text:
List of Vice-Presidents of India
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The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President. In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution, the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation, removal, death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions. He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India.[1] The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the elected members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India. Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five-year term, but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term, until a successor assumes office. The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha.[2]
There have been 13 vice-president, since the inception of the post in 1950. The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952
On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India, thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 Footnotes and References
4 External links
List[edit]
The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India, following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950. Some of whom later became presidents.[4]
Vice-Presidents of India (by state of birth)
Colour key
Vice President was an Independent candidate
Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress (INC)
Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal (JD)
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Elected
(% votes)
Took office
Left office
Term (in years)
Notes
President(s)
Candidate of
1
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975) 1952
(Unopposed)
1957
(Unopposed)
13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms. Rajendra Prasad Independent
2
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969) — 1962
(97.59) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent
3
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980) — 1967
(71.45) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 2 Zakir Husain Independent
4
Gopal Swarup Pathak
(1896–1982) — 1969
— 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)
Independent
5
Basappa Danappa Jatti
(1912–2002) — 1974
(78.70) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979) Indian National Congress
6
Mohammad Hidayatullah
(1905–1992) — 1979
(Unopposed) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982)
Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984) Independent
7
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009) 1984
(71.05) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 3 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress
8
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999) 1987
(Unopposed) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress
9
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005) 1992
(99.86) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress
10
Krishan Kant
(1927–2002) — 1997
(61.76) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 4 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002) Janata Dal
11
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
(1923–2010) 2002
(59.82) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party
12
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
(1937–) 2007
(60.51)
2012
(67.31) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil (2007–2012)
Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)
Ram Nath Kovind (2017) Indian National Congress
13
Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu
(1949–) 2017
(67.89) 11 August 2017 Incumbent — Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party
Notes
† Died in office
See also[edit]
Vice-President of India
President of India
List of Presidents of India
List of Prime Ministers of India
Footnotes and References[edit]
Jump up ^ "VPI & Constitution | Vice President of India | Government of India". vicepresidentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
Jump up ^ Media Division,Election Commission of India. "Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012" (PDF). eci.nic.in. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President". The Hindu. PTI. 2017-08-11. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
Jump up ^ List of Presidents /Vice Presidents Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Vice-President of India (official website)
[hide]
v
t
e
Vice-presidential elections in India
1952
1957
1962
1967
1969
1974
1979
1984
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
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2017
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text:
The Pardoner's Tale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2002 television episode, see The Pardoner's Tale (Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode).
The Pardoner, as depicted by William Blake in The Canterbury Pilgrims (1810)
The Pardoner's Tale is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. In the order of the Tales, it comes after The Physician's Tale and before The Shipman's Tale; it is prompted by the Host's desire to hear something positive after that depressing tale. The Pardoner initiates his Prologue—briefly accounting his methods of conning people—and then proceeds to tell a moral tale.
The tale itself is an extended exemplum. Setting out to kill Death, three young men encounter an Old Man who says they will find him under a nearby tree. When they arrive they discover a hoard of treasure and decide to stay with it until nightfall and carry it away under cover of darkness. Out of greed, they murder each other. The tale and prologue are primarily concerned with what the Pardoner says is his "theme": Radix malorum est cupiditas ("Greed is the root of [all] evils").
Contents
[hide]
1 Frame
2 Synopsis
2.1 Prologue
2.2 Tale
3 Sources and composition
4 Analysis
5 Character of the teller
6 General themes
7 Adaptations
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Frame[edit]
In the order of The Canterbury Tales, the Pardoner's Prologue and Tale are preceded by The Physician's Tale. The Physician's Tale is a harrowing tale about a judge who plots with a "churl [low fellow]" to abduct a beautiful young woman; rather than allow her to be raped, her father beheads her. The invitation for the Pardoner to tell a tale comes after the Host declares his dissatisfaction with the depressing tale, and declares:
… but [unless] I have triacle [medicine],
Or elles a draughte of morste [fresh] and corny [strong] ale,
Or but I heere anon a myrie tale,
Myn herte is lost for pitee of this mayde. (lines 314–17)[1]
The Host then asks the Pardoner to "telle us som mrythe or japes [joke, jest] right anon".[2] However, the pilgrims—aware of pardoners' notoriety for telling lewd tales and in anticipation of hearing something objectionable[3]—voice their desire for no ribaldry, but instead want a moral tale.
Synopsis[edit]
Prologue[edit]
The prologue takes the form of a literary confession in the same manner as The Wife of Bath's Prologue.[4] However, rather than an apology for his vices, the Pardoner boasts of his duping of his victims, for whom he has nothing but contempt.[4] He says that his "theme"—biblical text for a sermon—is Radix malorum est cupiditas ("Greed is the root of [all] evils" 1 Timothy 6.10).[1] He explains that his false credentials consist of official letters from high-ranking church officials and a superficial use of a few Latin words;[5] then he will produce some "relics", and claim that among them is a bone which has miraculous powers when dipped into a well and a mitten for which:
He that his hand wol putte in this mitayn,
He shal have multipliyng of his greyn, (lines 373–374)
But he will warn that any person that "hath doon synne horrible" will not be able to benefit from these relics.[6] The Pardoner says to the pilgrims that by these tricks he has acquired a considerable sum of money. He goes on to relate how he stands like a clergy at the pulpit, and preaches against avarice but to gain the congregation's money; he doesn't care for the correction of sin or for their souls.[7] Against anyone that offends either him or other pardoners, he will "stynge hym with my tonge smerte". Although he is guilty of avarice himself, he reiterates that his theme is always Radix malorum … and that he can nonetheless preach so that others turn away from the vice and repent—though his "principal entente" is for personal gain. The Pardoner explains that he then offers many anecdotes to the "lewed [ignorant, unlearned] people".[8] He scorns the thought of living in poverty while he preaches; he desires "moneie, wolle [wool], chese, and whete"[9] and doesn't care whether it were from the poorest widow in the village, even should her children starve for famine. Yet, he concludes to the pilgrims, though he may be a "ful vicious man", he can tell a moral tale and proceeds.
Tale[edit]
The tale is set in Flanders at an indeterminate time, and opens with three young men drinking, gambling and blaspheming in a tavern. The Pardoner condemns each of these "tavern sins" in turn—gluttony, drinking, gambling, and swearing—with support from the Christian scriptures, before proceeding with the tale. The rioters hear a bell signalling a burial; their friend has been killed by a "privee theef" known as Death, who has also killed a thousand others. The men set out to avenge them and kill Death. An old man they brusquely query tells them that he has asked Death to take him but has failed. He then says they can find death at the foot of an oak tree. When the men arrive at the tree, they find a large amount of gold coins and forget about their quest to kill Death. They decide to sleep at the oak tree over night, so they can take the coins in the morning. The three men draw straws to see who among them should fetch wine and food while the other two wait under the tree. The youngest of the three men draws the shortest straw and departs; while he is away, the remaining two plot to overpower and stab him upon his return. However, the one who leaves for town plots to kill the other two: he purchases rat poison and laces the wine. When he returns with the food and drink, the other two kill him and then consume the poisoned wine, dying slow and painful deaths.
Sources and composition[edit]
The prologue—taking the form of a literary confession—was most probably modelled on that of "Faus Semblaunt" in the medieval French poem Roman de la Rose.[10] The tale of the three rioters is a version of a folk tale with a "remarkably wide range"[11] and has numerous analogues: ancient Buddhist, Persian,[12] and African.[13][11]
Analysis[edit]
The relationship between tellers and tale is distinctly significant in "The Pardoner's Tale." The Pardoner is an enigmatic character, portrayed as grotesque in the General Prologue. He is seemingly aware of his sin—it is not clear why he tells the pilgrims about his sin in the prologue before his tale commences. His preaching is correct and the results of his methods, despite their corruption, are good. Chaucer describes him as a "draughte of corny strong ale," which arguably suggests that the character candidly speaks thanks in part to intoxication. The Pardoner's confession is similar in that there is a revelation of details buried within the prologue by "The Wife of Bath Tale." The Wife of Bath gives away details about herself in the prologue to her particular tale.
Chaucer describes The Pardoner as an excellent speaker in his portrait of the character in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, which inherently reflects the quality of the narrative attributed to him.
The old man who appears before the rioters has been the subject of considerable debate. Many persons and scholars reference him as "death in person," "the Wandering Jew," "Old Age itself," and "Death's messenger. "[14] W. J. B. Owen refutes these views as he points out that "He is seeking Death; and that Death or his agent should find death is contrary to all the logic of allegory." Owen argues that a character is merely an old man and not a symbol of mortality.[14]
The Old Man in The Pardoner's Tale is oftentimes written off as one who does not provide any sort of substance to the play. However, critic, Alfred David, refutes such claims and asserts the possibility that the Old Man in "The Pardoner's Tale" is meant to symbolise more than unambiguous death, "the old man's identity does not admit a simple, unambiguous, and definitive answer such as Death or Death's Messenger"[14]. David goes on to assert that the Old Man may actually symbolise the "Wandering Jew" as defined to be a symbol of death that will supposedly roam the Earth until the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. One may compare this notion to the symbol and character of the Old Man in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
"The Pardoner's Tale" finds itself widely debated among those in the literary world. The question of Chaucer's motivation in writing the tale, as well as potential social comments made within it, have been the subject of controversy concerning The Canterbury Tales. Gregory W. Gross, as dictated in Modern Language Studies, concludes that The Pardoner finds himself publicly shamed by the Host's reprimand at the end of the tale. There is an "undertone" of exclusion at this point in the work that, perhaps, leads to the question of the sexuality of The Pardoner and the social boundaries at hand. To reaffirm his claim, Gross points out the ridicule and "laughter" on behalf of the other pilgrims. Perhaps Chaucer is looking upon the Pardoner with a "compassionate eye," as the Host offers a kiss at the end of the tale. According to Gross, this could simply be the poet's way of easing the tension in the room, thus a sign of "compassion" towards the embarrassment of the Pardoner on behalf of the poet. Ultimately, it is plausible that Chaucer makes a societal statement long before his time that serves as a literary teaching moment in modern time as one further examines The Canterbury Tales.
In further analysis, psychological patterns of the character of the Pardoner is frequently analysed by readers and critics alike. In 1961, critic Eric W. Stockton defined the psychology-based research of the character, "The psychology of the Pardoner has perhaps gotten in the way of the task of interpreting the stories' meaning. This is indeed an age of psychology." [15] As Stockton states, the character has largely been overanalysed, especially amidst mid-century advances in psychoanaylsis in the 1960s and 1970s.
Character of the teller[edit]
The religious climate at the time that Chaucer wrote this piece was pre-Reformation. Therefore, the Sacraments were still largely considered, as explained by St. Augustine, “outward and visible signs of an inward and invisible grace.” The suggestion that outward appearances are reliable indicators of internal character was not considered radical or improper among contemporary audiences. Indeed, the vivid depiction of the Pardoner's hair, those locks “yellow as wax But smoothe as a strike (hank) of flex (flax),” does little to improve the reader's opinion of his moral character.[16]
Chaucer develops his description and analysis of the Pardoner throughout the Pardoner's Tale using suggestive analogies that provide the reader with the perception of a man of extreme sexual and spiritual poverty, willingly admitting that he abuses his authority and sells fake relics. The Pardoner's tale matches the unctuous nature of the Pardoner in many ways. Eugene Vance illustrates one parallel effectively fostered by Chaucer's sexual innuendoes. He writes: “The kneeling posture to which the Pardoner summons the pilgrims would place their noses right before his deficient crotch.”[16]
In addition, Vance expands upon this comparison, identifying a sexual innuendo implicit in the Pardoner's many relics. “The pardoner conspires to set himself up as a moveable shrine endowed with relics unsurpassed by those of anyone else in England.” Yet, of course, the relics are all fakes, creating a suggestion of both the Pardoner's impotence and his spiritual ill-worth.[16]
General themes[edit]
Though the Pardoner preaches against greed, the irony of the character is based in the Pardoner's hypocritical actions. He admits extortion of the poor, pocketing of indulgences, and failure to abide by teachings against jealousy and avarice. He also admits quite openly that he tricks the most guilty sinners into buying his spurious relics and does not really care what happens to the souls of those he has swindled.
The Pardoner is also deceptive in how he carries out his job. Instead of selling genuine relics, the bones he carries belong to pigs, not departed saints. The cross he carries appears to be studded with precious stones that are, in fact, bits of common metal. This irony could be an indication to Chaucer's dislike for religious profit—a pervasive late medieval theme hinging on anti-clericalism. Chaucer's use of subtle literary techniques, such as satire, seem to convey this message.
However, the Pardoner might also be seen as a reinforcement of the Apostolic Authority of the priesthood, which, according to the Catholic Church, functions fully even when the one possessing that authority is in a state of mortal sin, which in this case is supported by how the corrupt Pardoner is able to tell a morally intact tale and turn others from his same sin. Thomas Aquinas, an influential theologian of the late medieval period, had a philosophy concerning how God was able to work through evil people and deeds to accomplish good ends. Chaucer may have also been referencing a doctrine of St. Augustine of Hippo concerning the Donatist heresy of fourth and fifth century Northern Africa in which Augustine argued that a priest's ability to perform valid sacraments was not invalidated by his own sin. Thus, it is possible that with the Pardoner, Chaucer was criticising the administrative and economic practices of the Church while simultaneously affirming his support for its religious authority and dogma.
In the General Prologue of the Tales, the Pardoner is introduced with these lines:
With hym ther rood a gentil Pardoner
Of Rouncivale, his freend and his compeer,
That streight was comen fro the court of Rome.
Ful loude he soong "Com hider, love, to me!"
This Somonour bar to hym a stif burdoun ...
A voys he hadde as smal as hath a goot.
No berd hadde he, ne nevere sholde have;
As smothe it was as it were late shave.
I trowe he were a geldyng or a mare.
The last three lines indicate that the narrator thought the Pardoner to be either a eunuch ("geldyng") or a homosexual.
Adaptations[edit]
The Road to Canterbury: A Game of Pilgrims, Pardoners and the Seven Deadly Sins[17] is a board game in which players play as the Pardoner from The Canterbury Tales.
The 1927 novel The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a novelisation of this tale, which was later made into the 1948 film of the same name.[18]
Rudyard Kipling in "The King's Ankus", a story in The Second Jungle Book.
The Tale of the Three Brothers, a story featured in the Harry Potter universe, is partially based on The Pardoner's Tale.
Hunting Death A version in modern verse
See also[edit]
English words first attested in Chaucer
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Benson 2008, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Benson 2008, pp. 208, 1260.
Jump up ^ Murphy n.d., p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Benson 2008, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Murphy n.d., p. 9.
Jump up ^ Murphy n.d., p. 10.
Jump up ^ Murphy n.d., p. 11.
Jump up ^ Benson 2008, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Benson 2008, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Benson 2008, p. 905.
^ Jump up to: a b Hamel & Merrill 1991.
Jump up ^ Furnivall et al.
Jump up ^ Hamer 1969.
Jump up ^ David 40
Jump up ^ Stockton 118
^ Jump up to: a b c Vance 1989.
Jump up ^ Eagle Games n.d.
Jump up ^ Murphy n.d., p. 6.
References[edit]
Benson, Larry D., ed. (2008). The Riverside Chaucer (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955209-2.
"The Road to Canterbury". Eagle Games. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
Furnivall, Frederick James; Brock, Edmund; Clouston, W. A. (eds.). Originals and Analogues of some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. London: N. Trübner.
Gross, Gregory W. "Trade Secrets: Chaucer, the Pardoner, the Critics". Modern Language Studies. 25 (4): 1–36. doi:10.2307/3195486.
Hamel, Mary; Merrill, Charles (1991). "The Analogues of the 'Pardoner's Tale' and a New African Version". The Chaucer Review. Penn State University Press. 26 (2): 175–83. doi:10.2307/25094193. ISSN 1528-4204. JSTOR 25094193 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Hamer, Douglas (1969). "'The Pardoner's Tale': A West-African Analogue". Notes and Queries. Oxford University Press. 16 (9): 335–6. doi:10.1093/nq/16.9.335. ISSN 0029-3970.
Hatcher, Elizabeth R. (1975). "Life without Death: The Old Man in Chaucer's 'Pardoner's Tale'". The Chaucer Review. 9 (3): 246–52. doi:10.2307/25093311. ISSN 1528-4204. JSTOR 25093311 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Murphy, Michael. "The Pardoner, his Prologue, and his Tale" (PDF). The Canterbury Tales: A Reader-friendly Edition of the General Prologue and sixteen tales. Brooklyn College.
Vance, Eugene (1989). "Chaucer's Pardoner: Relics, Discourse, and Frames of Propriety". New Literary History. Johns Hopkins University Press. 20 (3): 335–6. doi:10.2307/469364. ISSN 1080-661X. JSTOR 469364 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Stockton, Eric W. "The Deadliest Sin in the Pardoner's Tale". Tennessee Studies in Literature. 17: 116–124.
Hamilton, Marie P. (1939). "Death and the 'Old Man' in The Pardoner's Tale". Studies in Philology. 36 (4): 571–576.
David, Alfred. "Criticism and the Old Man in Chaucer's The Pardoner's Tale". College English. 27 (1): 39–44. doi:10.2307/373708.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Canterbury Tales/The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale
Modern Translation of the Pardoner's Tale and Other Resources at eChaucer
The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale e-text for reading, searching, and study – texts.crossref-it.info
"The Pardoner's Tale" – a plain-English retelling for non-scholars.
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text:
List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sunil Gavaskar was the first player to cross the 10,000 run mark in Tests.
Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement.[1] As of May 2017[update], thirteen players from seven different teams have scored more than 10,000 runs in Test cricket. The Indians and Australians lead the list with three players each. West Indies and Sri Lanka each have two players followed by one from South Africa, England and Pakistan. [2] Bangladesh, New Zealand and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player breach the 10,000-run mark in the format.
In 1974, West Indies cricketer Garfield Sobers retired as Test cricket's most prolific run scorer with 8,032 runs from 93 matches.[3] Sobers' record was surpassed nine years later by England's Geoffrey Boycott in the 1982 series against India.[4][5] Boycott remained the top-scorer before being overtaken by Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar two years later in 1983.[6][7] Four years later in March 1987, Gavaskar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in the format, doing so while playing a match against Pakistan.[2]
Brian Lara took the least number of innings (195) to reach the 10,000 run mark, later equalled by Sachin Tendulkar and Kumar Sangakkara, while Australia's Steve Waugh took 244 innings to achieve the feat.[2] Alastair Cook is the fastest in terms of time span, taking 10 years and 87 days.[2] The time taken by Shivnarine Chanderpaul (18 years and 37 days) is the slowest among all.[2] As of May 2017[update], Tendulkar leads the list with 15,921 runs followed by Ricky Ponting of Australia with 13,378.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 10,000 or more runs in Tests
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Key[edit]
Mat. – denotes the number of matches played
Inn. – denotes the number of innings batted
Date – denotes the date in which the player crossed the 10,000 run mark
– denotes that the player is active
10,000 or more runs in Tests[edit]
10,000 runs in Tests [2]
No.
Player
Team
Debut
Retirement
Mat.
Inn.
Runs
Avg.
100s
50s
Date[2]
Ref.
1 Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
India 1989 2013 200 329
15,921
53.73 51 68 000000002005-03-16-000016 March 2005 [6]
[8]
2 Ponting, RickyRicky Ponting
Australia 1995 2012 168 287
13,378
51.85 41 62 000000002008-05-30-000030 May 2008 [6]
[9]
3 Kallis, JacquesJacques Kallis
South Africa 1995 2013 166 280
13,289
55.37 45 55 000000002009-02-27-000027 February 2009 [6]
[10]
4 Dravid, RahulRahul Dravid
India 1996 2012 164 286
13,288
52.31 36 63 000000002008-03-29-000029 March 2008 [6]
[11]
5 Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
Sri Lanka 2000 2015 134 233
12,400
57.40 38 52 000000002012-12-26-000026 December 2012 [6]
[12]
6 Cook, AlastairAlastair Cook
England 2006 active 151 273
12,005
46.19 32 55 000000002016-05-30-000030 May 2016 [6]
[13]
7 Lara, BrianBrian Lara
West Indies 1990 2006 131 232
11,953
52.88 34 48 000000002004-08-15-000015 August 2004 [6]
[14]
8 Chanderpaul, ShivnarineShivnarine Chanderpaul
West Indies 1994 2015 164 280
11,867
51.37 30 66 000000002012-04-26-000026 April 2012 [6]
[15]
9 Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Sri Lanka 1997 2014 149 252
11,814
49.84 34 50 000000002011-12-26-000026 December 2011 [6]
[16]
10 Border, AllanAllan Border
Australia 1978 1994 156 265
11,174
50.56 27 63 000000001993-01-02-00002 January 1993 [6]
[17]
11 Waugh, SteveSteve Waugh
Australia 1985 2004 168 260
10,927
51.06 32 50 000000002003-01-03-00003 January 2003 [6]
[18]
12 Gavaskar, SunilSunil Gavaskar
India 1971 1987 125 214
10,122
51.12 34 45 000000001987-03-07-00007 March 1987 [6]
[19]
13 Khan, YounisYounis Khan
Pakistan 2000 2017 118 213
10,099
52.05 34 33 000000002017-04-23-000023 April 2017 [6]
[20]
See also[edit]
List of Test cricket records
List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ugra, Sharda (24 December 2009). "1987-Gavaskar is the first to score 10,000 test runs: A 10 tonne toast". India Today. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Records / Test matches / Batting records / Fastest to 10000 runs". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gary Sobers: Cricket's greatest genius". Rediff.com. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Third Test Match — India vs. England 1981–82". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Botham, Ian (15 September 2009). Head On — Ian Botham: The Autobiography. Random House. ISBN 978-0-091-92149-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most runs in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Finlay, Ric (29 October 2008). "Record-holders for most number of Test runs". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sachin Tendulkar | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ricky Ponting | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jacques Kallis | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rahul Dravid | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kumar Sangakkara | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alastair Cook | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brian Lara | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shivnarine Chanderpaul | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mahela Jayawardene | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Allan Border | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Steve Waugh | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sunil Gavaskar | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Younis Khan | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket
Australia
Ricky Ponting (13,378)
Allan Border (11,174)
Steve Waugh (10,927)
England
Alastair Cook (11,956)
India
Sachin Tendulkar (15,921)
Rahul Dravid (13,288)
Sunil Gavaskar (10,122)
Pakistan
Younis Khan (10,099)
South Africa
Jacques Kallis (13,289)
Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (12,400)
Mahela Jayawardene (11,814)
West Indies
Brian Lara (11,953)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (11,867)
Current players are listed in italics.
[show]
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Cricket records
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[show]
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By team
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Miscellaneous records
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[show]
Women's cricket
Test records
ODI records
T20I records
Test centuries
ODI centuries
T20I centuries
Hat-tricks
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values: List of women's One Day International cricket records

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values: List of centuries in women's Test cricket

values: List of centuries in women's One Day International cricket

values: List of centuries in women's Twenty20 International cricket

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values: টেস্ট ক্রিকেটে দশ হাজার বা তদূর্ধ্ব রান সংগ্রহকারী ব্যাটসম্যানের তালিকা – Bangla

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