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Elimination Chamber (2018)
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Elimination Chamber (2018)
Promotional poster featuring the WWE wrestlers of the men's and women's Elimination Chamber matches
Theme
song(s)
"M.O.M (Man on a Mission)" by Will Roush[1]
Information
Promotion
WWE
Brand(s)
Raw
Sponsor(s)
Rocket League[2]
Date
February 25, 2018
Attendance
15,126
Venue
T-Mobile Arena
City
Paradise, Nevada
WWE Network event chronology
Royal Rumble (2018) Elimination Chamber (2018) Fastlane (2018)
Elimination Chamber chronology
Elimination Chamber (2017) Elimination Chamber (2018)
Elimination Chamber (2018) (also known as No Escape (2018) in Germany[3][nb 1]) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for the Raw brand. It took place on February 25, 2018, at T-Mobile Arena in the Las Vegas Valley, in Paradise, Nevada.[5] It was the eighth event under the Elimination Chamber chronology and the final Raw-exclusive pay-per-view under the second brand split as following WrestleMania 34, all WWE pay-per-views became dual-branded, featuring wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands.[6] The 2018 event was also the first to feature a seven-man Elimination Chamber match, the first event to include a women's Elimination Chamber match, and the first Raw-exclusive pay-per-view since the 2016 reintroduction of the brand extension to not feature any cruiserweight division matches.
Six matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns won the first-ever seven-man Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 34. On the undercard, Alexa Bliss retained the Raw Women's Championship in the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match, and Asuka defeated Nia Jax to extend her undefeated streak and to keep Jax from being added to her WrestleMania 34 championship match. The event was also notable for Ronda Rousey signing her Raw contract, where she had a confrontation with Chief Operating Officer Triple H and Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon, which was the former's first appearance since the night after Survivor Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Event
2.1 Pre-show
2.2 Preliminary matches
2.3 Main event
3 Aftermath
4 Results
4.1 Women Elimination Chamber match
4.2 Men Elimination Chamber match
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Citations
6 External links
Storylines[edit]
The card comprised six matches, including one on the pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the Raw brand.[7][8] Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television show Monday Night Raw.[9] The card was highlighted by two Elimination Chamber matches, one of which was the first to involve women, and the men's chamber match was the first to have seven participants.
At the Royal Rumble, Shinsuke Nakamura won the men's Royal Rumble match and decided to stay on SmackDown to challenge for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 34.[10] This left Brock Lesnar, who at the same event retained his Universal Championship in a triple threat match against Braun Strowman and Kane,[10] without an opponent at WrestleMania. In response, Raw General Manager Kurt Angle scheduled an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania. Six qualification matches were scheduled. The first three were contested on the January 29 episode of Raw. In the first, Strowman defeated Kane in a last man standing match to qualify. Kane was taken to a local medical center after the match. Elias then qualified by defeating "Woken" Matt Hardy after a distraction from Bray Wyatt, and free agent John Cena defeated Finn Bálor to qualify.[11][12] The following week, Elias defeated Cena and Strowman in a triple threat match to determine who would get to enter the chamber last. That same episode, Roman Reigns and Intercontinental Champion The Miz qualified by defeating Wyatt and Apollo Crews (whose ringname was later shortened to Apollo), respectively.[13] On the next episode, Cena defeated The Miz in a match where the loser would be one of the men to start the chamber match. Later, the final qualification match took place in what was originally a second chance fatal four-way match between Bálor, Wyatt, Hardy, and Apollo. However, Angle added Seth Rollins, thus making it a fatal five-way. Rollins and Bálor both simultaneously pinned Wyatt,[14] and it was decided that both would be a part of the Elimination Chamber match, marking the first seven-man chamber match.[15] The following week, all seven men participated in a gauntlet match that began with Reigns and Rollins. Reigns was eliminated followed by Cena. Elias then eliminated Rollins, but was in turn eliminated by Bálor, who was eliminated by The Miz. Strowman won the gauntlet match by pinning The Miz in what was the longest match in WWE history, lasting nearly two hours.[16]
On the January 29 episode of Raw, Commissioner Stephanie McMahon convinced Asuka, who won the inaugural women's Royal Rumble match the previous night at the Royal Rumble,[10] to wait until after Elimination Chamber to pick which championship to challenge for at WrestleMania 34, as Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss was scheduled to defend her title in the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match.[12] The following week, General Manager Kurt Angle announced that Bayley, Mandy Rose, Mickie James, Sasha Banks, and Sonya Deville would be the other competitors in the match. Bliss came out and questioned Angle as to why she had to defend her title in the Elimination Chamber match while Universal Champion Brock Lesnar did not and accused Angle of sexism. Angle retorted that Lesnar retained his title at the Royal Rumble, but Bliss had not defended her title since TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in October. Bliss made the point that she was not the one who schedules matches. Angle then took an audience vote if Bliss should defend the title, and the audience agreed that she should.[13] The following week, Bayley defeated Banks, and Rose and Deville defeated Bliss and James, who Bliss tried to befriend.[14] The next episode, Bayley, Banks, and James defeated Bliss, Rose, and Deville by submission, after which, the woman brawled.[16]
On the January 15 episode of Raw, Asuka defeated Nia Jax after the referee stopped the match, who deemed Jax unable to continue.[17] Both then competed in the inaugural women's Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble, which Asuka won for the right to challenge for either the Raw Women's Championship or SmackDown Women's Championship at WrestleMania 34.[10] On the February 5 episode of Raw, General Manager Kurt Angle announced that Jax would face Asuka at Elimination Chamber and if she were to defeat Asuka, Jax would be added to Asuka's championship match at WrestleMania to make it a triple threat match.[13] The following week, after a match between Bayley and Sasha Banks, Jax attacked both women to send a message to Asuka. Whilst walking up the ramp, she proclaimed that she would be the one to end Asuka's undefeated streak.[14] The following week, Jax attacked and laid out Asuka during her interview with Renee Young.[16]
Following Asuka's Royal Rumble match victory at the Royal Rumble, former UFC star Ronda Rousey made an appearance and interrupted Asuka, Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss, and SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair. Rousey's appearance confirmed that she had signed full-time with WWE.[10] On the February 12 episode of Raw, it was announced that Rousey would sign her Raw contract at Elimination Chamber.[14][18]
After losing a feud to Elias, Matt Hardy was defeated by Bray Wyatt on the November 27, 2017 episode of Raw. Following the match, Hardy had a mental breakdown where he sat in the corner and repeatedly shouted "delete" with an arm gesture.[19] This would be the genesis of Hardy's transition into "Woken" Matt Hardy (WWE's version of his "Broken" gimmick from Total Nonstop Action Wrestling) where he debuted as the character the following week, interrupting a promo by Wyatt.[20] Over the following month, the two went back and forth in promos as well as a couple of in-ring confrontations, and they finally had a match on Raw 25 on January 22, 2018 in which Wyatt again defeated Hardy.[21] The two then faced off in the Royal Rumble match, where they eliminated each other.[10] On the February 19 episode of Raw, another match between the two was scheduled for Elimination Chamber.[16]
Prior to the Royal Rumble, Titus Worldwide (Apollo and Titus O'Neil) gained two consecutive wins over number one contenders Cesaro and Sheamus,[17] who at the Royal Rumble, won the Raw Tag Team Championship from Jason Jordan and Seth Rollins to become record four-time champions as a team, and a record fifth reign for Cesaro individually.[10] Titus Worldwide received a title opportunity on Raw immediately following the Royal Rumble, but were unsuccessful, and Cesaro and Sheamus also retained their titles in Jordan and Rollins' contractual rematch, though Roman Reigns subbed for an injured Jordan.[13] On the February 19 episode of Raw, Titus Worldwide had a non-title match against Cesaro and Sheamus and again defeated the champions.[16] Afterwards, they challenged Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship at Elimination Chamber for being 3-1 over the champions,[22] which was made official on February 23.[23]
On February 23, Bálor Club members Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson were scheduled to face The Miztourage (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) on the Elimination Chamber pre-show.[23]
Event[edit]
Other on-screen personnel
Role:
Name:
English commentators Michael Cole
Corey Graves
Jonathan Coachman
Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera
Marcelo Rodríguez
German commentators Carsten Schaefer
Tim Haber
Calvin Knie
Chinese commentators Meng Ai
Shawn Deng
Japanese commentators Shun Yamaguchi
Funaki
Ring announcer JoJo
Referees Jason Ayers
Shawn Bennett
John Cone
Dan Engler
Chad Patton
Interviewers Renee Young
Charly Caruso
Mike Rome
Pre-show panel Renee Young
Booker T
Peter Rosenberg
David Otunga
Pre-show[edit]
During the pre-show, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson of the Bálor Club faced The Miztourage (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel). In the climax, Gallows and Anderson performed the Magic Killer on Axel for the win.[24]
Preliminary matches[edit]
The actual pay-per-view opened with the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match in which Alexa Bliss defended the Raw Women's Championship against Bayley, Sonya Deville, Sasha Banks, Mandy Rose, and Mickie James. Bayley and Deville were the first two contestants. Rose entered next, assisting Deville in attacking Bayley. Banks entered third and immediately attacked both Deville and Rose. Rose was eliminated by Banks after submitting to the Bank Statement by Banks. James then entered and eliminated Deville after a Diving Seated Senton off a pod. Following this, Bayley performed a Bayley-to-Belly on James to eliminate her. Defending champion Bliss entered last and was hesitant to enter so Bliss climbed the pod instead; Banks was able to knock her down on top of a pod. Banks then turned her attention to Bayley and Bayley subsequently gave Banks a Bayley to Belly. Bliss eliminated Bayley with a roll-up. Bliss then performed Twisted Bliss off a pod on Banks, who applied the Banks Statement on Bliss; Bliss was able to escape. Bliss then won the match after performing a Spike DDT on Banks to retain her title. After the match, an elated Bliss said that nobody thought that she would remain champion and that she proved why she is the ultimate goddess of the Women's Division.[25]
Next, Cesaro and Sheamus defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Titus Worldwide (Apollo and Titus O'Neil). In the end, Cesaro and Sheamus performed a White Noise/Diving Neckbreaker combination on Apollo to retain the title.[25]
After that, Asuka faced Nia Jax where if Jax won, she would be added to Asuka's championship match at WrestleMania 34. After dominating most of the match, Jax attempted a powerbomb but Asuka countered into a roll up for the win, keeping Jax out of her WrestleMania championship match. After the match, Jax tackled Asuka through the barricade. Bliss was later interviewed and looked pleased with what transpired between Asuka and Jax. Bliss then mocked Asuka by declaring that no one is ready for her.[25]
In the fourth match, "Woken" Matt Hardy fought Bray Wyatt. Hardy won after a Twist of Fate on Wyatt. [25]
Next was the Raw contract signing of Ronda Rousey. General Manager Kurt Angle, Commissioner Stephanie McMahon, and WWE's Chief Operating Officer Triple H bragged about Rousey before introducing her. However, before Rousey signed her contract, Triple H confirmed that there were no special stipulations in Rousey's contract, but she would compete in a match at WrestleMania 34. Angle then brought up the incident from WrestleMania 31 where Rousey and The Rock embarrassed Stephanie and Triple H, and said that Triple H and Stephanie were now glad that they owned Rousey so they could manipulate her. Triple H and Stephanie tried to calm the situation, however, Angle instigated the tension more, which resulted in Rousey throwing Triple H through a table. Stephanie then slapped Rousey, but retreated before Rousey could attack her. Rousey then signed her contract.[25]
Main event[edit]
The main event was the first-ever seven-man Elimination Chamber match with the victor becoming the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 34. Due to the extra participant, three men began the match instead of two, which were The Miz, Seth Rollins, and Finn Bálor. John Cena entered the match as the fourth entrant, followed by Roman Reigns and Braun Strowman. Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on The Miz to eliminate him. The last man to enter the match was Elias. Strowman then eliminated Elias, Cena, Bálor, and Rollins by performing a running powerslam on each of them. The final two were Strowman and Reigns. In the climax, Reigns performed three superman punches and two spears on Strowman to win the match and earn the right to challenge Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 34. After the match, Strowman attacked Reigns with two running powerslams and tackled Reigns through a pod.[25]
Aftermath[edit]
Universal Champion Brock Lesnar and his advocate Paul Heyman were advertised to be on the following night's episode of Raw to confront the winner of the Elimination Chamber match, but no-showed. Roman Reigns cut a promo on his WrestleMania 34 opponent, calling Lesnar entitled and that he hides behind his contract, which allows him to show up whenever he wants. He said Lesnar does not respect the WWE and that he has no respect for Lesnar, but he would defeat Lesnar at WrestleMania and become the Universal Champion.[26]
Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss, along with Mickie James, gloated about retaining her title in the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match. She said at WrestleMania 34, if Asuka chose her, she would end her undefeated streak. Asuka then came out, but Nia Jax was close behind and the three women teamed up on Asuka until Bayley and Sasha Banks came out for the save, with James turning heel in the process. Asuka, Banks, and Bayley then teamed up to face Bliss, James, and Jax in a six-woman tag team match. During the match, Banks went to tag Bayley, but Bayley refused the tag. Asuka won the match for her team by making James submit.[26] Asuka and Jax had a rematch the following week where Asuka was again victorious.[27] Asuka then decided that she would challenge Charlotte Flair for the SmackDown Women's Championship at WrestleMania.[28] Jax would then be granted a Raw Women's Championship match at WrestleMania after Bliss revealed her true feelings about Jax.[29]
Ronda Rousey, General Manager Kurt Angle, Commissioner Stephanie McMahon, and Chief Operating Officer Triple H had a segment to apologize for what happened at Elimination Chamber. During the segment, Angle, in an attempt to keep his job, said that he lied about Triple H and Stephanie's supposed plan against Rousey. Stephanie thanked Angle for clearing the air, however, Rousey said everything was addressed except for Stephanie slapping her in the face. Rousey wanted an apology from Stephanie, who complied and said she only did it because Rousey put her husband through a table. As Stephanie and Triple H were leaving, Triple H punched Angle.[26] The following week, Stephanie confirmed that Rousey could choose any member of the active Raw roster as her WrestleMania 34 opponent except the champion; Rousey chose Stephanie. Angle reminded Stephanie that although she was an executive, she had a contract to compete as a wrestler. Angle also reminded Triple H of his warning from Survivor Series where if Triple H were to attack him again, he would retaliate. He also reminded Triple H that he too had a contract to compete as a wrestler and then scheduled Triple H and Stephanie to face himself and Rousey at WrestleMania.[27]
Intercontinental Champion The Miz said that he should be in the main event of WrestleMania 34 and said that he had made the Intercontinental Championship more important than the Universal Championship. He was told by General Manager Kurt Angle that his opponent that night might determine his WrestleMania opponent. Seth Rollins then came out and defeated The Miz in a match. Finn Bálor then came out to also have a match with Miz, which confused Rollins. The Miztourage attacked Bálor right after the match started, causing a disqualification, and Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson came to Bálor's aid. Angle appeared on the TitanTron and banned The Miztourage and Gallows and Anderson from ringside and restarted the match, stating that there would be a winner or else Miz would not have a match at WrestleMania. Bálor then defeated Miz..[26] The following week, Angle scheduled Miz to defend the title in a triple threat match against Rollins and Bálor at WrestleMania.[27]
Bray Wyatt was scheduled to have a match with Heath Slater, but the match did not happen as he attacked Slater and his tag team partner Rhyno before the match could begin. Afterwards, he said his war with "Woken" Matt Hardy was not over.[26] The following week, after defeating Rhyno, Wyatt called out Hardy, who appeared on the TitanTron and challenged Wyatt to an "Ultimate Deletion" match at the Hardy Compound (WWE's version of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's "Final Deletion" match, a Falls-Count-Anywhere Hardcore match fought at Hardy's house).[27] Wyatt accepted the challenge.[29] The "Ultimate Deletion" match aired on the March 19 episode where Hardy defeated Wyatt by pinfall, then Wyatt disappeared after being thrown into the "Lake of Reincarnation".[30]
Titus Worldwide (Apollo and Titus O'Neil) had a rematch against Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship in a two-out-of-three falls match where Cesaro and Sheamus again retained.[26] The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) then had a non-title match with the champions where had they won, they would have received a championship match at WrestleMania 34, but the champions were victorious.[27] Braun Strowman, who settled his differences with Elias, then won a tag team battle royal by himself to determine Cesaro and Sheamus' challengers at WrestleMania.[29] Angle declared that Strowman had to find a partner, and Strowman said he would.[30]
Despite losing the Elimination Chamber match, John Cena still wanted a match at WrestleMania 34 and challenged The Undertaker. However, he revealed that he was told that the match was impossible. He then said that he would use his free agent status to go to SmackDown Live the following night to earn a match at WrestleMania.[26] On SmackDown, Cena was given the opportunity to be added to the WWE Championship match at SmackDown's pay-per-view Fastlane if he could defeat WWE Champion AJ Styles in a non-title match. Cena defeated Styles, making the WWE Championship match at Fastlane a Six-Pack Challenge.[31]
Results[edit]
No.
Results
Stipulations
Times[24][25]
1P
Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson defeated The Miztourage (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) Tag team match[32] 8:50
2
Alexa Bliss (c) defeated Sasha Banks, Bayley, Mickie James, Sonya Deville, and Mandy Rose Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Raw Women's Championship[33] 29:35
3
Cesaro and Sheamus (c) defeated Titus Worldwide (Apollo and Titus O'Neil) (with Dana Brooke) Tag team match for the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship[34] 10:05
4
Asuka defeated Nia Jax Singles match; Had Jax won, she would have been added to Asuka's championship match at WrestleMania 34[35] 8:15
5
Matt Hardy defeated Bray Wyatt Singles match[36] 9:55
6
Roman Reigns defeated Braun Strowman, Seth Rollins, Finn Bálor, John Cena, Elias, and The Miz Elimination Chamber match for a WWE Universal Championship match at WrestleMania 34[37] 40:15
(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
P – indicates the match took place on the pre-show

Women Elimination Chamber match[edit]
Eliminated
Wrestler
Entered
Eliminated by
Method of Elimination
Time[25]
01 !1 Mandy Rose 3 Sasha Banks Bank Statement 13:50
02 !2 Sonya Deville 2 Mickie James Seated senton off the top of a pod 17:35
03 !3 Mickie James 5 Bayley Bayley-to-Belly 18:00
04 !4 Bayley 1 Alexa Bliss Roll up 25:30
05 !5 Sasha Banks 4 Alexa Bliss Spike DDT 29:35
06 !Winner Alexa Bliss (c) 6 N/A
Men Elimination Chamber match[edit]
Eliminated
Wrestler
Entered
Eliminated by
Method of Elimination
Time[25]
01 !1 The Miz 1 Braun Strowman Running powerslam 20:20
02 !2 Elias 7 Braun Strowman Powerslam 25:55
03 !3 John Cena 4 Braun Strowman Powerslam 26:25
04 !4 Finn Bálor 3 Braun Strowman Powerslam 31:03
05 !5 Seth Rollins 2 Braun Strowman Powerslam 36:40
06 !6 Braun Strowman 6 Roman Reigns Spear 40:15
07 !Winner Roman Reigns 5 N/A
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For Germany, it was feared that the name "Elimination Chamber" may remind people of the gas chambers used during the Holocaust.[4]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "In the #EliminiationChamber, every superstar has one mission — get to #WrestleMania! "M.O.M" by @Dubroush is an #OfficialThemeSong for #WWEChamber". WWE on Twitter. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gilyadov, Alex (February 26, 2018). "WWE Items Coming to Rocket League". IGN. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "WWE No Escape". WWE (in German). Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Martin (February 20, 2018). "Darum hat eine WWE-Show zwei Namen" [This is why a WWE show has two names]. Sport1 (in German). Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "WWE Elimination Chamber 2018 tickets available now". WWE. February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff (February 17, 2018). "WWE pay-per-views just got bigger for 2018!". WWE.com. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Grabianowski, Ed. "How Pro Wrestling Works". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Live & Televised Entertainment". WWE. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (2016-05-25). "WWE's 'Smackdown' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 2016-05-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Powell, Jason. "WWE Royal Rumble 2018 live review: Men's and Women's Royal Rumble matches, Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman vs. Kane for the WWE Universal Championship, AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match for the WWE Championship". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Elimination Chamber Qualifying Matches begin". WWE. January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Three Elimination Chamber qualifying matches, The Miz vs. Roman Reigns for the Intercontinental Title, the night after the Royal Rumble". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Keller, Wade (February 5, 2018). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 2/5: Reigns vs. Bray Wyatt in Elimination Chamber qualifying match, more Elimination Chamber developments". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Finn Balor vs. Matt Hardy vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Apollo Crews in a four-way Elimination Chamber qualifying match, Sasha Banks vs. Bayley". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Adam. "Ronda Rousey to sign contract at Elimination Chamber, Men's Chamber match gets big change". WrestleView. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Braun Strowman vs. Roman Reigns vs. John Cena vs. Finn Balor vs. The Miz vs. Elias vs. Seth Rollins in a gauntlet match match, Sasha Banks, Bayley, and Mickie James vs. Alexa Bliss, Mandy Rose, and Sonya Deville, final push for WWE Elimination Chamber". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Keller, Wade (January 15, 2018). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 1/15: Angle addresses Strowman after last week's big angle with Lesnar and Kane, more Rumble hype, Jax vs. Asuka". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burdick, Michael (February 12, 2018). "Ronda Rousey's official Raw Contract Signing to take place at WWE Elimination Chamber". WWE. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keller, Wade (November 27, 2017). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 11/27: Reigns addresses crowd with his newly won IC Title, Elias vs. Reigns, Page & Co. vs. Mickey & Sasha & Bayley". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keller, Wade (December 4, 2017). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 12/4: Reigns defends IC Title against mystery opponents, Sasha vs. Paige, Cruiserweight Fatal Four-way, Bar vs. Shield". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keller, Wade (January 22, 2018). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 1/22: 25th Anniversary of Monday Night Raw including Vince McMahon, Two Locations, Parade of Superstars". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Titus Worldwide challenge Sheamus & Cesaro: WWE.com Exclusive, Feb. 19, 2018". WWE.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Adam (February 23, 2018). "RAW Tag Team Championships match now official for Elimination Chamber on Sunday". WrestleView. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Jason. "WWE Elimination Chamber Kickoff Show live review: Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson vs. Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Powell, Jason. "WWE Elimination Chamber 2018 live review: Men's and Women's Elimination Chamber matches, Ronda Rousey contract signing, Asuka vs. Nia Jax, Matt Hardy vs. Bray Wyatt, Sheamus and Cesaro vs. Titus O'Neil and Apollo for the Raw Tag Titles". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Keller, Wade (February 26, 2018). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 2/26: Elimination Chamber fallout including Brock's face-off with Reigns, Asuka has a decision to make, Rousey-Authority fallout". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Keller, Wade (March 5, 2018). "KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 3/5: Angle stands up for himself and calls out Triple H leading to mixed tag being set, plus Asuka-Jax, Cena". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. "WWE Fastlane 2018 live review: AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn vs. Baron Corbin vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. John Cena in a six-way for the WWE Championship, The Usos vs. New Day for the Smackdown Tag Titles, Charlotte Flair vs. Ruby Riott for the Smackdown Women's Championship". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Brock Lesnar and Roman Reigns meet face-to-face, all roads lead to WrestleMania". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Ultimate Deletion with Matt Hardy vs. Bray Wyatt, Vince McMahon's word hinges on whether Brock Lesnar appears, Alexa Bliss vs. Asuka in a non-title match, WrestleMania 34 build continues". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keller, Wade. "KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 2/27: Cena makes first appearance on Smackdown in months as he seeks Path to WrestleMania". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. "Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson def. The Miztourage (Kickoff Match)". WWE. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. "Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss won the first-ever Women's Elimination Chamber Match". WWE. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burdick, Michael. "Raw Tag Team Champions Cesaro & Sheamus def. Titus Worldwide". WWE. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. "Asuka def. Nia Jax". WWE. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. ""Woken" Matt Hardy def. Bray Wyatt". WWE. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony. "Roman Reigns wins the first-ever Seven-Man Elimination Chamber Match to challenge Universal Champion Brock Lesnar at WrestleMania". WWE. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
External links[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
Elimination Chamber Official Website
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Royal Mint
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Royal Mint in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see Royal Mint (disambiguation).
The Royal Mint
Type
Government-owned company
Industry
Coin and medal production
Founded
AD 886; 1132 years ago (886)
Headquarters
Llantrisant, Wales
Area served
United Kingdom & British Overseas Territories
Key people
Anne Jessopp
(Chief Executive)[1]
Products
Coins
Medals
Bullion
Revenue
£506 million (2017)[2]
Operating income
£ 14.5 million (2017)[2]
Total assets
£ 71.9 million (2017)[2]
Total equity
£ 90.9 million (2017)[2]
Owner
HM Treasury
Number of employees
900+
Website
www.royalmint.com
The Royal Mint is a government-owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom. Operating under the name Royal Mint Ltd, the mint is a limited company that is wholly owned by Her Majesty's Treasury and is under an exclusive contract to supply all the nation's coinage. As well as minting circulating coins for use domestically and internationally, the mint also produces planchets, commemorative coins, various types of medals and precious metal bullion.[3] The mint exports to an average of 60 countries a year, making up 70% of its total sales.[4] Formed over 1,100 years ago, the mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the Kingdom of England, all of Great Britain and eventually most of the British Empire. The original London mint from which the Royal Mint is the successor, was established in 886 AD and operated within the Tower of London for approximately 800 years before moving to what is now called Royal Mint Court where it remained until the 1960s. As Britain followed the rest of the world in decimalising its currency, the Mint moved from London to a new 38 acres (15 ha) plant in Llantrisant, Wales where it has remained since.
In 2009 after recommendations for the mint to be privatised the Royal Mint ceased being an executive government agency and became a state-owned company wholly owned by HM Treasury. Since then the mint has expanded its business interests by reviving its bullion trade and developing a £9 million visitor centre.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 886 to 1805
1.2.1 Civil War mints
1.3 1805 to 1967
1.3.1 Tower Hill
1.3.2 Royal Mint Refinery
1.3.3 Colonial Expansion
1.3.4 1914 to 1967
1.4 1967 to present
1.4.1 Move to Wales
1.4.2 Financial Difficulties
1.4.3 Revival
1.4.4 2012 London Olympics
1.4.5 The Royal Mint Experience
1.4.6 Recent Events
2 Operations
2.1 Coin production
2.2 Bullion
2.3 Medals
3 Trial of the Pyx
4 Awards
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
Coin of Alfred the Great
The history of coins in Great Britain can be traced back to the second century BC when they were introduced by Celtic tribes from across the English Channel. The first record of coins being minted in Britain is attributed to Kentish tribes such as the Cantii who around 80–60 B.C. imitated those of Marseille through casting instead of hammering.[5] After the Romans began their invasion of Britain in AD 43, they set up mints across the land, including in London which produced Roman coins for some 40 years before closing. A mint in London reopened briefly in 383 AD until closing swiftly as Roman rule in Britain came to an end. For the next 200 years no coins appear to have been minted in Britain until the emergence of English kingdoms in 650 AD when as many as 30 mints are recorded across Britain with one being established in London.[6] Control of Britain's mints alternated as different tribes battled over territory. In 886 AD Alfred the Great recaptured London from the Danelaw and began issuing silver pennies bearing his portrait;[7] this is regarded as the start of the continuous history of the Royal Mint.[8]
886 to 1805[edit]
The Tower of London 1647
In 1279, the country’s numerous mints were unified under a single system whereby control was centralised to the mint within the Tower of London, mints outside of London were reduced with only a few local and episcopals continuing to operate.[9] Pipe rolls detailing the financial records of the London mint show an expenditure of £729 17s 8½d and records of timber bought for workshops.
Individual roles at the mint were well established by 1464. The master-worker was charged with hiring engravers and the management of moneyers, while the mint warden was responsible for witnessing the delivery of dies. A specialist mint board was set up in 1472 to enact a 23 February indenture which vested the mint's responsibilities into three main roles; a warden, a master and a comptroller.
In the 16th century having suffering from the effects of the Black Death, mainland Europe was in the middle of a economic expansion, England however was suffering with financial difficulty brought on by excessive government spending. By the 1540s wars with France and Scotland led Henry VIII to enact The Great Debasement which saw the amount of precious metal in coin significantly reduced.[10] In order to further gather control of the country's currency, monasteries were dissolved which effectively ended major coin production outside of London.
In 1603, the union of Scotland and England under King James VI led to a partial union of both countries' currencies, the pound Scots and the pound sterling. Due to Scotland heavily debasing its silver coins, a Scots mark was worth just 13.5d compared to an English mark which was worth 6s 8d. To bridge the difference between the values, unofficial supplementary token coins, often made from lead were made by unauthorised minters across the country. By 1612 there were 3,000 such unlicensed mints producing these tokens, none of whom paying anything towards the crown. The Royal Mint, not wanting to divert manpower away from minting more profitable gold and silver, hired outside agent Lord Harington who under licence started issuing copper farthings in 1613. Private licenses to mint these coins were revoked in 1644 which led traders to resume minting their own supplementary tokens. In 1672 the Royal Mint finally took over the production of copper coinage.
Civil War mints[edit]
Charles I Civil War half-crown
Prior to the outbreak of the English Civil War, England signed a treaty in 1630 with Spain which ensured a steady supply of silver bullion to the Tower mint. Additional branch mints to aid the one in London were set up including one at Aberystwyth Castle, in Wales. In 1642 parliament seized control of the Tower mint and after Charles I tried to arrest the Five Members he was forced to flee London, establishing at least 16 emergency mints across the British Isles in Colchester, Chester, Cork, Edinburgh, Dublin, Exeter, Salisbury, parts of Cornwall including Truro, Weymouth, Worcester, York, Carlisle, Newark, Pontefract and Scarborough (see also siege money).
After raising the royal standard in Nottingham marking the beginning of the war, Charles called upon loyalist mining engineer Thomas Bushell, the owner of a mint and silver mine in Aberystwyth, to move his operations to the royalist-held Shrewsbury, possibly within in the grounds of Shrewsbury Castle. The mint there was however short-lived, operating for no more than three months before Charles ordered Bushell to relocate the mint to his headquarters in the royal capital of Oxford. The new Oxford mint was established on 15 December 1642 in New Inn Hall at Oxford University, the present site of St. Peter's College. There, silver plates and foreign coins were melted down and in some cases just hammered into shape to produce coins quickly. Bushell was appointed the mint's warden and master-worker, where he laboured alongside notable engravers Nicholas Briot, Thomas Rawlins and Nicholas Burghers, the later of whom being appointed Graver of Seals, Stamps and Medals in 1643. When Prince Rupert took control of Oxford that same year, Bushnell was ordered to move to Bristol Castle where he continued minting coins until it fell to parliamentary control on 11 September 1645, effectively ending Bushnell's involvement in the civil war mints.
In Southern England in November 1642 the king ordered royalist MP Richard Vyvyan to build one or more mints in Cornwall where he was instructed to mint coins from whatever bullion that could be obtained and deliver it to Ralph Hopton, a commander of royalist troops in the region. Vyvyan built a mint in Truro and became its Master until 1646 when it was captured by parliamentarians. In nearby Exeter which had been under control of Westminster since the beginning of the war, a mint was ordered to be set up after parliament debated the proposal on 8 December 1642. After approval was granted, a mint and moneyers were dispatched on 8 December 1642 to the town which was under constant threat of attack by loyalist troops. In September 1643 the town was captured by the Cornish Royalist Army led by Prince Maurice leading to Vyvyan moving his nearby mint in Truro to the now recaptured town. The exact location of the mint in Exeter is unknown, however maps from the time show a street named Old Mint Lane near Friernhay which was to be the site of a 1696 Recoinage mint. Much less is known about the mint's employees with only Richard Vyvyan and clerk Thomas Hawkes recorded.[11]
Commonwealth Unite 1653
1658 Cromwell Crown
Following Charles I's execution in 1649, the newly formed Commonwealth of England established its own set of coins which for the first time used English rather than Latin and were plainly designed compared to those previously issued under the monarchy.[12] The government invited French engineer Peter Blondeau who worked at the Paris mint to come to London in 1649 in hope of modernising the country's minting process. In France hammer stuck coins had been banned from the Paris Mint since 1639 and replaced with milled coinage.[13] After arriving, it wasn't until 9 May 1651 that his testing began in Drury House, having first required permission from parliament. He initially produced milled silver pattern pieces of halfcrowns, shillings and sixpences however rival moneyers favouring hammer stuck coins continued using the old hammering method. In 1656 Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell ordered engraver Thomas Simon to cut a series of dies featuring his bust and for them to be minted using the new milled method. Few of Cromwell's coins entered circulation with Cromwell himself dying in 1658 and the Commonwealth collapsing two year later. Without Cromwell's backing of milled coinage, Peter Blondeau returned to France leaving England to continue minting hammer struck coins.
Isaac Newton in 1702
In 1662, after previous attempts to introduce milled coinage into Britain had failed, the restored monarch Charles II recalled Peter Blondeau to establish a permanent machine-made coinage.[14][15] Despite the introduction of the newer, milled coins, like the old hammered coins they suffered heavily from counterfeiting and clipping. To combat this the text Decus et tutamen (An ornament and a safeguard) was added to some coin rims.[16]
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which saw the ousting of James II from power, parliament took over control of the mint from the Crown which had up until then allowed the mint to act as an independent body producing coins on behalf of the government.
Under the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, Issac Newton became the mint's warden in 1696. His role, intended to be a sinecure, was taken seriously by Newton, who went about trying to combat the country's growing problems with counterfeiting. By this time, forgeries accounted for 10% of the country's coinage, clipping was commonplace and the value of silver in coins had surpassed their face value. King William III initiated the Great Recoinage of 1696 whereby all coins were removed from circulation and enacted the Coin Act 1696 making it high treason to own or possess counterfeiting equipment. Satellite mints to aid in the re-coinage were established in Bristol, Chester, Exeter, Norwich, and York, with returned coins being valued by weight, not face value.
The Acts of Union 1707 united England and Scotland into one country, leading London to take over production of Scotland's currency and thus replacing Scotland's Pound Scots with the English Pound Sterling which caused the Edinburgh mint to eventually close on 4 August 1710. As Britain's empire continued to expand, so to was the need to supply its coinage. This along with the need for new mint machinery and cramped conditions within the Tower of London, led to plans for the mint to move to nearby East Smithfield.
1805 to 1967[edit]
Tower Hill[edit]
Further information: Royal Mint Court
Johnson Smirke Building in 2007
Located opposite from the Tower of London on Tower Hill, the new purpose-built mint began construction in 1805 and was completed by 1809. However it was not until 1812 that the move became official, when keys from the old mint were ceremoniously delivered to the Constable of the Tower.[17] Facing the front of the site stood the Johnson Smirke Building whose namesake comes from its designer James Johnson and builder Robert Smirke. This building was flanked on both sides by gatehouses behind which another building housed the mint's new machinery. A number of other smaller buildings were also erected which housed mint officers and staff members. The entire site was protected by a boundary wall which was patrolled by the Royal Mint’s military guard.
By 1856, the mint was beginning to prove inefficient, suffering from irregularities in minted coins' fineness and weight. Instructed by Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, the Master of the Mint Thomas Graham was informed that unless the mint could raise its standards and become more economical it would be broken up and placed under management by contractors. Graham sought advice from German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann who in turn recommended his student George Frederick Ansell as being able to resolve the mint's issues. In a letter to the treasury dated October 29, 1856, Ansell was put forward as candidate and subsequently was awarded the role of temporary clerk on 12 November 1856 with a £120 a year salary.[18]
Upon taking office, Ansell discovered that the weighing of metals at the mint was extremely loose. At the mint it had been the custom to weigh silver to within 0.5 ounces and gold to a pennyweight (0.05 ounces), however these standards meant losses were being made from overvalued metals. In one such case Ansell delivered 7920.00 ounces of gold to the mint where it was weighed by an official at 7918.15 ounces, a difference of 1.85 ounces. Requesting a second weighing on more accurate scale, the bullion was certified to weigh 7919.98 ounces, far closer to the previous measurement which was off by 960 grains. To increase the accuracy of weights, more precise weighing equipment was ordered and specifications were revised to 0.10 ounce for silver and gold to 0.01oz. Between 1856 and 1866 the old scales were gradually removed and replaced with ones made by Messrs. De Grave, Short, and Fanner; winners of a 1862 International Exhibition prize award for work relating to balances.[18]
Another observation Ansell made was the loss of gold during the manufacturing process. He found that 15-20 ounces could be recovered through the sweep, that is the leftover burnt rubbish from the minting process which was often left in open boxes for many months before being removed. Wanting to account for every particle, he hypothesised that because the Conservation of mass meant it was physically impossible for gold to just disappear he put down the lost weight to a combination of oil, dust and different types of foreign matter amongst the gold.
In 1859, the Royal Mint rejected a batch of gold that was found to be too brittle for the minting of gold sovereigns. Analysis revealed the presence of small amounts of antimony, arsenic and lead. With Ansell's background in chemistry, he persuaded the Royal Mint to allow him to experiment with the alloy and was ultimately able to produce 167,539 gold sovereigns.[19] On a second occasion in 1868, it was again discovered that gold coins, this time totalling £500,000 worth, were being produced with inferior gold. Although the standard practise at the mint was for rejected coins (known as brockages) to be melted down, many entered general circulation and the mint was forced to return thousands of ounces of gold to the Bank of England. Although Ansell offered to re-melt the substandard coins, his offer was rejected causing a row between him and senior mint chiefs which ultimately led to him being removed from his position at the mint.[20]
Gold Melting Process (1870)
Royal Mint Refinery[edit]
After relocating to its new home on Tower Hill, the Mint came under increased scrutiny of how it dealt with unrefined gold that had entered the country. Initially the Master of the Mint was responsible for overseeing the practise since the position's inception in the 1300s, however the refinery process proved too costly and suffered from a lack of accountability from the master. A Royal Commission later set up in 1848 to address these issues gave recommendation for the refinery process to be outsourced to another external agency thereby removing the refining process from the mint's responsibilities. The opportunity to handle in Mint's refinery was taken up by Anthony de Rothschild, a descendant of the Rothschild family and heir to the multinational investment banking company N M Rothschild & Sons. Rothschild secured a lease from the government in January 1852, purchasing equipment and a premise adjacent to the Royal Mint on 19 Royal Mint Street. Under the name of Royal Mint Refinery
Colonial Expansion[edit]
Royal Mint, Sydney in 1888
As Britain's influence as a world power expanded, with colonies being established abroad, a greater need for currency led to the Royal Mint opening satellite branches of itself overseas. In Australia, the local Legislative Council petitioned the UK government to establish a branch of the Royal Mint in Sydney (Sydney Mint) after prospector Edward Hargraves discovered gold in Ophir, New South Wales in 1851. The petitioned gain royal assent in 1853 and plans were made by the Deputy Master of the Royal Mint in London to open the Royal Mint's first overseas branch within the colony. The Royal Mint’s Superintendent of Coining travelled to Australia to oversee its establishment on Macquarie Street within the southern wing of Sydney Hospital were it opened in 1854. Its success led to the opening of Melbourne Mint on 2 June 1872 which cost £368,350 and Perth Mint which opened on 20 June 1899. In 1926 after operating for 72 years, the Sydney Mint closed due to its inferior technology and capabilities being superseded by those in Melbourne and Perth. After Australia was federalised in 1901, Great Britain continued to own the mints to as late as 1 July 1970, when they became statutory authorities of the Government of Western Australia.
In Canada, which had been under British rule since 1763, British coins circulated alongside those of other nations until 1958 when London started producing coins for the newly established Canadian dollar. As Canada developed, in 1890 calls were made for a mint to be built in Ottawa to facilitate the country's gold mines. The new mint opened on 2 January 1908 by Lord Grey producing coins for circulation including Ottawa Mint sovereigns. In 1931 under the Statute of Westminster, the mint came under the control on the Government of Canada and subsequently renamed the Royal Canadian Mint.[21]
Hong Kong silver dollar (1867)
A fifth branch of the Royal Mint was established in Mumbai (Bombay), India on 21 December 1917 as part of a wartime effort. It struck sovereign from 15 Aug 1918 til 22 Apr 1919. before closing in May 1919.[22][23] A sixth and final overseas mint was established in the Union of South Africa in Pretoria on 1 January 1923, producing £83,114,575 worth of sovereigns of its lifetime. As South Africa began cutting ties with Britain, the mint closed on 30 June 1941 only to be later reopened as the South African Mint.[24]
Although just six mints were officially controlled by London's Royal Mint, many more independent mints were set up to facilitate parts of the British Empire. In New Westminster, British Columbia the British Columbia gold rushes led to a mint was setup in 1862 under Governor James Douglas were it produced a few gold and silver coins before being shut down in 1862 to aid the city of Victoria in becoming the regions provincial capital.[25] On 26 February 1864 an Order of Council requested for the founding of independent mint (Hong Kong Mint) in British Hong Kong to issue silver and bronze coins.[26][27] This mint was short lived however due to its coins being heavy debasement causing significant losses. The site was sold to Jardine Matheson in 1868 and the mint machinery sold to the Japanese Mint in Osaka.[28]
New Zealand’s $1 and $2 coins are minted by the Royal Mint in the United Kingdom. The 10 cent, 20 cent and 50 cent coins are minted by the Royal Canadian Mint. Other mints the Bank has used over time include: the Royal Australian Mint, Norwegian Mint and the South African Mint Company. The F4 Coin mintings data has details about the number and value of coin mintages.[29]
1914 to 1967[edit]
In 1914 as war broke out in Europe, Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George instructed for gold coins to be removed from circulation so as to help pay for the war effort. The government started to issue £1 and 10 shilling treasury notes as replacement waving the way for Britan leaving the gold standard in 1931.
Engraving room at the Royal Mint in 1934
During World War II the Mint played an important role in ensuring that people were paid for their services with hard currency rather than banknotes. Under Operation Bernhard, the Nazis planned to collapse the British economy by flooding the country with forged notes leading the Bank of England to stop issuing banknotes of £10 and above. To meet these demands the Mint doubled its output so that by 1943 it was minting around 700 million coins a year despite being under constant threat of being bombed. The Deputy Master of the Mint John Craig recognised the dangers to the Mint, introduced a number of measures to ensure the Mint could continue to operate in the event of a disaster. Craig added emergency water supplies, reinforced the Mint's basement to act as a air-raid shelter and even accepted employment of women for the first time. For most of the war the mint managed to escape the destruction of the Blitz until December 1940 when three members of staff were killed in an air-raid. Around the same time an auxiliary mint was set up at Pinewood Studios which had been requisitioned for the war effort. Staff and machinery from Tower Hill were moved to the site in Buckinghamshire were it started production in June 1941 and operated for the duration of the war.[30][31] Over the course of the war the Royal Mint was hit on several different occasions and at one point was put out of commission for three weeks. As technology changed with the introduction of electricity and demand continuing to grow, the process of rebuilding continued so that by the 1960s little of the original mint remained, apart from Smirke's 1809 building and its gatehouses at the front.
On 1 March 1966 the government announced its intention for the pound to be decimalised which would require a large-scale withdrawal and minting of millions of new coins, this, as well as commitments to overseas customers, meant the mint was to be faced with a heavy workload. Lack of space at the mint and with Decimal Day looming it became apparent that the mint needed to again relocate to a larger site. With a degree of urgency plans were made in April 1967 for a new site to be built outside of London, although over twenty sites were considered[32] the small Welsh town of Llantrisant located ten miles (16 km) north-west of Cardiff was chosen[33] Up until now improvements at the Tower Hill mint had cost £800,000.
1967 to present[edit]
Move to Wales[edit]
Royal Mint in Llantrisant
Work on the new mint began in August 1967 with the construction of a blank treatment plant and plant for striking. This first phase of the mint was officially opened on 17 December 1968 by the royal attendance of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip and their son Prince Charles. Originally there were fears that the Royal family would face protests because of the Investiture of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales; however, such protests failed to materialise.[34] The second phase of construction began in 1973 and included the addition of a means to mint coins from virgin metals completing the full minting process. Upon completion the final cost for the land, buildings and plant came to £8 million.[35] Coin minting and production gradually shifted to the new site over the next seven years until the last coin, a gold sovereign, was struck in London in November 1975. In an attempt to consolidate all previous coin-related acts, the Coinage Act of 1971 was passed, which among other things effectively abolished the individual role of Master of the Mint. Under this act, the Chancellor of the Exchequer took over the role, with a Deputy Master being appointed by the Treasury to exercise all the powers and duties of the Master within the mint.
Financial Difficulties[edit]
After moving to Wales, the mint struggled to become profitable as the Western world fell into a deep recession during the early 1970s. To combat a rising national debt, the mint was established as a trading fund on 1 April 1975 which required it to become self-financing. This measure proved successful and the mint started to become profitable through heavy exports.To allow for more financial freedom and better management the mint became an Executive Agency in April 1990.[36]
During the 2008 global financial crisis, a rescue package costing £500 billion was announced to help stabilise Britain's banking system. This led to fear that the government would attempt to finance the cost by selling off state-owned organisations. In a 2009 pre-budget report the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling stated that the treasury would "explore the potential benefits of alternative future models for the Royal Mint".[37][38] A month later in his 2009 United Kingdom budget he recommended that the mint be made a company with a view of it being sold.[39] The decision was met with outrage by unions and opposition parties in parliament who called it the "selling off the family silver" and that it would result in jobs losses. In contrast, the chief executive of the mint Andrew Stafford welcomed the decision stating that it would lead to further growth and secure the future of the business.[40] On 31 December 2009, rather than being fully privatised, the mint ceased to be an executive agency and its assets vested in a limited company, Royal Mint Ltd. The owner of the new company became The Royal Mint trading fund, which itself continued to be owned by HM Treasury. As its sole shareholder the mint pays an annual dividend of £4 million to treasury with the remaining profits being reinvested into the mint.[41] In 2015 Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced a £20 billion privatisation drive to raise funds with the Royal Mint being up for sale alongside other institutions including the Met Office and Companies House.[38]
Revival[edit]
With its new found financial freedom the Mint begun diversifying their product range through expanding to offer items outside their usual coin-related merchandise. By the early 2000s the Mint was selling different types of jewellery, commemorative plates and figurines,[42] eventually creating its own Royal Mint Classics range of collectable goods. This part of the business proved popular in attracting new customers however suffered from poor product development. Example of its products included a hip flask with an embedded £2 coin, an Edinburgh Crystal clock combined with a millennium Crown, and a Wedgwood plate featuring Britannia.[43] In 2007 the Mint decided to resume its focus on coins, downsizing non-coin related business and discontinuing its Classics range.[44]
2012 London Olympics[edit]
2012 Olympic Medal made by the Mint
After London was selected to host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the Royal Mint successfully won its bid to manufacture the games' Olympic and Paralympic medals.[45] 4,700 gold, sliver a bronze medals were produced by the Mint with each medal being struck 15 times with 900 tonnes of force.[46]
Olympic Medal Specifications[46][47]
Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Weight
412g 412g 357g
Composition
1.34% Gold
93% Silver
6% Copper
93% Silver
7% Copper
97% Copper
2.5% Zinc
0.5% Tin
In addition to securing the medal product contract, the mint held a competition to design a series of commemorative fifty pence coins that would enter general circulation prior to the event. The Mint received over 30,000 entries with a further 17,000 from a children's competition on Blue Peter. In all, a total of 29 designs featuring a sport were selected by the Mint, with the youngest designer being just 9 years old.[48] A £2 coin commemorating London's handover to Rio was also released in 2012.
The Royal Mint Experience[edit]
In April 2014 the mint announced plans for the development of a visitor centre in Llantrisant were member of the public could take part in a guided tour the facility and learn about the mint's history. The development's contract, estimated to be worth £7.7 million was awarded to construction firm ISG and design consultant Mather & Co who had previously designed the Norwegian Olympic Museum, as well as handful of visitor attraction for a sporting clubs including Chelsea F.C, Manchester City F.C, FC Porto and the Springboks.[49][50] To fund the development, a grant of £2.3 million was provided by the Welsh Government towards the attraction which aimed to attract 200,000 visitors a year to the area.[51] By May 2016, two years after its announcement the now named Royal Mint Experience opened to the public at a final cost of £9 million. Included in the visitor centre an interactive museum, a view onto the factory floor, an education centre and a press whereby visitors can strike their own souvenir £1 coin.[52][53] On display at the centre are more than 80,000 artefacts,[54] including Olympic medals, a pattern coin of Edward VIII, a Janvier reducing machine and a selection of trial plates.
Recent Events[edit]
In the same month the mint took in 48 tonnes of silver recovered from the shipwreck of the SS Gairsoppa which was used to produce limited edition coins.[55]
In 2015, after nearly 50 years, the mint began producing its own line of bullion bars and coins under its revived Royal Mint Refinery brand. Then in 2016, the mint announced plans for Royal Mint Gold (RMG), a digital gold currency that uses blockchain to trade and invest in gold. Operated by CME Group, the technology is to be created by technology companies AlphaPoint and BitGo.[56] The system currency which was due to launch in 2017 will be on the gold standard, whereby one RMG token equates to 1 gram of physical gold held within in a Royal Mint vault. Up to $1 billion worth of RMG is set to be issued by the mint.[57]
Operations[edit]
Coin production[edit]
As the sole body responsible for minting legal tender coins in the United Kingdom under contract from HM Treasury, the mint produces all of the country's physical currency apart from banknotes which are printed by the Bank of England. On average it produces 2 billion pound sterling coins struck for general circulation every year with an estimated 28 billion pieces circulating altogether. Outside of the UK, the mint provides services to over 60 different countries including New Zealand and many Caribbean nations in the form of producing national currencies or supplying ready to strike planchets.[3] In 2015 it was estimated that 2.4 billion coins were minted for overseas countries outweighing that of domestic coinage and providing over 60% of the mint's revenue from circulating currencies. The sale of commemorative coins also form part of the mint's operations with coins of varying quality and made of different precious metals released yearly for the collector's market.
Coins minted (billion)
2015[58]
2014[58]
2013[59]
United Kingdom 2.007 2.384 1.996
International 2.4 2.2 2.0
Bullion[edit]
Royal Mint Refinery Seal
Another important operation performed by the mint which contributes to half the mint's revenue is the sale of bullion to investors or general members of the public in the form of bars or coins. Historically the mint has refined its own metal, however under the advice of an 1848 Royal Commission the process was separated with the independent Royal Mint Refinery being purchased and operated by Anthony de Rothschild in 1852. The Rothschild family continued the refinery's management until it was sold to Engelhard in 1967, a year later the Royal Mint relocated to Wales and ceased their bullion bar interests until reviving the brand in 2015. Bullion bars produced by the mint are stamped with the original Royal Mint Refinery emblem and come in a range of different sizes.[60]
Bullion bars
Metal
Fineness
Weights
Silver 999 n/a 100g 500g 1 kg
Gold 999.9 1g 5g 10g 1oz 100g 500g 1 kg
Platinum 999.5 n/a 1oz 100g 500g 1 kg
Minting of bullion coins began in 1957 to meet a demand for authentic sovereign coins which suffered from heavy counterfeiting. Coins were released almost every year alongside proof versions up to 1982 when production was discontinued. In 1987 the mint started to produce a new type of bullion coin, the 1oz Britannia coin which was gold and had a face value of £100. A silver version with a face value of £2 was also released in 1997. Production of the previously discontinued sovereign and half sovereigns resumed in 2000. In 2014 a lunar coin series begun being minted annually in celebration of Lunar New Year and in 2016 a series featuring The Queen's Beasts began.
Bullion coins
Type
Face Value
Diameter
Weight
Fineness
Ref.
Britannia One Ounce Silver £2 38.61mm 31.21g 999
One Ounce Gold £100 32.69mm 31.21g 999.9 [61]
Sovereign Sovereign £1 22.05mm 7.988g .916 [62]
Queen's Beasts Two Ounce Silver £5 38.61mm 62.42g 999 [63]
One Ounce Gold £100 32.69mm 31.21g 999.9
One Ounce Platinum £100 32.69mm 31.21g 999.5
Lunar Series One Ounce Silver £2 38.61mm 31.21g 999 [64]
One Ounce Gold £100 32.69mm 31.21g 999.9
Landmarks of Britain One Ounce Silver £2 38.61mm 31.21g 999 [65]
Medals[edit]
On occasion, the mint produces medals for government departments and under private contract for clients such as Royal societies, colleges and universities. Most notably the mint has made OBE medals as well as many military honours including the Defence Medal and the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross for the British Armed Forces.[66] For the 2012 Summer Olympics the mint won a contract to produce 4,700 gold, silver and bronze medals for competitors.[67]
Prior to 1851, the making of medals at the mint was at the discretion of engravers who could undertake the work independently and receive and additional wage. A Royal patent which was issued in 1669 granted the mint the sole right to produce medals of any metal which bore a portrait of a monarch. Engravers would use the facilities at the mint to make commemorative medals to their own design for sale. A key date in the mint's history of producing medals for the military is 1815 when the Battle of Waterloo marked the beginning of awarding military campaign medals. By 1874 the mint was responsible for making all bars and clasps for war medals in the country and was making campaign medals such as the New Zealand Medal, the Abyssinian War Medal and the Ashantee Medal.[68]
At the start of the First World War, military medals were manufactured by the Woolwich Arsenal and private contractors, however in 1922 a new medal unit created by the mint became the sole manufacturer of all Royal and State medals and decorations in metal, except the Victoria Cross which is made by Hancocks & Co.[68][69] Prior to 2010, all British military medals were made by the mint however now must compete with other manufacturers.
Waterloo Medal (1849)
2012 Summer Olympics
Military Cross
George Cross
Arctic Star
Trial of the Pyx[edit]
The Trial of the Pyx is the procedure in the United Kingdom for ensuring that newly-minted coins conform to required standards. The trials have been held since the twelfth century, normally once per calendar year, and continue to the present day. The form of the ceremony has been essentially the same since 1282. They are trials in the full judicial sense, presided over by a judge with an expert jury of assayers. Since 1871, the trials have taken place at the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, having previously taken place at the Palace of Westminster.[70] Given modern production methods, it is unlikely that coins would not conform, although this has been a problem in the past as it would have been tempting for the Master of the Mint to steal precious metals.
The term "Pyx" refers to the boxwood chest (in Greek, πυξίς, pyxis) in which coins were placed for presentation to the jury. There is also a Pyx Chapel (or Pyx Chamber) in Westminster Abbey, which was once used for secure storage of the Pyx and related articles.
Coins to be tested are drawn from the regular production of The Royal Mint. The Deputy Master of the Mint must, throughout the year, randomly select several thousand sample coins and place them aside for the Trial. These must be in a certain fixed proportion to the number of coins produced. For example, for every 5,000 bimetallic coins issued, one must be set aside, but for silver Maundy money the proportion is one in 150.
The trial today consists of an inquiry independent of the royal mint[71]
The jury is composed of Freemen of the Company of Goldsmiths, who assay the coins provided to decide whether they have been minted within the criteria determined by the relevant Coinage Acts.[72]
Awards[edit]
2014 Coin of the Year: Best Contemporary Event Coin ‒ 2012 London Olympic Games[73]
2013 Wales Innovation Award: iSIS Security Technology[74]
2010 Coin of the Year: Best Gold Coin ‒ £100 Olympic Games Faster Series: Neptune[73]
1973 Queen's Awards for Enterprise[75]
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
Numismatics portal
List of British banknotes and coins
Coins of the pound sterling
Banknotes of the pound sterling
George Frederick Ansell
William John Hocking
Joseph Harris (British astronomer)
List of Mints
Mints of Scotland
Kevin Clancy
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Pickard, Plimmer, Jim, Gill (11 September 2016). "Green Investment Bank bidders ready final offer". Financial Times. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
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Bibliography[edit]
Allen, Larry (2009). The Encyclopedia of Money. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598842517.
Ansell, George Frederick (1870). The Royal Mint: its working, conduct, and operations... London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange.
Beardon, James (2013). The Spellmount Guide to London in the Second World War. Spellmount. p. 177.
Challis, C. E. (1992). A New History of the Royal Mint. Cambridge University Press.
Craig, John (2011). The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948. Cambridge University Press.
Davis, Glyn (2010). A History of Money From Ancient Times to the Present Day. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0708317174.
Dyer, G.P. (1986). The Royal Mint : An Illustrated History. Royal Mint. ISBN 9781869917012.
Hainsworth, Gavin (2005). New Westminster Album: Glimpses of the City as It Was. Dundurn Group Ltd. p. 148. ISBN 978-1550025484.
Ingham, Michael (2007). Hong Kong: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-19-972447-5.
Linecar, Howard (1985). Coins and Coin Collecting. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN 9780600500872.
Michael, Thomas (2016). 2017 Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1901-2000. Krause Publications. ISBN 1440246548.
Vince, Alan (2001). Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald, eds. London. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
External links[edit]
The Royal Mint – official website
The Royal Mint – official blog
The Royal Mint – Facebook
The Royal Mint – Twitter
The Royal Mint – Instagram
The Royal Mint – Pinterest
The Royal Mint – Google Plus
The Royal Mint Museum
Coins minted by the Royal Mint
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