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Three Pure Ones
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Three Pure Ones
The Three Pure Ones
Chinese
三清
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Sānqīng
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The Three Pure Ones (Chinese: 三清; pinyin: Sānqīng) also translated as the Three Pure Pellucid Ones, the Three Pristine Ones, the Three Divine Teachers, the Three Clarities, or the Three Purities are the Taoist Trinity, the three highest Gods in the Taoist pantheon. They are regarded as pure manifestation of the Tao and the origin of all sentient beings. From the Taoist classic Tao Te Ching, it was held that "The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things." It is generally agreed that: Tao produced One—Wuji produced Taiji; One produced Two—Taiji produced Yin and Yang [or Liangyi (兩儀) in scholastic term]. However, the subject of how Two produced Three has remained a popular debate among Taoist Scholars. Most scholars believe that it refers to the Interaction between Yin and Yang, with the presence of Chi, or life force.[1]
In religious Taoism, the theory of how Tao produces One, Two, and Three is also explained. In Tao produces One—Wuji produces Taiji, it represents the Great Tao, embodied by Hùndùn Wújí Yuánshǐ Tiānwáng (混沌無極元始天王, "Heavenly King of the Chaotic Never-ending Primordial Beginning") at a time of pre-Creation when the Universe was still null and the cosmos was in disorder; manifesting into the first of the Taoist Trinity, Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn oversees the earliest phase of Creation of the Universe, and is henceforth known as Dàobǎo (道寶) "Treasure of the Tao". In One produces Two—Taiji produces Yin Yang, Yuanshi Tianzun manifests into Lingbao Tianzun who separated the Yang from the Yin, the clear from the murky, and classified the elements into their rightful groups. Therefore, he is also known as Jīngbǎo (經寶) "Treasure of the Law/Scripture". While Jīng in popular understanding means "scriptures", in this context it also mean "passing through" [the phase of Creation] and the Laws of Nature of how things are meant to be. In the final phase of Creation, Daode Tianzun is manifested from Língbăo Tiānzūn to bring civilization and preach the Law to all living beings. Therefore, He is also known as Shībǎo (師寶) "Treasure of the Master".
Each of the Three Pure Ones represents both a deity and a heaven. Yuanshi Tianzun rules the first heaven, Yu-Qing, which is found in the Jade Mountain. The entrance to this heaven is named the Golden Door. "He is the source of all truth, as the sun is the source of all light". Lingbao Tianzun rules over the heaven of Shang-Qing. Daode Tianzun rules over the heaven of Tai-Qing. The Three Pure Ones are often depicted as throned elders.
Schools of Taoist thought developed around each of these deities. Taoist Alchemy was a large part of these schools, as each of the Three Pure Ones represented one of the three essential fields of the body: jing, qi and shen. The congregation of all three Pure Ones resulted in the return to Tao.
The first Pure One is universal or heavenly chi. The second Pure One is human plane chi, and the third Pure One is earth chi. Heavenly chi includes the chi or energy of all the planets, stars and constellations as well as the energy of God (the force of creation and universal love). Human plane chi is the energy that exists on the surface of our planet and sustains human life, and the earth force includes all of the forces inside the planet as well as the five elemental forces.
As the Three Pure Ones are manifestations of Primordial Celestial Energy, they are formless. But to illustrate their role in Creation, they are often portrayed as elderly deities robed in the three basic colours from which all colours originated: Red, Blue and Yellow (or Green) depending on personal interpretation of colour origins by additive or subtractive means. Each of them holds onto a divine object associated with their task. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn is usually depicted holding the Pearl of Creation, signifying his role in creating the Universe from void and chaos. The Ruyi held by Lingbao Tianzun represents authority: the second phase of Creation where the Yang was separated from the Yin and the Law of Things was ordered in place. Lingbao Tianzun then took his seat on the left of Yuanshi Tianzun. Later, when all was complete, Daode Tianzun took his place on the right, with the fan symbolizing the completion of Creation, and the act of fanning representing the spreading of Tao to all Mankind.
Contents
[hide]
1 Yuanshi Tianzun
2 Lingbao Tianzun
3 Daode Tianzun
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Bibliography
6 External links
Yuanshi Tianzun[edit]
Yuanshi Tianzun
Yuanshi Tianzun (Chinese: 元始天尊; pinyin: Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn, "Lord of Primordial Beginning") is also known as the "Jade Pure One" (Chinese: 玉清; pinyin: Yùqīng) or "Honoured Lord of the Origin".
For more information, see Yuanshi Tianzun.
Lingbao Tianzun[edit]
Lingbao Tianzun
Lingbao Tianzun (靈寶天尊, "Lord of the Numinous Treasure") is also known as the "Supreme Pure One" (Chinese: 上清; pinyin: Shàngqīng) or "The Universally Honoured One of Divinities and Treasures".
"In terms of worldview, the emergence of the Shàngqīng revelations signifies a major expansion of Taoism. Where the celestial masters had added the pure gods of the Tao to the popular pantheon, Shàngqīng enlarged this to include an entirely new layer of existence between the original, creative force of the Tao, represented by the deity "yuan shi tian wang" (heavenly king of primordial beginning), and created world as we know it. This celestial layer consisted of several different regions, located both in the far reaches of the world and in the stars, and imagined along the lines of the ancient paradises Penglai and Kunlun. It was populated by various divine figures: pure gods of the Tao who were emanations of original cosmic qi; immortals who had attained celestial status through effort and the proper elixir..." [2]
Lingbao Tianzun is associated with yin and yang and was responsible as the custodian of the sacred book. Lingbao Tianzun also calculates time and divides it into different epochs.
Daode Tianzun[edit]
Daode Tianzun (道德天尊, "Lord of the Way and its Virtue" or "Honoured Lord of the Tao and the Virtue"), also known as the "Grand Pure One" (Chinese: 太清; pinyin: Tàiqīng) or the "Highest Elder Lord" (太上老君, Taishang Laojun).
It is believed that Daode Tianzun manifested himself in the form of Laozi. Daode Tianzun is also the treasurer of spirits, known as the Lord of Man who is the founder of Taoism. He is the most eminent, aged ruler, which is why he is the only Pure One depicted with a pure white beard.
"There seem to have been a number of stages in the process of Laozi's eventual deification. First, the legendary figure began as a teacher and writer whose image eventually blended with that of the Yellow Emperor when Laozi came to be identified as a confidant of royalty. Traditional accounts, such as the life-story summarized earlier, transformed him into a cultural hero whose mother conceived him virginally. By the mid-second century C.E., Laozi had become the deity who delivered to Zhang Daoling the revelation of a new religious faith, giving rise to the Celestial Master's school. His image was still not complete. Next, perhaps also around the second or third century CE, Laozi seems to have been identified as a creator god who also enters the world to rescue humanity from tribulation. Laozi was now capable of incarnating himself, almost like Buddhist bodhisattvas. Not long thereafter he joined the triad of the Three Pure Ones, and finally Laozi emerged as the chief divine person. We have here one of the more interesting examples of apotheosis, or deification, in the history of religion."[citation needed]
According to Daozang, Daode Tianzun had manifested many various incarnations to teach living beings, and Laozi is one of his incarnations.
See also[edit]
Chinese mythology
Religion in China
Taoism
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Yang, Chaoping (December 1, 2007). 道德經第四十二章‧「道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。」 (in Chinese).
Jump up ^ Kohn, Livia (2001). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Three Times Press. p. 89.
Bibliography[edit]
Barrow, Terrence; Williams, Charles Alfred Speed (2006). Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. p. 372.
Ching, Julie (2000). The Religious Thought of Chu His. Oxford: Oxford University Press US. pp. 168–169.
Fowler, Jeaneane (2005). An introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism. Brighton; Portland: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 202–205.
Dobbins, Frank Stockton; Williams, Samuel Wells; Halls, Isaac Hollister (1883). Errors Chains. California: Standard publishing house. p. 224.
Morgan, Harry T. (1972). Chinese Symbols and Superstitions. Detroit: Gale Research Company. p. 148.
"The Taoist Deities". October 19, 2008.
Werner, E.T.C. (2003). Myths and Legends of China. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 124–126.
Whiting, Roger (1991). Religions for Today. Cheltemham: Nelson Thorne. p. 14.
Yudelove, Eric (1997). 100 Days to Better Health, Good Sex and Long Life. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 114.
"Yu Di". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28.
"Yuan Shi". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three Pure Ones.
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The Kane Chronicles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Kane Chronicles
The US and UK logo for The Kane Chronicles
The Red Pyramid (2010)
The Throne of Fire (2011)
The Serpent's Shadow (2012)
Author
Rick Riordan
Cover artist
John Rocco
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Egyptian mythological fiction, fantasy, adventure and children's fiction
Publisher
Disney Hyperion and Puffin Books
Published
2010–2012
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback), audiobook, e-book
No. of books
3
The Kane Chronicles is a trilogy of adventure and Egyptian mythological fiction books written by American author Rick Riordan. The series is set in the same universe as Riordan's other franchises, Camp Half-Blood Chronicles and Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard.
The novels are narrated alternately in first-person by the two protagonists, siblings Carter and Sadie Kane. The siblings are powerful magicians descended from the two pharaohs Narmer and Ramses the Great. They and their friends are forced to contend with Egyptian gods and goddesses who still interact with the modern world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Novel series
2.1 The Red Pyramid
2.2 The Throne of Fire
2.3 The Serpent's Shadow
3 Supplementary works
3.1 Survival Guide
3.2 Graphic novel
3.3 Crossovers
3.3.1 The Son of Sobek
3.3.2 The Staff of Serapis
3.3.3 The Crown of Ptolemy
4 Characters
5 References
6 External links
Origins[edit]
Author Rick Riordan, a former middle-school social studies teacher, stated that the idea for The Kane Chronicles came from his realization that the only ancient history subject more popular than Ancient Greece was Ancient Egypt.[1] Riordan had already written and published several books in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, which dealt with the interaction between Greek mythology and the modern world. The idea of having two multiracial siblings narrate the books also came from his experience as a teacher. Carter and Sadie Kane, the titular characters, were inspired by two siblings that he taught, as well as the fact that Ancient Egypt was a multicultural society.[2] He adhered to the longstanding Western tradition of separating Egyptian history from the history of other African societies.[2]
Novel series[edit]
Section entitled "Author's Notes" at the beginning and end of books in the series explain to readers that the story is a transcript of audiotapes Rick Riordan received from Carter and Sadie Kane.[3][4][5] The story takes place in the same universe as the Camp Half-Blood chronicles and Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard and several references are made to the other books. In the three main novels, only two characters - Drew Tanaka and Lacy - cross over between novel series.[5]
The Red Pyramid[edit]
Main article: The Red Pyramid (novel)
The first book in the series, The Red Pyramid, was released on May 4, 2010. The story is told as a transcription of a recording made by Sadie and Carter Kane, detailing the rise of the Egyptian gods in the modern world.[3]
After a mysterious accident in a museum leaves their egyptologist father missing, siblings Carter and Sadie Kane are taken in by their uncle Amos and introduced to their family's long and proud tradition of magic. The duo discover that they have been chosen as "hosts" by the gods Horus and Isis, respectively, and are hunted by the House of Life as a result, the world's governing body of Egyptian magicians. They learn that the god Set plans to destroy the North American continent using their father's power, and embark on a quest to save him and prove their innocence and good intentions to the House.[3][6]
The Throne of Fire[edit]
Main article: The Throne of Fire
The second book in the series, The Throne of Fire, was released on May 4, 2011. The book takes place roughly three months after the events of the first book, The Red Pyramid.[4]
Carter and Sadie Kane have recruited several students to follow the path of the gods, but are still fugitives from the House of Life. The young magicians secretly plan to find the long-lost king of the gods, Ra, hoping he will help them fight Apophis, a powerful god of Chaos who masterminded Set's scheme earlier that year (in The Red Pyramid). They journey across the world looking for clues to Ra's location (as well as the location of a missing magician named Zia Rashid), and finally into the Duat to rescue Ra and drive Apophis further from the mortal world.[4]
The Serpent's Shadow[edit]
Main article: The Serpent's Shadow (Riordan novel)
The third and last volume, The Serpent's Shadow, was released on May 1, 2012.[5]
A few months after the events of the previous book, the House of Life is battling repeated invasions by the forces of chaos, leading the Kanes and their trainees to look desperately for a way to stop Apophis. They finally settle on a difficult method involving part of Apophis's soul (the Serpent's sheut) and go to great lengths to ensure they will be able to use the sheut to defeat Apophis successfully. With the help of all the gods, especially Ra (hosted by Zia Rashid), the Kane siblings are able to finally banish Apophis and save their friends, although their actions have the unintended consequence of driving the gods away from the mortal world.[5]
Supplementary works[edit]
Survival Guide[edit]
The Kane Chronicles: Survival Guide is a companion to the series written by Mary-Jane Knight, who is not credited on the front cover. It features illustrations of characters in the series by Antonio Caparo and full-color diagrams and maps, as well as the guide text.[7] In the words of the publisher, the latter "teaches readers how to compile secret messages, read hieroglyphics, and recite ancient magic spells", and the intended audience includes "avid followers and budding Egyptologists alike".[7] The book was released by Disney-Hyperion on March 20, 2012, a few months before the publication of The Serpent's Shadow.[8] The British edition was published by Puffin Books in October of that year.[9][10]
Graphic novel[edit]
A graphic novel based on The Red Pyramid was published on October 12, 2010.[11] It follows a shortened version of Carter and Sadie adventures in The Red Pyramid with full color drawings. It is adapted and illustrated by Orpheus Collar.[11][12]
A graphic novel based on The Throne of Fire was released on October 6, 2015.[13] Like the graphic novel for The Red Pyramid, it was adapted and illustrated by Orpheus Collar.[12]
Crossovers[edit]
The Son of Sobek[edit]
Main article: The Son of Sobek
The first ever Percy Jackson-Carter Kane crossover story was included in the back of the paperback edition of The Serpent's Shadow, published May 7, 2013, and became available as an e-single/audio purchase June 18, 2013.[5][14] It was later published as part of a collection entitled Demigods & Magicians, released in 2016.[15]
The story is told in first-person by Carter Kane and set on Long Island's south shore, in the vicinity of Moriches Bay. Carter and Percy Jackson find themselves hunting the same giant magical crocodile, and Carter is saved by Percy. Although wary of each other, they team up to fight the crocodile, which turns out to be a petsuchos, an ordinary crocodile turned to giant size and invested with the power of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek by a magical charm. Together, they remove the charm and stop the crocodile from terrorizing the suburban neighborhood, then, after briefly introducing themselves, go their separate ways.[15]
The Staff of Serapis[edit]
Main article: The Staff of Serapis
The sequel to The Son of Sobek, entitled The Staff of Serapis is the sixty-page crossover story in which Sadie and Annabeth meet. The sequel came out in April 2014, in the paperback version of The Mark of Athena, and then was released later on in the year in e-book/audiobook format read by Riordan and including a sneak preview of The Blood of Olympus.[16][17] It was later published as part of a collection entitled Demigods & Magicians, released in 2016.[15]
In this story, told from Annabeth Chase's point of view, Annabeth pursues a strange chimerical creature she encounters on the New York subway, and is rescued by Sadie Kane when it attacks. Sadie explains that the creature was a figurine that suddenly came to life in Brooklyn House and escaped the mansion. The two girls deduce that the creature is two parts of a tripartite creature, the Staff of Serapis, which belongs to the Hellenized Egyptian god of that name. Serapis has taken up residence in a ruined lighthouse in the Far Rockaway neighborhood of Queens and Annabeth and Sadie do battle with him before returning to their separate worlds.[15]
The Crown of Ptolemy[edit]
Main article: The Crown of Ptolemy
The Crown of Ptolemy is the third and last book in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Kane Chronicles crossover series. It was published in the back of the paperback version of The House of Hades on March 31, 2015, and later as an ebook and audiobook.[18] The ebook edition was released May 12, 2015.[19] It was later republished as part of a collection entitled Demigods & Magicians, released in 2016.[15]
The story is told from Percy's point of view. Percy and Annabeth are investigating Governor's Island in Manhattan, and Percy tries unsuccessfully to call Carter. Setne, the evil magician responsible for the events of the crossovers, creates a freak hurricane while attempting to make himself a god. Carter and Sadie finally arrive and, with help from the goddess Nekhbet (who uses Percy as her host for the duration of the battle), the four teenagers defeat and imprison Setne. The teens then decide to keep their mythical realities separate and head back to their respective homes, although they also decide to keep in touch.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § The Kane Chronicles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Springen, Karen (November 11, 2009). "Riordan Sets His Sights on Egypt". Publishers Weekly Website. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Farley, Christopher John (May 4, 2010). "Rick Riordan's Gods and Monsters". The Wall Street Journal Website. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Riordan, Rick (2010). The Red Pyramid. New York City: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-1338-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Riordan, Rick (2011). The Throne of Fire. New York City: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-4056-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Riordan, Rick (2012). The Serpent's Shadow. New York City: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-4057-3.
Jump up ^ "The Red Pyramid Summary". Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Knight, Mary-Jane (2012). The Kane Chronicles: Survival Guide. New York City: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-5362-7.
Jump up ^ "The Kane Chronicles Survival Guide". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
With a "look inside" the 2012 Kindle edition. "Created by Threefold Limited, London, England". Cover and numerous particular interior illustrations credited to Antonio Capro; other illustrations to Artful Doodler and Philip Chidlow; logo to John Rocco.
Jump up ^ "The Kane Chronicles: Survival Guide". Penguin Online. Penguin Books. p. 1. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Kane Chronicles: Survival Guide". Amazon. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rought, Karen (October 6, 2015). "'The Throne of Fire' graphic novel hits store shelves today!". Hypable. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Collar, Orpheus. "Now featuring". Orpheus Collar. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amazon - The Throne of Fire Graphic Novel". Retrieved August 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Son of Sobek: A Disney Hyperion Short Story". Amazon. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Riordan, Rick (2016). Demigods & Magicians. Los Angeles: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4847-3278-6.
Jump up ^ Rought, Karen (February 14, 2014). "Crossover short story 'The Staff of Serapis' by Rick Riordan gets release date". Hypable. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick (2012). The Mark of Athena. New York City: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-4060-3.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick (2013). The House of Hades. New York City: Disney-Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-4672-8.
Jump up ^ Lamoureux, Jen (March 3, 2015). "Cover Reveal: 'The Crown of Ptolemy' by Rick Riordan". Hypable. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
Children's literature portal
Egypt portal
The Kane Chronicles at The Worlds of Rick Riordan (Disney: readriordan.com)
Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books (UK)
Kane activity ideas and instructional material at RickRiordan.com
Percy Jackson Universe series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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Peak 2 Peak Gondola
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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One of the 28 cabins on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola
The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler, British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain's Rendezvous Lodge. It is the first lift to join the two side-by-side mountains. It held the world record for the longest free span between ropeway towers—3.03 kilometres (1.88 miles) until 2017 when the Eibsee Cable Car exceeded it by 189m.[1] It is still the highest point above the ground—436 metres (1,430 feet.)[2] (A temporary aerial tramway in Switzerland used between 1979 and 1986 had larger span.) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was built by the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of CDN$51 million.[3] The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the first Doppelmayr "3S" tri-cable lift in North America; there are four similar but smaller lifts in Europe which were built in 1991, 1994, 2002, 2004 and 2010 in Switzerland, Austria, France and Germany.[4] Whistler-Blackcomb has touted the gondola as an iconic attraction and uses it to transport skiers in the winter months as well as sightseers year round.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and planning
2 Construction
3 Criticism
4 Features
4.1 Statistics
4.2 Cables
4.3 Terminals
4.4 Towers
4.5 Cabins
4.6 Safety systems
5 In the media
6 See also
7 References
History and planning[edit]
Whistler Mountain was opened by the Garibaldi Lift Company in 1965 and Blackcomb opened under separate ownership in 1980.[5] It wasn’t until 1997 when Intrawest, the owner of Blackcomb Mountain, bought Whistler Mountain and brought both mountains together on a single lift ticket. Ever since, many skiers wanted a way to be able to ski both mountains in one day without having to ski down to the village and ride multiple lifts to get back to the alpine. In 1997, Whistler-Blackcomb's Director of Mountain Operations, Hugh Smythe, and Paul Mathews, president of Ecosign Mountain Resort Planners, took a trip to Zermatt, Switzerland. After seeing the number of lifts connecting resorts around the Matterhorn, they got the idea of connecting Whistler and Blackcomb Mountains with a ropeway.
A number of problems prevented a connection for years. Fitzsimmons Creek and the steep faces on either side were unsuitable as ski terrain and are protected land. A traditional chairlift or gondola would have had to go all the way down one mountain, across Fitzsimmons Creek, and up the other side, resulting in a long lift ride and environmental impacts. A gondola that could cross the valley without going to the bottom was the best option. Whistler-Blackcomb had to consider the extremely high cost of building such a lift. The resort conducted research that indicated 92% of winter visitors and 86% of summer visitors would use the gondola at least once.[6] HSBC Bank Canada and Scotia Capital agreed to provide Intrawest with financing for the project, allowing it to move forward.
Intrawest announced the gondola project to employees and the Municipality of Whistler’s Council on September 19, 2005, and held a community open house shortly thereafter. At the time, construction was expected to start in the summer of 2006 and continue for 2 years for an opening for the 2007-2008 ski season. On March 30, 2006, it was announced that construction would be delayed by one year. Whistler Blackcomb announced on April 17, 2007, that groundbreaking would occur in May 2007.
Construction[edit]
The Peak 2 Peak Gondola's Blackcomb Terminal under construction in July 2008.
The Peak 2 Peak Gondola's Whistler Terminal under construction in July 2008.
Whistler-Blackcomb broke ground for the Peak 2 Peak Gondola in a ceremony on May 21, 2007.[7] The Doppelmayr Garaventa Group would supply the gondola itself and Timberline Construction was the general contractor and Glotman Simpson were the Consulting Engineers. Fatzer AG of Switzerland would make the four track cables and one haul rope that would carry the gondolas across the valley while CWA, also of Switzerland, would build the 28 gondola cabins.[8][9]
80 workers from Whistler Blackcomb, Doppelmayr Garaventa, Timberline Construction and North Construction worked throughout the summer of 2007. Work completed on the Blackcomb side by that summer included the relocation of the top terminals of the Solar Coaster Express and Catskinner chairlifts on Blackcomb, excavation of both terminal locations, foundations for both terminals, foundations for all four intermediate towers, and steel erection of towers 2 and 3. Construction stopped for the winter in November 2007.
During the winter, the remaining two gondola towers and each terminal’s machinery were built at the Garaventa factory in Goldau, Switzerland and the Doppelmayr factories in Wolfurt, Austria and St. Jerome, Quebec. Fatzer AG manufactured the four track cables and haul rope that would suspend the gondola cabins.[8] The five spools of cable left Europe by ship on April 10, 2008. By the time construction started again in the spring of 2008, ten feet of snow still covered the mountains and concrete had to be transported up the mountain by helicopter.[10] Towers 4 and 1 were completed in early spring using mobile cranes.
The five cables arrived in the Port of Vancouver, Washington, USA on June 9 and were shipped to Whistler via train, arriving on June 16.[11] Vancouver, Washington was used because it owns the largest mobile harbour crane on the West Coast of North America. To handle the 90-tonne reels, a German-made Goldhofer heavy-haulage trailer and tractor made its way from Montreal, QC to Whistler to take care of the transport from the train yard up the mountain. The Goldhofer trailer has four sections with six axles, each. Each axle has eight wheels. The trailer also features a hydraulic sliding system, which enabled the reels to be unloaded from the railcars in Whistler without a crane. Since there is no crane to lift each reel onto the truck, this trailer features sliding steel plates that essentially scoop the load from the train and set it onto the trailer deck. The five cables were trucked up Blackcomb Mountain for pulling across the valley starting June 19. Their entire 18,000-mile (29,000 km) journey from Switzerland to the top of Blackcomb Mountain was coordinated by OmniTrans Corporation.[8]
Each track cable was winched down Blackcomb Mountain to the valley floor, then up Whistler Mountain. While the cables were pulled for twelve straight weeks, terminal construction continued with the gondola machinery being mounted on concrete foundations. The drive terminal on Whistler Mountain had the gondola’s motors installed in an underground vault. After the gondola machinery was installed, steel enclosures were constructed and covered with a blue, translucent material.
On August 29 and 30, the two ends of the haul rope were spliced together in a 220-foot (67 m) braid to form a continuous loop that could pull the cabins. The splice was performed by Norm Duke of Wyoming, who is one of only a few splicers in North America. The splicing process took 14 workers from Whistler-Blackcomb and Doppelmayr Garaventa over 15 hours to complete.[12] The 28 sky cabins arrived in Whistler starting on August 26.[13] The first twelve cabins crossed the span on September 19, 2008 with a single Doppelmayr engineer, Mathias Zudrell, aboard.[14] The remaining cabins were put on line and the system underwent extensive testing until its Grand Opening on December 12, 2008.
Criticism[edit]
Inside the Peak 2 Peak Gondola's Blackcomb Terminal
The impact of such an expensive project on lift ticket prices was always a concern[who?], especially because the gondola would not open any new ski terrain. When the project was announced in 2005, residents were promised that Peak 2 Peak access would be an optional add-on to a lift ticket or season pass. In a 2005 open house, the resort estimated the additional cost on a season pass would be CDN $59. At the time, Whistler-Blackcomb was attempting to secure a tax exemption from the municipality of Whistler for the increased assessments caused by the new terminal buildings.[15] When season pass prices were announced for the Peak 2 Peak’s inaugural season in August 2008, only early bird passes were allowed to decline the Peak 2 Peak option. Whistler-Blackcomb said it was "not specific" about the Spirit Pass when it had said the Peak 2 Peak access would be optional.[16]
In May 2007, Whistler-Blackcomb announced the naming rights to the gondola were for sale for an undisclosed price.[17] Presumably they were never sold because the gondola has retained the Peak 2 Peak name.
Features[edit]
Statistics[edit]
Length: 4.4 km/2.73 mi[18]
Capacity: 4,100 people per hour
Line Speed: 7.5 metres per second (16.8 miles per hour)
Ride Time: 11 minutes
Cables[edit]
The cables were manufactured by Fatzer AG, a Swiss company that develops, manufactures and markets wire ropes worldwide.[8] The Peak 2 Peak cables include four stationary track ropes, two in each direction, which act like railroad tracks for the cabins. Each track rope weighs approximately 90 metric tonnes. There is a single haul rope which moves in a continuous loop and pulls the cabins. This cable weighs more than 80 metric tonnes. There are a total of 26.5 kilometres (87,000 ft) of cable on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola.[11]
Terminals[edit]
The Peak 2 Peak Gondola terminal buildings are the two largest lift terminals in the world.[19] To create the concrete footings, platforms, masts, and columns, 4,000 cubic metres (5,200 cu yd) of concrete had to be trucked and helicoptered up the mountains. The 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m2) Whistler terminal, which houses the drive motors and backup engines in an underground vault is 26 metres (85 feet) wide and 42 metres (138 feet) long and has 228 tonnes of steel. The 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) Blackcomb Terminal is 26 metres (85 feet) wide and 48 metres (158 feet) long and contains 279 tonnes of steel.[18] The Blackcomb terminal can house 15 cabins, the Whistler terminal 13 cabins in a cabin parking area when the system is not in use.
Towers[edit]
One of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola's four towers
There are four intermediate towers, two on Whistler Mountain and two on Blackcomb Mountain that support the cables, which range in height from 30 to 65 metres (100 to 210 feet).[18] Combined, they contain 400 metric tonnes of steel.
Cabins[edit]
One of the 28 carriers on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola
The 28 CWA-manufactured gondola cabins hold 28 people each, with 22 seated and 6 standing.[2] 26 of the cabins are painted red while 2 are painted silver and have glass floors.
Safety systems[edit]
The Peak 2 Peak Gondola has a number of unique safety systems beyond what a normal ski lift features. The gondola has high wind stability and is designed to operate in winds up to 80 km/h. Whistler-Blackcomb has called the Peak 2 Peak Gondola the most wind tolerant lift on Whistler Blackcomb. Testing at other Doppelmayr 3S installations have measured sustained winds at 120 km/h (75 mph) with no decrease in performance.
The lift is powered by an electric motor on Whistler Mountain; however an auxiliary diesel engine can take over in the case of primary engine failure or if there is a power outage. The lift also has a redundant braking system. Both bullwheels have emergency brakes to stop the gondola if there is a primary braking system failure.
In the event of a catastrophic failure, an evacuation can be performed. For cabins that are near the terminals, passengers are lowered down by rope from the cabins. For cabins that are too high off the ground for a rope evacuation, cabins are winched along the track cables to towers 2 and 3 where passengers are then lowered to the ground by rope by Ski Patrol members.
In addition, the gondola is equipped with a state of the art Obstacle Collision Avoidance System that uses radar to alert aircraft of the gondola as an obstacle. Strobe lights and loud noises over all radio frequencies are used to alert pilots who come too close to the gondola.[20]
In the media[edit]
The grand opening ceremony on December 12, 2008 featured Steve Podborski as emcee and Red Bull Air Force members BASE jumping from the middle of the gondola.
The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was the subject of a 2009 Discovery Channel documentary. Crews began filming the project during groundbreaking in May 2007. The documentary aired at 9 pm on December 23 and at 2 am on December 24, 2009, on Discovery Channel Canada. It was titled "Peak 2 Peak: Building the Worlds Biggest Gondola". The gondola was also featured in the History Channel's show Modern Marvels in the episode "Winter Tech," which showed the technology behind the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games.
On February 6, 2014, a man carried out an illegal BASE jump from the highest point of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola and landed safely in the valley below.[21] In order to exit the gondola, he and a female accomplice had to pry open the doors causing an estimated $10,000 worth of damage.[22] They posted a video of the jump on YouTube as a tribute to Shane McConkey.[21] On February 13, 2014, the RCMP announced that they had arrested the woman and recommended charges of obstruction and mischief over $5,000.[22] One day later, BASE jumper Mike Douglas condemned the stunt saying "This guy seems to have gone about it in all the wrong ways. He caused a lot of damage in the process which I think is not cool."[23]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peak 2 Peak Gondola.
List of spans
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Zugspitze-Eibsee Cable Car — One Ropeway, Three World Records". Gondola Project. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Technical Details". Whistler Blackcomb. Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Getting high and staying high, Whistler's Peak 2 Peak gondola". Blackcomb Peaks. 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Lift Database". Lift World. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "History, from fishing to freeskiing". Whistler Blackcomb. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "All about the Whistler Peak 2 Peak 3S gondola". Skiing BC. 2005-10-18. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Peak 2 Peak Gondola Opens at Whistler". Great Outdoors. 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Griff, Martin (2008-06-19). "18 miles of cable arrive for Whistler Blackcomb's Peak 2 Peak gondola". The Times. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Question of the week". Whistler Blackcomb. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Tower Construction". Whistler Blackcomb. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Cable Installation". Whistler Blackcomb. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Swiss ropes shipped across the Atlantic" (PDF). Fatzer AG. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Construction Blog". Whistler Blackcomb. 2008-08-27. Archived from the original on 2008-08-31. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Lomax, Becky (2008-10-14). "When Can Public Ride Whistler Blackcomb's New Gondola?". On The Snow. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kristin (2007-04-20). "Coming to Whistler: gondola on an epic scale". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Andrew (2008-08-29). "Pass prices up, but Peak 2 Peak included". Pique. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Constantineau, Bruce (2007-05-10). "Whistler to sell naming rights to new gondola". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nowlin, Mark (2007-04-19). "The Peak to Peak Gondola" (PDF). The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Facts and Figures". Whistler Blackcomb. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Peak 2 Peak FAQ" (PDF). Whistler Blackcomb. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheppard, Jenni (2014-02-12). "Illegal BASE jump from Whistler Peak 2 Peak Gondola probed". CBC News. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheppard, Jenni (2014-02-13). "Whistler Peak 2 Peak BASE jump leads to woman's arrest". CBC News. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
Jump up ^ Sheppard, Jenni (2014-02-14). "BASE jumpers condemn illegal Whistler Peak 2 Peak stunt". CBC News. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
Coordinates: 50°04′10″N 122°56′45″W / 50.06944°N 122.94583°W / 50.06944; -122.94583
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