text:
Hoarders
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This article is about the American reality television series on A&E. For the human behavior pattern associated with this program, see Compulsive hoarding.
Not to be confused with Hoarding: Buried Alive, a similar American reality television series on TLC.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hoarders
Genre
Reality Show
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
118 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dave Severson
Andrew Berg
David McKillop
Elaine Frontain Bryant
George Butts
Jessica Morgan
Matt Chan
Mike Kelly
Camera setup
Multiple
Running time
42 to 48 minutes
Production company(s)
Screaming Flea Productions
Distributor
A+E Networks
Release
Original network
A&E, Lifetime
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
August 17, 2009 (2009-08-17) – present
External links
Website
www.aetv.com/hoarders/
Hoarders is an American reality television series that debuted on A&E. The show depicts the real-life struggles and treatment of people who suffer from compulsive hoarding disorder.[1] The series premiered on August 17, 2009 and concluded its original run on February 4, 2013, after six seasons.[2]
Over a year after the program's original cancellation in 2013, Lifetime began airing a series of weekly "Where Are They Now?" episodes on June 2, 2014.[3] This led to the production of a seventh season, Hoarders: Family Secrets, which aired on Lifetime from May 28, 2015 to July 30, 2015.[4]
The program returned to A&E for an eighth season which began January 3, 2016. A second part of the eighth season began on August 21, 2016, under the title: Hoarders: Then and Now. Each broadcast presents an episode from earlier seasons, ending with a present-day visit to one of its featured hoarders by the therapist or organizer who worked with him/her. Interviews with the hoarder and his/her family reveal how their lives have progressed since their first appearance on the show.
A ninth season began on December 19, 2016. Some episodes during this season air under the title Hoarders: Overload, presenting expanded versions of episodes from earlier seasons that include previously unaired footage and updates on the subjects.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 On-air personalities
2.1 Therapists
2.2 Organizers
3 Hoarding disorder
4 Reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Each 60-minute episode profiles one or two interventions. During most of the first season, the hoarder worked with either a psychiatrist/psychologist, a professional organizer, or an "extreme cleaning specialist," each of whom specialized in some aspect involving the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, and/or hoarding. A crew of professional cleaners (usually a local franchise of the series' major corporate sponsor) performed actual cleanups. Two episodes in the first season featured a cleanup with both a psychologist and an organizer: Jill (episode "Jennifer and Ron/Jill") and Patty (episode "Patty/Bill"); from season two onward, all Hoarders were given a psychologist and an organizer. The final episode of the first season, "Paul/Missy and Alex" featured professional organizer, Geralin Thomas, CPO-CD working with Missy, while a child psychologist, Dr. David Dia, worked with Missy's seven-year-old son Alex. Beginning in the second season, each hoarder had a psychologist-plus-organizer/cleaning specialist team assisting them in their cleanup. The psychologist-plus-organizer/cleaning specialist combination leads a group of cleaning professionals, family, friends, and relatives of the hoarder in conducting a two- to three-day decluttering session. The cleanups aim both to teach the hoarder new ways of thinking and patterns of behavior and to make the home a liveable and usable space. In most instances a crisis prompts the intervention, such as the threat of eviction or the removal of minor children from the home.
Many times, cleanups are postponed due to outstanding circumstances. In the season 5 episode, "Mary/Annie", crew members placed a 911 call, after discovering Mary unresponsive in her home. She was taken to a local hospital, and the cleanup resumed the following afternoon after she was released following respiratory problems. In another episode, the camera and cleanup crew were forced to evacuate a structurally unstable home following the 5.8 magnitude 2011 Virginia Earthquake. Twice in the series, a hoarder has kicked the crew off their property and refused further help. Lisa from season four aborted the cleanup after the first day, when her pets escaped in the process. Linda, from season nine, walked away six times, before allowing the crew to organize part of her barn; she later told them to leave and not come back. Sandra, from season nine, no longer owned her home or horde when the episode covered her but the new owners of the home attempted to be accommodating towards her. Ultimately the vast majority of Sandra's horde was destroyed with Sandra's unwillingness to cooperate complicating matters. The failure to help Sandra left everyone from the psychologist involved to the homeowners heartbroken over their inability to help Sandra salvage something of her life.
At the end of each episode, on-screen text indicates the short-term outcome of the cleanup effort, including the subjects' decisions on whether to seek further assistance from organizers and/or therapists. The show provides six months of aftercare funds to pay these professionals and, occasionally, to carry out vital repairs to the home.[5]
Each of the "Where Are They Now?" episodes on Lifetime revisits two or more hoarders, showing clips from their original appearances followed by newer footage detailing the progress they have made since they were featured on the show.
On-air personalities[edit]
There have been a number of therapists and professional organizers who have contributed to the show. Recurring cast members are as follows:
Therapists[edit]
Robin Zasio, Psy.D.
Suzanne Chabaud, Ph.D.
Melva Green, M.D., M.B.A., M.B.H.
Michael Tomkins, Ph.D., ABPP
David Tolin, Ph.D.
Mark Pfeffer, LMFT
Organizers[edit]
Geralin Thomas, Certified Professional Organizer
Dorothy Brenninger, Certified Professional Organizer
Matt Paxton, Extreme Cleaning Specialist
Cory Chalmers, Extreme Cleaning Specialist
Standolyn Robertson, Extreme Cleaning Specialist
Dr. Darnita L. Payden, Life Management Specialist
Hoarding disorder[edit]
With the release of DSM-5 in 2013, hoarding was classified as a separate disorder. During show's original run, hoarding behaviors were considered symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Hoarding does show links to obsessive and compulsive behaviors; however, it also shows connections to Major Depressive Disorder as well as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).[6] Hoarding could have simply remained a symptom and been included under multiple disorders. However, treating the comorbid disorders in a patient often does not eliminate hoarding behaviors. Another significant factor in the disorder’s reclassification was the discovery that more people could be diagnosed with hoarding behaviors than could be diagnosed with OCD.[7] This showed that hoarding could not be a subtype of OCD. Rather, it had to be a separate illness with similarities (the fear of letting go being the obsession, and the hoarding of unneeded items as the compulsion). These similarities are recognized in the DSM-5, as hoarding is classified under the heading of “Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders.” Other disorders in this category include Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Trichotillomania, and Excoriation. These disorders share common features “such as obsessive preoccupation and repetitive behaviors.”[8]
The role of documentary shows like Hoarders in the change of classification is unclear. However, some believe the rise in awareness caused by them was a significant contributing factor.[7] When hoarding became a buzzword, it “commanded a significant amount of professional…attention”.[7] Studies that may have been prompted by this could have aided in revealing the disorder as the unique and complex illness it truly is.
Reception[edit]
At the time of its premiere, Hoarders was the most-watched series premiere in A&E network history among adults aged 18–49 and tied for the most ever in the adults aged 25–54 demographic.[9] The premiere was watched by 2.5 million viewers: 1.8 million adults aged 18–49.[9] In 2011, Hoarders won a Critics Choice Award, in a tie with The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, for best reality series.[10][11]
See also[edit]
Hoarding: Buried Alive
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A&E Premieres New Original Nonfiction Series "Hoarders"". The Futon Critic. August 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 25, 2013). "'Hoarders' Canceled by A&E after Six Seasons". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ "Hoarders Update on Lifetime Could Revive Show". May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Episodes of Hoarders in Production". Mar 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aftercare — Home cleaning". A&E Community. Retrieved 27 February 2012. This is Cory Chalmers from Hoarders and as part of my business, we offer regularly scheduled cleaning for every hoarding case we help with.
Jump up ^ Hall, Brian; Tolin, David; Frost, Randy; Steketee, Gail (2013). "An exploration of comorbid symptoms and clinical correlates of clinically significant hoarding symptoms". Depression and Anxiety. 30: 67–76. doi:10.1002/da.22015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marchland, Shoshana; Phillips McEnany, Geoffry (September 2012). "Hoarding's place in the DSM-5: Another symptom, or a newly listed disorder?". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 33: 593–597.
Jump up ^ Hiller, Anne. "Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders" (PDF). dsm5.org. American Psychiatric Publishing.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (August 18, 2009). "Hoarders has best premiere ever for A&E with adults 18–49". TV by the Numbers (Press release).
Jump up ^ Mets, Lauren. "RHOBH Grabs Critics' Choice Award; Lisa Vanderpump 'Bloody Can't Believe It'". Bravo. The Daily Dish. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Mad Men' & 'Modern Family' Among Winners At First Critics' Choice TV Awards". Deadline. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Hoarders on IMDb
Hoarders at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Reality Series
Hoarders / The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (2011)
Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations (2012)
Duck Dynasty / Push Girls (2013)
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014)
Shark Tank (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoarders&oldid=818796064"
Categories:
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American documentary television series
English-language television programs
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Carnival Road March
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Carnival Road March is the musical composition played most often at the "judging points" along the parade route during Carnival. Originating as part of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, the term has been applied to other Caribbean carnivals.
In Trinidad and Tobago the Road March title has been officially given out every year since 1932 (with the exception of the years affected by World War I and World War II when Carnival did not take place). Popular Unofficial Road Marches have also been recognized in T&T from since the mid-1800s after slavery was abolished. Prior to World War II, T&T Road Marches were referred to as "Leggos" or "Breakaways" by the general population but were rebranded by the Carnival authorities as the Road March from 1946. Scoring is based upon a register-and-count system devised by a Carnival committee before the start of the parade. The Road March title is among the most prestigious in Trinidad Carnival. The most such titles have gone to the late Lord Kitchener with eleven wins, ahead of Super Blue with ten wins, Machel Montano with nine wins and the Mighty Sparrow with eight wins. In the mid-1970s, a woman officially broke through in the male dominated Calypso arena. Calypso Rose was the first female to officially win the Trinidad and Tobago Road March competition in 1977 with her song "Give More Tempo". The following year with "Come Leh We Jam" in addition to winning the Road March title again, Calypso Rose also won the "Calypso King" competition, the first time a woman had received that award. As a result, the "Calypso King" competition was officially renamed the "Calypso Monarch" competition in 1979.
First Calypso recordings were made in 1912[1] so Trinidad & Tobago Road Marches prior to 1912 were not recorded that year but may have been recorded years later after recording technology became available to Calypso pioneers of 1910's to 1930's.
Contents
[hide]
1 Trinidad and Tobago
2 Antigua and Barbuda
3 Barbados
4 Grenada
5 St. Lucia
6 St. Vincent
7 Saint Kitts and Nevis
8 Saint Thomas, US Virgin Islands
9 Anguilla
10 United Kingdom
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Trinidad and Tobago[edit]
Below are over 100 T&T Road Marches starting from this year going back to 1800's when most calypsos were sung in Patios.
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2018 Machel Montano and Superblue "Soca Kingdom" 9th & 10th RM wins
2017 Ultimate Rejects featuring MX Prime "Full Extreme"
2016 Machel Montano "Waiting On the Stage" Monk Evolution
2015 Machel Montano "Like Ah Boss" Monk Monte
2014 Machel Montano "Ministry Of Road" (MOR) Happiest Man Alive
2013 Superblue "Fantastic Friday" Soca Gold 2013
2012 Machel Montano "Pump Yuh Flag" (PYF) Double M
2011 Machel Montano "Advantage" The Return
2010 JW & Blaze "Palance" Monkey Steak Play Soca
2009 Fay-Ann Lyons "Meet Super Blue"
2008 Fay-Ann Lyons "Get On" Best Of Best Soca 2008
2007 Machel Montano "Jumbie" Book of Angels
2006 Machel Montano and Patrice Roberts "Band Of De Year" (BODY) B.O.D.Y.
2005 Shurwayne Winchester "Dead or Alive"
2004 Shurwayne Winchester "The Band Coming" Press Play
2003 Fay-Ann Lyons (3rd official female winner) "Display" Soca Gold 2003
2002 Naya George "Trinidad" Soca Gold 2002
2001 Shadow aka Mighty Shadow "Stranger" Shadow - Just For You
2000 Superblue / Iwer George (TIE) "Pump Up" / "Carnival Come Back Again" Soca Matrix / Iwer+Family
1999 Sanell Dempster (2nd official female winner) "De River" Blue Ventures 1999
1998 Wayne Rodriguez "Footsteps" Charge
1997 Machel Montano (1st Road March win) "Big Truck" Heavy Duty
1996 Nigel Lewis "Moving"
1995 Super Blue "Signal For Lara" Happy Carnival
1994 Preacher "Jump and Wave" Rattlesnake Wine
1993 Super Blue "Bacchanal Time" Bacchanal Time
1992 Super Blue "Jab Jab" In The Power
1991 Super Blue (formerly Blue Boy) "Get Something and Wave" 10th Anniversary
1990 Tambu "No No We Eh Going Home" The Cry
1989 Tambu "Free Up" The Journey
1988 Tambu "This Party Is It" Culture
1987 Mighty Duke "Is Thunder" Yesterday Today Tomorro
1986 David Rudder "Bahia Gyal" The Hammer
1985 Crazy "Soucouyant" Caribbean Hits Makers
1984 Sparrow (8th Road March win) "Don't Back Back" King Of The World
1983 Blue Boy "Rebecca" Superman
1982 Penguin "Deputy" Life Is A Lollipop
1981 Blue Boy "Ethel" Soca In Shaolin Temple
1980 Blue Boy (1st Road March win) "Soca Baptist" (3rd soca song to win RM) Blueboy's breakout song
1979 Poser "Ah Tell She" (Smoke Ah Watty) 2nd soca song to win RM
1978 Calypso Rose (1st full soca song to win RM) "Come Leh We Jam" (Soca Jam) Her Majesty CalypsoRose
1977 Calypso Rose (1st official female winner) "Give More Tempo" (uptempo calypso) Action Is Tight
1976 Kitchener (11th and final Road March win) "Flag Woman" (soca elements in bassline) Kitch: Home For Carnival
1975 Kitchener "Tribute to Spree" Carnival Fever In Kitch
1974 Shadow "Bass Man" Bass Man LP
1973 Kitchener "Rain-O-Rama" We Walk 100 Miles
1972 Sparrow "Drunk and Disorderly" Hotter Than Ever
1971 Kitchener "Mas' At Madison" Curfew Time With Kitch
1970 Kitchener "Margie" Sock It To Me Kitch
1969 Sparrow "Sa Sa Yea" 16 Carnival Hits (Ice)
1968 Kitchener "Miss Tourist" Play Mas' With Kitch
1967 Kitchener "Sixty Seven" 16 Carnival Hits (Ice)
1966 Sparrow "Obeah Wedding" Calypso Genius Vol.1
1965 Kitchener "My Pussin" Mr. Kitch (RCA Victor)
1964 Kitchener "Mama This is Mas" Lord Kitchener (RCA)
1963 Kitchener "The Road" Klassic Kitchener Vol.Two
1962 Lord Blakie "Maria" Trinidad All Time Calypso
1961 Sparrow "Royal Jail" Sparrow The Conqueror
1960 Sparrow "May May" Calypso King Of Trinidad
1959 Lord Caruso "Run the Gunslingers" Ten For The Road
1958 Sparrow "Pay As You Earn" 16 Carnival Hits (Ice)
1957 Lord Christo / Nelson Cato "Chicken Chest" / "Doctor Nelson" Two competitions
1956 Sparrow (1st Road March win) "Jean and Dinah" (Yankee's Gone) Sparrow's breakout song
1955 Obernkirchen Children's Choir "The Happy Wanderer" (Valderi, Valdera!) German pop song
1954 Lord Blakie "Steel Band Clash"
1953 Vivian Comma / Spit Fire "Madeline Oye" / "Bow Wow Wow" Two competitions
1952 Spit Fire "Post, Post Another Letter For Thelma"
1951 Mighty Terror "Tiny Davis Blow"
1950 Mighty Killer "In A Calabash"
1949 Lord Wonder "Ramgoat Baptism"
1948 Lord Melody or King Radio "Canaan Barrow" or "Who Dead Canaan?" To confirm correct winner
1947 King Pharaoh "Portuguese Dance" (Vishki Vashki Voo)
1946 Kitchener (1st official Road March win) "Jump In The Line" Competition renamed
1945 World War II (No Official Carnival): Lion "(All Day All Night,) Mary-Ann" Calypso Carnival (Decca)
1944 World War II (No Official Carnival): Radio "Brown Skin Girl"
1943 World War II (No Official Carnival): Invader "Rum & Coca Cola" Lord Invader Calypso
1942 World War II (No Official Carnival):Kitchener "Green Fig" Kitchener's breakout song
1941 Lion (aka Roaring Lion) "Whoopsin Whoopsin"
1940 Lord Beginner "Run Yuh Run"
1939 King Radio "Mathilda" Rough Guide To Calypso
1938 Lion (aka Roaring Lion) "No Nora Darling"
1937 Lion (aka Roaring Lion) "Netty Netty" Roaring Lion Sacred 78's
1936 Lion (aka Roaring Lion) "Advantage Could Never Done"
1935 Lion (aka Roaring Lion) "Dingolay Oy"
1934 Railway Douglas "After Johnny Drink Me Rum"
1933 King Radio "Wash Pan Wash"
1932 King Radio (1st official "Leggo" champion) "Tiger Tom Play Tiger Cat" 1st official competition
1931 King Houdini "Mr. Huggins" (Remake)
1930 Inveigler "Captain Cipriani"
1928 Mentor "Mr. Huggins"
1927 Atilla The Hun "???" (Song to be confirmed)
1926 Sam Manning "Camilla" Sam Manning Volume 1
1925 King Houdini "Fire Brigade Water the Road"
1924 ??? (Singer to be confirmed) "Mavis Powder"
1923 King Houdini "Sly Mongoose"
1922 Atilla The Hun "Toddy"
1920 Atilla The Hun "Bigman Sweetman"
1918 World War I (No Official Carnival) (No champion "Breakaway/Leggo" chosen)
1917 World War I (No Official Carnival) (No champion "Breakaway/Leggo" chosen)
1916 World War I (No Official Carnival) (No champion "Breakaway/Leggo" chosen)
1915 World War I (No Official Carnival) (No champion "Breakaway/Leggo" chosen)
1911 Lionel Belasco "Poeme One" Year b4 1st recordings
1906 Sophie Mataloney[2] (aka Jamette Matador) "Pauline" (Adaptation of Guadeloupe song) Sung in Patios & English
1899 Chantwell "Prisoner Levez" Sung in Patios & English
1897 Chantwell "J'ouvert Band" Sung in Patios & English
1834 Gros Jean or other early Calypsonian "Point De Six Ans" (means "No Six Years") Protest Calypso in Patios
Antigua and Barbuda[edit]
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2017 ClaudettePeters "Out Deh"
2016 Tian Winter "In De Middle"
2015 Boasta "Ole time Something"
2014 Menace "Fete Me Ah Fete"
2013 Ezzy Rattigan "Golden Cup"
2012 Burning Flames "Kick Een She Back Door"
2011 Hard Knaxx "KFC (Kentucky)"
2010 Burning Flames "Bullbud"
2009 Red Hot Flames "Trademark"
2008 Red Hot Flames "Musical Bomb"
2007 Burning Flames "Papi"
2006 Red Hot Flames "Trouble"
2005 Burning Flames "De Harder Dey Come"
2004 Burning Flames "Road Rage"
2003 Burning Flames "Rush"
2002 Wanskie "More Gyal"
2001 High Intensity "Ole Time Something"
2000 Calypso Jim "Exercise"
1999 Burning Flames "I Command You"
1998 Burning Flames "Sweet Song"
1997 Burning Flames "Crazy Man"
1996 Burning Flames "Fire Unda Me Foot"
1995 Burning Flames "Gym Jam"
1994 Vision Band ft Eddie Mello "Dress Back"
1993 Burning Flames "Wet Down De Place"
1992 Burning Flames "Donkey"
1991 Burning Flames "Piece of Iron"
1990 Burning Flames "Congo Man"
1989 Burning Flames "Workey Workey"
1988 Lion "Bad Girl"
1987 Short Shirt "J'Ouvert Rhythm"
1986 Burning Flames "Rudeness Mek Me"
1985 Burning Flames "Stylie Tight"
1984 Swallow "Satan Coming Down"
1983 Swallow "Party In Space"
1982 Short Shirt "Push"
1981 Redding "Up and Jumping"
1980 Short Shirt "Summer Festival"
1979 Short Shirt "Kangaroo Jam"
1978 Short Shirt "Benna Music"
1977 La Tumba "Supa Jam"
1976 Short Shirt "Tourist Leggo"
1975 Swallow "Shake and Break You Bam Bam"
1974 Short Shirt "Lucinda"
1973 Swallow "Push Ya, Push Dy"
1972 Swallow "Pow Pow"
1971 Razor Blade "Shake You Waist"
1970 Calypso Joe "Bum Bum"
Barbados[edit]
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2017 Stiffy "Tip & Ben Ova"
2016 Lil Rick "Iz A Bajan"
2015 Peter Ram "All Ah We" Get Soca 2016
2014 Lead Pipe & Saddis "Ah Feeling"
2013 Soca Kartel "Roll It"
2012 Mikey "We Loose"
2011 Edwin Yearwood "Cova de Road"
2010 Blood "Foot On Fire"
2009 Edwin Yearwood "In Da Middle Of Da Road"
2008 Edwin Yearwood "Handle Yah Business"
2007 Mr Dale "Soka Junkie"
2006 Jabae "Flames"
2005 Natahlee & Shontelle "Colours"
2004 Mikey "Come Together"
2003 Lil' Rick "Mash Up & Buy Back"
2002 Lil' Rick "Hypa Dogg"
2001 Krosfyah "Sak Pase"
2000 Rupee "Jump"
1999 Red Plastic Bag "Volcano"
1998 Grynner "Grind Them"
1997 (TIE) Alison Hinds / Edwin Yearwood "In The Meantime" / "Highway Robbery"
1996 Alison Hinds "Raggamuffin"
1995 Edwin Yearwood "Obadele"
1994 Serenader "Juck Fuh Juck"
1993 Ras Iley "Inez"
1992 De Great Carew "Mad Woman Jam"
1991 Madd "Tribute To Grynner"
1990 Grynner "Get Out The Way"
1989 Grynner "Leggo I Hand"
1988 Grynner "Wait For Me"
1987 Red Plastic Bag "Can't Find Me Brudda"
1986 Ras Iley "Spring Garden On Fire"
1985 Grynner "More Grynner"
1984 Grynner "Stinging Bees"
1983 Grynner "Mr T"
1982 Mighty Gabby "Jack"
1981 Adonijah "Ethiopian Rock"
1980 Viper "Ting Tong"
1979 Mighty Gabby "Burn Mister Harding"
Grenada[edit]
Grenada Carnival also known as Spicemas was founded to celebrate the anniversary of the independence of Grenada, Carriacou, and Petit Martinique, which gained their independence on 7 February 1974. In 1978 Grenada Carnival was moved to the month of May by the Eric Gairy led government but after that government was overthrown in March 1979, the 1979 Carnival celebration was cancelled. In 1980 the new People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG) led by Maurice Bishop brought back Grenada Carnival, which was held in May that year. After a feasibility study Grenada Carnival was moved to August the following year.[3] Hence annually from 1981 Grenada's Carnival has been held in August culminating with their Road March competition. If anyone has reliable details of the Grenada Road March winners and songs between 1974 and 1978 and also for 1980 please also contribute.
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2017 Lil Natty & Thunda "Top Striker"
2016 Lil Natty & Thunda "Take It To Dem"
2015 Synnah "Jab on Sesame Street"
2014 Squeeze Head "Turbo Charge"
2013 Boyzie "Mas Everywhere"
2012 Boyzie "Born Troublesome"
2011 Lavaman "So We Dey"
2010 Otis "Tornado"
2009 Mr. Killa "Swing It Away"
2008 Miney "10,000 Masqueraders"
2007 Berbice "Traffic"
2006 Soca Banton "Over You Head"
2005 Boogie B "Clear The Smoke"
2004 General PP "Never Say Never"
2003 Super P "Do What You Want"
2002 Japs "Helicopter"
2001 Tallpree "Rags Invasion"
2000 Tallpree "Grave, Jail, Hospital"
1999 Sheldon Douglas "Find Something"
1998 Sheldon Douglas "Stamp Up"
1997 Tangler "Chala Baiti"
1996 Tangler "Bouncing Low"
1995 Inspector "Madness"
1994 Inspector "Sweeter Than Home"
1993 Flying Cloud "Way You Man"
1992 Flying Cloud "Raise You Hand"
1991 Moss International "Jambalasie"
1990 Ajamu "Open Up"
1989 Skylark "Simple Policeman"
1988 Black Wizard "Soca Feeling"
1987 Squeezy "To Cork Ah Hole"
1986 Inspector "No Kicks"
1985 Inspector "Dance"
1984 Flying Turkey "Byron"
1983 African Teller "You Cock Ain’t Dey"
1982 Snakey Boy "Charmaine Darling"
1981 Timpo "We Want We Carnival"
St. Lucia[edit]
Invader has won the Road March in St. Lucia seven times. In a period from 1970-1972 and again from 1974-1976, Road March winners were imported from Trinidad and Tobago.
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2017 Ricky T "Sully"
2016 Mac 11 "Padnas"
2015 Ricky T & Superman HD "Perfect Storm"
2014 J Mouse "Hurt It"
2013 Ricky T "Mass Attack"
2012 Soca Syco "Gallop"
2011 Ricky T "Mad Ting"
2010 DJ HP "Pa Mele”
2009 Ricky T "Like a Jumbie"
2008 Ricky T "Wheel & Come Again"
2007 Ricky T "Pressure Boom"
2006 [Tie] Ricky T/Vertex Band "Bring Your Container"/My Pressure Up
2005 Nicole David "Queen of the Jungle (Bounce)"
2004 Alpha "Down De Road"
2003 X Man "Pee Pee In Me Poo Poo"
2002 Invader "Bo Bee Wia Wea"
2001 Invader "Be Le Lesh"
2000 Rootsy "Hillary"
1999 Invader "Take My Money"
1998 Jaunty "Military Jam"
1997 Twop Chance "Hospital Burning"
1996 Jaunty "Bobolist'"
1995 Jaunty "We Shall Hop"
1994 Stylist Black "Okay Okay"
1993 Jaunty "Oh La Lay"
1992 Invader "Vievxe Nomme Sa La"
1991 [Tie] Invader/Buffalo "Wine Down William Peter"/”Manje”
1990 Translator "Ninja"
1989 Educator "Calypso Tyson"
1988 Chippy "One Bad Prick"
1987 Inspector Red "Zodi Zodi"
1986 Ashanti "Sufferer’s Song"
1985 Invader "Carnal Knowledge"
1984 Shakey "Twavay Mwen Vle"
1983 Invader "Yellow Man"
1982 Get Through "What De People Chanting"
1981 Educator "Mon Kon Arrow"
1980 Jackson "Guy Love Dance"
1979 Barrie "Sailor In The Band”
1978 Pelay "Sweet Suzette"
1977 Prince "Doh Smoke Dope"
1973 Desper "Popham ‘72"
1969 Pelay "Jump, Jump, Jump"
St. Vincent[edit]
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2017 Problem Child "Never Bow"
2016 Hypa 4000 "No Behaviour"
2015 Hypa 4000 "Dutty Dancing"
2014 Fireman Hooper "Unruly"
2013 Skinny Fabulous "The General"
2012 Fya Empress "Rum Please"
2011 Gao "The Sheep
2010 Maddzart "The King Road"
2009 Problem Child "Mad House"
2008 Icon "Two Knees"
2007 Problem Child "Party Animal"
2006 Jamesy P & Skarpyon "Leave Me Alone"
2005 DJ Twenty & Poorsah "Googa Googa"
2004 Bomani "I Am Soca"
2003 Poorsah "Sling Shot"
2002 Poorsah "Chook It”
2001 Poorsah "Hairy Bank"
2000 Touch "Take Away"
1999 Becket "Small Pin"
1998 Becket "Tone Up"
1997 Rebels "Rumping"
1996 New Direction "Rudeness on the Road"
1995 Touch "Macco"
1994 Touch "Butt"
1993 Touch "Kangaroo"
1992 Touch "Puss Man"
1991 Touch "Move Yo Front"
1990 Becket "Teaser"
1989 Touch "Jam Dem"
1988 Poorsah "Mouth in Me Moma"
1987 Becket "Ten Years"
1986 Becket "Ah Want Soca"
1985 Becket "Tone"
1984 Man CP "Rhythm Colour"
1983 Poorsah "Right Up In Dey"
1982 Scakes . "Mambo in De Disco"
1981 Asterisks "Yuh Can’t Wine"
1980 Becket "Cocoa"
1978 Becket "Wine Down Kingstown"
1977 Mighty Gringo "Don’t Lock Me Up"
1976 King Brooklyn "Largo Heights Busy Heights"
1975 Mighty Gringo "Leggo Me Hand"
1974 Mighty Toiler "The Puppy"
1973 Lord Hawke "Ding Dong"
1972 Lord Hawke "Oupane"
1971 Lord Hawke "Sweeeter That This"
Saint Kitts and Nevis[edit]
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2015 Small Axe Band "Pepper Dem"
2014 Small Axe Band "Bottoms in de Road"
2013 Small Axe Band "We Got De Hardware"
2012 Small Axe Band "Do The DCH"
2011 Grand Masters "None a Dem (Step Pon Dem)"
2010 King Konris "Unstoppable Force"
2009 Grand Masters "Bust U Bubble"
2008 Grand Masters "A Want Whale"
2007 Grand Masters "Boom Boom Bam"
2006 Small Axe Band "Masquerade"
2005 Nu Vybes "Ting Lang"
2004 Grand Masters "Money Wutt"
2003 Small Axe Band "Watch De Creep Up"
2002 Nu Vybes "Step Up"
2001 Nu Vybes "Sugar"
2000 Small Axe Band "Shub Back On De"
1999 Grand Masters "Millenium Jam"
1998 Grand Masters "Masters' Massive"
1997 Nu Vybes "Street Style"
1996 Nu Vybes "Hand Signal"
1995 Pungwa "Stranded Night"
1994 A U Brown "Fan Me"
1992 Ellie Matt "Jump"
1991 Mic Stokes "All Kinda Tings"
1990 Small Axe "Pan Man"
1989 Small Axe "Who is De Dan"
1988 Small Axe "Big League"
1987 Grand Masters "Masters' Jam"
1986 De Coach/ Contender "De Boops"/ "Living in De Band"
1985 Mic Stokes "One Shot Man"
1984 Shango "Chin Chin Bar"
1982 Ellie Matt "Patsy"
1981 Starshield "Hooray Mass"
1980 Ranger "Seven Day Mass"
1979 Ellie Matt "Tune for De Children"
1978 Ellie Matt "Sugar City Jam"
1977 Ellie Matt "Shang Shang"
1976 Ellie Matt "Jam Back"
1975 Arrow "Rummy Song"
1974 Mark the First "Come Forward"
1973 Ellie Matt "All Day, All Night"
1972 Controller "Right On"
1971 Sundar Popo "Play You Mas" Trinidadian artist and song
Saint Thomas, US Virgin Islands[edit]
The Jam Band, formerly Eddie and the Movements has won the Road March Title a record 21 times.
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2015 Spectrum Band "Left Right Stop Wukup"
2014 [Tie] Spectrum Band/Volume International XL "Manners"/"Recipe"
2013 Spectrum Band "Wake Up To Wuk Up"
2012 Spectrum Band "V.I. Party"
2011 Spectrum Band "Boom"
2010 Spectrum Band "Kallaloo"
2009 Jam Band "Sickness"
2008 JDPP Jammerz "Bedrock"
2007 JDPP Jammerz "Bunny Train"
2006 Whadablee "Steel Pan Comin Up Deh Road"
2005 Jam Band "How To Take De Road"
2004 Jam Band "Soldiers"
2003 Jam Band "Jockey"
2002 Alwyn Baptiste Jr and Pat Raguette of the Xpress Band "Happy Birthday Carnival"
2001 Jam Band "Tear Down De Roof"
2000 Jam Band "Inspection Lane"
1999 Jam Band "Iron"
1998 Whadablee "This One is for Milo"
1997 Jam Band "Road Runner"
1996 Jam Band "Time For Wuk"
1995 Jam Band "Man Terrible"
1994 Jam Band "Showtime"
1993 Jam Band "Possessed"
1992 Imaginations Brass "All Out Posse"
1991 Jam Band "Let Loose"
1990 Jam Band [Formerly Eddie and the Movements] "Horse Chip"
1989 Eddie and the Movements "We Run Things"
1988 Eddie and the Movements "Kool Um Down"
1987 Eddie and the Movements "Legal"
1986 Eddie and the Movements "Lamboushay"
1985 Eddie and the Movements "Pepper"
1984 Eddie and the Movements "Tramping Style"
1983 Mandingo Brass "Traffic Tight"
1982 Mandingo Brass "Off Man Jam"
1981 Eddie and the Movements "Backbone"
1980 Dread Ones "Hey Hey Hey"
1979 Mandingo Brass "Man For She"
1978 [Tie] Ellie Matt and the G.I. Brass/Mandingo Brass "Shang Shang/Winey Eva Mae"
Anguilla[edit]
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2015 Exodus HD "Hello" Thrillogy
2014 Exodus HD "Wash & Rinse" De Encore
2013 Exodus HD [Formerly Exodus Band] "For Di Fans Dem" For Di Fans Dem
2012 Pantha Vibes International "On De Road (My Riddim)"
2011 Pantha Vibes International "I Love PVI"
2010 Pantha Vibes International "Make It Rain"
2009 Exodus Band [Currently Exodus HD] "Cut Them Off"
2008 Pantha Vibes International "We want Action"
2007 Better Band "Keep Movin"
2006 Better Band "Jam-A-Robics"
2005 Better Band "Imagine"
2004 Better Band "Toss Up"
2003 Mussington Brothers "Dust Dem"
2002 Mussington Brothers "Dig Um"
2001 AXA Band "Caribbean Mass"
2000 Better Band "Misbehave"
1999 Better Band (Formerly Vito) "Soggy"
1998 Vito "Raise De Roof"
1997 AXA Band "On De Track"
1996 ?? "??"
1995 Mussington Brothers "J’ouvert Slammer"
1994 Mussington Brothers "Hold Ya Balance"
1993 Mussington Brothers "Jump Up Jam"
1992 Mussington Brothers "It’s A Business"
1991 Mussington Brothers "In De Valley"
1990 Lord Anything "Tired Bodies"
United Kingdom[edit]
Year
Performer
Song
Album / Notes
2013 Soca Johnny "Don't Do That"
2012 Chardanai "See Mi On The Road"
2011 Chardanai "Down Deh"
2010 Soca Johnny "Madness"
See also[edit]
Caribbean music
Soca music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lovey's Original Trinidad String Band* - Calypso Dawn: 1912". Discogs. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
Jump up ^ Munro, Hope (2016-06-20). What She Go Do: Women in Afro-Trinidadian Music. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781496807540.
Jump up ^ "Spicemas Grenada". Grenada Carnival Committee. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
External links[edit]
[1], Carnival Glossary
[2], Carnival Info Road march Trinidad
http://www.toronto-lime.com/music/sfiles/tnt_roadmarch_winners.htm
http://www.tntisland.com/rmhof.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120828083109/http://anguillasummerfestival.com/results11.php?eventID=42
https://www.facebook.com/notes/eveything-and-anything-virgin-islands/st-thomas-road-march-songs-since-1978/105164392220
http://www.sknvibes.com/islandfacts/sitepage.cfm?p=170
http://www.luciancarnival.com/content/road-march
http://www.carnivalsvg.com/roachmarch.html
https://madeingrenadawordpresscom.wordpress.com/tag/road-march
http://www.trinijunglejuice.com/home/carnival-grenada.php
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnival_Road_March&oldid=834501770"
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Croquet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the game. For the food item, see Croquette. For the Smalltalk-based 3D software platform, see Croquet project.
Modern croquet equipment
Leon Wyczółkowski, A Game of Croquet (1892-1895), National Museum, Warsaw
Croquet is a sport[1][2] that involves hitting plastic or wooden balls with a mallet through hoops (often called "wickets" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Competitive variations
3 Pronunciation
4 Variations
4.1 Association
4.2 Golf
4.3 Garden
4.4 American six-wicket
4.5 Nine-wicket
4.6 Ricochet
5 Glossary of terms
6 In art and literature
7 In politics
8 Clubs
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Paille-maille (pall-mall) illustrated in Old English Sports, Pastimes and Customs, published 1891. Original image by Lauthier, 1717
The oldest document to bear the word croquet with a description of the modern game is the set of rules registered by Isaac Spratt in November 1856 with the Stationers' Company in London. This record is now in the Public Record Office. In 1868, the first croquet all-comers meet was held at Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire and in the same year the All England Croquet Club was formed at Wimbledon, London.
Regardless when and by what route it reached England and the British colonies in its recognizable form, croquet is, like golf, pall-mall, trucco, and kolven, among the later forms of ground billiards, which as a class have been popular in Western Europe back to at least the Late Middle Ages, with roots in classical antiquity, including sometimes the use of arches and pegs along with balls and mallets or other striking sticks (some more akin to modern field hockey sticks).[3][4][5] By the 12th century, a team ball game called la soule or choule, akin to a chaotic version of hockey or football (depending on whether sticks were used), was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes; it was attested in Cornwall as early as 1283.[6][page needed]
In the book Queen of Games: The History of Croquet,[7] Nicky Smith presents two theories of the origin of the modern game of croquet, which took England by storm in the 1860s and then spread overseas.
The first explanation is that the ancestral game was introduced to Britain from France during the 1630–1685 reign of Charles II of England, and was played under the name of paille-maille (among other spellings, today usually pall-mall), derived ultimately from Latin words for 'ball and mallet' (the latter also found in the name of the earlier French game, jeu de mail). This was the explanation given in the ninth edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, dated 1877.
In his 1810 book The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, Joseph Strutt described the way pall-mall was played in England at the time: "Pale-maille is a game wherein a round box[wood] ball is struck with a mallet through a high arch of iron, which he that can do at the fewest blows, or at the number agreed upon, wins. It is to be observed, that there are two of these arches, that is one at either end of the alley. The game of mall was a fashionable amusement in the reign of Charles the Second, and the walk in Saint James's Park, now called the Mall, received its name from having been appropriated to the purpose of playing at mall, where Charles himself and his courtiers frequently exercised themselves in the practice of this pastime."[8]
While the name pall-mall and various games bearing this name also appeared elsewhere (France and Italy), the description above suggests that the croquet-like games in particular were popular in England by the early 17th century. Some other early modern sources refer to pall-mall being played over a large distance (as in golf); however, an image in Strutt's 1801 book shows a croquet-like ground billiards game (balls on ground, hoop, bats and peg) being played over a short, garden-sized distance. The image's caption describes the game as "a curious ancient pastime", confirming that croquet games were not new in early nineteenth century England.
Early croquet-like game from The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, first published 1801. Hoop, peg and two players with balls clearly shown. Such implements in ground billiards games date to classical antiquity.
In Samuel Johnson's 1755 dictionary, his definition of "pall-mall" clearly describes a game with similarities to modern croquet: "A play in which the ball is struck with a mallet through an iron ring".[9] However, there is no evidence that pall-mall involved the croquet stroke which is the distinguishing characteristic of the modern game.
The second theory is that the rules of the modern game of croquet arrived from Ireland during the 1850s, perhaps after being brought there from Brittany where a similar game was played on the beaches. Regular contact between Ireland and France had continued since the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169. By no later than the early 15th century, the game jeu de mail (itself ancestral to pall-mall and perhaps to indoor billiards) was popular in France, including in the courts of Henry II in the 16th century and Louis XIV of the 17th.
At least one version of it, rouët ('wheel') was a multi-ball lawn game. Records show a game called "crookey", similar to croquet, being played at Castlebellingham in County Louth, Ireland, in 1834, which was introduced to Galway in 1835 and played on the bishop's palace garden, and in the same year to the genteel Dublin suburb of Kingstown (today Dún Laoghaire) where it was first spelt as "croquet".[10] There is, however, no pre-1858 Irish document that describes the way game was played, in particular there is no reference to the distinctive croquet stroke.[11][clarification needed] The noted croquet historian Dr Prior, in his book of 1872, makes the categoric statement "One thing only is certain: it is from Ireland that croquet came to England and it was on the lawn of the late Lord Lonsdale that it was first played in this country." This was about 1851.[12]
A game of Croquet being played at Eglinton Castle, North Ayrshire, in the early 1860s
John Jaques apparently claimed in a letter to Arthur Lillie in 1873 that he had himself seen the game played in Ireland, writing "I made the implements and published directions (such as they were) before Mr. Spratt [mentioned above] introduced the subject to me."[13] Whatever the truth of the matter, Jaques certainly played an important role in popularising the game, producing editions of the rules in 1857, 1860, and 1864.
Croquet became highly popular as a social pastime in England during the 1860s. It was enthusiastically adopted and promoted by the Earl of Essex who held lavish croquet parties at Cassiobury House, his stately home in Watford, Hertfordshire, and the Earl even launched his own Cassiobury brand croquet set.[14][15] By 1867, Jaques had printed 65,000 copies of his Laws and Regulations of the game. It quickly spread to other Anglophone countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. No doubt one of the attractions was that the game could be played by both sexes; this also ensured a certain amount of adverse comment.
Croquet players in Sweden, early 20th century.
By the late 1870s, however, croquet had been eclipsed by another fashionable game, lawn tennis, and many of the newly created croquet clubs, including the All England Club at Wimbledon, converted some or all of their lawns into tennis courts. There was a revival in the 1890s, but from then onwards, croquet was always a minority sport, with national individual participation amounting to a few thousand players. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club still has a croquet lawn, but has not hosted any significant tournaments. The English headquarters for the game is now in Cheltenham.

The earliest known reference to croquet in Scotland is the booklet The Game of Croquet, its Laws and Regulations which was published in the mid-1860s for the proprietor of Eglinton Castle, the Earl of Eglinton. On the page facing the title page is a picture of Eglinton Castle with a game of "croquet" in full swing.[16]
The croquet lawn existed on the northern terrace, between Eglinton Castle and the Lugton Water. The 13th Earl developed a variation on croquet named Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle croquet, which had small bells on the eight hoops "to ring the changes", two pegs, a double hoop with a bell and two tunnels for the ball to pass through. In 1865 the 'Rules of the Eglinton Castle and Cassiobury Croquet' was published by Edmund Routledge. Several incomplete sets of this form of croquet are known to exist, and one complete set is still used for demonstration games in the West of Scotland.[16]
Competitive variations[edit]
There are several variations of croquet currently played, differing in the scoring systems, order of shots, and layout (particularly in social games where play must be adapted to smaller-than-standard playing courts). Two forms of the game, association croquet and golf croquet, have rules that are agreed internationally and are played in many countries around the world. The United States has its own set of rules for domestic games. Gateball, a sport originated in Japan under the influence of croquet, is played mainly in East and Southeast Asia and the Americas and can also be regarded as a croquet variant.
As well as club-level games, there are regular world championships and international matches between croquet-playing countries. The sport has particularly strong followings in the UK, US, New Zealand and Australia; every four years, these countries play the MacRobertson Shield tournament. Many other countries also play. The current world rankings[17] show England in top place for association croquet, followed by Australia and New Zealand sharing second place, with the United States in fourth position; the same four countries appear in the top six of the golf croquet league table, below Egypt in top position, and with South Africa at number five.
Croquet is popularly believed to be viciously competitive.[18] This may derive from the fact that (unlike in golf) players will often attempt to move their opponents' balls to unfavourable positions. However, purely negative play is rarely a winning strategy: successful players (in all versions other than golf croquet) will use all four balls to set up a break for themselves, rather than simply making the game as difficult as possible for their opponents. At championship-standard association croquet, players can often make all 26 points (13 for each ball) in two turns.
Croquet was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Roque, an American variation on croquet, was an event at the 1904 Summer Olympics.
Pronunciation[edit]
As with similar words with a French derivation, the final 't' is silent. British pronunciation puts the accent on the first syllable, American on the second: /ˈkroʊkeɪ/ versus /kroʊˈkeɪ/.
Variations[edit]
Association[edit]
Croquet being played at a club in the UK. (Four balls are visible on the lawn, showing that two games are in progress ("double-banking"): red and black belong to one game, green and brown to the other)
Association croquet is the name of an advanced game of croquet, played at international level. It involves four balls teamed in pairs, with both balls going through every hoop for one pair to win. The game's distinguishing feature is the "croquet" shot: when certain balls hit other balls, extra shots are allowed. The six hoops are arranged three at each end of the court, with a centre peg.
In association croquet one side takes the black and blue balls, the other takes red and yellow. At each turn, players can choose to play with either of their balls for that turn. At the start of a turn, the player plays a stroke. If the player either hits the ball through the correct hoop ("runs" the hoop), or hits another ball (a "roquet"), the turn continues.
Following a roquet, the player picks up his or her own ball and puts it down next to the ball that it hit. The next shot is played with the two balls touching: this is the "croquet stroke" from which the game takes its name. By varying the speed and angle at which the mallet hits the striker's ball, a good player can control the final position of both balls: the horizontal angle determines how much the balls diverge in direction, while the vertical angle and the amount of follow-through determine the relative distance that the two balls travel.
After the croquet stroke, the player plays a "continuation" stroke, during which the player may again attempt to make a roquet or run a hoop. Each of the other three balls may be roqueted once in a turn before a hoop is run, after which they become available to be roqueted again.
The winner of the game is the team who completes the set circuit of six hoops (and then back again the other way), with both balls, and then strikes the centre peg (making a total of 13 points per ball = 26).
Good players may make "breaks" of several hoops in a single turn. The best players may take a ball round a full circuit in one turn. "Advanced play" (a variant of association play for expert players) gives penalties to a player who runs certain hoops in a turn, to allow the opponent a chance of getting back into the game; feats of skill such as triple peels or better, in which the partner ball (or occasionally an opponent ball) is caused to run a number of hoops in a turn by the striker's ball help avoid these penalties.
A handicap system ('bisques') provides less experienced players a chance of winning against more formidable opponents. Players of all ages and both sexes compete on level terms.
The World Championships are organised by the World Croquet Federation (WCF)[19] and usually take place every 2 or 3 years. The 2016 championships took place in Florida, the winner being Stephen Mulliner of England — at 62, the oldest ever champion.[20] The current Women's Association Croquet World Champion (2015) is Miranda Chapman of England.[21]
The Australian team won the last MacRobertson International Croquet Shield tournament, which is the major international test tour trophy in association croquet. It is contested every three to four years between Australia, England, the United States and New Zealand. Historically the British have been the dominant force, winning 14 times out of the twenty two times that the event has been held. In individual competition, the UK is often divided by subnational country (England, Scotland and Wales), while Northern Ireland joins with the republic in an All Ireland association (as it does in other sports).
The world's top 10 association croquet players as of December 2015 were Robert Fulford (England), Robert Fletcher (Australia), Reg Bamford (South Africa), Greg Bryant (New Zealand), Paddy Chapman (New Zealand), David Maugham (England), Jamie Burch (England), Jonathan Kirby (Scotland), Jeff Dawson (England), Samir Patel (England).[22]
Unlike most sports, men and women compete and are ranked together. Three women have won the British Open Championship: Lily Gower in 1905, Dorothy Steel in 1925, 1933, 1935 and 1936, and Hope Rotherham in 1960. While male players are in the majority at club level in the UK, the opposite is the case in Australia and New Zealand.[22]
The governing body in England is The Croquet Association, which has been the driving force of the development of the game. The rules and tournament regulations are now maintained by the International Laws Committee, established by the croquet associations of England and Wales (CA), Australia (ACA), New Zealand (CNZ) and the United States (USCA).
Golf[edit]
In golf croquet, a hoop is won by the first ball to go through each hoop. Unlike association croquet, there are no additional turns for hitting other balls.
Each player takes a stroke in turn, each trying to hit a ball through the same hoop. The sequence of play is blue, red, black, yellow. Blue and black balls play against red and yellow. When a hoop is won, the sequence of play continues as before. The winner of the game is the player/team who wins the most hoops.
Golf croquet is the fastest-growing version of the game,[23] owing largely to its simplicity and competitiveness. There is an especially large interest with competitive success by players in Egypt.[24] Golf croquet is easier to learn and play, but requires strategic skills and accurate play. In comparison with association croquet, play is faster and balls are more likely to be lifted off the ground.
In April 2013, Reg Bamford of South Africa beat Ahmed Nasr of Egypt in the final of the Golf Croquet World Championship in Cairo, becoming the first person to simultaneously hold the title in both association croquet and golf croquet.[25] As of 2017, the Golf Croquet World Champion was Reg Bamford (South Africa) and the Women's Golf Croquet World Champion was Judith Hanekom (South Africa).[26]
Garden[edit]
Garden croquet is widely played in the UK. The rules are easy to learn and the game can be played on lawns of almost any size but usually around 32 feet wide (9.8 m) by 40 ft long (12 m). The rules are similar to those described above for Association Croquet with three major differences:
The starting point for all balls is a spot three feet (0.91 m) in from the boundary directly in front of hoop 1.
If a striker's ball goes off, there is no penalty, it comes back on three feet (0.91 m) and the turn continues.
In a croquet stroke the croqueted ball does not have to move when the striker's ball is struck.
This version of the game is easy for beginners to learn. The main Garden Croquet Club in the UK is the Bygrave Croquet Club which is a private club with five lawns. Other clubs also use garden croquet as an introduction to the game, notably the Hampstead Heath Croquet Club and the Watford Croquet Club.
An American game of croquet at twilight
American six-wicket[edit]
The American rules version of croquet, another six-hoop game, is the dominant version of the game in the United States and is also widely played in Canada. It is governed by the United States Croquet Association. Its genesis is mostly in association croquet, but it differs in a number of important ways that reflect the home-grown traditions of American "backyard" croquet.
Two of the most notable differences are that the balls are always played in the same sequence (blue, red, black, yellow) throughout the game, and that a ball's "deadness" on other balls is carried over from turn to turn until the ball has been "cleared" by scoring its next hoop. A Deadness Board is used to keep track of deadness on all four balls. Tactics are simplified on the one hand by the strict sequence of play, and complicated on the other hand by the continuation of deadness. A further difference is the more restrictive boundary-line rules of American croquet.[27]
In the American game, roqueting a ball out of bounds or running a hoop out of bounds causes the turn to end, and balls that go out of bounds are replaced only nine inches (23 cm) from the boundary rather than one yard (91 cm) as in association croquet.[27] "Attacking" balls on the boundary line to bring them into play is thus far more challenging.
Nine-wicket[edit]
Nine-wicket croquet, sometimes called "backyard croquet", is played mainly in Canada and the United States, and is the game most recreational players in those countries call simply "croquet". In this version of croquet there are nine wickets, two stakes, and up to six balls. The course is arranged in a double-diamond pattern, with one stake at each end of the course. Players start at one stake, navigate one side of the double diamond, hit the turning stake, then navigate the opposite side of the double diamond and hit the starting stake to end. If playing individually (Cutthroat), the first player to stake out is the winner. In partnership play, all members of a team must stake out, and a player might choose to avoid staking out (becoming a Rover) in order to help a lagging teammate.
Each time a ball is roqueted, the striker gets two bonus shots. For the first bonus shot, the player has four options:[28]
From a mallet-head distance or less away from the ball that was hit ("taking a mallet-head")
From a position in contact with the ball that was hit, with the striker ball held steady by the striker's foot or hand (a "foot shot" or "hand shot")
From a position in contact with the ball that was hit, with the striker ball not held by foot or hand (a "croquet shot")
From where the striker ball stopped after the roquet.
The second bonus shot ("continuation shot") is an ordinary shot played from where the striker ball came to rest.
An alternate endgame is "poison": in this variant, a player who has scored the last wicket but not hit the starting stake becomes a "poison ball", which may eliminate other balls from the game by roqueting them. A non-poison ball that roquets a poison ball has the normal options. A poison ball that hits a stake or passes through any wicket (possibly by the action of a non-poison player) is eliminated. The last person remaining is the winner.[29]
Ricochet[edit]
This version of the game was invented by John Riches of Adelaide, Australia with help from Tom Armstrong in the 1980s. The game can be played by up to six people and is very easy to learn. For this reason it is often used as a stepping stone to association croquet.
Ricochet has similar rules to association and garden croquet, except that when a ball is roqueted, the striker's ball remains live and two free shots are earned. This enables strikers to play their ball near to another opponent ball and ricochet that too thus earning two more free shots. Running a hoop earns one free shot.
Glossary of terms[edit]
Backyard croquet being played in rough grass with inexpensive equipment, United States, 2009
Backward ball: The ball of a side that has scored fewer hoops (compare with 'forward ball').[30]
Ball-in-hand: A ball that the striker can pick up to change its position, for example:
any ball when it leaves the court has to be replaced on the yard-line
the striker’s ball after making a roquet must be placed in contact with the roqueted ball
the striker’s ball when the striker is entitled to a lift.[31]
Ball in play: A ball after it has been played into the game, which is not a ball in hand or pegged out.[31]
Baulk: An imaginary line on which a ball is placed for its first shot in the game, or when taking a lift. The A-baulk coincides with the western half of the yard line along the south boundary; the B-baulk occupies the eastern half of the north boundary yard line.[31]
Bisque, half-bisque A bisque is a free turn in a handicap match. A half-bisque is a restricted handicap turn in which no point may be scored.[31]
Break down: To end a turn by making a mistake.[30]
Continuation stroke: Either the bonus stroke played after running a hoop in order or the second bonus stroke played after making a roquet.[31]
Croquet stroke: A stroke taken after making a roquet, in which the striker's ball and the roqueted ball are placed together in contact.[31]
Double tap: A fault in which the mallet makes more than one audible sound when it strikes the ball.[31]
Forward ball: The ball of a side that has scored more hoops (compare with 'backward ball').[30]
Hoop: Metal U-shaped gate pushed into ground.[31] (Also called a wicket in the US). [32]
Leave: The position of the balls after a successful break, in which the striker is able to leave the balls placed so as to make life as difficult as possible for the opponent.[30]
Lift: A turn in which the player is entitled to remove the ball from its current position and play instead from either baulk line. A lift is permitted when a ball has been placed by the opponent in a position where it is wired from all other balls, and also in advanced play when the opponent has completed a break that includes hoops 1-back or 4-back.[31]
Object ball: A ball which is going to be rushed.
Peg out: To cause a rover ball to strike the peg and conclude its active involvement in the game.[31]
Peel: To send a ball other than the striker's ball through its target hoop.[31]
Pioneer: A ball placed in a strategic position near the striker's next-but-one or next-but-two hoop, to assist in running that hoop later in the break.
Primary colours or first colours: The main croquet ball colours used which are blue, red, black and yellow (in order of play). One player or team plays blue and black, the other red and yellow.[31]
Push: A fault when the mallet pushes the striker's ball, rather than making a clean strike.[31]
Roquet: (Second syllable rhymes with "play".) When the striker’s ball hits a ball that he is entitled to then take a croquet shot with. At the start of a turn, the striker is entitled to roquet all the other three balls once. Once the striker's ball goes through its target hoop, it is again entitled to roquet the other balls once.[31]
Rover ball: A ball that has run all 12 hoops and can be pegged out.[31]
Rover hoop: The last hoop, indicated by a red top bar. The first hoop has a blue top.[31]
Run a hoop: To send the striker’s ball through a hoop. If the hoop is the hoop in order for the striker’s ball, the striker earns a bonus stroke.[31]
Rush: A roquet when the roqueted ball is sent to a specific position on the court, such as the next hoop for the striker’s ball or close to a ball that the striker wishes to roquet next.[30]
Scatter shot: A continuation stroke used to hit a ball which may not be roqueted in order to send it to a less dangerous position.[30]
Secondary colours or second colours; also known as alternate colours:[31] The colours of the balls used in the second game played on the same court in double-banking: green, pink, brown and white (in order of play). Green and brown versus pink and white, are played by the same player or pair.[31]
Sextuple peel (SXP): To peel the partner ball through its last six hoops in the course of a single turn. Very few players have achieved this feat, but it is being seen increasingly at championship level.[30]
Tice: A ball sent to a location that will entice an opponent to shoot at it but miss.[30]
Triple peel (TP): To send a ball other than the striker’s ball through its last three hoops, and then peg it out. See also Triple Peel, A variant is the Triple Peel on Opponent (TPO), where the peelee is the opponent's ball rather than the partner ball. The significance of this manoevre is that in advanced play, making a break that includes the tenth hoop (called 4-back) is penalized by granting the opponent a lift (entitling him to take the next shot from either baulk line). Therefore, many breaks stop voluntarily with three hoops and the peg still to run.[30]
Wired: When a hoop or the peg impedes the path of a striker's ball, or the swing of the mallet. A player will often endeavour to finish a turn with the opponent's balls wired from each other.[30]
Yard line: An imaginary line one yard (0.91 m) from the boundary. Balls that go off the boundary are generally replaced on the yard line (but if this happens on a croquet stroke, the turn ends).[31]
In art and literature[edit]
The Croquet Game, Édouard Manet, 1873
Louise Abbéma, A Game of Croquet (Trouville, 1872), private collection
The way croquet is depicted in paintings and books says much about popular perceptions of the game, though little about the reality of modern play.
In 1868 a song titled Croquet (essentially anonymous: by M.B.C.S and W.O.F.) was included in a popular song book by W. O. Perkins, The Golden Robin (Pub. Oliver Ditson & Company, New York). ("Upon the smoothly shaven lawn, Beneath the skies of May, Oh, boys and girls, this merry morn, Come out and play Croquet ..."); there are four full verses.
Winslow Homer, Édouard Manet, Louise Abbéma and Pierre Bonnard all have paintings titled The Croquet Game.
Norman Rockwell often depicted the game, including in his painting Croquet.
A favorite subject of Edward Gorey, a croquet reference often appeared in the first illustration of his books. The Epiplectic Bicycle opens with two illustrations of the main characters playing with croquet mallets.
H. G. Wells wrote The Croquet Player, which uses croquet as a metaphor for the way in which people confront the very problem of their own existence.
Lewis Carroll featured a nonsense version of the game in the popular children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: a hedgehog was used as the ball, a flamingo as the mallet, and playing cards as the hoops.
In the Thursday Next series of novels, notably Something Rotten, Jasper Fforde depicts an alternative world in which croquet is a brutal mass spectator sport.
The cover of the 1971 Genesis album Nursery Cryme shows Cynthia, a character in the song "Musical Box" holding a croquet mallet with a few heads on the playing field including another character of the song Henry's head that she removed with said mallet.
In the 1980s geography game Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?, one of the characters, Fast Eddie B, is described as a "world class croquet player", and two other gang members, Ihor Ihorovich and Scar Graynolt, also play the sport.
In the 1988 film Heathers, Winona Ryder and her friends, the Heathers, are depicted as playing croquet, though at the beginning, the Heathers are playing croquet to hit someone on the head.
In politics[edit]
On 25 May 2006, the then British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, was photographed by The Mail on Sunday playing croquet at his official residence, Dorneywood.[33] Following shortly after a sex scandal[34] that had forced Prescott to resign his ministerial responsibilities while retaining his salary and privileges,[35] the incident was portrayed as evidence that Prescott had little real responsibility for running the country during the absence of the Prime Minister. Shortly afterwards, Prescott announced that he would no longer make use of the Dorneywood residence.
It was also reported that the incident led to a 300% increase in sales of croquet equipment at Asda,[36] while the TV channel Five announced that they would be running a series featuring croquet matches played at country houses pitting "rich" against "poor" players.[37]
Clubs[edit]
About 200 croquet clubs across the United States are members of the United States Croquet Association.[38]
Many colleges have croquet clubs as well, such as The University of Virginia, The University of Chicago, Pennsylvania State University,[39] Bates College, SUNY New Paltz, and Harvard University. Notably, St. John's College and the US Naval Academy engage in a yearly match in Annapolis, Maryland. Both schools also compete at the collegiate level and the rivalry continues to be an Annapolis tradition, attracting thousands of spectators each April.
In England and Wales, there are around 170 clubs affiliated with the Croquet Association.[40] The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon is famous for its lawn tennis tournament, but retains an active croquet section. There are also clubs in many Universities and Colleges, with an annual Varsity match being played between Oxford and Cambridge.[41] With over 1800 participants, the 2011 Oxford University "Cuppers" (inter-college) tournament claimed to be not only the largest croquet tournament ever, but the largest sporting event in the University.[42]
See also[edit]
Croquet Hall of Fame
Extreme croquet
Jaques of London
US intercollegiate croquet champions
Roque
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Croquet Association (CA), the national governing body for the sport of Croquet in England
Jump up ^ Oxford Croquet.com, "Croquet is a satisfying sport utilising tactics and touch in equal measure"
Jump up ^ Shamos, Mike (1999). The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York: Lyons Press. p. 117. ISBN 1-55821-797-5.
Jump up ^ Clare, Norman (1996) [1985]. Billiards and Snooker Bygones (amended ed.). Princes Risborough, England: Shire Publications. p. 5. ISBN 0-85263-730-6.
Jump up ^ Stein, Victor; Rubino, Paul (2008). The Billiard Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Balkline Press. pp. 2, 4, 5, 14, 27. ISBN 978-0-615-17092-3. (First ed. pubd. 1994.)
Jump up ^ Elliot-Binns, L. E. Medieval Cornwall. London: Methuen & Co.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nicky (1991). Queen of Games: The History of Croquet. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81176-2.
Jump up ^ Strutt, Joseph (1810). Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. p. 96. Retrieved 19 September 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Samuel; Walker, John; Jameson, Robert S. (1828). A dictionary of the English language. p. 519. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Irish Daily Mail, 8 August 2009, p. 50.
Jump up ^ Prichard, D. M. C. (1981). The History of Croquet. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-30759-9.
Jump up ^ Martin, Clive; Williams, Simon (2004). A Brief History of Croquet in Ireland.
Jump up ^ Lillie, Arthur (1897). Croquet: Its History, Rules, and Secrets. Longmans, Green. p. 29. Retrieved 19 September 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "History". WatfordCroquet.org.uk. Watford Cassiobury Croquet Club. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Reid, Mayne (1869). Croquet, etc. p. 46. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Introduction". Edinburgh Croquet Club. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "WCF World Team Rankings". World Croquet Federation. 8 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "So they left the subject and played croquet, which is a very good game for people who are annoyed at each other, giving many opportunities for venting rancour." —Rose Macaulay, The Towers of Trebizond
Jump up ^ "WFC News". World Croquet Federation. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Mulliner is the new AC World Champion". Retrieved 26 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Women's World Championship". Croquet Records Website. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Chris. "Croquet Grading System". Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Carter, Kevin (2007). "Older, Wealthier and with a bit to Think about". The Croquet Association. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Williams, Elizabeth (21 July 2008). "Egypt v Rest of World GC Event". Roehampton Club: The Croquet Association. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ King, Tim (28 April 2013). "Reg Bamford won the WCF GC Championship to become the first AC & GC World Champion". Cairo: The Croquet Association. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
Jump up ^ King, Tim (21 November 2014). "Judith Hanekom won the 5th WCF Women's World Golf Croquet Championship". Cairo: The Croquet Association. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Plummer, Ian (1 January 2011). "Association vs US (6-wicket) Rules Croquet". Oxford Croquet. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.9wicketcroquet.com/rules/26/backyard-croquet-basic-rules
Jump up ^ http://www.9wicketcroquet.com/rules/28/backyard-croquet-challenging-options#option6
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Hawkins, James (2010). Complete Croquet: A Guide to Skills, Tactics, and Strategy. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-168-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Laws of Association Croquet, 6th Edition, amended 2008, Croquet Association.
Jump up ^ Association, United States Croquet. "United States Croquet Association — Introduction". www.croquetamerica.com. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
Jump up ^ Webster, Philip (1 June 2006). "Prescott Quits Country House to Save Skin". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Prescott Admits Affair with Aide". BBC News. 28 April 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Knight, Sam (5 May 2006). "Prescott loses his dream home: the mega-department". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Prescott helps croquet sets sales soar". Daily Mail. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Busfield, Steve (2 June 2006). "Five pitches rich v poor in pro-celebrity croquet". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Clubs Directory". United Statese Croquet Association. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Penn State Club Sports". Archived from the original on 30 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clubs and Federations". The Croquet Association. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Varsity Archive". Oxford University Croquet Club. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Oxford University Croquet Club - Welcome!". Users.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
External links[edit]
sport portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croquet.
Links to all national associations, where to play, rules, history, court layouts
A Synopsis of the Laws of Association Croquet, from Oxford Croquet
Synopsis of American Croquet, from the United States Croquet Association
The official rules of Backyard Croquet (nine-wicket layout), from the United States Croquet Association
Official Rules of Garden Croquet (British six-hoop garden croquet)
Croquet Rules and Regulations, from Croquet.com
The Croquet Association Jargon List
Arkley Croquet Collection – An exceptional selection of paintings, cartoons and photographs depicting the game of croquet, from UBC Library Digital Collections
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croquet&oldid=820822184"
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values: كروكيه – Arabic

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroked
Kroked – Breton
br
br
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values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Catalan
ca
ca
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values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroket
Kroket – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croce
Croce – Welsh
cy
cy
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values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroket
Kroket – Danish
da
da
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values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – German
de
de
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values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroket
Kroket – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Spanish
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es
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroketo
Kroketo – Esperanto
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eo
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – French
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fr
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https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroketo
Kroketo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: קרוקט (משחק) – Hebrew

values: Крокет – Kazakh

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroketas
Kroketas – Lithuanian
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lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Dutch
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nl
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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokket
Krokket – Norwegian
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no
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values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroket
Kroket – Uzbek
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uz
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values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Portuguese
pt
pt
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values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Крокет – Russian

values: Крокет – Sakha

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet
Croquet – Scots
sco
sco
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values: Крокет – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroketti
Kroketti – Finnish
fi
fi
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values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krocket
Krocket – Swedish
sv
sv
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values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroket
Kroket – Turkish
tr
tr
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