text:
It's a Beautiful Day (Michael Bublé song)
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"It's a Beautiful Day"
Single by Michael Bublé
from the album To Be Loved
Released
February 25, 2013
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2013
Genre
Power pop
Length
3:19
Label
143, Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bublé, Alan Chang, Amy S. Foster[1]
Producer(s)
Bob Rock
Michael Bublé singles chronology
"White Christmas"
(2012) "It's a Beautiful Day"
(2013) "Close Your Eyes"
(2013)
"White Christmas"
(2012) "It's a Beautiful Day"
(2013) "Close Your Eyes"
(2013)
"It's a Beautiful Day" is a song by Canadian singer Michael Bublé, released as the first single from his eighth studio album, To Be Loved. The single was released on iTunes on February 25, 2013.[2] It peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart and it was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.[3] The song also charted to top five in Belgium, Finland, Indonesia and Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Music video
2.1 Synopsis
3 Live performances
4 Track listing
5 Charts and certifications
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Certifications
6 Release history
7 References
8 External links
Critical reception[edit]
"It's a Beautiful Day"
A 19-second sample of "It's a Beautiful Day" by Michael Bublé, where the chorus is heard.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Music blog POP! Goes the Charts described the song as "surprisingly cheerful", noting its full arrangement and descriptive lyrics, and concluding that it would be a "huge seller".[4]
Music video[edit]
A music video to accompany the release of "It's a Beautiful Day" was first released onto YouTube on March 25, 2013 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-one seconds.[5] It was filmed on Colonial Street, the same street that appeared as Wisteria Lane in the series Desperate Housewives.
Synopsis[edit]
The video shows Bublé arriving at a home to find his on-screen girlfriend, played by Jaime Pressly, enjoying a kiss with Jesse Heiman. As he enters the house and sees them kissing, he asks: "What's going on?". His girlfriend quickly responds, "have you met my yoga instructor?", while Jesse, puts his hands together and says "Namaste". Looking bemused, Bublé shakes his head saying "It's awesome, it's all good, it's all good" before walking out the house. He walks out into the street where he passes a number of women doing various things, some of whom stop and look back at him. As the chorus kicks in he's joined by women in ring master costumes who do a routine with him, while confetti falls around them. The video also features an animated bird which lands on his hand, a rainbow and a unicorn shaped cloud. The video continues with Bublé sitting in kissing booth, with a long line of women waiting to share a kiss with him before he passes a woman who is paddling her feet in a large martini glass, as a paper Chinese Dragon weaves around him. Finally he finds himself back at his house where his girlfriend is leaning out the window. As he sings to her she falls out but an unconcerned Bublé just shrugs and walks on. As he hits the road once again, walking toward the viewer, the video ends rather dramatically with explosions and fire erupting behind him.[6]
Live performances[edit]
On March 23, 2013 he performed the song live on long-running German-language entertainment television show Wetten, dass..?. He also performed the song live on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on March 30, 2013, and during his performance, Ant & Dec, Simon Cowell and Lewis Hamilton left the ITV studios on a golf buggy, and ran into a pub, Bublé then walks across the studio to find cardboard cutouts of Ant & Dec, he then leaves the studio with his band singing and walks to the pub and has a go at the karaoke version of "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble".[7] Bublé performed It's a Beautiful Day (Swing Version) on The X Factor (U.S. season 3) Week 5 Result Show on November 28.[8]
Track listing[edit]
German CD single[9]
"It's a Beautiful Day" - 3:25
"Hollywood" - 3:35
7" vinyl[10]
"It's a Beautiful Day" - 3:25
"Hollywood" - 3:34
It's A Beautiful Day EP
"It's a Beautiful Day" - 3:25
"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine"
"Home"
"Me and Mrs Jones"
"At This Moment"
Digital download
"It's a Beautiful Day" - 3:25
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[11] 33
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[12] 24
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[13] 40
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[14] 5
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[15] 79
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[16] 20
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[17] 45
Denmark (Tracklisten)[18] 40
Finland (Suomen virallinen radiolista)[19] 3
France (SNEP)[20] 81
Germany (Official German Charts)[21] 28
Iceland (Tónlist)[22] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[23] 28
Israel (Media Forest)[24] 7
Italy (FIMI)[25] 16
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[26] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[27] 13
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[28] 9
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[29] 83
Slovenia (SloTop50)[30] 20
South Africa (EMA)[31] 9
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[32] 42
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[33] 32
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[35] 94
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[36] 22
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[37] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Italy (FIMI)[38] 89
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[39]
Gold 35,000^
Italy (FIMI)[40]
Gold 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[41]
Silver 200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Germany February 25, 2013[42]
CD single
digital download
vinyl
143 Records, Reprise Records
United States March 20, 2013[43]
CD single
digital download
EP
Canada
United Kingdom March 31, 2013[44] Digital download
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BMI | Repertoire Search[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Michael Bublé Official Website
Jump up ^ "Certificazioni - Archivio" (in Italian). Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2013. Select Online, Week 26, Year 2013, then press Avvia la ricerca.
Jump up ^ SINGLE PREMIERE: Michael Bublé – “It’s A Beautiful Day” (+ Lyrics) | POP! Goes The Charts
Jump up ^ Michael Bublé - "It's A Beautiful Day" youtube.com/
Jump up ^ Michael Bublé's amusing video for It's A Beautiful Day featuring nerd who kissed Bar Refaeli in Super Bowl ad. Mail Online
Jump up ^ Michael Bublé - It's a Beautiful Day/Let's Get Ready to Rhumble (Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway). YouTube. youtube.com/
Jump up ^ Michael Bublé - It's a Beautiful Day - Swing Mix on The U.S. X-Factor Result Show on YouTube
Jump up ^ It's a Beautiful Day (2track): Amazon.de: Musik
Jump up ^ It's a Beautiful Day [Vinyl Single]: Amazon.co.uk: Music
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201415 into search.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Radio Nova: Suomen suosituimmat - Viikko 18/2013" (in Finnish). Radio Nova. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Netlistinn viku 25, 2013" (in Icelandic). Tónlist. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 15, 2013". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé – It´s A Beautiful Day Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Michael Bublé – It's a Beautiful Day". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Michael Bublé" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201314 into search.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "EMA Top 10 Airplay: Week Ending 2013-06-04". Entertainment Monitoring Africa. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Michael Bublé – It's A Beautiful Day". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "CLASSIFICHE ANNUALI 2013 TOP OF THE MUSIC BY FIMI GfK" (in Italian). FIMI. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Buble Michael – It's a Beautiful Day" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Michael Bublé – It's a Beautiful Day". British Phonographic Industry. Enter It's a Beautiful Day in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - It's a Beautiful Day - Single by Michael Bublé
Jump up ^ Its a Beautiful Day Ep: Amazon.co.uk: Music
Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - It's a Beautiful Day - Single by Michael Bublé
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Michael Bublé
Discography
Studio albums
BaBalu (2001)
Dream (2002)
Michael Bublé (2003)
It's Time (2005)
Call Me Irresponsible (2007)
Crazy Love (2009)
Christmas (2011)
To Be Loved (2013)
Nobody but Me (2016)
Live albums
Come Fly with Me (2004)
Caught in the Act (2005)
Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden (2009)
Extended plays
First Dance (1995)
Totally Bublé (2003)
Let It Snow (2003)
More (2005)
With Love (2006)
A Taste of Bublé (2008)
Special Delivery (2010)
A Holiday Gift for You (2010)
Singles
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
"Kissing a Fool"
"Sway"
"Spider-Man Theme"
"Feeling Good"
"Home"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Everything"
"Me and Mrs. Jones"
"Lost"
"It Had Better Be Tonight"
"Comin' Home Baby"
"Haven't Met You Yet"
"Hold On"
"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"
"Cry Me a River"
"Crazy Love"
"Hollywood"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" / "Jingle Bells"
"White Christmas"
"Nobody but Me"
Concert tours
Crazy Love Tour (2010–12)
To Be Loved Tour (2013–14)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Beautiful_Day_(Michael_Bublé_song)&oldid=829112929"
Categories:
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2013 songs
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text:
Stock split
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A stock split or stock divide increases the number of shares in a company. The price is adjusted such that the before and after market capitalization of the company remains the same and dilution does not occur.[1] Options and warrants are included.
A company may split its stock, for example, when the market price per share is so high that it becomes unwieldy when traded. For example, when the share price is very high it may deter small investors from buying the shares, especially if there is a minimum trading parcel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Currency
3 Effect on historical charts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Overview[edit]
For example, a company which has 100 issued shares priced at $50 per share, has a market capitalization of $5000 = 100 × $50. If the company splits its stock 2-for-1, there are now 200 shares of stock and each shareholder holds twice as many shares. The price of each share is adjusted to $25 = $5000 / 200. The market capitalization is 200 × $25 = $5000, the same as before the split.
Ratios of 2-for-1, 3-for-1, and 3-for-2 splits are the most common, but any ratio is possible. Splits of 4-for-3, 5-for-2, and 5-for-4 are used, though less frequently. Investors will sometimes receive cash payments in lieu of fractional shares.
It is often claimed[citation needed] that stock splits, in and of themselves, lead to higher stock prices; research, however, does not bear this out.[citation needed] What is true is that stock splits are usually initiated after a large run up in share price. Momentum investing would suggest that such a trend would continue regardless of the stock split. In any case, stock splits do increase the liquidity of a stock; there are more buyers and sellers for 10 shares at $10 than 1 share at $100. Some companies have the opposite strategy: by refusing to split the stock and keeping the price high, they reduce trading volume. Berkshire Hathaway is a notable example of this.
Other effects could be psychological. If many investors believe that a stock split will result in an increased share price and purchase the stock the share price will tend to increase. Others contend that the management of a company, by initiating a stock split, is implicitly signaling its confidence in the future prospects of the company.
In a market where there is a high minimum number of shares, or a penalty for trading in so-called odd lots (a non multiple of some arbitrary number of shares), a reduced share price may attract more attention from small investors. Small investors such as these, however, will have negligible impact on the overall price.
Currency[edit]
The analog in currency would be redenomination. This would be where a currency increases in value so that people have to use small fractions. Then a new unit (such as dollar) can be introduced, such that an old unit is equal to 10 (or some number) new units.
An example is with the Australian currency. The Australian pound was split into two Australian dollars.
Effect on historical charts[edit]
When a stock splits, many charts show it similarly to a dividend payout and therefore do not show a dramatic dip in price. Taking the same example as above, a company with 100 shares of stock priced at $50 per share. The company splits its stock 2-for-1. There are now 200 shares of stock and each shareholder holds twice as many shares.
The price of each share is adjusted to $25. As a result, when looking at a historical chart, one might expect to see the stock dropping from $50 to $25. To avoid these discontinuities, many charts use what is known as an adjusted share price; that is, they divide all closing prices before the split by the split ratio. Thus, when looking at the charts it will seem as if the price was always $25. Both the Yahoo! historical price charts[2] and the Google historical price charts[3] show the adjusted close prices.
See also[edit]
Reverse stock split
Share dividend
Share repurchase also known as stock buyback
Berkshire Hathaway Class A, which has never had a stock split is valued at over US$200,000 per share.
Berkshire Hathaway Class B, had a stock split 50-1 in 2010. Prior to the split, its price per share at times had been valued at US$3,000 per share.
Market depth
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stock Splits". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
Jump up ^ Yahoo Finance Historical Charts
Jump up ^ Google Finance Historical Charts
External links[edit]
Online database predicting over 2,000 stock splits
Stock split calendar showing prices pre-split and post-split
Profiting From Special Situations Like Stock Splits
Stock split calendar for U.S. companies
Stock split and reverse split examples for shareholders
Swiss stock split calendar for European companies and worldwide companies incl. U.S. companies (in German)
Useful resource for historical split dates and prices of all stocks
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Sandstone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the geological rock type. For other uses, see Sandstone (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sandstone
Sedimentary rock
Cut slab of sandstone showing Liesegang banding
Composition
Typically quartz and feldspar; lithic fragments are also common. Other minerals may be found in particularly mature sandstone.
Devonian Sandstone at Suur Taevaskoda, Põlva County, Estonia
Alcove in the Navajo Sandstone
Kokh-type tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of Petra, Jordan
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in Bowen's reaction series. Like uncemented sand, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.
Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.
Quartz-bearing sandstone can be converted into quartzite through metamorphism, usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Components
2.1 Framework grains
2.2 Matrix
2.3 Cement
2.4 Pore space
3 Types of sandstone
3.1 Dott's classification scheme
4 Uses
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
Origins[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, Utah. These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange colour. Scale bar is 1.0 mm.
Sandstones are clastic in origin (as opposed to either organic, like chalk and coal, or chemical, like gypsum and jasper).[1] They are formed from cemented grains that may either be fragments of a pre-existing rock or be mono-minerallic crystals. The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite, clays, and silica. Grain sizes in sands are defined (in geology) within the range of 0.0625 mm to 2 mm (0.002–0.079 inches). Clays and sediments with smaller grain sizes not visible with the naked eye, including siltstones and shales, are typically called argillaceous sediments; rocks with larger grain sizes, including breccias and conglomerates, are termed rudaceous sediments.
Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years.
The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages. First, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation, either from water (as in a stream, lake, or sea) or from air (as in a desert). Typically, sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension; i.e., ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water or ground surface (e.g., in a desert or erg). Finally, once it has accumulated, the sand becomes sandstone when it is compacted by the pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains.
The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate, which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried. Colours will usually be tan or yellow (from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand). A predominant additional colourant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide, which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red (terracotta), with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of Britain, as well as central Europe and Mongolia. The regularity of the latter favours use as a source for masonry, either as a primary building material or as a facing stone, over other construction.
The environment where it is deposited is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone, which, in finer detail, include its grain size, sorting, and composition and, in more general detail, include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures. Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine, as illustrated by the following broad groupings:
Terrestrial environments
Rivers (levees, point bars, channel sands)
Alluvial fans
Glacial outwash
Lakes
Deserts (sand dunes and ergs)
Marine environments
Deltas
Beach and shoreface sands
Tidal flats
Offshore bars and sand waves
Storm deposits (tempestites)
Turbidites (submarine channels and fans)
Components[edit]
Framework grains[edit]
Paradise Quarry, Sydney, Australia
Grus sand and granitoid that it's derived from
Framework grains are sand-sized (0.0625-to-2-millimetre (0.00246 to 0.07874 in) diameter) detrital fragments that make up the bulk of a sandstone.[2][3] These grains can be classified into several different categories based on their mineral composition:
Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most clastic sedimentary rocks; this is because they have exceptional physical properties, such as hardness and chemical stability.[4] These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events, while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding.[4] Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock, which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been recycled.
Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones.[4] Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions: alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars. The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope.[4] Below is a description of the different types of feldspar.
Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the chemical composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi3O8 to NaAlSi3O8, this represents a complete solid solution.[4]
Plagioclase feldspar is a complex group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8.[4]
Photomicrograph of a volcanic sand grain; upper picture is plane-polarised light, bottom picture is cross-polarised light, scale box at left-centre is 0.25 millimetre. This type of grain would be a main component of a lithic sandstone.
Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains, called lithic fragments or clasts.[4] Lithic fragments can be any fine-grained or coarse-grained igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock,[4] although the most common lithic fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks.[4]
Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone; commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone. Common accessory minerals include micas (muscovite and biotite), olivine, pyroxene, and corundum.[4][5] Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock. These heavy minerals are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the ZTR index.[6] Common heavy minerals include zircon, tourmaline, rutile (hence ZTR), garnet, magnetite, or other dense, resistant minerals derived from the source rock.
Matrix[edit]
Matrix is very fine material, which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains.[4] The interstitial pore space can be classified into two varieties. One is to call the sandstone an arenite, and the other is to call it a wacke. Below is a definition of the differences between the two matrices:
Arenites are texturally clean sandstones that are free of or have very little matrix.[5]
Wackes are texturally dirty sandstones that have a significant amount of matrix.[3]
Cement[edit]
Cement is what binds the siliciclastic framework grains together. Cement is a secondary mineral that forms after deposition and during burial of the sandstone.[4] These cementing materials may be either silicate minerals or non-silicate minerals, such as calcite.[4]
Silica cement can consist of either quartz or opal minerals. Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement. In sandstone where there is silica cement present, the quartz grains are attached to cement, which creates a rim around the quartz grain called overgrowth. The overgrowth retains the same crystallographic continuity of quartz framework grain that is being cemented. Opal cement is found in sandstones that are rich in volcanogenic materials, and very rarely is in other sandstones.[4]
Calcite cement is the most common carbonate cement. Calcite cement is an assortment of smaller calcite crystals. The cement adheres itself to the framework grains, this adhesion is what causes the framework grains to be adhered together.[4]
Other minerals that act as cements include: hematite, limonite, feldspars, anhydrite, gypsum, barite, clay minerals, and zeolite minerals.[4]
Pore space[edit]
Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil.[7] The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the porosity and permeability of the rock. The porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the way the sand grains are packed together.[4]
Porosity is the percentage of bulk volume that is inhabited by interstices within a given rock.[7] Porosity is directly influenced by the packing of even-sized spherical grains, rearranged from loosely packed to tightest packed in sandstones.[4]
Permeability is the rate in which water or other fluids flow through the rock. For groundwater, work permeability may be measured in gallons per day through a one square foot cross section under a unit hydraulic gradient.[7]
Types of sandstone[edit]
Schematic QFL diagram showing tectonic provinces
Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Jackson County, Ohio
All sandstones are composed of the same general minerals. These minerals make up the framework components of the sandstones. Such components are quartz, feldspars,[8] and lithic fragments. Matrix may also be present in the interstitial spaces between the framework grains.[4] Below is a list of several major groups of sandstones. These groups are divided based on mineralogy and texture. Even though sandstones have very simple compositions which are based on framework grains, geologists have not been able to agree on a specific, right way, to classify sandstones.[4] Sandstone classifications are typically done by point-counting a thin section using a method like the Gazzi-Dickinson Method. The composition of a sandstone can have important information regarding the genesis of the sediment when used with a triangular Quartz, Feldspar, Lithic fragment (QFL diagrams). Many geologists, however, do not agree on how to separate the triangle parts into the single components so that the framework grains can be plotted.[4] Therefore, there have been many published ways to classify sandstones, all of which are similar in their general format.
Visual aids are diagrams that allow geologists to interpret different characteristics about a sandstone. The following QFL chart and the sandstone provenance model correspond with each other therefore, when the QFL chart is plotted those points can then be plotted on the sandstone provenance model. The stage of textural maturity chart illustrates the different stages that a sandstone goes through.
A QFL chart is a representation of the framework grains and matrix that is present in a sandstone. This chart is similar to those used in igneous petrology. When plotted correctly, this model of analysis creates for a meaningful quantitative classification of sandstones.[9]
A sandstone provenance chart allows geologists to visually interpret the different types of places from which sandstones can originate.
A stage of textural maturity is a chart that shows the different stages of sandstones. This chart shows the difference between immature, submature, mature, and supermature sandstones. As the sandstone becomes more mature, grains become more rounded, and there is less clay in the matrix of the rock.[4]
Dott's classification scheme[edit]
Dott's (1964) sandstone classification scheme is one of many such schemes used by geologists for classifying sandstones. Dott's scheme is a modification of Gilbert's classification of silicate sandstones, and it incorporates R.L. Folk's dual textural and compositional maturity concepts into one classification system.[10] The philosophy behind combining Gilbert's and R. L. Folk's schemes is that it is better able to "portray the continuous nature of textural variation from mudstone to arenite and from stable to unstable grain composition".[10] Dott's classification scheme is based on the mineralogy of framework grains, and on the type of matrix present in between the framework grains.
In this specific classification scheme, Dott has set the boundary between arenite and wackes at 15% matrix. In addition, Dott also breaks up the different types of framework grains that can be present in a sandstone into three major categories: quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains.[4]
Arenites are types of sandstone that have less than 15% clay matrix in between the framework grains.
Quartz arenites are sandstones that contain more than 90% of siliceous grains. Grains can include quartz or chert rock fragments.[4] Quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature sandstones. These pure quartz sands result from extensive weathering that occurred before and during transport. This weathering removed everything but quartz grains, the most stable mineral. They are commonly affiliated with rocks that are deposited in a stable cratonic environment, such as aeolian beaches or shelf environments.[4] Quartz arenites emanate from multiple recycling of quarts grains, generally as sedimentary source rocks and less regularly as first-cycle deposits derived from primary igneous or metamorphic rocks.[4]
Feldspathic arenites are sandstones that contain less than 90% quartz, and more feldspar than unstable lithic fragments, and minor accessory minerals.[4] Feldspathic sandstones are commonly immature or sub-mature.[4] These sandstones occur in association with cratonic or stable shelf settings.[4] Feldspathic sandstones are derived from granitic-type, primary crystalline, rocks.[4] If the sandstone is dominantly plagioclase, then it is igneous in origin.[4]
Lithic arenites are characterised by generally high content of unstable lithic fragments. Examples include volcanic and metamorphic clasts, though stable clasts such as chert are common in lithic arenites.[4] This type of rock contains less than 90% quartz grains and more unstable rock fragments than feldspars.[4] They are commonly immature to submature texturally.[4] They are associated with fluvial conglomerates and other fluvial deposits, or in deeper water marine conglomerates.[4] They are formed under conditions that produce large volumes of unstable material, derived from fine-grained rocks, mostly shales, volcanic rocks, and metamorphic rock.[4]
Wackes are sandstones that contain more than 15% clay matrix between framework grains.
Quartz wackes are uncommon because quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature.[4]
Felspathic wackes are feldspathic sandstone that contain a matrix that is greater than 15%.[4]
Lithic wacke is a sandstone in which the matrix greater than 15%.[4]
Arkose sandstones are more than 25 percent feldspar.[1] The grains tend to be poorly rounded and less well sorted than those of pure quartz sandstones. These feldspar-rich sandstones come from rapidly eroding granitic and metamorphic terrains where chemical weathering is subordinate to physical weathering.
Greywacke sandstones are a heterogeneous mixture of lithic fragments and angular grains of quartz and feldspar or grains surrounded by a fine-grained clay matrix. Much of this matrix is formed by relatively soft fragments, such as shale and some volcanic rocks, that are chemically altered and physically compacted after deep burial of the sandstone formation.
Uses[edit]
The Main Quadrangle of the University of Sydney, a so-called sandstone university
17,000 yr old sandstone oil lamp discovered at the caves of Lascaux, France
Sandstone statue Maria Immaculata by Fidelis Sporer, around 1770, in Freiburg, Germany
Sandstone is highly absorbent. These are sandstone beverage coasters.
Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times, and continues to be used.
Sandstone was a popular building material from ancient times. It is relatively soft, making it easy to carve. It has been widely used around the world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings.[11] It has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.
Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt concrete. However, some that have been used in the past, such as the Collyhurst sandstone used in North West England, have been found less resistant, necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings.[12] Because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size and friability of their structure, some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones, for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain, e.g., gritstone.
A type of pure quartz sandstone, the orthoquartzite, with more of 90–95 percent of quartz,[13] has been proposed for nomination to the Global Heritage Stone Resource.[14] In some regions of Argentina, the orthoquartzite-stoned facade is one of the main features of the Mar del Plata style bungalows.[14]
See also[edit]
Geology portal
Dimension stone
List of sandstones
Kurkar
Sedimentary basins
Sydney sandstone
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification", L.S. Fichter, Department of Geology/Environmental Science, James Madison University (JMU), Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 2000, JMU-sed-classif (accessed: March 2009): separates clastic, chemical & biochemical (organic).
Jump up ^ Dorrik A. V. Stow (2005). Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Colour Guide. Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-874545-69-9. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Francis John Pettijohn; Paul Edwin Potter; Raymond Siever (1987). Sand and Sandstone. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-96350-1. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Boggs, J.R., 2000, Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, 3rd ed. Toronto: Merril Publishing Company. ISBN 0-13-099696-3
^ Jump up to: a b Prothero, D. (2004). Sedimentary Geology. New York, NN: W.H. Freeman and Company
Jump up ^ Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, p. 460, ISBN 0-7167-2726-9
^ Jump up to: a b c Jackson, J. (1997). Glossary of Geology. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute ISBN 3-540-27951-2
Jump up ^ "Sandstone: Sedimentary Rock - Pictures, Definition & More". geology.com. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ Carozzi, A. (1993). Sedimentary petrography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall ISBN 0-13-799438-9
^ Jump up to: a b Robert H. Dott (1964). "Wacke, greywacke and matrix; what approach to immature sandstone classification?". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 34 (3): 625–32. doi:10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Jump up ^ "Sandstone: Characteristics, Uses And Problems". www.gsa.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ Edensor, T. & Drew, I. Building stone in the City of Manchester: St Ann's Church. Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Definition of orthoquartzite – mindat.org glossary". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Cravero, Fernanda et alia (8 July 2014). "'Piedra Mar del Plata': An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a 'Global Heritage Stone Resource'" (PDF). Geological Society, London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Folk, R.L., 1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version. Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981, ISBN 0-914696-14-9.
Pettijohn F. J., P.E. Potter and R. Siever, 1987, Sand and sandstone, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96350-2.
Scholle, P.A., 1978, A Color illustrated guide to constituents, textures, cements, and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 28. ISBN 0-89181-304-7.
Scholle, P.A., and D. Spearing, 1982, Sandstone depositional environments: clastic terrigenous sediments , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 31. ISBN 0-89181-307-1.
USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension, Thomas P. Dolley, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005 (format: PDF).
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandstone.
Webb, Jonathan. Sandstone shapes 'forged by gravity' (July 2014), BBC
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text:
Walter (Muppet)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Walter
The Muppets character
First appearance
The Muppets (2011)[1]
Created by
Jason Segel
Nicholas Stoller
Performed by
Peter Linz
Portrayed by
Jim Parsons (human form)
Information
Species
Muppet human
Gender
Male
Family
Gary (brother)
Mary (sister-in-law)
Nationality
American
Walter is a Muppet character that first appeared in the 2011 film, The Muppets. Performed by Peter Linz, he is one of the central protagonists introduced in the film, and one of the film's main characters, along with Kermit the Frog and the rest of the Muppets. Walter also appears in the 2014 sequel film, Muppets Most Wanted; though still a major character, he plays a smaller role than he does in the previous film.[2]
The character was received positively by most critics and fans, praising his storyline in The Muppets. Screen Rant's Ben Kendrick wrote, "Even Walter, despite being the new Muppet on the block, holds his own alongside his non-human friends, and will no doubt be a fan-favorite for years to come."[3] E! referred to the addition of Walter as "an inspired choice".[4] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said that Walter "is adorably insecure and a good addition to the house that Jim Henson built, which included so many iconic characters."[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Development
2.1 Characterization
2.2 Design
3 Appearances
3.1 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Biography[edit]
During his adolescence in Smalltown, Walter frequently watched The Muppet Show, collecting memorabilia and finding the cast as a source of inspiration during his upbringing—which is why he often refers to himself as the "world’s biggest Muppet fan".[6] While on vacation in Los Angeles, Walter assists the Muppets in regaining both their popularity with the public and control of their acquired studios from oil baron Tex Richman.
Later in the film, Walter starts to question whether he is man, which he was believed to be his entire life, or actually a Muppet, which was why he always felt a strong connection towards them. This emotion eventually leads him to sing the Academy Award-winning song, "Man or Muppet", where the human version of Walter is portrayed by actor Jim Parsons. The scene is pivotal to the character's arc as it resolves Walter's internal issues with himself. The character's solo act of whistling in the telethon's finale was performed by musician Andrew Bird.[7] At the conclusion of the film, Walter deduces that he is a Muppet, adopts whistling as his sole talent and joins the group as their newest member.
A 2010 article from Entertainment Weekly described Walter by writing;
Meet the newest member of the Muppet repertory company: Walter, a sweet, slightly naive twenty-something every-puppet who, in the movie, is the best friend and roommate of Jason Segel's character, Gary. Both Gary and Walter are die-hard Muppet fans. "Walter is the kind of guy who faints when he sees Kermit," [James] Bobin says. Of course, Walter's Muppet fandom is complicated by the fact that he is a Muppet himself. "Walter has a bit of a self-confidence issue because he's the only person like him that he's seen aside from the Muppets," Segel explains. "His dream is to meet the Muppets and be around people who are like him." When Gary and Walter learn that the Muppet Theater is in danger of being torn down, they set out to save it by reuniting Kermit, Piggy and the entire troupe to stage an old-fashioned extravaganza.[8]
—Entertainment Weekly
Development[edit]
Characterization[edit]
In the process of conceptualizing Walter, Nicholas Stoller said; "We wanted a simple character, who was pure innocence and pure enthusiasm as an entry point for kids who aren't necessarily as familiar with The Muppets as their parents." Jason Segel, added: "He's a stand-in for me, a hardcore Muppet fan who wants to know what the hell happened to them."[9] He also revealed a shared ambition with the character; "He sets out to make them as famous as they once were — which was sort of our goal in making this movie."[10] Stoller and Segel's screenplay had described Walter as the adopted younger brother of Gary and had set Walter's age to be approximately 30 years old.[9]
Much to the producers' surprise, Disney granted them the creative license to conceive a new Muppet without any initial marketing research, a technique Disney often employs when creating characters for their consumer products franchisees.[9] Segel and Stoller, however, were only responsible for creating Walter's personality and character traits—his physical appearance was crafted by the Muppets Studio and Puppet Heap.[10]
"I was sitting on their sofa, and I got the phone call, and I remember just kicking my legs in the air and screaming like a little girl... it's just an absolute dream come true."
— Peter Linz on receiving the role.[11]
Peter Linz came to the producers' attention after a screenplay read-through, where he assisted fellow Muppet performer Eric Jacobson.[9] The producers called Linz, asking if he were interested in auditioning for the role. Linz, however, did not initially win over the film's producers, and he was asked to audition again. During his second audition, Linz was told to emulate actor Michael Cera in his demeanor, because the producers wanted Walter to be quiet and shy, similar to the way Cera acts.[12] Linz received the role after completing his second audition, where he improvised dialogue with Segel and performed several music duets, including "Love Will Keep Us Together".[9] As Walter's characterization became more defined, Linz identified a comparative bond between him and Walter; "The character of Walter hits really close to home for me. I’ve always been an enormous Muppet fan who dreamed of one day working with the Muppets, and that’s basically who Walter is."[13] Producer Todd Lieberman remarked, "The emotional core of the movie is Walter. The idea is that he's not comfortable where he is now but he ends up finding a place where he's comfortable at. That's a really great lesson."[4]
Design[edit]
In the screenplay for The Muppets, Stoller and Segel described Walter as having the feel of "an old dishrag" that wore a blue suit.[9] The writers stated that they wanted Walter to be small, because even though he was an adult, he needed to feel like he was "out of place in the human world." Walter's actual height has been recorded as being 18 inches tall.[14] Paul Andrejco, president of Puppet Heap, showed the producers 14 different iterations of the basic puppet, each of them different in size and shape. Andrejco and the producers had to choose from 25 different possibilities for color and texture, ranging from "pink and scruffy to orange-y speckly to flat gray".[9] Lieberman spoke about how Walter couldn't be a joke, and said, "At the end of the movie, you want to shed a tear for him when he finds his place."[9]
Appearances[edit]
Walter also appeared with the rest of the Muppets on several promotional posters and images. He also appeared several times to promote the film, including appearing on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, along with Jason Segel.[15] Walter appeared as part of the Muppets ensemble in Cee Lo Green's "All I Need Is Love" in 2012.
Filmography[edit]
The Muppets (2011)
Lady Gaga and the Muppets' Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV)
Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
Disney Drive-On with The Muppets (2014) (Web)[16]
The Muppets (2015) (TV) (Presentation Pilot Only)
The Muppets Take the Bowl (2017)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shemin, Craig (2014). Disney's The Muppets Character Encyclopedia. New York: DK Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 9781465417480.
Jump up ^ Vejvoda, Jim. "Nick Stoller Talks Muppets Sequel". IGN. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Kendrick, Ben. "‘The Muppets’ Review". ScreenRant. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Grossberg, Josh. "Five Things You Need to Know About the New Muppet Movie (for Starters...It's Really Good!)". E! Online. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Betsy (23 November 2011). "Movie review: 'The Muppets' are sweet and subversive". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Erbland, Kate. "Interview: Walter the Muppet Talks ‘The Muppets,’ Doing His Own Stunts, and His Hero Kermit the Frog". Film School Rejects. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Gallo, Phil (10 October 2011). "'Muppets' Movie Soundtrack Features Feist, Flight of the Conchords, Andrew Bird". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly-Rottenberg, Josh. Entertainment Weekly. First Look: Exclusive Sneak Peek at the New Muppet Movie. November 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Barnes, Brooks (16 November 2011). "Wocka, Wocka, Wocka! Muppet Antics Resume". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Muppet Fans Who Made 'The Muppets' Movie". National Public Radio. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Mann, Allyson (March 2012). "Becoming Walter: Alumnus brings a new character to life in "The Muppets"". Georgia Magazine. Alumni Profiles: 1. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Dobbins, Amanda (21 November 2011). "Walter the Muppet Was Modeled on Michael Cera". Vulture. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hiskey, Michele. "Atlanta Muppeteer Peter Linz fulfills quest for identity with Walter’s fame". Saporta Report. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan (22 November 2011). "New character Walter pulls movie's heartstrings". USA Today. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Cavin, Cory. "Jason Segel and Walter The Muppet!". NBCUniversal. Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Graser, Marc (August 1, 2014). "Disney Launches The Muppets Digital Series". Variety. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Muppets portal
Fictional characters portal
Walter's character profile at Disney.com
Walter on IMDb (as a character)
[show]
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This page was last edited on 17 October 2017, at 18:25.
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