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Interwar period
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"Between the Wars" redirects here. For other uses, see Between the Wars (disambiguation).
Europe, 1923
Population densities in Europe, 1923
In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.
Despite the relatively short period of time, this period represented an era of significant changes worldwide. Petroleum and associated mechanisation expanded dramatically leading to the Roaring Twenties (and the Golden Twenties), a period of economic prosperity and growth for the middle class in North America, Europe and many other parts of the world. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio broadcasts and more became commonplace among populations in the developed world. The indulgences of this era subsequently led to the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn which severely damaged many of the world's largest economies.
Politically, this era saw the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution, at the end of World War I, and ultimately the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany. China was in the midst of long period of instability and civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. The Empires of Britain, France and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively in Europe, and independence movements in British India, French Vietnam, Ireland and other regions gained momentum. The former Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman and German Empire's colonies redistributed among the Allies. The far western part of the Russian Empire broke into independent states: Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. However, the Communists in Moscow managed to regain control in Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Ireland was split, with the larger part being independent of Britain. In the Middle East, Egypt and Iraq gained independence. During the Great Depression, Latin American countries nationalised many foreign companies (particularly American) in a bid to strengthen their local economies. Japanese, German, Italian and Russian territorial ambitions led to expansions of these empires, which set the stage for the subsequent world war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Turmoil in Europe
2 International relations
3 Roaring Twenties
4 Great Depression
4.1 Fascism displaces democracy
5 Britain and its Empire
6 French Empire
7 Germany
7.1 Weimar Republic
7.2 Nazi era, 1933–39
8 Italy
9 Regional patterns
9.1 East Asia: Japanese dominance
9.2 Latin America
9.2.1 Sports
9.3 Africa and Asia
10 End of an era
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
Turmoil in Europe[edit]
Main article: Aftermath of World War I
Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, the years 1919–24 were marked by turmoil as affected regions struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War and the destabilising effects of the loss of four large historic empires: the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. There were numerous new nations in Eastern Europe, most of them small in size. The United States gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other Allies, the Americans came up with the Dawes Plan and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known, especially in Germany, as the "Golden Twenties".[1]
International relations[edit]
Main article: International relations (1919–1939)
The important stages of interwar diplomacy and international relations included resolutions of wartime issues, such as reparations owed by Germany and boundaries; American involvement in European finances and disarmament projects; the expectations and failures of the League of Nations; the relationships of the new countries to the old; the distrustful relations of the Soviet Union to the capitalist world; peace and disarmament efforts; responses to the Great Depression starting in 1929; the collapse of world trade; The collapse of democratic regimes one by one; the growth of economic autarky; Japanese aggressiveness toward China; Fascist diplomacy, including the aggressive moves by Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany; the Spanish Civil War; the appeasement of Germany's expansionist moves toward the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the second world war increasingly loomed.[2]
Roaring Twenties[edit]
Main articles: 1920s, Roaring Twenties, Golden Twenties, and Années folles
The "Roaring Twenties" highlighted novel and highly visible social and cultural trends and innovations. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin and London. The Jazz Age began and Art Deco peaked.[3][4] For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave. The women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers.[5] Not all was new: “normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional wartime passions in the United States, France, and Germany.[6] The leftist revolutions in Finland, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Spain were defeated by conservatives, but succeeded in Russia, which became the base for Soviet Communism.[7] In Italy the fascists came to power under Mussolini after threatening a march on Rome.[8]
Most independent countries enacted women's suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. There were a few major countries that held out until after the Second World War (such as France, Switzerland and Portugal).[9] Leslie Hume argues:
The women's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena.[10]
In Europe, according to Derek Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, "Nearly all countries registered some economic progress in the 1920s and most of them managed to regain or surpass their pre-war income and production levels by the end of the decade." The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Greece did especially well, while Eastern Europe did poorly.[11] In advanced economies the prosperity reached middle class households and many in the working class. with radio, automobiles, telephones, and electric lighting and appliances. There was unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Major cities built large sports stadiums for the fans, in addition to palatial cinemas. The mechanization of agriculture continued apace, producing on expansion of output that lowered prices, and made many farm workers redundant. Often they moved to nearby industrial towns and cities.
Great Depression[edit]
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place after 1929. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.[12] It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.[13] The depression originated in the United States and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[14] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.[15]
The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.[16] Prices fell sharply, especially for mining and agricultural commodities. Business profits fell sharply as well, with a sharp reduction in new business starts.
Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%.[17][18][19] Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most.[20]
The Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression, resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to China.[21]
Fascism displaces democracy[edit]
Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. Economic disaster led to a distrust in the effectiveness of democracy and its collapse in most of Europe, including the Baltic and Balkan countries, Poland, Spain, and Portugal. Powerful expansionary dictatorships emerged in Italy, Japan and Germany.[22]
While communism was tightly contained in the isolated Soviet Union, fascism took control of Italy in 1922; as the depression worsened, it took over Germany, and played a major role in numerous countries in Europe, and several in Latin America.[23] Fascist parties sprang up, attuned to local right-wing traditions, but also possessing common features that typically included extreme militaristic nationalism, economic self containment, threats and aggression toward neighboring countries, oppression of minorities, ridicule of democracy while using its techniques to mobilize an angry lower middle class base, and disgust with cultural liberalism. Fascists believed in power, violence, male superiority, and a natural hierarchy, often led by dictators such as Benito Mussolini or Adolf Hitler. Fascism in power meant that liberalism and human rights were discarded and individual pursuits and values were subordinated to what the party decided was best.[24]
Britain and its Empire[edit]
Main article: Interwar Britain
The Second British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921
The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy.[25] Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride, its finance and its trade-oriented economy.[26][27]
George V with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference
India strongly supported the Empire in the First World War. It expected a reward, but failed to get home rule as the Raj kept control in British hands and feared another rebellion like that of 1857. The Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Mounting tension, particularly in the Punjab region, culminated in the Amritsar Massacre in 1919. Nationalism surged, and centered in the Congress Party led by Gandhi.[28] In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion.[29][30]
Egypt had been under de facto British control since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the Ottoman Empire. In 1922 it was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a client state following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt's King Faud and his son King Farouk, and their conservative allies, stayed in power with lavish life styles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism.[31] Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained official independence in 1932 when King Faisal agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil.[32][33]
In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency.[34] The Dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland) were self-governing and gained semi-independence in the World War. Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Ireland effectively broke all ties with London in 1937.[35]
French Empire[edit]
French Empire in Interwar period
Main article: French colonial empire
French census statistics from 1931 show an imperial population, outside of France itself, of 64.3 million people living on 11.9 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 39.1 million lived in Africa and 24.5 million lived in Asia; 700,000 lived in the Caribbean area or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were Indochina with 21.5 million (in five separate colonies), Algeria with 6.6 million, Morocco, with 5.4 million, and West Africa with 14.6 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.[36]
A hallmark of the French colonial project from the late 19th century to the post-World War Two era was the civilising mission (mission civilisatrice). The principle was that it was France's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples.[37] As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably French West Africa and Madagascar.
Catholicism was a major factor in the civilising mission, and many missionaries were sent. Often they operated schools and hospitals.[38] During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne and Réunion as well as to the residents of the "Four Communes" in Senegal. Typically the elected deputies were white Frenchmen, although there were some blacks, such as the Senegalese Blaise Diagne, who was elected in 1914.[39] Elsewhere, in the largest and most populous colonies, a strict separation between "sujets français" (all the natives) and "citoyens français" (all males of European extraction) with different rights and duties was maintained until 1946. French colonial law held that the granting of French citizenship to natives was a privilege and not a right. Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). For the 116 years from 1830 to 1946, only between 3,000 and 6,000 native Algerians were granted French citizenship. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 "citoyens indigènes" out of a total population of 15 million.
French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. After World War II, the segregationist approach modeled in Morocco had been discredited by its connections to Vichyism, and assimilationism enjoyed a brief renaissance.[39]
Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Major critics included Albert Londres, Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read.[40]
Germany[edit]
Main article: History of Germany
Weimar Republic[edit]
The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. That Treaty stripped Germany of all of its overseas colonies, of Alsace and Lorraine, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in Germany's West, who was not allowed to have a real Army, Navy or Air Force, stationed troops in the Rhineland. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments.[41]
When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing hyperinflation, which also damaged the French economy. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic Nazis, nationalists and Communists battled each other in the streets. See 1920s German inflation.[42]
Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded the Soviet Union de jure recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the Treaty of Locarno was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rheinland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926.[43]
Nazi era, 1933–39[edit]
Main articles: Nazi Germany and Causes of World War II
Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, along with the Jews.[44]
Japanese poster promoting the Axis cooperation in 1938
Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations (1933), rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm (1935), won back the Saar (1935), remilitarized the Rhineland (1936), formed an alliance ("axis") with Mussolini's Italy (1936), sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), seized Austria (1938), took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938, formed a peace pact with Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union in August 1939, and finally invaded Poland in September 1939. Britain and France declared war and World War II began – somewhat sooner than the Nazis expected or were ready for.[45]
After establishing the "Rome-Berlin axis" with Benito Mussolini, and signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered Vienna, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation (Anschluss) of their country Austria to the German Reich. After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million-strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czechoslovakia. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the same month, he secured the return of Memel from Lithuania to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed.[46][47]
Italy[edit]
Main articles: Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Italian invasion of Albania
Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. The map shows territories to become sovereign or dependency territory (in dark-green) and client states (in light-green).
Maximum extent of Imperial Italy
In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister of Italy after the March on Rome. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the Dodecanese at the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for a payment to Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, though he failed in an attempt to extract a mandate of a portion of Iraq from Britain.
The month following the ratification of the Lausanne treaty, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of Corfu after the Corfu incident. The Italian press supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a Venetian possession for four hundred years. The matter was taken by Greece to the League of Nations, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of Jubaland in 1924, which was merged into Italian Somaliland.[48]
During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches.[49] Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[49] Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.[50] This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism.[50] This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean":[50]
"The bars of this prison are Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus. The guards of this prison are Gibraltar and Suez. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterrean. Greece, Turkey, and Egypt have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto – to march to the oceans."
—  Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans[50]
In the Balkans, the Fascist regime claimed Dalmatia and held ambitions over Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, and Greece based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions.[51] Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states.[52] The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.[51]
In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a League of Nations mandate of the former German Cameroon and a free hand in Ethiopia from France in return for Italian support against Germany (see Stresa Front).[53] This was refused by French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence.[53] The failed resolution of the Abyssinia Crisis led to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire.
Italy's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to Miguel Primo de Rivera's pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the Catalan separatist movement, which was led by Francesc Macià, against the Spanish government.[54] With the rise of the left-wing Republican government replacing the Spanish monarchy, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them in order to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain.[54] In July 1936, Francisco Franco of the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain".[55] Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the Balearic Islands and creating a client state in Spain.[56] Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position – Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its North African colonies and between British Gibraltar and Malta.[57] After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the Balearic Islands.[58]
Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the French protectorate of Tunisia.
After the United Kingdom signed the Anglo-Italian Easter Accords in 1938, Mussolini and foreign minister Ciano issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding Djibouti, Tunisia and the French-run Suez Canal.[59] Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for Italy to demand an Italian takeover of Albania.[59] Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them.[49] In 1938, Italy demanded a sphere of influence in the Suez Canal in Egypt, specifically demanding that the French-dominated Suez Canal Company accept an Italian representative on its board of directors.[60] Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.[60]
In 1939, Italy invaded and captured Albania and made it a part of the Italian Empire as a separate kingdom in personal union with the Italian crown. The region of modern-day Albania had been an early part of the Roman Empire, which had actually been held before northern parts of Italy had been taken by the Romans, but had long since been populated by Albanians, even though Italy had retained strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence.[61] It is possible that Mussolini simply wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's absorption of Austria and Czechoslovakia.[61] Italian King Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci was established to rule over Albania.
Regional patterns[edit]
East Asia: Japanese dominance[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)
Latin America[edit]
The Great Depression posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization. The goal was to create self-sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the Roosevelt administration (1933–1945) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution. Roosevelt implemented a Good Neighbor policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized American oil companies, out of which he created Pemex. Cárdenas also oversaw the redistribution of a quantity of land, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the Mexican Revolution. The Platt Amendment was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together, with Argentina the main hold out.[62]
Sports[edit]
Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadia.[63] The International Olympic Committee (IOC) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought for control of international sport. The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes.[64] English and Scottish engineers brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 1800s. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches.[65] Across the globe after 1912, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) played the chief role in the transformation of association football into a global game, working with national and regional organizations, and setting up the rules and customs, and establishing championships such as the World Cup.[66]
Africa and Asia[edit]
End of an era[edit]
The interwar period ended in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.[67]
See also[edit]
1920s
1930s
European Civil War
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Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster, Faith in Empire: Religion, Politics, and Colonial Rule in French Senegal, 1880–1940 (2013)
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer Segalla, The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956. 2009)
Jump up ^ J.P. Daughton, "Behind the Imperial Curtain: International Humanitarian Efforts and the Critique of French Colonialism in the Interwar Years," French Historical Studies, (2011) 34#3 pp. 503–28
Jump up ^ Ian Kershaw, Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail?
Jump up ^ Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (2013)
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Elz, "Foreign policy" in Anthony McElligott, ed., Weimar Germany (2009) pp. 50–77
Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (2005) and Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2006).
Jump up ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg, Hitler's foreign policy 1933–1939: The road to World War II. (2013), Originally published in two volumes.
Jump up ^ Donald Cameron Watt, How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939 (1989).
Jump up ^ R.J. Overy, The Origins of the Second World War (2014).
Jump up ^ Lowe, pp. 191–199
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). Mussolini, p. 170. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). Vital crossroads: Mediterranean origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940, pp. 105–106. Cornell University Press
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1998. Pp. 467.
Jump up ^ Allan R. Millett, Williamson Murray. Military Effectiveness, Volume 2. New edition. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 184.
^ Jump up to: a b Burgwyn, James H. (1997). Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940, p. 68. Praeger Publishers.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert H. Whealey. Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Paperback edition. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: University Press of Kentucky, 2005. P. 11.
Jump up ^ Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston. Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1999. P. 152.
Jump up ^ R. J. B. Bosworth. The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Pp. 246.
Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton & Company, 2003.
Jump up ^ The Road to Oran: Anglo-Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Pp. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940. Cornell University, 2002. p 82–83.
^ Jump up to: a b "French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy", LIFE, 19 Dec 1938. Pp. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Dickson (2001), pg. 69
Jump up ^ Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (2nd ed. 2003) pp. 189–231.
Jump up ^ David M.K. Sheinin, ed., Sports Culture in Latin American History (2015).
Jump up ^ Cesar R. Torres, "The Latin American 'Olympic Explosion’ of the 1920s: causes and consequences." International Journal of the History of Sport 23.7 (2006): 1088–111.
Jump up ^ Claudia Guedes, "‘Changing the cultural landscape’: English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil–the 1870s to the 1930s." International Journal of the History of Sport 28.17 (2011): 2594–608.
Jump up ^ Paul Dietschy, "Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912–74." Journal of Global History 8.2 (2013): 279.
Jump up ^ Overy, R J (2015) [1st pub. 2010:Longman]. The Inter-war Crisis, 1919-1939 (2nd revised ed.). London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1381-379-36. OCLC 949747872.
Further reading[edit]
Albrecht-Carrié, René. (1958). A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna. – 736 pp; basic survey
Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson. (2012) Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36 (2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and colour posters.
Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. (2013). World History, Volume II: Since 1500 (Cengage Learning ed.). pp. 678–736.
Grenville, J.A.S. (2000). A History of the World in the Twentieth Century. pp. 77–254.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994). The age of extremes: a history of the world, 1914–1991. – a view from the Left.
Kaiser, David E. (1980). Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939. Princeton University Press.
Keylor, William R. (2001). The Twentieth-century World: An International History (4th ed.).
Marks, Sally (2002). The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914–1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 121–342.
Mowat, C. L. ed. (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945 (2nd ed.). – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters.
Seton-Watson, Hugh. (1945) Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941 (1945) online
Somervell, D.C. (1936). The Reign of King George V (PDF). – 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35
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Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Push It"
A-side label of U.S. vinyl single
Single by Salt-n-Pepa
from the album Hot, Cool & Vicious
B-side
"I Am Down"
Released
March 8, 1987
Format
12" vinyl
Recorded
1986
Genre
Rap
Length
3:28 (UK radio edit)
4:30 (album version)
Label
Next Plateau
London
Songwriter(s)
Hurby Azor
Ray Davies
Producer(s)
Hurby Azor
Salt-n-Pepa singles chronology
"Tramp"
(1987) "Push It"
(1987) "Chick on the Side"
(1987)
"Tramp"
(1987) "Push It"
(1987) "Chick on the Side"
(1987)
Alternative cover
One of artworks for international release
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"Push It" on YouTube
"Push It" is a song by the group Salt-n-Pepa. It was released as the B-side of the "Tramp" single in 1987, and as its own single in 1988. It peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1988 and, after initially peaking at number 41 in the UK, it re-entered the charts after the group performed the track at Nelson Mandela's 70th Birthday concert, eventually peaking at number two that summer. The song is notable for being one of the first hip hop songs to have underlying sexual messages. The song has also been certified Platinum by the RIAA. The song is ranked number 446 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and was ranked number nine on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Song information
2 Music video
3 All mixes
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 References
Song information[edit]
The original version of "Push It" was first released as the B-side to the 12" single "Tramp" in 1987. The corresponding 7" single contained a "Mixx-It" remix by San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul; this was the radio version that gave the group its first mainstream hit. It advanced into the Billboard Top 40 the week of December 26, 1987, eventually reaching its peak of number 19 the week of February 20, 1988. It also ties with "Let's Talk About Sex" as the group's highest-charting UK hit, with both peaking at number two in that country.
The original 1986 editions of the album Hot, Cool & Vicious did not contain "Push It". When the Cameron Paul remix of "Push It" became a radio hit, the album was reissued with the "Push It" remix added, along with the original versions of "Tramp" and "Chick on the Side" replaced by remixes.
"Push It" was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the strength of that single catapulted the reissued Hot, Cool and Vicious album to platinum sales in the US with one million sold, making Salt-n-Pepa the first female rap act (group or solo) to go gold or platinum. The album ultimately sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.
The song quotes a line from "You Really Got Me" by The Kinks, with the word "girl" replaced with "boy": "Boy, you really got me goin'/You got me so I don't know what I'm doin'." It also quotes "Pick up on this" from "I'm a Greedy Man" and "There it is" from "There It Is", both by James Brown. The whispered "Push it" is sampled from a 1977 recording called "Keep on Pushin'" by the band Coal Kitchen.
Music video[edit]
The music video for "Push It" features a concert performance of the song, along with DJ Spinderella and Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor on keyboards and backing vocals.
All mixes[edit]
"Push It" (UK Radio Edit) – 3:28 – Edited version of the 7" Remix. Is usually the version played on radio stations in the UK. Also known as the U.S. Remix in America.
"Push It" – 4:12 – B-side of "Tramp" 12" single
"Push It (Instrumental)" – 4:12 – B-side of "Tramp" 12" single
"Push It (Mixx-It Remix)" – 4:28 – B-side of "Tramp" 7" single; also known as Album Version, Remix, 7" Remix, Full-Length Remix, Radio Edit
"Push It (U.S. Remix)" – 3:29 – 1988 Europe/Australasia-only edited version of Mixx-It Remix
"Push It (The Shuv'd Mix)" – 5:06 – 1988 UK-only remix; also known as UK Mix
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1987-1988)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[2]
3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3]
9
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4]
1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[5]
7
Germany (Official German Charts)[6]
9
Ireland (IRMA)[7]
6
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[8]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[10]
4
Norway (VG-lista)[11]
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[12]
2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[13]
6
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
2
US Billboard Hot 100[15]
19
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[16]
28
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[17]
As a double A-side with "Tramp"
18
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1988)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[18]
12
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[19]
5
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: Salt 'n Pepa, 'Push It' | Rolling Stone
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 8939." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Push It". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 30, 1988" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Salt-N-Pepa – Push It". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Salt-N-Pepa Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Salt-N-Pepa Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Salt-N-Pepa Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "jaaroverzichten 1988" (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "JAAROVERZICHTEN - Single 1988" (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 April 2018.
[hide]
v
t
e
Salt-N-Pepa
Cheryl "Salt" James-Wray
Sandra "Pepa" Denton
Deidra "DJ Spinderella" Roper
Studio albums
Hot, Cool & Vicious
A Salt with a Deadly Pepa
Blacks' Magic
Very Necessary
Brand New
Compilation albums
A Blitz of Salt-n-Pepa Hits
The Greatest Hits
Rapped in Remixes: The Greatest Hits Remixed
The Best of Salt-N-Pepa
Singles
"Tramp"
"Push It"
"Shake Your Thang"
"Twist and Shout"
"Expression"
"Do You Want Me"
"Let's Talk About Sex"
"You Showed Me"
"Start Me Up"
"Shoop"
"Whatta Man"
"None of Your Business"
"Heaven 'n Hell"
"Champagne"
"Gitty Up"
"The Brick Track Versus Gitty Up"
Related topics
Discography
The Salt-N-Pepa Show
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Push_It_(Salt-n-Pepa_song)&oldid=835321469"
Categories:
1987 songs
1987 singles
Billboard Rap Songs number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Salt-N-Pepa songs
London Records singles
Songs about dancing
Songs with double entendres
Songs written by Hurby Azor
Hidden categories:
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Germany2
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
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text:
Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely"
Single by Backstreet Boys
from the album Millennium
B-side
"I'll Be There for You", "You Wrote the Book on Love"
Released
December 21, 1999
Format
CD Single
Recorded
October–November 1998
Cheiron Studios,
Polar Studios
(Stockholm, Sweden)
Genre
Pop, R&B, Latin pop
Length
3:55
Label
Jive
Songwriter(s)
Max Martin
Herbie Crichlow
Producer(s)
Max Martin
Kristian Lundin
Backstreet Boys singles chronology
"Larger than Life"
(1999) "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely"
(1999) "The One"
(2000)
"Larger than Life"
(1999) "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely"
(1999) "The One"
(2000)
Audio sample
A sample from "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" by Backstreet Boys
file
help
Music video
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" on YouTube
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys, taken from their third studio album, Millennium (1999). Written by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow, with production by Martin, "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a sad, pop and R&B ballad, with Latin pop influences, about missing someone that you love and asking the meaning of living a lonely life.
Jive Records selected the track to be released as the third single from the album, on December 21, 1999. It received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who commended the lush orchestration, its melody and the group's vocal performance. The song was one of 3 tracks to be previewed at the end of Britney Spears' debut album, ...Baby One More Time. It has also experienced success on the charts, reaching the top 10 in most countries it charted, also peaking at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The music video for the track was released on 1999's New Year's Eve and was directed by Stuart Gosling. It follows each of the band members in a separate dramatic history, with the band uniting for the video's end. The song also earned a Grammy award nomination during the 43rd Grammy Awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Reception
2.1 Critical
2.2 Commercial
3 Accolades
4 Music video
4.1 Background and development
4.2 Synopsis
5 Track listing
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
7 References
8 External links
Background and writing[edit]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was written by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow, while Martin also produced it. On the November 27, 1999 issue of Billboard Magazine, it was reported that Jive Records selected "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" as Millennium's third single.[1] The song received a CD Single on December 11, 1999.
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a pop and R&B ballad,[2] with Latin pop influences. Lyrically, the song deals with heartbreak and how the protagonist is dealing with loneliness. "Show me the meaning of being lonely/Is this the feeling I need to walk with/Tell me why I can't be there where you are/There's something missing in my heart," they sing in the chorus.[3]
Reception[edit]
Critical[edit]
The song received acclaim from most music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked the song as a standout track on the album.[4] While reviewing their compilation, The Hits: Chapter One (2001), Erlewine wrote that "the rest of the singles that fill out the compilation aren't quite as good as "I Want It That Way", "As Long as You Love Me", "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)", "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" and "Larger than Life" (although "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is)."[5] Arion Berger of Rolling Stone commented that the song "digs its melodic claws into your skull on the first listen—it's the swooniest blending of the five vocalists' timbres to date, and mighty pretty besides."[6]
Chuck Taylor of Billboard named it a "keepsake ballad that will have the quintet's loyal legions panting over their loss and loneliness." Taylor also called it "a beautifully produced anthem," and praised its melody, writing that, "it will instantly lock itself into the pop culture consciousness." Taylor finished his review, writing that the single is "the best ballad of the season and a sure-fine way to return the Boys to full glory."[2]
Commercial[edit]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was a success on the charts, reaching the top-ten in most countries it charted. In the United States, the song debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[7] while on the issue of March 18, 2000, the song peaked at number 6,[8] remaining at the peak position for two further weeks.[9] In other Billboard component charts, the song also succeeded, topping the Top 40 Mainstream chart and reaching number 2 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks.[10] In Canada, the song topped the RPM chart,[11] while reaching number 8 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.[10]
In the United Kingdom, "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" peaked at number 3, becoming their last single to reach the top-three and seventeenth top-ten single.[12] The song became a success in countries like the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland, reaching number 2.[13] It also reached the top-ten in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Norway.[14] It only performed moderately in Australia, where it reached number 19, becoming their lowest charting-single since "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)" (1997).[15]
Accolades[edit]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was nominated for a Grammy award on the 43rd ceremony for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, but lost it to Steely Dan's "Cousin Dupree".[16] Emily Exton of VH1 placed the song at number 7 on their "20 Backstreet Boys Songs" list, writing that the song is "a more mature sound that showcased Kevin’s vocals instead of mostly his dark and mysterious looks. Here the Boys tackle grief surprisingly well, without pouring on too much schmaltz or over-complicating things."[17] Danielle Sweeney of The Celebrity Cafe also placed it at number 7 on her "Top 10 Backstreet Boys Songs", writing that, "it's their most emotional song, containing the lyrics, 'how can it be you’re asking me to feel the things you never show?'. Deep, guys."[18]
Music video[edit]
Background and development[edit]
The music video for "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was directed by Stuart Gosling from December 11–12, 1999 in Los Angeles. It follows each of the band members separately in a sad story, until they unite during the instrumental break and final choruses. The video, somewhat darker in tone than any of the band's previous releases, touches on several of the band's real-life issues. Littrell had undergone open heart surgery the previous year for a defect he has had since birth. The video used actual footage of Richardson and his deceased father. The girl Dorough sees represents his sister, who died a year earlier of the disease Lupus. Additionally, the bus McLean rides is marked for "Denniz St.", and is driven by an actor who resembles Denniz PoP (who died in 1998 and produced some Backstreet Boys tracks, besides being the mentor of the song's producer Max Martin).[19] An alternate version of the video was dedicated in his honor.
Synopsis[edit]
The video begins at a hospital, in which Brian Littrell watches doctors try to save a patient, also portrayed by Littrell, alluding to his open heart surgery he had. A. J. McLean's scenes take place on a coach bus, which is driven by an actor who looks like Denniz Pop, while mourning the loss of a girl whose photo he carries. He sees her appear on the bus, but she fades away. Kevin Richardson watches an old-age film of himself and his father in an apartment. Nick Carter walks down a city street in the rain and saves a girl from almost being hit by the bus McLean is on. Howie Dorough drinks from a teacup at an old-style bar as a girl in red runs towards him, but fades away before she reaches him. Richardson arrives to meet Dorough and the two leave the building together. McLean's bus arrives, and Littrell exits the hospital. While the girl lights the memorial candles for the deceased, the five band members congregate and begin walking down the street together. Most of the video is shot in a desaturated scheme in which only certain red elements were brightly colored, until the very end of the video when the band walks out of the city into a brightly coloured field.[20]
Track listing[edit]
UK[21]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" – 3:54
"I'll Be There for You" – 4:34
"You Wrote the Book on Love" – 4:38
America
Double 12" Vinyl[22]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Soul Solution House of Loneliness Vocal) – 7:22
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Jason Nevins Crossover Instrumental) – 3:57 [track only, no vocals]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Soul Solution Mix Show Version) – 4:12
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (LP Version) – 3:54
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Jason Nevins Crossover Remix) – 3:55
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Remix Acapella) – 3:55 [vocals only, no track]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Soul Solution House of Loneliness Dub) – 6:50 [track only, no vocals]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Bonus Beats) – 2:55 [track only, no vocals]
Only Tracks 3 & 5 are available in the CD format (on UK CD single #1 and #2 of "The One")
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15] 19
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14] 8
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[23] 4
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[24] 14
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[25] 8
Canada (RPM)[11] 1
European Hot 100 Singles[26] 4
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[27] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[28] 3
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 5
Italy (FIMI)[30] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[31] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 3
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[33] 1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[34] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[35] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[36] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[37] 3
US Billboard Hot 100[38] 6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[39] 2
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[40] 15
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[41] 1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[42] 8
US Top 40 Tracks (Billboard)[10] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[43] 94
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[44] 71
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[45] 75
Dutch Singles Chart[46] 57
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[47] 43
German Singles Chart[48] 56
Italian Singles Chart[49] 71
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[50] 11
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[33] 21
Swiss Singles Chart[51] 47
UK Singles Chart 66
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[52] 31
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billboard Magazine - November 27, 1999". Billboard Magazine. Google Books. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard Magazine - January 8, 2000". Billboard Magazine. Google Books. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely Lyrics Read more: Backstreet Boys - Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely Lyrics | MetroLyrics". Metrolyrics. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Millennium: Backstreet Boys". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine, Stephen (October 23, 2001). "The Hits: Chapter One". AllMusic. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Berger, Arion (June 10, 1999). "Millennium". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Magazine - January 15, 2000". Billboard Magazine. Google Books. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Magazine - March 18, 2000". Billboard Magazine. Google Books. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Magazine - April 1, 2000". Billboard Magazine. Google Books. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Backstreet Boys - Awards: Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Item Display - RPM - Top Singles - Volume 70, No. 18, March 06 2000". RPM. March 6, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys - Artist - Official Charts". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charts.org.nz – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Austriancharts.at – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian-charts.com – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Steely Dan, Eminem, U2, Hill Score At 43rd Grammys". Billboard. February 22, 2001.
Jump up ^ Exton, Emily (August 2, 2013). "Everybody Groove To The Music: The 20 Best Backstreet Boys Songs". VH1. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Danielle (June 20, 2013). "Top 10 Backstreet Boys Songs - The Celebrity Cafe". The Celebrity Cafe. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Show Me The Meaning of Being Lonely (Backstreet Boys) Easter Eggs". Eeggs. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Reviews -- January 14, 2000 - Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". Emptyv. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely (CD) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Millennium - Backstreet Boys - Awards: Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard - February 19, 2000". Billboard Magazine. Google Books. p. 49. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys: Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Backstreet Boys Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - Search: Backstreet Boys". IRMA. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". Top Digital Download. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Backstreet Boys" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". VG-lista. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Romanian peak
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Backstreet Boys – Show Me The Meaning Of Being Lonely" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Backstreet Boys – Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ 2000 Australian Singles Chart. Retrieved April 20, 2010
Jump up ^ Ultratop.be 2000 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart. Retrieved April 20, 2010
Jump up ^ Ultratop.be 2000 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart. Retrieved April 20, 2010
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl - Dutch Charts Portal". Dutch Top 40. Hung Medien. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard - Google Books". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ 2000 German Singles Chart . Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ 2000 Italian Singles Chart Archived 2014-03-27 at WebCite. Hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved on 2011-06-29.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 2000". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hitparade.ch 2000 Swiss Singles Chart (Retrieved April 20, 2010)
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 2000". Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Backstreet Boys singles
Backstreet Boys
"We've Got It Goin' On"
"I'll Never Break Your Heart"
"Get Down (You're the One for Me)"
"Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)"
"Anywhere for You"
Backstreet's Back
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)"
"As Long as You Love Me"
"All I Have to Give"
Millennium
"I Want It That Way"
"Larger than Life"
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely"
"The One"
Black & Blue
"Shape of My Heart"
"The Call"
"More than That"
The Hits – Chapter One
"Drowning"
Never Gone
"Incomplete"
"Just Want You to Know"
"Crawling Back to You"
"I Still..."
Unbreakable
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"Helpless When She Smiles"
This Is Us
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"Bigger"
In a World Like This
"In a World like This"
"Madeleine" (Radio single)
"Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)"
NKOTBSB
"Don't Turn Out the Lights" (with New Kids on the Block)
Other songs
"That's the Way I Like It"
"Friends Never Say Goodbye" (with Elton John)
"God, Your Mama, and Me" (with Florida Georgia Line)
Seasonals
"Christmas Time"
"It's Christmas Time Again"
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