text:
Enthalpy of fusion
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For the plastic welding technique, see Heat fusion.
Enthalpies of melting and boiling for pure elements versus temperatures of transition, demonstrating Trouton's rule.
The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, (or resulting from the release of energy from a substance during transition from liquid to solid), at constant pressure. (It is used to decribe the change in phase of matter of melting or freezing). This energy includes the contribution required to make room for any associated change in volume by displacing its environment against ambient pressure. The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point or the freezing point, according to context. By convention, the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm (101.325 kPa) unless otherwise specified.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Examples
3 Solubility prediction
3.1 Proof
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Overview[edit]
The 'enthalpy' of fusion is a latent heat, because during melting the heat energy needed to change the substance from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure is latent heat of fusion, as the temperature remains constant during the process. The latent heat of fusion is the enthalpy change of any amount of substance when it melts. When the heat of fusion is referenced to a unit of mass, it is usually called the specific heat of fusion, while the molar heat of fusion refers to the enthalpy change per amount of substance in moles.
The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy (a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces).
When liquid water is cooled, its temperature falls steadily until it drops just below the line of freezing point at 0 °C. The temperature then remains constant at the freezing point while the water crystallizes. Once the water is completely frozen, its temperature continues to fall.
The enthalpy of fusion is almost always a positive quantity; helium is the only known exception.[1] Helium-3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below 0.77 K (−272.380 °C). This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat.[2] In the case of 4He, this pressure range is between 24.992 and 25.00 atm (2,533 kPa).[3]
Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three.
Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period two of the periodic table of elements.
Substance
Heat of fusion
(cal/g)
Heat of fusion
(J/g)
water 79.72 333.55
methane 13.96 58.99
propane 19.11 79.96
glycerol 47.95 200.62
formic acid 66.05 276.35
acetic acid 45.90 192.09
acetone 23.42 97.99
benzene 30.45 127.40
myristic acid 47.49 198.70
palmitic acid 39.18 163.93
sodium acetate 63–69 264–289[4]
stearic acid 47.54 198.91
gallium 19.2 80.4
Paraffin wax (C25H52) 47.8-52.6 200–220
These values are mostly from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd edition. The conversion between cal/g and J/g in the above table uses the thermochemical calorie (calth) = 4.184 joules rather than the International Steam Table calorie (calINT) = 4.1868 joules.
Examples[edit]
A) To heat 1 kg (1.00 liter) of water from 283.15 K to 303.15 K (10 °C to 30 °C) requires 83.6 kJ. However, to melt ice also requires energy. We can treat these two processes independently; thus, to heat 1 kg of ice from 273.15 K to water at 293.15 K (0 °C to 20 °C) requires:
(1) 333.55 J/g (heat of fusion of ice) = 333.55 kJ/kg = 333.55 kJ for 1 kg of ice to melt
PLUS
(2) 4.18 J/(g·K) × 20K = 4.18 kJ/(kg·K) × 20K = 83.6 kJ for 1 kg of water to increase in temperature by 20 K
= 417.15 kJ
From these figures it can be seen that one part ice at 0 °C will cool almost exactly 4 parts water from 20 °C to 0 °C.
B) Silicon has a heat of fusion of 50.21 kJ/mol. 50 kW of power can supply the energy required to melt about 100 kg of silicon in one hour, after it is brought to the melting point temperature:
50 kW = 50kJ/s = 180000kJ/h
180000kJ/h * (1 mol Si)/50.21kJ * 28gSi/(mol Si) * 1kgSi/1000gSi = 100.4kg/h
Solubility prediction[edit]
The heat of fusion can also be used to predict solubility for solids in liquids. Provided an ideal solution is obtained the mole fraction ( x 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{2})} of solute at saturation is a function of the heat of fusion, the melting point of the solid ( T f u s ) {\displaystyle (T_{\mathit {fus}})} and the temperature (T) of the solution:
ln  x 2 = − Δ H f u s ∘ R ( 1 T − 1 T f u s ) {\displaystyle \ln x_{2}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T}}-{\frac {1}{T_{\mathit {fus}}}}\right)}
Here, R is the gas constant. For example, the solubility of paracetamol in water at 298 K is predicted to be:
x 2 = exp  ( − 28100 J mol − 1 8.314 J K − 1 mol − 1 ( 1 298 − 1 442 ) ) = 0.0248 {\displaystyle x_{2}=\exp {\left(-{\frac {28100{\mbox{ J mol}}^{-1}}{8.314{\mbox{ J K}}^{-1}{\mbox{ mol}}^{-1}}}\left({\frac {1}{298}}-{\frac {1}{442}}\right)\right)}=0.0248}
This equals to a solubility in grams per liter of:
0.0248 ∗ 1000 g 18.053 mol − 1 1 − 0.0248 ∗ 151.17 mol − 1 = 213.4 {\displaystyle {\frac {0.0248*{\frac {1000{\mbox{ g}}}{18.053{\mbox{ mol}}^{-1}}}}{1-0.0248}}*151.17{\mbox{ mol}}^{-1}=213.4}
which is a deviation from the real solubility (240 g/L) of 11%. This error can be reduced when an additional heat capacity parameter is taken into account.[5]
Proof[edit]
At equilibrium the chemical potentials for the pure solvent and pure solid are identical:
μ s o l i d ∘ = μ s o l u t i o n ∘ {\displaystyle \mu _{solid}^{\circ }=\mu _{solution}^{\circ }\,}
or
μ s o l i d ∘ = μ l i q u i d ∘ + R T ln  X 2 {\displaystyle \mu _{solid}^{\circ }=\mu _{liquid}^{\circ }+RT\ln X_{2}\,}
with R {\displaystyle R\,} the gas constant and T {\displaystyle T\,} the temperature.
Rearranging gives:
R T ln  X 2 = − ( μ l i q u i d ∘ − μ s o l i d ∘ ) {\displaystyle RT\ln X_{2}=-(\mu _{liquid}^{\circ }-\mu _{solid}^{\circ })\,}
and since
Δ G f u s ∘ = μ l i q u i d ∘ − μ s o l i d ∘ {\displaystyle \Delta G_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }=\mu _{liquid}^{\circ }-\mu _{solid}^{\circ }\,}
the heat of fusion being the difference in chemical potential between the pure liquid and the pure solid, it follows that
R T ln  X 2 = − ( Δ G f u s ∘ ) {\displaystyle RT\ln X_{2}=-(\Delta G_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ })\,}
Application of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation:
( ∂ ( Δ G f u s ∘ T ) ∂ T ) p = − Δ H f u s ∘ T 2 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial ({\frac {\Delta G_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{T}})}{\partial T}}\right)_{p\,}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{T^{2}}}}
ultimately gives:
( ∂ ( ln  X 2 ) ∂ T ) = Δ H f u s ∘ R T 2 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial (\ln X_{2})}{\partial T}}\right)={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{RT^{2}}}}
or:
∂ ln  X 2 = Δ H f u s ∘ R T 2 ∗ δ T {\displaystyle \partial \ln X_{2}={\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{RT^{2}}}*\delta T}
and with integration:
∫ X 2 = 1 X 2 = x 2 δ ln  X 2 = ln  x 2 = ∫ T f u s T Δ H f u s ∘ R T 2 ∗ Δ T {\displaystyle \int _{X_{2}=1}^{X_{2}=x_{2}}\delta \ln X_{2}=\ln x_{2}=\int _{T_{\mathit {fus}}}^{T}{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{RT^{2}}}*\Delta T}
the end result is obtained:
ln  x 2 = − Δ H f u s ∘ R ( 1 T − 1 T f u s ) {\displaystyle \ln x_{2}=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\mathit {fus}}^{\circ }}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T}}-{\frac {1}{T_{\mathit {fus}}}}\right)}
See also[edit]
Heat of vaporization
Heat capacity
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Joback method (Estimation of the heat of fusion from molecular structure)
Latent heat
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Atkins & Jones 2008, p. 236.
Jump up ^ Ott & Boerio-Goates 2000, pp. 92–93.
Jump up ^ Hoffer, J. K.; Gardner, W. R.; Waterfield, C. G.; Phillips, N. E. (April 1976). "Thermodynamic properties of 4He. II. The bcc phase and the P-T and VT phase diagrams below 2 K". Journal of Low Temperature Physics. 23 (1): 63–102. Bibcode:1976JLTP...23...63H. doi:10.1007/BF00117245.
Jump up ^ Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A. Rosen. Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, page 155
Jump up ^ Measurement and Prediction of Solubility of Paracetamol in Water-Isopropanol Solution. Part 2. Prediction H. Hojjati and S. Rohani Org. Process Res. Dev.; 2006; 10(6) pp 1110–1118; (Article) doi:10.1021/op060074g
References[edit]
Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2008), Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (4th ed.), W. H. Freeman and Company, p. 236, ISBN 0-7167-7355-4
Ott, BJ. Bevan; Boerio-Goates, Juliana (2000), Chemical Thermodynamics: Advanced Applications, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-530985-6
[hide]
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values: \left({\frac  {\partial ({\frac  {\Delta G_{{{\mathit  {fus}}}}^{\circ }}{T}})}{\partial T}}\right)_{{p\,}}=-{\frac  {\Delta H_{{{\mathit  {fus}}}}^{\circ }}{T^{2}}}

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text:
My Bucket's Got a Hole in It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with There's a Hole in My Bucket.
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
Single by Hank Williams
B-side
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
Released
1949
Genre
Honky-tonk, blues
Length
2:30
Label
MGM
Songwriter(s)
Clarence Williams
Hank Williams singles chronology
"Mind Your Own Business"
(1949) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1949) "I Just Don't Like This Kind of Living"
(1949)
"Mind Your Own Business"
(1949) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1949) "I Just Don't Like This Kind of Living"
(1949)
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" is a song widely attributed to Clarence Williams, who obtained a copyright in 1933. The song became popular performed by Hank Williams for MGM and reached #4 on the country chart in 1949.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Tom Gates version
3 Washboard Sam version
4 Hank Williams version
5 Other versions
6 References
Origins[edit]
A rendering (1927) by Tom Gates and his Orchestra (on Gennett 6184) as "The Bucket's Got A Hole In It" gives writing credit to musicians Lee Blevins and Victor Sells. This version predates the C. Williams copyright. The original melody evolved from the second theme of "Long Lost Blues" published in 1914 by J. Paul Wyer and H. Alf Kelley. The "Long Lost Blues" theme was a variation of "Bucket's Got a Hole in It", a motif that appears in several versions of "Keep A-Knockin". This tune later became the basis for several versions of the song, "You Can't Come In" recorded by multiple artists. However, "Bucket's Got a Hole in It" has also been attributed to Buddy Bolden, which would date it before 1906.[2] As one critic noted, Hank Williams "could have been given this ditty to record, [but] he may have been familiar with this ditty from previous recordings or had heard it while growing up in Alabama."[3]
Tom Gates version[edit]
Tom Gates and his Orchestra performed the earliest known recording of this song on July 25, 1927 (Gennett 6198-A Champion 15307) in St. Paul, Minnesota as "The Bucket's Got a Hole in It."[4] Band members included the composers, Lee N. Blevins on trombone and Victor Sells on trumpet. Also playing were Earl Clark, Frank Cloustier (Piano, Director), Bob Gates, Tom Gates, Tracy "Pug" Mama, Nevin Simmons (Alto Sax/Vocals), and Harold Stoddard. Even in this early recording, the melody had already been used by the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in their "She's Crying For Me Blues" ('25 - Victor), also by Louis Dumaine's Jazzola Eight in '27 as To-Wa-Bac-A-Wa-Yale Blues.
Washboard Sam version[edit]
Washboard Sam, aka Robert Brown, released a version of this song on Bluebird B-7906 known as "Bucket's Got A Hole In It." This recording was made in 1937 as one of "several historic blues recording sessions [that] took place on the top floor of the Leland Hotel located in downtown Aurora, Illinois. Lester Melrose, a freelance A&R man, and record producer, put together those recording sessions for the Bluebird label. Melrose brought together a small group of artists from St. Louis, and some of Chicago’s finest blues artists of the time, and over the course of the next 20 months, recorded over 300 tracks.[5] " Featured in this series of recordings are the performers Tampa Red, Washboard Sam, Big Bill Broonzy, Walter Davis, John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson, Big Joe Williams, Henry Townsend, Robert Lee McCoy, Speckled Red, Merlene Johnson, Addie “Sweet Peas” Spivey, Bill “Jazz” Gillum and One Arm Slim, amongst many others.[5]
Hank Williams playing guitar in Montgomery, Alabama in 1938
Hank Williams version[edit]
Williams likely first heard "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" from Rufus Payne, nicknamed "Tee Tot," a black street singer who taught a young Hank to play blues guitar.[6] In the essay to the 1990 Polygram box set Hank Williams: The Original Singles Collection, Colin Escott quotes Williams in an interview with Ralph Gleason in 1952: "I was shinin' shoes and sellin' newspapers and following this old Nigrah around to get him to teach me how to play the git-tar. I'd give him 15 cents or whatever I could get ahold of for a lesson." Understandably, producer Fred Rose was wary of the song's commercial potential; as country music historian Escott notes, "Fred Rose's opposition to the song had a lot to do with the fact that it mentioned beer, and probably had something to do with the fact that Acuff-Rose didn't publish it." In addition, Williams originally had a couplet mentioning a Ford automobile ("Me an' my baby, we got a Ford/Now we change the gears from the running board") and Rose demanded that, if Williams did record it, the reference be dropped because if Hank endorsed Ford, "then deejays sponsored by GM, Chrysler, and Studebaker wouldn't spin his record."[7] Williams recorded the song on August 30, 1949 at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati, Ohio (the same session that produced the B-side "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"). He is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley Boys - Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Innis (rhythm guitar) - as well as Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Ernie Newton (bass).[8]
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (Hank Williams version)
Hank Williams' 1949 recording of the song
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The song is significant for featuring the only guitar solo Williams ever recorded:
"Hank came into the studio with the guitar solo already worked out. He played it twice as he demo'd it for the band, then reprised it on the record, and while it didn't break new ground, it was loose and swinging and wonderfully bluesy. The entire record had a compelling swing that showed just how deeply Hank was immersed in black music."[7]
The blues influence is evident in other Williams songs, such as "Move It on Over," "Mind Your Own Business," and "Honky Tonk Blues," but "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" remains the song that displays the influence most prominently.
Other versions[edit]
Murv Shiner recorded the song for Decca.
Dave Denny recorded "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" for RCA.
T. Texas Tyler covered the song for 4-Star Records in 1949. The song reached #4 on the country chart.[9]
Fat Man Robinson recorded an R&B version for Decca that contained the lines to a Ford that Williams had dropped from his version.
Louis Armstrong recorded the song in 1950.
Sonny Burgess released a version as a single in 1957.[10]
Ken Colyer's Jazzmen released a version as a single in 1956 in the United Kingdom.[11]
Ricky Nelson released a version of the song in 1958. The song reached #6 on the R&B chart, #10 on the country chart, and #12 on the Billboard Hot 100.[12] Nelson substituted "I can't buy no beer" with "It don't work no more."
"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
Single by Ricky Nelson
B-side
"Believe What You Say"
Released
March 10, 1958
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
2:00
Label
Imperial Records 5503
Songwriter(s)
Clarence Williams
Ricky Nelson singles chronology
"Stood Up"
(1957) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1958) "Poor Little Fool"
(1958)
"Stood Up"
(1957) "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It"
(1958) "Poor Little Fool"
(1958)
The Ramsey Lewis Trio released a version on their 1962 album, Country Meets the Blues.[13]
Bob Dylan and The Band recorded the song in 1967, released in 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete.[14]
Chris Spedding released a version as a single in 1975 in the United Kingdom.[15]
Andy Fairweather Low recorded his own version and it appeared on his 1975 album, La Booga Rooga.[16]
Jim Goad recorded a version on his 1997 album as Big Red Goad, Truck Drivin' Psycho.
Page and Plant released a version on the 2001 compilation, Good Rockin' Tonight - The Legacy Of Sun Records.[17]
Van Morrison released a version on his 2006 album, Pay the Devil.[18]
Willie Nelson and Wynton Marsalis released a version on their 2008 album, Two Men with the Blues.[19]
Tim Timebomb released a version on 2012
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It : Hank Williams : Chart positions". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Joop's Musical Flowers: You Can't Come In .." 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
Jump up ^ Bratkovich, Colin (2014). Just Remember This. Xlibris Xorporation. p. 690. ISBN 9781483645179. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ "Tom Gates and his Orchestra". 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Leland Bluebird Sessions". 12 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ David Brackett (2000-10-25). "Interpreting Popular Music: With a new preface by the author". Books.google.com. p. 98. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Escott, Colin & 2004 126.
Jump up ^ Escott, Colin & 2004 332.
Jump up ^ "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It : T. Texas Tyler : Chart positions". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Sonny Burgess - My Bucket's Got A Hole In It / Sweet Misery - Sun - USA - 285". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Ken Colyer's Jazzmen - Wabash Blues / My Bucket's Got A Hole In It - Tempo - UK - A 126". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It : Ricky Nelson : Chart positions". Musicvf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Country Meets the Blues - Ramsey Lewis | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Bob Dylan - The Basement Tapes Complete: The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 - Amazon.com Music". Amazon.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Chris Spedding - My Bucket's Got A Hole In It / I Can't Boogie - Island - UK - WIP 6225". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann. "La Booga Rooga - Andy Fairweather Low | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (2001-10-16). "Good Rockin' Tonight: The Legacy of Sun Records - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ Thom Jurek (2006-03-07). "Pay the Devil - Van Morrison | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Two Men with the Blues - Willie Nelson,Wynton Marsalis | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
[show]
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"For You"
"The Very Thought of You"
"There's Nothing I Can Say"
"She Belongs to Me"
"Life"
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Natural Renegade: Opus Collection
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One Hell of a Ride
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Books
Willie: An Autobiography
The Facts of Life: And Other Dirty Jokes
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On The Clean Road Again: Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm
A Tale Out of Luck
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Lymph
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lymph
Diagram showing the formation of lymph from interstitial fluid (labeled here as "Tissue fluid"). Note how the tissue fluid is entering the blind ends of lymph capillaries (shown as deep green arrows)
Details
System
Lymphatic system
Source
Formed from interstitial fluid
Identifiers
Latin
Lympha
MeSH
D008196
TA
A12.0.00.043
FMA
9671
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. The lymph is formed when the interstitial fluid (the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues)[1] is collected through lymph capillaries. It is then transported through larger lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, where it is cleaned by lymphocytes, before emptying ultimately into the right or the left subclavian vein, where it mixes back with the blood.
Since the lymph is derived from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes as the blood and the surrounding cells continually exchange substances with the interstitial fluid. It is generally similar to blood plasma, which is the fluid component of blood. Lymph returns proteins and excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. Lymph may pick up bacteria and bring them to lymph nodes, where they are destroyed. Metastatic cancer cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system (beginning in the lacteals) to the blood via chylomicrons.
The word lymph is derived from the name of the ancient Roman deity of fresh water, Lympha.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Development
3 Function
3.1 Lymphatic circulation
4 Clinical significance
5 History
6 As a growth medium
7 References
Structure[edit]
Human lymph, obtained after a thoracic duct injury
Lymph has a composition comparable to that of blood plasma, but it may differ slightly. Lymph contains white blood cells. In particular, the lymph that leaves a lymph node is richer in lymphocytes. Likewise, the lymph formed in the human digestive system called chyle is rich in triglycerides (fat), and looks milky white because of its lipid content.
Development[edit]
Formation of interstitial fluid from blood
Blood supplies nutrients and important metabolites to the cells of a tissue and collects back the waste products they produce, which requires exchange of respective constituents between the blood and tissue cells. This exchange is not direct, but instead occurs through an intermediary called interstitial fluid, which occupies the spaces between cells. As the blood and the surrounding cells continually add and remove substances from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes. Water and solutes can pass between the interstitial fluid and blood via diffusion across gaps in capillary walls called intercellular clefts; thus, the blood and interstitial fluid are in dynamic equilibrium with each other.[2]
Interstitial fluid forms at the arterial (coming from the heart) end of capillaries because of the higher pressure of blood compared to veins, and most of it returns to its venous ends and venules; the rest (up to 10%) enters the lymph capillaries as lymph.[3] Thus, lymph when formed is a watery clear liquid with the same composition as the interstitial fluid. However, as it flows through the lymph nodes it comes in contact with blood, and tends to accumulate more cells (particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins.[4]
Function[edit]
Lymph returns proteins and excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. Lymph may pick up bacteria and bring them to lymph nodes, where they are destroyed. Metastatic cancer cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system (beginning in the lacteals) to the blood via chylomicrons.
Lymphatic circulation[edit]
Main article: Lymphatic system
Tubular vessels transport lymph back to the blood, ultimately replacing the volume lost during the formation of the interstitial fluid. These channels are the lymphatic channels, or simply lymphatics.[5]
Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump, or lymph hearts (which are found in some animals). Lymph transport, therefore, is slow and sporadic. Despite low pressure, lymph movement occurs due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation.[6]
Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from the interstitial spaces usually does not flow backwards along the vessels because of the presence of valves. If excessive hydrostatic pressure develops within the lymph vessels, though, some fluid can leak back into the interstitial spaces and contribute to formation of oedema.
Flow of the lymph in the thoracic duct in an average resting person usually approximates 100ml per hour. Accompanied by another ~25ml per hour in other lymph vessels, total lymph flow in the body is about 4 to 5 liters per day. This can be elevated several folds while exercising. Thus it can be estimated that without lymphatic flow, an average resting person would die within 24 hours. [7]
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)
History[edit]
The word lymph is derived from the name of the ancient Roman deity of fresh water, Lympha.
As a growth medium[edit]
In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog nerve cell processes in a medium of clotted lymph. It is made up of lymph nodes and vessels.
In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew vaccinia virus in fragments of tissue culture from guinea pig corneal grown in lymph.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fluid Physiology: 2.1 Fluid Compartments
Jump up ^ "The Lymphatic System". Human Anatomy (Gray's Anatomy). Retrieved 2012-10-12.
Jump up ^ Warwick, Roger; Peter L. Williams (1973) [1858]. "Angiology (Chapter 6)". Gray's anatomy. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moore (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Sloop, Charles H.; Ladislav Dory; Paul S. Roheim (March 1987). "Interstitial fluid lipoproteins" (PDF). Journal of Lipid Research. 28 (3): 225–237. PMID 3553402. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Definition of lymphatics". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary. MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
Jump up ^ Shayan, Ramin; Achen, Marc G.; Stacker, Steven A. (2006). "Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis: bridging the gaps". Carcinogenesis. 27 (9): 1729–38. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl031. PMID 16597644.
Jump up ^ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Saunders. 2010. pp. 186, 187. ISBN 978-1416045748.
Jump up ^ Steinhardt, E; Israeli, C; and Lambert, R.A. (1913) "Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia" J. Inf Dis. 13, 294–300
[show]
v
t
e
Lymphatic vessels
Nodal
Lymph capillary
Lymphatic vessel
Other
Lymph trunk
Lymph
Lymphangion
[show]
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t
e
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Precapillary resistance
Veins
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Venule
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Lymphatic vessel
Lymph
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Circulatory system
Systemic
Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)
Pulmonary
Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart
Microanatomy
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Microcirculation
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Endothelium
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Authority control
NDL: 00569514
Biology portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymph&oldid=838371447"
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text:
Ich bin ein Berliner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) speech
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Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy, June 26, 1963. Duration 9:01; "Ich bin ein Berliner" first appears at 2:02, then again at 8:43.
Ich bin ein Berliner ("I am a Berliner") speech (audio)
Audio-only version (Duration 9:22)
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Coordinates: 52°29′06″N 13°20′40″E / 52.484932°N 13.344395°E / 52.484932; 13.344395
"Ich bin ein Berliner" (German pronunciation: [ˈʔɪç ˈbɪn ʔaɪn bɛɐ̯ˈliːnɐ], "I am a Berliner") is a quotation from a June 26, 1963, speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin. It is widely regarded as the best-known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German, "Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen" ("Let them come to Berlin"), addressed at those who claimed "we can work with the Communists", a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later.
The speech is considered one of Kennedy's best, both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation. Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000, Kennedy said,
Two thousand years ago, the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ["I am a Roman citizen"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is "Ich bin ein Berliner!"... All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words "Ich bin ein Berliner!"
Kennedy used the phrase twice in his speech, including at the end, pronouncing the sentence with his Boston accent and reading from his note "ish bin ein Bearleener", which he had written out using English orthography to approximate the German pronunciation. He also used classical Latin pronunciation of civis romanus sum, with the c pronounced /k/ and the v as /w/.
There is a widespread misconception (outside German-speaking countries) that the phrase is incorrect German and in fact means "I'm a doughnut". It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Genesis and execution of the speech
2.1 Origins
2.2 Delivery
3 Consequences and legacy
4 "I'm a doughnut" urban legend
5 Cultural references
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: History of Berlin
The four sectors of Berlin
Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union. Initially governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War escalated until the Soviet forces implemented the Berlin Blockade, which the Western allies relieved with the dramatic airlift. Afterward, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany, completely surrounded by East Germany. From 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin. Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected to the West via West Berlin, a labour drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse.
In 1961, the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barbed-wire barrier around West Berlin, officially called the antifaschistischer Schutzwall (anti-fascist protective barrier). The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies and agents of West Germany from crossing into the East. However, it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was to keep East German citizens from escaping to the West. Over a period of months the wall was rebuilt using concrete, and buildings were demolished to create a "death zone" in view of East German guards armed with machine guns. The Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain, and Berlin went from being one of the easiest places to cross from East Europe to West Europe to being one of the most difficult.[1]
The West, including the U.S., was accused of failing to respond forcefully to the erection of the Wall. Officially, Berlin was under joint occupation by the four allied powers, each with primary responsibility for a certain zone. Kennedy's speech marked the first instance where the U.S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany. On July 25, 1961, Kennedy insisted in a presidential address that the U.S. would defend West Berlin, asserting its Four-Power rights, while making it clear that challenging the Soviet presence in Germany was not possible.
Genesis and execution of the speech[edit]
Origins[edit]
John F. Kennedy's phonetic transcription of the German and Latin phrases in the Ich bin ein Berliner speech
The Ich bin ein Berliner speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4, 1962, in New Orleans; there also he used the phrase civis Romanus sum by saying "Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say, "I am a citizen of Rome." Today, I believe, in 1962 the proudest boast is to say, "I am a citizen of the United States." And it is not enough to merely say it; we must live it. Anyone can say it. But Americans who serve today in West Berlin—your sons and brothers --[...] are the Americans who are bearing the great burden."[2] The phrases "I am a Berliner" and "I am proud to be in Berlin" were typed already a week before the speech on a list of expressions to be used, including a phonetic transcription of the German translation. Such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech (in Kennedy's own handwriting), from June 25. The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions, which are added by hand by Kennedy himself.[3]
In practice sessions before the trip, Kennedy had run through a number of sentences, even paragraphs, to recite in German; in these sessions, he was helped by Margaret Plischke, a translator working for the US State Department; by Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's counsel and habitual speechwriter; and by an interpreter, Robert Lochner, who had grown up in Berlin. It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length.[3]
But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner. Plischke wrote a 1997 account[4] of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside already by the translator scheduled to accompany him on the trip ("a rather unpleasant man who complained bitterly that he had had to interrupt his vacation just to watch the President’s mannerisms").[5] Additionally, Ted Sorensen claimed in his memoir Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (2008) to have had a hand in the speech, and said he had incorrectly inserted the word ein, incorrectly taking responsibility for the "jelly doughnut misconception", below,[6] a claim apparently supported by Berlin mayor Willy Brandt but dismissed by later scholars since the final typed version, which does not contain the words, is the last one Sorensen could have worked on.[3] Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of "I am a Berliner", and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt's office.[3] Daum credited the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above. According to Daum, Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall, so that he "falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before, changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner."[3]
Delivery[edit]
Kennedy delivering his speech in Berlin
Behind the long table set up on the steps of the Rathaus Schöneberg were U.S. and German dignitaries, including Dean Rusk (Kennedy's Secretary of State), Lucius D. Clay (the US administrator of Germany), Konrad Adenauer (the German chancellor), Willy Brandt, and Otto Bach (President of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin). The crowd was estimated at 450,000 people.[7] Bach spoke first, of the recent developments in Berlin, especially the wall. He was followed by Konrad Adenauer, who spoke briefly and introduced the president.
Kennedy was accompanied not by Robert Lochner, but by Heinz Weber of the Berlin mission; Weber translated the president's speech to the audience. Besides the typescript, Kennedy had a cue card on which he himself had written the phonetic spelling, and he surprised everyone by completely disregarding the speech, which had taken weeks to prepare. Instead, he improvised: "He says more than he should, something different from what his advisers had recommended, and is more provocative than he had intended to be."[3]
The speech culminated with the second use in the speech of the Ich bin ein Berliner phrase: "Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner!" The crowd was quiet while Weber translated and repeated the president's German line; Kennedy was obviously relieved at the crowd's positive response and thanked Weber for his translation. Weber translated this compliment also. According to Daum, after this first successful delivery, "Kennedy, who fiddles a bit with his suit jacket, is grinning like a boy who has just pulled off a coup."[3]
Kennedy's National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy thought the speech had gone "a little too far", and the two revised the text for a softer stance before repeating the speech at the Freie Universität Berlin later that day.[8]
Consequences and legacy[edit]
Plaque commemorating Kennedy's speech next to the front entrance of Rathaus Schöneberg
Liberian $5 coin commemorating the speech
While the immediate response from the West German population was positive, the Soviet authorities were less pleased with the combative Lass sie nach Berlin kommen. Only two weeks before, Kennedy had spoken in a more conciliatory tone, speaking of "improving relations with the Soviet Union": in response to Kennedy's Berlin speech, Nikita Khrushchev, days later, remarked that "one would think that the speeches were made by two different Presidents."[9]
Ronald Reagan would evoke both the sentiment and the legacy of Kennedy's speech 24 years later in his "Tear down this wall!" speech.
There are commemorative sites to Kennedy in Berlin, such as the German-American John F. Kennedy School and the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies of the FU Berlin. The public square in front of the Rathaus Schöneberg was renamed John-F.-Kennedy-Platz. A large plaque dedicated to Kennedy is mounted on a column at the entrance of the building and the room above the entrance and overlooking the square is dedicated to Kennedy and his visit.
The original manuscript of the speech is stored with the National Archives and Records Administration.
"I'm a doughnut" urban legend[edit]
Berliner with plum jam filling
There is a widespread perception that Kennedy made an embarrassing mistake by saying Ich bin ein Berliner. By not leaving out the indefinite article "ein," he supposedly changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a Berliner" (a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly doughnut).
According to some grammar texts,[10] the indefinite article can be omitted in German when speaking of an individual's profession or origin but is in any case used when speaking in a figurative sense.[11][12]
Furthermore, although the word "Berliner"[9][13] is used for a jelly doughnut in the north, west and southwest of Germany, it is not used in Berlin itself or the surrounding region, where the usual word is "Pfannkuchen."
A further part of the misconception is that the audience to his speech laughed at his supposed error. They actually cheered and applauded both times the phrase was used. They laughed and cheered a few seconds after the first use of the phrase when Kennedy joked with the interpreter: "I appreciate my interpreter translating my German."[14]
A reference to this misconception appears in Len Deighton's spy novel Berlin Game, published in 1983, which contains the following passage, spoken by Bernard Samson:
'Ich bin ein Berliner,' I said. It was a joke. A Berliner is a doughnut. The day after President Kennedy made his famous proclamation, Berlin cartoonists had a field day with talking doughnuts.[15]
In Deighton's novel, Samson is an unreliable narrator, and his words cannot be taken at face value. However, The New York Times' review of Deighton's novel appeared to treat Samson's remark as factual and added the detail that Kennedy's audience found his remark funny:
Here is where President Kennedy announced, Ich bin ein Berliner, and thereby amused the city's populace because in the local parlance a Berliner is a doughnut.[16]
Four years later, it found its way into a New York Times op-ed:
It's worth recalling, again, President John F. Kennedy's use of a German phrase while standing before the Berlin Wall. It would be great, his wordsmiths thought, for him to declare himself a symbolic citizen of Berlin. Hence, Ich bin ein Berliner. What they did not know, but could easily have found out, was that such citizens never refer to themselves as 'Berliners.' They reserve that term for a favorite confection often munched at breakfast. So, while they understood and appreciated the sentiments behind the President's impassioned declaration, the residents tittered among themselves when he exclaimed, literally, "I am a jelly-filled doughnut."[17]
The doughnut misconception has since been repeated by media such as the BBC (by Alistair Cooke in his Letter from America program),[18] The Guardian,[19] MSNBC,[20] CNN,[21] Time magazine,[22] and The New York Times;[6] mentioned in several books about Germany written by English-speaking authors, including Norman Davies[23] and Kenneth C. Davis;[24] and used in the manual for the Speech Synthesis Markup Language.[25] It is also mentioned in Robert Dallek's biography of Kennedy, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963.[26]
Another reference to this misconception appears in David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest, published in 1996, which contains the following passage:
Few foreigners realize that the German term Berliner is also the vulgate idiom for a common jelly doughnut, and thus that Kennedy's seminal 'Ich bin ein Berliner' was greeted by the Teutonic crowds with a delight only apparently political.[27]
Cultural references[edit]
The phrase and the legend are quoted very often in fiction and popular culture in the United States. Besides a direct quote, there exist many variations starting "Ich bin ein (+ noun, e.g., Frankfurter, Hamburger)" that is supposed to be understood by the primarily English-speaking audience based on the widespread knowledge of this German phrase and its myth. The phrase is perhaps ambiguous, but in context it is clear.
See also[edit]
Tear down this wall!, Ronald Reagan's 1987 Berlin speech
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keeling, Drew (2014), "Berlin Wall and Migration," Migration as a travel business
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy: Remarks in New Orleans at a Civic Reception". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project [online]. May 4, 1962. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Daum, Andreas W. (2008). Kennedy in Berlin. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 147–55. ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
Jump up ^ Her letter to American Heritage is printed anonymously; however, in the first-person story the writer refers to herself as "Mrs. Plischke from the Foreign Service Institute." Additionally, she is named as Margarethe Plischke in Kennedy and the Berlin Wall by W. R. Smyser, p. 217. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ Anonymous (1997). "Teaching The Berliner". American Heritage. 8 (4).
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Jack (May 18, 2008). "Profile in Courage". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ This is the estimate given in Daum, Kennedy in Berlin 137. A BBC article has a much lower number, 120,000. "On This Day: 1963: Kennedy: 'Ich bin ein Berliner'". BBC. June 26, 2005. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert Lochner. "Teaching JFK German". CNN.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan, Halford Ross (1995). U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook. Greenwood. pp. 219–20. ISBN 978-0-313-29059-6.
Jump up ^ Despite widespread claims to the contrary in most German grammars and textbooks, it is not incorrect to use an indefinite article before an indication of a person's origin, profession. As explained in the Duden-Grammatik: "Der indefinite Artikel wird beim prädikativen Nominativ [...] oft weggelassen, wenn damit die Zugehörigkeit zu einer sozial etablierten und anerkannten Gruppe (Nationalität, Herkunft, Beruf, Funktion, Weltanschauung, Religion, gesellschaftlicher Status usw.) angegeben wird (a). Zum Teil bestehen regionale Unterschiede im Gebrauch; ein strikter Standard hat sich nicht herausgebildet (b): (a) Sie wird _ Hochbauzeichnerin. Er bleibt _ Junggeselle. (b) Er ist (ein) Engländer. Sie ist (eine) Heidelbergerin." (Duden-Grammatik, 8. ed. 2009, p. 331.
Jump up ^ The Real Meaning of Ich Bin ein Berliner, The Atlantic
Jump up ^ Eichhoff, Jürgen (1993). "'Ich bin ein Berliner': A History and Linguistic Clarification". Monatshefte für den deutschen Unterricht, deutsche Sprache und Kultur. Monatshefte, University of Wisconsin Press. 85 (1): 71–80. ISSN 0026-9271. , cited in Erb, Scott (2003). German Foreign Policy: Navigating a New Era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. p. 52. ISBN 1-58826-168-9.
Jump up ^ "Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?" [I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?] (in German). Stadtkind. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy: Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a 'Berliner')". American Rhetoric. June 26, 1963.
Jump up ^ Deighton, Len (1985) [1983]. Berlin Game (1st Ballantine Books ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 112. ISBN 0-345-31498-0.
Jump up ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (December 12, 1983). "Books of the Times: Berlin Game, by Len Deighton". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
Jump up ^ Miller, William J (April 30, 1988). "I Am a Jelly-Filled Doughnut". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
Jump up ^ "Programmes | Letter From America | "I am a Jelly Doughnut"". BBC News. 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Richard (September 10, 2005). "How we got the measure of a Berliner". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Bloopers", One good move, Nov 2005 .
Jump up ^ "9", Cold War (special), CNN, archived from the original on December 18, 2008 .
Jump up ^ Purvis, Andrew (2007-01-09). "Wall-To-Wall Kennedy". Time. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ Davies, Norman (1998), Europe: A History, New York, p. 1113 .
Jump up ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (2007). Don't Know Much about Anything: Everything You Need to Know But Never Learned about People, Places, Events, and More!. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-125146-7.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Daniel C.; Walker, Mark R; Hunt, Andrew (September 7, 2004). "Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML)". Speech Synthesis Markup Language Recommendation (Version 1.0 ed.). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dallek, Robert (2003), An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963, p. 625, In the midst of so tumultuous a reception, no one was ready to complain that Kennedy should have said, ‘Ich bin Berliner’ instead of ‘ein Berliner,’ which was colloquial German for a jelly doughnut.
Jump up ^ Wallace, David Foster (1996). Infinite Jest (1st Little, Brown ed.). New York: Little, Brown. p. 1079. ISBN 0-316-92004-5.
Further reading[edit]
Daum, Andreas W. (2007). Kennedy in Berlin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
Provan, John D. (2013). Ich bin ein Berliner. Berlin: Berlinstory-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86368-112-8.
Heichler, Lucian (June 2002). "I Remember... How Berlin Mourned John F. Kennedy". American Diplomacy.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ich bin ein Berliner
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visit of John F. Kennedy in Berlin, 1963.
Who famously said "Ich bin ein Berliner" on this day in 1963?
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JFK Letter On Success of Trip to Europe 1963 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Text: Kennedy's Berlin speech text
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