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Olympic symbols
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The Olympic symbols are icons, flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to elevate the Olympic Games. Some—such as the flame, fanfare, and theme—are more commonly used during Olympic competition, but others, such as the flags, can be seen throughout the years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Motto
2 Rings
3 Flag
3.1 Specific flags
3.1.1 Antwerp flag
3.1.2 Oslo flag
3.1.3 Seoul flag
3.1.4 Rio de Janeiro flag
3.1.5 Singapore flag
3.1.6 Innsbruck flag
4 Flame and torch relay
5 Medals
6 Anthems
7 Kotinos
8 Olympic salute
9 Mascots
10 Intellectual property
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Motto[edit]
The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius, Altius, Fortius, which is Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger".[1] It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon, a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast.[2] Coubertin said "These three words represent a programme of moral beauty. The aesthetics of sport are intangible."[2] The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris.[3] A more informal but well-known motto, also introduced by Coubertin, is "The most important thing is not to win but to take part!" Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games.[4]
Rings[edit]
The five-ringed symbol of the Olympic Games.
The rings are five interlocking rings, colored blue, yellow, black, green and red on a white field, known as the "Olympic rings". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, co-founder of the modern Olympic Games. He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents: Africa, Asia, America, Australia and Europe.[5] According to Coubertin, the colors of the rings together with the white of the background included the colors composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[6]
... the six colors [including the flag's white background] combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolor flags of France, England, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem.
In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA, an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung: for him, the ring symbolized continuity and the human being.[7]
The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I, but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium in 1920.[8]
The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two American authors, Lynn and Gray Poole, when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s, saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games[9] that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone".[10] This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin.
The current view of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is that the symbol "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join.[11] As can be read in the Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the "five continents" of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Prior to 1951, the official handbook stated that each color corresponded to a particular continent: blue for Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quotation above was probably an afterthought).[12] Nevertheless, the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding color.
Flag[edit]
The Olympic flag.
The Olympic flag flying in Victoria, Canada in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver
The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914.
The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.
—  Pierre de Coubertin (1931)[13]
Specific flags[edit]
There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony,[14] the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall. These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games, which are flown over the host stadium and then retired. Because there is no specific flag for this purpose, the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences, including minor color variations, and, more noticeably, the presence (or lack) of white outlines around each ring.
Antwerp flag[edit]
The first Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the "Antwerp Flag" instead of the "Paris Flag".[15] It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics (see below). The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired.
In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team. The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. "I can help you with that," Prieste said, "It's in my suitcase." At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku, he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney.[16] The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a plaque thanking him for donating it.[17]
Oslo flag[edit]
The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo, Norway during the 1952 Winter Olympics. Since then, it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics. Currently, the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box, and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead.[18]
Seoul flag[edit]
Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park, Seoul
As a successor to the Antwerp Flag,[19] the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics. The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building.
Rio de Janeiro flag[edit]
As a successor to the Seoul Flag,[20] the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics, Tokyo.
Singapore flag[edit]
For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games. The flag is similar to the Olympic flag, but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge.[21][22] During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010, Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee, Nanjing 2014.[23]
Innsbruck flag[edit]
For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck, Austria and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics.
Flame and torch relay[edit]
Main article: Olympic flame
The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936. Months before the Games are held, the Olympic Flame is lit on a torch, with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector, at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. The torch is then taken out of Greece, most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people alike, and at times in unusual conditions, such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976, submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000, or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014. On the final day of the torch relay, the day of the Opening Ceremony, the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games.
Medals[edit]
The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games. The medals are made of gold-plated silver (commonly described as gold medals), silver, or bronze, and awarded to the top 3 finishers in a particular event. Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design, decided upon by the organizers for the particular games. From 1928 until 2000, the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner's crown in her right. This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli. For each Olympic games, the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed, reflecting the host of the games.
In 2004, the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games. In this design, the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium, reflecting the renewal of the games. The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi.[24]
Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth, fifth, and sixth since 1949, and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981.
Anthems[edit]
Main article: Olympic Hymn
The Olympic Hymn, officially known as the Olympic Anthem, is played when the Olympic Flag is raised. It is a musical piece composed by Spyridon Samaras with words written from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas. Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas, a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC. The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but wasn't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1957. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.
Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include:
The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare, Aarre Merikanto, at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games.
Olympische Hymne: A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics.
The Olympic Fanfare for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled. Merikanto's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939, but the score was lost over a decade; when rediscovered in 1951, it was decided to use this Fanfare in 1952. The popular Fanfare was recorded in 1953.[25]
Bugler's Dream: Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite, the theme is often thought of by Americans as the "Olympic theme" due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC, starting with the 1964 Olympics.
The Olympic March: The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song.
Olympic Fanfare 1972: The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song, used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center (Deutsches Olympia-Zentrum, DOZ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies, composed by Herbert Rehbein.[26] It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company (Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg, conducted by Willy Mattes.[citation needed]
Olympic Fanfare and Theme: Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics, the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then-Captain David Deitrick.[27] The first recording, performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles-area musicians, was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, with a concurrent Japan-only CD release (which went on to win a Grammy in 1985).[28] A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request: The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra. In 1996, an alternate version of "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games, replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud's Bugler's Dream. The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games, as the nations' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic Flame and when the Olympic Flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson.
The Olympic Spirit: The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts.
Summon the Heroes: The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.: The theme song to this television show, composed by Randy Edelman, has been used by NBC for its television broadcasts since the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Call of the Champions: The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics.
Several other composers have contributed Olympic music during the years, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.
Kotinos[edit]
Main article: Olive wreath
The kotinos (Greek: κότινος),[29] is an olive branch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced by Heracles.[30] In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold.[31] The victorious athletes were honored, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments.
Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath. Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae. He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae. The answer was "All other men are participating in the Olympic Games". And when asked "What is the prize for the winner?", "An olive-wreath" came the answer. Then Tigranes, one of his generals uttered a most noble saying: "Good heavens! Mardonius, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour."[32]
However, in later times, this was not their only reward; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country. The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Apart from its use in the awards-ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem.
Olympic salute[edit]
The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb, sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.
The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute, with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward, the palm is outward and downward, with the fingers touching. However, unlike the Roman Salute, the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder.[33][34]The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924[33] and Berlin 1936.[35]
The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute.[36]
Mascots[edit]
See also: List of Olympic mascots
Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, the Olympic Games have had a mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.
Intellectual property[edit]
The Olympic Movement is very protective of its symbols; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic" under trademark statutes. (The rings themselves are not eligible for copyright, both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required for copyright to be invoked.) They have taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated this trademark, including the Gay Games; the Minneapolis-based band The Hopefuls, formerly The Olympic Hopefuls; Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games; Awana Clubs International, a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games; and Wizards of the Coast, publisher at the time of the IOC's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings. But a few companies have been successful in using the Olympic name, such as Olympic Paint, which even has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo, and the former Greek airline Olympic Airlines.
Norwegian brewery Frydenlund designed a label with the five Olympic rings on the brewery's root beer, patenting the label in 1938. In 1952, when Norway was to arrange the Winter Olympics, the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings. Today, the brewery Ringnes AS owns the rights to continue the tradition with the five rings on its root beer.[37] Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word "Olympics" in their name, such as Special Olympics, an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities.
In recent years, organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games (such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006), putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games, including mere mentioning of the host city, the year, and others.[38][39]
See also[edit]
Paralympic symbols
Pierre de Coubertin medal
Olympiadane
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is the Olympic motto?". International Olympic Committee. 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Opening Ceremony" (pdf). International Olympic Committee. 2002. p. 3. Retrieved 23 August 2012. ; "Sport athlétique", 14 mars 1891: "[...] dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise 'souvent à la victoire, à la lutte toujours'. Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques: citius, altius, fortius, ‘plus vite, plus haut, plus fort’.", cited in Hoffmane, Simone La carrière du père Didon, Dominicain. 1840 - 1900, Doctoral thesis, Université de Paris IV — Sorbonne, 1985, p. 926; cf. Michaela Lochmann, Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique „citius, altius, fortius“
Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Olympic Summer Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Lennartz, Karl (2002). "The Story of the Rings" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 10: 32. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Lennartz, Karl (2002). "The Story of the Rings" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 10: 31. Retrieved 7 January 2016. De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception. Le bleu et jaune de Suède, le bleu et blanc de Grèce, les tricolores français, anglais, américain, allemand, belge, italien, hongrois, le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne, avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine. Voilà vraiment un emblème international.
Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney (November 1992). "This Great Symbol" (PDF). Olympic Review (301). Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Findling, John E.; Pele, Kimberly D., eds. (30 March 2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Press. pp. 65, 75. ISBN 978-0313322785. Retrieved 29 December 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Poole, Lynn; Poole, Gray Johnson (1963-01-01). History of ancient Olympic games,. New York: I. Obolensky.
Jump up ^ "Logos & Mascots". 27 February 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Olympic symbols" (PDF). IOC. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007. [Broken link]
Jump up ^ "Decision adopted by the Executive Committee" (PDF). Bulletin du Comité International Olympique (Olympic Review). Lausanne: IOC (25): 32. January 1951.
Jump up ^ "The Olympic Flag". Extract from: Textes choisis II, p.470. (written in 1931). Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Olympic Charter" (PDF). The International Olympic Committee. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vancouver 2010: The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games, the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city, Seoul, and then retired. [emphasis added]". Retrieved 1 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (12 September 2000). "Missing Flag Returns to Glory, Courtesy of a Prankster". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia" [After Eighty Years, Conscience Kicked Him] (in Spanish). Montevideo: La Red21 Radio. 12 September 2000. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vancouver 2010: The Olympic Flags and Emblem". Retrieved 1 March 2010. Because it is so precious, and must be preserved for years to come, the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony. Instead, a replica flag is traditionally used.
Jump up ^ "Vancouver 2010: The Olympic Flags and Emblem". Retrieved 1 March 2010. The successor to the Antwerp Flag, the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games by the city of Seoul, South Korea.
Jump up ^ "Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games". Retrieved 11 September 2016. Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday (August 21).
Jump up ^ "Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag". Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "S'pore presented with special Olympic flag". Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing". Sina Corp. 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner (2 July 2003). "Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004". Olympic-museum.de. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Heikinheimo, Seppo (1985). Aarre Merikanto: Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa [Aarre Merikanto: The fate of the composer in independent Finland] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 465, 467, 473, 479. ISBN 978-9510133194.
Jump up ^ "Herbert Rehbein". Songwriters Hall of Fame. 1993. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Guegold, William K. (June 1996). 100 Years of Olympic Music (Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896-1996). Golden Clef Publishing. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-0965237109.
Jump up ^ "The John Williams Web Pages: Olympic Fanfare and Theme". Johnwilliams.org. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). κότινος [Olive Branch]. A Greek–English Lexicon (in Greek). Clarendon Press.
Jump up ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.7.7
Jump up ^ Aristophanes, Plutus, 585.
Jump up ^ Herodotus, The Histories, Hdt. 8.26
^ Jump up to: a b Droit, Jean (1924). "Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques". Olympic Games Museum. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Schaap, Jeremy (2007). Triumph: the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 163–166. ISBN 978-0-618-68822-7. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Olympic Games 1936 Berlin: Poster". Olympic Games Museum. 1936. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the "Heil Hitler" Salute". Today I Found Out. 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent, showing the design". 1 November 1938. Retrieved 20 November 2016. Ringnes is the family name of the company's founders.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Steve (18 July 2012). "The Debate: Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far?". The Debate (blog)(The Independent). London. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Feargus (13 June 2012). "The Pettiness of Olympic Branding". The Atlantic. Washington D.C. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols.
PBS The Real Olympics, 2004.
the Raising of the Olympic flag in London, 26 September 2008
Olympic Files - Mascots (in Russian)
Bear Cub Misha Lover's Association, 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha's fan page (in Japanese)
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Twenty20
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the sport of cricket; "Twenty20", the professional version of the game. For details on amateur twenty over cricket, see Short form cricket. For the Malayalam film, see Twenty:20 (film). For other uses, see 2020 (disambiguation).
A Twenty20 match between England and Sri Lanka at the Hampshire Rose Bowl on 15 June 2006
Twenty20 cricket, sometimes written Twenty-20, and often abbreviated to T20, is a short form of cricket. At the professional level, it was originally introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2003 for the inter-county competition in England and Wales.[1] In a Twenty20 game the two teams have a single innings each, which is restricted to a maximum of 20 overs. Together with first-class and List A cricket, Twenty20 is one of the three current forms of cricket recognised by the International Cricket Council (ICC) as being at the highest international or domestic level. A typical Twenty20 game is completed in about three hours, with each innings lasting around 75–90 minutes and a 10–20-minute interval. This is much shorter than previously-existing forms of the game, and is closer to the timespan of other popular team sports. It was introduced to create a fast-paced form of the game which would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television.
Since its inception the game has been very successful resulting in its spread around the cricket world. On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test-playing nations have a domestic cup competition. The inaugural ICC World Twenty20 was played in South Africa in 2007 with India winning by five runs against Pakistan in the final.[2] Pakistan won the second tournament in 2009,[3] and England won the title in the West Indies 2010. West Indies won in 2012, with Sri Lanka winning the 2014 tournament. West Indies are the reigning champions, winning the 2016 competition, and in doing so, became the first nation to win the tournament twice.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Spread worldwide
1.3 Twenty20 Internationals
1.4 Impact on the game
2 Match format and rules
2.1 Format
2.2 General rules
2.3 Tie deciders
3 International
3.1 T20 International rankings
4 Domestic
5 Records
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
Former England batsman Andrew Strauss batting for Middlesex against Surrey
When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place. Cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. It was intended to deliver fast paced, exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11–7 in favour of adopting the new format.[4]
The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup.[5] The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title.[6] The first Twenty20 match held at Lord's, on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey, attracted a crowd of 27,509, the highest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground – other than a one-day final – since 1953.[7]
Spread worldwide[edit]
Thirteen teams from different parts of the country participated in Pakistan's inaugural competition in 2004, with Faisalabad Wolves the first winners. On 12 January 2005 Australia's first Twenty20 game was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers. It drew a sell-out crowd of 20,000, which was the first time in nearly 25 years the ground had been completely sold out.[8]
Starting 11 July 2006 19 West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20/20 tournament. The event was financially backed by billionaire Allen Stanford, who gave at least US$28,000,000 funding money. It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event. Guyana won the inaugural event, defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets, securing US$1,000,000 in prize money.[9][10]
On 5 January 2007 Queensland Bulls played the New South Wales Blues at The Gabba, Brisbane. A crowd of 11,000 was expected based on pre-match ticket sales. However, an unexpected 16,000 turned up on the day to buy tickets, causing disruption and confusion for surprised Gabba staff as they were forced to throw open gates and grant many fans free entry. Attendance reached 27,653.[11]
For 1 February 2008 Twenty20 match between Australia and India, 85,824[12] people attended the match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground involving the Twenty20 World Champions against the ODI World Champions.
The Stanford Super Series was held in October 2008 between Middlesex and Trinidad and Tobago, the respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions, and a Stanford Superstars team formed from West Indies domestic players; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition, securing US$280,000 prize money.[13][14] On 1 November, the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming a US$20,000,000 in each match. The Stanford Superstars won the first match,[15] however no further fixtures were held as Allen Stanford was charged with fraud in 2009.[16]
Twenty20 Internationals[edit]
Main articles: Twenty20 International and Women's Twenty20 International
The first Twenty20 International match was held on 5 August 2004 between the England and New Zealand women's teams with New Zealand winning by nine runs[17]
On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men's full international Twenty20 match, played at Eden Park in Auckland. The game was played in a light-hearted manner – both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s, the New Zealand team's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade. Some of the players also sported moustaches/beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look, at the request of the Beige Brigade. Australia won the game comprehensively, and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings, the players and umpires took things less seriously – Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides, and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card (red cards are not normally used in cricket) in response.
The first Twenty20 international in England was played between England and Australia at the Rose Bowl in Hampshire on 13 June 2005, which England won by a margin of 100 runs, a record victory which lasted until 2007.[18]
On 9 January 2006 Australia and South Africa met in the first international Twenty20 game in Australia. In a first, each player's nickname appeared on the back of his uniform, rather than his surname. The international match drew a crowd of 38,894 people at The Gabba. Australia convincingly won the match with man of the match Damien Martyn scoring 96 runs.
On 16 February 2006 New Zealand defeated West Indies in a tie-breaking bowl-out 3–0; 126 runs were scored apiece in the game proper. The game was the last international match played by Chris Cairns – NZC handed out life-size cardboard masks of his face to patrons as they entered the ground.
Every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place, except in the event of an ICC Cricket World Cup being scheduled in the same year, in which case it will be held the year before. The first tournament was in 2007 in South Africa where India defeated Pakistan in the final. Two Associate teams had played in the first tournament, selected through the 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One, a 50-over competition. In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20-over format to better prepare the teams. With six participants, two would qualify for the 2009 World Twenty20 and would each receive $250,000 in prize money.[19] The second tournament was won by Pakistan who beat Sri Lanka by 8 wickets in England on 21 June 2009. The 2010 ICC World Twenty20 tournament was held in West Indies in May 2010, where England defeated Australia by 7 wickets. The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was won by the West-Indies, by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals. It was the first time in Cricket history when a T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country. The 2014 ICC World Twenty20 was won by Sri Lanka, by defeating India at the finals, where the tournament was held in Bangladesh. The 2016 ICC World Twenty20 was won by West-Indies, by defeating England at the finals, where the tournament was held in India.
Impact on the game[edit]
Twenty20 matches can have some exciting displays such as when the batsmen run out to the pitch
Twenty20 cricket is claimed to have resulted in a more athletic and explosive form of cricket. Indian fitness coach Ramji Srinivasan declared in an interview with the Indian fitness website Takath.com, that Twenty20 had "raised the bar" in terms of fitness levels for all players, demanding higher levels of strength, speed, agility and reaction time from all players regardless of role in the team.[20] Matthew Hayden credited retirement from international cricket with aiding his performance in general and fitness in particular in the Indian Premier League.[21]
In June 2009, speaking at the annual Cowdrey Lecture at Lord's, former Australian wicketkeeper Adam Gilchrist pushed for Twenty20 to be made an Olympic sport. "It would," he said, "be difficult to see a better, quicker or cheaper way of spreading the game throughout the world."[22]
Match format and rules[edit]
Format[edit]
Twenty20 match format is a form of limited overs cricket in that it involves two teams, each with a single innings, the key feature being that each team bats for a maximum of 20 overs. In terms of visual format, the batting team members do not arrive from and depart to traditional dressing rooms, but come and go from a bench (typically a row of chairs) visible in the playing arena, analogous to association football's technical area or a baseball dugout.[23]
Middlesex playing against Surrey at Lord's, in front of a 28,000-strong crowd
General rules[edit]
The Laws of cricket apply to Twenty20, with some exceptions:[24]
Each bowler may bowl a maximum of only one-fifth of the total overs per innings. For a full, uninterrupted match, this is 4 overs.
If a bowler delivers a no ball by overstepping the popping crease, it costs 1 run and his next delivery is designated a "free-hit". In this circumstance the batsman can only be dismissed through a run out, hitting the ball twice, obstructing the field or handling the ball.
The following fielding restrictions apply:
No more than five fielders can be on the leg side at any time.
During the first six overs, a maximum of two fielders can be outside the 30-yard circle (this is known as the powerplay).
After the first six overs, a maximum of five fielders can be outside the fielding circle.
If the fielding team does not start to bowl their 20th over within 75 minutes, the batting side is credited an extra six runs for every whole over bowled after the 75-minute mark; the umpire may add more time to this if he believes the batting team is wasting time.
Tie deciders[edit]
Main article: Super Over
Currently, if the match ends with the scores tied and there must be a winner, the tie is broken with a one over per side Eliminator[25] or Super Over:[26][27] Each team nominates three batsmen and one bowler to play a one-over per side "mini-match". The team which bats second in the match bats first in the Super Over.[28][29] In turn, each side bats one over bowled by the one nominated opposition bowler, with their innings over if they lose two wickets before the over is completed. The side with the higher score from their Super Over wins. If the super over also ends up in a tie, the team that has scored the most boundaries (4s+6s) in the 20 overs wins.
In the Australian domestic competition the Big Bash League the Super Over is played slightly differently, with no 2-wicket limit, and if the super over is also tied then a "countback" is used, with scores after the fifth ball for each team being used to determine the result. If it is still tied, then the countback goes to 4 balls and so on.[30] The latest Super Over to decide a match was between the Sydney Sixers winning against the Brisbane Heat on the 25th January 2017, in the Big Bash League at the Brisbane Cricket Ground, with the Sixers winning 0/22 to 0/15 in the Super Over after tying on 164.[31]
Tied Twenty20 matches were previously decided by a bowl-out.[32]
International[edit]
Main articles: Twenty20 International and Women's Twenty20 International
Women's and men's Twenty20 Internationals have been played since 2004 and 2005 respectively. To date, 20 nations have played the format, including all test playing nations. This considers only matches between teams with Twenty20 International status, which is limited by the International Cricket Council to a small number of top teams.
Nation
Date of men's T20I debut
Date of women's T20I debut
Australia 17 February 2005 2 September 2005
New Zealand 17 February 2005 5 August 2004
England 13 June 2005 5 August 2004
South Africa 21 October 2005 10 August 2007
West Indies 16 February 2006 27 June 2008
Sri Lanka 15 June 2006 12 June 2009
Pakistan 28 August 2006 25 May 2009
Bangladesh 28 November 2006 27 August 2012
Zimbabwe 28 November 2006
India 1 December 2006 5 August 2006
Kenya 1 September 2007
Scotland 12 September 2007
Netherlands 2 August 2008 27 June 2008
Ireland 2 August 2008 27 June 2008
Canada 2 August 2008
Bermuda 3 August 2008
Afghanistan 2 February 2010
Nepal 16 March 2014
Hong Kong 16 March 2014
United Arab Emirates 17 March 2014
Oman 25 July 2015
T20 International rankings[edit]
Main article: ICC World Twenty20 rankings
In November 2011, the ICC released the first Twenty20 International rankings for the men's game, based on the same system as the Test and ODI rankings. The rankings cover a 2 to 3-year period, with matches since the most recent 1 August weighted fully, matches in the preceding 12 months weighted two-thirds, and matches in the 12 months preceding that weighted one-third. To qualify for the rankings, teams must have played at least eight Twenty20 Internationals in the ranking period.[33][34]
ICC T20I Championship
v
t
e
Rank
Team
Matches
Points
Rating
1
New Zealand 13 1,625 125
2
Pakistan 20 2,417 121
3
West Indies 20 2,395 120
4
England 17 2,029 119
5
India 22 2,545 116
6
Australia 15 1,665 111
7
South Africa 18 1,983 110
8
Sri Lanka 21 1,961 93
9
Afghanistan 25 2,157 86
10
Bangladesh 15 1,168 78
11
Scotland 11 737 67
12
Zimbabwe 13 842 65
13
United Arab Emirates 16 827 52
14
Netherlands 9 441 49
15
Hong Kong 13 599 46
16
Papua New Guinea 6 235 39
17
Oman 9 345 38
18
Ireland 15 534 36
Reference: ICC rankings for Tests, ODIs, Twenty20 & Women, 10 October 2017
"Matches" is the number of matches played in the 12-24 months since the May before last, plus half the number in the 24 months before that.
The ICC do not maintain a separate Twenty20 ranking for the women's game, instead aggregating performance over all three forms of the game into one overall women's teams ranking.[35]
Domestic[edit]
An Indian Premier League match commencing at the Chepauk Stadium between Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders
Perth Scorchers taking on Hobart Hurricanes at the WACA during BBL 01 (2011)
Main article: List of domestic Twenty20 cricket competitions
This is a list of the current Twenty20 domestic competitions in several of the leading cricket countries.
Country
Domestic Competition
Number of Teams
Afghanistan Shpageeza Cricket League 6
Australia Big Bash League 8
Bangladesh Bangladesh Premier League 8
England NatWest t20 Blast 18
Hong Kong Hong Kong T20 Blitz 5
India Indian Premier League 8
Ireland Inter-Provincial Trophy 4
Netherlands Dutch Twenty20 Cup 16
Nepal Everest Premier League, Dhangadhi Premier League 6,6
New Zealand Super Smash 6
Pakistan Pakistan Super League 5
Scotland Regional Pro Series 3
South Africa Ram Slam T20 Challenge, T20 Global League 6, 8
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Premier League 7
West Indies Caribbean Premier League 6
Zimbabwe Stanbic Bank 20 Series 4
Records[edit]
Main article: List of Twenty20 cricket records
See also: List of Twenty20 International records
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The first official T20 in 2003".
Jump up ^ "India hold their nerve to win thriller". ESPNcricinfo. 24 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Afridi fifty seals title for Pakistan". ESPNcricinfo. 21 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Newman, Paul; Meet the man who invented Twenty20 cricket – the man missing out on millions; Daily Mail; 11 June 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009
Jump up ^ Matches played 13 June 2003 ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 June 2008
Jump up ^ Twenty20 Cup, 2003, Final – Surrey v Warwickshire ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 June 2008
Jump up ^ Weaver, Paul (25 May 2009). "Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sellout at WACA for Twenty20 match". ESPNcricinfo. 12 January 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guyana crowned Stanford 20/20 champions". ESPNcricinfo. 14 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced". The Jamaica Observer. 9 February 2006.
Jump up ^ "Gabba fans let in for free". Cricket20.com.
Jump up ^ "India crash to nine-wicket defeat". ESPNcricinfo. 1 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford". ESPNcricinfo. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ McGlashan, Andrew (27 October 2008). "Ramdin leads T&T to big-money glory". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ McGlashan, Andrew (1 November 2008). "Gayle leads Superstars to millions". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "US tycoon charged over $8bn fraud". BBC News. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, Andrew (6 August 2004). "Revolution at the seaside". Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Largest margin of victory (by runs)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland". ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "An interview with Ramji Srinivasan". Takath.com. 19 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hayden heroics shining light of IPL". The Canberra Times. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Booth, Lawrence. "Myths; And stereotypes." The Spin, 30 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bringing back fences could help even up the contest between bat and ball, and ensure that all sixes are genuine".
Jump up ^ "Twenty20 Rules". CricketWorld4U. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "One-over eliminator could replace bowl-out". cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Windies edge NZ in Twenty20 thriller". abc.net.au Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Benn stars in thrilling tie". cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 26 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Vettori opposes Super Over". cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 26 December 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
Jump up ^ The Explainer (13 January 2009). "One1". cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "KFC T20 Big Bash League: Rules". KFC T20 Big Bash League. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Recap: Big Bash second Semi Final: Sydney Sixers v Brisbane Heat". news.com.au. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Super Over to replace bowl out". ESPN CricInfo. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
Jump up ^ ICC Team Rankings Archived 16 January 2012 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Kendix, David. ICC rankings for Tests, ODIs, Twenty20 & Women. ESPN Cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
Jump up ^ "ICC Women’s Team Rankings launched". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
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Twenty20 – Polish
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values: இருபது20 – Tamil

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Twenty20 – Turkish
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values: ٹوئنٹی/20 – Urdu

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