text:
Parasympathetic nervous system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"PSNS" redirects here. For the naval shipyard in Washington, see Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems in blue.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
Acronym(s)
PSNS
MeSH
D010275
TA
A14.3.02.001
FMA
9907
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.[1][2] (The enteric nervous system (ENS) is now usually referred to as separate from the autonomic nervous system since it has its own independent reflex activity.) The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's unconscious actions. The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed"[3] activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation. Its action is described as being complementary to that of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response.
Nerve fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from the central nervous system. Specific nerves include several cranial nerves, specifically the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve. Three spinal nerves in the sacrum (S2-4), commonly referred to as the pelvic splanchnic nerves, also act as parasympathetic nerves.
Because of its location, the parasympathetic system is commonly referred to as having "craniosacral outflow", which stands in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, which is said to have "thoracolumbar outflow".

Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Cranial nerves
1.2 Vagus nerve
1.3 Pelvic splanchnic nerves
2 Function
2.1 Sensation
2.2 Vascular effects
2.3 Sexual activity
2.4 Receptors
2.4.1 Types of muscarinic receptors
2.4.2 Types of nicotinic receptors
2.5 Relationship to sympathetic nervous system
3 Clinical significance
4 References
Structure[edit]
The parasympathetic nerves are autonomic or visceral[4][5] branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Parasympathetic nerve supply arises through three primary areas:
Some of the cranial nerves in the cranium, namely the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves (CN III, CN VII, and CN IX) usually arise from specific nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS) and synapse at one of four parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, or submandibular. From these four ganglia the parasympathetic nerves complete their journey to target tissues via trigeminal branches (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve).
The vagus nerve does not participate in these cranial ganglia as most of its parasympathetic fibers are destined for a broad array of ganglia on or near thoracic viscera (esophagus, trachea, heart, lungs) and abdominal viscera (stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and about half of the large intestine). The vagus innervation ends at the junction between the midgut and hindgut, just before the splenic flexure of the transverse colon.
The pelvic splanchnic efferent preganglionic nerve cell bodies reside in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord at the T12-L1 vertebral levels (the spinal cord terminates at the L1-L2 vertebrae with the conus medullaris), and their axons exit the vertebral column as S2-S4 spinal nerves through the sacral foramina.[6] Their axons continue away from the CNS to synapse at an autonomic ganglion. The parasympathetic ganglion where these preganglionic neurons synapse will be close to the organ of innervation. This differs from the sympathetic nervous system, where synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic efferent nerves in general occur at ganglia that are farther away from the target organ.
As in the sympathetic nervous system, efferent parasympathetic nerve signals are carried from the central nervous system to their targets by a system of two neurons. The first neuron in this pathway is referred to as the preganglionic or presynaptic neuron. Its cell body sits in the central nervous system and its axon usually extends to synapse with the dendrites of a postganglionic neuron somewhere else in the body. The axons of presynaptic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ. As a result, the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers are very short.[7]:42
Cranial nerves[edit]
The oculomotor nerve is responsible for several parasympathetic functions related to the eye. The oculomotor PNS fibers originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the central nervous system and travel through the superior orbital fissure to synapse in the ciliary ganglion located just behind the orbit (eye). From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the nasociliary nerve (a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve). The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and the iris sphincter muscle, which is responsible for miosis or constriction of the pupil (in response to light or accommodation).
The parasympathetic aspect of the facial nerve controls secretion of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the lacrimal gland, and the glands associated with the nasal cavity. The preganglionic fibers originate within the CNS in the superior salivatory nucleus and leave as the intermediate nerve (which some consider a separate cranial nerve altogether) to connect with the facial nerve just distal (further out) to it surfacing the central nervous system. Just after the facial nerve geniculate ganglion (general sensory ganglion) in the temporal bone, the facial nerve gives off two separate parasympathetic nerves. The first is the greater petrosal nerve and the second is the chorda tympani. The greater petrosal nerve travels through the middle ear and eventually combines with the deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic fibers) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The parasympathetic fibers of the nerve of the pterygoid canal synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is closely associated with the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2). The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion in several directions. One division leaves on the zygomatic division of CN V2 and travels on a communicating branch to unite with the lacrimal nerve (branch of the ophthalmic nerve of CN V1) before synapsing at the lacrimal gland. These parasympathetic to the lacrimal gland control tear production.
A separate group of parasympathetic leaving from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the descending palatine nerves (CN V2 branch), which include the greater and lesser palatine nerves. The greater palatine parasympathetic synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucus glands located there. The lesser palatine nerve synapses at the soft palate and controls sparse taste receptors and mucus glands. Yet another set of divisions from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the posterior, superior, and inferior lateral nasal nerves; and the nasopalatine nerves (all branches of CN V2, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) that bring parasympathetic innervation to glands of the nasal mucosa. The second parasympathetic branch that leaves the facial nerve is the chorda tympani. This nerve carries secretomotor fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The chorda tympani travels through the middle ear and attaches to the lingual nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal, CN V3). After joining the lingual nerve, the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.
The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers depart CN IX as the tympanic nerve and continue to the middle ear where they make up a tympanic plexus on the cochlear promontory of the mesotympanum. The tympanic plexus of nerves rejoin and form the lesser petrosal nerve and exit through the foramen ovale to synapse at the otic ganglion. From the otic ganglion postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel with the auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular branch of trigeminal, CN V3) to the parotid salivary gland.
Vagus nerve[edit]
The vagus nerve, named after the Latin word vagus (because the nerve controls such a broad range of target tissues – vagus in Latin literally means "wandering"), has parasympathetic that originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nucleus ambiguus in the CNS. The vagus nerve is an unusual cranial parasympathetic in that it doesn't join the trigeminal nerve in order to get to its target tissues. Another peculiarity is that the vagus has an autonomic ganglion associated with it at approximately the level of C1 vertebra. The vagus gives no parasympathetic to the cranium. The vagus nerve is hard to track definitively due to its ubiquitous nature in the thorax and abdomen so the major contributions will be discussed. Several parasympathetic nerves come off the vagus nerve as it enters the thorax. One nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve. From the left vagus nerve the recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the aorta to travel back up to the larynx and proximal esophagus while, from the right vagus nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the right subclavian artery to travel back up to the same location as its counterpart. These different paths are a direct result of embryological development of the circulatory system. Each recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the trachea and the esophagus with parasympathetic secretomotor innervation for glands associated with them (and other fibers that are not PN).
Another nerve that comes off the vagus nerves approximately at the level of entering the thorax are the cardiac nerves. These cardiac nerves go on to form cardiac and pulmonary plexuses around the heart and lungs. As the main vagus nerves continue into the thorax they become intimately linked with the esophagus and sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunks to form the esophageal plexus. This is very efficient as the major function of the vagus nerve from there on will be control of the gut smooth muscles and glands. As the esophageal plexus enter the abdomen through the esophageal hiatus anterior and posterior vagus trunks form. The vagus trunks then join with preaortic sympathetic ganglion around the aorta to disperse with the blood vessels and sympathetic nerves throughout the abdomen. The extent of the parasympathetic in the abdomen include the pancreas, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, stomach and gut tube. The vagus contribution of parasympathetic continues down the gut tube until the end of the midgut. The midgut ends two thirds of the way across the transverse colon near the splenic flexure.[8]
Pelvic splanchnic nerves[edit]
The pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2-4, work in tandem to innervate the pelvic viscera. Unlike in the cranium, where one parasympathetic is in charge of one particular tissue or region, for the most part the pelvic splanchnics each contribute fibers to pelvic viscera by traveling to one or more plexuses before being dispersed to the target tissue. These plexuses are composed of mixed autonomic nerve fibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) and include the vesical, prostatic, rectal, uterovaginal, and inferior hypogastric plexuses. The preganglionic neurons in the pathway do not synapse in a ganglion as in the cranium but rather in the walls of the tissues or organs that they innervate. The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in the pelvis that the parasympathetic nerve pathway controls include those of the urinary bladder, ureters, urinary sphincter, anal sphincter, uterus, prostate, glands, vagina, and penis. Unconsciously, the parasympathetic will cause peristaltic movements of the ureters and intestines, moving urine from the kidneys into the bladder and food down the intestinal tract and, upon necessity, the parasympathetic will assist in excreting urine from the bladder or defecation. Stimulation of the parasympathetic will cause the detrusor muscle (urinary bladder wall) to contract and simultaneously relax the internal sphincter muscle between the bladder and the urethra, allowing the bladder to void. Also, parasympathetic stimulation of the internal anal sphincter will relax this muscle to allow defecation. There are other skeletal muscles involved with these processes but the parasympathetic plays a huge role in continence and bowel retention.
A study published in 2016, suggests that all sacral autonomic output may be sympathetic; indicating that the rectum, bladder and reproductive organs may only be innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. This suggestion is based on detailed analysis of 15 phenotypic and ontogenetic factors differentiating sympathetic from parasympathetic neurons in the mouse. Assuming that the reported findings most likely applies to other mammals as well, this novel perspective suggests a simplified, bipartite architecture of the autonomic nervous system, in which the parasympathetic nervous system receives input from cranial nerves exclusively and the sympathetic nervous system from thoracic to sacral spinal nerves.[9]
Autonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit
Organ
Nerves[10]
Spinal column origin[10]
stomach
PS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10
duodenum
PS: vagus nerves
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10
jejunum and ileum
PS: posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5, T6, T7, T8, T9
spleen
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T6, T7, T8
gallbladder and liver
PS: vagus nerve
S: celiac plexus
right phrenic nerve
T6, T7, T8, T9
colon
PS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves
S: lesser and least splanchnic nerves
T10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)
L1, L2, L3, (distal colon)
pancreatic head
PS: vagus nerves
S: thoracic splanchnic nerves
T8, T9
vermiform appendix
nerves to superior mesenteric plexus
T10
kidneys and ureters
PS: vagus nerve
S: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
T11, T12
Emerging evidence in mouse models is suggesting that the previously held notion of the sacral spinal nerves being parasympathetic is incorrect, and that they may actually be sympathetic.[9]
Function[edit]
Sensation[edit]
The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system, are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[7]:34–35 Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.
General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS. While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.
Vascular effects[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2012)
Sexual activity[edit]
Another role that the parasympathetic nervous system plays is in sexual activity. In males, the cavernous nerves from the prostatic plexus stimulate smooth muscles in the fibrous trabeculae of the coiled helicene arteries to relax and allow blood to fill the corpora cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum of the penis, making it rigid to prepare for sexual activity. Upon emission of ejaculate, the sympathetics participate and cause peristalsis of the ductus deferens and closure of the internal urethral sphincter to prevent semen from entering the bladder. At the same time, parasympathetics cause peristalsis of the urethral muscle, and the pudendal nerve causes contraction of the bulbospongiosus (skeletal muscle is not via PN), to forcibly emit the semen. During remission the penis becomes flaccid again. In the female, there is erectile tissue analogous to the male yet less substantial that plays a large role in sexual stimulation. The PN cause release of secretions in the female that decrease friction. Also in the female, the parasympathetics innervate the fallopian tubes, which helps peristaltic contractions and movement of the oocyte to the uterus for implantation. The secretions from the female genital tract aid in sperm migration. The PN (and SN to a lesser extent) play a significant role in reproduction.[7]
Receptors[edit]
The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter, although peptides (such as cholecystokinin) can be used.[11][12] The ACh acts on two types of receptors, the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Most transmissions occur in two stages: When stimulated, the preganglionic neuron releases ACh at the ganglion, which acts on nicotinic receptors of postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic neuron then releases ACh to stimulate the muscarinic receptors of the target organ.
Types of muscarinic receptors[edit]
The five main types of muscarinic receptors:
The M1 muscarinic receptors (CHRM1) are located in the neural system.
The M2 muscarinic receptors (CHRM2) are located in the heart, and act to bring the heart back to normal after the actions of the sympathetic nervous system: slowing down the heart rate, reducing contractile forces of the atrial cardiac muscle, and reducing conduction velocity of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node. They have a minimal effect on the contractile forces of the ventricular muscle due to sparse innervation of the ventricles from the parasympathetic nervous system.
The M3 muscarinic receptors (CHRM3) are located at many places in the body, such as the endothelial cells of blood vessels, as well as the lungs causing bronchoconstriction. The net effect of innervated M3 receptors on blood vessels is vasodilation, as acetylcholine causes endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide, which diffuses to smooth muscle and results in vasodilation. They are also in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which help in increasing intestinal motility and dilating sphincters. The M3 receptors are also located in many glands that help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body. They are also located on the detrusor muscle and urothelium of the bladder, causing contraction.[13]
The M4 muscarinic receptors: Postganglionic cholinergic nerves, possible CNS effects
The M5 muscarinic receptors: Possible effects on the CNS
Types of nicotinic receptors[edit]
In vertebrates, nicotinic receptors are broadly classified into two subtypes based on their primary sites of expression: muscle-type nicotinic receptors (N1) primarily for somatic motor neurons; and neuronal-type nicotinic receptors (N2) primarily for autonomic nervous system.[14]
Relationship to sympathetic nervous system[edit]
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other. The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses. The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction. A useful mnemonic to summarize the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is SSLUDD (sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation).
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2012)
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and the synthesis of glycogen, and allows for normal function and behavior.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Langley, John Newport (1921). The Autonomic Nervous System. Cambridge: Heffer. p. 10. ISBN 9781152710191.
Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian (2006). Human Physiology (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
Jump up ^ McCorry, LK (Aug 15, 2007). "Physiology of the autonomic nervous system". American journal of pharmaceutical education. 71 (4): 78. doi:10.5688/aj710478. PMC 1959222  . PMID 17786266.
Jump up ^ "visceral nerve fibers - definition of visceral nerve fibers in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Visceral nerve - RightDiagnosis.com". Wrongdiagnosis.com. 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
Jump up ^ "The Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord". www.emery.edu. 1997-08-21. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, Keith L.; Agur, A. M. R. (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6274-8.
Jump up ^ Netter. Atlas of Human Anatomy, Fourth Ed. Saunders Elsevier. 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b Espinosa-Medina, I; Saha, O; Boismoreau, F; Chettouh, Z; Rossi, F; Richardson, WD; Brunet, JF (18 November 2016). "The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic". Science. 354 (6314): 893–897. doi:10.1126/science.aah5454. PMID 27856909.
^ Jump up to: a b Unless specified otherwise in the boxes, the source is: Moore, Keith L.; Agur, A. M. R. (2002). Essential Clinical Anatomy (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-7817-5940-3.
Jump up ^ Wank, SA (Nov 1995). "Cholecystokinin receptors". The American Journal of Physiology. 269 (5 Pt 1): G628–46. PMID 7491953.
Jump up ^ Takai, N; Shida, T; Uchihashi, K; Ueda, Y; Yoshida, Y (Apr 15, 1998). "Cholecystokinin as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in parasympathetic secretion in the rat submandibular gland". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 842: 199–203. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09649.x. PMID 9599311.
Jump up ^ Moro, C; Uchiyama, J; Chess-Williams, R (December 2011). "Urothelial/lamina propria spontaneous activity and the role of M3 muscarinic receptors in mediating rate responses to stretch and carbachol". Urology. 78 (6): 1442.e9–15. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.039. PMID 22001099.
Jump up ^ Colquhoun, David. "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors" (PDF). www.ucl.ac.uk/. University College London. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Meninges
Spinal cord
Brain
Rhombencephalon
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
Diencephalon
Retina
Optic nerve
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Cranial nerve
Spinal nerve
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system
Head
Sympathetic
Cervical ganglia: roots
long ciliary
Deep petrosal
Parasympathetic
Ciliary ganglion: roots
Sensory
Parasympathetic
Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal
nerve of pterygoid canal
branches of distribution: greater palatine
inferior posterior nasal branches
lesser palatine
nasopalatine
medial superior posterior nasal branches
pharyngeal
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion
Neck
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Stellate ganglion
prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus
Internal carotid
Chest
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus
Esophageal plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Thoracic aortic plexus
splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary
thoracic
cardiac nerves: Superior
Middle
Inferior
Abdomen
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia:
Celiac ganglia
Aorticorenal
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
prevertebral plexus:
Celiac plexus
Hepatic
Splenic
Pancreatic
aorticorenal
Abdominal aortic plexus
Renal/Suprarenal
Superior mesenteric
Gastric
Inferior mesenteric
Spermatic
Ovarian
Superior hypogastric
hypogastric nerve
Superior rectal
Inferior hypogastric
Vesical
Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis
Uterovaginal
Middle rectal
splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves
Enteric
Submucous plexus
Myenteric plexus
Pelvis
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia
Ganglion impar
splanchnic nerves: Sacral splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic
splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasympathetic_nervous_system&oldid=838448341"
Categories:
Parasympathetic nervous system
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
Articles needing additional references from November 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles to be expanded from January 2012
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
33 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 02:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: 1503 Connections of the Parasympathetic Nervous System.jpg

values:
/wiki/Cranial_nerve
mw-redirect
Cranial nerve

values:
/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea
mw-redirect
Vertebrate trachea

values:
/wiki/Splenic_flexure
mw-redirect
Splenic flexure

values:
/wiki/Sacral_foramina
mw-redirect
Sacral foramina

values:
/wiki/Efferent_nerve
mw-redirect
Efferent nerve

values:
/wiki/Preganglionic_neuron
mw-redirect
Preganglionic neuron

values:
/wiki/Presynaptic_neuron
mw-redirect
Presynaptic neuron

values:
/wiki/Postganglionic_neuron
mw-redirect
Postganglionic neuron

values:
/wiki/Edinger-Westphal_nucleus
mw-redirect
Edinger-Westphal nucleus

values:
/wiki/Salivary_glands
mw-redirect
Salivary glands

values:
/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_the_vagus_nerve
mw-redirect
Dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve

values:
/wiki/Embryological_development
mw-redirect
Embryological development

values:
/wiki/Cardiac_nerves
mw-redirect
Cardiac nerves

values:
/wiki/Smooth_muscles
mw-redirect
Smooth muscles

values:
/wiki/Gall_bladder
mw-redirect
Gall bladder

values:
/wiki/Gut_(zoology)
mw-redirect
Gut (zoology)

values:
/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerve
mw-redirect
Pelvic splanchnic nerve

values:
/wiki/Spinal_column
mw-redirect
Spinal column

values:
/wiki/Greater_splanchnic_nerve
mw-redirect
Greater splanchnic nerve

values:
/wiki/Anatomic_colon
mw-redirect
Anatomic colon

values: Lesser and least splanchnic nerve (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Proximal_colon
mw-redirect
Proximal colon

values:
/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_1
mw-redirect
Lumbar spinal nerve 1

values:
/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_2
mw-redirect
Lumbar spinal nerve 2

values:
/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_3
mw-redirect
Lumbar spinal nerve 3

values:
/wiki/Distal_colon
mw-redirect
Distal colon

values:
/wiki/Pancreatic_head
mw-redirect
Pancreatic head

values:
/wiki/Thoracic_splanchnic_nerve
mw-redirect
Thoracic splanchnic nerve

values:
/wiki/Vermiform_appendix
mw-redirect
Vermiform appendix

values:
/wiki/Lumbar_splanchnic_nerve
mw-redirect
Lumbar splanchnic nerve

values:
/wiki/Reflex_arcs
mw-redirect
Reflex arcs

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Corpus_spongiosum
mw-redirect
Corpus spongiosum

values:
/wiki/Ductus_deferens
mw-redirect
Ductus deferens

values:
/wiki/Urethral_sphincter
mw-redirect
Urethral sphincter

values:
/wiki/Fallopian_tubes
mw-redirect
Fallopian tubes

values: Edit section: Types of muscarinic receptors

values: Edit section: Types of nicotinic receptors

values: Edit section: Relationship to sympathetic nervous system

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.5688%2Faj710478

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17786266

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aah5454

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27856909

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491953

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599311

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001099

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion

values: Inferior posterior nasal branches of greater palatine nerve

values: Medial superior posterior nasal branches of maxillary nerve

values:
/wiki/Human_abdomen
mw-redirect
Human abdomen

values:
/wiki/Cavernous_nerves_of_penis
mw-redirect
Cavernous nerves of penis

values:
/wiki/Human_pelvis
mw-redirect
Human pelvis

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2012

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جهاز عصبي لاودي – Arabic

values: Парасимпатикова част на ВНС – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: ޕެރަސިމްޕަތެޓިކް ނާރވަސް ސިސްޓަމް – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values: Parasümpaatiline närvisüsteem – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Παρασυμπαθητικό νευρικό σύστημα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Sistema nervioso parasimpático – Spanish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: دستگاه عصبی پاراسمپاتیک – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Système nerveux parasympathique – French

values: Sistema nervioso parasimpático – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 부교감신경계통 – Korean

values: Պարասիմպաթիկ նյարդային համակարգ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Парасимпатикалық жүйке жүйесі – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Sistèm nève parasenpatetik – Haitian Creole

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Parasimpatinė nervų sistema – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: Det parasympatiske nervesystemet – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Sistema nervoso parassimpático – Portuguese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Парасимпатическая нервная система – Russian

values: Парасимпатическай ниэрбинэй систиэмэ – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: Parasympathetic nervous system – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Parasimpatički nervni sistem – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ระบบประสาทพาราซิมพาเทติก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Парасимпатична нервова система – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Parasympathetic_nervous_system rootpage-Parasympathetic_nervous_system skin-vector action-view


text:
Shift plan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The shift plan, rota or roster (esp. British) is the central component of a shift schedule in shift work.[1] The schedule includes considerations of shift overlap, shift change times and alignment with the clock, vacation, training, shift differentials, holidays, etc. The shift plan determines the sequence of work (W) and free (F) days within a shift system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Notation
2 3-day shift plans
3 4-day shift plans
4 5-day shift plans
5 6-day shift plans
6 Week shift plans
6.1 Three-shifts
6.2 Four on, three off
6.3 Continental plan
6.4 24*7 shifts
6.5 Split shift
6.6 Earlies and lates
6.7 28-hour day
6.8 21-hour day
7 8-day shift plans
8 12-day shift plans
9 Fortnight shift plans
9.1 Panama Schedule
9.2 7-day fortnight plan
9.3 10-day fortnight plan
9.4 Five and two
9.5 5/4/9s
10 Long-term shift plans
10.1 DuPont 12-hour rotating plan
10.2 Seven-day eight-hour rotating plan
11 Graveyard shift
12 On-call
13 Firefighting schedules
13.1 Three-platoon schedules
13.2 Four-platoon schedules
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
Notation[edit]
A notation used often identifies day (D), swing (S) and night (N) shifts for the W days and O (off) for rest days.
W
work days
D
day shift, 1st shift
This shift often occurs from either 06:00 or 07:00 to either 14:00 or 15:00 for eight-hour shifts, and from 06:00 to 18:00 for twelve-hour shifts.
S
swing shift, 2nd shift
This shift often occurs from either 14:00 or 15:00 to either 22:00 or 23:00 for eight-hour shifts, and is not used with twelve-hour shifts.
N
night shift, 3rd shift, graveyard shift
This shift often occurs from either 22:00 or 23:00 to either 06:00 or 07:00 for eight-hour shifts, and from 18:00 to 06:00 for twelve-hour shifts.
F
free days
O
days off
This is defined as a day on which a shift does not begin.
Note that a worker transitioning from N to O works for the first six or seven hours of the first day "off". Thus, when days off follow night shifts, the first one or more days "off" are, in fact, days of recovery from lack of nighttime sleep. Note also that this daily notation refers to the start of a shift. If a shift starts at 23:00, then this is a W day even though only one hour is worked. The day after this shift is an F day if no shift starts on this day, though many hours have been worked from midnight on.
One shift system may allow many shift plans. For example, the twelve-hour, 2nW:2nF system with n = 1 allows twelve different plans in three serially-identical sets. Within a set, DONO has the same sequence as NODO. DNOO is the preferred sequence because days off follow night work and there are two consecutive days off.
3-day shift plans[edit]
The US Navy uses a three shift system with an 18-hour day instead of a 24-hour day. The 24-hour period is divided into four shifts: 00:00-06:00, 06:00-12:00, 12:00-18:00, and 18:00-00:00. A sailor stands watch on their shift. During the off shift there is time to perform maintenance, study for qualifications and handle collateral duties. During off time the sailor has time to sleep, relax, and perform personal tasks, such as laundry.
This does not apply to the attached air wing, which will work a 12 on, 12 off schedule 7 days a week.
Navy three-shift example
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
on
watch
off
AW
06:00–12:00
C A B D B C A D A B C D C A B D B C A D A B C D C A B D
12:00–18:00
B C A E A B C E C A B E B C A E A B C E C A B E B C A E
18:00–24:00
A B C E C A B E B C A E A B C E C A B E B C A E A B C E
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
Submarine sailors in the US Navy use a plan known as sixes while underway. The ship operates on an 18-hour schedule. An individual is scheduled to stand watch for 6 hours, perform any other duties and engage in leisure time for 6 hours, then sleep for 6 hours. With sufficient personnel, a given watchstation may benefit from a fourth man (the midnight cowboy). He will stand the same 6-hour watch in a given 24-hour period, usually from midnight to 06:00 (hence themidnight portion of the name, often shortened to cowboy) and the normal watchstander is free. This gives rise to a schedule of six on, twelve off, six on, thirty off, six on, twelve off.
4-day shift plans[edit]
In the 12/24/12/48 or 12/24 plan, employees work in shifts of 12 hours; first a "daily shift" (e.g. 06:00 to 18:00), followed by 24 hours rest, then a "nightly shift" (18:00 to 06:00), finishing with 48 hours rest. This plan needs four teams for full coverage, and makes an average 42-hour workweek. The pattern repeats in a 4-week cycle, i.e. over 28 days, and has 14 shifts per employee therein.
12/24/12/48 shift example
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Daily
06:00–18:00
a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B
Nightly
18:00–06:00
B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D B a C D
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7
5-day shift plans[edit]
In four on, one off the employee only gets one day off. There are 28 shifts per employee in a five-week cycle (i.e. 35 days), this adds up to an average of 48 hours worked per week with 8-hour shifts. This plan is mainly adopted by industries in which companies prefers to work for all days of the week with four shifts and where laws do not let employees work for 12 hours a day for several days.
Four on, two off example with 8-hour shift
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
08:30–17:00
A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off A A A A off
B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B B B B off B
C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C C C off C C
D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D D off D D D
off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E off E E E E
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7
6-day shift plans[edit]
In four on, two off the employee gets two days off. There are 28 shifts per employee in a six-week cycle (i.e. 42 days), this adds up to an average of 56 hours worked per week with 12-hour shifts, or 37 1⁄3 hours per week with 8-hour shifts. Three groups are needed for each time span, i.e. to cover the whole day and week a company needs 6 groups for 12-hour shifts or 9 groups for 8-hour shifts. This plan is mainly adopted by industries in which employees do not engage in much physical activity.
Four on, two off example with one 8-hour shift per day
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off A A A A off off
B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B B B off off B B
off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C off off C C C C
Plan
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7
Week shift plans[edit]
Three-shifts[edit]
The three-shift system is the most common plan for five 24-hour days per week. The "first shift" often runs from 06:00 to 14:00, "second shift" or "swing shift" from 14:00 to 22:00 and a "third shift" or "night shift" from 22:00 to 06:00, but shifts may also have different length to accommodate for workload, e.g. 7, 8 and 9 or 6, 8 and 10 hours. To provide coverage 24/7, employees have their days off ("weekends") on different days.
All of the shifts have desirable and less desirable qualities. First shift has very early starts, so time in the evening before is heavily cut short. The second shift occupies the times during which many people finish work and socialize. The third shift creates a situation in which the employee must sleep during the day.
Generally, employees stay with the same shift for a period of time, as opposed to cycling through them; this is seen as healthier.[citation needed]
Three-shift example
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
06:00–14:00
A A A A A off off
14:00–22:00
B B B B B off off
22:00–06:00
C C C C C off off
To provide an overlap in shifts, some employers may require one of the shifts to work four 10-hour shifts per week (as opposed to five 8 hour shifts, both are 40 hours per week). In that scenario, the night shift might extend from 21:00 to 07:00, but the night-shift would have nearly four days off (86 hours) between work weeks. This change, along with first shift moving a half-hour later, or second moving a half-hour earlier, ensures at least a half-hour overlap between shifts, which might be desirable if the business is open to the public to ensure that customers continue to be served during a shift change.[2]
Some states, such as California,[2] accommodate this arrangement by allowing the employee to be paid at their regular rate (as opposed to time-and-a-half, or an overtime rate, that would normally be required for any time past 8 hours) for the 10-hour shift, calling this an "alternative workweek".
Four on, three off[edit]
In four on, three off, each employee works four days and gets a three-day weekend. For some types of manufacturing, this is a win-win arrangement. For example, a paint company had been making 3 batches of paint per day, Monday through Friday (3 × 5 = 15). They changed to making 4 batches of paint, Monday through Thursday (4 × 4 = 16). Total worker hours remained the same, but profits increased. In exchange for two additional hours of work per day, over 4 days, workers got an additional day off every week. See also the book, 4 Days, 40 Hours.
Four on, three off example with 10-hour shifts (in comparison to five-day week schemes)
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
4-day week
08:00–18:00
10 h 10 h 10 h 10 h off off off
4½-day week
08:00–17:00
9 h 9 h 9 h 9 h 4 h off off
5-day week
09:00–17:00
8 h 8 h 8 h 8 h 8 h off off
Continental plan[edit]
Continental plan, adopted primarily in central Europe, is a rapidly changing three-shift system that is usually worked for seven days straight, after which employees are given time off, e.g. 3 mornings, 2 afternoons and then 2 nights.
Continental shift example
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
06:00–14:00
A A A C C B B
14:00–22:00
B B B A A C C
22:00–06:00
C C C B B A A
24*7 shifts[edit]
In the 24*7 plan there are 24 consecutive shifts of 7 hours per week, hence covering 24/7. With 4 groups and 6 shifts per group, the work time is 42 hours per week. Several sub-patterns are possible, but usually each group is responsible for one of four time slots per day. Each of these is 6 hours long and if a shift begins in their time slot, a group has to work it. This way there are 14, 21 or 42 hours of rest between shifts, every group gets one whole day off. Shifts can be swapped to make double-shifts and increase the minimum time of rest.
24*7 example with double shifts and long rests around them
Shift/Group
Work time window
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Night
21:00–09:00
21:00–04:00 01:00–08:00 22:00–05:00 off 23:00–13:00 off 00:00–07:00
Morning
03:00–15:00
04:00–11:00 08:00–15:00 05:00–12:00 02:00–09:00 off 03:00–17:00 off
Day
09:00–21:00
off 15:00–22:00 12:00–19:00 09:00–16:00 13:00–20:00 off 07:00–21:00
Evening
15:00–03:00
11:00–01:00 off 19:00–02:00 16:00–23:00 20:00–03:00 17:00–24:00 off
Split shift[edit]
Main article: Split shift
Split shift is used primarily in the catering, transport, hotel, and hospitality industry. Waiters and chefs work for four hours in the morning (to prepare and serve Lunch), then four hours in the evening (for an Evening meal). The average working day of a chef on split shifts could be 10:00 to 14:00 and then 17:00 to 21:00
Split shift example
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Lunch
10:00–14:00
on on on on on off off
Break
14:00–17:00
off off off off off off off
Dinner
17:00–21:00
on on on on on off off
Earlies and lates[edit]
Earlies and lates is used primarily in industries such as customer service (help desk, phone-support), convenience stores, child care (day nurseries), and other businesses that require coverage greater than the average 09:00 to 17:00 working day in the UK, but no 24/7 coverage either. Employees work in two shifts that largely overlap, such as early shift from 08:00 to 16:00 and late shift from 10:00 to 18:00
Earlies and lates shift example
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Earlies
08:00–16:00
A A A A A Off Off
Lates
10:00–18:00
B B B B B Off Off
In businesses where two shifts are necessary to cover the day, earlies and lates may be combined with one double shift per week per worker. Six 7-hour shifts in five days and seven 6-hour shifts in six days both result in 42 hours per week.
Earlies and lates with double shift example, six 7-hour shifts in five days, ten groups
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Earlies
08:00–15:00
ABCDE F ABCDE G ABCDE H ABCDE I ABCDE J Off Off
Lates
15:00–22:00
A FGHIJ B FGHIJ C FGHIJ D FGHIJ E FGHIJ Off Off
Earlies and lates with double shift example, seven 6-hour shifts in six days, twelve groups
Shift
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Earlies
08:00–14:00
ABCDEF G ABCDEF H ABCDEF I ABCDEF J ABCDEF K ABCDEF L Off
Lates
14:00–20:00
A GHIJKL B GHIJKL C GHIJKL D GHIJKL E GHIJKL F GHIJKL Off
28-hour day[edit]
The 6-day week with 28 hours per "day" is a general concept for full week coverage where the 168 hours of the week are grouped differently. It can be used as a base for several shift plans, e.g. four 7-hour shifts per day where every employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week.
28-hour day example
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
Start
Mon 00:00
Tue 04:00
Wed 08:00
Thu 12:00
Fri 16:00
Sat 20:00
1st shift
A E C A E C
2nd shift
B F D B F D
3rd shift
C A E C A E
4th shift
D B F D B F
21-hour day[edit]
The 8-day week with 21 hours per "day" is a general concept for full week coverage where the 168 hours of the week are grouped differently. It can be used as a base for several shift plans, e.g. three 7-hour shifts per day where every employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week, but to get whole days off groups work alternating double shifts.
21-hour day example
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Start
Mon 00:00
Mon 21:00
Tue 18:00
Wed 15:00
Thu 12:00
Fri 09:00
Sat 06:00
Sun 03:00
1st shift
A D C B A D C B
2nd shift
B A D C B A D C
3rd shift
C B A D C B A D
8-day shift plans[edit]
Main article: Four-day week
Four on, four off is a shift plan that is being heavily adopted in the United Kingdom and in some parts of the United States.[citation needed] An employee works for four days, usually in 12-hour shifts (7:00 to 7:00) then has four days off. While this creates a "48-hour week" (42-hour average over the year) with long shifts, it may be preferred because it shrinks the work week down to four days, and then gives the employee four days rest—double the time of a usual weekend. Due to the plan, employees effectively work an eight-day week, and the days they work vary by "week". As with three-shift systems, most employees stay with the same shift rather than cycling through them.
Four on, four off example for two different schedules
four on, four off
ten-fourteen
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
…
07:00–19:00
08:00–18:00
A A A A C C C C …
19:00–07:00
18:00–08:00
B B B B D D D D …
Such shifts are popular within the Australian ambulance and fire sector, see 2-2-4. However it is often referred to as a ten-fourteen roster, as the day shift lasts for ten hours, with the night shift lasting fourteen. Extended night shifts such as these are often a double edged sword; on one hand crews on slower weeknight shifts, or those in areas of low demand will receive excellent levels of rest (when there are no calls for emergency services, crews are encouraged to rest if required). Conversely, those employed on high demand days such as weekend nights, or in particularly high demand areas, will often be required to be awake or working for their entire rostered shift. However, due to the scheduled nature, most ambulance and fire employees can attempt to obtain sufficient rest before or after a particularly busy 14-hour night shift.
A variation of the four on, four off plan is the two days, two nights, four off plan of working. In this shift schedule, employees work 12-hour shifts from 06:00 to 18:00 on day shifts and from 18:00 to 06:00 on nights. This plan is currently in use by HM Coastguard in the UK, and employs four separate teams to maintain 24/7 coverage.
Two days, two nights, four off example
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
…
06:00–18:00
A A B B C C D D …
18:00–06:00
D D A A B B C C …
12-day shift plans[edit]
The '"6 on, 6 off plan consists of 3 days and 3 nights of work, then 6 days off. These will alternate between other crews, also known as teams, for a full 24/7 operation. The 12-day pattern repeats in a cycle of twelve weeks, i.e. 84 days.
6 on, 6 off example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
…
06:00 to 18:00
A A A B B B C C C D D D …
18:00 to 06:00
D D D A A A B B B C C C …
Fortnight shift plans[edit]
Panama Schedule[edit]
The Panama plan follows a 2-2-3 pattern throughout a fortnight, in which shift workers generally are allowed every other Friday, Saturday, and Sunday off, with two additional days off during the week, although this may differ depending on organization and industry. The most common form utilizes four shifts, each working twelve hours, with two shifts generally paired together: A working days and B working nights while C and D are off, and vice versa. It is not uncommon for shifts to rotate between days and nights, most often with six months spent on nights and six on days. This shift is sometimes known as 2-2-3 or "two, two and three".
Panama schedule example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
06:00 to 18:00
A A C C A A A C C A A C C C
18:00 to 06:00
B B D D B B B D D B B D D D
7-day fortnight plan[edit]
In the 7-day fortnight plan or 2-3-2 plan, employees work their allotted hours within 7 days rather than 10 in a fortnight, i.e. fourteen days and nights. Therefore, 41 hours per week equate to 82 hours per fortnight, which is worked in seven days, at 11–12 hours per shift. This shift structure is used in the broadcast television industry, as well as many law enforcement agencies, as well as health care fields such as nursing and clinical laboratories in the US.
7-day fortnight shift example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
08:00–20:00
A A C C C A A C C A A A C C
20:00–08:00
B B D D D B B D D B B B D D
One of the advantages of using this plan is each shift pair, for example A and B, will get time off on weekends alternatively, because the schedule is fixed and does not drift.
10-day fortnight plan[edit]
A 10-day fortnight plan uses six shifts. Each shift works for seven days straight for their first week. On their "off week", they can choose three days to come in, to support other non-shifted departments, fill gaps in coverage, or participate in training.
10-day fortnight shift example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
00:00–08:00
A A A A A A A D D D D D D D
08:00–16:00
B B B B B B B E E E E E E E
16:00–00:00
C C C C C C C F F F F F F F
Five and two[edit]
The five and two or 3-2-2 plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts over a fortnight. Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 60-hour week which can be challenging.
7-day fortnight shift example
Shift
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
08:00–20:00
D D D B B D D B B B A A B B A A A C C A A C C C B B C C
20:00–08:00
A A A C C A A C C C D D C C B B B D D B B D D D A A D D
5/4/9s[edit]
5/4/9s or Five/Four Nines is a mix of 5-day and 4-day work weeks. Employees work in two-week cycles. Week 1, the employee works 4 days of 9 hours followed by 1 day of 8 hours with 2 days off (i.e. 44 hours). Week 2, the employee works 4 days of 9 hours with 3 days off (i.e. 36 hours).
Like 8 hours a day for 5 days a week, this plan works to 80-hours in a two-week pay-period. Since employees work on nine days per cycle, this plan is also referred to as 9/80. The benefit to working an extra hour a day gives you a normal 2-day weekend followed by a long 3-day weekend the next. Typical working hours for this type of shift would be 06:00 to 15:30 (9 hours with 30 minutes lunch) and 06:00 to 14:30 (8 hours with 30 minutes lunch) on the 8-hour work day. Often the employer will alter the starting times (e.g., start at 07:00 or 08:00).
5/4/9s shift example
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
9 h 9 h 9 h 9 h 8 h off off
Week 2
9 h 9 h 9 h 9 h off off off
A variation, early weekend or 4½-day week, has the employees work every Friday, but only for 4 hours each. Their weekend thus starts with the Friday lunch break.
Long-term shift plans[edit]
DuPont 12-hour rotating plan[edit]
The DuPont 12-hour rotating plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts while providing a week off. Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 72-hour week which can be challenging. It is used in several manufacturing industries in the US. Companies that have gone to this schedule have noticed a decrease in accidents plus more rest for employees, less call ins, and more coverage when crews are short handed. In all the schedule is designed to improve safety. A particular advantage of this plan is that it can readily be slewed to fit business requirements. For example, if less coverage is required on a Sunday, stand-alone shifts are avoided by scheduling the fourth night and first day of four on that day. This also has the additional benefit of the quick turnaround day between three shift days and nights also falling on a Sunday.
DuPont 12-hour rotating shift example
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
D D D C C C C A A A D D D D B B B A A A A C C C B B B B
19:00–07:00
A A A A D D D B B B B A A A C C C C B B B D D D D C C C
To balance pay into 36 and 48 hour weeks, many US companies shift the Dupont Schedule so the seven-day rest period ends on Friday Night.
DuPont 12-hour rotating shift example 2
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
B B B B D D D C C C C A A A D D D D B B B A A A A C C C
19:00–07:00
D C C C A A A A D D D B B B B A A A C C C C B B B D D D
To allow 3 full days off following a shift of nights, the day off between three days and three nights is removed. This example allows for a recover day after 3 nights before a weekend off and for some workers more appropriately balances work/life.
DuPont 12-hour rotating shift example 3
Time
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
07:00–19:00
B B B B D D D C C C C A A A D D D D B B B A A A A C C C
19:00–07:00
C C C A A A A D D D B B B B A A A C C C C B B B D D D D
Seven-day eight-hour rotating plan[edit]
The seven-day eight-hour rotating plan provides 24/7 coverage using 8-hour shifts with 5 crews. It consists of a "morning shift" from 07:00 to 15:00, a "swing shift" from 15:00 to 22:30 and a "night shift" from 22:30 to 07:30. Each shift works for five days straight. The 8-hour shifts allow vacations and absences to be covered by splitting shifts or working double shifts. The run of day shifts is 56 hours, but the 8-hour shift provides time for some socializing after work.
This plan was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely replaced by an 8 days, 8 swing, 5 nights, 9 off, 8-hour rotation.
7-day 8-hour rotating shift example
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
1
Day Day Day Day Day off off
2
Swing off off Swing Swing Swing Swing
3
Night Night off off Night Night Night
4
Day Day Day Day off off Day
5
Swing Swing Swing Swing Swing off off
6
off Night Night Night Night Night off
7
off off Day Day Day Day Day
8
Swing Swing Swing Swing Swing off off
9
Night off off Night Night Night Night
10
Day Day off off Day Day Day
11
Swing Swing Swing off off Swing Swing
12
Night Night Night Night off off Night
13
Day Day Day Day Day off off
14
off Swing Swing Swing Swing Swing off
15
off off Night Night Night Night Night
Graveyard shift[edit]
"Graveyard shift" redirects here. For other uses, see Graveyard Shift (disambiguation).
Graveyard shift, night shift, or third shift means a shift of work running through the early hours of the morning, especially shifts starting around midnight. The origin of this phrase is uncertain. According to Michael Quinion it is an "evocative term for the night shift … when … your skin is clammy, there's sand behind your eyeballs, and the world is creepily silent, like the graveyard."[3]
In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that working the graveyard shift would be listed as a "probable" cause of cancer.[4][5][6]
On-call[edit]
Employees who work on an on-call basis have no regular schedule. They agree as a condition of employment to report to work when they are called, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This is particularly common in American railroad employment, especially for train crews.
Firefighting schedules[edit]
In many departments, firefighters work 24-hour shifts. They are authorized to sleep in the fire station at night but are still subject to calls for service the entire shift. Most departments split the 168-hour-long week between 3 or 4 work groups (sometimes referred to as 'shifts' or 'platoon groups'), resulting in a 56- or 42-hour workweek, respectively. Some departments reduce the average workweek by scheduling an extra day off for each firefighter in the work group, frequently reducing a 56-hour workweek to a 48-hour workweek by scheduling a 24-hour "Kelly Day" every three weeks. Departments have many options for scheduling firefighters for coverage. One option is 24 on/48 off, where a firefighter will work 24 hours and have 48 hours off, regardless of the day of the week or the holidays. Often they will be scheduled in an A–B–C pattern. Thus, a firefighter will be assigned to A, B or C shift and work whenever that letter is on the calendar.
Most departments have found that a 24-hour work shift, with opportunistic sleeping between calls for service, is a valid means of avoiding some of the health and cognitive problems associated with shift work.
Three-platoon schedules[edit]
The most basic three-platoon schedule is a straight rotation of 24-hour shifts among three platoon groups. This rotation limits time off to 48 hours in a row, less than 66 hours off in a row most workers get each weekend. Workers on this schedule only get one short weekend off every three weeks. Twenty-four hours off-duty is also the minimum required to completely recover from a period of acute sleep deficit.[7]
24/48 pattern
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
A B C A B C A
Week 2
B C A B C A B
Week 3
C A B C A B C
Another option is known as a California roll, where some shifts will be close together but allow for several days off. This option gives a 96-hour break every 9th day, which is contiguous to the conventional weekend on two of nine weekends, with a third weekend providing a break that starts on Saturday morning. There is an opportunity to accumulate sleep debt over the three days of work, however this debt should be completely cleared over the four-day break. The nine-day rota that is repeated to fill the calendar.
California roll shift schedule
Week
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
07:00–07:00
A B A C A C B
Week 2
07:00–07:00
C B
A firefighter will work 24 hours on, 24 off, 24 on, 24 off, 24 on, 96 hours (4 days) off.
This rotation reduces the chronic sleep deficit accrued over the first two work days at the expense of a shorter long break. This schedule's long break coincides with a standard weekend exactly once every nine weeks. The four-day break could be retained by working a fourth day in the rotation - XOXOOXOXOOOO.
Modified California Roll
Week
Time
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
07:00–07:00
A B A B C A C
Week 2
07:00–07:00
A B C B C
A firefighter will work one day, off one, work one, off two, work one, off four days.
A number of departments have investigated further work consolidation by allowing for a 48-hour work shift. Careful demand management would be required to avoid acute sleep deficit, however, firefighters should return to work fully recovered from the previous shift.[8]
Kenneth B. Ellerbe chief of the District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department has proposed a schedule where firefighters work three-day shifts, followed by three night shifts, followed by three days off.[9] It is likely that such a schedule would impact all four alertness factors associated with shift work, and result in a threat to public safety. It would result in exactly one break coinciding with the standard weekend every nine weeks. DDDNNNOOODDDNNNOOO
Four-platoon schedules[edit]
The most basic four-platoon schedule is a straight rotation of 24-hour work shifts between four work groups or platoons. This schedule works 48 hours per week for three weeks and 24 hours the fourth week, averaging 42 hours per week.
24/72 pattern
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
A B C D A B C
Week 2
D A B C D A B
Week 3
C D A B C D A
Week 4
B C D A B C D
Another variation of the 24-hour shift schedule is a 4-platoon system, averaging 42 hours/week. Thus, the schedule is 24 on, 48 off, 24 on, 96 off, on a 4-day rotation.
24/48/24/96 pattern
Week
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Week 1
A D B A C B D
Week 2
C A D B A C B
Week 3
D C A D B A C
Week 4
B D C A D B A
Week 5
C B D C A D B
Week 6
A C B D C A D
Week 7
B A C B D C A
Although the performance benefits of shorter shifts may not outweigh the performance costs of consecutive nights of work, some departments with four platoon groups work shorter shifts. Most such departments work a 10-hour day and a 14-hour night tour.[7] This enables the firefighter to get relieved from work in the afternoon, commute home, spend time with family, and get a good night's sleep before returning to work in the morning. Schedules that only allow 12 hours, or less, between work shifts do not allow enough time to incorporate a healthy night of sleep, and therefore begin to accumulate sleep deficit even when the employee is working days.
On the 2-2-4 schedule, firefighters work two 10-hour days, two 14-hour nights, and then have four days off. In the Canadian Firefighter study, consecutive nights were shown to be more deleterious to performance than a single, long shift. After two consecutive nights, performance effectiveness was reduced to 75%, vs. 78% on a 24-hour shift. If the schedule induces sleep deficit during the day shift, this performance would be worse. This schedule's long break aligns with the conventional weekend for exactly two weeks out of eight.
The rota is: DDNNOOOO.
The 2-2-3 schedule is also known as the Panama Schedule, however, when firefighters work it, the shifts rotate from day to night between every break. Since the firefighters have a two-day break before any nights worked, they do not start the series of nights with an employment-related sleep deficit. They do work three nights in a row, which would result in chronic sleep deficit if alarms are received on each night, however, the third night is always a Sunday night, which is often less busy than other nights of the week. This schedule allows for a long break every other weekend.
The rota is: DDOONNN OODDOOO NNOODDD OONNOOO
See also[edit]
Organized labour portal
Eight-hour day
Soviet calendar, which first used 5-day and later 6-day plans
Split shift
Gantt chart
On call shift
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miller, JC (2013). "Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid". Smashwords.
^ Jump up to: a b "Order No. 4-2001 Regulating Wages, Hours and Working Conditions in the Professional, Technical, Clerical, Mechanical and Similar Occupations" (PDF). Industrial Welfare Commission. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Saved by the Bell", Worldwidewords.org, March 27, 2000
Jump up ^ [1] An estimated 20% of the American labour force works the night shift.
Jump up ^ Overnight shift to be classified as 'probable' cancer cause", CNN, November 29, 2007
Jump up ^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS147020450770373X/fulltext
^ Jump up to: a b Paul MA, Miller JC (October 2005). "Consideration of 5 Canadian Forces Firefighter Shift Schedules" (Technical Report) (in English and French). Toronto: Defense R&D Canada.
Jump up ^ "Departments on 48-96". 48-96.com. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ed (2011-12-30). "A shift toward sleep deprived firefighters". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Burr, Douglas Scott (2009) 'The Schedule Book', 'ISBN 978-1-4392-2674-2'.
Miller, James C. (2013) 'Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid', Smashwords, .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shift_plan&oldid=819155967"
Categories:
Working time
Circadian rhythm
Hidden categories:
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 7 January 2018, at 19:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

value: li

values: background: #FFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)

values:
/wiki/HM_Coastguard
mw-redirect
HM Coastguard

values: Edit section: DuPont 12-hour rotating plan

values: Edit section: Seven-day eight-hour rotating plan

values:
/wiki/Graveyard_Shift_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Graveyard Shift (disambiguation)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour
mw-redirect
Portal:Organized labour

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22026660/
external autonumber

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Shift_plan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Shift_plan rootpage-Shift_plan skin-vector action-view