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Meiji Restoration
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Emperor Meiji moving from Kyoto to Tokyo, end of 1868, as imagined by Le Monde Illustre
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The Meiji Restoration (明治維新, Meiji Ishin), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were ruling Emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan.[2]
The goals of the restored government were expressed by the new Emperor in the Charter Oath. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure and spanned both the late Edo period (often called the Bakumatsu) and the beginning of the Meiji period.
Contents
[hide]
1 Foreign influence
2 Imperial restoration
3 End of the shogunate
4 Military reform
5 Centralization
5.1 Industrial growth
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Foreign influence[edit]
The Japanese knew that they were behind the Western world when American Commodore Matthew C. Perry came to Japan in large warships with armament and technology that far outclassed those of Japan, to try to conclude a treaty that would open up Japanese ports to trade.[1] Figures like Shimazu Nariakira concluded that "if we take the initiative, we can dominate; if we do not, we will be dominated", leading Japan to "throw open its doors to foreign technology." Observing Japan's response to the Western powers, Chinese general Li Hongzhang considered Japan to be China's "principal security threat" as early as 1863, five years before the Meiji Restoration.[2]
The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule to strengthen Japan against the threat represented by the colonial powers of the day, bringing to an end the era known as sakoku (the foreign relations policy, lasting about 250 years, prescribing the death penalty for foreigners entering or Japanese nationals leaving the country). The word "Meiji" means "enlightened rule" and the goal was to combine "modern advances" with traditional "eastern" values.[3] The main leaders of this were Itō Hirobumi, Matsukata Masayoshi, Kido Takayoshi, Itagaki Taisuke, Yamagata Aritomo, Mori Arinori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Yamaguchi Naoyoshi.
Imperial restoration[edit]
The foundation of the Meiji Restoration was the 1866 Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance between Saigō Takamori and Kido Takayoshi, leaders of the reformist elements in the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain. These two leaders supported the Emperor Kōmei (Emperor Meiji's father) and were brought together by Sakamoto Ryōma for the purpose of challenging the ruling Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) and restoring the Emperor to power. After Emperor Kōmei's death on January 30, 1867, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne on February 3. This period also saw Japan change from being a feudal society to having a market economy and left the Japanese with a lingering Western influence.[citation needed]
End of the shogunate[edit]
Main article: Bakumatsu
The Tokugawa government focused on reestablishing order in social, political and international affairs after a century of warfare. The political structure, established by Ieyasu and solidified under his two immediate successors, his son Hidetada (who ruled from 1616-23) and grandson Iemitsu (1623-51), bound all daimyos to the shogunate and limited any individual daimyo from acquiring too much land or power.[4] The Tokugawa shogunate came to its official end on November 9, 1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th Tokugawa shōgun, "put his prerogatives at the Emperor's disposal" and resigned 10 days later.[5] This was effectively the "restoration" (Taisei Hōkan) of imperial rule – although Yoshinobu still had significant influence and it was not until January 3, the following year, with the young Emperor's edict that the restoration fully occurred.[6]
Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the Boshin War (War of the Year of the Dragon) started with the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in which Chōshū and Satsuma's forces defeated the ex-shōgun's army. This forced (or allowed) the Emperor to strip Yoshinobu of all power, setting the stage for official restoration. On January 3, 1868, the Emperor made a formal declaration of the restoration of his power:[citation needed]
The Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. Consequently, the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Taikun, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs. It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement.
—  Mutsuhito, January 3, 1868[7]
All Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under "imperial control", thus placing them under the prerogative of the new Meiji government. With Fuhanken sanchisei, the areas were split into three types: urban prefectures (府, fu), rural prefectures (県, ken) and the already existing domains.
In 1869, the daimyōs of the Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma and Chōshū Domains, who were pushing most fiercely against the shogunate, were persuaded to "return their domains to the Emperor". Other daimyo were subsequently persuaded to do so, thus creating, arguably for the first time, a central government in Japan which exercised direct power through the entire "realm" (天下).
Some shogunate forces escaped to Hokkaidō, where they attempted to set up a breakaway Republic of Ezo; however, forces loyal to the Emperor ended this attempt in May 1869 with the Battle of Hakodate in Hokkaidō. The defeat of the armies of the former shōgun (led by Enomoto Takeaki and Hijikata Toshizō) marked the final end of the Tokugawa shogunate, with the Emperor's power fully restored.[citation needed]
Finally, by 1872, the daimyōs, past and present, were summoned before the Emperor, where it was declared that all domains were now to be returned to the Emperor. The roughly 280 domains were turned into 72 prefectures, each under the control of a state-appointed governor. If the daimyōs peacefully complied, they were given a prominent voice in the new Meiji government. Later, their debts and payments of samurai stipends were either taxed heavily or turned in to bonds which resulted in a large loss of wealth among former samurai.[8]
Military reform[edit]
Main articles: Meiji period, Government of Meiji Japan, Meiji Constitution, and Abolition of the han system
The Meiji Emperor announced in his 1868 Charter Oath that "Knowledge shall be sought all over the world, and thereby the foundations of imperial rule shall be strengthened."[9]
Under the leadership of Mori Arinori, a group of prominent Japanese intellectuals went on to form the Meiji Six Society in 1873 to continue to "promote civilization and enlightenment" through modern ethics and ideas. However, during the restoration, political power simply moved from the Tokugawa shogunate to an oligarchy consisting of these leaders, mostly from the Satsuma Province (Ōkubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori), and Chōshū Province (Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Kido Takayoshi). This reflected their belief in the more traditional practice of imperial rule, whereby the Emperor of Japan serves solely as the spiritual authority of the nation and his ministers govern the nation in his name.[citation needed]
The Meiji oligarchy that formed the government under the rule of the Emperor first introduced measures to consolidate their power against the remnants of the Edo period government, the shogunate, daimyōs, and the samurai class. The oligarchs also endeavored to abolish the four divisions of society.[citation needed]
The Tokyo Koishikawa Arsenal was established in 1871
Throughout Japan at the time, the samurai numbered 1.9 million. (For comparison, this was more than 10 times the size of the French privileged class before the 1789 French Revolution. Moreover, the samurai in Japan were not merely the lords, but also their higher retainers—people who actually worked.) With each samurai being paid fixed stipends, their upkeep presented a tremendous financial burden, which may have prompted the oligarchs to action.
Whatever their true intentions, the oligarchs embarked on another slow and deliberate process to abolish the samurai class. First, in 1873, it was announced that the samurai stipends were to be taxed on a rolling basis. Later, in 1874, the samurai were given the option to convert their stipends into government bonds. Finally, in 1876, this commutation was made compulsory.[citation needed]
To reform the military, the government instituted nationwide conscription in 1873, mandating that every male would serve for four years in the armed forces upon turning 21 years old, followed by three more years in the reserves. One of the primary differences between the samurai and peasant classes was the right to bear arms; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. Furthermore, samurai were no longer allowed to walk about town bearing a sword or weapon to show their status.
This led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the major riots was the one led by Saigō Takamori, the Satsuma Rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war. This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly formed Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. This sent a strong message to the dissenting samurai that their time was indeed over. There were fewer subsequent samurai uprisings and the distinction became all but a name as the samurai joined the new society. The ideal of samurai military spirit lived on in romanticized form and was often used as propaganda during the early 20th century wars of the Empire of Japan.[citation needed]
However, it is equally true that the majority of samurai were content despite having their status abolished. Many found employment in the government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its own right. The samurai, being better educated than most of the population, became teachers, gun makers, government officials, and/or military officers. While the formal title of samurai was abolished, the elitist spirit that characterized the samurai class lived on.
The oligarchs also embarked on a series of land reforms. In particular, they legitimized the tenancy system which had been going on during the Tokugawa period. Despite the bakufu's best efforts to freeze the four classes of society in place, during their rule villagers had begun to lease land out to other farmers, becoming rich in the process. This greatly disrupted the clearly defined class system which the bakufu had envisaged, partly leading to their eventual downfall.[citation needed]
The military of Japan, being strengthened by nationwide conscription and the infusion of a samurai military spirit, became emboldened to see themselves as a growing world power after winning both the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.
Centralization[edit]
Besides drastic changes to the social structure of Japan, in an attempt to create a strong centralized state defining its national identity, the government established a dominant national dialect, called "standard language" (標準語, hyōjungo), that replaced local and regional dialects and was based on the patterns of Tokyo's samurai classes. This dialect eventually became the norm in the realms of education, media, government, and business.[10]
The Meiji Restoration, and the resultant modernization of Japan, also influenced Japanese self-identity with respect to its Asian neighbours, as Japan became the first Asian state to modernize based on the Western model, replacing the traditional Confucian hierarchical order that had persisted previously under a dominant China with one based on modernity.[11]
Industrial growth[edit]
The Meiji Restoration accelerated industrialization in Japan, which led to its rise as a military power by the year 1905, under the slogan of "Enrich the country, strengthen the military" (富国強兵, fukoku kyōhei).
The rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan both allowed and required a massive increase in production and infrastructure. Japan built industries such as shipyards, iron smelters, and spinning mills, which were then sold to well-connected entrepreneurs. Consequently, domestic companies became consumers of Western technology and applied it to produce items that would be sold cheaply in the international market. With this, industrial zones grew enormously, and there was a massive migration to industrializing centers from the countryside. Industrialization additionally went hand in hand with the development of a national railway system and modern communications.[12]
Annual average raw silk production and export from Japan (in tons[ambiguous])
Year(s)
Production
Exports
1868–1872 1026 646
1883 1682 1347
1889–1893 4098 2444
1899–1903 7103 4098
1909–1914 12460 9462
With industrialization came the demand for coal. There was dramatic rise in production, as shown in the table below.
Coal production
Year
In millions of
tonnes
In millions of
long tons
In millions of
short tons
1875 0.6 0.59 0.66
1885 1.2 1.2 1.3
1895 5 4.9 5.5
1905 13 13 14
1913 21.3 21.0 23.5
Coal was needed for steamships and railroads. The growth of these sectors is shown below.
Size of the merchant fleet
Year
Number of steamships
1873 26
1894 169
1904 797
1913 1,514
Length of train track
Year
mi
km
1872 18 29
1883 240 390
1887 640 1,030
1894 2,100 3,400
1904 4,700 7,600
1914 7,100 11,400
See also[edit]
Bakumatsu
Datsu-A Ron
Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)
Lists of incumbents
Modernization of Japanese Military 1868–1931
Meiji Constitution
Four Hitokiri of the Bakumatsu
Gwangmu Reform, the similar process in neighboring Korea
Notes[edit]
1.^ Although the political system was consolidated under the Emperor of Japan, power was mainly transferred to a group of people, known as the Meiji oligarchy (and Genrō), who helped in the restoration of imperial power.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. 712-13.
Jump up ^ Henry Kissinger On China. 2011 p.79
Jump up ^ Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Vol. C. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. 712-13.
Henry Kissinger On China. 2011 p.79
Jump up ^ "TOKUGAWA PERIOD AND MEIJI RESTORATION". History.com. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Meiji Restoration | Definition, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
Jump up ^ "One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868." Jansen (2000), p. 334.
Jump up ^ Quoted and translated in A Diplomat In Japan, Sir Ernest Satow, p. 353, ISBN 978-1-933330-16-7
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon, Andrew (2003). A Modern History of Japan From Tokugawa Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9780198027089. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Henry Kissinger On China. 2011 p.79
Jump up ^ Bestor, Theodore C. "Japan." Countries and Their Cultures. Eds. Melvin Ember and Carol Ember. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. 1140–1158. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. Pepperdine University SCELC. 23 November 2009 [1].
Jump up ^ Shih, Chih-yu (Spring 2011). "A Rising Unknown: Rediscovering China in Japan's East Asia". China Review. Chinese University Press. 11 (1): 2. JSTOR 23462195. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Yamamura, Kozo (1977). "Success Illgotten? The Role of Meiji Militarism in Japan's Technological Progress". The Journal of Economic History. Cambridge University Press. 37 (1). JSTOR 2119450. (Registration required (help)).
Further reading[edit]
Akamatsu, Paul (1972). Meiji 1868: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Japan. New York: Harper & Row. p. 1247.
Beasley, William G., . (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Beasley, William G. (1995). The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change Since 1850. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Craig, Albert M. (1961). Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jansen, Marius B.; Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Murphey, Rhoads (1997). East Asia: A New History. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
Satow, Ernest Mason. A Diplomat in Japan. ISBN 4-925080-28-8.
Wall, Rachel F. (1971). Japan's Century: An Interpretation of Japanese History since the Eighteen-fifties. London: The Historical Association.
Breen, John, 'The Imperial Oath of April 1868: ritual, power and politics in Restoration Japan', Monumenta Nipponica,51,4 (1996)
Francisco Barberan & Rafael Domingo Osle, Codigo civil japones. Estudio preliminar, traduccion y notas (2 ed. Thomsons Aranzadi, 2006).
Harry D. Harootunian, Toward Restoration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), "Introduction", pp 1 – 46; on Yoshida: chapter IV "The Culture of Action – Yoshida Shōin", pp 184 – 219.
Najita Tetsuo, The Intellectual Foundations of Modern Japanese Politics (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press), chapter 3: "Restorationism in Late Tokugawa", pp 43 – 68.
H. Van Straelen, Yoshida Shōin, Forerunner of the Meiji Restoration: A Biographical Study (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1952).
David M. Earl, Emperor and Nation in Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972), on Yoshida: "Attitude toward the Emperor/Nation", pp 161 – 192. Also pp. 82 – 105.
Marius B Jansen, Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994) especially chapter VIII: "Restoration", pp 312 – 346.
W. G. Beasley, The Meiji Restoration (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1972), especially chapter VI: "Dissenting Samurai", pp 140 – 171.
Conrad Totman, "From Reformism to Transformism, bakufu Policy 1853–1868", in: T. Najita & V. J. Koshmann, Conflict in Modern Japanese History (New Jersay: Princeton University Press, 1988), pp. 62 – 80.
Jansen, Marius B.: The Meiji Restoration, in: Jansen, Marius B. (ed.): The Cambridge history of Japan, Volume 5: The nineteenth century (New York: Cambridge UP, 1989), pp. 308–366.
Robert W. Strayer, Ways of the World with Sources Vol. 2 (2nd ed.), pp 950 (2013)
External links[edit]
Essay on The Meiji Restoration Era, 1868-1889 on the About Japan, A Teacher's Resource website
A rare collection of Japanese Photographs of the Meiji Restoration from famous 19th century Japanese and European photographers
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Venus Hum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Venus Hum
Venus Hum in 2008
Background information
Origin
Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Genres
Electronic, pop
Associated acts
Blue Man Group
Website
venushum.com
Venus Hum is an electronic pop music group from Nashville, Tennessee, consisting of vocalist Annette Strean and multi-instrumentalists Kip Kubin and Tony Miracle.[1] Miracle has a rare heart condition which results in perpetually hearing his own heartbeat in his ears. This condition is known as "venous hum", from which the group's name is derived.
Their first full-length album, titled Venus Hum, was released in 2001. Big Beautiful Sky was released two years later. Also in 2003, Venus Hum toured with and opened for Blue Man Group, with Annette providing vocals on "I Feel Love".
After their collaboration with J.J. Abrams (Alias, Lost, Mission: Impossible III), and their subsequent creation of the EP Songs for Superheroes, it was uncertain whether Venus Hum would release any new material. Annette had developed painful vocal fold nodules and needed a speech pathologist to relearn her singing ability. Kip diversified, furthering his interest in filmmaking, becoming a director of music videos, electronic press kits and special features. Tony traveled, living in Los Angeles and Cincinnati and releasing an experimental solo album under the moniker "Satellite City".
After a two-year hiatus, the group reorganized and released a new album, The Colors In The Wheel on July 25, 2006 under the Mono-Fi Records label, which they described as "unconventional, three-dimensional and completely five-sensual" featuring an edgier sound than their previous work.
In the second half of 2008, the band returned to the studio to work on material for a new album, culminating in the October 6th, 2009 release of Mechanics & Mathematics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Blue Man Group
2 Discography
2.1 Studio albums
2.2 EPs
2.3 Singles
2.4 Vinyl releases
3 References
4 External links
Blue Man Group[edit]
Annette Strean provided vocals for Blue Man Group's cover of "I Feel Love" on their 2003 album The Complex. Venus Hum opened for Blue Man Group on The Complex Rock Tour, and performed with them as well. The band was featured as "rock concert movement number sixty-three." "I Feel Love" was released as a single in 2004.
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Switched on Christmas (2000}
Venus Hum (2001)
Big Beautiful Sky (April 1, 2003)
The Colors In The Wheel (July 25, 2006)
Mechanics & Mathematics (October 6, 2009)
Best Remodeled (November 18, 2016)
EPs[edit]
Promo Fun Kit (1999)
Switched on Christmas (2000)
Hummingbirds (October 22, 2002)
Songs for Superheroes (January 1, 2004)
Yes and No (2006)
Surgery in the Sky (2007)
Singles[edit]
Montana (2003)
Soul Sloshing (2003)
Vinyl releases[edit]
Hummingbirds (2002)
Montana (2003)
Soul Sloshing (2003)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone
External links[edit]
Venus Hum website
Venus Hum on MySpace
Nettwerk America's Venus Hum artist site
Venus Hum Bandcamp
Authority control
MusicBrainz: 258797f8-89ee-4d5e-9fd6-7aaac97341cf
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_Hum&oldid=837690730"
Categories:
American synthpop groups
Dream pop musical groups
Electronic music groups from Tennessee
Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee
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Susan Lewis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Susan Lewis (disambiguation).
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Susan Lewis
Sherry Stringfield as Susan Lewis
First appearance
September 19, 1994
(1x01, "24 Hours")
Last appearance
April 2, 2009
(15x22, "And In The End")
Portrayed by
Sherry Stringfield
Duration
1994–96, 2001–05, 2009
Information
Nickname(s)
Susie
Occupation
Emergency Physician
Title
Resident (1994–1996)
Attending (2001–2005)
Chief of Emergency Medicine (2003–2005)
Family
Henry Lewis (father)
Cookie Lewis (mother)
Chloe Lewis (sister)
Spouse(s)
Chuck Martin (ex-husband)
Children
Cosmo Martin (son, with Chuck)
Relatives
Little Susie (niece)
Dr. Susan Lewis, played by Sherry Stringfield, is a fictional doctor on the television show ER.
Susan is one of ER's original characters, first seen in Season 1 as an eager resident. She left County General Hospital and the series in Season 3, but returned five seasons later as an attending physician in Season 8. Susan Lewis eventually checked out of the ER for good in 2005 at the beginning of Season 12, having been passed over for tenure in favor of John Carter by Kerry Weaver. She was offered a tenured position at a hospital in Iowa. She returned in the final episode. Susan is left handed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Seasons 1–3 First Departure (1994–1996)
2 Seasons 8–12 and second departure (2001–2005)
3 Season 15 Return in The End (2009)
4 References
Seasons 1–3 First Departure (1994–1996)[edit]
In Season 1, Susan is a second year resident. She is shown to be an eager and competent young doctor working in the emergency department of County General Hospital. She is good friends with Nurse Carol Hathaway, Dr. Doug Ross and especially Dr. Mark Greene, who is her best friend.
Though an extremely capable doctor, Susan is initially seen to have problems asserting herself. This is frequently taken advantage of by the senior and more forthright doctors in the hospital, such as Dr. Peter Benton and particularly Dr. Jack Kayson. This leads to several confrontations, and animosity worsens when Kayson discharges one of Susan's patients, failing to notice the severity of his symptoms, which ultimately leads to the patient's death. Kayson tries to deflect the blame onto Susan and her competence is questioned. Her superior, Mark, is forced to monitor her every move and their friendship is put under strain as a result. During the case review, however, the board rules in Susan's favor and reprimands Kayson—much to his chagrin. Shortly after, Kayson is rushed into hospital suffering from a heart attack. Despite their past disagreement on the issue, Kayson opts for Susan's non-invasive form of treatment against the advice of a senior doctor, who (like Kayson) is an advocate of surgical angioplasty. Finally asserting herself, Susan stands her ground and refuses to allow Kayson to be treated surgically. Following his recovery, Kayson shows his gratitude by asking Susan to be his valentine date, which she awkwardly declines.
Susan's personal life is far less settled than her professional one. In Season 1, she is seen to have a brief relationship with psychiatrist Div Cvetic, who ultimately has a nervous breakdown and disappears. Susan later learns that he married someone he met through a dating service, run by a taxi driver from his cab. Most of her problems, however, are family-related. Susan's parents, Cookie and Henry, are shown to be flighty (her father is jokingly referred to as a test pilot for Barcalounger) and difficult to talk to. Her older sister, Chloe, is the source of most of her distress, with a seemingly never ending series of problems with alcohol, drugs, men, and money.
Susan as she appeared in 1996.
Chloe eventually has a baby girl, who she names Susan ("Little Susie") after her sister. During Season 2 however, Chloe begins to use alcohol and drugs once again. After deciding that she cannot look after her baby, she leaves Chicago, abandoning Susie on a flustered and overworked Susan, who struggles to be a good mother to the child while completing her demanding residency. Already overstressed, Susan clashes with the new Chief Resident, Kerry Weaver, numerous times, forcing Mark Greene to step in between them. Animosity between Kerry and Susan lessens over time, but never goes away completely.
Realizing that Chloe may never return, Susan considers giving Susie up for adoption. She gets as far as introducing the baby to potential adoptive parents, but cannot bring herself to part with her niece, so she decides to keep her and adopt the child as her own. Susan grows extremely attached to the baby, but she gets a surprise when a reformed Chloe reappears later in the season and tries to reclaim "little Susie". Susan can't see past Chloe's mistakes, regardless of her recent turnaround and new responsible boyfriend. Desperate to keep the baby, Susan attempts to fight Chloe for custody, but is forced to reconsider when the judge warns her that she would lose. Susan begrudgingly reaches an agreement with her sister, and after regaining custody of "little Susie", Chloe moves her family to Phoenix, Arizona to start a new life. Susan struggles to cope with the loss of her niece and goes through a period of grief and counseling. She throws herself into her work to escape her feelings of loneliness, which manages to impress Weaver and, with Mark's encouragement, Kerry agrees to offer Susan the position of chief resident (she promises to support Susan's promotion if Mark recommends her as County's new attending physician). Much of the ER staff hoped Susan could achieve that title, but Susan turns the position down, later telling Mark that there is more to life than work.
Setting up Sherry Stringfield's departure from the series in Season 3, the beginnings of a romance appears to develop between Susan and Mark, or more to the point, they are shown to have problems identifying their current relationship as friendship. Both seem timid and cautious around each other. Initially more upfront about the situation, Susan invites Mark to join her on holiday in Maui, Hawaii, but is embarrassed when he appears hesitant, and later retracts the offer, feeling she overstepped a boundary. Fearful that he may have missed his chance with Susan, Mark attempts to convey his attraction towards her upon her return, though he cannot find the courage to follow through and is left perplexed by Susan's reticence. It transpires that Susan never actually made it to Maui, she instead visited her sister and "little Susie" in Phoenix as she could not overcome her fear of flying. Mark helps her overcome this fear in the following episode ("Fear of Flying"), supporting her during a helicopter flight rotation where they are called upon to treat victims of a serious motor accident. As they grow closer, Mark finally plucks up the courage to casually ask Susan out, however she declines, telling him that they "need to talk". Shortly after, Mark witnesses Susan in numerous secret talks with the ER's chief of emergency medicine, David Morgenstern, and concludes that they are seeing each other. He confronts Susan, but she reveals that Morgenstern was merely helping her to transfer her residency. Desperately missing her niece, Susan had made the decision to move to Phoenix to be near her sister's family. During a hectic last day for Susan at County's ER, Mark struggles with her imminent departure, but still finds himself afraid to admit his true feelings for her. The hospital staff arrange a leaving party for Susan, but it is canceled due to an influx of critical patients from a motoring accident. Susan leaves the hospital unable to say goodbye to Mark, who was busy working on a trauma patient. She departs the season on a train in the episode 'Union Station', discovering Mark's true feelings for her as he catches her before she gets aboard, pleading with her to stay because he loves her. Despite Mark laying his heart on the line, Susan doesn't see a future in Chicago or with him. She kisses him and says "I love you, too" as the train departs.
Seasons 8–12 and second departure (2001–2005)[edit]
Susan returns during Season 8 as she left, shown to arrive on a train into Chicago to interview for a job. Susan visits County General for the first time in 5 years and sees the hospital has changed as well as the faces. She meets Mark for coffee and reveals that Chloe has moved on to another city, and she has decided that she can't follow her sister's family around forever. Mark offers her a job as an attending physician at County General, despite Kerry Weaver's reservations – the two never got along when they worked together before.
Susan returns to County (2001).
During Season 8 Susan has a brief relationship with Dr. John Carter after they both admit that they had a crush on each other when he was a medical student and she was a resident – it doesn't last, as Susan realizes in the episode Secrets and Lies, that Carter is really in love with Abby Lockhart. She then tells Carter to "tell her" about his feelings. The two both break up on good terms and remain good friends throughout the rest of her career at County. Her problems with Chloe resurface when her niece Susie goes missing in New York after leaving a distressing voicemail message on her aunt's phone. Susan flies to New York (in a crossover with Third Watch) and discovers Chloe doped up, sleeping rough. Towards the end of the season, Susan faces one of her most difficult story lines, as her best friend Mark Greene reveals to her that his brain tumor has returned. The two rekindled their close friendship as she helps him come to terms with his diagnosis. Susan is alluded to in Mark's goodbye letter in The Letter when Mark comments that he had to leave the way he did, even though there were things of a more personal nature to say. After her best friend's death, Susan warmed up to other friendships in the ER with Abby Lockhart and Elizabeth Corday, and was able to work better with her old colleague Kerry Weaver. Dr. Romano also promoted her to Deputy Chief of Emergency Medicine much to Kerry Weaver's dismay.
Into Season 9, Susan meets a flight nurse named Chuck Martin (played by Donal Logue) on a plane to Las Vegas. They both get drunk upon arrival and end up getting married in Vegas. They quickly have the marriage annulled once they return to Chicago, but eventually start dating again, and Susan becomes pregnant. She is finally promoted to the position of Chief of Emergency Medicine after Robert Romano dies in Season 10. While other pregnant characters had given birth on the show, at the time, Susan's was the first major birth offscreen, with her giving birth sometime between Seasons 10 and 11 (and being placed on bedrest amid concerns of preterm labor). Chuck ends up caring for their baby boy Cosmo as a stay-at-home parent while Susan works.
Into Season 11, Susan begins to build some anxiety about the upcoming tenure offer. It ultimately goes to her friend John Carter, due to her lack of grant funding, finally leading to her final exit from the series at the beginning of Season 12 in the episode Canon City. Susan is offered a tenure track position at a hospital in Iowa City, Iowa (presumably University of Iowa). Technically, Stringfield was the first and last original cast member to leave the show. (Being the first to leave in 1996, then in 2005 after the rest of the original cast left.)
Season 15 Return in The End (2009)[edit]
In the season 15 episode The Book of Abby, long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Amongst them, the tag "Lewis" can be seen.
Dr. Susan Lewis returned for the series finale titled "And in the End...", returning to Chicago for the opening of The Carter Center. During evening drinks with Peter Benton, John Carter, Kerry Weaver, Elizabeth Corday, and Rachel Greene, Susan is heard confirming to Dr. Corday that she still lives in Iowa. Additionally, she states that she and Chuck have split and she is now dating again. She eventually returns to the ER for the last time in the series with Rachel Greene and Carter, where she visits and jokes with the staff, much to the annoyance of Dr. Banfield who interrupts the talk by asking Susan who she is.
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Luka Kovač
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The Room on the Roof
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Room on the Roof
1987 edition cover
Author
Ruskin Bond
Original title
The Room on the Roof
Country
India
Language
English
Genre
Fiction
Publisher
Coward-McCann (original)[1]
Penguin Books (current)
Publication date
1956
Media type
Paperback
Pages
160 pages (first edition)[1]
ISBN
0140107835
OCLC
1579534
Preceded by
N/A
Followed by
Vagrants in the Valley
The Room on the Roof is a novel written by Ruskin Bond. It was Bond's first literary venture. Bond wrote the novel when he was seventeen[2] and won the John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize in 1957.[2][3]. The novel revolves around Rusty, an orphaned seventeen-year-old Anglo-Indian boy living in Dehradun. Due to his guardian, Mr. Harrison's strict ways, he runs away from his home to live with his Indian friends.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Characters
3 Critical reception
4 References
Summary[edit]
This a story of an orphaned boy, Rusty, from the Anglo-Indian descent, living in a European colony in Dehradun with his guardian Mr. Harrison, who wants him to stay away from Indians and groom him as a pure Englishman. However, in this process Harrison’s stringent behaviour perturbs Rusty’s flourishing teenage years. On the evening of Holi when Rusty returns home dirtily smeared in colours, the guardian begins beating him brutally, and then Rusty unable to control his pent-up frustration pays him back by assaulting his guardian violently.
A group of young local Indian boys helps him with small needs and he befriends all of them. While seeing many things about India such as customs, bazaars and diversity, he feels good about being in India. To sustain of his own, from the group, Somi arranges Rusty for a job in Mr. Kapoor’s house to teach English lessons to their son, Kishen. In return, he gets free food and a room on the roof to live in. Mr. Kapoor is a big-time drunkard and around twenty years older than his beautiful wife, Meena. There Rusty falls in love with Kishen’s mother Mrs. Meena Kapoor. However, when Meena dies Rusty becomes sad and alone and Kishen goes to Haridwar only to become a thief.
Characters[edit]
Rusty: The main protagonist of the book, a 17 year old Anglo-Indian.
John Harrision-Rusty's guardian
Mrs Harrision-Mr Harrision's spouse
Kishen : A boy living in Rusty's neighbourhood.
Mrs. Meena Kapoor : Kishen's mother.
Mr. Kapoor : Kishen's father.
Somi : A Punjabi boy , Rusty's friend
Ranbir : A muscular boy and the best wrestler in the bazaar.
Suri : A bespectacled and bony boy and Somi's friend.
Prickly Heat : Suri's dog
Critical reception[edit]
Upon release, the book received positive reviews. Santha Rama Rau of The New York Times commented "Like an Indian bazaar itself, the book is filled with the smells, sights, sounds, confusion and subtle organization of ordinary Indian life". Herald Tribune said that the book "has a special magic of its own". San Francisco Chronicle said that the book has "considerable charm and spontaneity". The Guardian called the book "very engaging". The Scotsman commented "Moving in its simplicity and underlying tenderness...a novel of marked originality". The New Statesman said that "Mr Bond is a writer of great gifts".[4] The Hindu said that "This story keeps you hooked with the many unexpected incidents... It’s a book worth reading! It will be enjoyed by readers greatly".[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Room on the Roof - Google Books. Google. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Room on the Roof - Amazon.in". Amazon.in. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "THE ROOM ON THE ROOF by Ruskin Bond". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Room on the Roof and Vagrants in the Valley" by Ruskin Bond". AbeBooks. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Room_on_the_Roof&oldid=827367624"
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Kübler-Ross model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Kübler-Ross model (otherwise known as the five stages of grief) postulates a progression of emotional states experienced by both terminally ill patients after diagnosis and by loved-ones after a death. The five stages are chronologically: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
The model was first introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her 1969 book On Death and Dying, and was inspired by her work with terminally ill patients.[1] Motivated by the lack of instruction in medical schools on the subject of death and dying, Kübler-Ross examined death and those faced with it at the University of Chicago medical school. Kübler-Ross' project evolved into a series of seminars which, along with patient interviews and previous research, became the foundation for her book.[2]
Kübler-Ross noted later in life that the stages are not a linear and predictable progression and that she regretted writing them in a way that was misunderstood.[3].
Contents
[hide]
1 Stages of grief
2 Criticism
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Stages of grief[edit]
The stages, popularly known by the acronym DABDA, include:[4]
Denial – The first reaction is denial. In this stage, individuals believe the diagnosis is somehow mistaken, and cling to a false, preferable reality.
Anger – When the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue, they become frustrated, especially at proximate individuals. Certain psychological responses of a person undergoing this phase would be: "Why me? It's not fair!"; "How can this happen to me?"; "Who is to blame?"; "Why would this happen?".
Bargaining – The third stage involves the hope that the individual can avoid a cause of grief. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. People facing less serious trauma can bargain or seek compromise. For instance: "I'd give anything to have him back." Or: "If only he'd come back to life, I'd promise to be a better person!"
Depression – "I'm so sad, why bother with anything?"; "I'm going to die soon, so what's the point?"; "I miss my loved one; why go on?"
During the fourth stage, the individual despairs at the recognition of their mortality. In this state, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time mournful and sullen.
Acceptance – "It's going to be okay."; "I can't fight it; I may as well prepare for it."
In this last stage, individuals embrace mortality or inevitable future, or that of a loved one, or other tragic event. People dying may precede the survivors in this state, which typically comes with a calm, retrospective view for the individual, and a stable condition of emotions.
Kübler-Ross later expanded her model[citation needed] to include any form of personal loss, such as the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or income, major rejection, the end of a relationship or divorce, drug addiction, incarceration, the onset of a disease or an infertility diagnosis, and even minor losses, such as a loss of insurance coverage.
A diagram developed by Bertrand GRONDIN from a presentation of Elizabeth Kübler Ross ideas produced by France Telecom
Diagram showing two possible outcomes of grief or a life-changing event developed for Jobcentre Plus by Eos
Criticism[edit]
Criticisms of this five-stage model of grief center mainly on a lack of empirical research and empirical evidence supporting the stages as described by Kübler-Ross and, to the contrary, empirical support for other modes of the expression of grief. Moreover, Kübler-Ross' model is the product of a particular culture at a particular time and might not be applicable to people of other cultures. These points have been made by many experts, [2] such as Professor Robert J. Kastenbaum (1932–2013) who was a recognized expert in gerontology, aging, and death; founder and editor of two academic journals in this area (International Journal of Aging and Human Development and Omega: Journal of Death and Dying); founder of the first university-based educational and research center on death and dying (Wayne State University, 1966); and author of several relevant books (e.g., The Psychology of Death (1972); Death, Society and Human Experience (1977); and On Our Way: The Final Passage Through Life and Death (2004)). In his writings, Kastenbaum raised the following points:[5][6]
The existence of these stages as such has not been demonstrated.
No evidence has been presented that people actually do move from Stage 1 through Stage 5.
The limitations of the method have not been acknowledged.
The line is blurred between description and prescription.
The resources, pressures, and characteristics of the immediate environment, which can make a tremendous difference, are not taken into account.
A 2003 study of bereaved individuals conducted by Maciejewski at Yale University obtained some findings consistent with the five-stage hypothesis but others inconsistent with it. Several letters were also published in the same journal criticizing this research and arguing against the stage idea.[7]
George Bonanno, Professor of Clinical Psychology at Columbia University, in his book The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us About Life After a Loss,[8] summarizes peer-reviewed research based on thousands of subjects over two decades and concludes that a natural psychological resilience is a principal component of grief[9] and that there are no stages of grief to pass. Bonanno's work has also demonstrated that absence of grief or trauma symptoms is a healthy outcome.[10][11]
The lack of support in the academic psychology literature has led to the popular and special interest press applying the labels of myth and fallacy to the notion that there are stages of grief, in publications ranging from Time magazine[11] to Scientific American[12] to Skeptic Magazine,[13] the latter publishing findings of the Grief Recovery Institute that contested the concept of stages of grief as they relate to people who are dealing with the deaths of people important to them.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Broom, Sarah M. (August 30, 2004). "Milestones". TIME.
Jump up ^ Perring, Christian. "PHI350: The Stages in the Dying Process". Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth; Kessler, David (June 5, 2007). "On Grief and Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief Through the Five Stages of Loss". Scribner. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ Santrock, J.W. (2007). A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-338264-7. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Kastenbaum, Robert. Death, Society, and Human Experience, 6th edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998.
Jump up ^ Corr, Charles A., Kenneth J. Doka, and Robert Kastenbaum (1999). "Dying and Its Interpreters: A Review of Selected Literature and Some Comments on the State of the Field." Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying 39(4) :239–259. doi.org/10.2190/3KGF-52BV-QTNT-UBMX
Jump up ^ Maciejewski, Paul K.; Zhang, Baohui; Block, Susan D.; Prigerson, Holly G. (2007). "An Empirical Examination of the Stage Theory of Grief". Journal of the American Medical Association. 297 (7): 716–23. doi:10.1001/jama.297.7.716. PMID 17312291.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Bonanno, George A. (January 2004). "Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?". The American Psychologist. 59 (1): 20–8. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20. PMID 14736317.
Jump up ^ "The Neuroscience of True Grit". Scientific American. 2011-03-01. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0311-28. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Konigsberg, Ruth Davis (January 29, 2011). "New Ways to Think About Grief". Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via www.time.com.
Jump up ^ "Five Fallacies of Grief: Debunking Psychological Stages". Scientific American. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Russell; James, John W. "The Myth of the Stages of Dying, Death and Grief". Skeptic Magazine. 14 (2): 37–41. Also available as: "Stages of Grief: The Myth". The Grief Recovery Institute. January 5, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Kübler-Ross, E. (1969) On Death and Dying, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-04015-9
Kübler-Ross, E. (2005) On Grief and Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief Through the Five Stages of Loss, Simon & Schuster Ltd, ISBN 0-7432-6344-8
Scire, P. (2007). "Applying Grief Stages to Organizational Change"
An Attributional Analysis of Kübler-Ross' Model of Dying, Mark R Brent. Harvard University, 1981.
An Evaluation of the Relevance of the Kübler-Ross Model to the Post-injury Responses of Competitive Athletes, Johannes Hendrikus Van der Poel, University of the Free State. Published by s.n., 2000.
External links[edit]
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Foundation
DABDA: The Five Stages of Coping With Death – about.com
"On Death and Dying" – interview with Elizabeth Kübler-Ross M.D.
"Beware the Five Stages of 'Grief'" – TLC Group editorial
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kübler-Ross_model&oldid=837247645"
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