text:
Not a Love Story (2011 film)
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Not A Love Story
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ram Gopal Varma
Produced by
Nitish sharma
Shailesh R. Singh
Kiran Kumar Koneru
Story by
Nitish sharma
Starring
Mahie Gill
Deepak Dobriyal
Nitish sharma
Ajay Gehi
Music by
Sandeep Chowta
Cinematography
Harshraj Shroff , M.Ravichandra Thevar
Edited by
Abhijit Kokate,Vinay Chauhan,Jimmy Thomas
Distributed by
Bohra Bros Prod. Pvt. Ltd.
Release date
19 August 2011 (2011-08-19)
Running time
100 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
80 lacs
Not A Love Story is a 2011 Indian crime-thriller film inspired by the gruesome murder of Neeraj Grover in 2008 that led to the arrest of M.L. Jerome and Maria Susairaj. Starring Mahie Gill, Deepak Dobriyal and Ajay Gehi and directed by Ram Gopal Varma, the film was released on 19 August 2011. Ram Gopal Varma has announced that the film is not a biopic but is inspired by the case.[1][2]
The film's shooting was completed in 20 days. One of the prime locations was the building Dheeraj Solitaire where Neeraj Grover was allegedly murdered in 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Music
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Mahie Gill as Anusha Chawla
Deepak Dobriyal as Robin Fernandes
Ajay Gehi as Ashish Bhatnagar
Zakir Hussain as Inspector Mane
Neil Bhoopalam as Prem
Darshan Jariwala as Anusha's lawyer
Ganesh Yadav as Robin's lawyer
Rasika Joshi as Ashish's mother
Prabhleen Sandhu as Anju
Urmila Matondkar as Item number
Mahesh Thakur as ad-film maker Sam in a guest role
Sandesh Jadhav as Inspector Chavan
Dimple Ghosh as Richa
Rakesh Kukreti as Prashant
Abhijeet Lahiri as Ashish's father
Nandita Puri as Anusha's mother
Vandana Sajnani as Apeksha, Director
Sushma Bhagwat as Robin's mother
Ashok Awasthi as Robin's father
Shankar Sachdev as Public Prosecutor
Kamal Adip as Judge
Rajesh Barsewal as watchman
Sandeep Bose as Kishen, Producer
Music[edit]
Yayi Re Yayi Re, Hoja Rangeela Re - Tarannum Mallik
Jab Se Mai Choti Thi - Sandeep Patil , Dharmaraj Bhatt
Yayi Re Yayi Re, Hoja Rangeela Re (Sad) - Tarannum Mallik
Jab Se Mai Choti Thi (Sad) - Sandeep Patil, Dharmaraj Bhatt
Woh Ek Pal Chhina Kal - Arijit datta, Neha Kakkar
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The critics' response has been positive to mixed. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4 stars out of 5.[3] Subhash K Jha gave 3.5 out of 5.[4] Kaveree Bamzai of India Today gave 3 out of 5.[5] Zee News gave 3 out of 5.[6] Raja Sen of Rediff rated it 1.5 out of 5, saying that it is a film made in bad taste.[7] Harish of Behindwoods rated it 2 out of 5 and said "Overall in the time of stylish filmmaking of no substance movies, RGV tries to differ but with such a wafer-thin but powerful plot-line, you expect the background music, editing and camera work to push it to greatness and that is where the movie falters."[8]
Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times said "it delves deeper into neither the young dream-chasers of a scary celeb industry nor chilling procedurals of an infamous police case", and rated it 2 out of 5.[9] CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand said "Not A Love Story' is not entirely unwatchable", rating it 2 out of 5, but asserted that it is the "most senseless movie made in Bollywood for a long time."[10] Nupur Barua of fullhyd.com rated it 6/10 and said you can watch the movie if you can digest, visually, blood, gore, violent sex, and constant shaky camera movement.[11]
See also[edit]
Bollywood portal
Neeraj Grover murder case
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sandeep Chowta and RGV join forces again. IBN Live. 2011-05-10. Retrieved on 2011-07-04.
Jump up ^ "First look of 'Not a love story'". The Indian Express. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha Barua (20 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". ibosnetwork. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Kaveree Bamzai (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". India Today. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Zee News (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". Zee News. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Raja Sen (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". Rediff. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Not A Love Story Movie Review". Behindwoods. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Mayank Shekhar (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Rajeev Masand (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Nupur Barua (19 August 2011). "Not A Love Story Review". fullhyd.com. Retrieved 27 August 2011. .
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Not a Love Story (2011 film).
Not a Love Story on IMDb
[hide]
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Ram Gopal Varma
1980s-1990s (Director)
Siva (1989)
Shiva (1990)
Kshana Kshanam (1991)
Raat (1992)
Antham (1992)
Drohi (1992)
Gaayam (1993)
Govinda Govinda (1994)
Rangeela (1995)
Deyyam (1996)
Anaganaga Oka Roju (1997)
Daud: Fun on the Run (1997)
Satya (1998)
Prema Katha (1999)
Kaun (1999)
Mast (1999)
2000s-2010s (Director)
Jungle (2000)
Company (2002)
Bhoot (2003)
Naach (2004)
Madhyanam Hathya (2004)
Sarkar (2005)
Shiva (2006)
Darna Zaroori Hai (Story 2) (2006)
Nishabd (2007)
Aag (2007)
Darling (2007)
Sarkar Raj (2008)
Contract (2008)
Phoonk (2008)
Agyaat (2009)
Rann (2010)
Rakta Charitra (2010)
Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju (2011)
Dongala Mutha (2011)
Not a Love Story (2011)
Department (2012)
Bhoot Returns (2012)
The Attacks of 26/11 (2013)
Satya 2 (2013)
Rowdy (2014)
Ice Cream (2014)
Ice Cream 2 (2014)
Anukshanam (2014)
365 Days (2015)
Killing Veerappan (2016)
Attack (2016)
Veerappan (2016)
Vangaveeti (2016)
Sarkar 3 (2017)
Writer and Productions
Money (1993)
Thiruda Thiruda (1993)
Money Money (1995)
Gulabi (1996)
W/o V. Vara Prasad (1998)
Dil Se.. (1998)
Shool (1999)
Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (2001)
Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega (2001)
Road (2002)
Darna Mana Hai (2003)
Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon (2003)
Ek Hasina Thi (2004)
Ab Tak Chhappan (2004)
Gayab (2004)
Vaastu Shastra (2004)
My Wife's Murder (2005)
D (2005)
Mr Ya Miss (2005)
Shabri (2005)
Shock (2006)
Darna Zaroori Hai (2006)
Darwaaza Bandh Rakho (2006)
Go (2007)
Phoonk 2 (2010)
Gaayam 2 (2010)
Bejawada (2011)
Psycho (2013)
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Cenozoic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cenozoic Era
66 - 0 million years ago
Events of the Cenozoic
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Mesozoic
Paleogene
Neogene
Quaternary
C
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Phanerozoic
An approximate timescale of key Cenozoic events.
Axis scale: millions of years before present.
The Cenozoic Era ( /ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk, ˌsɛ-/)[1][2] is the current geological era, covering the period from 66 million years ago to the present day.
The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because of the large mammals that dominate it. The continents also moved into their current positions during this era.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Divisions
2.1 Paleogene Period
2.2 Neogene
2.3 Quaternary
3 Animal life
4 Tectonics
5 Climate
6 Life
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
Cenozoic, meaning "new life," is derived from Greek καινός kainós "new," and ζωή zōḗ "life."[3] The era is also known as the Cænozoic, Caenozoic, or Cainozoic. /ˌkaɪnəˈzoʊɪk, ˌkeɪ-/;[4][5]
Divisions[edit]
The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary; and seven epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2009,[6] and the former Tertiary Period was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.[7][why?] The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps paleontologists better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.
Paleogene Period[edit]
The Paleogene spans from the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, 66 million years ago, to the dawn of the Neogene, 23.03 million years ago. It features three epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene.
Basilosaurus
The Paleocene epoch ranged from 66 million to 56 million years ago. Modern placental mammals originated during this time.The Paleocene is a transitional point between the devastation that is the K-T extinction, to the rich jungles environment that is the Early Eocene. The Early Paleocene saw the recovery of the earth. The continents began to take their modern shape, but all the continents and subcontinent India were separated from each other. Afro-Eurasia was separated by the Tethys Sea, and the Americas were separated by the strait of Panama, as the isthmus had not yet formed. This epoch featured a general warming trend, with jungles eventually reaching the poles. The oceans were dominated by sharks[8] as the large reptiles that had once ruled became extinct. Archaic mammals filled the world such as creodonts (extinct carnivores, unrelated to existing Carnivora) and early primates that evolved during the Mesozoic, and as a result, there was nothing over 10 kilograms. Mammals were still quite small.[9]
The Eocene Epoch ranged from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago. In the Early-Eocene, life was small and lived in cramped jungles, much like the Paleocene. There was nothing over the weight of 10 kilograms.[10] Among them were early primates, whales and horses along with many other early forms of mammals. At the top of the food chains were huge birds, such as Paracrax. The temperature was 30 degrees Celsius with little temperature gradient from pole to pole. In the Mid-Eocene, the Circumpolar-Antarctic current between Australia and Antarctica formed which disrupted ocean currents worldwide and as a result caused a global cooling effect, shrinking the jungles. This allowed mammals to grow to mammoth proportions, such as whales which, by that time, were almost fully aquatic. Mammals like Andrewsarchus were at the top of the food-chain. The Late Eocene saw the rebirth of seasons, which caused the expansion of savanna-like areas, along with the evolution of grass.[11][12] The end of the Eocene was marked by the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event, the European face of which is known as the Grande Coupure.
The Oligocene Epoch spans from 33.9 million to 23.03 million years ago. The Oligocene featured the expansion of grass which had led to many new species to evolve, including the first elephants, cats, dogs, marsupials and many other species still prevalent today. Many other species of plants evolved in this period too, such as the evergreen trees Conifers originated during the Carboniferous and dominated during the Mesozoic era. A cooling period was still in effect and seasonal rains were as well. Mammals still continued to grow larger and larger.[13]
Neogene[edit]
Animals of the Miocene (Chalicotherium, Hyenadon, Entelodont...). Mammals are the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Cenozoic.
The Neogene spans from 23.03 million to 2.58 million years ago. It features 2 epochs: the Miocene, and the Pliocene.[14]
The Miocene epoch spans from 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago and is a period in which grass spread further, dominating a large portion of the world, at the expense of forests. Kelp forests evolved, encouraging the evolution of new species, such as sea otters. During this time, perissodactyla thrived, and evolved into many different varieties. Apes evolved into 30 species. The Tethys Sea finally closed with the creation of the Arabian Peninsula, leaving only remnants as the Black, Red, Mediterranean and Caspian Seas. This increased aridity. Many new plants evolved: 95% of modern seed plants evolved in the mid-Miocene.[15]
The Pliocene epoch lasted from 5.333 to 2.58 million years ago. The Pliocene featured dramatic climactic changes, which ultimately led to modern species and plants. The Mediterranean Sea dried up for several million years (because the ice ages reduced sea levels, disconnecting the Atlantic from the Mediterranean, and evaporation rates exceeded inflow from rivers). Australopithecus evolved in Africa, beginning the human branch. The isthmus of Panama formed, and animals migrated between North and South America, wreaking havoc on local ecologies. Climatic changes brought: savannas that are still continuing to spread across the world; Indian monsoons; deserts in central Asia; and the beginnings of the Sahara desert. The world map has not changed much since, save for changes brought about by the glaciations of the Quaternary, such as the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Baltic sea.[16][17]
Quaternary[edit]
The Quaternary spans from 2.58 million years ago to present day, and is the shortest geological period in the Phanerozoic Eon. It features modern animals, and dramatic changes in the climate. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene.
Megafauna of the Pleistocene (mammoths, cave lions, woolly rhino, Megaloceros, horses)
The Pleistocene lasted from 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago. This epoch was marked by ice ages as a result of the cooling trend that started in the Mid-Eocene. There were at least four separate glaciation periods marked by the advance of ice caps as far south as 40 degrees N latitude in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, Africa experienced a trend of desiccation which resulted in the creation of the Sahara, Namib, and Kalahari deserts. Many animals evolved including mammoths, giant ground sloths, dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, and most famously Homo sapiens. 100,000 years ago marked the end of one of the worst droughts in Africa, and led to the expansion of primitive humans. As the Pleistocene drew to a close, a major extinction wiped out much of the world's megafauna, including some of the hominid species, such as Neanderthals. All the continents were affected, but Africa to a lesser extent. It still retains many large animals, such as hippos.[18]
The Holocene began 11,700 years ago and lasts to the present day. All recorded history and "the history of the world" lies within the boundaries of the Holocene epoch.[19] Human activity is blamed for a mass extinction that began roughly 10,000 years ago, though the species becoming extinct have only been recorded since the Industrial Revolution. This is sometimes referred to as the "Sixth Extinction". Over 322 species have become extinct due to human activity since the Industrial Revolution.[20][21]
Animal life[edit]
Early in the Cenozoic, following the K-Pg event, the planet was dominated by relatively small fauna, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. From a geological perspective, it did not take long for mammals and birds to greatly diversify in the absence of the dinosaurs that had dominated during the Mesozoic. Some flightless birds grew larger than humans. These species are sometimes referred to as "terror birds," and were formidable predators. Mammals came to occupy almost every available niche (both marine and terrestrial), and some also grew very large, attaining sizes not seen in most of today's terrestrial mammals.
Early animals were the Entelodon (a so-called "hell pig"), Paraceratherium (a hornless rhinoceros relative) and Basilosaurus (an early whale). The extinction of many large diapsid groups, such as flightless dinosaurs, Plesiosauria and Pterosauria allowed mammals and birds to greatly diversify and become the world's predominant fauna.
Tectonics[edit]
Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions. Australia-New Guinea, having split from Pangea during the early Cretaceous, drifted north and, eventually, collided with South-east Asia; Antarctica moved into its current position over the South Pole; the Atlantic Ocean widened and, later in the era (2.8 million years ago), South America became attached to North America with the isthmus of Panama.
India collided with Asia 55 to 45 million years ago creating the Himalayas; Arabia collided with Eurasia, closing the Tethys Ocean and creating the Zagros Mountains, around 35 million years ago.[22]
The break-up of Gondwana in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times led to a shift in the river courses of various large African rivers including the Congo, Niger, Nile, Orange, Limpopo and Zambezi.[23]
Climate[edit]
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at about 55.5 million years ago was a significant global warming event; however, since the Azolla event of 49 million years ago, the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of Drake Passage at 41 million years ago, when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the Oligocene, the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the Miocene, with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama around 2.8 million years ago, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents,[24] eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch. Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.[25]
Life[edit]
During the Cenozoic, mammals proliferated from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many bird species as mammal species. The Cenozoic is just as much the age of savannas, the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects, and the age of birds.[26] Grass also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it. One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the snakes. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many colubrids, following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the rodents.
In the earlier part of the Cenozoic, the world was dominated by the gastornithid birds, terrestrial crocodiles like Pristichampsus, and a handful of primitive large mammal groups like uintatheres, mesonychids, and pantodonts. But as the forests began to recede and the climate began to cool, other mammals took over.
The Cenozoic is full of mammals both strange and familiar, including chalicotheres, creodonts, whales, primates, entelodonts, saber-toothed cats, mastodons and mammoths, three-toed horses, giant rhinoceros like Indricotherium, the rhinoceros-like brontotheres, various bizarre groups of mammals from South America, such as the vaguely elephant-like pyrotheres and the dog-like marsupial relatives called borhyaenids and the monotremes and marsupials of Australia.
See also[edit]
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary)
Geologic time scale
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Phanerozoic Eon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Cenozoic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Cainozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition, 1989
Jump up ^ Gibbard, P. L.; Head, M. J.; Walker, M. J. C. (2010). "Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma". Journal of Quaternary Science. 25 (2): 96–102. Bibcode:2010JQS....25...96G. doi:10.1002/jqs.1338.
Jump up ^ International Stratigraphic Chart
Jump up ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum (2012-03-28), Lamniform sharks: 110 million years of ocean supremacy, retrieved 2017-07-12
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Paleocene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Eocene Epoch". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Eocene Climate". University of California.
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society. "Eocene". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Oligocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Neogene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Miocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Pliocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Adams. "Pliocene climate". Oak Ridge National Library. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Pleistocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ University of California. "Holocene". University of California.
Jump up ^ Scientific American. "Sixth Extinction extinctions". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ IUCN. "Sixth Extinction". IUCN.
Jump up ^ Allen, M. B.; Armstrong, H. A. (2008). "Arabia-Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid Cenozoic global cooling". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 265 (1–2): 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.021.
Jump up ^ Goudie, A.S. (2005). "The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous". Geomorphology. 67: 437–456.
Jump up ^ "How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic". Oceanus Magazine.
Jump up ^ Chen, J.; Kravchinsky, V.A.; Liu, X. (2015). "The 13 million year Cenozoic pulse of the Earth". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 431: 256–263. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.431..256C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.033.
Jump up ^ "The Cenozoic Era".
Bibliography[edit]
British Caenozoic Fossils, 1975, The Natural History Museum, London.
Geologic Time, by Henry Roberts.
After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals, by Donald R. Prothero, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-253-34733-6.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cainozoic.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cenozoic.
Western Australian Museum - The Age of the Mammals
[hide]
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Geologic history of Earth
Cenozoic era¹
(present–66.0 Mya)
Quaternary (present–2.588 Mya)
Holocene (present–11.784 kya)
Pleistocene (11.784 kya–2.588 Mya)
Neogene (2.588–23.03 Mya)
Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Mya)
Miocene (5.333–23.03 Mya)
Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Mya)
Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Mya)
Eocene (33.9–56.0 Mya)
Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Mya)
Mesozoic era¹
(66.0–252.17 Mya)
Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Mya)
Late (66.0–100.5 Mya)
Early (100.5–145.0 Mya)
Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Mya)
Late (145.0–163.5 Mya)
Middle (163.5–174.1 Mya)
Early (174.1–201.3 Mya)
Triassic (201.3–252.17 Mya)
Late (201.3–237 Mya)
Middle (237–247.2 Mya)
Early (247.2–252.17 Mya)
Paleozoic era¹
(252.17–541.0 Mya)
Permian (252.17–298.9 Mya)
Lopingian (252.17–259.8 Mya)
Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Mya)
Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Mya)
Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Mya)
Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Mya)
Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Mya)
Devonian (358.9–419.2 Mya)
Late (358.9–382.7 Mya)
Middle (382.7–393.3 Mya)
Early (393.3–419.2 Mya)
Silurian (419.2–443.8 Mya)
Pridoli (419.2–423.0 Mya)
Ludlow (423.0–427.4 Mya)
Wenlock (427.4–433.4 Mya)
Llandovery (433.4–443.8 Mya)
Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Mya)
Late (443.8–458.4 Mya)
Middle (458.4–470.0 Mya)
Early (470.0–485.4 Mya)
Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Mya)
Furongian (485.4–497 Mya)
Series 3 (497–509 Mya)
Series 2 (509–521 Mya)
Terreneuvian (521–541.0 Mya)
Proterozoic eon²
(541.0 Mya–2.5 Gya)
Neoproterozoic era (541.0 Mya–1 Gya)
Ediacaran (541.0-~635 Mya)
Cryogenian (~635-~720 Mya)
Tonian (~720 Mya-1 Gya)
Mesoproterozoic era (1–1.6 Gya)
Stenian (1-1.2 Gya)
Ectasian (1.2-1.4 Gya)
Calymmian (1.4-1.6 Gya)
Paleoproterozoic era (1.6–2.5 Gya)
Statherian (1.6-1.8 Gya)
Orosirian (1.8-2.05 Gya)
Rhyacian (2.05-2.3 Gya)
Siderian (2.3-2.5 Gya)
Archean eon² (2.5–4 Gya)
Eras
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)
Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)
Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)
Hadean eon² (4–4.6 Gya)
kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.¹ = Phanerozoic eon. ² = Precambrian supereon.
Source: (2015/01). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 July 2015. Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013.
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values: حقبة معاصرة – Arabic

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text:
World Cup of Hockey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the NHL sanctioned hockey world cup. For the field hockey world cup, see Hockey World Cup. For the annual IIHF-run ice hockey tournament, see Ice Hockey World Championships. For other hockey World Cups, see World Cup.
World Cup of Hockey
Logo of 2016 event
Tournament information
Sport
Ice hockey
Established
1992
Number of
tournaments
3
Teams
8
Website
www.wch2016.com
Current champion
Canada (2nd title)
Most recent tournament
2016 World Cup of Hockey
The World Cup of Hockey is an international ice hockey tournament. Inaugurated in 1996, it is the successor to the Canada Cup, which ran from 1976 to 1991 and was the first international hockey championship to allow nations to field their top players. The World Cup has occurred thrice before on an irregular basis, with the United States winning in 1996 and Canada winning in 2004 and 2016. Following the 2016 tournament, plans exist for future tournaments to be held on a regular basis every four years.
The World Cup of Hockey is organized by the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), unlike the annual World Ice Hockey Championships and quadrennial Olympic tournament, both run by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). World Cup games are played under NHL rules and not those of the IIHF, and the tournament occurs prior to the NHL pre-season, allowing all the NHL's players to be available, unlike the World Championships, which overlaps with the NHL's Stanley Cup playoffs.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Canada Cup
1.2 World Cup of Hockey
2 Trophy
3 Tournaments
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Canada Cup[edit]
Main article: Canada Cup
The World Cup of Hockey was preceded by the Canada Cup, which began in 1976 in a combined effort from Doug Fisher of Hockey Canada and Alan Eagleson of the NHL Players' Association.[1] Taking inspiration from soccer's FIFA World Cup, Eagleson proposed a new tournament that would bring together all the top hockey–playing nations. After successful negotiations with hockey officials from the Soviet Union in September 1974, Eagleson began arranging the Canada Cup tournament, which debuted in 1976.[2] It was the first international ice hockey tournament that allowed hockey nations to field their top players, as the Winter Olympics was a strictly amateur competition and the annual World Championships clashed with the Stanley Cup playoffs.
The tournaments, held every three to five years, took place in North American venues prior to the start of the National Hockey League (NHL) regular season. Six teams competed in each edition. Of the five Canada Cup tournaments, four were won by Canada, while the Soviet Union won one in 1981.
World Cup of Hockey[edit]
In 1996, the Canada Cup was officially replaced by the World Cup of Hockey. The Canada Cup trophy was retired. The tournament expanded to eight teams: as the national teams of Canada, United States, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and Sweden, popularly dubbed as the Big Six,[3] were joined by Germany and Slovakia. The United States defeated Canada to win the inaugural event.
Eight years later, the second installment of the World Cup of Hockey took place in 2004, just prior to the 2004–05 NHL lockout. Canada won its first tournament championship, defeating the Czech Republic in the semifinals and Finland in the final match.
On January 24, 2015, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman announced the 2016 World Cup of Hockey to be held in September 2016 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto. The 2016 edition featured a slightly modified format: alongside the Big Six countries, there were two all-star teams, consisting of Team Europe and an under-23 Team North America. Canada again won the championship, defeating Team Europe in the finals.
For the 2020 edition, the all-star teams will be replaced by qualifying teams. There are also plans for a spin-off event beginning in 2018, which would pit a European all-star team against a North American all-star team in a five or seven-game series. This event would also occur every four years, alternating biannually with the World Cup of Hockey. These moves are intended, primarily, to help expand the international prominence of the NHL.[4]
Trophy[edit]
1996 World Cup trophy
In 2004, Canadian American architect Frank Gehry designed a new trophy for the tournament. It is made from a composite alloy of copper and nickel as well as solid cast urethane plastic.[5] The trophy was criticized by the sports community, noting the Toronto Sun's headline "What is that?"[6]
Tournaments[edit]
Year
Final host
Champion
Runner-up
Final score
Semi-finalists
1996 Montreal United States Canada 3–4 (OT), 5–2, 5–2 Russia and Sweden
2004 Toronto Canada Finland 3–2 Czech Republic and United States
2016 Toronto Canada Europe 3–1, 2–1 Russia and Sweden
2020 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
See also[edit]
National Hockey League
International Ice Hockey Federation
Ice Hockey World Championships
World Professional Hockey Championships
List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players
1972 Summit Series
1974 Summit Series
Canada Cup
Ice hockey at the Olympic Games
Super Series '76-77
Super Series
Subway Super Series
2007 Super Series
NHL Challenge
Rendez-vous '87
Victoria Cup
List of KHL vs NHL games
List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players
List of international games played by NHL teams
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Cup of Hockey.
Jump up ^ "Canada Cup (World Cup of Hockey)". Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Canada Cup of Hockey Fact and Stat Book, p. 2, H.J. Anderson, ISBN number: 1412055121, 9781412055123, Publisher: Trafford Publishing, 2005[self-published source]
Jump up ^ "NHL announces World Cup of Hockey for 2016". The Canadian Press. 2015-01-24. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New-look World Cup of hockey back for 2016". Sportsnet.ca. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Baurick, Tristan (May 13, 2004). "Architect's love of the game inspiration behind Cup trophy", Ottawa Citizen, p. C2.
Jump up ^ Adams, Noah (September 3, 2004). "Frank Gehry's World Cup of Hockey Trophy" (Radio Interview.). National Public Radio. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Müller, Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904-2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt, 2005 ISBN 3-8334-4189-5
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Arrowhead
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Arrowhead (disambiguation).
"Broadhead" redirects here. For other uses, see Broadhead (disambiguation).
Chert arrowhead, Late Neolithic (Rhodézien) (3300-2400 BC), current France
An arrowhead is a tip, usually sharpened, added to an arrow to make it more deadly or to fulfill some special purpose. The earliest arrowheads were made of stone and of organic materials; as human civilization progressed other materials were used. Arrowheads are important archaeological artifacts; they are a subclass of projectile points. Modern enthusiasts still "produce over one million brand-new spear and arrow points per year".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
3 Variants
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Projectile point
Arrowheads made of bone and antler found in Nydam Mose (3rd - 5th century)
Ancient Greek bronze leaf-shaped, trefoil and triangular arrowheads.
Some arrowheads made of quartz
In the Stone Age, people used sharpened bone, flintknapped stones, flakes, and chips of rock as weapons and tools. Such items remained in use throughout human civilization, with new materials used as time passed. As archaeological artifacts such objects are classed as projectile points, without specifying whether they were projected by a bow or by some other means such as throwing since the specific means of projection (the bow, the arrow shaft, the spear shaft, etc.) is found too seldom in direct association with any given point and the word "arrow" would imply a certainty about these points which simply does not exist.[2]
Such artifacts can be found all over the world in various locations. Those that have survived are usually made of stone, primarily consisting of flint, obsidian or chert. In many excavations, bone, wooden, and metal arrowheads have also been found.
Stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years were excavated from layers of ancient sediment in Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Examinations found traces of blood and bone residues, and glue made from a plant-based resin that was used to fasten them on to a wooden shaft. This indicated "cognitively demanding behavior" required to manufacture glue.[3]
These hafted points might have been launched from bows. While "most attributes such as micro-residue distribution patterns and micro-wear will develop similarly on points used to tip spears, darts or arrows" and "explicit tests for distinctions between thrown spears and projected arrows have not yet been conducted" the researchers find "contextual support" for the use of these points on arrows: a broad range of animals were hunted, with an emphasis on taxa that prefer closed forested niches, including fast moving, terrestrial and arboreal animals. This is an argument for the use of traps, perhaps including snares. If snares were used, the use of cords and knots which would also have been adequate for the production of bows is implied. The employment of snares also demonstrates a practical understanding of the latent energy stored in bent branches, the main principle of bow construction. Cords and knots are implied by use-wear facets on perforated shell beads around 72,000 years old from Blombos. Archeologists in Louisiana have discovered that early Native Americans used Alligator gar scales as arrow heads.
"Hunting with a bow and arrow requires intricate multi-staged planning, material collection and tool preparation and implies a range of innovative social and communication skills."[4]
Design[edit]
Arrowheads are attached to arrow shafts to be shot from a bow; similar types of projectile points may be attached to a spear and "thrown" by means of an Atlatl (spear thrower).
The arrowhead or projectile point is the primary functional part of the arrow, and plays the largest role in determining its purpose. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but it is far more common for separate arrowheads to be made, usually from metal, horn, rock, or some other hard material.
Arrowheads may be attached to the shaft with a cap, a socket tang, or inserted into a split in the shaft and held by a process called hafting.[5] Points attached with caps are simply slid snugly over the end of the shaft, or may be held on with hot glue. In medieval Europe, arrowheads were often anchored with nothing but candlewax minutes before firing, if not merely saliva - this ensured that the head would remain in enemy's body if the shaft was pulled out. Split-shaft construction involves splitting the arrow shaft lengthwise, inserting the arrowhead, and securing it using ferrule, sinew, rope, or wire.[6]
Modern arrowheads used for hunting come in a variety of classes and styles. Many traditionalist archers choose heads made of modern high carbon steel that closely resemble traditional stone heads (see Variants). Other classes of broadheads referred to as "mechanical" and "hybrid" are gaining popularity. Often, these heads rely on force created by passing through an animal to expand or open.
Variants[edit]
Japanese arrowheads of several shapes and functions
Modern replicas of various medieval European arrowheads
A mechanical broadhead deploys its blades in-flight to increase lethality in hunting game.
A modern broadhead tip
Arrowheads are usually separated by function:
Bodkin points are short, rigid points with a small cross-section. They were made of unhardened iron and may have been used for better or longer flight, or for cheaper production. It has been suggested that the bodkin came into its own as a means of penetrating armour, however limited research[7] has so far found no hardened bodkin points, so it appears likely that it was first designed either to extend range or as a cheaper and simpler alternative to the broadhead. In a modern test, a direct hit from a hard steel bodkin point penetrated a set of fifteenth-century chain armour made in Damascus.[8] However, archery was minimally effective against plate armour, which became available to knights of fairly modest means by the late 14th century.[9]
Blunts are unsharpened arrowheads occasionally used for types of target shooting, for shooting at stumps or other targets of opportunity, or hunting small game when the goal is to stun the target without penetration. Blunts are commonly made of metal or hard rubber. They may stun, and occasionally, the arrow shaft may penetrate the head and the target; safety is still important with blunt arrows.
Judo points have spring wires extending sideways from the tip. These catch on grass and debris to prevent the arrow from being lost in the vegetation. Used for practice and for small game.
Broadheads were used for war and are still used for hunting. Information on regional Arabic arrowheads found from the period 100 BC – 150 AD in the United Arab Emirates show the use of three-bladed broadheads, or trilobate arrowhead. "A trilobate arrowhead can be defined as an arrowhead that has three wings or blades that are usually placed at equal angles (i.e. c. 120°) around the imaginary longitudinal axis extending from the centre of the socket or tang. Since this type of arrowhead is rare in southeastern Arabia, we must investigate its origin and the reasons behind its presence at ed-Dur."[10]
Medieval broadheads could be made from steel,[7] sometimes with hardened edges. They usually have two to four sharp blades that cause massive bleeding in the victim. Their function is to deliver a wide cutting edge so as to kill as quickly as possible. They are expensive, damage most targets, and are usually not used for practice. There are two main types of broadheads used by hunters: The fixed-blade broadhead and the mechanical broadhead types. While the fixed-blade broadhead keeps its blades rigid and unmovable on the broadhead at all times, the mechanical broadhead deploys its blades upon contact with the target, its blades swinging out to wound the target.
The mechanical head flies better because it is more streamlined, but has less penetration as it uses some of the kinetic energy in the arrow to deploy its blades.[11]
Target points are bullet-shaped with a sharp point, designed to penetrate target butts easily without causing excessive damage to them.
Field points are similar to target points and have a distinct shoulder, so that missed outdoor shots do not become as stuck in obstacles such as tree stumps. They are also used for shooting practice by hunters, by offering similar flight characteristics and weights as broadheads, without getting lodged in target materials and causing excessive damage upon removal.
Safety arrows are designed to be used in various forms of reenactment combat, to reduce the risk when shot at people. These arrows may have heads that are very wide or padded. In combination with bows of restricted draw weight and draw length, these heads may reduce to acceptable levels the risks of shooting arrows at suitably armoured people. The parameters will vary depending on the specific rules being used and on the levels of risk felt acceptable to the participants. For instance, SCA combat rules require a padded head at least 1 1⁄4" in diameter, with bows not exceeding 28 inches (710 mm) and 50 lb (23 kg) of draw for use against well-armoured individuals.[5]
See also[edit]
Elf-arrow
Stone tool
Elfshot
Thunderstone (folklore)
Projectile point
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kelley, Kevin (2010). What Technology Wants. New York: Viking. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-670-02215-1.
Jump up ^ "Glossary M - P". Uwlax.edu. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - Oldest evidence of arrows found". BBC. 2010-08-26. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Jump up ^ Marlize Lombard and Laurel Phillipson. (2010). Antiquity Vol 84:325, 2010 pp 635–648 Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64 000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.sca.org/officers/marshal/docs/marshal_handbook.pdf
Jump up ^ Parker, Glenn (1992). "Steel Points". The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume Two. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-086-1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Armour-piercing arrowheads". Royal Armouries. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
Jump up ^ Pope, Saxton. Hunting with the Bow and Arrow. To test a steel bodkin pointed arrow such as was used at the battle of Cressy, I borrowed a shirt of chain armor from the Museum, a beautiful specimen made in Damascus in the 15th Century. It weighed twenty-five pounds and was in perfect condition. One of the attendants in the Museum offered to put it on and allow me to shoot at him. Fortunately, I declined his proffered services and put it on a wooden box, padded with burlap to represent clothing. Indoors at a distance of seven yards (6 m), I discharged an arrow at it with such force that sparks flew from the links of steel as from a forge. The bodkin point and shaft went through the thickest portion of the back, penetrated an inch of wood and bulged out the opposite side of the armor shirt. The attendant turned a pale green. An arrow of this type can be shot about two hundred yards, and would be deadly up to the full limit of its flight.
Jump up ^ Strickland M, Hardy R. The Great Warbow. Sutton Publishing 2005. Page 272
Jump up ^ Delrue, Parsival. 2007. "Trilobate Arrowheads at Ed-Dur (U.A.E, Emirate of Umm Al-Qaiwain)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 18, no. 2: 239-250.
Jump up ^ "Mechanical vs. Fixed Broadheads". Huntingblades.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
External links[edit]
Look up arrowhead in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Arrowheads at Wikimedia Commons
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