing to the ongoing complaints about the difficulty of sighting the light in fog, the lighthouse was abandoned in 1897 when the North[90] and South[91] Lundy lighthouses were built. The Old Light and the associated keepers' houses are kept open by the Landmark Trust.[92]
The current North Lundy and South Lundy lighthouses were built in 1897 at the extremities of the island to replace the old lighthouse. Both lighthouses are painted white and are run and maintained by Trinity House.[93]
The North lighthouse is 56 feet (17 m) tall, slightly taller than the south one, and has a focal plane of 157 ft (48 m). It produces a quick white flash every 15 seconds,[92] and was originally lit by a 75 mm (3 in) petroleum vapour burner. Oil was lifted up from a small quay using a sled and winch, and then transported using a small railway (again winch-powered). The remains of this can be still seen, but it was abandoned in 1971 and the lighthouse now uses a discharge bulb fed from the island's main supply.[93] The northern light was modernised in 1991 and converted to solar power, since when the light has been mounted on top of the old fog horn building rather than in the tower.[93]
The South lighthouse has a focal length of 174 feet (53 m) and a quick white flash every 5 seconds.[92] It can be seen as a small white dot from Hartland Point, 11 miles to the south east. It was automated and converted to solar power in 1994.[89] The old fresnel lens has been in use since 2001 in Dungeness Lighthouse.[93]
Electricity supply[edit]
There is a small power station comprising three Cummins B and C series diesel engines, offering an approx 150 kVa 3 phase supply to most of the island buildings. Waste heat from the engine jackets is used for a district heating pipe. There are also plans to collect the waste heat from the engine exhaust heat gases to feed into the district heat network to improve the efficiency further.[94] The Power is normally switched off between 0000 and 0630.[95]
Staying on the island[edit]
Lundy has 23 holiday properties, sleeping between one and 14 people. These include a lighthouse, a castle and a Victorian mansion. Many of the buildings are constructed from the island's granite.
The island also has a campsite, at the south of the island in the field next to the shop. It has hot and cold running water, with showers and toilets, in an adjacent building.
The island is popular with rock climbers, having the UK's longest continuous slab climb, "The Devil's Slide".[96]
Administration[edit]
The island is an unparished area of Torridge district of the English county of Devon.[97] It forms part of the ward of Clovelly Bay.[98][99] It is part of the constituency electing the Member of Parliament for Torridge and West Devon and the South West England constituency for the European Parliament.[99]
Stamps[edit]
Owing to a decline in population and lack of interest in the mail contract, the GPO ended its presence on Lundy at the end of 1927.[100] For the next two years Harman handled the mail to and from the island without charge.
On 1 November 1929, he decided to offset the expense by issuing two postage stamps (½ puffin in pink and 1 puffin in blue). One puffin is equivalent to one English penny. The printing of Puffin stamps continues to this day and they are available at face value from the Lundy Post Office. One used to have to stick Lundy stamps on the back of the envelope; but Royal Mail now allows their use on the front of the envelope, but placed on the left side, with the right side reserved for the Royal Mail postage stamp or stamps. Lundy stamps are cancelled by a circular Lundy handstamp. The face value of the Lundy Island stamps covers the cost of postage of letters and postcards from the island to the Bideford Post Office on the mainland for onward delivery to their final destination anywhere in the world. The Lundy Post Office gets a bulk rate discount for mailing letters and postcards from Bideford.
Lundy stamps are a type of postage stamp known to philatelists as "local carriage labels" or "local stamps". Issues of increasing value were made over the years, including air mail, featuring a variety of people. Many are now highly sought-after by collectors.[101] The market value of the early issues has risen substantially over the years. For the many thousands of annual visitors Lundy stamps have become part of the collection of the many British Local Posts collectors. The first catalogues of these stamps included Gerald Rosen's 1970 Catalogue of British Local Stamps. Later specialist catalogues include Stamps of Lundy Island by Stanley Newman, first published in 1984, Phillips Modern British Locals CD Catalogue, published since 2003, and Labbe's Specialised Guide to Lundy Island Stamps, published since 2005 and now in its 11th Edition. Labbe's Guide is considered the gold standard of Lundy catalogues owing to its extensive approach to varieties, errors, specialised items and "fantasy" issues.[102]
There is a comprehensive collection of these stamps in the Chinchen Collection, donated by Barry Chinchen[103] to the British Library Philatelic Collections in 1977 and now held by the British Library. This is also the home of the Landmark Trust Lundy Island Philatelic Archive which includes artwork, texts and essays as well as postmarking devices and issued stamps.[104]
In popular culture[edit]
A ship named Lundy Island, 3,095 tons, was captured and sunk on 10 January 1917 by the Seeadler, a windjammer under the German navy, but flying the Norwegian flag.
Lundy island is prominently featured in John Bellairs' juvenile gothic mystery, The Secret of the Underground Room. The plot highlights several geographical and historical points of interest, including the (De) Marisco family. The book was first published in 1990.[105]
Lundy features in the 1919 novel Last of the Grenvilles by Frederick Harcourt Kitchin (under his pseudonym, Bennett Copplestone)
See also[edit]
Barbara Whitaker, former warden.
Coins of Lundy
Puffin Island
List of people on stamps of Lundy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Lundy". Devonbirds. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Devon.gov.uk Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Marine conservation zone 2013 designation: Lundy". gov.UK. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Collyer, Peter (1998) Rain Later, Good: illustrating the Shipping Forecast. Bradford on Avon: Thomas Reed ISBN 0-901281-33-6
Jump up ^ NCA 159:Lundy - Key Facts and Data at www.naturalengland.org. Accessed on 8 September 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lundy SSSI citation sheet" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Lundy Marine Conservation Zone". Natural England. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lundy Marine Conservation Zone". Lundy Marine Conservation Zone. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Puffin Island". BBC Radio 4 - The Living World. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Meaning of lundey". Pete Robson's Lundy Island Site. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ See the discussion and bibliography in Elisabeth Okasha, Corpus of early Christian inscribed stones of South-west Britain (Leicester: University Press, 1993), pp. 154–66
Jump up ^ Lundy Field Society 40th Annual Report for 1989. pp. 34–47.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Charles Thomas, And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? (1994) Cardiff: University of Wales Press
^ Jump up to: a b c d Elisabeth Okasha, (1993) Corpus of Early Christian Inscribed Stones of South-west Britain. Leicester: University Press
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Celtic Inscribed Stones Project history". Retrieved 6 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lundy Island Pirates — William de Marisco". FairyJo. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lundy history". Pete Robsons Lundy site. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Maitland, F.W. (April 1895). "The Murder of Henry Clement". The English Historical Review. 10 (38): 294–297. doi:10.1093/ehr/X.XXXVIII.294. JSTOR 547790.
Jump up ^ "Marisco Castle, Keep and Bailey". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Stuart A. (2000). Cleeve Abbey. English Heritage. p. 26. ISBN 1-85074-760-1.
Jump up ^ Admiralty (1891). Sailing Directions for the West Coast of England from the Scilly Islands to the Mull of Galloway, including the Isle of Man. London: Hydrographic Department. p. 54.
Jump up ^ "Tides and Currents". Lundy Marine Protection Zone. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Severn Estuary Barrage". UK Environment Agency. 31 May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Coast: Bristol Channel". BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Pirate Island". Rodney Broome. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Giles Milton. White Gold: The Forgotten Story of North Africa's One Million European Slaves. ISBN 0340895098.
Jump up ^ de Bruxelles, Simon (28 February 2007). "Pirates who got away with it". The Times. London. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Konstam, Angus (2008). Piracy: the complete history. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-84603-240-0. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 561. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Chanter, John Roberts (1877). Lundy island: a monograph, descriptive and historical. Cassell, Petter, and Galpin. pp. 78–89. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Boundy, Wyndham Sydney (1961). Bushell and Harman of Lundy. Bideford: Gazette Printing Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lundy Community Page". Devon County Libraries. Archived from the original on 8 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Lundy, the Mariscos and Benson". Retrieved 6 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Limerick City Archives, P22, De Vere Papers". Retrieved 25 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Millcombe House". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Page, John Lloyd Warden, The coasts of Devon and Lundy Island: their towns, villages, scenery, antiquities and legends. London: Horace Cox, 1895, p. 227.
Jump up ^ Langham, A. F. (1994) The island of Lundy. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, p. 142. ISBN 978-0-7509-0661-6
Jump up ^ "Church of St Helena". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Heaven, Will (5 November 2011). "Lundy: My family and the Kingdom of Heaven". Telegraph. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lundy Island". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 24 January 2005. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Bruce, Colin R. (1988). Unusual World Coins. 2nd. Edition. KP Books. ISBN 0-87341-116-1.
Jump up ^ Fogle, Ben (2007). Offshore: In Search of an Island of My Own. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141930435.
Jump up ^ "Island owner dies after air lift" (source unknown). 24 June 1968
Jump up ^ "Land – An art installation for all to mark Landmark's 50th year". Landmark Trust. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sir Antony Gormley sculptures placed at five UK beauty spots". BBC. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Jump up ^ de Bruxelles, Simon (21 September 2007). "Island closes down after stomach bug". Times Online. London. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Burt, R. A. (1988). British Battleships 1889-1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0-87021-061-0.
Jump up ^ Gade, Mary; Michael, Harman, (1995). Lundy's War. Appledore: Mary Gade. ISBN 978-0-9525602-0-3.
Jump up ^ "Heinkel He-111 3911 - Lundy". AIRCRAFT WRECKS in the UK & Ireland. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Geography Place and People: On the Map". Channel 4. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "LUNDY ISLAND" in A Handbook for Travellers in Devonshire (9th ed.), London, J. Murray, (1879).
^ Jump up to: a b "Diving". Lundy Field Society. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Charles, J.H.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Andersen, J. C. Ø.; Shail, R.K.; Searle, M.P. (2017). "Age and petrogenesis of the Lundy granite: Paleocene intraplate peraluminous magmatism in the Bristol Channel, UK". Journal of the Geological Society.
Jump up ^ "Lundy island, virtual tour — geology". Natural England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Charles, J.-H.; Whitehouse, M. J.; Andersen, J. C. Ø.; Shail, R. K.; Searle, M. P. (2017). "Age and petrogenesis of the Lundy granite: Paleocene intraplate peraluminous magmatism in the Bristol Channel, UK". Journal of the Geological Society. 175: 44–59. doi:10.1144/jgs2017-023.
Jump up ^ Hall, T. C. F. (1915). "Summer Programme of the Geological Survey". 53 (56).
Jump up ^ https://www.traveltill.com/destination/United-Kingdom/Lundy-Island/climate.php
Jump up ^ https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/08-1990/ws-37020.html
Jump up ^ https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/02-1991/ws-37020.html
Jump up ^ http://www.trebrown.com/hrdzone.html
Jump up ^ "Lundy Climate Period: 1973-1994". En.tutiempo. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Lundy Cabbage". Lundy Field Society. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lundy island, virtual tour — wildlife". Natural England. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Compton, S. G.; Key, R. S. (2000). "Coincya wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Stace (Rhynchosinapis wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham)". Journal of Ecology. 88 (3): 535. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00477.x.
Jump up ^ "Lundy: A Wildlife Haven". BBC. 15 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Nicola (2007 in press): Lundy Warden's Report for 2007 Annual Report of the Lundy Field Society 58
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis, Tim & Tim Jones (2007), The Birds of Lundy ISBN 0-9540088-7-1
Jump up ^ "British Isles Exotic and Introduced Mammals". World of European Exotic and Introduced Species. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Black Rat". People's trust for endangered species. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Black Rat". Twycross Zoo. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rattus rattus". Biological Records Centre. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, L; Rossiter, R.; Blower, E.; Leaver, L.; Goto, K. (September 2005). "Grazing and vigilance by Soay sheep on Lundy island: Influence of group size, terrain and the distribution of vegetation". Behavioural Processes. 70 (2): 186–193. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.04.009. PMID 15963661. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lundy Island Marine Nature Reserve". Lundy Field Society. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Protection for Lundy Island's sea life boosted: The First No Take Zone in UK confirmed by Government". Press Release. Natural England. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Natural England says it's time to sink or swim to save our seas". Press Release. Natural England. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fishing ban brings seas to life". BBC News. BBC. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lundy sea is England's first Maritime Conservation Zone". BBC. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lundy Island becomes England's first marine conservation zone". London: The Guardian. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "MS Oldenburg at captainsvoyage". Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
Jump up ^ UK VFR flight guide, 2003 edition, ISBN 1-874783-62-4
Jump up ^ Morris, Steven (5 September 2007). "£250,000 plea to save remote island's lifeline". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Lundy road appeal completed". The Landmark Trust. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Lundy Island North The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 2nd, 2016
Jump up ^ Lundy Island North Lighthouse Trinity House. Retrieved May 2nd, 2016
Jump up ^ Lundy Island South The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 2nd, 2016
Jump up ^ Lundy South Lighthouse Trinity House. Retrieved May 2nd, 2016
Jump up ^ "Disused lighthouse and keeper's house". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fog Signal Battery". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "The history of Devon's lighthouses". Local history. BBC Devon. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lundy North Lighthouse incl Engine House and Accom block". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Lundy South Lighthouse incl. Engine House and Accom block". Images of England. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rowlett, Russ. "Lundy Island (Old Light)". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lundy North & South Lighthouses". Trinity House. Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Green, Derek. "Lundy General Managers Report for 2005" (PDF). Lundy. p. 14. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lundy Island Before You Depart Guide 2016" (PDF). Landmark Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/c.php?i=31090
Jump up ^ "North Devon District Council & Torridge District Council Core Strategy DPDs: Evidence Base" (PDF). Community Appraisals and Parish Plans in Torridge. North Devon Council. pp. 15–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "The District of Torridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999" (PDF). UK Statutory Instruments. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Ordnance Survey Election Maps
Jump up ^ "Lundy Puffin Postage Stamps". Stamp Collecting Blog. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014. With images of "puffin" stamps.
Jump up ^ "Lundy Island Cinderella". King George V Silver Jubilee. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Lundy Changeling?". Lost Post Collectors Society. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Chinchen, Barry N D (1969). "A catalogue of Lundy stamps". Eastleigh, Hants.: duplicated by Barry N. D. Chinchen. OCLC 558737398. , British Library X.512/621
Jump up ^ Philatelic Research at the British Library Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. by David Beech
Jump up ^ "Bellairsia : Celebrating John Bellairs". bellairsia.com.
Further reading[edit]
Sack, John (2000). Report from Practically Nowhere. ISBN 0-595-08918-6.
Davis, Tim & Jones, Tim (2007) The Birds of Lundy; illustrated by Mike Langman. Berrynarbor: Devon Bird Watching & Preservation Society and Lundy Field Society, ISBN 0-9540088-7-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lundy.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lundy.
"Lundy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). 1911.
Official website
Lundy Field Society
Lundy Birds
Pete Robsons Lundy Island Site
LundyCam
Lundy Marine Reserve at Protect Planet Ocean
More pictures of Lundy Island
A trip to Devon's 'Puffin Island', Fast Track video feature story about Lundy, 4:15 (2011-09-23)
Lundy Isle (1956) from British Pathé at YouTube
Coordinates: 51°10′N 4°40′W / 51.167°N 4.667°W / 51.167; -4.667
[show]
v
t
e
Piracy
Periods
Ancient Mediterranean
Golden Age
Republic of Pirates
Libertatia
21st century
Types of pirate
Privateers
Buccaneers
Corsairs
Sindhi corsairs
Timber pirate
River pirate
Brethren of the Coast
Barbary pirates
Moro pirates
Wōkòu
Vikings
Ushkuiniks
Narentines
Cilician pirates
Confederate privateer
Baltic Slavic pirates
Uskoks
Cossack pirates
Sea Beggars
Sea Dogs
Fillibusters
Areas
Caribbean
Lake Nicaragua
British Virgin Islands
Strait of Malacca
Somali Coast
Sulu Sea
Falcon Lake
South China Coast
Anglo-Turkish piracy
Port Royal
Tortuga
Saint-Malo
Barbary Coast
Lundy
Lagos
Salé
Spanish Main
Gulf of Guinea
Indonesia
Barataria Bay
Persian Gulf
Noted pirates
Mansel Alcantra
Chui A-poo
Louis-Michel Aury
Joseph Baker
Hayreddin Barbarossa
Joseph Barss
Samuel Bellamy
Charlotte de Berry
Black Caesar
Blackbeard
Eli Boggs
Stede Bonnet
Anne Bonny
Hippolyte Bouchard
Abshir Boyah
Roche Braziliano
Henri Caesar
Roberto Cofresí
William Dampier
Liang Daoming
Diabolito
Peter Easton
Henry Every
Alexandre Exquemelin
Vincenzo Gambi
Charles Gibbs
Pedro Gilbert
Nathaniel Gordon
Laurens de Graaf
Michel de Grammont
Calico Jack
Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah
Zheng Jing
Jørgen Jørgensen
Shirahama Kenki
William Kidd
Fūma Kotarō
Jean Lafitte
Limahong
Samuel Hall Lord
John Hawkins
Bully Hayes
Piet Pieterszoon Hein
Moses Cohen Henriques
Albert W. Hicks
Nicholas van Hoorn
Benjamin Hornigold
Pierre Lafitte
Olivier Levasseur
Edward Low
Hendrick Lucifer
John Newland Maffitt
Samuel Mason
Henry Morgan
Shap Ng-tsai
Gan Ning
François l'Olonnais
Samuel Pallache
Lawrence Prince
Cai Qian
Redbeard
Bartholomew Roberts
Lai Choi San
Dan Seavey
Ching Shih
Benito de Soto
Klaus Störtebeker
Henry Strangways
Cheung Po Tsai
Dominique You
Wang Zhi
Zheng Zhilong
Categories
Piracy
Pirates
By nationality
Barbary pirates
Female pirates
Years in piracy
Fictional pirates
Pirate ships
Adventure Galley
Fancy
Ganj-i-Sawai
Queen Anne's Revenge
Quedagh Merchant
Saladin
Whydah Gally
Marquis of Havana
Ambrose Light
York
Pirate hunters
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Angelo Emo
Richard Avery Hornsby
Jose Campuzano-Polanco
Robert Maynard
Chaloner Ogle
Pompey
Woodes Rogers
David Porter
James Brooke
Miguel Enríquez (privateer)
Pirate battles and incidents
Jiajing wokou raids
Turkish Abductions
Chepo Expedition
Battle of Mandab Strait
Battle of Pianosa
Blockade of Charleston
Battle of Cape Fear River
Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
Capture of the William
Sack of Campeche
Attack on Veracruz
Raid on Cartagena
Battle of Cape Lopez
Capture of the Fancy
Persian Gulf Campaign
Battle of New Orleans
Anti-Piracy in the Aegean
Anti-piracy in the West Indies
Capture of the Bravo
Action of 9 November 1822
Capture of the El Mosquito
Battle of Doro Passage
Falklands Expedition
Great Lakes Patrol
Pirate attacks in Borneo
Balanguingui Expedition
Battle of Tysami
Battle of Tonkin River
Battle of Nam Quan
Battle of Ty-ho Bay
Battle of the Leotung
Antelope incident
North Star affair
Battle off Mukah
Salvador Pirates
Battle of Boca Teacapan
Capture of the Ambrose Light
Irene incident
1985 Lahad Datu ambush
Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
Action of 18 March 2006
Action of 3 June 2007
Action of 28 October 2007
Dai Hong Dan incident
Operation Atalanta
Carré d'As IV incident
Action of 11 November 2008
Action of 9 April 2009
Maersk Alabama hijacking
Operation Ocean Shield
Action of 23 March 2010
Action of 1 April 2010
Action of 30 March 2010
Action of 5 April 2010
MV Moscow University hijacking
Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
Beluga Nomination incident
Battle off Minicoy Island
Quest incident
MT Zafirah hijacking
MT Orkim Harmony hijacking
Slave trade
African slave trade
Atlantic slave trade
Arab slave trade
Barbary slave trade
Blockade of Africa
African Slave Trade Patrol
Capture of the Providentia
Capture of the Presidente
Capture of the El Almirante
Capture of the Marinerito
Capture of the Veloz Passagera
Capture of the Brillante
Amistad Incident
Capture of the Emanuela
Fictional pirates
Tom Ayrton
Barbe Rouge
Hector Barbossa
Captain Blood
Captain Crook
Captain Flint
José Gaspar
Captain Hook
Don Karnage
Monkey D. Luffy
Captain Nemo
One Piece
Captain Pugwash
Red Rackham
Captain Sabertooth
Sandokan
Long John Silver
Jack Sparrow
Captain Stingaree
Roronoa Zoro
Miscellaneous
Truce of Ratisbon
Piracy Act 1698
Piracy Act 1717
Piracy Act 1837
Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
Child pirate
Golden Age of Piracy
Jolly Roger
Walking the plank
Treasure map
Buried treasure
Pirate booty
No purchase, no pay
Marooning
Pirate code
Pirate utopia
Victual Brothers
Pirate Round
Libertatia
Sack of Baltimore
A General History of the Pyrates
Mutiny
Pegleg
Eyepatch
Letter of marque
Davy Jones' Locker
Air pirate
Space pirate
Lists
Pirates
Privateers
Timeline of piracy
Pirate films
Women in piracy
Fictional pirates
Pirates in popular culture
List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
Literature
Treasure Island
Facing the Flag
On Stranger Tides
Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
The Angel's Command
Voyage of Slaves
Pirate Latitudes
[show]
v
t
e
Lighthouses of Trinity House
England
Anvil Point
Bamburgh
Beachy Head
Berry Head
Bishop Rock
Bull Point
Coquet
Cromer
Crow Point
Dungeness
Eddystone
Farne
Flamborough
Godrevy
Guile Point East
Hartland Point
Heugh Hill
Hilbre Island
Hurst Point
Lizard
Longships
Longstone
Lowestoft
Lundy North
Lundy South
Lynmouth Foreland
Nab Tower
Needles
North Foreland
Pendeen
Peninnis
Portland Bill
Round Island
Royal Sovereign
St Anthony's
St Bees
St Catherines
Southwold
Start Point
Tater Du
Trevose Head
Whitby
Wolf Rock
Wales
Bardsey
Caldey Island
Flatholm
Holyhead
Monkstone
Mumbles
Nash Point
Point Lynas
St Anns Head
St Tudwal's
Skerries
Skokholm
Smalls
South Bishop
South Stack
Strumble Head
Trwyn Du
Channel Islands & Gibraltar
Alderney
Casquets
Europa Point
Les Hanois
Sark
[show]
v
t
e
Lighthouses in England
Anvil Point
Bamburgh
Beachy Head
Belle Tout
Berry Head
Bidston Hill
Bishop Rock
Black Nore
Blyth
Bow Creek
Bull Point
Burnham-on-Sea High
Burnham-on-Sea Low
Burnham-on-Sea Round Tower
Coquet
Cromer
Crow Point
Dungeness
Eddystone
Farne
Flamborough Head
Fleetwood (Beach)
Fleetwood (Pharos)
Godrevy
Gorleston
Gunfleet
Guile Point East
Hale Head
Happisburgh
Hartland Point
Harwich
The Heugh
Heugh Hill
Hilbre Island
Hodbarrow
Hoylake
Hunstanton
Hurst Point
Ilfracombe
Inner Farne
Killingholme
Leasowe
Lizard
Longships
Longstone
Lowestoft
Lundy North
Lundy South
Lynmouth Foreland
Maryport
Nab Tower
Needles
New Brighton
North Foreland
North Shields
Old Higher
Old Lower
Orfordness
Pakefield
Paull
Pendeen
Peninnis
Plover Scar
Plymouth Breakwater
Portishead Point
Portland Bill
Portland Breakwater
Rampside
Roker Pier
Round Island
Royal Sovereign
St Andrew's Church
St Anthony's
St Bees
St Catherines
St. Mary's
Scarborough
Seaton Carew
Smeaton's Tower
Souter Point
South Foreland Lighthouses
South Gare
South Shields
Southsea Castle
Southwold
Spurn Head
Staple Island
Start Point
Sutton Bridge
Tater Du
Trevose Head
Tynemouth
Walney
Watchet Harbour
Whitgift
Withernsea
Winterton
Whitby
Whitby Harbour
Wolf Rock
Wyre
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lundy&oldid=834293850"
Categories:
Landmark Trust properties in England
National nature reserves in England
National Trust properties in Devon
Nature reserves in Devon
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1987
Special Areas of Conservation in England
Tourist attractions in Devon
Ports and harbours of the Bristol Channel
Barbary pirates
Invasions of England
Marine reserves of the United Kingdom
Philately of the United Kingdom
Lundy
Natural regions of England
Shipwrecks of England
Island restoration
Car-free zones
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from December 2011
EngvarB from January 2018
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles with OS grid coordinates
Articles containing Old Norse-language text
Articles containing Welsh-language text
Articles containing Cornish-language text
General articles using infobox Lighthouse
Pages using infobox Lighthouse needing Wikidata item
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Coordinates on Wikidata
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
العربية
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
Gaeilge
Íslenska
Italiano
Latina
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
22 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 22:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Lundy_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Lundy (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

attrs: colspan class style

values: 2 category text-align:center

values: Map of Lundy with inset maps of British Isles and Bristol Channel

values: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest by Area of Search

values:
white-space: nowrap
plainlinks nourlexpansion

values:
/wiki/SSSI_notification#Notification
mw-redirect
SSSI notification

values:
/wiki/National_character_area
mw-redirect
National character area

values: National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty

values:
/wiki/Helena_(Empress)
mw-redirect
Helena (Empress)

values:
/wiki/Llan_(placename_element)
mw-redirect
Llan (placename element)

values:
/wiki/Barbary_corsairs
mw-redirect
Barbary corsairs

values: Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron

values: William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Benson_(1708-1772)
mw-redirect
Thomas Benson (1708-1772)

values:
/wiki/Member_of_Parliament
mw-redirect
Member of Parliament

values:
/wiki/Game_(food)
mw-redirect
Game (food)

values:
/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)
mw-redirect
Guinea (British coin)

values:
/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)
mw-redirect
Hundred (county subdivision)

values:
/wiki/Saint_Helena%27s_Church,_Lundy
mw-redirect
Saint Helena's Church, Lundy

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values:
/wiki/Fee_(feudal_tenure)
mw-redirect
Fee (feudal tenure)

values: Edit section: Wreck of Battleship Montagu

values: Edit section: Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber

values:
/wiki/Second_World_War
mw-redirect
Second World War

values: background: #FF5700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF7F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFD3A7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;

values:
/wiki/Parmelia_(lichen)
mw-redirect
Parmelia (lichen)

values:
/wiki/Yorkshire_fog
mw-redirect
Yorkshire fog

values: Ceutorhynchus contractus (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/File:Devon_UK_location_map.svg
image
Lundy is located in Devon

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais
mw-redirect
Joséphine de Beauharnais

values: Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom

values: Torridge and West Devon (UK Parliament constituency)

values: South West England (European Parliament constituency)

values:
/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Lundy
mw-redirect
List of people on stamps of Lundy

values:
/wiki/SMS_Seeadler_(1878)
mw-redirect
SMS Seeadler (1878)

values:
/wiki/Barbara_Kathleen_Snow
mw-redirect
Barbara Kathleen Snow

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lundymcz.org.uk

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lundypete.com/lundey.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lundypete.com/history.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FX.XXXVIII.294

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/547790

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fotw.net/Flags/gb-en-lu.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.lundy.org.uk/dive/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1144%2Fjgs2017-023

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.trebrown.com/hrdzone.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ptes.org/?page=168

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15963661

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lundy.org.uk/island/mnr.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/558737398

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bellairsia.com

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lundyisland.co.uk

values:
nofollow
http://www.lundy.org.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.birdsoflundy.org.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.lundypete.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Fast_Track_(British_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Fast Track (British TV series)

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;white-space: normal;

values:
/wiki/Moro_pirates
mw-redirect
Moro pirates

values:
/wiki/Cossack_pirates
mw-redirect
Cossack pirates

values:
/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalahimah
mw-redirect
Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah

values: Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States

values: West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States

values:
/wiki/Capture_of_the_El_Mosquito
mw-redirect
Capture of the El Mosquito

values:
/wiki/Capture_of_the_Ambrose_Light
mw-redirect
Capture of the Ambrose Light

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

values:
/wiki/Slave_trade
mw-redirect
Slave trade

values:
/wiki/Don_Karnage
mw-redirect
Don Karnage

values:
/wiki/Red_Rackham
mw-redirect
Red Rackham

values:
/wiki/Piracy_Act_1717
mw-redirect
Piracy Act 1717

values: Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law

values: List of ships attacked by Somali pirates

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Lighthouses of Trinity House

values:
/wiki/Bamburgh_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Bamburgh Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Bishop_Rock_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Bishop Rock Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Coquet_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Coquet Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Crow_Point_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Crow Point Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/North_Foreland_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
North Foreland Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Monkstone_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Monkstone Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Nash_Point_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Nash Point Lighthouse

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Bow_Creek_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Bow Creek Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Leasowe_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Leasowe Lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Souter_Point_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Souter Point Lighthouse

values: Category:Landmark Trust properties in England

values: Category:National nature reserves in England

values: Category:National Trust properties in Devon

values: Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon

values: Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1987

values: Category:Special Areas of Conservation in England

values: Category:Ports and harbours of the Bristol Channel

values: Category:Marine reserves of the United Kingdom

values: Category:Philately of the United Kingdom

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2011

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles with OS grid coordinates

values: Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text

values: Category:General articles using infobox Lighthouse

values: Category:Pages using infobox Lighthouse needing Wikidata item

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lundy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Lundy&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جزيرة لوندي – Arabic

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Wair
Ynys Wair – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Low Saxon
nds-NL
nds-NL
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundy
Lundy – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lundy rootpage-Lundy skin-vector action-view