text:
Two Concepts of Liberty
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"Positive liberty... is a valid universal goal. I do not know why I should have been held to doubt this, or, for that matter, the further proposition, that democratic self-government is a fundamental human need, something valuable in itself, whether or not it clashes with the claims of negative liberty or of any other goal... What I am mainly concerned to establish is that, whatever may be the common ground between them, and whatever is liable to graver distortion, negative and positive liberty are not the same thing."
Isaiah Berlin, Five Essays on Liberty: An Introduction[1]
"Two Concepts of Liberty" was the inaugural lecture delivered by the liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958. It was subsequently published as a 57-page pamphlet by Oxford at the Clarendon Press. It also appears in the collection of Berlin's papers entitled Four Essays on Liberty (1969) and was more recently reissued in a collection entitled simply Liberty (2002).[2]
The essay, with its analytical approach to the definition of political concepts, re-introduced the study of political philosophy to the methods of analytic philosophy.[citation needed] It is also one of Berlin's first expressions of his ethical ontology of value-pluralism. Berlin defined negative liberty (as the term "liberty" was used by Thomas Hobbes [3]) as the absence of coercion or interference with agents' possible private actions, by an exterior social-body. He also defined it as a comparatively recent political ideal, which re-emerged in the late 17th century, after its slow and inarticulate birth in the Ancient doctrines of Antiphon the Sophist, the Cyrenaic discipleship, and of Otanes after the death of pseudo-Smerdis.[4] In an introduction to the essay, Berlin writes:
"As for Otanes, he wished neither to rule nor to be ruled — the exact opposite of Aristotle's notion of true civic liberty... [This ideal] remains isolated and, until Epicurus, undeveloped... the notion had not explicitly emerged".[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
1.1 Positive liberty
1.2 Negative liberty
1.3 Abuse of positive liberty
1.4 Dialectic of positive and negative liberty
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Summary[edit]
Positive liberty[edit]
"is involved in the answer to the question 'What, or who, is the source of control or interference that can determine someone to do, or be, this rather than that?' The two questions are clearly different, even though the answers to them may overlap."[6]
Positive liberty may be understood as self-mastery, and includes one's having a role in choosing who governs the society of which one is a part.[citation needed] Berlin traced positive liberty from Aristotle's definition of citizenship, which is historically derived from the social role of the freemen of classical Athens: it was, Berlin argued, the liberty in choosing their government granted to citizens, and extolled, most famously, by Pericles. Berlin granted that both concepts of liberty represent valid human ideals, and that both forms of liberty are necessary in any free and civilised society.[citation needed]
Negative liberty[edit]
"liberty in the negative sense involves an answer to the question: 'What is the area within which the subject — a person or group of persons — is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without interference by other persons'."[7]
For Berlin, negative liberty represents a different, and sometimes contradictory, understanding of the concept of liberty, which needs to be carefully examined. Its later proponents (such as Tocqueville, Constant, Montesquieu, John Locke, David Hume and John Stuart Mill,[citation needed] who accepted Chrysippus' understanding of self-determination)[8] insisted that constraint and discipline were the antithesis of liberty and so were (and are) less prone to confusing liberty and constraint in the manner of rationalists and the philosophical harbingers of totalitarianism.[citation needed] This concept of negative liberty, Berlin argued, constitutes an alternative, and sometimes even opposed, concept to positive liberty, and one often closer to the intuitive modern usage of the word.
Abuse of positive liberty[edit]
Isaiah Berlin notes that historically positive liberty has proven particularly susceptible to rhetorical abuse; especially from the 18th century onwards, it has either been paternalistically re-drawn from the third-person, or conflated with the concept of negative liberty and thus disguised underlying value-conflicts.
Berlin contended that under the influence of Plato, Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and G. W. F. Hegel, modern political thinkers often conflated positive liberty with rational action, based upon a rational knowledge to which, it is argued, only a certain elite or social group has access.[9] This rationalist conflation was open to political abuses, which encroached on negative liberty, when such interpretations of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, paternalism, social engineering, historicism, and collective rational control over human destiny. Berlin argued that, following this line of thought, demands for freedom paradoxically could become demands for forms of collective control and discipline – those deemed necessary for the "self-mastery" or "self-determination" of nations, classes, democratic communities, and even humanity as a whole. There is thus an elective affinity, for Berlin, between positive liberty, when it is rhetorically conflated with goals imposed from the third-person that the individual is told they "should" rationally desire, and the justifications for political totalitarianism, which contrary to value-pluralism, presupposed that values exist in Pythagorean harmony.[citation needed]
Dialectic of positive and negative liberty[edit]
Berlin did not argue that the concept of positive liberty should be rejected — on the contrary, he recognised it as one human value among many, and one necessary to any free society.[10] He argued that positive liberty was a genuine and valuable version of liberty, so long as it was identified with the autonomy of individuals, and not with the achievement of goals that individuals 'ought to' 'rationally' desire.[11] Berlin argued, rather, that these differing concepts showed the plurality, and incompatibility of human values, and the need to analytically distinguish and trade-off between, rather than conflate, them.[12]
Thus, Berlin offers in his "Two Concepts of Liberty" essay, "Where it is to be drawn is a matter of argument, indeed of haggling. Men are largely interdependent, and no man's activity is so completely private as never to obstruct the lives of others in any way. 'Freedom for the pike is death for the minnows'; the liberty of some must depend on the restraint of others. Freedom for an Oxford don, others have been known to add, is a very different thing from freedom for an Egyptian peasant."
See also[edit]
Positive and negative rights
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, p 1-54
Jump up ^ Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press, 1969. Superseded by Liberty.
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, page 170
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, page 33
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, Five Essays on Liberty: An Introduction, page 33-4
Jump up ^ Berlin, I: "Two Concepts of Liberty",1958
Jump up ^ Berlin, I: "Two Concepts of Liberty",1958
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, page 171 and 260
Jump up ^ Isaiah Bern, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, page 257
Jump up ^ Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press, 1969. Superseded by Liberty.
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, p 39
Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) Liberty, page 217
External links[edit]
"Two Concepts of Liberty"
The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library
Carter, Ian. "Positive and Negative Liberty". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_Concepts_of_Liberty&oldid=796761929"
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Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
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The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was signed on May 25, 1993, in Iqaluit, by representatives of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut (now Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated), the Government of Canada and the Government of the Northwest Territories. This agreement gave the Inuit of the central and eastern Northwest Territories a separate territory called Nunavut. It is the largest Aboriginal land claim settlement in Canadian history.[1] The NLCA consists of 42 chapters, which addressing a broad range of political and environmental rights and concerns including wildlife management and harvesting rights, land, water and environmental management regimes, parks and conservation areas, heritage resources, public sector employment and contracting, and a range of other issues.[2] The agreement indicates two areas that are the focus of the agreement: the first area consists of the Arctic islands and the mainland eastern Arctic, and their adjacent marine areas; the second area includes the Belcher Islands, its associated islands and adjacent marine areas.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 NLCA provides the Inuit of Nunavut with certain features
2 A history of the Nunavut Land Claim process
3 Amendments to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
4 References
5 External links
6 Further reading
NLCA provides the Inuit of Nunavut with certain features[edit]
Equal representation of Inuit with the government on a new set of wildlife management, resource management and environmental boards;[3]
In addition to the creation of management and advisory groups, and various financial considerations, the NCLA gave the Inuit of Nunavut title to approximately 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi) of land, of which, 35,257 km2 (13,613 sq mi) include mineral rights;[3]
The right to harvest wildlife on lands and waters throughout the Nunavut settlement area;[3]
A share of federal government royalties from oil, gas and mineral development on Crown lands;[3]
The right to negotiate with industry for economic and social benefits from the development of non-renewable resources on Inuit Owned Lands;[3]
The creation of three federally funded national parks;[3]
Capital transfer payments of $1.9 billion over 15 years and a $13 million Training Trust Fund for the establishment of the Government of Nunavut;[4]
A history of the Nunavut Land Claim process[edit]
In 1973 the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC) began research on Inuit land use and occupancy in the Arctic. Three years later in 1976 the ITC put forward the idea of creating a Nunavut Territory and the federal Electoral Boundaries Commission that recommended dividing the Northwest Territories into two electoral districts: the Western Arctic (now the Northwest Territories) and Nunatsiaq (now Nunavut). The Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut (TFN) negotiated the land claims agreement with the federal government in 1982. Voting in the Northwest Territories determined the creation of Nunavut with a passing vote of 56%. The TFN and representatives from the federal and territorial governments signed the land claims agreement-in-principle in 1990. In 1992 the TFN and federal negotiators agreed on the substantive portions of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. On May 25, 1993, Paul Quassa, then president of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut and Brian Mulroney, then Prime Minister of Canada signed the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. On July 9, 1993 the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and Nunavut Act were adopted by the Parliament of Canada and received Royal Assent. In 1998, amendments to the Nunavut Act were adopted by parliament and received Royal Assent. In 1999 on April 1, Nunavut with an independent government became a reality.[5]
Amendments to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement[edit]
Since the NLCA was signed in 1993, there have been implemented amendments. The major amendments in 1995 and 1996 were alterations to different official event dates. Articles 5.4.2, 5.6.25, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, and 35.5.7 of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement were changed. On March 1, 2002, schedule 29-3 (negotiation loans payment) of the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement was replaced.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Signed. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Nunavut and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement — An Unresolved Relationship, 10th Anniversary Nunavut, Barry Dewar. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada (1997). "Chapter 2 - Implementation Panel Report". 1996-1997 Annual Report on the Implementation of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. ISBN 0-662-63298-2. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shelagh D. Grant, Polar Imperative (D&M Publisher Inc, 2011), 384.
Jump up ^ Land Claims, Kitikmeot Inuit Association. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Amendments to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
External links[edit]
Nunavut Land Claim Agreement: Table of Contents
Government of Nunavut
Further reading[edit]
Thomas King: The inconvenient indian, illustrated. A curious account of native people in North America. Doubleday Canada, 2017 ISBN 0385690169 Ch. 10: Happy ever after, pp 270 sq. (First print without ill.: 2013)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nunavut_Land_Claims_Agreement&oldid=833425775"
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The One Hundredth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The One Hundredth"
Friends episode
Episode no.
Season 5
Episode 3
Directed by
Kevin S. Bright
Written by
David Crane & Marta Kauffman
Production code
467653
Original air date
October 8, 1998
Guest appearance(s)
Sam Anderson as Dr. Harad
Heidi Beck as The Delivery Room Nurse
Patrick Fabian as Dan
Brenda Issacs-Booth as The Nurse
Giovanni Ribisi as Frank Jr.
Iqbal Theba as Joey's Doctor
T. J. Thyne as Dr. Oberman
Debra Jo Rupp as Alice
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The One with All the Kissing" Next →
"The One Where Phoebe Hates PBS"
Friends (season 5)
List of Friends episodes
"The One Hundredth" (also known as "The One With The Triplets") is the third episode of Friends' fifth season and 100th episode overall. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on October 8, 1998. Continuing from the previous episode, the group arrive at the hospital after Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) goes into labor. Meanwhile, Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) tries to set Monica (Courteney Cox) and herself up with two male nurses, which causes problems between Monica and Chandler (Matthew Perry).
The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and co-written by series creators David Crane & Marta Kauffman. The producers wanted to mark the landmark episode with a major event, choosing to bring a culmination to Phoebe's surrogacy storyline. Earlier scripts had the character insistent on keeping hold of the babies, with the writers later deciding it would be better off having a sendoff, to keep it dramatic. In its original broadcast on NBC, "The One Hundredth" acquired a 17.7 Nielsen rating, finishing the week ranked second and received good reviews since airing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow), Rachel (Jennifer Aniston), Joey (Matt LeBlanc) and Ross (David Schwimmer) arrive at the hospital, where Phoebe tells the nurse at the desk that she is in labor. In Phoebe’s hospital room, Ross and Rachel enter with bad news: her doctor fell and hit her head in the shower, meaning she's unable to make it to the birth. The replacement doctor, Dr. Harad assures Phoebe that she's in good hands, until he spontaneously declares his admiration for Fonzie, from Happy Days several times. Phoebe demands that Ross goes and find her another doctor, but when the replacement is too young for her liking, Dr. Harad returns. She moreover begs Rachel to talk to her brother Frank, and convince him to let her keep one of the triplets, after having second thoughts over the surrogate process. In the delivery room, Phoebe gives birth to a boy and two girls. Rachel breaks the news to Phoebe that she won’t be able to keep one of the babies. She asks her friends to leave, in order to have a moment alone with the triplets.
Rachel informs Monica (Courteney Cox) that she has managed to find two male nurses who would be willing to go out on a date with either of them. Monica declines the offer at first, not wanting to jeopardize her secret relationship with Chandler (Matthew Perry) but when he assumes she is willing to go out with nurse Dan, Monica decides to date him after all. Chandler in response asks a female nurse to go out on a date with him; she declines immediately, adding to his embarrassment. After Phoebe gives birth, Chandler approaches Monica in a hallway to ask if she is really going to date Dan. She replies to him that since both of them are just "goofing around", she figured why not "goof around" with Dan too; Chandler asks if Monica had checked up the term in the dictionary, noting the technical definition is “two friends who care a lot about each other, and have amazing sex, and just want to spend more time together”. Monica, smitten by Chandler's words, kisses him and goes to call off her date with Dan.
Meanwhile, Joey is in a hospital room of his own, where a doctor informs him that he's suffering from kidney stones. As they're too close to his bladder, Joey is given two options: wait until he passes them naturally, or have a procedure, which he finds too invasive. Opting for the former, he gives 'birth' to the kidney stones, concurrent with Phoebe’s birth.
Production[edit]
The episode brought a culmination to the surrogate plot, involving Lisa Kudrow's character Phoebe.
"The One Hundredth" was co-written by show creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman and directed by Kevin S. Bright.[1] The episode takes place in a hospital, meaning none of the usual filming sets were used, thus surprising several members of the audience.[2] Crane commented that the hundred episode was a "big milestone" for the series and to mark the major event, Lisa Kudrow's character Phoebe would give birth to triplets.[2] This brought a culmination to the surrogacy story arc, which began in the fourth season; it was developed to accommodate Lisa Kudrow's real life pregnancy.[3] When Kudrow accepted the surrogate mother storyline, the idea of having more than one baby was "comically funny" to Kauffman, and giving birth to triplets or "their brother's children" was something never seen on television.[3] Phoebe's pregnancy gave the writers incredible license for her to "be just outrageously mean and still have it be funny".[4] In order to prepare for the labor and birthing scenes, Kauffman watched a video of her cousin giving birth.[3]
In earlier drafts of the episode, the idea of Phoebe keeping one of the babies was more extreme. The writers decided instead they were better off having the character saying goodbye to keep it dramatic.[2] The birth scenes were recorded in advance to deal with light sensitivity and noise issues. Heidi Beck, a professional nurse was retained; she acquired a stop watch for every minute the baby was under the light.[4] Real life triplets were used and coated with grape jelly as an alternative to vernix.[4] In the final scene, dolls were employed as it was filmed in front of the studio audience.[4]
The main subplot involved Monica and Chandler discussing their relationship. The writers felt they needed an additional subplot, involving Joey going through a parallel experience to Phoebe's pregnancy—the difference being him "giving birth" to a kidney stone.[2] This meant doing research on the condition, finding it "really disturbing stuff".[4] Matt LeBlanc and Matthew Perry had a difficult time filming the prognosis scene as actor Iqbal Theba, who played Joey's doctor, pronounced 'kidney stone' in a humorous manner.[4]
Reception[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "The One Hundredth" finished second in ratings for the week of October 5–11, 1998, with a Nielsen rating of 17.7. It was the second-highest rated show on the NBC network that week after ER.[5] In the United Kingdom the episode premiered on Sky1 on January 21, 1999 and was watched by 2.17 million viewers, making the program the most watched on the channel that week.[6]
Entertainment Weekly rated the episode "B", in its review of the fifth season.[7] It criticized the "Arthur Fonzarelli-obsessed obstetrician," plot, though going on to praise Phoebe's "sweet interaction" with the newborn babies.[7] Robert Bianco of USA Today felt the episode made use of the entire ensemble, noting "Phoebe's predictably and humorously off-center response to labor" being the highlight.[8] Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide disapproved of Ribisi's performance, adding "Ultimately, “One Hundredth” had some good moments, but it wasn’t a great episode."[9]
"The One Hundredth" was Kudrow's favorite episode of the series. She liked the episode as "it was nice that Phoebe could play such a big part in something as momentous as the 100th episode".[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Friends – The One Hundredth". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Crane, David (July 15, 2003). Commentary for "The One Hundredth" [Friends: The Complete Fifth Season] (DVD). Warner Home Video. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Kauffman, Marta (July 15, 2003). Commentary for "The One with the Embryos" [Friends: The Complete Fourth Season] (DVD). Warner Home Video. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bright, Kevin S. (July 15, 2003). Commentary for "The One Hundredth" [Friends: The Complete Fifth Season] (DVD). Warner Home Video. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "WEEK'S TV RATINGS". San Francisco Chronicle. April 28, 1999. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes". barb.co.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2012. Note: Information is in the section titled "w/e 24 Jan 1999", listed under Sky 1
^ Jump up to: a b "Review: Season 5 (1998–99)". Entertainment Weekly. September 15, 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (October 8, 1998). "Critic's corner". USA Today. p. 10D.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Colin (November 24, 2003). "Friends: The Complete Sixth Season (1998)". DVD Movie Guide. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (February 24, 2004). "Friends Forever: Lisa Kudrow". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
External links[edit]
"The One Hundredth" on IMDb
"The One Hundredth" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
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Friends
Characters
Chandler Bing
Phoebe Buffay
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Rachel Green
Joey Tribbiani
Episodes
Season 1
"The Pilot" (1.01)
"The One with the Sonogram at the End" (1.02)
"The One with George Stephanopoulos" (1.04)
"The One with the East German Laundry Detergent" (1.05)
"The One Where Nana Dies Twice" (1.08)
"The One Where Underdog Gets Away" (1.09)
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""The One with Two Parts: Part 1" (1.16)
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"The One with the Fake Monica" (1.21)
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"The One After the Superbowl" (2.12–2.13)
"The One with the Prom Video" (2.14)
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies" (2.18)
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"The One Where No One's Ready" (3.02)
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"The One with Ross's Wedding" (4.23–4.24)
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel" (5.01)
"The One Hundredth" (5.03)
"The One with All the Thanksgivings" (5.08)
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" (5.15)
"The One Where Rachel Smokes" (5.18)
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt" (5.19)
"The One with the Ride-Along" (5.20)
Season 6
"The One After Vegas" (6.01)
"The One with the Apothecary Table" (6.11)
"The One with the Proposal" (6.24–6.25)
Season 7
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding" (7.23–7.24)
Season 8
"The One with Rachel's Date" (8.05)
"The One with the Rumor" (8.09)
Season 9
–
Season 10
"The Last One" (10.17–10.18)
Related articles
Music
"I'll Be There for You"
Joey
Mad About You
Awards and nominations
Friends ... 'Til the End
Hello Friends
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Yuppy Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Yuppy Love"
Only Fools and Horses episode
Episode no.
Series 6
Episode 1
Directed by
Tony Dow
Written by
John Sullivan
Produced by
Gareth Gwenlan
Original air date
8 January 1989
(13.9 million viewers)
Running time
50 minutes
47:33 (DVD/iTunes)
List of episodes
"Yuppy Love" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, Only Fools and Horses. It originally aired on 8 January 1989 and is the first episode of series six, marking the start of the increase in running time from thirty minutes to fifty minutes per episode.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 "Falling Through The Bar" scene
2 Episode cast
3 First appearances
4 Episode concept
5 Music
6 Notes
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Having seen and been strongly influenced by the film Wall Street, especially its lead character, the ruthless corporate high-flyer Gordon Gekko, Del Boy has decided to adopt a new "yuppy" image, donning a striped shirt and red braces, and carrying a filofax and a silver briefcase. Rodney in turn has joined an evening computer class in an attempt to earn a diploma and finally get a proper job. There he meets and is attracted to Cassandra Parry. He later meets her again at a nightclub, where she offers to give him a lift home. She first drives to her house and Rodney feels upstaged by Cassandra's luxurious lifestyle. Embarrassed at the thought of Cassandra seeing their council flat in Nelson Mandela House, Rodney instead leads her to The King's Avenue, an expensive and very up-market road, implying that he lives there and has to stand in the driveway, being seen by the homeowners. Despite soon finding out that he actually does not Cassandra still phones and agrees to meet Rodney again.
"Falling Through The Bar" scene[edit]
Del Boy's fall through an open bar-flap in "Yuppy Love" (BBC video clip) is one of the show's best known moments.
The episode features a now-famous British comedy scene;[1] Del, leaning against a bar flap in a local bistro, moves away from it and then leans back again, unaware that the bartender has just lifted it up, and he promptly falls straight down, and Trigger does a double-take when he looks around and Del has "disappeared".[2] On 21 December 2006, this scene was nominated in the UKTV Gold Top 40 Greatest Only Fools Moments, and subsequently voted the most popular scene of the entire programme.[3] It was also named 7th Greatest Television Moment of all time in a 1999 Channel 4 poll, beating the likes of John F. Kennedy's assassination, the Queen's coronation and Winston Churchill's funeral.[4] In 2008, Empire placed Only Fools and Horses 42nd on their list of "The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and cited "Yuppy Love" as the show's best episode.[5]
The scene was parodied in an episode of Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle in which Stewart visits a village which recreates the scene with giant figures of Del Boy and Trigger as an annual folk tradition. Also seen in Last of the Summer Wine when Eli falls behind the bar,
Two years earlier, in the episode The Naked Now, Data did a similar pratfall on the bridge of the Enterprise in Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Episode cast[edit]
Actor
Role
David Jason Del Boy
Nicholas Lyndhurst Rodney
Buster Merryfield Uncle Albert
Roger Lloyd-Pack Trigger
Gwyneth Strong Cassandra
Patrick Murray Mickey Pearce
Stephen Woodcock Jevon
Actor
Role
Francesca Bell Emma
Laura Jackson Marsha (girl in bar)
Diana Katis Dale (girl in bar)
Hazel McBride Snobby girl
William Thomas Barman
Tracy Clarke Girl in disco
First appearances[edit]
Cassandra Parry
Episode concept[edit]
The new image for Del Boy was based on Gordon Gekko from the movie Wall Street (Rodney mentions that his brother saw the film six times), as part of the yuppy movement that was popular at the time. The episode also introduces Cassandra into the series.[6]
The episode title is a pun on the popular song and saying, Puppy Love.
Music[edit]
The Funky Worm: The Spell! (Get Down With The Genie)
Errol Brown: Love Goes Up And Down
The Pasadenas: Enchanted Lady
Chris de Burgh: Lady In Red
Al Bowlly & Ray Noble: Makin' Wickey Wackey Down in Waikiki
Note: "The Spell! (Get Down With The Genie)" and "Enchanted Lady" are removed on the VHS, DVD and iTunes versions and over-dubbed with generic music, leading the some scenes of dialogue being removed.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Del Boy's wine bar fall is favourite television pub scene". Ananova. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
Jump up ^ BBCWorldwide (21 July 2010), Del Boy falls through the bar - Only Fools and Horses - BBC, retrieved 16 May 2016
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Only Fools Moments". UK Gold. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest ... (TV's 100 Greatest Moments)". Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time". Empire. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Did You Know? Archived 18 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ofah.net
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Yuppy Love
"Yuppy Love" at TV.com
"Yuppy Love" at BBC Online
"Yuppy Love" at BBC Programmes
"Yuppy Love" on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Only Fools and Horses episodes
Series 1 (1981)
"Big Brother"
"Go West Young Man"
"Cash and Curry"
"The Second Time Around"
"A Slow Bus to Chingford"
"The Russians Are Coming"
Series 2 (1982)
"The Long Legs of the Law"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"A Losing Streak"
"No Greater Love"
"The Yellow Peril"
"It Never Rains..."
"A Touch of Glass"
Series 3 (1983)
"Homesick"
"Healthy Competition"
"Friday the 14th"
"Yesterday Never Comes"
"May the Force Be with You"
"Wanted"
"Who's a Pretty Boy?"
Series 4 (1985)
"Happy Returns"
"Strained Relations"
"Hole in One"
"It's Only Rock and Roll"
"Sleeping Dogs Lie"
"Watching the Girls Go By"
"As One Door Closes"
Series 5 (1986)
"From Prussia with Love"
"The Miracle of Peckham"
"The Longest Night"
"Tea for Three"
"Video Nasty"
"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?"
Series 6 (1989)
"Yuppy Love"
"Danger UXD"
"Chain Gang"
"The Unlucky Winner Is..."
"Sickness and Wealth"
"Little Problems"
Series 7 (1990–91)
"The Sky's the Limit"
"The Chance of a Lunchtime"
"Stage Fright"
"The Class of '62"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Uncle"
"Three Men, a Woman and a Baby"
Specials
"Christmas Crackers" (1981)
"Diamonds Are for Heather" (1982)
"Thicker than Water" (1983)
"Licensed to Drill" (1984)
"To Hull and Back" (1985)
"A Royal Flush" (1986)
"The Frog's Legacy" (1987)
"Dates" (1988)
"The Jolly Boys' Outing" (1989)
"Rodney Come Home" (1990)
"Miami Twice" (1991)
"Mother Nature's Son" (1992)
"Fatal Extraction" (1993)
"Heroes and Villains" (1996)
"Modern Men" (1996)
"Time on Our Hands" (1996)
"If They Could See Us Now" (2001)
"Strangers on the Shore" (2002)
"Sleepless in Peckham" (2003)
Sketches
"Christmas Trees" (1982)
"White Mice" (1985)
"Royal Variety Show" (1986)
"The Robin Flies at Dawn" (1990)
Comic Relief special (1997)
"Beckham in Peckham" (2014)
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Carol Ann Susi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Carol Ann Susi
Born
(1952-02-02)February 2, 1952
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.[1]
Died
November 11, 2014(2014-11-11) (aged 62)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[2]
Cause of death
Cancer
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1974–2014
Carol Ann Susi (February 2, 1952 – November 11, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz, mother of Howard Wolowitz, on the television series The Big Bang Theory.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 References
4 External links
Career[edit]
Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak: The Night Stalker. Other television and film credits included: McMillan & Wife, Coyote Ugly, Just Go with It, The Big Bang Theory, Becker, Grey's Anatomy, That '70s Show, Out of Practice, Cats & Dogs, Just Shoot Me, Married... with Children, Night Court, The King of Queens, Death Becomes Her, Seinfeld, The Secret of My Success, My Blue Heaven, and Sabrina, The Teenage Witch.[6] She also had extensive experience in live theatre[7][8] and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI: NY.
Personal life[edit]
Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn,[1] of Italian descent.[9] She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s.[1]
Susi died of cancer on November 11, 2014, in Los Angeles, California, at age 62.[2][10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Hughes, Jason (November 11, 2014). "Carol Ann Susi, 'Big Bang Theory's' Mrs. Wolowitz, Dead at 62". The Wrap. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62". The Globe and Mail. November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Morris, Joan (March 14, 2009). "Who's the Voice of 'Big Bang' Mother?". Contra Costa Times. p. 2A. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (March 16, 2012). "TV Q&A with Rob Owen". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Johnny (September 27, 1974). "Radio and TV plus Video Versions". Lewiston Evening Journal. p. 21. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Drake, Sylvie (September 16, 1988). "'Ladies' Room' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain". Los Angeles Times. p. C6. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott (December 19, 1995). "Ollstein's 'Pot Roast' Is Rich in Flavor". Los Angeles Times. p. F8. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2014). "Carol Ann Susi, 'Big Bang Theory's Mrs. Wolowitz, Dead". Deadline. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (November 11, 2014). "Carol Ann Susi, Voice Behind Big Bang Theory's Mrs. Wolowitz, Dead at 62". TV Line. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Carol Ann Susi on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 311656933
GND: 1061791513
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ann_Susi&oldid=816834414"
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Cutting (plant)
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A magnolia stem cutting has been coaxed to form new roots, and is now a complete plant.
A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation. A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil. If the conditions are suitable, the plant piece will begin to grow as a new plant independent of the parent, a process known as striking. A stem cutting produces new roots, and a root cutting produces new stems. Some plants can be grown from leaf pieces, called leaf cuttings, which produce both stems and roots. The scions used in grafting are also called cuttings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Technique
2 Types
3 Improving results
3.1 Providing the right soil
3.2 Providing the right humidity
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Technique[edit]
Softwood cuttings of elm (Ulmus) are kept under a water mist to prevent them from drying out while they form roots.
Cuttings from a variety of succulents.
Some plants form roots much more easily than others. Stem cuttings from woody plants are treated differently, depending on the maturity of the wood:
Softwood cuttings come from stems that are rapidly expanding, with young leaves. In many species, such cuttings form roots relatively easily.[1][2]
Semi-hardwood cuttings come from stems that have completed elongation growth and have mature leaves.
Hardwood cuttings come from fully matured stems, and are often propagated while dormant.
Most plant cuttings are stem pieces, and have no root system of their own, they are likely to die from dehydration if the proper conditions are not met. They require a moist medium, which, however, cannot be too wet lest the cutting rot. A number of media are used in this process, including but not limited to soil, perlite, vermiculite, coir, rock wool, expanded clay pellets, and even water given the right conditions. Most succulent cuttings can be left in open air until the cut surface dries, which may improve root formation when the cutting is later planted.
In temperate countries, stem cuttings may be taken of soft (green or semi-ripe) wood and hard wood which has specific differences in practice. Certain conditions lead to more favorable outcomes for cuttings; timing, size, location on the plant, and amount of foliage are all important. Stem cuttings of young wood should be taken in spring from the upper branches, while cuttings of hardened wood should be taken in winter from the lower branches. Common bounds on the length of stem cuttings are between 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) for soft wood and between 20–25 centimetres (7.9–9.8 in) for hard wood. Soft wood cuttings do best when about two thirds of the foliage removed,[3] while hard wood stem cuttings need complete foliage removal.
The environment for cuttings is generally kept humid—often attained by placing the cuttings under a plastic sheet or in another confined space where the air can be kept moist—and partial shade to prevent the cutting from drying out. Cuttings in the medium are typically watered with a fine mist to avoid disturbing plants. Following the initial watering, the aim to keep the soil moist but not wet and waterlogged; the medium is allowed to almost dry out before misting again.[3]
A rooting hormone may be administered to "encourage" growth and can increase the success rate of plant growth.[4] Though not essential, several compounds may be used to promote the formation of roots through the signaling activity of plant hormone auxins. Among the commonly used chemicals is indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) used as a powder, liquid solution or gel. This compound is applied either to the cut tip of the cutting or as a foliar spray. Rooting hormone can be manufactured naturally, such as soaking the yellow-tipped shoots of a weeping willow tree in water or to preparing a tea from the bark of a willow tree. Shoots or bark do better when soaked for 24 hours prior to using.[5] Honey, though it does not contain any plant hormones, can also aid in rooting success through its natural antiseptic and antifungal properties.[6] Cinnamon or an Aspirin tablet in water, can also aid the rooting process.[7]
Types[edit]
For cuttings used in viticulture, see Propagation of grapevines.
Scheme of appropriate type of stem cuttings according to season, based on several[which?] sources.[8] Key: eq.:equinox, sol.: solstice, HW: hardwood, SR: semi-ripe, SW: softwood.
Many vegetative parts of a plant can be used. The most common methods are:
Stem cuttings, in which a piece of stem is part buried in the soil, including at least one leaf node. The cutting is able to produce new roots, usually at the node.
Root cuttings, in which a section of root is buried just below the soil surface, and produces new shoots.[9]
Scion cuttings are used in grafting.
Leaf cuttings, in which a leaf is placed on moist soil. These have to develop both new stems and new roots. Some leaves will produce one plant at the base of the leaf. In some species, multiple new plants can be produced at many places on one leaf, and these can be induced by cutting the leaf veins.
Although some species, such as willow, blackberry and pelargoniums can be grown simply by placing a cutting into moist ground, the majority of species require more attention. Most species require humid, warm, partially shaded conditions to strike, thus requiring the approach above to be followed. Particularly difficult species may need cool air above and warm soil. In addition, with many more difficult cuttings, one should use the type of cutting that has the most chance of success with that particular plant species.[10]
Improving results[edit]
Rose cuttings under plastic bottle greenhouse
Softwood stemcuttings of Buxus sempervirens
There are ways of improving the growth of stem cutting propagations. Intensifying light allows cuttings to root and sprout faster, though the heat thus generated could cause the propagation material distress.[11] Azalea cuttings can be mildly heated in water to disinfect it from the fungus pathogen Rhizoctonia, and this could potentially be used for other plants.[12]
Providing the right soil[edit]
Depending on the type of soil being used, several additives may need adding to create good soil for cuttings. These additions may include:
chalk; to increase the pH-value of the soil; a pH of 6-6.5 is to be maintained
organic substance/humus; to increase nutrient load; keep to a bare minimum though
sand or gravel; to increase the soil's water permeability
For example, with plain potting soil, a third of the container should be filled with sand, to make suitable soil for cuttings.
Providing the right humidity[edit]
A white plastic greenhouse, used to keep the cuttings humid
Although several options can be used here, usually semi-white plastic is used to cover the cuttings. The soil below and from the cuttings themselves is kept moist, and should be aerated once in a while to prevent formation of molds. A plastic bottle can be used as a small greenhouse to provide the right humidity level.
See also[edit]
Division (horticulture)
Grafting
Propagule
Propagation of grapevines
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cuttings: softwood". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to take softwood cuttings". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Buchan, Ursula (3 April 2010). "How to take plant cuttings". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to grow plants using cuttings". readersdigest.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to make your own rooting hormone". Pioneerthinking.com. 2005-11-02. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ Tilley, Nikki. "Honey As A Root Hormone: How To Root Cuttings With Honey". gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Wong, James (31 January 2016). "Gardens: drug therapy for plants". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "HO-37: New Plants from Cuttings". purdue.edu.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Jackie. "What Are Root Cuttings: Information On Taking Cuttings From Root Growth". gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Certain plant species having more success with certain types of cuttings". Healthrecipes.com. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ Wallheimer, Brian (January 23, 2012). "Study shines light on ways to cut costs for greenhouse growers". Lopez and Currey. Purdue University. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Yao, Stephanie (December 24, 2009). "Hot Water Treatment Eliminates Rhizoctonia from Azalea Cuttings". USDA Agricultural Research Service. Physorg. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuttings.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Plant propagation
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text:
Santa Claus's reindeer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 20 January 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
Santa Claus and seven of his reindeer in a parade in Toronto 2007
In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. The commonly cited names of the eight reindeer are Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. They are based on those used in the 1823 poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (commonly called "The Night Before Christmas"), arguably the basis of the reindeers' popularity.[1]
The enduring popularity of the Christmas song "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" has led to Rudolph often joining the list, bringing the number of Santa Claus's reindeer up to nine.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of reindeer
2 Origins
2.1 Single reindeer
2.2 Eight reindeer
2.3 Rudolph (the red-nosed reindeer)
2.4 In comics
2.5 In film
2.6 In literature
2.7 In music
2.8 In television
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
List of reindeer[edit]
In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]
The names Dunder and Blixem derive from Dutch words for thunder and lightning, respectively.
Origins[edit]
Single reindeer[edit]
Illustration to verse 1 of Old Santeclaus with Much Delight, 1821
The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in Old Santeclaus with Much Delight, an illustrated children's poem published in New York in 1821.[4][5] The names of the author and the illustrator are not known.[5] The poem, with eight colored lithographic illustrations, was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve.[6]
Eight reindeer[edit]
"A Visit From St. Nicholas", handwritten manuscript by Clement C. Moore
The 1823 poem by Clement C. Moore "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas") is largely credited for the contemporary Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer.[7]
The relevant segment of the poem reads:
When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,
but a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer,
with a little old driver, so lively and quick,
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.

More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:
"Now, Dasher! Now, Dancer! Now, Prancer, and Vixen!
"On, Comet! On, Cupid! On, Dunder and Blixem!

"To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!
"Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"
As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;
So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,
In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, Edmund Clarence Stedman reprints the 1844 Clement C. Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of "Donder and Blitzen," rather than the original 1823 version using the Dutch spelling, "Dunder and Blixem".[1] Both phrases translate as "Thunder and Lightning" in English, though German for "thunder" is now spelled Donner, and the Dutch words would now be spelled Donder and Bliksem.
Rudolph (the red-nosed reindeer)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time.[8] According to this story, Rudolph's glowing red nose made him a social outcast among the other reindeer. Santa Claus's worldwide flight one year was imperiled by severe fog. Visiting Rudolph's house to deliver his presents, Santa observed Rudolph's glowing red nose in the darkened bedroom and decided to use him as a makeshift lamp to guide his sleigh. Rudolph accepted Santa's request to lead the sleigh for the rest of the night, and he returned home a hero for having helped Santa Claus.
Rudolph's story is a popular Christmas story that has been retold in numerous forms, most notably a popular song, a stop motion television special and an animated feature film. The television special departed significantly from Robert L. May's original story, depicting Rudolph as Donner's son, who lived among Santa Claus's reindeer from birth. In 1998, a film titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie was released that depicted Rudolph as Blitzen's son.
In comics[edit]
The comic strip Over the Hedge (which debuted in 1995), added a character named Ralph, the Infrared Nosed Reindeer, who is Rudolph's brother and has a nose that emits infrared radiation.
In film[edit]
The feature film, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998), introduces Mitzi as Rudolph's mother and Blitzen's wife (as opposed to the Rankin/Bass version, wherein Donner is Rudolph's father and his mother is unnamed). It also features two other reindeer Rudolph's love interest Zoey and his cousin and rival Arrow, the latter of whom is Cupid's son.
The animated movie Annabelle's Wish tells the story of a young calf who dreams to fly after meeting Santa and his reindeer. Many years later in her old age she is granted her wish, and is transformed into a reindeer herself as she leads Santa's team.
Chet is a young reindeer in training who is introduced in the 2002 feature film, The Santa Clause 2 (2002).
In the film Blizzard (2003), the title character is Blitzen's daughter. The film also includes Delphi, Blitzen's mate and Blizzard's mother.
In the 2011 film Arthur Christmas, Arthur along with his grandfather Grandsanta use a team of reindeer who are the great-great-grandchildren of the original eight, to pull Grandsanta's old sleigh.
In literature[edit]
L. Frank Baum's story The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) includes a list of ten reindeer, none of which match the names of the versions found in "A Visit from St. Nicholas". Flossie and Glossie are Santa's principal reindeer in Baum's story. Claus gathers eight more reindeer, named in rhyming pairs: Racer and Pacer, Fearless and Peerless, Ready and Steady, Feckless and Speckless.
In music[edit]
"Run Rudolph Run" (1958), recorded by Chuck Berry a popular Christmas-rock song about Rudolph
"Shadrack The Black Reindeer", was recorded by Loretta Lynn for a 1974 Christmas single.[9]
Joe Diffie's album Mr. Christmas (1995) features the song "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer".[10]
Australian trio Tripod wrote the song Fabian for their album Fegh Maha (2004), about an arrogant and self-serving reindeer. The song begins with a list of the reindeer: "You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid and... Chopper and Nixon."[11]
In television[edit]
The stop-motion animated TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) features Fireball, son of Blitzen, as one of several reindeer trying out for the sleigh team. Another reindeer is said to be the son of Dasher and struggles at flying, along with two other reindeer fawns of the same age. A young fawn named Clarice is also featured and eventually becomes Rudolph's love interest. Donner is portrayed as Rudolph's father, while his mother is left unnamed.
A stop-motion animated sequel, Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), features an additional antagonist reindeer named Scratcher.
In the animated television special Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966), the Grinch disguises his dog Max as a reindeer.
"Lightning", from the Sesame Street Christmas special, "Elmo Saves Christmas" 1996), is a reindeer-in-training.
In the TV special Robbie the Reindeer (1999), the eponymous Robbie is ostensibly assumed to be the son of Rudolph. His special feature is his nose, which has supernatural powers that allow him to jump and fly farther and faster than most reindeer.
The South Park Christmas special "Red Sleigh Down" (2002), Santa's sleigh is shot down over Iraq, killing the eight famous reindeer. The protagonists go to rescue him with Santa's backup team: Steven, Fluffy, Horace, Chantel, Skippy, Rainbow, Patches and Montel.
In the TV special Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006), Rusty is said to be Rudolph's younger brother. Unlike the other reindeer, Rusty is flightless, so instead assists Santa and the other reindeer from air traffic control.
The TV series, My Friends Tigger & Pooh, introduced a special Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007) that included Vixen's husband Frost and daughter Holly.
The television special, The Flight Before Christmas (2008), features Niko, a wild reindeer whose mother Oona claims he was fathered by one of Santa's team. After a falling out with his herd, he runs away to try to meet his father, learning to fly in the process. His father turns out to be Prancer. A sequel titled Little Brother, Big Trouble: A Christmas Adventure was released and featured Niko gaining a stepbrother named Jonni, after Oona marries a reindeer named Lenni.
Thrasher is a top-secret, oversized reindeer introduced in the Disney TV special Prep & Landing (2009). He leads the titular "prep and landing" team of elves in a sleigh ahead of Santa Claus' main sled and is Dasher's second cousin.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Claus's reindeer.
Folklore
Christmas Mountains
Six White Boomers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Clement C. (2 December 1823). "An Account of A Visit from St. Nicholas". Troy Sentinel. p. 2. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Jeffers, Harry Paul (2001). Legends of Santa Claus. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. p. 85. ISBN 9780822549833.
Jump up ^ Triefeldt, Laurie (2008). People & Places: A Special Collection. Sanger, CA: Quill Driver Books. p. 77. ISBN 9781884956713.
Jump up ^ Bowler, Gerry (2000). The World Encyclopedia of Christmas. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 199. ISBN 0-7710-1531-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Bowler, Gerry (2005). Santa Claus: a biography. McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4.
Jump up ^ "A New-Year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve". The Children's Friend. Broadway, New York,: Gilley, William B. III. 1821.
Jump up ^ Siefker, Phyllis (1997). Santa Claus, Last of the Wild Men: The Origins and Evolution of Saint Nicholas, Spanning 50,000 Years. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 4. ISBN 0-7864-0246-6.
Jump up ^ Wook Kim (17 December 2012). "Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs (With holiday cheer in the air, TIME takes a closer look at some of the weird stories behind our favorite seasonal tunes)". Time. – "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (p. 3)
Jump up ^ "Loretta Lynn - Shadrack the Black Reindeer/Let's Put the Christ Back in Christmas (Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Mr. Christmas - Joe Diffie - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB4tQLncmaw
Further reading[edit]
Puckett, Catherine & Landis, Ben (15 December 2014). "The Other 364 Days of the Year: The Real Lives of Wild Reindeer Categories: Biology and Ecosystems". U.S. Geological Survey. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
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Santa Claus's reindeer
Robert L. May
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