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List of Chinese wars and battles
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See also: List of wars involving the Republic of China
See also: List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
Painting of the 1758 Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, in which the Qing defeated the Dzungar.
The following is a list of Chinese wars and battles, organized by date. The list is not executive
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancient China
2 Imperial China
2.1 Qin dynasty (221–206 BC)
2.2 Chu-Han Contention (206–202 BC)
2.3 Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD)
2.4 Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD)
2.5 Jin dynasty (265–420), the Southern Dynasties (420–587), the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439) and the Northern Dynasties (386–581)
2.6 Sui dynasty (581–618)
2.7 Tang dynasty (618–907)
2.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960)
2.9 Song dynasty (960–1279)
2.10 Liao dynasty (907–1125)
2.11 Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
2.12 Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
2.13 Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
2.14 Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
3 Modern China
3.1 Sino-Tibetan War
3.2 Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai
3.3 Kumul Rebellion (1930–34)
3.4 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
3.5 Chinese Civil War (First phase, 1927–36)
3.6 Second Sino-Japanese War (part of World War II, 1931–45)
3.7 Ili Rebellion (1946–49)
3.8 Chinese Civil War (Second phase, 1945–49)
3.8.1 1945
3.8.2 1946
3.8.3 1947
3.8.4 1948
3.8.5 1949
3.8.6 1950
3.8.7 1951
3.8.8 1952
3.8.9 1953
3.8.10 1955
3.8.11 1960
3.8.12 1950–58
3.9 Invasion of Tibet (1950)
3.10 Korean War (1950–53)
3.11 Vietnam War (1959–75)
3.12 Sino-Indian War (1962)
3.13 Nathu La and Cho La incidents (1967)
3.14 Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969)
3.15 Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)
4 See also
Ancient China[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
26th century BC Battle of Banquan The Yellow Emperor defeats the Yan Emperor.
26th century BC Battle of Zhuolu The Yellow Emperor defeats Chi You and establishes the Han Chinese civilisation.
1675 BC Battle of Mingtiao The Xia dynasty is overthrown and replaced by the Shang dynasty.
1046 BC Battle of Muye The Shang dynasty is overthrown and replaced by the Zhou dynasty.
707 BC Battle of Xuge The Western Zhou dynasty is defeated by the vassal Zheng state.
684 BC Battle of Changshao The Lu state defeats the Qi state
632 BC Battle of Chengpu The Jin state defeats the Chu state.
627BC Battle of Xiao The Jin defeates Qin.
595 BC Battle of Bi The Chu state defeats the Jin state.
588 BC Battle of An The Jin state defeats the Qi state.
575 BC Battle of Yanling The Jin state defeats the Chu state.
506 BC Battle of Boju The Wu state defeats the Chu state.
4th century BC Gojoseon–Yan War The Yan state defeats the Gojoseon kingdom.
494 BC Battle of Fujiao The Wu state defeats the Yue state.
478 BC Battle of Lize The Yue state defeats the Wu state.
453 BC Battle of Jinyang The Zhao state defeats the Zhi state. Leads to the Partition of Jin.
353 BC Battle of Guiling The Qi state defeats the Wei state.
342 BC Battle of Maling The Qi state defeats the Wei state.
341 BC Battle of Guailing
293 BC Battle of Yique The Qin state defeats the Wei and Han states.
269 BC Battle of Yanyu
260 BC Battle of Changping The Qin state defeats the Zhao state.
259 - 257 BC Battle of Handan The allied forces of Zhao, Wei and Chu defeats the Qin.
230–221 BC Qin's wars of unification The Qin state conquers the six other major states in China and unifies the country under the Qin dynasty.
Imperial China[edit]
Qin dynasty (221–206 BC)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
215 BC Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu Qin forces defeat the Xiongnu in the Ordos Desert.
214 BC Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes Qin forces defeat and conquer the Yue tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam.
209 BC Dazexiang Uprising Chen Sheng and Wu Guang lead a rebellion against the Qin dynasty.
207 BC Battle of Julu A rebel coalition army led by Xiang Yu defeats Qin forces.
Chu-Han Contention (206–202 BC)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
206 - 202 BC Chu-Han Contention Han defeats Chu and its allies and unifies China.
205 BC Battle of Pengcheng Western Chu defeats Han.
205 BC Battle of Xingyang
205 BC Battle of Jingxing Han defeats the Zhao state.
203 BC Battle of Wei River Han defeats Western Chu and the Qi state.
202 BC Battle of Gaixia Han defeats Western Chu and unifies China under the Han dynasty.
Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
2nd century BC Southward expansion of the Han dynasty The Han dynasty expands its boundaries into southern China and northern Vietnam.
200 BC Battle of Baideng The Xiongnu defeat Han forces.
154 BC Rebellion of the Seven States The Han central government suppresses a revolt led by seven princes.
138 BC and 111 BC Han campaigns against Minyue The Han dynasty conquers the Minyue region (around present-day southeastern China).
133 BC – 89 AD Han–Xiongnu War Overall victory for Han forces over the Xiongnu.
133 BC Battle of Mayi Inconclusive battle between the Xiongnu and Han forces.
119 BC Battle of Mobei Han forces defeat the Xiongnu.
111 BC Han–Nanyue War The Han dynasty defeats the Nanyue kingdom,led to the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.
109 BC Han campaigns against Dian The Han dynasty conquers the Dian region (around present-day Yunnan).
109 BC Gojoseon–Han War Han defeats Gojoseon. Gojoseon kingdom collapses.
99 BC Battle of Tian Shan The Xiongnu defeat Han forces.
89 AD Battle of Ikh Bayan Han forces defeat the Xiongnu.
73 AD Battle of Yiwulu Han forces defeat the Xiongnu.
67 BC Battle of Jushi Han forces defeat the Xiongnu.
36 BC Battle of Zhizhi Han forces defeat the Xiongnu.
23 AD Battle of Kunyang Liu Xiu overthrows the Xin dynasty and restores the Han dynasty (as the Eastern Han dynasty).
43 AD Han suppression of the Trung sisters' rebellion Han forces strikes down the Trung sisters' rebellion,led to the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
184–205 AD Yellow Turban Rebellion Han forces defeat the Yellow Turban rebels.
190–191 Campaign against Dong Zhuo The Guandong Coalition attacks Dong Zhuo. No conclusive results.
190 Battle of Xingyang
191 Battle of Jieqiao Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan.
191 Battle of Xiangyang Sun Jian is killed in action against Liu Biao's forces.
194–195 Battle of Yan Province Cao Cao defeats Lü Bu and takes back his territories in Yan Province.
194–199 Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong Sun Ce conquers many territories in Jiangdong (southeastern China) and lays the foundation of Eastern Wu.
197–199 War between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu Zhang Xiu surrenders to Cao Cao after they fought three battles between 197 and 199.
198 Battle of Xiapi Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu. Lü Bu is executed after his capture.
199 Battle of Yijing Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan. Gongsun Zan commits suicide.
197–199 Campaign against Yuan Shu Han forces defeat Yuan Shu.
200 Battle of Guandu Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao.
200–207 Cao Cao's campaigns in northern China Cao Cao attacks Yuan Shao's heirs and allies in northern China and unifies the region under his control.
202 Battle of Bowang Liu Bei defeats Cao Cao's general Xiahou Dun and then retreats.
204 Battle of Ye
208 Battle of Xiakou Sun Quan defeats Huang Zu.
208 Battle of Changban Cao Cao's forces defeat Liu Bei.
208 Battle of Red Cliffs Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao.
209 Battle of Jiangling The allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao's general Cao Ren.
211 Battle of Tong Pass Cao Cao defeats a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui.
212–215 Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province Liu Bei seizes control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang.
214–215 Battle of Xiaoyao Ford Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao defeats Sun Quan's forces.
215 Battle of Yangping Cao Cao takes control of Hanzhong commandery from Zhang Lu.
217 Battle of Ruxu The forces of Cao Cao and Sun Quan clash at Ruxu with no conclusive results.
217–219 Hanzhong Campaign Liu Bei seizes control of Hanzhong commandery from Cao Cao.
219 Battle of Fancheng Cao Cao's forces successfully hold off a siege on Fancheng by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu.
219 Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province Sun Quan's forces capture Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. Liu Bei's general Guan Yu is captured and executed.
Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
221–222 Battle of Xiaoting / Battle of Yiling Wu defeats Shu.
222–225 Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu Wei attacks Wu three times.
224 Incident at Guangling
225 Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign Shu pacifies its southern borders and compels the Nanman tribes into submission.
227–228 Xincheng Rebellion Wei general Sima Yi suppresses a revolt by Meng Da.
228–234 Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang leads six campaigns to attack Wei but makes no significant territorial gains.
228 Battle of Shiting Wu defeats Wei.
228 Battle of Jieting Wei defeats Shu.
234 Battle of Wuzhang Plains Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang dies during a stalemate. Shu forces retreat.
238 Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign Wei general Sima Yi suppresses a revolt by Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong (northeastern China).
244 Battle of Xingshi Shu repels a Wei invasion.
244–245 Goguryeo–Wei War Wei defeats Goguryeo.
247–262 Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions Shu general Jiang Wei leads nine campaigns to attack Wei but makes no significant territorial gains.
251–258 Three Rebellions in Shouchun Wei suppresses three consecutive revolts in Shouchun.
252 Battle of Dongxing Wu defeats Wei.
263 Conquest of Shu by Wei Wei conquers Shu.
Jin dynasty (265–420), the Southern Dynasties (420–587), the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439) and the Northern Dynasties (386–581)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
280 Conquest of Wu by Jin The Jin dynasty conquers Eastern Wu and unifies China under its control.
291–306 War of the Eight Princes Eight Jin princes start a civil war.
304–316 Wu Hu uprising The Wu Hu tribes overthrow the (Western) Jin dynasty. The Jin dynasty is reestablished as the Eastern Jin dynasty.
305 - 307 Chen Min's rebellion
311 Disaster of Yongjia
311 - 315 Du Tao's Uprising
313 Zu Ti's expedition Jin forces led by Zu Ti defeats Later Zhao.
314 Battle of Youzhou
316 Battle of Chang'an
319 Battle of Junyi Jin forces led by Zu Ti defeats Later Zhao.
319 Battle of Jicheng
328 Jin's expedition against Su Jun
328 Battle of Luoyang
346 Jin-Cheng Han war Jin Dynasty defeats Cheng Han.
350 - 352 Battle of Xiangguo Ran Wei defeats Jie and other barbarians.
351 Former Yan-Ran Wei war Former Yan defeats Ran Wei.
354–369 Huan Wen's expeditions Jin general Huan Wen attempts to reclaim territories in northern China.
354 Battle of Lukou
355 Battle of Guanggu
361 Battle of Yewang
369 Battle of Fangtou Former Qin and Former Yan defeat Jin Dynasty.
369 Conquest of Former Yan by Former Qin
376 Conquest of Dai by Former Qin
383 Battle of Fei River The Eastern Jin dynasty defeats Former Qin.
383 Lyu Guang's expedition to Qiuci
387 Battle of Liangzhou
389 Battle of Dajie
390 Battle of Xincheng Town
390 Northern Wei's campaign against Liu Weichen
392 Lyu Guang's expedition against Western Qin
393 Conquest of Western Yan by Later Yan
395 Battle of Canhe Slope Northern Wei defeats Later Yan.
397 Battle of Bosi Northern Wei defeated Later Yan, but then retreated due to internal struggles.
399 - 411 Rebellion of Sun En and Lu Xun
404 Battle of Fuzhoushan
404 Liu Yu-Huan Xuan war
409–416 Liu Yu's expeditions Jin general Liu Yu reclaims territories in northern China and establishes the Liu Song dynasty.
416 Conquest of Later Qin
422 Battle of Henan A battle between Liu Song and Northern Wei
426 Liu Song's war against Xie Hui Xie Hui was captured.
426 Western Qin-Northern Liang war
426 - 427 Battle of Tongwan Northern Wei attacked Helian Xia's capital city, Tongwan
430; 450-452 Yuanjia Expeditions
429 Northern Wei's war against Rouran
432 Wei-Yan war
433 Battle of Hanzhong Northern Wei defeats Southern Qi.
439 Conquest of Northern Liang by Northern Wei
449 Battle of Yongzhou
450 Battle of Shaancheng
454 Conquest of Liu Yixuan by Liu Song Liu Yixuan was defeated.
459 Battle of Guangling
466 Liu Zixun's rebellion
466 Battle of Pengcheng
467 Battle of QIngzhou
474 Battle of Jiankang
479 - 500 Qi-Wei war
479 Battle of Shouyang
488 Wei-Baekje war
494 Battle of Huaihan
495 Battle of Hanzhong
497 Battle of Nanyang
503 Battle of Zhongli and Yiyang
506 Battle of Hefei
507 Battle of Zhongli Liang dynasty defeats Northern Wei
515 Battle of Shaanshi
528 Battle of Ye
529 Chen Qingzhi's expeditions
531 Gao Huan's expedition against Erzhu
534 - 535 Civil war of Northern Wei Northern Wei split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei.
537 Battle of Shayuan
543 Battle of Mt. Mang
546 Battle of Yubi
547 Hou Jing's rebellion against Eastern Wei Hou Jing led a rebellion against Eastern Wei and then fled to Liang dynasty.
552 Hou Jing's rebellion against Liang Hou Jing led a massive rebellion against Liang dynasty.
554 Battle of Jiangling Western Wei defeats Liang dynasty
556 Northern Qi-Liang war
564 Battle of Luoyang Northern Qi defeats Northern Zhou.
569 Battle of Yiyang and Fenbei
575 - 577 Conquest of Northern Qi by Northern Zhou
575 Battle of Heyin
576 Battle pf Pingyang
580 Conquest of Yuchi Jiong by Yang Jian
580 Conquest of Wang Qian by Yang Jian
580 Battle of Lizhou
580 Battle of Wushe
580 Battle of Liangjun
580 Battle of Jinxiang
580 Battle of Shizhou
Sui dynasty (581–618)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
589 Conquest of Chen by Sui
598–614 Goguryeo–Sui War Goguryeo defeats Sui.
602 Sui–Lý War The Sui dynasty defeats the Early Lý dynasty,led to the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
611–619 Wagang Army Uprising Led by Zhai Rang and later Li Mi
613 Yang Xuangan's Rebellion
616 Battle of Xingyang Wagang Army defeats Sui army led by Zhang Xutuo
617 Battle of Huoyi Li Yuan overthrows the Sui dynasty and establishes the Tang dynasty.
618 Battle of Luoyang Li Mi defeats Yuwen Huaji and then Wang Shichong defeats Li Mi.
Tang dynasty (618–907)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
621 Battle of Hulao Tang forces defeated Dou Jiande.
626 Xuanwu Gate Incident Li Shimin killed his brothers Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji in a coup and seized the succession to the Tang throne.
630 Battle of Yinshan Tang army, led by Li Jing, defeated and conquered Eastern Turks
635 Tang campaign against Tuyuhun Tang forces defeated and conquered Tuyuhun Khanate.
638 Battle of Songzhou The Tang Dynasty defeated the Tibetan Empire.
639–646 Tang campaign against Xueyantuo Tang forces defeated and conquered Xueyantuo Khanate.
640–657 Tang campaigns against the Western Turks Wars between the Tang Dynasty and the Western Turks.
640–648 Tang campaign against the oasis states The Tang Dynasty conquered the oasis states of the Tarim Basin.
640 Tang campaign against Karakhoja Tang forces defeated and conquered Karakhoja (Gaochang).
644, 648 Tang campaigns against Karasahr Tang forces defeat and conquered Karasahr.
648–649 Tang campaign against Kucha Tang forces defeated and conquered Kucha.
657 Battle of Irtysh River Tang forces defeated the Western Turks.
657 Conquest of the Western Turks Tang forces defeated the Western Turks.
645–668 Goguryeo–Tang War The Tang Dynasty defeated and conquered Goguryeo.
663 Battle of Baekgang Tang and Silla forces defeated Yamato Japanese and Baekje forces.
663 Tibetan campaign against Tuyuhun Tuyuhun Khanate was destroyed.
660 Baekje–Tang War The Tang dynasty defeated and conquered Baekje.
670 Battle of Dafei River The Tibetan Empire defeated the Tang Dynasty.
685 Battle of Kaoyu
697 Battle of Dongxiashi Valley Khitan defeated the Wu Zhou.
698 Battle of Tianmenling Mohe forces defeated the Wu Zhou.
717 Battle of Aksu (717) Tang forces defeated an allied forces of Umayyad Muslims, Tibetans and Turgesh Turks.
745–749 Siege of Shibao Fortress Tibetans forces defeated Tang
751 Battle of Talas The Abbasid Caliphate and Tibetans defeated the Tang Dynasty.
755 - 763 An-Shi Rebellion An Lushan, An Qingxu, Shi Siming and Shi Chaoyi led a massive rebellion against Tang Dynasty.
756 Battle of Tong pass The rebel Yan state defeats Tang Dynasty and soon captured Chang'an,the capital of Tang Dynasty.
756 Battle of Yongqiu The Tang Dynasty defeated the rebel Yan state.
757 Battle of Suiyang Pyrrhic victory for the rebel Yan state against Tang forces.
757 Battle of Xiangjisi Tang forces defeated rebel Yan forces and recaptured Chang'an.
758–759 Battle of Xiangzhou Rebel Yan forces defeated Tang forces.
762 Battle of Luoyang The Tang Dynasty decisively defeated the rebel Yan state,fall of Yan.
763 Battle of Chang´an No casualties, Tibetan Empire strategic victory against Tang Dynasty.
765 Battle of Xiyuan Tibetan Empire defeated the Tang Dynasty and Uyghur forces. 781 Battle of Henshui
801–802 Battle of Weizhou Tibetan forces decisively defeated Tang forces in the South-West front.
817 Conquest of the Western Huai River
819 Battle of Yanzhou Tibetan forces decisively defeated Tang forces in the North-West front.
874–884 Huang Chao Rebellion Huang Chao led a rebellion that weakened the Tang dynasty.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
923 Conquest of Later Liang by Later Tang
925 Conquest of Former Shu by Later Tang
936 Conquest of Later Tang by Later Jin
945 Battle of Ting-Hsien
Song dynasty (960–1279)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
964 Conquest of Later Shu by Song Song conquest of the Later Shu.
970 Conquest of Southern Han by Song Song conquest of the Southern Han.
974 Conquest of Southern Tang by Song Song conquest of the Southern Tang.
979 Conquest of Northern Han by Song Song conquest of the Northern Han.
979 Battle of Gaoliang River The Khitan Liao Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty.
986 Battle of Qigou Pass Liao forces defeat Song forces.
1004 Battle of Chanzhou Inconclusive.
1041 Battle of Haoshui River The Western Xia defeats the Song Dynasty.
1048 Battle of Pei-Chou
1075-1077 Lý–Song War Indecisive.
1126–1127 Siege of Dongjing The Jurchen Jin Dynasty decisively defeats the Song Dynasty,fall of Northern Song.
1129–1141 Song-Jin Wars Wars between the Song and Jin dynasties.
1130 Battle of Fuping Jin forces defeats Song forces.
1140 Battle of Yancheng Song forces under Yue Fei,defeat Jin forces.
1161 Battle of Tangdao Song forces defeat Jin forces.
1161 Battle of Caishi Song forces defeat Jin forces.
1234 Siege of Caizhou The Mongol Empire and the Song Dynasty decisively defeat the Jin Dynasty,fall of the Jin Dynasty.
1259 Siege of Diaoyu fortress Song forces defeat the Mongols.
1273 Battle of Xiangyang The Mongols defeat Song forces.
1279 Battle of Yamen The Mongols decisively defeat the Song Dynasty,fall of Southern Song.
Liao dynasty (907–1125)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
Liao-Song War
979 Battle of Gaoliang River The Liao Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty.
986 Battle of Qigou Pass Liao forces defeat Song forces.
1004 Battle of Chanzhou Inconclusive.
1044 Battle of Hequ The Western Xia defeats the Liao Dynasty.
1114–1125 Liao-Jin War
Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
1126–1127 Siege of Dongjing The Jurchen Jin Dynasty decisively defeats the Song Dynasty,fall of Northern Song.
1130 Battle of Fuping Jin forces defeats Song forces.
1211–1234 Mongol–Jin War The Mongols defeat and conquer Jin.
1211 Battle of Yehuling The Mongols defeat Jin.
1215 Battle of Zhongdu The Mongols defeat Jin.
1232 Mongol siege of Kaifeng The Mongols capture the Jin city Kaifeng.
1234 Siege of Caizhou The Mongol Empire and the Song Dynasty decisively defeat the Jin Dynasty,fall of the Jin Dynasty.
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
1274, 1281 Mongol invasions of Japan The Japanese repel the Mongol invasions.
1277–1287 First Mongol invasion of Burma Mongol Yuan victory, fall of the Pagan Empire.
1288 Battle of Bạch Đằng The Vietnamese defeat Yuan forces.
1293 Mongol invasion of Java Failed Yuan expedition to Java.
1301 Second Mongol invasion of Burma The Burmese defeat Yuan forces.
1351–1368 Red Turban Rebellion The Red Turban rebels overthrow the Yuan dynasty.
1359 Red Turban invasions of Goryeo The Red Turban rebels attack Goryeo.
1360 Battle of Yingtian
1363 Battle of Lake Poyang Zhu Yuanzhang defeats Chen Youliang.
Ming dynasty (1368–1644)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
1381–1382 Ming conquest of Yunnan The Ming expelled the last of the loyalist Mongol forces of the Yuan in South China.
1387 Ming campaign against the Uriyangkhad horde The Ming received the surrender of the Naghachu based in Manchuria.
1388 Battle of Buir Lake The Ming decisively defeated Toghus Temur, Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia.
14th century–15th century Miao Rebellions Ming forces suppressed rebellions by the Miao and other aboriginal peoples in southwestern China.
1399–1402 Jingnan Campaign Zhu Di seized the throne from the Jianwen Emperor in a civil war.
15th century–16th century Ming–Turpan conflict The Ming clashed with the Turpan kingdom.
1406–1407 Ming–Hồ War The Ming defeated the Hồ dynasty,led to the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
1410 Ming–Kotte War The Ming defeated the Kingdom of Kotte.
1410–1424 Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols The Ming launched punitive expeditions against the Eastern Mongols, Oyirad Mongols, and other Mongol tribes.
1449 Tumu Crisis The Mongols defeated the Ming.
1510 Prince of Anhua rebellion The Ming suppressed a revolt by Zhu Zhifan (the Prince of Anhua).
1519 Prince of Ning rebellion The Ming suppressed a revolt by Zhu Chenhao (the Prince of Ning).
Malayan–Portuguese war
1521 First Battle of Tamao The Ming defeated the Portuguese in a naval battle.
1522 Second Battle of Tamao The Ming defeated the Portuguese in a naval battle.
1575–1581 Li Chengliang campaign against Tuman Khan The Ming defeated the Mongols
1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea The Ming and Joseon defeated Japanese invaders.
1593 Siege of Pyongyang The Ming and Joseon defeated Japanese invaders.
1597 Siege of Ulsan Ming and Joseon forces failed to capture Ulsan Castle from the Japanese.
1598 Battle of Sacheon Ming and Joseon forces failed to capture Sacheon from the Japanese.
1598 Battle of Noryang Ming and Joseon forces defeated the Japanese in a naval battle.
1618–1683 Qing conquest of the Ming The Qing dynasty defeated and conquered the Ming.
1618–1619 Battle of Sarhu The Manchus defeated the Ming.
1626 Battle of Ningyuan The Ming defeated the Manchus.
1622–1633 Sino-Dutch conflicts A series of conflicts between the Ming and the Dutch East India Company that began on Penghu and concluded with Ming victory at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay.
1641–1642 Battle of Songjin The Qing defeated the Ming.
1642 Battle of Nanyang
1643 Battle of Tongguan Ming was defeated by Li Zicheng in Shaanxi.
1644 Battle of Beijing Rebel forces led by Li Zicheng occupied the capital Beijing and overthrew the Ming dynasty.
1644 Battle of Shanhai Pass Qing forces allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and defeated Li Zicheng's forces.
Qing dynasty (1644–1912)[edit]
Year(s)
Event
Brief description
1652–1689 Sino-Russian border conflicts Border conflicts between the Qing and the Russian Empire concluded with Qing victory and the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
1661–1662 Siege of Fort Zeelandia Koxinga defeated the Dutch and conquered Taiwan.
1678–1680 Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungars conquer the Yarkent Chagatai Khanate
1674–1681 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The Qing suppressed rebellions in Fujian, Guangdong and Yunnan.
1683 Battle of Penghu The Qing conquered the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan.
1690–1757 Dzungar–Qing War
1690 Battle of Ulan Butung Withdraw of Dzungar Khanate forces.
1696 Battle of Jao Modo The Qing defeated Galdan of the Dzungar Khanate.
1718 Battle of the Salween River The Dzungars defeated the Qing expedition force to Tibet.
1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Qing victory against the Dzungars
1755–1759 Qianlong's Campaign Against the Dzungars and Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas Qing victory, destruction of the Dzungar Khanate and Qing conquest of Xinjiang.
1765–1769 Sino-Burmese War Burmese victory.
1788–1789 Campaign in Vietnam Tây Sơn dynasty victory, Qing troops retreat from Vietnam.
1790–1791 Sino-Nepalese War Qing victory.
1794–1804 White Lotus Rebellion The Qing suppressed a revolt by the White Lotus Society.
19th century Ningpo Massacre Cantonese pirates (with support from the Qing) defeated Portuguese pirates.
1820's-1850's Afaqi Khoja revolts Aq Taghlik Khojas (Afaqi Khojas) attack Xinjiang. Qing victory
1839–1842 First Opium War The Qing lost to the British and ceded Hong Kong to the latter.
1839 Battle of Kowloon Stalemate between the British and the Qing.
1839 Battle of Chuenpi The British defeated the Qing.
1840 Capture of Chusan The British defeated the Qing.
1840 Battle of the Barrier The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Second Battle of Chuenpi The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of the Bogue The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of First Bar The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of Whampoa The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of Canton (March 1841) The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Sino-Sikh War Military stalemate between the Sikhs and the Qing. Treaty of Chushul signed.
1841 Battle of Canton (May 1841) The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of Amoy The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Capture of Chusan (1841) The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of Chinhai The British defeated the Qing.
1841 Battle of Keelung (1841–1842) The Qing defeated the British.
1842 Battle of Ningpo The British defeated the Qing.
1842 Battle of Tzeki The British defeated the Qing.
1842 Battle of Chapu The British defeated the Qing.
1842 Battle of Woosung The British defeated the Qing.
1842 Battle of Chinkiang The British defeated the Qing.
1850–1864 Taiping Rebellion The Qing defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels).
1850 Jintian Uprising Start of the Taiping Rebellion.
1852 Battle of Changsha
1853 Battle of Nanjing The Taiping rebels captured Nanjing from the Qing.
1854 Battle of Lake Dongting
1856 Battle of Nanjing The Taiping rebels defeated the Qing.
1856 Third Battle of Wuhan
1857 Battles of Lake Tai
1858 Battle of Sanhe The Taiping rebels defeated the Qing.
1859 Battle of Jiujiang
1860 Second rout of the Jiangnan Daying The Taiping rebels defeated the Qing.
1861 Battle of Anqing
1861–1864 Battle of Guanzhong The Taiping rebels defeated the Qing.
1861 Battle of Shanghai The Qing defeated the Taiping rebels with assistance from British and French forces.
1862 Battle of Cixi The Qing defeated the Taiping rebels.
1863 Battle of Northern Jiangsu
1863–1864 Battle of Changzhou The Qing defeated the Taiping rebels.
1864 Third Battle of Nanking The Qing seized Nanjing from the Taiping rebels.
1864 Battle of Hubei The Qing seized Hubei and southern Anhui from the Taiping rebels.
1865 Battle of Fujian The Qing recover previously lost territories in Fujian from the Taiping rebels.
1866 Battle of Meizhou
1866 Formosa Expedition Paiwan Aboriginals defeat the Americans
1856–1873 Panthay Rebellion The Qing and Hui loyalists suppressed a revolt by the Hui people and other ethnic minorities in Yunnan.
1862–1877 Dungan revolt The Qing and Hui loyalists suppressed a revolt by the Hui people in northwestern China.
1870 Battle of Ürümqi (1870) The Uzbek controlled kingdom of Kashgaria defeated Hui rebels.
1854–56 Red Turban Rebellion The Qing defeated Red Turban rebels in Guangdong
1855–1867 Punti-Hakka Clan Wars Hakka were allocated their own independent sub-prefecture, Chixi (赤溪镇), which was carved out of south-eastern Taishan, while others were relocated to Guangxi Province, mass emigration to other countries.
1864–1869 Nian Rebellion The Qing suppressed a revolt led by Zhang Lexing and others.
1865 Battle of Gaolozai
1867 Battle of Inlon River The Qing defeated the Nian rebels.
1867 Battle of Ganyu
1867 Battle of Shouguang
1856–1860 Second Opium War The British, French and Americans defeated the Qing.
1856 Battle of the Pearl River Forts The Americans defeated the Qing.
1857 Battle of Fatshan Creek The British defeated the Qing.
1858 First Battle of Taku Forts The British and French defeated the Qing.
1859 Second Battle of Taku Forts The Qing defeated the British, French, and Americans.
1860 Third Battle of Taku Forts The British and French defeated the Qing.
1860 Battle of Palikao The British and French defeated the Qing.
1874 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) Paiwan Aboriginals fight against the Japanese
1876–1878 Qing reconquest of Xinjiang The Qing defeat Yaqub Beg's forces in Kashgaria.
1884–1885 Sino-French War Militarily indecisive, diplomatic victory of the French.
1883–1886 Tonkin Campaign The French defeated the Qing, Vietnamese and Black Flag Army.
1883 Sơn Tây Campaign The French defeated the Qing, Vietnamese and Black Flag Army.
1883 Battle of Paper Bridge The Black Flag Army defeated the French.
1884 Bắc Ninh Campaign The French defeated the Qing and Black Flag Army.
1884 Bắc Lệ ambush The Qing defeated the French.
1884 Battle of Fuzhou The French defeated the Qing.
1884 Battle of Tamsui The Qing defeated the French.
1884 Kep Campaign The French defeated the Qing.
1884–1885 Keelung Campaign Stalemate between the French and the Qing.
1885 Lạng Sơn Campaign The French defeated the Qing.
1885 Battle of Shipu The French defeated the Qing.
1885 Battle of Zhenhai The French clashed with the Qing.
1885 Siege of Tuyên Quang The French defeated the Qing and Black Flag Army.
1885 Battle of Hoa Moc The French defeated the Qing and Black Flag Army.
1885 Battle of Bang Bo The Qing and Black Flag Army defeated the French.
1885 Battle of Phu Lam Tao The Qing and Black Flag Army defeated the French.
1885 Pescadores Campaign The French defeated the Qing.
1884 Gapsin Coup The Qing defeated the Japanese.
1894–1895 First Sino-Japanese War The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1894 Battle of Pungdo The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1894 Battle of Seonghwan The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1894 Battle of Pyongyang The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1894 Battle of the Yalu River The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1894 Battle of Jiuliancheng The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1894 Battle of Lushunkou The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1895 Battle of Weihaiwei The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1895 Battle of Yingkou The Japanese defeated the Qing.
1895–1896 Dungan revolt The Qing and Muslim loyalists suppressed a revolt by Muslim forces in western China.
1895 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895) The Japanese occupy Taiwan.
1899–1901 Boxer Rebellion The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated the Boxer rebels and Qing forces.
1900 Battle of Dagu Forts The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated Qing forces.
1900 Battle of Tientsin The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated Qing forces.
1900 Battle of Shanhai Pass Inconclusive.
1900 Battle of Beicang The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated Qing forces.
1900 Battle of Yangcun The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated Qing forces.
1900 Russian invasion of Manchuria The Russians defeated the Boxer rebels and Qing.
1900 Battle of Pai-t'ou-tzu The Boxer rebels and Qing forces defeated the Russians.
1900 Battles on Amur River The Russians defeated the Boxer rebels and Qing forces.
1900 Battle of Peking The Eight-Nation Alliance defeated the Boxer rebels and Qing forces.
1900 Seymour Expedition (Battle of Langfang) The Boxer rebels and Qing forces defeated the Eight-Nation Alliance.
1900 Siege of the International Legations The Boxers assault the Legations in Beijing.
1911 Battle of Yangxia Qing and Revolutionary Armies vie for control of Wuhan.
Modern China[edit]
See also: List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
Second Chinese Revolution (1913)
National Protection War (1915)
Warlord Era
Zhili–Anhui War (1920)
First Zhili-Fengtian War (1922)
Second Zhili-Fengtian War (1924)
Anti–Fengtian War (1925)
Northern Expedition (1926–1928)
April 12 Incident (1927)
Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
Central Plains War (1930)
Sino-Tibetan War (1930–1932)
Kirghiz rebellion 1932
Kumul Rebellion (1930–1934)
Fujian Rebellion (1933–34)
Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang (1934)
Xinjiang War (1937)
Ili Rebellion (1946–49)
Sino-Tibetan War[edit]
1932 — Qinghai–Tibet War
Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai[edit]
Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai
1929 — Battle of Xiahe
Kumul Rebellion (1930–34)[edit]
1933 — Kizil massacre
1933 — Battle of Aksu
1933 — Battle of Sekes Tash
1933 — Battle of Kashgar (1933)
1933 — First Battle of Urumqi (1933)
1933 — Battle of Toksun
1934 — Second Battle of Urumqi (1933–34)
1934 — Battle of Kashgar (1934)
1934 — Battle of Yangi Hissar
1934 — Battle of Yarkand
1934 — Charkhlik Revolt
Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang[edit]
1934 — Battle of Tutung
1934 — Battle of Dawan Cheng
Chinese Civil War (First phase, 1927–36)[edit]
1927–37 — Ten Year's Civil War
1927 — Nanchang Uprising
1927 — Autumn Harvest Uprising
1927 — Guangzhou Uprising
1930–31 — First Encirclement Campaign
1931 — Second Encirclement Campaign
1931 — Third Encirclement Campaign
1932 — Fourth Encirclement Campaign
1933–34 — Fifth Encirclement Campaign
1934–36 — Long March
1935 — Battles at Luding Bridge
Second Sino-Japanese War (part of World War II, 1931–45)[edit]
1931 — Mukden Incident
1931–32 — Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1931 — Jiangqiao Campaign
1931 — Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge
1932 — Defense of Harbin
1932 — January 28 Incident
1931–42 — Pacification of Manchukuo
1933 — Defense of the Great Wall
1933 — Battle of Rehe
1933–36 — Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–36)
1936 — Suiyuan Campaign
1937 — Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1937 — Battle of Beiping-Tianjin
1937 — Battle of Shanghai
1937 — Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation
1937 — Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation
1937 — Battle of Pingxingguan
1937 — Battle of Xinkou
1937 — Battle of Taiyuan
1937 — Battle of Nanjing
1938 — Battle of Xuzhou
1938 — Battle of Taierzhuang
1938 — Battle of Wuhan
1938 — Battle of Wanjialing
1939 — Hainan Island Operation
1939 — Battle of Nanchang
1939 — Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang
1939 — Battle of Changsha
1939 — Battle of South Guangxi
1939 — Battle of Kunlun Pass
1940 — Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1940 — Hundred Regiments Offensive
1940 — Central Hubei Operation
1941 — Battle of Shanggao
1941 — Western Hubei Operation
1941 — Battle of South Shanxi
1941 — Battle of Changsha
1942 — Battle of Changsha
1942 — Battle of Toungoo
1942 — Battle of Yenangyaung
1942 — Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
1942 — Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road
1943 — Battle of West Hubei
1943 — Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1943 — Battle of Changde
1944 — Operation Ichi-Go
1944 — Battle of Changsha
1944 — Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou
1944 — Battle of Mount Song
1945 — Battle of West Henan–North Hubei
1945 — Battle of West Hunan
1945 — Second Guangxi Campaign
1945 — Soviet invasion of Manchuria
Ili Rebellion (1946–49)[edit]
1946–48 — Pei-ta-shan Incident
Chinese Civil War (Second phase, 1945–49)[edit]
Conflicts in the Chinese Civil War in the post-World War II era are listed chronologically by the starting dates.
1945[edit]
July 21, 1945 – August 8, 1945 — Yetaishan Campaign
August 13, 1945 – August 19, 1945 — Southern Jiangsu Campaign
August 13, 1945 – August 16, 1945 — Counteroffensive in Eastern Hubei
August 15, 1945 – August 23, 1945 — Battle of Baoying
August 16, 1945 – August 19, 1945 — Battle of Yongjiazhen
August 17, 1945 – August 27, 1945 — Battle of Tianmen
August 17, 1945 – August 25, 1945 — Pingyu Campaign
August 17, 1945 – September 11, 1945 — Linyi Campaign
August 24, 1945 – August 24, 1945 — Battle of Wuhe
August 26, 1945 – August 27, 1945 — Battle of Yinji
August 26, 1945 – September 22, 1945 — Huaiyin-Huai'an Campaign
August 29, 1945 – September 1, 1945 — Xinghua Campaign
September 1, 1945 – September 13, 1945 — Battle of Dazhongji
September 4, 1945 – September 5, 1945 — Battle of Lingbi
September 5, 1945 – September 8, 1945 — Zhucheng Campaign
September 5, 1945 – September 22, 1945 — Shanghe Campaign
September 6, 1945 – September 9, 1945 — Battle of Lishi
September 7, 1945 – September 10, 1945 — Pingdu Campaign
September 8, 1945 – September 12, 1945 — Taixing Campaign
September 10, 1945 – October 12, 1945 — Shangdang Campaign
September 13, 1945 – September 17, 1945 — Wuli Campaign
September 18, 1945 – September 18, 1945 — Battle of Xiangshuikou
September 21, 1945 – September 21, 1945 — Battle of Rugao
September 29, 1945 – November 2, 1945 — Weixian-Guangling-Nuanquan Campaign
October, 1945 – October, 1945 — Battle of Shicun
October 3, 1945 – November 10, 1945 — Yancheng Campaign
October 17, 1945 – December 14, 1945 — Tongbai Campaign
October 18, 1945 – October 18, 1945 — Battle of Houmajia
October 22, 1945 – November 2, 1945 — Handan Campaign
October 25, 1945 – November 16, 1945 — Battle of Shanhai Pass
October 26, 1945 – October 30, 1945 — Campaign along the Datong-Puzhou Railway
November, 1945 – April, 1947 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China
November 3, 1945 – November 4, 1945 — Battle of Jiehezhen
December 19, 1945 – December 21, 1945 — Battle of Shaobo
December 19, 1945 – December 26, 1945 — Gaoyou-Shaobo Campaign
December 21, 1945 – December 30, 1945 — Battle of Tangtou-Guocun
1946[edit]
January 19, 1946 – January 26, 1946 — Houma Campaign
March 15, 1946 – March 17, 1946 — Battle of Siping
April 10, 1946 – April 15, 1946 — Jinjiatun Campaign
April 17, 1946 – May 19, 1946 — Campaign to Defend Siping
June 22, 1946 – August 31, 1946 — Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket
June 12, 1946 – September 1, 1946 — Campaign along the Southern Section of Datong-Puzhou Railway
July 31, 1946 – September 16, 1946 — Datong-Jining Campaign
August 10, 1946 – August 22, 1946 — Longhai Campaign
August 14, 1946 – September 1, 1946 — Datong-Puzhou Campaign
August 21, 1946 – September 22, 1946 — Battle of Huaiyin-Huai'an
August 25, 1946 – August, 1946 — Battle of Rugao-Huangqiao
September 2, 1946 – September 8, 1946 — Dingtao Campaign
September 22, 1946 – September 24, 1946 — Linfen-Fushan Campaign
October 10, 1946 – October 20, 1946 — Battle of Kalgan
November 10, 1946 – November 11, 1946 — Battle of Nanluo-Beiluo
November 22, 1946 – January 1, 1947 — Lüliang Campaign
December 17, 1946 – April 1, 1947 — Linjiang Campaign
December 31, 1946 – January 30, 1947 — Battle of Guanzhong
Pei-ta-shan Incident
1947[edit]
January 21, 1947 – January 28, 1947 — Campaign to the South of Baoding
April 24, 1947 – April 25, 1947 — Battle of Niangziguan
April 27, 1947 – April 28, 1947 — Battle of Tang'erli
May 13, 1947 – May 16, 1947 — Menglianggu Campaign
May 13, 1947 – July 1, 1947 — Summer Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
May 28, 1947 – May 31, 1947 — Heshui Campaign
June 11, 1947 – March 13, 1948 — Siping Campaign
June 26, 1947 – July 6, 1947 — Campaign to the North of Baoding
July 17, 1947 – July 29, 1947 — Nanma-Linqu Campaign
August 13, 1947 – August 18, 1947 — Meridian Ridge Campaign
September 2, 1947 – September 12, 1947 — Campaign to the North of Daqing River
September 14, 1947 – November 5, 1947 — Autumn Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
October 2, 1947 – October 10, 1947 — Sahe Mountain Campaign
October 29, 1947 – November 25, 1947 — Campaign in the Eastern Foothills of the Funiu Mountains
December 15, 1947 – March 15, 1948 — Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China
December 7, 1947 – December 9, 1947 — Battle of Phoenix Peak
December 9, 1947 – June 15, 1948 — Western Tai'an Campaign
December 11, 1947 – January, 1948 — Counter-Eradication Campaign in Dabieshan
December 20, 1947 – June 1948 — Jing Shan-Zhongxiang Campaign
1948[edit]
January 2, 1948 – January 7, 1948 — Gongzhutun Campaign
March 7, 1948 – May 18, 1948 — Linfen Campaign
March 11, 1948 – March 21, 1948 — Zhoucun-Zhangdian Campaign
May 12, 1948 – June 25, 1948 — Hebei-Rehe-Chahar Campaign
May 23, 1948 – October 19, 1948 — Siege of Changchun
May 29, 1948 – July 18, 1948 — Yanzhou Campaign
June 17, 1948 – June 19, 1948 — Battle of Shangcai
September 12, 1948 – November 12, 1948 — Liaoshen Campaign
October 5, 1948 – April 24, 1949 — Taiyuan Campaign
October 7, 1948 – October 15, 1948 — Battle of Jinzhou
October 10, 1948 – October 15, 1948 — Battle of Tashan
November 6, 1948 – January 10, 1949 — Huaihai Campaign
November 15, 1948 – January 11, 1949 — Battle of Jiulianshan
November 22, 1948 – December 15, 1948 — Shuangduiji Campaign
November 29, 1948 – January 31, 1949 — Pingjin Campaign
Pei-ta-shan Incident
1949[edit]
January 3, 1949 – January 15, 1949 — Tianjin Campaign
April, 1949 – June, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northern China
April, 1949 – June, 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Central and Southern China
May 12, 1949 – June 2, 1949 — Shanghai Campaign
May 17, 1949 – June 16, 1949 — Xianyang Campaign
August 9, 1949 – August 27, 1949 — Lanzhou Campaign
August 9, 1949 – December, 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Eastern China
August 24, 1949 – September, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Fujian
September 5, 1949 – September 24, 1949 — Ningxia Campaign
September 5, 1949 – March, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Dabieshan
October 25, 1949 – October 27, 1949 — Battle of Kuningtou
November, 1949 – July, 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northwestern China
November 1, 1949 – November 28, 1949 — Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County
November 3, 1949 – November 5, 1949 — Battle of Denbu Island
November 17. 1949 – December 1, 1949 — Bobai Campaign
December 3, 1949 – December 26, 1949 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Lianyang
December 6, 1949 – December 7, 1949 — Battle of Liangjiashui
December 7, 1949 – December 14, 1949 — Battle of Lianyang
December 17, 1949 – December 18, 1949 — Battle of Jianmenguan
1950[edit]
January, 1950 – June, 1955 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Wuping
January 15, 1950 – May 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Guangxi
January 19, 1950 – January 31, 1950 — Battle of Bamianshan
February, 1950 – December 1953 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Southwestern China
February 4, 1950 – December, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Longquan
February 14, 1950 – February 20, 1950 — Battle of Tianquan
March 3, 1950 – March 3, 1950 — Battle of Nan'ao Island
March 5, 1950 – May 1, 1950 — Landing Operation on Hainan Island
March 29, 1950 – May 7, 1950 — Battle of Yiwu
May 11, 1950 – May 11, 1950 — Battle of Dongshan Island
May 25, 1950 – August 7, 1950 — Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
August 9, 1950 – August 9, 1950 — Battle of Nanpéng Island
September, 1950 – January, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northern Guangdong
September 22, 1950 – November 29, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in northeastern Guizhou
October 15, 1950 – November, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in the Border Region of Hunan–Hubei–Sichuan
October 15, 1950 – December, 1950 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Hunan
December 13, 1950 – February, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Shiwandashan
December 20, 1950 – February, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Liuwandashan
1951[edit]
January 8, 1951 – February, 1951 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Yaoshan
April 15, 1951 – September, 1951, — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Guangxi
1952[edit]
April 11, 1952 – April 15, 1952 — Battle of Nanri Island
June 13, 1952 – September 20, 1952 — Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Heishui
September 20, 1952 – October 20, 1952 — Battle of Nanpēng Archipelago
1953[edit]
May 29, 1953 – May 29, 1953 — Battle of Dalushan Islands
July 16, 1953 – July 18, 1953 — Dongshan Island Campaign
1955[edit]
January 18, 1955 – January 20, 1955 — Battle of Yijiangshan Islands
January 19, 1955 – February 26, 1955 — Battle of Dachen Archipelago
1960[edit]
November 14, 1960 – February 9, 1961 — Campaign at the China-Burma Border
1950–58[edit]
Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)
Invasion of Tibet (1950)[edit]
1959 – Lhasa Uprising
Korean War (1950–53)[edit]
1950 – Battle of Unsan
1950 – Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River
1950 – Battle of Chosin Reservoir
1952 – Battle of Yultong
1951 – Battle of Chipyong-ni
1951 – Battle of the Imjin River
1952 – Battle of White Horse
1952 – Battle of Triangle Hill
1953 – Battle of Pork Chop Hill
1953 – Battle of the Hook
1953 – Battle of Kumsong
Vietnam War (1959–75)[edit]
Sino-Indian War (1962)[edit]
Nathu La and Cho La incidents (1967)[edit]
Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969)[edit]
1969 – Zhenbao Island
Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)[edit]
1974 – Battle of the Paracel Islands
1979 – Battle of Lang Son
1979 – Battle of Lao Cai
1979 – Battle of Cam Duong
1979 – Battle of Cao Bang
1979 – Battle of Quan Ninh
1988 – Johnson South Reef Skirmish
See also[edit]
List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
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Knowledge base
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A knowledge base (KB) is a technology used to store complex structured and unstructured information used by a computer system. The initial use of the term was in connection with expert systems which were the first knowledge-based systems.
The original use of the term knowledge-base was to describe one of the two sub-systems of a knowledge-based system. A knowledge-based system consists of a knowledge-base that represents facts about the world and an inference engine that can reason about those facts and use rules and other forms of logic to deduce new facts or highlight inconsistencies.[1]
The term "knowledge-base" was coined to distinguish this form of knowledge store from the more common and widely used term database. At the time (the 1970s) virtually all large Management Information Systems stored their data in some type of hierarchical or relational database. At this point in the history of Information Technology the distinction between a database and a knowledge base was clear and unambiguous. A database had these properties:
Flat data. Data was usually represented in a tabular format with strings or numbers in each field.
Multiple users. A conventional database needed to support more than one user or system logged into the same data at the same time.
Transactions. An essential requirement for a database was to maintain integrity and consistency among data accessed by concurrent users. These are the so-called ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.
Large, long-lived data. A corporate database needed to support not just thousands but hundreds of thousands or more rows of data. Such a database usually needed to persist past the specific uses of any individual program; it needed to store data for years and decades rather than for the life of a program.
The first knowledge-based systems had data needs that were the opposite of these database requirements. An expert system requires structured data. Not just tables with numbers and strings, but pointers to other objects that in turn have additional pointers. The ideal representation for a knowledge base is an object model (often called an ontology in artificial intelligence literature) with classes, subclasses and instances.
Early expert systems also had little need for multiple users or the complexity that comes with requiring transactional properties on data. The data for the early expert systems was used to arrive at a specific answer, such as a medical diagnosis, the design of a molecule, or a response to an emergency.[1] Once the solution to the problem was known there was not a critical demand to store large amounts of data back to a permanent memory store. A more precise statement would be that given the technologies available researchers compromised and did without these capabilities because they realized they were beyond what could be expected and they could develop useful solutions to non-trivial problems without them. Even from the beginning the more astute researchers realized the potential benefits of being able to store, analyze, and reuse knowledge. For example, see the discussion of Corporate Memory in the earliest work of the Knowledge-Based Software Assistant program by Cordell Green et al.[2]
The volume requirements were also different for a knowledge-base compared to a conventional database. The knowledge-base needed to know facts about the world. For example, to represent the statement that "All humans are mortal". A database typically could not represent this general knowledge but instead would need to store information about thousands of tables that represented information about specific humans. Representing that all humans are mortal and being able to reason about any given human that they are mortal is the work of a knowledge-base. Representing that George, Mary, Sam, Jenna, Mike,... and hundreds of thousands of other customers are all humans with specific ages, sex, address, etc. is the work for a database.[3][4]
As expert systems moved from being prototypes to systems deployed in corporate environments the requirements for their data storage rapidly started to overlap with the standard database requirements for multiple, distributed users with support for transactions. Initially, the demand could be seen in two different but competitive markets. From the AI and Object-Oriented communities object-oriented databases such as Versant emerged. These were systems designed from the ground up to have support for object-oriented capabilities but also to support standard database services as well. On the other hand, the large database vendors such as Oracle added capabilities to their products that provided support for knowledge-base requirements such as class-subclass relations and rules.
The next evolution for the term knowledge-base was the Internet. With the rise of the Internet, documents, hypertext, and multimedia support were now critical for any corporate database. It was no longer enough to support large tables of data or relatively small objects that lived primarily in computer memory. Support for corporate web sites required persistence and transactions for documents. This created a whole new discipline known as Web Content Management. The other driver for document support was the rise of knowledge management vendors such as Lotus Notes. Knowledge Management actually predated the Internet but with the Internet there was great synergy between the two areas. Knowledge management products adopted the term "knowledge-base" to describe their repositories but the meaning had a subtle difference. In the case of previous knowledge-based systems the knowledge was primarily for the use of an automated system, to reason about and draw conclusions about the world. With knowledge management products the knowledge was primarily meant for humans, for example to serve as a repository of manuals, procedures, policies, best practices, reusable designs and code, etc. In both cases the distinctions between the uses and kinds of systems were ill-defined. As the technology scaled up it was rare to find a system that could really be cleanly classified as knowledge-based in the sense of an expert system that performed automated reasoning and knowledge-based in the sense of knowledge management that provided knowledge in the form of documents and media that could be leveraged by us humans.[5]
See also[edit]
Knowledge-based system
Knowledge management
Information repository
Content management
Enterprise bookmarking
Text mining
Wikidata
YAGO
Semantic network
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Donald Waterman; Douglas Lenat (1983). Building Expert Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-10686-8.
Jump up ^ Green, Cordell; D. Luckham; R. Balzer; T. Cheatham; C. Rich (1986). "Report on a knowledge-based software assistant". Readings in artificial intelligence and software engineering. Morgan Kaufmann: 377–428. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Feigenbaum, Edward (1983). The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. p. 77. ISBN 0-201-11519-0. Your data base is that patient's record, including history... vital signs, drugs given,... The knowledge base... is what you learned in medical school... it consists of facts, predicates, and beliefs...
Jump up ^ Jarke, Mathias (1978). "KBMS Requirements for Knowledge-Based Systems". Logic, Databases, and Artificial Intelligence (PDF). Berlin: Springer.
Jump up ^ Krishna, S (1992). Introduction to Database and Knowledge-base Systems. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 981-02-0619-4.
[show]
v
t
e
Computable knowledge
Topics and
concepts
Alphabet of human thought
Authority control
Automated reasoning
Commonsense knowledge
Commonsense reasoning
Computability
Formal system
Inference engine
Knowledge base
Knowledge-based systems
Knowledge engineering
Knowledge extraction
Knowledge representation
Knowledge retrieval
Library classification
Logic programming
Ontology
Personal knowledge base
Question answering
Semantic reasoner
Proposals and
implementations
Zairja
Ars Magna (1300)
An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1688)
Calculus ratiocinator and characteristica universalis (1700)
Dewey Decimal Classification (1876)
Begriffsschrift (1879)
Mundaneum (1910)
Logical atomism (1918)
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921)
Hilbert's program (1920s)
Incompleteness theorem (1931)
World Brain (1938)
Memex (1945)
General Problem Solver (1959)
Prolog (1972)
Cyc (1984)
Semantic Web (2001)
Evi (2007)
Wolfram Alpha (2009)
Watson (2011)
Siri (2011)
Knowledge Graph (2012)
Wikidata (2012)
Cortana (2014)
Viv (2016)
In fiction
The Engine (Gulliver's Travels, 1726)
Joe ("A Logic Named Joe", 1946)
The Librarian (Snow Crash, 1992)
Dr. Know (A.I. Artificial Intelligence, 2001)
Waterhouse (The Baroque Cycle, 2003)
See also: Logic machines in fiction and List of fictional computers
[show]
v
t
e
Semantic Web
Background
Databases
Hypertext
Internet
Ontologies
Semantic networks
World Wide Web
Sub-topics
Data Web
Dataspaces
Hyperdata
Linked data
Rule-based systems
Applications
Semantic analytics
Semantic broker
Semantic computing
Semantic mapper
Semantic matching
Semantic publishing
Semantic reasoner
Semantic search
Semantic service-oriented architecture
Semantic wiki
Related topics
Collective intelligence
Description logic
Folksonomy
Geotagging
Information architecture
Knowledge extraction
Knowledge management
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Library 2.0
Digital library
Digital Humanities
Metadata
Mind mapping
ODBC
References
Topic map
Web 2.0
Web engineering
Web Science Trust
Standards
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HTTP
IRI
URI
RDF
triples
RDF/XML
JSON-LD
Turtle
TriG
Notation3
N-Triples
TriX (no W3C standard)
RRID
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XML
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Rule Interchange Format
Semantic Web Rule Language
ALPS
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SAWSDL
Facebook Platform
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DOAP
Dublin Core
FOAF
Schema.org
SIOC
SKOS
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hAtom
hCalendar
hCard
hProduct
hRecipe
hResume
hReview
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Great Scott
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the exclamation. For other uses, see Great Scott (disambiguation).
Look up great Scott in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Great Scott! is an interjection of surprise, amazement, or dismay. As a distinctive but inoffensive exclamation, popular in the second half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, and now considered dated.
It originates as a minced oath, historically associated with two specific "Scotts", notably Scottish author Sir Walter Scott and somewhat later in the United States, US general Winfield Scott.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 Sir Walter Scott
1.2 Winfield Scott
2 Later usage
3 References
Origins[edit]
It is frequently assumed that Great Scott! is a minced oath of some sort, Scott replacing God. The 2010 edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English labels the expression as "dated" and simply identifies it as an "arbitrary euphemism for Great God!".
Alternatively, but similarly, it has been suggested that it may be a corruption of the Austrian greeting Grüss Gott.[1]
In keeping with the Victorian-era origin of the phrase, it is sometimes anecdotally associated with Albert, Prince Consort.[citation needed]
Sir Walter Scott[edit]
An early reference to Sir Walter Scott as the "great Scott" is found in a poem entitled "The Wars of Bathurst 1830" published in The Sydney Monitor on 27 October 1830 (i.e. still during Scott's lifetime); the pertinent line reading "Unlike great Scott, who fell at Waterloo", in reference to Scott's poorly-received The Field of Waterloo[2]
An explicit connection of Sir Walter Scott's name with the by-then familiar exclamation is found in a poem published 15 August 1871, on the centenary anniversary of Scott's birth:
Whose wild free charms, he chanted forth Great Scott! ... When shall we see thy like again? Great Scott![3]
Mark Twain also uses the phrase to reference Sir Walter Scott and his writing. Twain's disdain for Scott is evident in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889), in which the main character repeatedly utters "great Scott" as an oath, and in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), where he names a sinking boat the Walter Scott.
Winfield Scott[edit]
John William De Forest, in Miss Ravenel's Conversion From Secession to Loyalty (1867) reports the exclamation as referring to Winfield Scott, general‑in‑chief of the U.S. Army from 1841 to 1861:
"I follow General Scott. No Virginian need be ashamed to follow old Fuss and Feathers. We used to swear by him in the army. Great Scott! the fellows said."[4]
The general, known to his troops as Old Fuss and Feathers, weighed 300 pounds (21 stone or 136 kg) in his later years and was too fat to ride a horse.[5] A May 1861 edition of The New York Times included the sentence:
These gathering hosts of loyal freemen, under the command of the great SCOTT.
The phrase also appears in a 3 May 1864 diary entry by Private Robert Knox Sneden (later published as Eye of the Storm: a Civil War Odyssey):
‘Great Scott,’ who would have thought that this would be the destiny of the Union Volunteer in 1861–2 while marching down Broadway to the tune of ‘John Brown's Body’.[5]
In the July 1871 issue of The Galaxy, in the story "Overland", the expression is again used by author by J. W. DeForest:
"Great—Scott!" he gasped in his stupefaction, using the name of the then commander-in-chief for an oath, as officers sometimes did in those days.[6]
Later usage[edit]
The phrase has the ring of being somewhat "dated," suggestive of the nineteenth century or generally an old-fashioned minced oath. Twentieth-century publications frequently use it to suggest such a context, as, for example, in the Rathbone–Bruce Sherlock Holmes films (said by Dr. Watson), Silver Age comics (especially Superman), the television series Dennis the Menace (said by Mr. Wilson), The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (end of chapter six), and the Back to the Future films (Dr. Emmett Brown). It was also said in A Christmas Story as Ralphie is in line to see Santa Claus, and in the episode "When The Rat's Away, The Mice Will Play" from the Batman TV show, said by Adam West (Batman). Scrooge McDuck uses it in DuckTales Remastered. It is also used in "The Laughing Fish", an episode of Batman: The Animated Series, by a one-time character voiced by George Dzundza when The Joker enters his office. The Joker, voiced by Mark Hamill, quips, "Actually I'm Irish."
In Half-Life 2, Dr. Kleiner says it when he first sees Gordon Freeman in the game. In The Office episode "Valentine's Day", Michael Scott uses the phrase "Great Scott!" at the end of his home-made "The Faces of Scranton" video. "Great Scott Film Industries" is the name of his imaginary film company, and the logo includes a lightning bolt and a headshot of Steve Martin and Robin Williams. The phrase is said by Doc Spencer at the end of Danny the Champion of the World, by Aunt Sponge in James and the Giant Peach and by Miss Trunchbull in Matilda.
It was also used in Legends of Tomorrow by Dr. Martin Stein (in the episode "Marooned"), in Peter Pan 2 by Captain Hook, and in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by Gilderoy Lockhart.
A large basalt rock collected by astronaut David Scott on the Apollo 15 mission to the moon in 1971 is informally known as Great Scott.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The suggestion dates to at least the 1950s. "Great Scott (Punch Alm. 1930, S. 43), in Bayern USA-seitig 1954 f. identifiziert mit Grüß Gott, ist literarisch selten." Wiener Beiträge zur englischen Philologie 64-65 (1956), p. 204.
Jump up ^ "The Wars of Bathurst 1830.". The Sydney Monitor. National Library of Australia. 27 October 1830. p. 3 Edition: Afternoon. Retrieved 5 April 2014. The poem is mock-heroic, and casts the "meeting between S****r and Sons and some bushrangers" in terms of a great battle, about which the fame of a poet might be based, unlike Scott's poem, which was considered one of his weakest works.
Jump up ^ ""Scott's Centenary", 15 August, 1871.". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 15 August 1871. p. 5. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867, p.40
^ Jump up to: a b "World Wide Words: Great Scott". World Wide Words. Michael Quinion. 21 December 2002. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
Jump up ^ The Galaxy, vol.12, July 1871, p.53
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Scott&oldid=804400971"
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