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What Child Is This?
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"What Child Is This?"
The Adoration of the Shepherds by Gerard van Honthorst
Song
Written
1865
Published
1871
Composer(s)
Unknown
Lyricist(s)
William Chatterton Dix
"What Child Is This?" is a Christmas carol whose lyrics were written by William Chatterton Dix, in 1865. At the time of composing the carol, Dix worked as an insurance company manager and had been struck by a severe illness. While recovering, he underwent a spiritual renewal that led him to write several hymns, including lyrics to this carol that was subsequently set to the tune of "Greensleeves", a traditional English folk song. Although it was written in Great Britain, the carol is more popular in the United States than in its country of origin today.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
1.1 Composition
1.2 Context
2 Background and influence
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Lyrics[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
What Child Is This?
Tune: Greensleeves
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Composition[edit]
The lyrics of the carol are taken from a poem written by Dix called "The Manger Throne".[1][2] The part of the poem that was utilized as the song's lyrics consists of three stanzas in total.[1] The first verse poses a rhetorical question in the first half, with the response coming in the second half. The second verse contains another question that is answered, while the final verse is a universal appeal to everyone urging them "to accept Christ".[3] The carol's melody has been described as "soulful",[1] "haunting and beautiful" in nature.[4]
Context[edit]
The context of the carol centres around the Adoration of the Shepherds, who visited Jesus during his Nativity. The questions posed in the lyrics reflect what the shepherds were possibly pondering to themselves when they encountered him, with the rest of the carol providing a response to their questions.[1]
Background and influence[edit]
At the time he was writing the lyrics to "What Child Is This?" in 1865, William Chatterton Dix was working as the manager of an insurance company.[5] He was afflicted by an unexpected and severe illness that resulted in him being bedridden and suffering from severe depression. His near-death experience brought about a spiritual renewal in him while he was recovering. During this time, he read the Bible comprehensively and was inspired to author hymns like "Alleluia! Sing to Jesus!" and "As with Gladness Men of Old".[1][4] The precise time in 1865 when he wrote the poem "The Manger Throne" is disputed. While the St. Petersburg Times details how Dix penned the work after reading the Gospel for Epiphany that year (Matthew 2:1–12) recounting the journey of the Biblical Magi;[6] Singer's Library of Song: Medium Voice contends that it was actually authored during the Christmas of 1865.[4]
History[edit]
Although written in 1865, "What Child Is This?" was only first published six years later in 1871, when it featured in Christmas Carols Old and New,[6] a "prestigious"[7] and "influential"[8] collection of carols that was published in the United Kingdom.[7] The hymnal was edited by Henry Ramsden Bramley and John Stainer; even though it is not known with certainty who paired the three stanzas from "The Manger Throne" with the music from "Greensleeves", the third edition of The Christmas Encyclopedia by William D. Crump and Stories of the Great Christmas Carols both suggest that Stainer – who was also responsible for "harmoniz[ing] the musical setting"[3] – may have done so.[1][3]
See also[edit]
"Christmas Canon", a Christmas song based on "Pachelbel's Canon"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Stories of the Great Christmas Carols. Alfred Music Publishing. pp. 47–48.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Virginia (June 1, 2000). Spirit of Christmas: A History of Our Best-Loved Carols. Peter Pauper Press, Inc. p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b c Crump, William D. (September 15, 2001). The Christmas Encyclopedia, chloe ed. McFarland. pp. 437–438.
^ Jump up to: a b c Liebergen, Patrick M. (ed.). Singer's Library of Song: Medium Voice. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 164.
Jump up ^ Dunham, Mike (December 19, 1993). "Caroling Into Christmas Insurance Salesmen, Teachers Had A Hand In Writing Songs". Anchorage Daily News. p. G1. Retrieved November 28, 2014. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Favorite carols have evolved over ages". St. Petersburg Times. December 20, 1997. p. 8. Retrieved November 29, 2014. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b Flanagan, Mike (December 19, 1986). "The origins of Christmas Songs". Ottawa Citizen. p. H1. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Oldfield, Molly; Mitchinson, John (December 24, 2013). "QI: some quite interesting facts about Christmas carols". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Free sheet music of What Child Is This? for SATB from Cantorion.org
What Child Is This? on TradTune.com
What Child is This? by Thomas Hewitt Jones at OUP
What Child Is This? by Sojourn Music
What Child is This? by Jessie Galante & Giuseppe Galante
Christmas portal
Christianity portal
Christian music portal
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United Kingdom food labelling regulations
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2018)
The law in the UK on food labelling is multifaceted and is spread over many reforms and parliamentary acts, making the subject complex. It must comply with the relevant rules in the European Union, for which the main aw relating to food labelling is Regulation (EU) 1169/2011.
There are general rules applying to any food product:
Name – It must inform the customer the nature of the product. It may also be necessary to attach a description to the product name. However, there are certain generic names which must be only used for their conventional uses. Muesli, Coffee, and prawns are among those exceptions.
Ingredients – All ingredients of the food must be stated under the heading 'Ingredients' and must be stated in descending order of weight when present at more than 2% in the product. Ingredients making up less than two percent may be declared in any order at the end of the declaration. Moreover, certain ingredients, such as preservatives, must be identified as such by the label 'Preservatives', a specific name, e.g. "sodium nitrite", and the corresponding European registration number colloquially known as an "E number", e.g. "E250". When ingredients are themselves made of a number of sub-ingredients (i.e. mayonnaise), these must be declared as well in the ingredient declaration. If ingredients or additives contain one of the listed 14 EU allergens, these must be explicitly named in the list. For example: 'Preservative: E220 (Sulphites)'.
Nutritional Information– Although it is not a legal requirement to declare Nutritional information on the product, if the manufacturer makes claims that the product is 'Low in Sugar', it must be supported with nutritional information (normally in tabulated form). However, as a rule, it is recommended to declare nutritional information as consumers, more than ever, are investigating this information before making a purchase. Moreover, there are two European nutritional labelling standards which must be adhered to if nutritional information is shown.
Medicinal or Nutritional Claims – Medicinal and Nutritional claims are tightly regulated. Some are only allowed under certain conditions, while others are not authorized at all. For example, presenting claims the food product can treat, prevent, cure diseases or other 'adverse conditions' are prohibited. While claiming the food is reduced in fat or rich in vitamins require the food to meet compulsory standards and grades. In addition, the terms must be used in a form specified in regulations.
Date Tagging – There are two types of date tagging:
Use by Date – 'Use by date' must be followed by a day and/or month which the product must be consumed by. This is to be applied on perishable foods that usually would be kept cold: fish, meat, dairy products, and 'ready to eat' salads.
Best Before Date – 'Best before date is used as an indicator of when the product will begin to degrade from optimal quality; this includes when the food becomes stale, begins to taste 'off' or decays, rots, or goes mouldy. There are also regulations on which type of best before date must be applied:
Best before + Day for foods with a shelf life of up to 3 months[citation needed].
Best before end + Month for foods with more than a 3-month shelf life[citation needed].
Best before end + Year for food with more than an 18-month shelf life[citation needed].
Storage Conditions – If there are any particular storage conditions for the product to maintain its shelf life, these must be pointed out. However, as a rule, it is recommended to always describe the necessary storage conditions for a food product.
Business Name and Address – In addition to the business name and address, it is necessary to indicate the manufacturer or packager if independent to the main business and the seller is established within the European Union.
Place of Origin – The food is required to specify its place of origin, especially if the name or trademark is misleading. An example of this is if the product is called 'English Brie Cheese' when it is produced in France.
Instruction for Use – This is only necessary if it is not obvious how to use or prepare the product, in which case the consumer's own initiative must be used.
Presentation – The label must be legible and easy to read. Also, it must be written in English but, the manufacturer may also include other languages.
Batch identifier, such as Lot Mark or Batch Code – It must be possible to identify individual batches with a lot mark or batch code. The code must be prefixed with the letter 'L' if it can not be distinguish from other codes however, the date mark can be used as a lot mark.[citation needed] Manufacturers must bear in mind that the smaller the size of a batch, the smaller financial consequences in the case of a product recall.
Sectioning – All of the following must be in the same field of vision:
Product name
Date mark
Estimated net weight or quantity
Alcohol strength (if applicable).
Standard specification - Indicate the level of the standard compliances which the product are manufactured and packaging are completed against and the specification limits if the standard is not publicly available, especially for those of:
Microbial limits
Heavy metal limits
The limits of pesticide residuals
The limits of preservatives, artificial flavouring and colouring, etc.
Food additives - The items should be presented by their approved names (i.e. domestically), functional classes, and numbers of International Numbering System (INS) or equivalent.[1]
Further information: British Approved Name
Allergens -
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010)
Allergens must be declared explicitly in the ingredient declaration and a summary list of allergens may be added nearby for added clarity for the consumer. These include allergens present in the actual recipe's ingredients, but also those from additives and processing aids when residues may be present in the product. There are fourteen sources of allergens that need to be mentioned when present in a product. This list includes any of their derivatives: Cereals containing gluten, Crustaceans, Eggs, Fish, Lupin, Milk (including lactose), Molluscs, Mustard, Nuts, Peanuts, Sesame Seeds, Soybeans, SO2 (Sulphites) and Celery ([1]).
See also[edit]
Acceptable daily intake
Animal welfare
Genetically modified food controversies
Country of Origin Labeling
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (US)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Feed additive
Food additives
Food allergy
Food irradiation
Food labelling
Food safety
Health claims on food labels
Identifier
The Non-GMO Project
Nutrition facts label
Olericulture
Food portal
Packaging and labeling
Pomology
Produce
Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
Serial number
Track and trace
Viticulture
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Centre for Food Safety. "Labelling Guidelines On Food Allergens, Food Additives And Date Format". Retrieved 2 April 2009.
External links and further reading[edit]
Labelling notes from the UK Food Standards Agency
Official EU Food Law texts and guidelines
"Labels and Other “Krafty” Stuff"
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text:
List of cities in India by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about Cities (Towns with Class-I status or population with 100,000 and above). For Towns under 1 lakh population, see List of towns in India by population.
The following tables are the list of cities in India by population. Often cities are bifurcated into multiple regions (municipalities) which results in creation of cities within cities which may figure in the list. The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Map
2 List
2.1 1 to 25
2.2 26 to 50
2.3 51 to 75
2.4 76 to 100
2.5 100 to 125
2.6 126 to 150
2.7 151 to 175
2.8 176 to 200
2.9 201 to 225
2.10 226 to 250
2.11 251 to 275
2.12 276 to 300
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Map
Location of Indian Cities. Hover over the dot to see the city name with rank in parentheses.
List
The list includes the cities and not urban agglomerations.
Definitions:[1]
Towns/Cities with populations of 1 lakh are categorized as Class-I towns or Cities[1][2]
The 46 cities with populations of 1 million and above are known as Million Plus UAs or Cities
The 3 cities with populations of 10 million and above are known as Mega Cities (The census defines the three as Greater Mumbai UA (18.4 million), Delhi UA (16.3 million) and Kolkata UA (14.1 million)[1])
The cities listed in bold are the capitals of the respective state / union territory.
1 to 25
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
Ref
1 Mumbai 12,442,373 11,978,450 Maharashtra [4]
2 Delhi 11,034,555 9,879,172 Delhi [5]
3 Bangalore 8,443,675 4,301,326 Karnataka [6]
4 Hyderabad 6,993,262 3,637,483 Telangana [7]
5 Ahmedabad 5,577,940 3,520,085 Gujarat [8]
6 Chennai 4,646,732 4,343,645 Tamil Nadu [9] [10]
7 Kolkata 4,496,694 4,572,876 West Bengal [11]
8 Surat 4,467,797 2,433,835 Gujarat [8]
9 Pune 3,124,458 2,538,473 Maharashtra [12]
10 Jaipur 3,046,163 2,322,575 Rajasthan [13]
11 Lucknow 2,817,105 2,185,927 Uttar Pradesh [14]
12 Kanpur 2,765,348 2,551,337 Uttar Pradesh [15]
13 Nagpur 2,405,665 2,052,066 Maharashtra [16]
14 Visakhapatnam[a] 2,035,922 982,904 Andhra Pradesh [18]
15 Indore 1,960,631 1,474,968 Madhya Pradesh
16 Thane 1,818,872 1,262,551 Maharashtra
17 Bhopal 1,798,218 1,437,354 Madhya Pradesh
18 Pimpri-Chinchwad 1,729,359 1,012,472 Maharashtra
19 Patna 1,683,200 1,366,444 Bihar
20 Vadodara 1,666,703 1,306,227 Gujarat
21 Ghaziabad 1,636,068 968,256 Uttar Pradesh
22 Ludhiana 1,613,878 1,398,467 Punjab
23 Coimbatore[19] 1,601,438 930,882 Tamil Nadu
24 Agra 1,585,704 1,275,134 Uttar Pradesh
25 Madurai[20] 1,561,129 928,869 Tamil Nadu
26 to 50
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
26 Nashik 1,486,973 1,077,236 Maharashtra
27 Faridabad 1,404,653 1,055,938 Haryana
28 Meerut 1,309,023 1,039,405 Uttar Pradesh
29 Rajkot 1,286,995 967,476 Gujarat
30 Kalyan-Dombivali 1,246,381 1,193,512 Maharashtra
31 Vasai-Virar 1,221,233 693,350 Maharashtra
32 Varanasi 1,201,815 1,091,918 Uttar Pradesh
33 Srinagar 1,192,792 898,440 Jammu and Kashmir
34 Aurangabad 1,171,330 873,311 Maharashtra
35 Dhanbad 1,161,561 1,065,327 Jharkhand
36 Amritsar 1,132,761 966,862 Punjab
37 Navi Mumbai 1,119,477 704,002 Maharashtra
38 Allahabad 1,117,094 975,393 Uttar Pradesh
39 Ranchi 1,073,440 847,093 Jharkhand
40 Howrah (city area) 1,072,161 1,007,532 West Bengal
41 Jabalpur 1,054,336 932,484 Madhya Pradesh
42 Gwalior 1,053,505 827,026 Madhya Pradesh
43 Vijayawada 1,034,358 851,282 Andhra Pradesh[21]
44 Jodhpur 1,033,918 851,051 Rajasthan
45 Raipur 1,010,087 605,747 Chhattisgarh
46 Kota[22] 1,001,694 694,316 Rajasthan
47 Guwahati 963,429 809,895 Assam
48 Chandigarh 960,787 808,515 Chandigarh
49 Thiruvananthapuram 957,730 744,983 Kerala
50 Solapur 951,118 872,478 Maharashtra
51 to 75
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
51 Hubballi-Dharwad 943,857 786,195 Karnataka
52 Tiruchirappalli[23] 916,674 752,066 Tamil Nadu
53 Tiruppur 898,167 718,395 Tamil Nadu
54 Moradabad 889,810 641,583 Uttar Pradesh
55 Mysore 887,446 755,379 Karnataka
56 Bareily 877,778 344,543 Uttar Pradesh
57 Gurgaon 876,824 173,542 Haryana
58 Aligarh 872,575 669,087 Uttar Pradesh
59 Jalandhar 862,196 706,043 Punjab
60 Bhubaneswar 837,737 648,032 Odisha
61 Salem 831,038 696,760 Tamil Nadu
62 Mira-Bhayandar 814,655 520,388 Maharashtra
63 Warangal[24] 811,844 530,636 Telangana
64 Guntur[25] 743,354 514,461 Andhra Pradesh
65 Bhiwandi 711,329 598,741 Maharashtra
66 Saharanpur 703,345 455,754 Uttar Pradesh
67 Gorakhpur 671,048 622,701 Uttar Pradesh
68 Bikaner 647,804 529,690 Rajasthan
69 Amravati 646,801 549,510 Maharashtra
70 Noida 642,381 305,058 Uttar Pradesh
71 Jamshedpur 631,364 573,096 Jharkhand
72 Bhilai 625,697 556,366 Chhattisgarh
73 Cuttack 606,007 534,654 Odisha
74 Firozabad 603,797 279,102 Uttar Pradesh
75 Kochi 601,574 596,473 Kerala
76 to 100
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
76 Nellore[26] 600,869 378,428 Andhra Pradesh
77 Bhavnagar 593,768 511,085 Gujarat
78 Dehradun 578,420 426,674 Uttarakhand
79 Durgapur 566,937 493,405 West Bengal
80 Asansol 564,491 475,439 West Bengal
81 Rourkela 552,970 430,733 Odisha
82 Nanded 550,564 430,733 Maharashtra
83 Kolhapur 549,283 493,167 Maharashtra
84 Ajmer 542,580 485,575 Rajasthan
85 Akola 537,149 400,520 Maharashtra
86 Gulbarga 532,031 422,569 Karnataka
87 Jamnagar 529,308 443,518 Gujarat
88 Ujjain 515,215 430,427 Madhya Pradesh
89 Loni 512,296 120,945 Uttar Pradesh
90 Siliguri 509,709 472,374 West Bengal
91 Jhansi 507,293 383,644 Uttar Pradesh
92 Ulhasnagar 506,937 473,731 Maharashtra
93 Jammu 503,690 369,959 Jammu and Kashmir
94 Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad 502,697 436,781 Maharashtra
95 Mangalore 499,486 399,565 Karnataka
96 Erode[27] 498,129 173,600 Tamil Nadu
97 Belgaum 488,292 399,653 Karnataka
98 Ambattur 478,134 310,967 Tamil Nadu
99 Tirunelveli 473,637 411,831 Tamil Nadu
100 Malegaon 471,006 409,403 Maharashtra
100 to 125
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
101 Gaya 463,454 385,432 Bihar
102 Jalgaon 460,468 368,618 Maharashtra
103 Udaipur 451,735 389,438 Rajasthan
104 Maheshtala 449,423 385,266 West Bengal
105 Davanagere 435,128 364,523 Karnataka
106 Kozhikode 432,097 436,556 Kerala
107 Kurnool 430,214 269,122 Andhra Pradesh
108 Rajpur Sonarpur 423,806 336,707 West Bengal
109 Rajahmundry[28][29] 419,818 315,251 Andhra Pradesh
110 Bokaro 413,934 393,805 Jharkhand
111 South Dumdum 410,524 392,444 West Bengal
112 Bellary 409,644 316,766 Karnataka
113 Patiala 405,164 303,151 Punjab
114 Gopalpur 404,991 271,811 West Bengal
115 Agartala 399,688 271,811 Tripura
116 Bhagalpur 398,138 340,767 Bihar
117 Muzaffarnagar 392,451 316,729 Uttar Pradesh
118 Bhatpara 390,467 442,385 West Bengal
119 Panihati 383,522 348,438 West Bengal
120 Latur 382,754 299,985 Maharashtra
121 Dhule 376,093 341,755 Maharashtra
122 Tirupati[30] 374,260 228,202 Andhra Pradesh
123 Rohtak 373,133 286,807 Haryana
124 Korba 363,210 315,690 Chhattisgarh
125 Bhilwara 360,009 280,128 Rajasthan
126 to 150
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
126 Berhampur 355,823 307,792 Odisha
127 Muzaffarpur 351,838 305,525 Bihar
128 Ahmednagar 350,905 307,615 Maharashtra
129 Mathura 349,336 302,770 Uttar Pradesh
130 Kollam 349,033 361,560 Kerala
131 Avadi 344,701 229,403 Tamil Nadu
132 Kadapa 343,054 125,725 Andhra Pradesh
133 Kamarhati 336,579 314,507 West Bengal
134 Sambalpur 335,761 296,662 Odisha
135 Bilaspur 330,106 274,917 Chhattisgarh
136 Shahjahanpur 327,975 296,662 Uttar Pradesh
137 Satara 326,789 228,175 Maharashtra
138 Bijapur 326,360 228,175 Karnataka
139 Rampur 325,248 281,494 Uttar Pradesh
140 Shivamogga 322,428 274,352 Karnataka
141 Chandrapur 321,036 289,450 Maharashtra
142 Junagadh 320,250 168,686 Gujarat
143 Thrissur 315,596 317,526 Kerala
144 Alwar 315,310 260,593 Rajasthan
145 Bardhaman 314,638 285,602 West Bengal
146 Kulti 313,977 289,903 West Bengal
147 Kakinada 325,985 296,329 Andhra Pradesh
148 Nizamabad 310,467 288,722 Telangana
149 Parbhani 307,191 259,329 Maharashtra
150 Tumkur 305,821 248,929 Karnataka
151 to 175
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
151 Khammam 305,000 218,689 Telangana
152 Ozhukarai 300,028 217,707 Puducherry
153 Bihar Sharif 296,889 232,071 Bihar
154 Panipat 294,150 261,740 Haryana
155 Darbhanga 294,116 267,348 Bihar
156 Bally 291,972 260,906 West Bengal
157 Aizawl 291,822 228,280 Mizoram
158 Dewas 289,438 231,672 Madhya Pradesh
159 Ichalkaranji 287,570 257,610 Maharashtra
160 Karnal 286,974 210,476 Haryana
161 Bathinda 285,813 217,256 Punjab
162 Jalna 285,349 235,795 Maharashtra
163 Eluru 283,648[31] 190,347 Andhra Pradesh
164 Kirari Suleman Nagar 282,598 153,874 Delhi
165 Barasat 283,443 231,515 West Bengal
166 Purnia 280,547 171,687[32] Bihar
167 Satna 280,248 225,464 Madhya Pradesh
168 Mau 279,060 212,657 Uttar Pradesh
169 Sonipat 277,053 214,974 Haryana
170 Farrukhabad 275,750 228,333 Uttar Pradesh
171 Sagar 273,357 232,133 Madhya Pradesh
172 Rourkela 273,217 224,601 Odisha
173 Durg 268,679 232,517 Chhattisgarh
174 Imphal 264,986 221,492 Manipur
175 Ratlam 264,810 222,202 Madhya Pradesh
176 to 200
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3][33]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
176 Hapur 262,801 211,983 Uttar Pradesh
177 Arrah 261,099 203,380 Bihar
178 Karimnagar 260,899 205,653 Telangana
179 Anantapur 261,004 218,808 Andhra Pradesh
180 Etawah 256,838 210,453 Uttar Pradesh
181 Ambernath 254,003 203,795 Maharashtra
182 North Dumdum 253,625 220,042 West Bengal
183 Bharatpur 252,109 204,587 Rajasthan
184 Begusarai 251,136 93,378 Bihar
185 New Delhi 249,998 302,147 Delhi
186 Gandhidham 248,705 166,388 Gujarat
187 Baranagar 248,466 250,768 West Bengal
188 Tiruvottiyur 248,059 212,281 Tamil Nadu
189 Puducherry 241,773 220,749 Puducherry
190 Sikar 237,579 184,904 Rajasthan
191 Thoothukudi 237,374 216,058 Tamil Nadu
192 Rewa 235,422 183,274 Madhya Pradesh
193 Mirzapur 233,691 205,053 Uttar Pradesh
194 Raichur 232,456 207,421 Karnataka
195 Pali 229,956 187,641 Rajasthan
196 Ramagundam[34] 229,644 236,600 Telangana
197 Haridwar 228,832 175,010 Uttarakhand
198 Vijayanagaram 228,025 174,324 Andhra Pradesh
199 Katihar 225,982 175,169 Bihar
200 Nagarcoil 224,849 208,179 Tamil Nadu
201 to 225
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3][33]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
201 Sri Ganganagar 224,773 210,713 Rajasthan
202 Karawal Nagar 224,666 148,549 Delhi
203 Mango 223,805 166,125 Jharkhand
204 Thanjavur 222,943 215,314 Tamil Nadu
205 Bulandshahr 222,519 176,425 Uttar Pradesh
206 Uluberia 222,240 202,135 West Bengal
207 Murwara 221,883 187,029 Uttar Pradesh
208 Sambhal 220,813 182,478 Uttar Pradesh
209 Singrauli 220,257 185,190 Madhya Pradesh
210 Nadiad 218,095 192,913 Gujarat
211 Secunderabad 217,910 206,102 Telangana
212 Naihati 217,900 215,303 West Bengal
213 Yamunanagar 216,677 189,696 Haryana
214 Bidhan Nagar 215,514 164,221 West Bengal
215 Pallavaram 215,417 144,623 Tamil Nadu
216 Bidar 214,373 172,877 Karnataka
217 Munger 213,303 188,050 Bihar
218 Panchkula 211,355 140,925 Haryana
219 Burhanpur 210,886 193,725 Madhya Pradesh
220 Raurkela Industrial Township 210,317 206,693 Odisha
221 Kharagpur 207,604 188,761 West Bengal
222 Dindigul 207,327 196,955 Tamil Nadu
223 Gandhinagar 206,167 195,985 Gujarat
224 Hospet 206,167 164,240 Karnataka
225 Nangloi Jat 205,596 150,948 Delhi
226 to 250
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3][33]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
226 English Bazar 205,521 161,456 West Bengal
227 Ongole 204,746 150,471 Andhra Pradesh
228 Deoghar 203,123 112,525 Jharkhand
229 Chapra 202,352 79,190 Bihar
230 Haldia 200,827 170,673 West Bengal
231 Khandwa 200,738 172,242 Madhya Pradesh
232 Nandyal 200,516 152,676 Andhra Pradesh
233 Chittoor[35] 189,332 152,654 Andhra Pradesh
234 Morena 200,482 150,959 Madhya Pradesh
235 Amroha 198,471 165,129 Uttar Pradesh
236 Anand 198,282 130,685 Gujarat
237 Bhind 197,585 153,752 Madhya Pradesh
238 Bhalswa Jahangir Pur 197,148 152,339 Delhi
239 Madhyamgram 196,127 155,451 West Bengal
240 Bhiwani 196,057 169,531 Haryana
241 Navi Mumbai Panvel Raigad 195,373 Maharashtra
242 Baharampur 195,223 160,143 West Bengal
243 Ambala 195,153 139,279 Haryana
244 Morvi 194,947 145,719 Gujarat
245 Fatehpur 193,193 151,757 Uttar Pradesh
246 Rae Bareli 191,316 169,333 Uttar Pradesh
247 Khora 190,005 Uttar Pradesh
248 Bhusawal 187,421 172,372 Maharashtra
249 Orai 187,137 139,318 Uttar Pradesh
250 Bahraich 186,223 168,323 Uttar Pradesh
251 to 275
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3][33]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
251 Vellore 185,803 177,230 Tamil Nadu
252 Mahesana 184,991 141,453 Gujarat
253 Sambalpur 184,000 153,643 Orissa
254 Raiganj 183,612 165,212 West Bengal
255 Sirsa 182,534 160,735 Haryana
256 Danapur 182,429 131,176 Bihar
257 Serampore 181,842 197,857 West Bengal
258 Sultan Pur Majra 181,554 164,426 Delhi
259 Guna 180,935 137,175 Madhya Pradesh
260 Jaunpur 180,362 160,055 Uttar Pradesh
261 Panvel 180,020 104,058 Maharashtra
262 Shivpuri 179,977 146,892 Madhya Pradesh
263 Surendranagar Dudhrej 177,851 156,161 Gujarat
264 Unnao 177,658 144,662 Uttar Pradesh
265 Hugli and Chinsurah 177,259 170,201 West Bengal
266 Alappuzha 174,164 177,029 Kerala
267 Kottayam 172,878 129,894 Kerala
268 Machilipatnam 169,892 179,353 Andhra Pradesh
269 Shimla 169,578 142,555 Himachal Pradesh
270 Adoni 166,537 Andhra Pradesh
271 Tenali 164,937 Andhra Pradesh
272 Proddatur 162,717 Andhra Pradesh
273 Saharsa 155,175 125,167[36] Bihar
274 Hindupur 151,835 Andhra Pradesh
275 Sasaram 147,396 131,172[37] Bihar
276 to 300
Rank
City
Population
(2011)[3][33]
Population
(2001)
State or Union territory
276 Hajipur 147,126 119,412[38] Bihar
277 Bhimavaram 142,280 ― Andhra Pradesh
278 Dehri 137,068 119,057[37] Bihar
279 Madanapalle 135,669 ― Andhra Pradesh
280 Siwan 134,458 109,919[39] Bihar
281 Bettiah 132,896 116,670[40] Bihar
282 Guntakal 126,270 ― Andhra Pradesh
283 Srikakulam 125,939 ― Andhra Pradesh
284 Motihari 125,183 100,683[41] Bihar
285 Dharmavaram 121,874 ― Andhra Pradesh
286 Gudivada 118,167 ― Andhra Pradesh
287 Narasaraopet 116,250 ― Andhra Pradesh
288 Bagaha 113,012 91,467[40] Bihar
289 Miryalaguda 109,891 91,395 Telangana
290 Tadipatri 108,171 ― Andhra Pradesh
291 Kishanganj 107,076 85,590[42] Bihar
292 Karaikudi 106,714 86,596 Tamil Nadu
293 Suryapet 105,250 94,585 Telangana
294 Jamalpur 105,221 96,983[43] Bihar
295 Kavali 104,000 ― Andhra Pradesh
296 Tadepalligudem 103,906 ― Andhra Pradesh
297 Amaravati 103,000 ― Andhra Pradesh
298 Buxar 102,591 83,168[44] Bihar
299 Jehanabad 102,456 81,503[45] Bihar
300 Aurangabad 101,520 79,393[46] Bihar
See also
List of million-plus agglomerations in India
List of metropolitan areas in India
List of states and union territories of India by population
Notes
Jump up ^ Anakapalle, Bheemunipatnam municipalities and 10 gram panchayats of Parawada were merged into Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation.[17]
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "Provisional Population Totals Urban Agglomerations and Cities" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "City definition by census India". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Officeial census website". Cenesus2011.co.in. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Karnataka (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Official 2011 Census HYD - www.census2011.co.in". Cenesus2011.co.in. Retrieved 3 Jan 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gujarat (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Official Census 2011 - www.census2011.co.in". Census2011.co.in. Retrieved 3 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/463-chennai.html
Jump up ^ "District Census Handbook - Kolkata" (PDF). Census2011.co.in. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. p. 36. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "District Census Handbook - Pune" (PDF). Census2011.co.in. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. p. 28. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "District Census Handbook - Lucknow" (PDF). Census2011.co.in. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. p. 28. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Uttar Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "District Census Handbook - Nagpur" (PDF). Census2011.co.in. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. p. 28. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Reporter, Staff. "CM okays merger of Anakapalle and Bhimili with GVMC". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs" (PDF). Directorate of Town and Country Planning. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Smart City Challenge-Coimbatore". Government of India. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Smart City Challenge-Coimbatore". Government of India. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vijayawada Population 2011 Census". Census2011.co.in. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kota Municipal Corporation". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Sanitary works in 18 Tiruchi wards to be outsourced". The Hindu. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Warangal Municipal Corporation, Budget 2014–15" (PDF). Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guntur city population is 7,43,354 as per 2011 Census". The Hindu. Guntur. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Integrated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Project" (PDF). Swachha Andhra Corporation. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 20/4. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Smart City Challenge-Erode". Government of India. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "22 villages may be included in Rajahmundry soon". The New Indian Express. Rajahmundry. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation Enlarged with 21 Gram Panchayats". Tgnns.com. Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "City profile". Tirupati Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eluru Municipal Corporation". Elurucorporation.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Purnia (District, Bihar, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Cities in India with population more than 100,000". Census2011. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Ramagundam Municipal Corporation". Ramagundam Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Introduction". chittoormunicipalcorporation. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saharsa". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rohtas". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vaishali". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Siwan". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paschim Champaran". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Purba Champaran". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kishanganj". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Munger". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buxar". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jehanabad". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aurangabad". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
External links
Indian Census Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
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Block (periodic table)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet.[1] The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same atomic orbital type. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital; thus, the blocks are:
s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
g-block (hypothetical)
The block names (s, p, d, f and g) are derived from the spectroscopic notation for the associated atomic orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental, and then g which follows f in the alphabet.
The following is the order for filling the "subshell" orbitals, according to the Aufbau principle, which also gives the linear order of the "blocks" (as atomic number increases) in the periodic table:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, ...
For discussion of the nature of why the energies of the blocks naturally appear in this order in complex atoms, see atomic orbital and electron configuration.
The "periodic" nature of the filling of orbitals, as well as emergence of the s, p, d and f "blocks" is more obvious, if this order of filling is given in matrix form, with increasing principal quantum numbers starting the new rows ("periods") in the matrix. Then, each subshell (composed of the first two quantum numbers) is repeated as many times as required for each pair of electrons it may contain. The result is a compressed periodic table, with each entry representing two successive elements:
1s
2s                                                 2p  2p  2p
3s                                                 3p  3p  3p
4s                             3d  3d  3d  3d  3d  4p  4p  4p
5s                             4d  4d  4d  4d  4d  5p  5p  5p
6s 4f  4f  4f  4f  4f  4f  4f  5d  5d  5d  5d  5d  6p  6p  6p
7s 5f  5f  5f  5f  5f  5f  5f  6d  6d  6d  6d  6d  7p  7p  7p
Contents
[hide]
1 Periodic table
1.1 s-block
1.2 p-block
1.2.1 Metals
1.2.2 Metalloids
1.2.3 Noble gases
1.2.4 Halogens
1.3 d-block
1.4 f-block
1.5 g-block
2 References
Periodic table[edit]
There is an approximate correspondence between this nomenclature of blocks, based on electronic configuration, and groupings of elements based on chemical properties. The s-block and p-block together are usually considered as the main group elements, the d-block corresponds to the transition metals, and the f-block are the lanthanides and the actinides. However, not everyone agrees on the exact membership of each set of elements, so that for example the group 12 elements Zn, Cd and Hg are considered as main group by some scientists and transition metals by others, because they are chemically and physically more similar to the p-block elements than the other d-block elements. Furthermore, the group 3 elements and the f-block are sometimes also considered main group elements due to their similarities to the s-block elements. Groups (columns) in the f-block (between groups 3 and 4) are not numbered.
Helium is coloured differently from the p-block elements surrounding it because is in the s-block, with its outer (and only) electrons in the 1s atomic orbital, although its chemical properties are more similar to the p-block noble gases due to its full shell. In addition to the blocks listed in this table, there is a hypothetical g-block which is not pictured here. The g-block elements can be seen in the expanded extended periodic table. Also, lanthanum and actinium are placed under scandium and yttrium to reflect their status as d-block elements, as they have no electrons in the 4f and 5f orbitals, respectively, while lutetium and lawrencium do.[2]
[hide]
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Blocks in the periodic table
Group →
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
↓ Period
1
1
H
2
He
2
3
Li 4
Be
5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
3
11
Na 12
Mg
13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
4
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
5
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
6
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
7
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Nh 114
Fl 115
Mc 116
Lv 117
Ts 118
Og

58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr

s-block p-block d-block f-block Background color shows the block of the periodic table
Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element
s-block[edit]
The s-block is on the left side of the periodic table and includes elements from the first two columns, the alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2), plus helium. Helium is a controversial element for the scientists as it can be placed in the second group of s block as well as the 18th group of p-block, but most scientists consider it to rest at the top of group 18 i.e. above neon (atomic number 10) as it has many properties similar to the group 18 elements.
Most s-block elements are highly reactive metals due to the ease with which their outer s-orbital electrons interact to form compounds. The first period elements in this block, however, are nonmetals. Hydrogen is highly chemically reactive, like the other s-block elements, but helium is a virtually unreactive noble gas.
S-block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons (outermost electrons) are in the s orbital. The s-orbital is a single spherical cloud which can contain only one pair of electrons; hence, the s-block consists of only two columns in the periodic table. Elements in column 1, with a single s-orbital valence electron, are the most reactive of the block. Elements in the second column have two s-orbital valence electrons, and, except for helium, are only slightly less reactive.
p-block[edit]
The p-block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18. Helium, though being in the top of group 18, is not included in the p-block.
The p-block is home to the biggest variety of elements and is the only block that contains all three types of elements: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Generally, the p-block elements are best described in terms of element type or group.
P-block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons (outermost electrons) are in the p orbital. The p orbital consists of six lobed shapes coming off a central point at evenly spaced angles. The p orbital can hold a maximum of six electrons, hence there are six columns in the p-block. Elements in column 13, the first column of the p-block, have one p-orbital electron. Elements in column 14, the second column of the p-block, have two p-orbital electrons. The trend continues this way until we reach column 18, which has six p-orbital electrons.
Metals[edit]
P-block metals have classic metal characteristics: they are shiny, they are good conductors of heat and electricity, and they lose electrons easily. Generally, these metals have high melting points and readily react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. Ionic compounds form when a positive metal ion bonds with a negative nonmetal ion.
Of the p-block metals, several have fascinating properties. Gallium, in the 3rd row of column 13, is a metal that can melt in the palm of a hand. Tin, in the fourth row of column 14, is an abundant, flexible, and extremely useful metal. It is an important component of many metal alloys like bronze, solder, and pewter.
Sitting right beneath tin is lead, a toxic metal. Ancient people used lead for a variety of things, from food sweeteners to pottery glazes to eating utensils. It has been suspected that lead poisoning is related to the fall of Roman civilization,[3] but further research has shown this to be unlikely.[4][5] For a long time, lead was used in the manufacturing of paints. It was only within the last century that lead paint use has been restricted due to its toxic nature.
Metalloids[edit]
Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals, but the term 'metalloid' lacks a strict definition. All of the elements that are commonly recognized as metalloids are in the p-block: boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. Metalloids tend to have lower electrical conductivity than metals, yet often higher than nonmetals. They tend to form chemical bonds similarly to nonmetals, but may dissolve in metallic alloys without covalent or ionic bonding. Metalloid additives can improve properties of metallic alloys, sometimes paradoxically to their own apparent properties. Some may give a better electrical conductivity, higher corrosion resistance, ductility, or fluidity in molten state, etc. to the alloy.
Boron has many carbon-like properties, but is very rare. It has many uses, for example a P type semiconductor dopant.
Silicon is perhaps the most famous metalloid. It is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust and one of the main ingredients in glass. It is used to make semiconductor circuits, from large power switches and high current diodes to microchips for computers and other electronic devices. It is also used in certain metallic alloys, e.g. to improve casting properties of alumimium. So valuable is silicon to the technology industry that Silicon Valley in California is named after it.
Germanium has properties very similar to silicon, yet this element is much more rare. It was once used for its semiconductor properties pretty much as silicon is now, and it has some superior properties at that, but is now a rare material in the industry.
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that has been used throughout history as an additive to metal alloys, paints, and even makeup.
Antimony is used as a constituent in casting alloys such as printing metal.
Not always considered as metalloids:
Carbon, in the same column with silicon and germanium, electrically fairly conductive unlike most other nonmetals, and to an extent preferred as a trace constituent in certain metallic alloys such as steel
Phosphorus has metallurgical uses among others, e.g. a constituent of some copper alloys
Selenium, once used as a semiconductor material, and also used to improve properties of metallic alloys
Aluminium is generally considered a metal, but it has some metalloid/non-metal properties such as negative oxidation states
Polonium
Noble gases[edit]
Previously called inert gases, their name was changed as there are a few other gases that are inert but not noble gases, such as nitrogen. The noble gases are located in the far right column of the periodic table, also known as Group Zero or Group Eighteen. Noble gases are also called as aerogens but this nomenclature of the group is not officially accepted by the IUPAC.
All of the noble gases have full outer shells with eight electrons. However, at the top of the noble gases is helium, with a shell that is full with only two electrons. The fact that their outer shells are full means they rarely react with other elements, which led to their original title of "inert."
Because of their chemical properties, these gases are also used in the laboratory to help stabilize reactions that would usually proceed too quickly. As the atomic numbers increase, the elements become rarer. They are not just rare in nature, but rare as useful elements, too.
Helium is best known for its low density, used to safely produce buoyancy for zeppelins and balloons
Neon is notorious as the red to yellow glow medium of old low power signal lamps and signs
Argon is used as a protective gas in MIG and TIG welding
Xenon is used as a plasma medium in high intensity arc lamps with tungsten electrodes. Automotive xenon lights, however, are mostly mercury vapor bulbs with low pressure xenon to help striking the arc and producing light instantly.
Krypton has many uses like arc flash medium. Krypton filled incandescent bulbs were once the most efficient variety, before being replaced by halogen technology.
Radon is radioactive, and one of the densest elements to remain in gas state at room temperature
Halogens[edit]
The second column from the right side of the periodic table, group 17, is the halogen family of elements. These elements are all just one electron shy of having full shells. Because they are so close to being full, they have the trait of combining with many different elements and are very reactive. They are often found bonding with metals and elements from Group One, as these elements in each have one electron.
Not all halogens react with the same intensity. Fluorine is the most reactive and combines with most elements from around the periodic table. As with other columns, reactivity decreases as the atomic number increases.
When a halogen combines with another element, the resulting compound is called a halide. One of the best examples of a halide is sodium chloride (NaCl).
d-block[edit]
The d-block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12. These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties in simple incomplete d orbitals. Transition basically means d orbital lies between s and p orbitals and shows a transition from properties of s to p.
The d-block elements are all metals which exhibit two or more ways of forming chemical bonds. Because there is a relatively small difference in the energy of the different d-orbital electrons, the number of electrons participating in chemical bonding can vary. This results in the same element exhibiting two or more oxidation states, which determines the type and number of its nearest neighbors in chemical compounds.
D-block elements are unified by having in their outermost electrons one or more d-orbital electrons but no p-orbital electrons. The d-orbitals can contain up to five pairs of electrons; hence, the block includes ten columns in the periodic table.
f-block[edit]
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals because they provide a transition between the s-block and d-block in the 6th and 7th row (period), in the same way that the d-block transition metals provide a transitional bridge between the s-block and p-block in the 4th and 5th rows.
The known f-block elements come in two series, the lanthanides of period 6 and the radioactive actinides of period 7. All are metals. Because the f-orbital electrons are less active in determining the chemistry of these elements, their chemical properties are mostly determined by outer s-orbital electrons. Consequently, there is much less chemical variability within the f-block than within the s-, p-, or d-blocks.
F-block elements are unified by having one or more of their outermost electrons in the f-orbital but none in the d-orbital or p-orbital. The f-orbitals can contain up to seven pairs of electrons; hence, the block includes fourteen columns in the periodic table.
g-block[edit]
The g-block is a hypothetical block of elements in the extended periodic table whose outermost electrons are posited to have one or more g-orbital electrons but no f-, d- or p-orbital electrons.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Charles Janet, La classification hélicoïdale des éléments chimiques, Beauvais, 1928
Jump up ^ Lavelle, Laurence. "Lanthanum (La) and Actinium (Ac) Should Remain in the d-Block" (PDF). lavelle.chem.ucla.edu. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Wilford, John Noble (17 March 1983). "ROMAN EMPIRE'S FALL IS LINKED WITH GOUT AND LEAD POISONING". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Killgrove, Kristina (20 January 2012). "Lead Poisoning in Rome - The Skeletal Evidence". Powered by Osteons. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Sumner, Thomas (21 April 2014). "Did Lead Poisoning Bring Down Ancient Rome?". Science Magazine. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
[show]
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Periodic table
(Large cells)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown
chemical
properties
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This page was last edited on 8 January 2018, at 13:55.
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Inner transition metal

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Fricke model

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