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Thermoregulation
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Thermoregulation in animals
Ectotherm
Endotherm
Mesotherm
Poikilotherm
Homeothermy
Heterothermy
Stenotherm
Eurytherm
Thermolabile
Thermostability
Gigantothermy
Kleptothermy
Bradymetabolism
Tachymetabolism
Thermogenesis
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t
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Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one aspect of homeostasis: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from thermal equilibrium with its environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167 °F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1] The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction, causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it. Normal body temperature is around 37 °C (99 °F), and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 °C (95 °F).[2] Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range.[3]
It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the vagina, uterus or bladder.[4]
Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.[5]
Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification of animals by thermal characteristics
1.1 Endothermy vs. ectothermy
1.2 Ectotherms
1.3 Ectothermic cooling
1.4 Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)
1.5 Endothermy
1.6 Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy
2 Vertebrates
2.1 Brain control
2.2 In birds and mammals
2.3 In humans
3 In plants
4 Behavioral temperature regulation
4.1 Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor
5 Variation in animals
5.1 Normal human temperature
5.2 Variations due to circadian rhythms
5.3 Variations due to women's menstrual cycles
5.4 Variations due to fever
5.5 Variations due to biofeedback
6 Low body temperature increases lifespan
7 Limits compatible with life
7.1 Arthropoda
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Classification of animals by thermal characteristics[edit]
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Endothermy vs. ectothermy[edit]
Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from endothermy to ectothermy. Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes, and are colloquially referred to as warm-blooded. When the surrounding temperatures are cold, endotherms increase metabolic heat production to keep their body temperature constant, thus making the internal body temperature of an endotherm more or less independent of the temperature of the environment.[6] One metabolic activity, in terms of generating heat, that endotherms are able to do is that they possess a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms, enabling them to generate more heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars.[7] Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as cold-blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals. Ectotherms are the opposite of endotherms when it comes to regulating internal temperatures. In ectotherms, the internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance; the biggest factor that enables them to maintain adequate body temperatures is due to environmental influences. Living in areas that maintain a constant temperature throughout the year, like the tropics or the ocean, have enabled ectotherms to develop a wide range of behavioral mechanisms that enable them to respond to external temperatures, such as sun-bathing to increase body temperature, or seeking the cover of shade to lower body temperature.[7][6]
Ectotherms[edit]
Main article: Ectotherm
Seeking shade is one method of cooling. Here sooty tern chicks are using a black-footed albatross chick for shade.
Ectothermic cooling[edit]
Vaporization:
Evaporation of sweat and other bodily fluids.
Convection:
Increasing blood flow to body surfaces to maximize heat transfer across the advective gradient.
Conduction:
Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface. For instance:
Lying on cool ground.
Staying wet in a river, lake or sea.
Covering in cool mud.
Radiation:
releasing heat by radiating it away from the body.
Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)[edit]
Convection:
Climbing to higher ground up trees, ridges, rocks.
Entering a warm water or air current.
Building an insulated nest or burrow.
The red line represents the air temperature.
The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard.
The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow.
Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature. They regulate their behavior based on the temperature outside, if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as necessary.
Conduction:
Lying on a hot surface.
Radiation:
Lying in the sun (heating this way is affected by the body's angle in relation to the sun).
Folding skin to reduce exposure.
Concealing wing surfaces.
Exposing wing surfaces.
Insulation:
Changing shape to alter surface/volume ratio.
Inflating the body.
Thermographic image of a snake around an arm
To cope with low temperatures, some fish have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing; some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues. Amphibians and reptiles cope with heat loss by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations. An example of behavioral adaptation is that of a lizard lying in the sun on a hot rock in order to heat through conduction.
Endothermy[edit]
Main article: Endotherm
An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature, typically by keeping it at a constant level. To regulate body temperature, an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments. Evaporation of water, either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing sweat glands, helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism's tolerance range. Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat, relying heavily on panting to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth. Mammals like cats, dogs and pigs, rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout. The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly serves to increase friction and enhance grip. Birds also counteract overheating by gular fluttering, or rapid vibrations of the gular (throat) skin. Down feathers trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator. Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis. In marine mammals, such as whales, or animals that live in very cold regions, such as the polar bears, this is called blubber. Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels.
A cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate, decreasing the temperature difference between the animal and the air and thereby minimizing heat loss. Furthermore, having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive. Many animals survive cold frosty nights through torpor, a short-term temporary drop in body temperature. Organisms when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature have not only behavioural, physiological, and structural adaptations but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly. The main features of this system are stimulus, receptor, modulator, effector and then the feedback of the newly adjusted temperature to the stimulus. This cyclical process aids in homeostasis.
Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy[edit]
Homeothermy and poikilothermy refer to how stable an organism's deep-body temperature is. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like mammals. However, animals with facultative endothermy are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Most fish are ectotherms, as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, almost all fish are poikilothermic.
Vertebrates[edit]
By numerous observations upon humans and other animals, John Hunter showed that the essential difference between the so-called warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former, and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter. Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air (homeothermy). Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature, dependent on their surroundings (poikilothermy).[5]
Brain control[edit]
Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.[8] Such homeostatic control is separate from the sensation of temperature.[8]
In birds and mammals[edit]
Kangaroo licking its arms to cool down on a very hot day
In cold environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss:
Using small smooth muscles (arrector pili in mammals), which are attached to feather or hair shafts; this distorts the surface of the skin making feather/hair shaft stand erect (called goose bumps or pimples) which slows the movement of air across the skin and minimizes heat loss.
Increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature (warm-blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates (see Bergmann's Rule))
Having the ability to store energy as fat for metabolism
Have shortened extremities
Have countercurrent blood flow in extremities – this is where the warm arterial blood travelling to the limb passes the cooler venous blood from the limb and heat is exchanged warming the venous blood and cooling the arterial (e.g., Arctic wolf[9] or penguins[10][11])
In warm environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss:
Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal
Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting
Storing fat reserves in one place (e.g., camel's hump) to avoid its insulating effect
Elongated, often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air
In humans[edit]
Main article: Thermoregulation in humans
Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation.[12]
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles.[13] Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For example, one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion, which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures, resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or a rapid heartbeat.[14][15] For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations.[16][17] The physiological control of the body’s core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus, which assumes the role as the body’s “thermostat.”[18] This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature sensors, which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors.[19] Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures. Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems, these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback, thus maintaining a constant core temperature.[20][21]
There are three avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, and radiation. If skin temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and conduction. But, if the temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin, the body actually gains heat by radiation and conduction. In such conditions, the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation. So, when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature, anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise.[22] During intense physical activity (e.g. sports), evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss.[23] Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss.[24]
Play media
A dog panting after exercise
In plants[edit]
Thermogenesis occurs in the flowers of many plants in the Araceae family as well as in cycad cones.[25] In addition, the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is able to thermoregulate itself,[26] remaining on average 20 °C (36 °F) above air temperature while flowering. Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots,[27] which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying hummingbird.[28]
One possible explanation for plant thermoregulation is to provide protection against cold temperature. For example, the skunk cabbage is not frost-resistant, yet it begins to grow and flower when there is still snow on the ground.[25] Another theory is that thermogenicity helps attract pollinators, which is borne out by observations that heat production is accompanied by the arrival of beetles or flies.[29]
Behavioral temperature regulation[edit]
Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior. Desert lizards are ectotherms and so unable to metabolically control their temperature but can do this by altering their location. They may do this, in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body. By basking in the sun, the lizard absorbs solar heat. It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy. To lower their temperature, lizards exhibit varied behaviors. Sand seas, or ergs, produce up to 57.7 °C (135.9 °F), and the sand lizard will hold its feet up in the air to cool down, seek cooler objects with which to contact, find shade or return to their burrow. They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the sun goes down or the temperature falls. Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the thermal gradient.[30]
During cold weather many animals increase their thermal inertia by huddling.
Animals also engage in kleptothermy in which they share or even steal each other's body warmth. In endotherms such as bats[31] and birds (such as the mousebird[32] and emperor penguin[33]) it allows the sharing of body heat (particularly amongst juveniles). This allows the individuals to increase their thermal inertia (as with gigantothermy) and so reduce heat loss.[34] Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms. Other animals exploit termite mounds.[35][36]
Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss. Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of insulation. Some animals are regionally heterothermic and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature—nearly to 0 °C (32 °F). This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts, like the legs, feet (or hooves), and nose.
An ostrich can keep its body temperature relatively constant, even though the environment can be very hot during the day and cold at night.
Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor[edit]
To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures, some mammals hibernate during cold periods. To remain in "stasis" for long periods, these animals build up brown fat reserves and slow all body functions. True hibernators (e.g., groundhogs) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the core temperature of false hibernators (e.g., bears) varies; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods. Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid, non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation.
Estivation is similar to hibernation, however, it usually occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation. Examples include lady beetles (Coccinellidae),[37] North American desert tortoises, crocodiles, salamanders, cane toads,[38] and the water-holding frog.[39]
Daily torpor occurs in small endotherms like bats and hummingbirds, which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy.[40]
Variation in animals[edit]
Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature.
Normal human temperature[edit]
Main article: Normal human body temperature
Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), while normal ranges are 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) to 37.8 °C (100.0 °F). In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured axillary. 36.6 °C was considered "ideal" temperature in these countries, while normal ranges are 36 °C to 36.9 °C.
Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) (same result in three different studies). Variations (one standard deviation) from three other studies are:
36.4–37.1 °C (97.5–98.8 °F)
36.3–37.1 °C (97.3–98.8 °F) for males, 36.5–37.3 °C (97.7–99.1 °F) for females
36.6–37.3 °C (97.9–99.1 °F)[41]
Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement, with rectal temperature being 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1 °F) higher than oral temperature, while axillary temperature is 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1 °F) lower than oral temperature.[42] The average difference between oral and axillary temperatures of Indian children aged 6–12 was found to be only 0.1 °C (standard deviation 0.2 °C),[43] and the mean difference in Maltese children aged 4–14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 °C, while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 °C.[44]
Variations due to circadian rhythms[edit]
In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monkeys also have a well-marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity, and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night; nocturnal monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day. Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds – whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference – experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity (night) and lowest during the period of rest (day).[5] Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine.[45]
In essence, the temperature curve of diurnal birds is similar to that of man and other homoeothermal animals, except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning. Also, the curves obtained from rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs were quite similar to those from man.[5] These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms.
Variations due to women's menstrual cycles[edit]
During the follicular phase (which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation), the average basal body temperature in women ranges from 36.45 to 36.7 °C (97.6 to 98.1 °F). Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15–0.45 °C (0.2–0.9 °F) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of progesterone. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7–37.3 °C (98.1–99.2 °F) throughout the luteal phase, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation.[46] Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, so as to aid conception or contraception.
Variations due to fever[edit]
Fever is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the hypothalamus, caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not.
Variations due to biofeedback[edit]
Some monks are known to practice Tummo, biofeedback meditation techniques, that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially.[47]
Low body temperature increases lifespan[edit]
It has been theorised that low body temperature may increase lifespan. In 2006, it was reported that transgenic mice with a body temperature 0.3–0.5 C lower than normal mice lived longer than normal mice. This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons (Hcrt-UCP2), which elevated hypothalamic temperature, thus forcing the hypothalamus to lower body temperature. Lifespan was increased by 12% and 20% for males and females, respectively. The mice were fed ad libitum.[48][49][50] The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is more difficult to study in humans; in 2011, the UCP2 genetic alleles in humans were associated with obesity.[51]
Limits compatible with life[edit]
There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an ectothermic animal may endure and yet live. The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease metabolism, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both catabolic and anabolic pathways share in this metabolic depression, and, though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the central nervous system first, especially the brain and those parts concerning consciousness;[52] both heart rate and respiration rate decrease; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness; without medical intervention, death by hypothermia quickly follows. Occasionally, however, convulsions may set in towards the end, and death is caused by asphyxia.[53][52]
In experiments on cats performed by Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring, the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 °C.[52] At this low temperature, respiration became increasingly feeble; heart-impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased, the beats becoming very irregular, appearing to cease, then beginning again. Death appeared to be mainly due to asphyxia, and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee-jerks.[53]
However, too high a temperature speeds up the metabolism of different tissues to such a rate that their metabolic capital is soon exhausted. Blood that is too warm produces dyspnea by exhausting the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre;[citation needed] heart rate is increased; the beats then become arrhythmic and eventually cease. The central nervous system is also profoundly affected by hyperthermia and delirium, and convulsions may set in. Consciousness may also be lost, propelling the person into a comatose condition. These changes can sometimes also be observed in patients suffering from an acute fever.[citation needed] Mammalian muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50 °C, with the sudden rigidity of the whole body rendering life impossible.[53]
H.M. Vernon performed work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature (temperature of heat rigor) of various animals. He found that species of the same class showed very similar temperature values, those from the Amphibia examined being 38.5 °C, fish 39 °C, reptiles 45 °C, and various molluscs 46 °C.[citation needed] Also, in the case of pelagic animals, he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body. In higher animals, however, his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characteristics of the protoplasm and, hence, greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life.[53]
Arthropoda[edit]
The maximum temperatures tolerated by certain thermophilic arthropods exceeds the lethal temperatures for most vertebrates.[54]
The most heat-resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world. The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day, in excess of 50 °C (122 °F), for the carcasses of insects and other forms of life which have succumbed to heat stress.[55]
In April 2014, the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis has been recorded as the world's fastest land animal relative to body length, at a speed of 322 body lengths per second. Besides the unusually great speed of the mites, the researchers were surprised to find the mites running at such speeds on concrete at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F), which is significant because this temperature is well above the lethal limit for the majority of animal species. In addition, the mites are able to stop and change direction very quickly.[54]
See also[edit]
Innate heat
Normal human body temperature
Thermal neutral zone
Insect thermoregulation
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Jump up ^ Bob Moore (29 September 2009). "Estivation: The Survial Siesta". Audubon Guides. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ F.H. Pough, R.M. Andrews, J.E. Cadle, M.L. Crump, A.H. Savitzky and K.D. Wells (2001). Herpetology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Starr, Cecie (2005). Biology: Concepts and Applications. Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 639. ISBN 0-534-46226-X.
Jump up ^ Wong, Lena; Forsberg, C; Wahren, LK (2005). "Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)". Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, The Physics Factbook. 16 (2): 122–128. doi:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x. PMID 12000664. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Rectal, ear, oral, and axillary temperature comparison. Yahoo Health.
Jump up ^ Deepti Chaturvedi; K.Y. Vilhekar; Pushpa Chaturvedi; M.S. Bharambe (17 June 2004). "Comparison of Axillary Temperature with Rectal or Oral Temperature and Determination of Optimum Placement Time in Children" (PDF). Indian Pediatrics. 41 (6): 600–603. PMID 15235167.
Jump up ^ Quintana, E.C. (June 2004). How reliable is axillary temperature measurement?. Annuals of Emergency Medicine. 43. pp. 797–798. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.010.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Sutherland; Galbraith, J.J. (1905). An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds, and a few mammals (PDF). The Journal of Physiology Online.
Jump up ^ Swedan, Nadya Gabriele (2001). Women's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 149. ISBN 0-8342-1731-7.
Jump up ^ Cromie, William J. (2002). Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments. Harvard Gazette.
Jump up ^ Transgenic Mice with a Reduced Core Body Temperature Have an Increased Life Span, by Bruno Conti et al. Science, 3, November 2006
Jump up ^ Reduced Body Temperature Extends Lifespan, Study Finds
Jump up ^ Bee cool, live long
Jump up ^ "OMIM entry on human UnCoupling Protein 2 (UCP2)".
^ Jump up to: a b c Simpson S, Herring PT (1905-05-09). "The effect of cold narcosis on reflex action in warm-blooded animals". J. Physiol. 32 (5 Suppl 8): 305–11. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001084. PMC 1465681  . PMID 16992777.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) (27 April 2014). "Mite sets new record as world's fastest land animal". Featured Research. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Van (1 May 1996). "Chapter 21: Most heat tolerant". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Blatteis, Clark M, ed. (2001) [First published 1998]. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation. Singapore & River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co. ISBN 981-02-3172-5. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
Charkoudian, Nisha (May 2003). Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78. pp. 603–612. doi:10.4065/78.5.603. PMID 12744548. full pdf
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Animal Heat". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50. This cites work of Simpson & Galbraith
Green, Charles Wilson (1917). Kirke's Handbook of Physiology. North American Revision. New York: William Wood & Co. Retrieved 8 September 2010. Other Internet Archive listings
Hall, John E. (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8. see Table of Contents link (Previously Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology. Earlier editions back to at least 5th edition 1976, contain useful information on the subject of thermoregulation, the concepts of which have changed little in that time).
Hardy, James D; Gagge, A. Pharo; Stolwijk, Jan A, eds. (1970). Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
Havenith, George; Coenen, John M.L; Kistemaker, Lyda; Kenney, W. Larry (1998). Relevance of individual characteristics for human heat stress response is dependent on exercise intensity and climate type. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 77. pp. 231–241. doi:10.1007/s004210050327.
Kakuta, Naoto; Yokoyama, Shintaro; Nakamura, Mitsuyoshi; Mabuchi, Kunihiko (March 2001). Estimation of Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Geometric Human Model. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 48. pp. 324–331. doi:10.1109/10.914795. PMID 11327500. link to abstract
Marino, Frank E (2008). Thermoregulation and Human Performance: Physiological and Biological Aspects. Medicine and Sport Science. Vol.53. Basel, Switzerland: Karger. ISBN 978-3-8055-8648-1. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Mitchell, John W (1 June 1976). Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms. Biophysical Journal. 16. pp. 561–569. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85711-6. PMC 1334880  . PMID 1276385.
Milton, Anthony Stewart (1994). Temperature Regulation: Recent Physiological and Pharmacological Advances. Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. ISBN 0-8176-2992-0. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Selkirk, Glen A & McLellan, Tom M (November 2001). Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. Journal of Applied Physiology. 91. pp. 2055–2063. PMID 11641344. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J.J (1905). Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation, and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 45. pp. 65–104. doi:10.1017/S0080456800011649.
Helmut Tributsch (Author), Miriam Varon (Translator) (May 1985). How Life Learned to Live: Adaptation in Nature. Mit Pr. ISBN 978-0262700283.
Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993). Encyclopedia of animals - Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Pages 567-568. ISBN 1-875137-49-1.
External links[edit]
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Thermal Comfort Observations. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998
Wong, Lena (1997). "Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Thermoregulation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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Roman (surname)
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Roman or Romans is the surname of:
Adalberto Román (born 1987), Paraguayan footballer
Aída Román (born 1988), Mexican archer
Alexandru Roman (1826-1897), Romanian publisher and academic, one of the founding members of the Romanian Academy
Bernard Romans (1741-1784), Dutch-born navigator, surveyor, cartographer, naturalist, engineer, soldier, promoter and writer
Brian P. Roman, American astronomer
Dale Romans (born 1966), American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer
Francisco S. Román
Johan Helmich Roman (1694-1758), Swedish composer
Mihai Roman (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Mihai Roman (footballer born 1992), Romanian footballer
Nick Roman (1947-2003), American football player
Petre Roman (born 1946), Romanian politician, Prime Minister of Romania (1989-1991)
Ruth Roman (1922-1999), American actress
Stephen Boleslav Roman, Slovakian-born Canadian mining engineer, and mining executive (founder of Denison Mines)
Tony Roman (1936-1992), Czechoslovakian-born Canadian politician, mayor of Markham, Ontario 1970-1984 and 1988-1992, Chairman of York Region 1984, Member of Parliament 1984-1988
Valter Roman (1913-1983), Romanian communist activist, politician and military official, father of Petre Roman
See also[edit]
George Romanes (1848-1894), Canadian-born English evolutionary biologist and physiologist
This page lists people with the surname Roman, Romans. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_(surname)&oldid=798940286"
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Commercial vehicle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A commercial vehicle is any type of motor vehicle used for transporting goods or paying passengers. The European Union defines a "commercial motor vehicle" as any motorised road vehicle, that by its type of construction and equipment is designed for, and capable of transporting, whether for payment or not: (1) more than nine persons, including the driver; (2) goods and "standard fuel tanks". This means the tanks permanently fixed by the manufacturer to all motor vehicles of the same type as the vehicle in question and whose permanent fitting lets fuel be used directly, both for propulsion and, where appropriate, to power a refrigeration system. Gas tanks fitted to motor vehicles for the direct use of diesel as a fuel are considered standard fuel tanks.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 Commercial truck classification
2 Examples of commercial vehicles
3 Preservation
4 Legal issues
5 See also
6 References
Classification[edit]
In the United States a vehicle is designated “commercial” when it is titled or registered to a company. This is a broad definition, as commercial vehicles may be fleet vehicles, company cars, or other vehicles used for business. Vehicles that are designed to carry more than 15 passengers are considered a commercial vehicle.
A vehicle may be considered a commercial vehicle if it:
Belongs to a company or corporation
Is used for business, but is in an individual's name, such as a sole proprietor
Is a leased vehicle and in the name of the financial institution that owns it
Exceeds a certain weight or class and therefore, is "classified" as commercial even though it may not be commercially used or commercially owned. A weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more is always consider commercial[2]
Is used to haul any hazardous material
A vehicle can be used for a business, if not exclusively, and remain privately licensed, depending on the amount of time used for business.
Commercial truck classification[edit]
Commercial trucks are classified according to the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The United States Department of Transportation classifies commercial trucks with eight classes:[3]
Class 1- GVWR ranges from 0 to 6,000 pounds (0 to 2,722 kg)
Class 2- GVWR ranges from 6,001 to 10,000 pounds (2,722 to 4,536 kg)
Class 3- GVWR ranges from 10,001 to 14,000 pounds (4,536 to 6,350 kg)
Class 4- GVWR ranges from 14,001 to 16,000 pounds (6,351 to 7,257 kg)
Class 5- GVWR ranges from 16,001 to 19,500 pounds (7,258 to 8,845 kg)
Class 6- GVWR ranges from 19,501 to 26,000 pounds (8,846 to 11,793 kg)
Class 7- GVWR ranges from 26,001 to 33,000 pounds (11,794 to 14,969 kg)
Class 8- GVWR is anything above 33,000 pounds (14,969 kg)
Examples of commercial vehicles[edit]
Truck
Box truck (also known as a straight truck)
Semi-trailer truck (articulated lorry)
Van
Bus
Coach
Trailers
Heavy equipment (in mining, construction, farming)
Travel Trailers over 10,000 pounds
Preservation[edit]
Old commercial vehicles, like vintage cars, are popular items for preservation. News about preservation can be found in magazines, such as Heritage Commercials.
Legal issues[edit]
Commercial vehicle accidents and injuries are often more complex than regular car accidents, often involving additional concerns, background checks on operator driving records, and corporate maintenance records.[4]
See also[edit]
Bus driver
Light commercial vehicle
Large goods vehicle
Light truck
Truck classification
Truck driver
Violation out-of-service
References[edit]
Jump up ^ EC Council Directive 68/297, substituted by EC Council Directive 85/347
Jump up ^ [1] -commercial vehicles
Jump up ^ [2] Commercial truck classification
Jump up ^ Catania, Peter. "Special Considerations In Commercial Vehicle Accidents And Injuries". Catania & Catania. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commercial_vehicle&oldid=835093420"
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Commercial vehicles
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Pete's Dragon (2016 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pete's Dragon
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Lowery
Produced by
James Whitaker
Screenplay by
David Lowery
Toby Halbrooks
Based on
Pete's Dragon
by Malcolm Marmorstein
"Pete's Dragon"
by Seton I. Miller
S.S. Field
Starring
Bryce Dallas Howard
Oakes Fegley
Wes Bentley
Karl Urban
Oona Laurence
Robert Redford
Music by
Daniel Hart
Cinematography
Bojan Bazelli
Edited by
Lisa Zeno Churgin
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
Whitaker Entertainment
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Release date
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08) (El Capitan Theatre)
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$65 million[2]
Box office
$143.7 million[2]
Pete's Dragon is a 2016 American fantasy comedy-drama adventure film directed by David Lowery, written by Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and produced by James Whitaker. The film is a reworking of the 1977 musical film of the same name written by Malcolm Marmorstein. The film stars Bryce Dallas Howard, Oakes Fegley, Wes Bentley, Karl Urban, Oona Laurence, and Robert Redford.[3] The film tells the story of an orphaned feral boy who befriends a dragon in the Pacific Northwest, and the ensuing repercussions of their discovery by the town's local residents.
Pete's Dragon premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on August 8, 2016 and was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States in 2D, Disney Digital 3-D, and RealD 3D formats on August 12, 2016.[4] The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $143 million worldwide against a $65 million production budget.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1977, Pete Healy, a five-year-old boy, is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near-collision with a deer. Pete’s mom and dad are killed, but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves. He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur, yellow eyes, and wings. The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy. Pete names the dragon "Elliot" after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book.
Six years later, Pete, now 11, spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home. Natalie, the daughter of the ethical site foreman Jack, spots and chases him. When Natalie accidentally falls from a tree, her screams attract her father Jack and his girlfriend, park ranger Grace Meacham. Pete tries to run away, but Gavin, Jack's pragmatic brother, accidentally knocks him unconscious. After realizing that Pete has vanished, Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp, leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him. Meanwhile, Pete wakes up in a local hospital, which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest. Before the police can catch the boy, Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day.
Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot's treehouse, but when they try to search it, Elliot reveals himself and scares them away. He follows them to town trying to find Pete. After seeing Pete settling in with Grace's family, he leaves. After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot, she shows her father, Mr. Meacham. He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man. He advises her to trust Pete, and to find Elliot.
The next day, Pete, Grace, Natalie, and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot. A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts, then lock him up in Jack's warehouse. Before the authorities can inspect the dragon, Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham.
Angered, Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them. When Elliot tries to fly, he crashes into the truck, damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade. Confused and frightened, Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police. The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat, causing Grace and Jack's truck to fall through. Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths. Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back. With a firefighting helicopter approaching, Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods.
Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers, just as Elliot protected him. However, Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together, Pete will always be in danger. He points out Pete's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack. Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott's safety, but ultimately trusts the dragon's judgment. After a very tearful hug, Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family.
In the years that follow, Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son. Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town's memory, but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience. Pete and his family eventually go on vacation, and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons.
Cast[edit]
Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham, a forest ranger.
Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy, a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon.
Levi Alexander as 5-year-old Pete
Wes Bentley as Jack Magary, a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie's father and Grace's boyfriend. He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin's more unethical tendencies.
Karl Urban as Gavin Magary, a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack's brother and Natalie's uncle. He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother's scruples.[5]
Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary, Jack's daughter and Gavin's niece.
Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham, Grace's father
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler
Marcus Henderson as Woodrow, a lumberjack
Aaron Jackson as Abner, a lumberjack
Phil Grieve as Bobby, a lumberjack
Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth
Ian Harcourt as Deputy West
Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls
John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon
Production[edit]
In March 2013, Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete's Dragon, as non-musical, dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and directed by Lowery. Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story, rather than a musical. It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s, rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film.[6][7]
The film was shot in live-action using Panavision Panaflex cameras. The dragon, Elliot, was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI, instead of the original hand-drawn animation.[8][9]
On September 19, 2014, Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie.[10] On October 2, Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film.[11] On October 16, Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods.[8] On November 20, Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role, a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon.[12] On January 7, 2015, Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film.[13] On January 9, Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast.[14] On January 29, Karl Urban replaced Hall.[15]
Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing.[16] Rehearsals began early January 2015,[17] while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April.[8][18] Live-action filming locations included Bay of Plenty, Taupo and Wellington, while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios.[19] On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced.[9] Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua, before transferring to Tapanui, where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks.[20][21] Production concluded on April 30, 2015.[22]
Soundtrack[edit]
Pete's Dragon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel Hart
Released
August 12, 2016
Recorded
2016
Studio
Air Studios
British Grove Studios
Genre
Soundtrack, Film score
Length
75:29
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Daniel Hart
Jake Jackson
David Lowery (exec.)
Jim Whitaker (exec.)
Adam Borba (exec.)
Daniel Hart film scores chronology
Lost in the Sun
(2015)Lost in the Sun2015 Pete's Dragon
(2016) Half the Perfect World
(2016)Half the Perfect World2016
Academy Award-winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film. He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart, who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films, most notably Ain't Them Bodies Saints (2013).[23] The soundtrack was released on August 12, 2016 by Walt Disney Records. Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack. Though the song was not used in the film, it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack. The original version, performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy (who played Nora in the original film), was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "The Dragon Song" Bonnie “Prince” Billy 2:28
2. "Something Wild" Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness 3:43
3. "Nobody Knows" The Lumineers 3:08
4. "Something on Your Mind" St. Vincent 2:59
5. "So Long, Marianne" Leonard Cohen 5:38
6. "Gina Anne" Bosque Brown 2:40
7. "An Adventure" 3:04
8. "Are You Gonna Eat Me?" 2:31
9. "Brown Bunny" 1:01
10. "Reverie" 2:52
11. "Tree Fort" 1:03
12. "North Star" 1:25
13. "Bedtime Compass" 2:15
14. "Timber" 1:19
15. "Breathe" 2:27
16. "Gavin Knows What He's Doing" 3:42
17. "You Are Not Alone" 1:58
18. "Elliot Gets Lost" 4:26
19. "Takedown" 1:44
20. "It'll Be Just Like It Used to Be" 2:03
21. "Follow That Dragon" 3:01
22. "Elliot at the Bridge" 2:19
23. "Abyss" 1:35
24. "Go North" 1:44
25. "Saying Goodbye" 5:03
26. "The Bravest Boy I've Ever Met" 2:46
27. "The Dragon Song Revisited" Bonnie “Prince” Billy 2:34
28. "Candle on the Water" Okkervil River 4:01
Total length: 75:29
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Pete's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $143.7 million, against a budget of $65 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Pete's Dragon opened on August 12, 2016, across 3,702 theaters, of which 2,884 were in 3D, and 150 were premium large-format screens, as well as in 57 D-Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites.[24] It was projected to gross $20–25 million in its opening weekend.[25] The film did not have Thursday night previews, and made $7 million on its first day, Friday.[26] In its opening weekend, it earned $21.5 million, finishing third at the box office, behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party.[27] The opening was reminiscent of Disney's July release The BFG, which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days,[28] and far from the $67–116 million debuts of other Disney live action-adaptations, such as Cinderella, Maleficent, Oz: The Great and Powerful, The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland. However, many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure, given the film's modest budget, and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films' respective source material.[26][29] Disney’s distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying, "People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice, solid run."[30] Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney "live-action fairy tale."[26] Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday (-55%), it fell just by 47.2% on its second weekend, grossing $11.3 million.[31] On its third weekend, it fell just by 35%, grossing $7.3 million.[32] The following weekend, Pete's Dragon declined only 14.7%, grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place.[33][34]
Outside North America, Pete's Dragon received a scattered release pattern.[35] The film was released day-and-date in conjucture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets (roughly 30% of the overseas market), including the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia.[24] It earned a total of $5.3 million, with Russia ($1.5 million), Italy ($1.4 million) and the U.K. ($1.1 million) representing its largest takings.[35] Moreover, it also opened in France ($1.8 million).[36] It had just a 1% drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend.[36] It expanded to Germany the following weekend and continued its roll out in Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Korea throughout September, and finally Japan on December 23.[25][35]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88%, based on 216 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Pete's Dragon continues Disney's current live-action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet, soulful charm."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A".[39]
The movie was given three-and-a-half out of four stars in The New York Post by Kyle Smith who called it, "A cinematic enchantment" as well as, "one of the year’s best movies."[40] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Thanks to director David Lowery's humanizing magic, this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart."[41] Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a "B+" and said that while the remake, "may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete's Dragon," she overall concluded that "this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works, too."[42] Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its "honest effort to entertain and enthrall" audiences rather than simply being a cash grab.[43]
Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying, "It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete's Dragon is middling on a larger scale, but it's not entirely inaccurate either."[44] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "While Pete's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature, it is less successful in rendering real human emotion."[45]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of Ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Golden Tomato Awards January 12, 2017 Best Kids/Family Movie 2016 Pete's Dragon 4th Place [46]
Heartland Film Festival October 30, 2016 Truly Moving Picture Award David Lowery, Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Won [47]
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards March 11, 2017 Favorite Movie Pete's Dragon Nominated [48]
Saturn Awards June 28, 2017 Best Fantasy Film Pete's Dragon Nominated [49]
Home media[edit]
Pete's Dragon was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 29, 2016.[50] The film topped the home video sales charts for the week ending on December 4, 2016.[51]
The movie is available on Netflix "watch instantly" as of March 15, 2017.[52]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pete's Dragon (R)". British Board of Film Classification. July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Pete's Dragon (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bulbeck, Pip (August 17, 2015). "New Zealand Merges Film Agencies". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (January 13, 2015). "Pete's Dragon for Set for 2016, Ghost in the Shell for 2017". comingsoon.net. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Karl Urban replaces Michael C. Hall". Retrieved 30 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Guerrasio, Jason (August 11, 2016). "How this director went from making small indie movies to Disney's $65 million new blockbuster". Business Insider. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "After Gritty Sundance Debut On ‘Ain’t Them Bodies Saints’, David Lowery To Reinvent ‘Pete’s Dragon’ For Disney." Deadline.com (March 19, 2013).
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Rebecca (October 16, 2014). "Robert Redford in Talks for Disney's 'Pete's Dragon'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Evry, Max (February 10, 2015). "Filming Begins on PETE'S DRAGON Remake; Karl Urban and Wes Bentley Join Cast". comingsoon.net. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 19, 2014). "Disney Finds Its Pete For 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". variety.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caranicas, Peter (October 2, 2014). "Below the Line Bookings". variety.com. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (November 20, 2014). "Bryce Dallas Howard in Talks to Join 'Pete's Dragon'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda; Sneider, Jeff (January 7, 2015). "Wes Bentley Joins Robert Redford in Disney Remake 'Pete's Dragon'". TheWrap. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 9, 2015). "Michael C. Hall Joins Disney's 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". variety.com. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 29, 2015). "Karl Urban to Replace Michael C. Hall in Disney's 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". TheWrap. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Casting call for Disney feature film Pete’s Dragon lead role." Archived August 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "David Patrick Lowery - Instagram". instagram.com. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 1/26/15: Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic, Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More". ssninsider.com. January 26, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bulbeck, Pip (November 20, 2014). "Disney Confirms New Zealand Shoot for 'Pete's Dragon'". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Production on Disney's Pete'S Dragon Underway in New Zealand". broadwayworld.com. February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Disney's Pete's Dragon Filming Locations". newzealand.com. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Paula. "David Lowery's Production Diary for 'Pete's Dragon': Transitioning from Indie to Hollywood". Indiewire. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Daniel Hart Scoring Disney's 'Pete's Dragon'". Film Music Reporter. May 2, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (August 9, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Secures Record Monday Haul For August, Eyes $51M-$54M In 2nd Weekend – B.O. Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Dave McNarry (August 9, 2016). "Box Office: 'Suicide Squad' to Easily Keep Top Spot Over 'Pete's Dragon,' 'Sausage Party'". Variety. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Scott Mendelson (August 13, 2016). "Friday Box Office: 'Sausage Party' Cooks 'Suicide Squad,' 'Pete's Dragon' Opens Just Okay". Forbes. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (August 14, 2016). "Weekend Box Office: 'Sausage Party' Sizzles With $33M, 'Pete's Dragon' Fails To Soar". Forbes. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brad Brevet (August 14, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Drops Big, But Remains #1 as 'Sausage Party' Eats Up the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (August 13, 2016). "'Sausage Party' Loud In 2nd With $32M+ As 'Suicide Squad' Drops Its Guns: Saturday Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brent Lang (August 28, 2016). "Box Office: 'Sausage Party' Scores With $33.6 Million, 'Suicide Squad' Plunges in Second Weekend". Variety. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (August 20, 2016). "Friday Box Office: 'Sausage Party' And 'Pete's Dragon' Drop Off, 'Bad Moms' Hangs Tough". Forbes. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (August 28, 2016). "Weekend Box Office: 'Suicide Squad' Tops $600M Worldwide, 'Jason Bourne' Nets $50M In China". Forbes. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "September 2-4, 2016". Box Office Mojo. September 4, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (September 6, 2016). "How Much Oxygen Is Left For 'Don't Breathe' At Box Office? – Final Tuesday Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (August 14, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Tops $243M Offshore & Rises To $466M Global; Will It Hang Onto #1 In 3rd Frame?- Intl Box Office Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (August 22, 2016). "Universal Pictures 'Pets' Collars $674M WW; 'Suicide Squad' Necks $575M Through Sunday – Intl B.O. Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pete's Dragon (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pete's Dragon Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Kyle Smith (August 11, 2016). "'Pete's Dragon' is surprisingly one of the year's best movies". New York Post. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peter Travers (August 11, 2016). "'Pete's Dragon' Review: Finally, a Summer-Movie Remake That Works". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nancy Churnin (August 11, 2016). "Realistic 'Pete's Dragon' reboot owes more to 'E.T.' than the original, but that's OK (B+)". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barry Hertz (August 12, 2016). "Pete's Dragon asks its audience to side with magic over cynicism". Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny (August 11, 2016). "Review: In 'Pete's Dragon,' a Magical Bond in Peril Again". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan (August 11, 2016). "'Pete's Dragon' gets a technological upgrade, but is a storytelling throwback". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016". Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disney's Pete's Dragon Honored with the Truly Moving Picture Award". August 12, 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Levy, Dani (February 2, 2017). "Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards Nominations". Variety. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 2, 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead". Variety. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick (November 29, 2016). "November 29, 2016: This Week on Blu-ray, DVD & Digital HD". Comingsoon.net.
Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold (December 8, 2016). "'Pete's Dragon' Tops Disney Trio of Best-Selling Discs". Variety.
Jump up ^ Sam Axmaker (February 27, 2017). "New on Netflix in March: 'Iron Fist,' 'The Discovery,' 'Pete's Dragon'". The Seattle Times.
External links[edit]
Official website
Pete's Dragon on IMDb
Pete's Dragon at Box Office Mojo
Disney's Pete's Dragon film locations and information from "The Home of Disney's Pete's Dragon" - New Zealand.
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David Lowery
Films
Ain't Them Bodies Saints (2013)
Pete's Dragon (2016)
A Ghost Story (2017)
The Old Man and the Gun (2018)
Television series
Strange Angel (TBA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%27s_Dragon_(2016_film)&oldid=837925152"
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