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2017 Central Mexico earthquake
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2017 Central Mexico earthquake
Show map of Mexico Show map of Puebla (state) Show all
Location of epicenter in Mexico and Puebla
Date
19 September 2017 (2017-09-19)
Origin time
18:14:39 UTC
Duration
Strong shaking for about 20 seconds
Magnitude
7.1 (Mw)
Depth
51.0 km (32 mi)
Epicenter
18°35′02″N 98°23′56″W / 18.584°N 98.399°W / 18.584; -98.399Coordinates: 18°35′02″N 98°23′56″W / 18.584°N 98.399°W / 18.584; -98.399
Type
Dip-slip (intraplate)
Max. intensity
VIII (Severe)
Aftershocks
39 (as of 12:30 23 September 2017 CDT)[1]
Casualties
370 dead, 6,011 injured
The 2017 Central Mexico earthquake struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of Mw 7.1 and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicenter was about 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.[2][3][4] 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in Mexico City,[5][6] and more than 6,000 were injured.[7]
The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed around 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11 a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake.[8][9] Twelve days earlier, the even larger 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck 650 km (400 mi) away, off the coast of the state of Chiapas.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Earthquake
3 Casualties
4 Damage and aftermath
4.1 International response
5 Aftershocks
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Tectonic plates of Mexico. Visible in the image is most of the North American continent, along with Central America. Mexico is located in the lower middle part of the picture, to the right of the Cocos plate.
Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting tectonic plates. The border between the Cocos Plate and North American Plate, along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates a subduction zone that generates large seismic events.[2] Activity along the edges of the Rivera and Caribbean plates also generate seismic events. All together, these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico.[11]
Mexico City is built on a dry lakebed with soft soil made up of sand and clay, which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause.[12] Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves' speed from 1.5 miles (2,414m) per second (8690.4 km/h) to roughly 150 feet (45,72m) per second (164.592 km/h).[13] This increases the shockwaves' amplitude, which causes more violent shaking. Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves' destructive duration.[13]
Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by an earthquake in Chiapas on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an aftershock of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were 650 km (400 mi) apart.[14]
The possibility of a link between the earthquakes was being investigated in the days after the second one. Big earthquakes can increase the long-term risk of seismic activity by transferring "static stress" to adjacent faults, but only at a distance of up to four times the length of the original rupture. In 19 September earthquake, static stress transfer was considered unlikely due to the distance between the earthquakes, in excess of the expected 400 km maximum. "Dynamic triggering", with seismic waves propagating from one quake affecting other faults, may operate at much longer distances, but usually happens within hours or a few days of the triggering quake; a 12-day gap is hard to explain.[15]
19 September is designated as a day of remembrance for the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed approximately 10,000 civilians. Every year at 11 a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City.[16] The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11 a.m., around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake.[9][17]
Earthquake[edit]
Play media
Video after the earthquake in Mexico City
According to the National Seismological Service (SSN) of Mexico, the epicenter was located 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Axochiapan, Morelos, and 120 km (75 mi) from Mexico City.[11] The earthquake was measured at a magnitude of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 Central Daylight Time, at a depth of 51 km (32 mi).[11] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) placed the epicenter 5 km (3.1 mi) ENE of San Juan Raboso and reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale;[2] While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute, which is a long time for an earthquake,[18] acceleration/velocity/displacement seismograms at UNAM showed about 20 seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈1 second.[19] SSN reported a peak ground acceleration of 112 cm/s2 (0.114 g0) at the Popocatépetl reporting station in Tlamacas, Estado de México.[11] According to the USGS, the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault.[2]
According to the bulletin of Mexico's SASMEX earthquake warning system, 20 seconds' advance warning was given in Mexico City;[20] however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before, or during the quake.[21][22][23][24] Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill.[25] 25 of the early-warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake, and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Puebla, with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds.
Casualties[edit]
Deaths as of 2 October 2017[update]
State
Deaths
Ref
Guerrero 6 [26]
Morelos 75 [26]
Oaxaca 1 [26]
Puebla 46 [26]
State of Mexico 15 [26]
Mexico City 228 [26]
Totals:
370
[26]
Nine days after the earthquake, at least 361 people had been reported killed.[27][26] At least 74 people were killed in the state of Morelos, 220 in Mexico City, 45 in Puebla, 13 in the State of Mexico, 6 in the state of Guerrero and one in the state of Oaxaca.[27][28][26] In Mexico City, the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for as of the evening of 19 September[update].[29][30] The Mexico City campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education suffered damage, with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured.[31]
More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake, with more than 300 confirmed dead[32] as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue.
On 1 October the number of people known to have been killed was stated to be 361,[26] with more than 4,500 injured. By place, 220 were killed in Mexico City, 74 in the state of Morelos, 45 in Puebla, 15 in Mexico State, six in Guerrero, and one in Oaxaca.[33]
An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City, with no public record of how many were followed up. Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake. After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat (Seduvi) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints. Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt, and said that some developers circumvent building regulations, and city authorities frequently ignore complaints.[34]
Damage and aftermath[edit]
In Puebla, church steeples had toppled in the city of Cholula,[35] and a church on the slopes of Popocatépetl in Atzitzihuacan collapsed during mass, killing 15 people.[35] A second church, which was built in the 17th century, fell in Atzala during a baptism, killing 11 people including the baby.[36]
At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake, trapping people inside, creating large plumes of dust, and starting fires.[35] At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens.[28][37][28] Several buildings caught fire.[38] Condesa, Roma and del Valle neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone: a building located on Álvaro Obregón Avenue collapsed, and several buildings on Ámsterdam Avenue suffered damage.[39][40][41]
Gas leaks were reported, along with "piles" of rubble from collapsed buildings.[37] Stock prices declined at the Mexico Stock Exchange but recovered before trading was suspended.[42] Comisión Federal de Electricidad, the national electric utility, reported that 4.78 million customers lost power in Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and parts of Mexico City—roughly 35% of the company's customers in those states. However, none of the generating stations in the region sustained structural damage.[43]
Mexico City International Airport suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00 p.m. CDT (2100 UTC). 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure.[44][3][45] A plane carrying President Enrique Peña Nieto, returning from touring damage in Oaxaca from the earlier Chiapas earthquake, was diverted to Santa Lucía Air Force Base.[46] Mexico City Metro service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers.[47] Building evacuations also caused delays to Metrobús service in the city.[48]
The federal Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) declared a state of emergency for all 33 municipalities of Morelos,[49] for all 16 boroughs of Mexico City,[50] and 112 of the 217 municipalities of Puebla.[51] The declarations allow funds from the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) to be used during the emergency response phase.[49][50][51] The Mexican Army and Mexican Navy deployed 3,000 active-duty troops to Mexico City through the DN-III-E and Plan Marina emergency response plans. The troops were tasked with debris cleanup, search and rescue, and security missions. Additionally, the Secretariat of National Defence moved eight helicopters to Mexico City, and activated 3 shelters in the affected areas.[52]
A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with unreinforced masonry walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames.[53]
All Round of 16 matches of the Copa MX, an association football cup competition, were suspended until further notice.[54]
The hashtag #FuerzaMéxico (Be strong, Mexico) was used on social media outlets.[55]
International response[edit]
The Israel Defense Forces sent a group of 71 search and rescue soldiers[56] including engineers, to help in the aftermath of the earthquake. The contingent had special dispensation to travel during the Rosh Hashanah holiday, normally forbidden under religious law.[57]
The Japan International Cooperation Agency sent a disaster relief team of 72 search-and-rescue personnel, four search dogs and five tons of equipment with personnel from the Japan Disaster Relief Team, Tokyo Fire Department and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police's SAR officers.[58] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country remarked that it was a show of thanks, as Mexico had sent a search team to help Japan during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[59]
Turkish state aid agency TİKA sent humanitarian aid – including packages containing hygienic and medical supplies prepared in coordination with the Mexican Red Cross – to Mexico City and Xochimilco.[60] TIKA also provided tools and equipment to be used in search-and-rescue efforts.[60]
US President Donald Trump called Peña Nieto to offer condolences, while the White House has offered search and rescue assistance.[61] The U.S. Agency for International Development deployed an urban search and rescue team from the Los Angeles County Fire Department and experts from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to the affected regions.[62]
Aftershocks[edit]
2017 Central Mexico earthquake and aftershocks
Graph of earthquakes by magnitude
Map of earthquakes as of 22 September
Red mark indicates the mainshock
Number of aftershocks
Gallery[edit]
Collapsed building in Mexico City
President Peña Nieto addresses the media
Volunteers and rescuers working at collapsed building at Colonia Roma, Mexico City.
Volunteers and rescuers working at a collapsed warehouse, colonia Obrera, Mexico City.
Volunteers moving debris at Colonia Obrera, Mexico City
Crumbled sidewalk outside a Hilton hotel, Mexico City.
See also[edit]
List of earthquakes in 2017
List of earthquakes in Mexico
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sismologico Nacional [@SismologicoMX] (23 September 2017). "Réplicas hasta las 12:30 hrs del 23/09/2017" (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "M 7.1 – 5km ENE of Raboso, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Almasy, Steve; Simon, Darran (19 September 2017). "Central Mexico earthquake kills dozens, topples buildings". CNN. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mueren 4 tras sismo; caen 29 edificios" [4 die in earthquake after 29 buildings fall]. Reforma (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Recuperan cuerpo de última víctima del terremoto en México". AP News. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Asciende a 46 la cifra de muertos por sismo: fallece mujer originaria de Atlixco". www.diariocambio.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Reporta Ssa 51 lesionados graves – Independiente de Hidalgo". Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Powerful Earthquake Shakes Mexico On 32nd Anniversary Of Deadly Temblor". NPR. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Mexiko" [Strong earthquake shakes Mexico]. Tagesschau (in German). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latest: Death toll rises to 226 from Mexico earthquake". Associated Press. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1)" [Earthquake of 19 September 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1)] (PDF) (in Spanish). National Seismological Service. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Grad, Shelby; Lin II, Rong-Gong (19 September 2017). "Mexico City's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Watkins, Derek; White, Jeremy (22 September 2017). "Mexico City Was Built on an Ancient Lake Bed. That Makes Earthquakes Much Worse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latest: Seismologist: Mexico's 7.1 quake not aftershock". Associated Press. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Witze, Alexandra (20 September 2017). "Pair of deadly Mexico quakes puzzles scientists". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22650. ISSN 1476-4687.
Jump up ^ "Millions of Mexicans commemorate 1985 quake with drill". Madrid: EFE. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Partlow, Joshua (19 September 2017). "Strong earthquake shakes Mexico, killing at least 40 people". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deadly earthquake in the Puebla region, Mexico – at least 226 fatalities – September 19, 2017". Earthquake-Report.com. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017. As @NTelevisaPuebla reports, the strong shaking lasted for approx. 1 minute and that's a very long time. The longer strong shaking lasts, the more damage will be inflicted! Page added to frequently.
Jump up ^ "IRIS: Special Event: Central Mexico". IRIS – Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017. Frequently updated.
Jump up ^ "BOLETÍN DEL SISTEMA DE ALERTA SÍSMICA MEXICANO (SASMEX), 19 September 2017 at 13:15:04" [SASMEX Bulletin]. Centro de Insrumentación y Registro Sísmico a.c. (in Spanish). 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón, 20 September 2017 at 12:17:00" [Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón]. El Grafico (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 04:47:00" [Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica]. UnoTV (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?, 21 September 2017 at 20:12:00" [¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?]. CHISPA (in Spanish). 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 20:12:00" [Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica]. BASTA (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Are Mexico's two September earthquakes connected? – BBC News". BBC. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Puente, Luis Felipe [@LUISFELIPE_P] (1 October 2017). "#Actualización" (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Argen, David (19 September 2017). "Mexico earthquake: more than 60 dead as powerful tremor hits southern region". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stevenson, Mark; Sherman, Christopher; Orsi, Peter (19 September 2017). "149 killed as 7.1 magnitude quake fells buildings in Mexico". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Vargas, Rosa Elvira (19 September 2017). "Confirma EPN recuperación de 22 cuerpos en colegio Enrique C. Rébsamen" [EPN confirms recovery of 22 bodies in Enrique C. Rébsamen school]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hay 26 niños fallecidos y 30 desaparecidos en derrumbe de escuela Rébsamen: Peña Nieto" [Peña Nieto: 26 children dead and 30 missing in collapse of Rébsamen school]. El Universal (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Sánchez Jiménez, Arturo (20 September 2017). "Cinco muertos y 40 heridos en el Tec de Monterrey" [Five dead and 40 wounded at Tec de Monterrey]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/death-toll-mexico-quake-rises-293-search-survivors-continues-n804051
Jump up ^ Notimex (30 September 2017). "Actualizan cifra, 360 decesos en el país por sismo del 19 de septiembre" [Figure updated, 360 deaths in the country due to the earthquake of 19 September]. Enfoque Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Martha Pskowski and David Adler (13 October 2017). "6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2017. Article has many examples of violations of building codes, followed by buildings collapsing in the earthquake; for example a collapsed six-storey building that had been constructed on the foundations of a previous two-storey building.
^ Jump up to: a b c Henderson, Barney; Horton, Helena; Strange, Hannah (20 September 2017). "Mexico City earthquake: More than 225 dead as buildings reduced to rubble". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deadly quake rocks Mexico". BBC News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Semple, Kirk; Malkin, Elisabeth; Villegas, Paulina (19 September 2017). "Powerful Earthquake Strikes Mexico, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "At least 134 dead after magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Mexico". CBC News. Associated Press. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Era horrible, todo temblaba'" ['It was horrible, everything trembled']. El País (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Lafuente, Javier (20 September 2017). "Más de 220 muertos por un fuerte terremoto en México" [More than 220 dead by a strong earthquake in Mexico]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Villalobos, Areli (19 September 2017). "Rescatan a 10 personas de un edificio colapsado en Álvaro Obregón 286, colonia Roma" [10 people are rescued from a collapsed building in Álvaro Obregón 286, colony Roma]. Proceso (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Imbert, Fred (19 September 2017). "Mexico stocks fall and then are halted after earthquake shakes buildings in Mexico City". CNBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sismo Afecta Suministro Eléctrico A Más De 4.8 Millones De Hogares Y Comercios En El Valle De México, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero Y Tlaxcala" [Sismo Affects Electrical Supply to More Than 4.8 Million Homes and Businesses in the Valley of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Tlaxcala] (in Spanish). Comisión Federal de Electricidad. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Vásquez, Azucena (19 September 2017). "Afecta sismo a 180 vuelos en AICM" [Earthquake affects 180 flights to AICM] (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Linthicum, Kate; Lin II, Rong-Gong; Zavis, Alexandra (19 September 2017). "At least 79 killed as powerful 7.1 earthquake strikes central Mexico". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Elizalde, Elizabeth (19 September 2017). "Powerful 7.1 magnitude quake rocks Mexico City, kills at least 55". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Metro de la CDMX ofrece servicio gratuito tras sismo" [CDMX Metro offers free service after earthquake]. Canal44 (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Servicio de Metro, Metrobús y Mexibús afectados tras sismo" [Metro, Metrobús and Mexibús service affected after earthquake]. El Universal (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 33 municipios del estado de Morelos, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 33 municipalities of the state of Morelos, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "La Secretaría de Gobernación declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para la Ciudad de México, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [The Ministry of the Interior declares Extraordinary Emergency for the City of Mexico, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 112 municipios del estado de Puebla, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [The SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 112 municipalities of the state of Puebla, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jiménez, Benito (19 September 2017). "Activan Plan DN-III en CDMX tras sismo" [Plan DN-III activated in CDMX after earthquake]. Reforma (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Minnick, Benjamin (November 6, 2017). "What can Seattle area learn from Mexico City's quake experience?". Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Copa MX anuncia postergación de octavos de final" [Copa MX announces postponement of Round of 16] (in Spanish). ESPN Deportes. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Willingham, AJ; Santiago, Cassandra; Valdez, Gustavo. "In a collapsed Mexico school, a community digs for signs of life". CNN. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ IDF team heads home as Mexico quake rescue mission ends By STUART WINER and AP, 28 September 2017
Jump up ^ Ari Gross, Judah (20 September 2017). "IDF to send 50-person delegation to earthquake-hit Mexico". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20170921_18/
Jump up ^ Velázquez, Iris (21 September 2017). "Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Anadolu Agency (21 September 2017). "Turkey sends aid to 'quake-hit Mexico". World Bulletin. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "230 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue – as it happened". The Guardian. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ McCleskey, Clayton (20 September 2017). "USAID Deploys Disaster Assistance Team for Earthquake in Mexico". U.S. Agency for International Development. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Puebla earthquake.
International Seismological Centre Event #610994335 – Full technical details.
Why Mexico City is so vulnerable to earthquakes – CNN
A Shock WIthout Aftershocks – Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
The Strange Tectonic Coincidence of Mexico’s September Earthquakes – The New Yorker
Chiapas and Puebla, Mexico, Earthquakes: Chain Reaction or Coincidence? – Temblor, Inc.
[show]
v
t
e
← Earthquakes in 2017
January
Tripura, India (5.7, January 3)
Amatrice, Italy (5.7, January 18) †
Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (7.9, January 22)
February
Uttarakhand, India (5.1, February 6)
Surigao del Norte, Philippines (6.5, February 10)
April
Central, Botswana (6.5, April 3)
Batangas, Philippines
5.1, April 4
5.9, April 8
June
Lesbos, Greece
6.3, June 12
July
Leyte, Philippines
6.5, July 6
Aegean Sea
6.6, July 20
August
Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan, China
6.5, August 8
Jinghe, Xinjiang, China
6.3, August 8
Ischia, Italy
4.2, August 21
September
Chiapas, Mexico (8.1, September 8) †
Central Mexico (7.1, September 19) †
November
Kermanshah, Iran (7.3, November 12) † ‡
Jacó, Costa Rica (6.5, November 13)
Pohang, South Korea (5.4, November 15)
December
Java, Indonesia (6.5, December 15)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
Dates for all earthquakes are in UTC
[show]
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e
Earthquakes in Mexico
Historical
1787 New Spain
1887 Sonora
1892 Laguna Salada
20th century
1911 Michoacán
1911 Guerrero
1931 Oaxaca
1932 Jalisco
1937 Orizaba
1940 El Centro
1941 Colima
1964 Guerrero
1965 Oaxaca
1973 Veracruz
1979 Imperial Valley
1980 Oaxaca
1981 Playa Azul
1985 Mexico City
1995 Chiapas
1995 Colima–Jalisco
1995 Guerrero
1999 Oaxaca
1999 Tehuacán
21st century
2003 Colima
2009 Guerrero
2010 Oaxaca
2010 Baja California
2011 Guerrero
2011 Zumpango
2012 Guerrero–Oaxaca
2012 Michoacán
2014 Guerrero
2014 Mexico–Guatemala
2017 Chiapas
2017 Central Mexico
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text:
Large-signal model
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Large-signal modeling is a common analysis method used in electronics engineering to describe nonlinear devices in terms of the underlying nonlinear equations. In circuits containing nonlinear elements such as transistors, diodes, and vacuum tubes, under "large signal conditions", AC signals have high enough magnitude that nonlinear effects must be considered.
"Large signal" is the opposite of "small signal", which means that the circuit can be reduced to a linearized equivalent circuit around its operating point with sufficient accuracy.
Differences between Small Signal and Large Signal[edit]
A small signal model takes a circuit and based on an operating point (bias) and linearizes all the components. Nothing changes because the assumption is that the signal is so small that the operating point (gain, capacitance, etc.) doesn't change.
A large signal model, on the other hand, takes into account the fact that the large signal actually affects the operating point, as well as that elements are non-linear and circuits can be limited by power supply values. A small signal model ignores simultaneous variations in the gain and supply values.
See also[edit]
Diode modelling
Transistor models#Large-signal nonlinear models

This electronics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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