text:
Inner mitochondrial membrane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cell biology
The mitochondrion
Components of a typical mitochondrion
1 Outer membrane
1.1 Porin
2 Intermembrane space
2.1 Intracristal space
2.2 Peripheral space
3 Lamella
3.1 Inner membrane ◄ You are here
3.11 Inner boundary membrane
3.12 Cristal membrane
3.2 Matrix
3.3 Cristæ
4 Mitochondrial DNA
5 Matrix granule
6 Ribosome
7 ATP synthase

The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Cristae
1.2 Cristae junctions
2 Composition
3 Permeability
4 IMM-associated proteins
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane is extensively folded and compartmentalized. The numerous invaginations of the membrane are called cristae, separated by crista junctions from the inner boundary membrane juxtaposed to the outer membrane. Cristae significantly increases the total membrane surface area compared to a smooth inner membrane and thereby the available working space.
The inner membrane creates two compartments. The region between the inner and outer membrane, called the intermembrane space which is largely continuous with the cytosol, and the more sequestered space inside the inner membrane, called matrix.
Cristae[edit]
Main article: Cristae
For typical liver mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about 5 times as large as the outer membrane due to cristae. This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae. Cristae membranes are studded on the matrix side with small round protein complexes known as F1 particles, the site of proton-gradient driven ATP synthesis. Cristae affect overall chemiosmotic function of mitochondria.[1]
Cristae junctions[edit]
Cristae and the inner boundary membranes are separated by junctions. The end of cristae are partially closed by transmembrane protein complexes that bind head to head and link opposing crista membranes in a bottleneck-like fashion.[2] For example, deletion of the junction protein MIC60/Mic60 (formerly Mitofilin/Fcj1) leads to a reduced inner membrane potential and impaired growth[3] and to dramatically aberrant inner membrane structures which form concentric stacks instead of the typical invaginations.[4]
Composition[edit]
The inner membrane of mitochondria is similar in lipid composition to the membrane of bacteria. This phenomenon can be explained by the endosymbiont hypothesis of the origin of mitochondria as prokaryotes internalized by a eukaryotic host cell.
In pig heart mitochondria, phosphatidylethanolamine makes up the majority of the inner mitochondrial membrane at 37.0% of the phospholipid composition. Phosphatidylcholine makes up about 26.5%, cardiolipin 25.4%, and phosphatidylinositol 4.5%.[5] In S. cerevisiae mitochondria, phosphatidylcholine makes up 38.4% of the IMM, phosphatidylethanolamine makes up 24.0%, phosphatidylinositol 16.2%, cardiolipin 16.1%, phosphatidylserine 3.8%, and phosphatidic acid 1.5%.[6]
In the inner mitochondrial membrane, the protein-to-lipid ratio is 80:20, in contrast to the outer membrane, which is 50:50.[7]
Permeability[edit]
The inner membrane is freely permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water only.[8] It is much less permeable to ions and small molecules than the outer membrane, creating compartments by separating the matrix from the cytosolic environment. This compartmentalization is a necessary feature for metabolism. The inner mitochondrial membrane is both an electrical insulator and chemical barrier. Sophisticated ion transporters exist to allow specific molecules to cross this barrier. There are several antiport systems embedded in the inner membrane, allowing exchange of anions between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix.[7]
IMM-associated proteins[edit]
Electron transport chain
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)
Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
Electron-transferring flavoprotein
Succinate dehydrogenase
Alternative oxidase
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c oxidase
F-ATPase
ATP–ADP translocase
ATP-binding cassette transporter
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Protein tyrosine phosphatase
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
Carnitine O-acetyltransferase
Carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
Cytochrome P450
Translocase of the inner membrane
Glutamate aspartate transporter
Pyrimidine metabolism
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
Thymidylate synthase (FAD)
HtrA serine peptidase 2
Adrenodoxin reductase
Heme biosynthesis
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Ferrochelatase
Uncoupling protein
See also[edit]
Citric acid cycle
Mitochondrial shuttle
Proton gradient
Transport proteins
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mannella CA (2006). "Structure and dynamics of the mitochondrial inner membrane cristae". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1763 (5–6): 542–548. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.04.006. PMID 16730811.
Jump up ^ Herrmann, JM (18 October 2011). "MINOS is plus: a Mitofilin complex for mitochondrial membrane contacts". Developmental Cell. 21 (4): 599–600. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.09.013. PMID 22014515.
Jump up ^ von der Malsburg, K; Müller, JM; Bohnert, M; Oeljeklaus, S; Kwiatkowska, P; Becker, T; Loniewska-Lwowska, A; Wiese, S; Rao, S; Milenkovic, D; Hutu, DP; Zerbes, RM; Schulze-Specking, A; Meyer, HE; Martinou, JC; Rospert, S; Rehling, P; Meisinger, C; Veenhuis, M; Warscheid, B; van der Klei, IJ; Pfanner, N; Chacinska, A; van der Laan, M (18 October 2011). "Dual role of mitofilin in mitochondrial membrane organization and protein biogenesis". Developmental Cell. 21 (4): 694–707. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.026. PMID 21944719.
Jump up ^ Rabl, R; Soubannier, V; Scholz, R; Vogel, F; Mendl, N; Vasiljev-Neumeyer, A; Körner, C; Jagasia, R; Keil, T; Baumeister, W; Cyrklaff, M; Neupert, W; Reichert, AS (15 June 2009). "Formation of cristae and crista junctions in mitochondria depends on antagonism between Fcj1 and Su e/g". The Journal of Cell Biology. 185 (6): 1047–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.200811099. PMC 2711607  . PMID 19528297.
Jump up ^ Comte J, Maïsterrena B, Gautheron DC (January 1976). "Lipid composition and protein profiles of outer and inner membranes from pig heart mitochondria. Comparison with microsomes". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 419 (2): 271–84. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(76)90353-9. PMID 1247555. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Jump up ^ Lomize, Andrel; Lomize, Mikhail; Pogozheva, Irina (2013). "Membrane Protein Lipid Composition Atlas". Orientations of Proteins in Membranes. University of Michigan. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Krauss, Stefan (2001). "Mitochondria: Structure and Role in Respiration" (PDF). Nature Publishing Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Caprette, David R. (12 December 1996). "Structure of Mitochondria". Experimental Biosciences. Rice University. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
External links[edit]
Mitochondrial inner membrane (55 proteins) Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database
http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/small/atlas/objects/1340.htm
[hide]
v
t
e
Mitochondrial proteins
Outer membrane
fatty acid degradation
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
tryptophan metabolism
Kynureninase
monoamine neurotransmitter
metabolism
Monoamine oxidase
Intermembrane space
Adenylate kinase
Creatine kinase
Inner membrane
oxidative phosphorylation
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
Cytochrome c
NADH dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
pyrimidine metabolism
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
mitochondrial shuttle
Malate-aspartate shuttle
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
other
Glutamate aspartate transporter
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
ATP synthase
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
Uncoupling protein
Matrix
citric acid cycle
Citrate synthase
Aconitase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
Fumarase
Malate dehydrogenase
anaplerotic reactions
Aspartate transaminase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Ornithine transcarbamylase
N-Acetylglutamate synthase
alcohol metabolism
ALDH2
PMPCB
Other/to be sorted
steroidogenesis
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
Aldosterone synthase
Frataxin
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Mitochondrial carrier
Mitochondrial DNA
Complex I
MT-ND1
MT-ND2
MT-ND3
MT-ND4
MT-ND4L
MT-ND5
MT-ND6
Complex III
MT-CYB
Complex IV
MT-CO1
MT-CO2
MT-CO3
ATP synthase
MT-ATP6
MT-ATP8
tRNA
MT-TA
MT-TC
MT-TD
MT-TE
MT-TF
MT-TG
MT-TH
MT-TI
MT-TK
MT-TL1
MT-TL2
MT-TM
MT-TN
MT-TP
MT-TQ
MT-TR
MT-TS1
MT-TS2
MT-TT
MT-TV
MT-TW
MT-TY
see also mitochondrial diseases
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AARP
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article reads like a press release or a news article or is entirely based on routine coverage. Please expand this article with properly sourced content to meet Wikipedia's quality standards, event notability guideline, or encyclopedic content policy. (November 2017)
AARP, Inc.
AARP logo, effective January 2007
Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Predecessor
National Retired Teachers Association
Formation
1958; 60 years ago (1958) (as American Association of Retired Persons)
Founder
Ethel Percy Andrus
Tax ID no.
95-1985500
Headquarters
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates
38°53′48″N 77°01′15″W / 38.896769°N 77.020826°W / 38.896769; -77.020826Coordinates: 38°53′48″N 77°01′15″W / 38.896769°N 77.020826°W / 38.896769; -77.020826
Membership
37,000,000+
Chief Executive Officer
Jo Ann Jenkins
Foundation President
Lisa Marsh Ryerson
Board Chair
Joan R. Ruff
Subsidiaries
AARP Foundation;
AARP Institute;
Legal Counsel for the Elderly;
AARP Experience Corps;
AARP Insurance Plan;
AARP Financial Services Corporation;
AARP Services Inc
Revenue (2014)
$1,486,310,000
Expenses (2014)
$1,468,824,000
Staff
1,986
Volunteers
17,499
Website
www.aarp.org
Formerly called
American Association of Retired Persons
[1][2]
AARP, Inc. (formerly American Association of Retired Persons) is a United States-based interest group that focuses on the elderly, especially on how they can continue to live well after retirement. In 2016, it had a membership of over 37 million people.
AARP was founded in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus (a retired educator from California) and Leonard Davis (later the founder of the Colonial Penn Group of insurance companies).[3][4] It is a 501c4 non-profit organization which aims to "enhance the quality of life for all as they age," according to its website. It also has members who are less than 50 years of age. The association advocates for social change and provides information, advocacy, and service to its members. It is an important lobbying group in the United States.[5][6] It updates special money related information and a "fraudwatch" on its website, to warn people of scams. Its fraudwatch includes write ups by Frank Abagnale from the FBI.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Activities
2.1 Overview
3 Affiliates
3.1 AARP Services, Inc. and AARP Financial Incorporated
3.2 AARP Foundation
3.3 AARP Driver Safety
3.4 AARP publications and broadcasts
3.4.1 English language
3.4.2 Spanish language
4 AARP Awards
5 Health care
5.1 Health insurance
5.2 Single payer
6 Social Security
7 Criticism
7.1 Executive compensation, benefits, and travel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
11 Further reading
History[edit]
According to the group's official history, Dr. Ethel Percy Andrus founded AARP in 1958. AARP evolved from the National Retired Teachers Association (NRTA), which Andrus had established in 1947 to promote her philosophy of productive aging, and to promote health insurance for retired teachers. After ten years, she opened the organization to all Americans over 50, creating AARP.[8] Today, the NRTA is a division within AARP.[9]
Critics of AARP offer an alternative version of the group's origins. 60 Minutes reported in a 1978 exposé that AARP had been established as a marketing device by Leonard Davis, founder of the Colonial Penn Group insurance companies, after he met Ethel Percy Andrus.[10] According to critics, until the 1980s AARP was controlled by Davis, who promoted its image as a non-profit advocate of retirees in order to sell insurance to members.[11] Possibly as a result of this report, AARP conducted a competitive bidding process, and, in 1980, shifted the insurance contracts available to members to Prudential Financial.[12]
In the 1990s, the United States Senate investigated AARP's non-profit status, with Republican Senator Alan K. Simpson, then chairman of the United States Senate Finance Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy, questioning the organization's tax-exempt status in congressional hearings. According to Charles Blahous, the investigations did not reveal sufficient evidence to change the organization's status,[13] though in an interview years later by the Des Moines Register, Senator Simpson remained "troubled by AARP's practices", calling AARP "the biggest marketing operation in America and money-maker" and an organization whose practices are "the greatest abuse of American generosity I witnessed in my time in the U.S. Senate".[14]
The organization was originally named the American Association of Retired Persons, but in 1999 it officially changed its name to "AARP" (pronounced one letter at a time, "ay ay ar pee") to reflect that its focus was no longer American retirees.[15] AARP no longer requires that members be retired, but they must be at least age 50 (although a membership includes free membership for a spouse or partner who may not yet be 50).
All people age 50 and older are eligible for full membership with AARP. For those under the age of 50, AARP offers associate memberships that automatically convert to full membership at the age of 50th birthday.[16]
Activities[edit]
Former United States Secretary of Labor Perez at AARP's Life@50+ event in 2015.
Overview[edit]
AARP addresses issues affecting older Americans through lobbying efforts at the state and national governmental level, an activity permitted by its 501(c)(4) status. The organization says that it is non-partisan and does not support, oppose or give money to any candidates or political parties. The total revenue for 2006 was approximately $1 billion and it spent $23 million on lobbying.[17] Middle-class security has been a major focus for the organization in recent years.[18] AARP also provides extensive consumer information, volunteer opportunities, and events including the annual National Event & Expo (2013 in Las Vegas from May 30–June 1 and in Atlanta from October 3–5).
AARP volunteers packing food for older Americans in need at packing event in Miami.
AARP launched Life Reimagined in May 2013, calling it a "first-of-its-kind series of online and offline experiences that guide people through life transitions by helping them discover new possibilities and connect with a community of people pursuing similar passions and goals".[19] USA Today called the iniative "the latest step for the AARP ... as it continues to rebrand itself and become the go-to address for feeling good about aging.[20]
Affiliates[edit]
AARP has several affiliated organizations including:
AARP Foundation, a 501c3 non-profit charity that helps people over age 50 who are at social and economic risk;It includes
AARP Experience Corps, a 501c3 non-profit charity that encourages people over age 50 to mentor and tutor school children;
AARP Institute, a non-profit charity that holds some of AARP's charitable gift annuity funds;
AARP Services Inc., a for-profit corporation that provides quality control and research,
Legal Counsel for the Elderly, a 501c3 non-profit charity that provides legal assistance to seniors in Washington, D.C.[1][21]
AARP Financial Services Corporation, a for-profit corporation that holds AARP's real estate;
AARP Insurance Plan, an organization that holds some of AARP's group health insurance policies;
Because of AARP's vast membership, it is able to generate its own income without being dependent on government grants or private donors, though it receives both of these for specific programs. According to its 2015 Consolidated Financial Statement, the largest sources of income were:
royalties for the rights to use AARP's intellectual property (name, logo, etc.) paid by commercial providers of products, services and discounts for AARP members ($838,649,000);
membership dues ($295,180,000); and
advertisements placed in its publications ($149,604,000).[22]
AARP Services, Inc. and AARP Financial Incorporated[edit]
AARP Services, Inc., founded in 1999, is a wholly owned taxable subsidiary of AARP that manages the range of products and services offered as benefits to members. Its offers include Medicare supplemental insurance; member discounts on rental cars, cruises, vacation packages and lodging; special offers on technology and gifts; pharmacy services; legal services; and long-term care insurance. AARP Services founded AARP Financial Incorporated, a subsidiary that manages AARP-endorsed financial products including AARP Funds. In a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission in June 2010, AARP Financial announced the discontinuation of AARP Funds[23] AARP Services develops new products, manages and markets products and services, and creates and maintains partnership and sponsorship relationships.
AARP Foundation[edit]
AARP Foundation[24] is AARP's affiliated charity. Foundation programs provide security, protection and empowerment for older persons in need. Low-income older workers receive the job training and placement they need to re-join the workforce. Free tax preparation is provided for low- and moderate-income individuals, with special attention to those 60 and older. The Foundation's litigation staff protects the legal rights of older Americans in critical health, long-term care, consumer and employment situations. Additional programs provide information, education, and services to ensure that people over 50 lead lives of independence, dignity, and purpose. Foundation programs are funded by grants, tax-deductible contributions and AARP.
The AARP Foundation's website claims the nonprofit "wants to win back opportunity for those now in crisis, so thousands of vulnerable low-income Americans 50+ can regain their foothold, continue to serve as anchors for their families and communities and ensure that their best life is still within reach." Key areas of focus are hunger, income, housing, and isolation. The Foundation's vision is "a country that is free of poverty where no older person feels vulnerable."
One of the goals of the AARP Foundation is its Drive to End Hunger. In 2011, AARP and AARP Foundation formed a relationship with NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon and Hendrick Motorsports to increase awareness of hunger in America with the No. 24 Drive to End Hunger race car and related food drives.[25] Through the Drive to End Hunger program, AARP also sponsored Hendrick driver Kasey Kahne, beginning in 2016.[26]
AARP Driver Safety[edit]
In 1979, AARP introduced the nation's first[citation needed] driver safety course geared towards older adults. AARP Driver Safety,[27] which can be completed in a classroom setting or online, teaches defensive driving techniques and provides "added information on age-related cognitive and physical changes that affect driving."[28] The course is instructed and promoted by volunteers throughout the U.S.
In addition to course fees, the program is supported by a grant from the automobile manufacturer, Toyota.[29] Over half million drivers completed the course in 2012 and over 15 million people completed the courses since 1979.[30][31]
AARP publications and broadcasts[edit]
English language[edit]
AARP The Magazine with their approximately 37 million readers and the AARP Bulletin with 29.7 million, are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States.[32][33]
The organization publishes AARP The Magazine[34] (known until 2002 as Modern Maturity), a lifestyle magazine for people 50+. Established in 1958,[35] the magazine is distributed bi-monthly to AARP members.
AARP Bulletin, subtitled "The Newspaper for 50-Plus America", is published monthly, 10 times per year, and requires membership and an additional subscription fee.[36]
The Journal, released by AARP's International Office, is a policy publication on health and financial security issues facing a global population.[37]
The AARP Booth at the 2017 Boston Pride Festival.
The organization also produces radio and television programs and has a book division.[citation needed]
Inside E Street, hosted by broadcast journalist Lark McCarthy, takes a "nonpartisan, civil look into issues critical to Americans"[38]
Movies for Grownups, is a weekly two-minute program hosted and produced by Bill Newcott, creator of AARP's Movies for Grownups franchise, heard on stations nationwide and online at the radioprimetime website.
Prime Time Focus, hosted by Alyne Ellis, is a 90-second daily feature with a five-minute weekend edition heard on more than 500 stations.[citation needed]
Prime Time Radio, hosted by broadcaster Mike Cuthbert, is a one-hour weekly interview program that focuses on the interests and concerns of Americans aged 50 and older. The program is heard on radio stations mainly in the United States.[39]
Spanish language[edit]
AARP en Español is the AARP's Spanish-language multimedia platform. Offerings include a Spanish-language website, a Spanish-language YouTube channel, and informational resources.
AARP Awards[edit]
The Inspire Awards “honor 10 people over age 50 each year who continue to make a significant impact.”[40] Past recipients include: Maya Angelou,[41][42] Caroline Kennedy,[43] Jane Goodall,[44] Steve Jobs,[45][44] Daniel Inouye,[45][44] Emilio Estefan,[45][44] Toby Keith,[44][45] Joy Behar,[42] Henry Winkler,[42] Elizabeth Warren,[42] and Tony Danza.[42]
The Movies for Grownups Awards "recognizes achievements of those in the entertainment industry age 50 and over, and the films that speak to that vast audience,"[46] as well as supports the overall goals of the AARP.[47] Past recipients include: Denzel Washington,[48] Annette Bening[48] Jeff Bridges,[48] Viola Davis,[48] Morgan Freeman,[49][48][50] Michael Douglas,[51] and Lily Tomlin.[51]
Health care[edit]
AARP has been active in health care policy debates since the 1960s, and its recent engagement is a reflection of this long-standing involvement.[52]
AARP's public stances influenced the United States Congress' passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, which created Medicare Part D, in 2003, and also influenced the Congress by resisting radical changes to Social Security in 2005.[53][54] AARP also addressed health care issues in their campaign targeting the 2008 elections with Divided We Fail.
In an editorial in the Los Angeles Times, critic Dale Van Atta wrote that AARP does unauthorized lobbying for its membership, and lobbies against the best interests of its membership. He says that by lobbying for the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, AARP leaders betrayed the membership.[55]
In early 2017, AARP strongly opposed the American Health Care Act of 2017, believing that older Americans would be unfairly burdened with higher premiums and smaller tax credits.[56]
Health insurance[edit]
Approximately seven million people have AARP-branded health insurance, including drug coverage and Medigap, as of April 2007
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)
[57] and the association earns more income from selling insurance to members than from membership dues.[58] In 2008, AARP began offering new health insurance products: an HMO for Medicare recipients, in partnership with UnitedHealth Group; and a PPO and "a high-deductible insurance policy that could be used with a health savings account" to people aged 50–64, in partnership with Aetna.
While AARP is not an insurer, it allows its name to be used by insurance companies in the sale of products, for which it is paid a commission.[59]
Senator Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa), senior Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, said in 2008 that the "limited benefit" insurance plans offered by AARP through UnitedHealth provided inadequate coverage and were marketed deceptively. One plan offered $5,000 for surgery that may cost two or three times that amount.[60]
AARP conducts a thriving business in marketing branded Medigap policies. As of October 2009, Medical care reform contained a proposal to trim an associated program Medicare Advantage, which was expected to increase demand for Medigap policies.[61] However, as cited above, AARP also brands a Medicare Advantage plan (MedicareComplete), and would also be subject to cuts under health care reform.[62] According to an Annenberg Public Policy Center report, critics have said AARP had a conflict of interest in supporting the Act, because it "derives income from the sale of health and life insurance policies", by licensing its brand to insurance dealers such as New York Life,[63] and would benefit financially from passage of the legislation.[64]
In 2004 BusinessWeek said questions have arisen in the past about whether AARP's commercial interests may conflict with those of its membership, and characterizes many of the funds and insurance policies that AARP markets as providing considerably less benefit than seniors could get on their own.[65]
Single payer[edit]
Single-payer advocates have criticized AARP for not supporting the single-payer or public option during the health care debate.[66] Single-payer advocates supported H.R. 676, proposed by Rep. John Conyers (D-MI). AARP released a statement explaining to its members why the organization was not supporting H.R. 676:
Starting over with a new, "single-payer" program will not eliminate the problems Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP currently face, such as the spiraling costs of procedures and prescription medications, as well as technological advances that are often not comprehensively tested to be proven safe or effective before marketing. H.R. 676 does not address the problem of increasing health-care costs. Rather, it allows costs to continue to grow, which will result in unaffordable coverage.
John Rother, AARP's former chief lobbyist, said the single-payer model would "disrupt the system that is currently in place" and "require a very significant tax increase." But Rother admitted that it would be possible to design a system that would avoid these problems. Since AARP's priorities now are to protect the current programs and implement the Affordable Care Act, Rother said that any effort to promote single payer would be undercutting health reform. Rother said. "To go to a single-payer you do have to trust government. The climate we're in right now is a very hostile climate for something like that."[66]
Rother also thought that an educational effort on the benefits of single payer would undercut the ACA. AARP has not published any material relating to single-payer health insurance on its website, in its several hundred page policy book, or through its Public Policy Institute.[66]
Approximately 60,000 AARP members quit AARP between July 1 and August 18, 2009, in a controversy that arose over AARP's support for U.S. health care reform. FOX News stated, "The Atlanta-based American Seniors Association, which is opposed to President Obama's health care plan, is trying to capitalize on growing public dissatisfaction with the AARP." AARP spokesman Drew Nannis responded that AARP loses about 300,000 members a month on average, and the controversial 60,000 of those that had left had specified leaving over the health care debate. Nannis also stated that the AARP gained 400,000 members and that 1.5 million members renewed their memberships within the same period of time.[67] The American Seniors Association is a for-profit organization operated by the American Seniors Association Holding Group, Inc (ASAHG, Inc).[68][69]
Social Security[edit]
Since March 2012, AARP's You've Earned a Say campaign has sought to foster nonpartisan conversations about how to strengthen Social Security and Medicare. The Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch reported, "AARP took the debate about Medicare and Social Security from what it called behind closed doors in Washington to a series of town hall meetings around the country to make sure retirees have a voice in the discussion."[70]
In June 2011, AARP dropped its longstanding opposition to cutting Social Security benefits. A news release[71] emphasized "AARP has not changed its position on Social Security." In 2005 AARP led the effort to kill President George W. Bush's plan for partial privatization. AARP now has concluded that change is inevitable, and it wants to be at the table to try to minimize the pain. John Rother, AARP's policy chief and a prime mover for the new position, said "The ship was sailing. I wanted to be at the wheel when that happens." AARP declined to join a coalition of about 300 unions, women's groups and liberal advocacy organizations created to fight Social Security benefit cuts. Rother said, "The coalition's role was to kind of anchor the left, and our role is going to be to actually get something done".[72]
Criticism[edit]
In a November 2008 editorial, The Des Moines Register and the Canada Free Press called AARP a strong lobbying group masquerading as a non profit, meanwhile charging high membership fees and selling expensive private healthcare plans.[73]
Executive compensation, benefits, and travel[edit]
Criticism has also been leveled at the high salaries that AARP staff earn, and the use of first class and business class travel for all their short trips. According to AARP's IRS annual return, Chief Executive Officer Addison B. Rand received $1,698,289 of salary and benefits in 2014 from AARP and its subsidiaries.[74]
All board members, officers, and key employees fly first class on flights longer than five hours unless business class is available.[74] The Chief Executive Officer flies first-class on all flights longer than 90 minutes.[74]
AARP reported that it had spent $8,694,890 on compensation of its officers, directors, and key employees during 2014.[74]
Charity Watch rated the AARP Foundation overall at 81.07 out of 100 possible points for fiscal year 2014, but gave the organization a Financial score of only 73.53 out of 100 for the same time period.[75]
See also[edit]
AARP/Blue Zones Vitality Project
Association of Mature American Citizens
International Association of Homes and Services for the Aging
Gray Panthers
60 Plus Association
Senior citizen
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Tax" (PDF). AARP. Guidestar. December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Consolidated Financial Statements Together with Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants" (PDF). AARP. December 31, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Local: Obituary". Los Angeles Times. January 23, 2001.
Jump up ^ "AARP Founder: Philanthropist Leonard Davis, 76". USC News.
Jump up ^ "The 2015 Power & Influence Top 50" (PDF). The NonProfit Times. The NonProfit Times. 2015-08-31.
Jump up ^ Dickson, Rebecca (2015-10-28). "Top Lobbyists 2015: Grassroots". Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Articles about AARP". New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ethel Andrus (1884 - 1967)". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Points of Light Institute Honors Volunteer Leaders for Going the Extra Mile". 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
Jump up ^ Rooney, Andy (1999). Sincerely, Andy Rooney (1st ed.). New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620347.
Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul (20 October 1996). "Demographics and Destiny". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Rooney, Andy (2009). Sincerely, Andy Rooney. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-0786731350. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
Jump up ^ Blahaus, Charles P. (2000). Reforming Social Security for Ourselves and Our Posterity. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 84–5. ISBN 978-0-275-97044-4.
Jump up ^ "Congress right to investigate AARP". Editorial. Des Moines Register. April 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved 2011-05-10. In the mid-1990s, Congress launched an investigation, asking questions about its tax status and business ventures. That was led by former U.S. Sen. Alan Simpson of Wyoming. When The Register interviewed him several years later, he was still troubled by AARP's practices. Simpson stated the organization was "the biggest marketing operation in America and money-maker". He said that what the organization does "is the greatest abuse of American generosity I witnessed in my time in the U.S. Senate".
Jump up ^ "AARP History". AARP. 2009. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Loomis, Carol J. (2006-05-11). "The AARP is getting younger all the time". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (24 April 2007). "On Issues From Medicare to Medication, AARP's Money Will Be There". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "AARP: Retirement Security in Doubt for Middle Class". Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "AARP Launches Life Reimagined to Offer Ways for Discovering New Possibilities and Navigating "What's Next"". Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Jayson, Sharon. "AARP to coach aging Boomers 'reimagining' their lives" USA Today, 28 May 2013. Retrieved on 2013-05-28.
Jump up ^ Kolb, Robert W. (2008), Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, 1, Sage, p. 1, ISBN 978-1-4129-1652-3
Jump up ^ "AARP Consolidated Financial Statements Together with Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants" (PDF). AARP. AARP.org. 2015-12-31. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ AARP news release. "AARP Financial Announces Discontinuation of AARP Funds". Aarp.org.
Jump up ^ "AARP Foundation". AARP. 2011-03-31. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Drive to End Hunger website". Drivetoendhunger.org. 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ Caldwell, Gray (April 20, 2016). "Kahne's No. 5 Drive to End Hunger Chevrolet SS revealed". Hendrick Motorsports. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AARP.org". AARP.org. 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ AARP Driver Safety - from: AARP (2010-01-01). "AARP Driver Safety Program History and Facts". Aarp.org. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2017-03-22.
Jump up ^ "500,000 People Complete AARP Driver Safety". Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Staff, Writer (2016-04-16). "AARP Smart Driver Class set for May 14 in Fairmount". Calhoun Times. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
Jump up ^ Husni, Samir (2017-01-09). "AARP The Magazine: Relevant, Vibrant & Still The Largest Circulation Magazine In The Country With Over 37 Million Readers". Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation" (PDF). Public Service Advertising Research Center,. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "AARP The Magazine". AARP The Magazine. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation" (PDF). PSA Research Center. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "(publication information found in each print issue)". AARP Bulletin. Washington, DC: AARP. July–August 2009. ISSN 1044-1123. OCLC 19685775.
Jump up ^ "The Journal". AARP International. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Inside E Street - Non-Partisan TV Program, Civil Issues Critical to 50+ Americans". AARP. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prime Time Radio". Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ Glanville, Kathleen (2007-11-28). "Roslyn Hill, "Queen of Alberta," honored by AARP". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Sachs, Andrea (2013-11-22). "Maya Angelou's Lifetime of Influence". Time. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "AARP Magazine's 2011 Inspire Awards". Getty Images. 2011. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Getty Images: 2008 AARP Inspire Awards". Getty Images. 2008. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Pat Summitt recipient of AARP Inspire Award". WRCB. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Magazine honors 3 in Tucson shooting". Arizona Daily Star. 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Berkshire, Geoff (2017-02-06). "Maturity Reigns at AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards". Variety. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Helen Mirren to Receive Career Achievement Honor at AARP The Magazine's 17th Annual Movies For Grownups® Awards". PBS. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Olivier, Ellen (2017-02-07). "Denzel Washington, Viola Davis, Ruth Negga, Helen Mirren attend AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Powell, Amy (2017-02-07). "Hollywood actors head out to AARP Movies for Grownups Awards". KABC-TV. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Desta, Yohana (2017-01-04). "Loving Was Literally 2016's Best Movie for Grown-Ups". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Lang, Derrik (2016-02-09). "Michael Douglas, Lily Tomlin Honored at AARP Movies for Grownups Awards". KXAS-TV. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Rand, A. Barry (1 December 2009). "Health Care Reform Marches On (online title: Why AARP Endorsed the House Health Care Bill)". AARP Bulletin. Where We Stand. 50 (10). AARP Publications. pp. 16–17. ISSN 1044-1123. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009. AARP has been a strong advocate for health care reform for over 50 years...."
Jump up ^ Barbara Berkman/Sarah D'Ambruoso Handbook of Social Work in Health and Aging, p. 820, Oxford University Press US, 2006 ISBN 978-0-19-517372-7
Jump up ^ Larry N. Gerston American Federalism, p. 79, M. E. Sharpe, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7656-1672-2
Jump up ^ Van Atta, Dale (24 November 2003). "This Isn't the Old AARP". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Chilton, James (2017-03-10). "AARP speaks out on Obamacare replacement bill". Wyoming Tribune Eagle. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
Jump up ^ Pear, Robert (17 April 2007). "AARP Says It Will Become Major Medicare Insurer While Remaining a Consumer Lobby". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar (March 6, 2006). "New Drug Program Is a Benefit for AARP". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Lipson JK Lasser's Choosing the Right Long-term Care Insurance, p. 140, John Wiley & Sons, 2002 ISBN 978-0-471-27349-3
Jump up ^ Pear, Robert (19 November 2008). "AARP Orders Investigation Concerning Its Marketing". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Dan Eggen (2009-10-27). "AARP:Reform advocate and insurance salesman". Washington Post. pp. A1. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Medicare advantage plans". aarpmedicareplans.com.
Jump up ^ AARP Life Insurance Program Archived July 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., retrieved October 31, 2006
Jump up ^ "Public Policy Center report on AARP". Annenberg Public Policy Center. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
Jump up ^ By Raising Its Voice, AARP Raises Questions Archived June 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. BusinessWeek, 14 March 2005, accessed 7 January 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c Should universal care advocates bite their tongues on single-payer? Remapping Debate, June 8, 2011, By Mike Alberti
Jump up ^ "AARP, Losing Members Over Health Care, Faces Challenge From Grassroots Senior Advocacy Group". Fox News. August 18, 2009. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "AMSA.PK Profile". AMSA.PK Profile. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "American Seniors Association".
Jump up ^ Hazard, Carol."Retirees highlight Social Security, Medicare at AARP meeting" Richmond Times-Dispatch, Richmond, VA 20 March 2012. Retrieved on 2013-5-28.
Jump up ^ from: Press Center - June 17, 2011 (2011-06-17). "AARP Has Not Changed Its Position on Social Security". AARP.org. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
Jump up ^ Key Seniors Association Pivots on Benefit Cut By LAURA MECKLER, Wall Street Journal, JUNE 17, 2011
Jump up ^ Vaadum, Mathew (11 November 2008). "Big Trouble on the Horizon for AARP?". Canada free press / Des moines register. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". AARP. Guidestar. December 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charity Navigator - Rating for AARP Foundation".
External links[edit]
AARP Inspire Award Honorees
AARP Movies For Grownups Awards
AARP Spanish-language website
AARP Spanish-language YouTube channel
Further reading[edit]
Lynch, Frederick R. (2011). One Nation Under AARP: The Fight Over Medicare, Social Security, and America's Future. University of California Press.
Morris, Charles R. (1996). The AARP: America's Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations. Crown. ISBN 0-8129-2753-2.
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Tell Me Something Good
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"Tell Me Something Good"
A-side label of one of US vinyl releases
Single by Rufus
from the album Rags to Rufus
B-side
"Smokin' Room"
Released
June 1974
Format
7" single, 12" single
Recorded
1974
Genre
R&B, Soul, Funk
Length
4:36 (album)
3:30 (single)
Label
ABC Records
Songwriter(s)
Stevie Wonder
Producer(s)
Bob Monaco and Rufus
Rufus singles chronology
"Feel Good"
(1973) "Tell Me Something Good"
(1974) "You Got the Love"
(1974)
"Feel Good"
(1973) "Tell Me Something Good"
(1974) "You Got the Love"
(1974)
"Tell Me Something Good" is a song by Rufus and Chaka Khan, written by Stevie Wonder and released in 1974. The single was a hit in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent one week at number one on the Cash Box Top 100.[1] It was among the earliest hits to use the guitar talk box, by Tony Maiden.[2]
The song has been described as having ".. rude metallic guitar" (by Al Ciner) and ".. a beautiful bass, clav and heavy breathing groove." The song can be difficult to count as there is an off-count into the verse. The first note is on the "and of four." [3]
The record was produced by the band with Bob Monaco.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Awards
2 Samples
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Cover versions
4.1 Live covers
5 Pop culture references
6 Personnel
7 References
8 External links
Awards[edit]
Rufus won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus for the song at the 17th Annual Grammy Awards in 1975.
Samples[edit]
The Ronnie Laws version was sampled by the Beastie Boys on their 1989 album Paul's Boutique.
The UGK song "Something Good", from their 1992 debut album Too Hard to Swallow, samples the song - later chopped and screwed by DJ Screw on his 1995 release Volume II: All Screwed Up.
The Case song "Tell Me", on his 1999 album Personal Conversation, was based on this song.
The chorus is sampled in Bay Area rapper Mac Dre's song "Too Hard For The Fuckin' Radio".
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 64
Canada RPM 21
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[5] 3
U.S. Billboard R&B 3
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[1] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia[6] 186
Canada[7] 89
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 56
U.S. Cash Box[9] 49
Cover versions[edit]
Yvonne Fair recorded an acclaimed cover of the song on her 1975 album The Bitch is Black.
Saxophonist Ronnie Laws recorded a version on his 1975 debut album Pressure Sensitive.
Maceo Parker recorded a cover of the song for his album FunkOverload.
Lee "Scratch" Perry recorded a cover of the song for The Upsetters' 1978 album Return of the Super Ape.
Eric Marienthal included it on his album Sweet Talk.
Robbie Nevil recorded a cover on his album Day 1 in 1991.
Lee Aaron recorded a cover on her album Some Girls Do in 1991.
Guitarist Steve Fister recorded a cover on his 2006 album Dodgin Bullets.
Pink recorded a cover of the song for the 2006 film Happy Feet which was included on the soundtrack album.
Guitarist Greg Howe recorded an instrumental version of the song for his 2008 album, Sound Proof.
Matthew Morrison performed the song as his Glee character Will Schuester in the first season episode "Funk". The single was released on iTunes.
Live covers[edit]
In 2002, En Vogue performed the song on their concert DVD, "Live in the USA".
Dave Matthews & Friends covered the song live from 2003 to 2005.
Singer Kim Yarbrough successfully auditioned for Season 2 of The Voice with the song, landing a spot on Team Adam.
Stevie Wonder has performed this song live on several occasions.
Gov't Mule with Susan Tedeschi and Eric Krasno on guitar on 6/7/14 at Mt. Jam, Hunter Mountain, NY.
The Power Station (a Duran Duran side project) performed this song live for "The Living Fear Tour" in 1996/1997
Pop culture references[edit]
On the title track of Funkadelic's 1975 album Let's Take It to the Stage, the band calls out, "Hey 'Sloofus,' tell me something good," and antagonizes the singer to "take it to the stage, sucker." The song pokes fun at the sudden surge in prevalence of funk songs.
Ray Romano's character sings a variation of the song while eating his wife's braciole in the Everybody Loves Raymond episode, "Debra Makes Something Good."
On Will & Grace, Karen tells Jack that this is the song to which she and Stan make love. She then walks in on her husband cheating on her with the same song playing. Closed captioning for that episode incorrectly credits the song to Sly and the Family Stone.
In That '70s Show, in the episode "Water Tower", Eric walks in on his parents having sex, and the song plays every time he has recurring nightmares and thoughts of his parents.
BET cable network aired and produced a phone-in game show named after the song (which was also the theme song).Julie Rogers hosted this show which was a short-lived, live call-in game show where home viewers have to answer one question of the day that was followed by panel of three celebrity judges ranking the best responses for a prize. It aired from 1988-89.
Many venues in the NBA, NHL, MLB, and NFL play this song when a play is under review by referees or umpires.
New York radio station WCBS-FM had a show in the morning named after the song (which was also the theme song). The host told the listeners about a positive true event that happened that day. The Bobby Bones Show also has a segment named after the song.[10]
Personnel[edit]
source:[11]
Chaka Khan - lead vocals, background vocals
Dennis Belfield - bass, background vocals
André Fischer - drums, percussion
Kevin Murphy - organ, clavinet
Al Ciner- guitar
Ron Stockert - vocals, keyboards
Tony Maiden (uncredited) - guitar, talk box
Nate Morgan (uncredited) - keyboards
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Classic Soul Album Spotlight: Rufus' "Rags to Rufus@". soultrain.com. May 5, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, S., (2010) "Music: What Happened?" 125 Records, ISBN 0615381960, ISBN 978-0615381961
Jump up ^ "Remembering Bob Monaco". 2 August 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ https://www.iheart.com/podcast/51-Tell-Me-Something-Good-27457750/episode/1-26-tell-me-something-good-27947113/
Jump up ^ "Rufus – "Tell Me Something Good" b/w "Smokin' Room"". internetfm.com. March 18, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Rufus & Chaka Khan - Tell Me Somethin Good (Lyrics) on YouTube
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_Something_Good&oldid=811755434"
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Heath High School shooting
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Heath High School shooting
Location of Heath High School
Location of Heath High School (the US)
Location of Heath High School
Location of Heath High School (Kentucky)
Show map of the US Show map of Kentucky Show all
Location
West Paducah, Kentucky, U.S.
Coordinates
37°04′44″N 88°47′40″W / 37.0790°N 88.7944°W / 37.0790; -88.7944
Date
December 1, 1997
7:45 AM (CST)
Attack type
School shooting, spree killing
Weapons
Two Marlin .22 rifles[1]
Ruger 10/22 .22 rifle
Remington .22 rifle
Two 12 gauge pump-action shotguns
Marlin 336 .30-30 rifle
.38 special revolver
Ruger MK II .22-caliber pistol
Deaths
3
Non-fatal injuries
5
Perpetrator
Michael Carneal
Motive
Bullying and mental illness
Michael Carneal
Born
(1983-06-01) June 1, 1983 (age 34)
Criminal charge
Murder, Attempted murder
Criminal penalty
Life in prison with no Parole for 25 years
Criminal status
Incarcerated
The Heath High School shooting occurred at Heath High School in West Paducah, Kentucky, United States, on December 1, 1997. Fourteen-year-old Michael Carneal opened fire on a group of praying students, killing three and injuring five more.
Contents
[hide]
1 Shooting
2 Victims
2.1 Killed
2.2 Wounded
3 Trial
4 Possible motives
5 Lawsuit
6 Stephen King
7 Popular culture
8 Notes and references
9 External links
Shooting[edit]
On December 1, 1997 Carneal wrapped a shotgun and a rifle in a blanket and took them to school, passing them off as an art project he was working on. He also carried a loaded Ruger MK II .22-caliber pistol in his backpack. Carneal rode to school with his sister and arrived at approximately 7:45 a.m. When he arrived, he inserted earplugs and took the pistol out of his bag. He fired eight rounds in fast succession at a youth prayer group. Three girls died while hospitalized and five others were wounded.
A member of the prayer group, Benjamin Strong, testified that Carneal dropped the gun of his own accord when he was finished.[2] Carneal placed his pistol on the ground and surrendered to the school principal, Bill Bond. After dropping the gun, Carneal said to Strong: "Kill me, please. I can't believe I did that."[3]
Victims[edit]
Killed[edit]
Nicole Hadley was a fourteen-year-old freshman who played in the school band and on the freshman basketball team. She was kept alive until 10:00 pm the evening of the shooting. Her family had moved to Paducah from Nebraska the year before. Her parents were praised for donating her organs. President Bill Clinton cited this "courageous decision" in his Proclamation 7083 on National Organ and Tissue Donor Awareness Week in 1998.[4]
Jessica James was a seventeen-year-old student and member of the marching band. She died in surgery at Western Baptist Hospital the afternoon of the shooting.
Kayce Steger was a fifteen-year-old sophomore, a clarinetist in the school band and a member of the Agape Club and softball team. She died at Lourdes Hospital in Paducah about 45 minutes after the shooting. She was an honor student and member of Law Enforcement Explorers Post 111 who hoped to be a police officer.[5]
Wounded[edit]
Shelley Schaberg, 17, was described by the principal as the school's best female athlete. Voted Miss Heath High School by the senior class, Shelley was homecoming queen. Though her injuries from the shooting prevented her from playing basketball, her college honored her basketball scholarship and she went on to play college soccer.[5]
Melissa "Missy" Jenkins, 15, was president of the Future Homemakers of America. She was paralyzed after being shot in the chest. Missy has appeared on numerous national and local television shows, talked to newspaper reporters and is appearing in two TV commercials for Channel One News, an educational channel that reaches schools throughout the country. A video interview of her was featured on the homepage of YouTube.com on April 22, 2007.[6]
Kelly Hard Alsip,[7] 16, was a member of the softball team and the Future Homemakers of America. She transferred to the local Catholic school the year after the shooting.[8]
Hollan Holm, 14, was a member of the Academic Team, the Spanish Club, and the Science Olympiad. In his valedictory speech at the class of 2001 graduation, he reminded his class that they had lost not one but two class members on December 1, 1997: Nicole Hadley and Michael Carneal.[8] Holm has been involved with an organization that urges students to speak up if they know of threats against schools or students.[6]
Craig Keene, 15, was a member of the Agape Club, the band, and the basketball team.[8]
Trial[edit]
In October 1998, Judge Jeff Hines accepted a plea of guilty from Michael Carneal, due to his mental illness (see below). Under a plea arrangement, the judge agreed to accept the pleas on condition that Carneal would receive a life sentence with the possibility of parole in 25 years (2023). According to prosecutor Tim Kaltenbach, the plea allows Carneal to receive mental health treatment during imprisonment as long as this is necessary for him or until he is released. Carneal was transported to the Kentucky State Reformatory in La Grange when he turned 18 where he remains. Prior to that he was held in at Northern Kentucky Youth Development Center, a Kentucky Department of Juvenile Justice facility in Crittenden.[9] Carneal's Kentucky Department of Corrections (KDOC) ID is 151127. Carneal began serving time with KDOC on June 1, 2001.[10]
In 2007, Carneal filed an appeal claiming that he was too mentally ill to plead guilty in 1998 to the shooting at Heath High School and asked the Kentucky Supreme Court for a re-trial. Prosecutors appealed and the Kentucky Supreme Court set up a hearing that was scheduled for September 11, 2008. The Court's ruling would decide whether to grant Carneal a new competency hearing and a trial. The Kentucky Supreme Court rejected his request and Carneal will continue to serve out his sentence.
Possible motives[edit]
According to reports, Carneal had been bullied by other students and suffered from anxiety, depression, and severe paranoia. His paranoia was manifested in habits such as covering up vents and windows while in bathrooms, because he believed he was being watched.[11] Following the shooting, Carneal was diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder and dysthymia. Dr. Kathleen O'Connor, who treated Carneal while he was incarcerated at the Northern Kentucky Youth Development Center, initially agreed with this diagnosis but later determined that Carneal actually had paranoid schizophrenia. Dewey Cornell and Diane Schetky, who evaluated Carneal after the shooting, later changed their diagnosis to schizophrenia.[12][13] He has been hospitalized several times since the start of his incarceration due to psychosis, and takes the anti-depressant Zoloft and Geodon, an anti-psychotic used to treat schizophrenia.[14][15]
Weeks before the incident, Carneal stole a .38 caliber handgun from his parents' room and attempted to sell it. A student took the gun, threatening to tell police if Carneal did not give it to him. Additionally, Carneal had told students that "something big is going to happen on Monday" but no one took him seriously.
In the weeks before the shooting, Carneal stole several firearms from both his own home and a neighbor's home.
On the afternoon of Thanksgiving Day, Carneal went to his neighbor's home and broke into the garage, taking"[16]
Four .22 rifles
A 30-30 rifle
.22 and 12 gauge ammunition
Earplugs
Later, he also stole:[17]
A Ruger .22 pistol
Several .22 magazines
Presumably sometime after Thanksgiving Day, Carneal stole two shotguns from his father's closet and hid them under his bed.
Lawsuit[edit]
In early 1999, the parents of three victims represented by Jack Thompson filed a $33 million lawsuit against two Internet pornography sites, several computer game companies and makers and distributors of the 1994 film Natural Born Killers and the 1995 film The Basketball Diaries. They claimed that media violence inspired Carneal and therefore should be held responsible for the deaths that occurred.[18]
The case was dismissed in 2002. The 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that it was "simply too far a leap from shooting characters on a video screen to shooting people in a classroom." The same year, an identical case was brought against the same companies by the family of the teacher killed in the Columbine High School massacre. It was dismissed in 2002.[19] Both Thompson[20] and United States Attorney General John Ashcroft claimed Carneal's proficient marksmanship was due to practice in violent video games.[21]
See also: Natural Born Killers copycat crimes § Heath High School shooting
Stephen King[edit]
Carneal had in his locker at the time a copy of Stephen King's novel Rage (first published in 1977 under the pseudonym Richard Bachman). After this shooting King requested his publisher to allow it to go out of print, fearing that it might inspire similar tragedies. Rage for a time continued to be available in the United Kingdom in The Bachman Books collection, although the collection now no longer contains Rage.[22] King's other Bachman novels are available in the US in separate volumes.
Popular culture[edit]
Christian singer and Heath alumnus Steven Curtis Chapman wrote and dedicated the song "With Hope", from his 1999 album Speechless, to the victims of the shooting.
Eva Khatchadourian, the narrator of Lionel Shriver's novel We Need to Talk About Kevin, discusses the Paducah school shooting.
The Legendary Shack Shakers mention the Heath High School shooting in their song "Somethin' In The Water."
A pair of twins who survived the shooting discussed their survival story on I Survived....
The Heath High School Shooting is the subject of American musician Stephan Said's song "West Kentucky", from his 1999 solo acoustic debut album Now's The Time.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.wlky.com/news/survivors-remember-deadly-ky-school-shooting-17-years-later/29801912
Jump up ^ Glaberson, William (2000-07-25). "When Grief Wanted a Hero, Truth Didn't Get in the Way". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "When The Silence Fell". Time. 2001-06-24. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation 7083 on National Organ and Tissue Donor Awareness Week". .
^ Jump up to: a b National Research Council. "Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence". Retrieved 2002. Check date values in: |access-date= (help).
^ Jump up to: a b Joseph Gerth. "Victims of the attack find different ways to move on with lives". .
Jump up ^ "Michael Carneal's victims and families talk about his request for a new trial". Time. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c National Research Council. "Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence".
Jump up ^ "Kentucky school shooter - guilty but mentally ill". CNN. 1998-10-05. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Carneal, Michael A." Kentucky Department of Corrections. Retrieved on December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Finding futility in trying to lay blame in killings". New York Times. 2000-08-04. .
Jump up ^ "Carneal v. Crews". CaseText. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth v. Carneal". Findlaw. Supreme Court of Kentucky case and opinions. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "School shooter Michael Carneal recalls delusions". Louisville, Kentucky: WDRB. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Harned, Carrie (12 September 2002). "Carneal recalls 1997 high school shooting rampage". WAVE3 News. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Bragg, Rick (3 December 1997). "Forgiveness, after 3 die in shootings in Kentucky". The New York Times. New York, NY: New York Times Company. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPI Focus: Boy indicted in Ky. school shooting". Boca Raton, Florida: News World Communications. United Press International. 12 December 1997. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Media companies are sued in Kentucky shooting". The New York Times. New York Times Company. 13 April 1999. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ James v. Meow Media, Inc. 300 F.3d 683, U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, 2002
Jump up ^ Danielson, Richard (22 March 2000). "Programmed to kill". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida: Times Publishing Company. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ashcroft attacks video violence". Wired.com. New York, NY: Condé Nast. 5 April 2001. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.hodder.co.uk/book_details.asp?book=110665
External links[edit]
Kentucky portal
Crime portal
1990s portal
CNN news report
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v
t
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Video game classifications and controversies
List of controversial video games
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Loot boxes (Gacha game)
*Not all of Europe uses the PEGI rating system.
**The BBFC still rates video games containing pornographic or video material.
Coordinates: 37°04′43″N 88°47′36″W / 37.07861°N 88.79333°W / 37.07861; -88.79333
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heath_High_School_shooting&oldid=837780511"
Categories:
1997 murders in the United States
1997 mass shootings in the United States
History of Kentucky
McCracken County, Kentucky
School killings in the United States
School shootings committed by minors
Deaths by firearm in Kentucky
Murder in Kentucky
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1997 in Kentucky
School shootings in the United States
Crimes in Kentucky
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