text:
Mean Old World
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"Mean Old World"
Single by T-Bone Walker
B-side
"I Got a Break, Baby"
Released
November 1945 (1945-11)
Format
10-inch 78 rpm record
Recorded
Hollywood, July 20, 1942
Genre
Blues
Length
2:56
Label
Capitol
"Mean Old World" is a blues song recorded by American blues electric guitar musician T-Bone Walker in 1942.[1] It has been described (along with the single's B-side) as "the first important blues recordings on the electric guitar".[2] Over the years it has been interpreted and recorded by numerous blues, jazz and rock and roll artists.
Contents
[hide]
1 Original song
2 Little Walter version
3 Other renditions
4 References
Original song[edit]
T-Bone Walker began performing "Mean Old World" when he was with Les Hite and His Orchestra from 1939 to 1940.[3] After leaving Hite's band, Walker continued to develop and refine his style on the Los Angeles club circuit. On July 20, 1942, he recorded "Mean Old World" for Capitol Records.[4] The song was performed in the West Coast blues style, with a small combo of pianist Freddie Slack, bassist Jud DeNaut, and drummer Dave Coleman accompanying Walker on vocal and guitar. "Mean Old World" "showcased T-Bones's new, and already developed, style, in which he answered his smoky, soulful vocal phrases with deft, stinging, jazz-inflected lead lines on his electric guitar".[2] Capitol released the song in November 1945, with "I Got a Break, Baby", as the third disc in a five 10-inch record collection "The History of Jazz, Volume 3: Then Came Swing" (Capitol Criterion CE 18).[5] Capitol later issued it as a single in 1947 (Capitol 15003).
Because of a recording ban, T-Bone Walker did not record again until October 10, 1944, for the Rhumboogie label in Chicago.[6] He recorded a variation on "Mean Old World", initially designated "T-Bone Blues No. 2".[6] When Rhumboogie released it in 1946, it was retitled "Mean Old World Blues".[6] It did not feature Walker's guitar as prominently (the backing group, Marl Young's Orchestra, had a five-piece horn section) and some new lyrics were substituted. Walker commented "those sides were not so hot, not as good as the ones in L.A. later. They were big band numbers, more like what I recorded with Hite".[7] However, the opening verses remained the same:
This is a mean old world, baby to live in by yourself
This is a mean old world, babe to live in by yourself
When you can't get the woman you love, you know she's loving someone else
This anticipated future versions, in which new lyrics would be added to the familiar opening lines. On December 14, 1956, Walker recorded another version for Atlantic Records that was released on the acclaimed 1959 album T-Bone Blues.[8] He is backed by a small combo with Lloyd Glenn on piano, Billy Hadnot on bass, and Oscar Bradley on drums.[9]
Little Walter version[edit]
In October 1952, Little Walter recorded his version of "Mean Old World" for Checker Records, a subsidiary of Chess Records.[10] It was recast as a Chicago blues, with Walter's amplified harmonica prominently featured and several new lyrics substituted. The song was a hit, reaching number six on the Billboard R&B chart, where it remained for six weeks in 1953.[11] Backing Little Walter are The Aces, with guitarists Louis and Dave Myers and drummer Fred Below.[10] T-Bone Walker's Capitol version was released before Billboard magazine or a similar service began tracking such releases, so it is difficult to gauge which version was more popular. Little Walter received the sole credit for his recording.
Other renditions[edit]
Many blues and other artists have recorded "Mean Old World", including Walter Brown (1947 single); Snooks Eaglin (from his 1959 album New Orleans Street Singer); Sam Cooke (1963 Night Beat); James Cotton (1967 Late Night Blues); Canned Heat (1967, released 1994 on Uncanned! The Best of Canned Heat); Chicken Shack (1969 O.K. Ken?); Ike & Tina Turner (1969 Outta Season); Eric Clapton & Duane Allman (1970 Crossroads); Bobby Bland & B.B. King (1976 Bobby Bland and B. B. King Together Again...Live); Otis Rush (1975 Cold Day in Hell); Chuck Berry (1972 The London Chuck Berry Sessions); George "Mojo" Buford (1979 Mojo Buford's Blues Summit); Luther Tucker (1990 Sad Hours); Lowell Fulson (1997 Blue Shadows); Willie Cobbs (2000 Jukin'); and Nina Hagen (2010 Personal Jesus).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The opening verses appear in Bill Gaither's "Mean Old World to Live In" (1938 Decca 7606); Big Bill Broonzy's "Mean Old World" has different lyrics and arrangement (1937 ARC 7-07-64).
^ Jump up to: a b Harper, Johnny. "T-Bone Walker: Blues Guitar Godfather". There. There Productions. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Neal, Jim; van Singel, Amy (2002). The Voice of the Blues: Classic Interviews from Living Blues Magazine. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93654-5.
Jump up ^ Dance, Helen Oakley (1999). Stormy Monday: The T-Bone Walker Story. LSU Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0807124581.
Jump up ^ Billboard (November 3, 1945). "Advance Record Releases". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 57 (44): 77. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pruter, Robert; Campbell, Robert L. (May 6, 2013). "The Rhumboogie Label". The Red Saunders Research Foundation. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dance 1999, page 72.
Jump up ^ Blues Foundation (2009). "2009 Hall of Fame Inductees: T-Bone Blues (Atlantic, 1959)". The Blues Foundation. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dance 1999, page 263.
^ Jump up to: a b Glover, Tony; Dirks, Scott; Gaines, Ward (2002). Blues with a Feeling: The Little Walter Story. Routledge. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-415-93711-5.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Record Research, Inc. p. 261. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
[hide]
v
t
e
Little Walter
Albums
1958
Best of Little Walter
1967
Super Blues (w/Muddy Waters & Bo Diddley)
1997
His Best — The Chess 50th Anniversary Collection
Singles
1952
"Juke"
"Mean Old World"
1953
"Blues with a Feeling"
1955
"My Babe"
1958
"Key to the Highway"
1963
"Just Your Fool"
Songs
1953
"Driftin'"
1959
"Worried Life"
1960
"Going Down Slow"
1966
"Chicken Shack"
Songs with
Muddy Waters
1950
"Rollin' and Tumblin'"
"That's All Right" (w/ Jimmy Rogers)
1953
"Baby, Please Don't Go"
1954
"Hoochie Coochie Man"
"I Just Want to Make Love to You"
"I'm Ready"
1955
"Trouble No More"
1956
"Forty Days and Forty Nights"
"Rock Me"
"Got My Mojo Working"
Related articles
Discography
Chicago blues
Muddy Waters
Jimmy Rogers
Blues harp
Chromatic harmonica
Harmonica techniques
American Folk Blues Festival
Cadillac Records
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean_Old_World&oldid=795239440"
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Nitrogenous base
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.
Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine.[1] They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity, planar. Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.[2]
Role in nucleic acids[edit]
Main article: Nucleobase
In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). These nitrogenous bases hydrogen bond between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the "twisted ladder" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure. [3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nelson, David L. and Michael M Cox (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, ed. 5, W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 272. ISBN 071677108X.
Jump up ^ Carey, Francis A. (2008). Organic Chemistry, ed. 6, Mc Graw Hill. p. 1206. ISBN 0072828374.
Jump up ^ Angstadt, Carol N (1997) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism. library.med.utah.edu

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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List of Mexican autopistas
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Main article: List of Mexican Federal Highways
This is a list of autopistas, or tolled (quota) highways, in Mexico. Tolled roads are often built as bypasses, to cross major bridges, and to provide direct intercity connections.
Many federal highways corridors numbers cover more than one autopista; other federal highways do not have limited access sections. Normally, Mexican federal highways that are on toll )quota)(cuota) roads have the letter suffix "D" for Directo, e.g. Fed. 45 is free (libre) and Fed. 45D is toll (quota). Most autopistas have a toll (quota) over all or part of their length. A few autopistas in very mountainous areas are two-lane.
The Mexican limited access highway network is the largest in the Americas outside the USA. The construction is generally financed by toll (quota) revenue (thus user fees) rather than fuel taxes, thus the toll (quota) rates are usually rather high, about MXN $$1–$2 per kilometer ($1.6–$3.2/mi), roughly 15–30 US cents per mile (9.3–18.6 ¢/km) for private cars and motorcycles. Toll plazas along the mainline charge tolls (quotos) anywhere from MXN $20 to $300, or USD $1 to $15. Plazas, crossing the border, accept either pesos or U.S. dollars, but after leaving border city limits one must pay in pesos.
List of autopistas[edit]
Map of the network
Number
Length (km)
Length (mi)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Formed
Removed
Notes
FH0001D !Fed. 1D
99 62 Tijuana Ensenada 01967-01-011967 current
FH0001D !Fed. 1D
58.884 36.589 Los Cabos International Airport Cabo San Lucas 02015-04-262015 current
FH0002D !Fed. 2D
193 120 Tijuana Mexicali 01991-04-261991 current
FH0002D !Fed. 2D
73 45 Altar Santa Ana 02006-01-012006 current
FH0002D !Fed. 2D
44 27 Reynosa Matamoros 01999-01-011999 current
FH0014D !Fed. 14D
124.1 77.1 Cuitzeo Uruapan 01998-04-261998 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
548 341 Nogales Estación Don 01992-01-011992 current Includes bypasses of Nogales, Magdalena de Kino, Guaymas and Hermosillo
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
20.2 12.6 Libramiento de Culiacán 02012-01-012012 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
190.26 118.22 Culiacán Mazatlán 01992-01-011992 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
37.64 23.39 Libramiento de Mazatlán 02014-01-012014 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
238.05 147.92 Mazatlán Tepic 02005-01-012005 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
30 19 Libramiento de Tepic 02016-01-012016 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
168.616 104.773 Tepic Guadalajara 01994-01-011994 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
311.38 193.48 Zapotlanejo Maravatío 01993-01-011993 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
64.35 39.99 Maravatío Atlacomulco 01989-01-011989 current
FH0015D !Fed. 15D
34 21 Toluca Mexico City 01990-04-261990 current
FH0037D !Fed. 37D
218.5 135.8 Uruapan Lázaro Cárdenas 02005-01-012005 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
238 148 Mazatlán Durango 02013-01-012013 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
21.6 13.4 Libramiento de Durango — —
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
222.2 138.1 Durango Gómez Palacio 01993-04-261993 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
40.77 25.33 Libramiento Norte de la Laguna 02014-01-012014 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
115.019 71.469 Torreón Saltillo 01994-01-011994 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
49.89 31.00 Saltillo Monterrey 02009-01-012009 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
132.105 82.086 Cadereyta Reynosa 01993-01-011993 current
FH0040D !Fed. 40D
36.4 22.6 Libramiento de Reynosa Sur II — —
FH0043D !Fed. 43D
107.95 67.08 Morelia Salamanca 02006-01-012006 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
104.7 65.1 Querétaro Irapuato 01962-01-011962 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
79 49 Salamanca León 02015-01-012015 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
103.85 64.53 León Aguascalientes 01992-01-011992 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
42.31 26.29 Cuauhtémoc, Zac. Osiris, Zac. 02002-01-012002 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
12.2 7.6 Libramiento de Víctor Rosales 01991-01-011991 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
20.05 12.46 Libramiento de Fresnillo 01993-01-011993 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
68.98 42.86 Ciudad Jiménez Ciudad Camargo 01990-01-011990 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
65 40 Ciudad Camargo Ciudad Delicias 01989-01-011989 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
42.2 26.2 Libramiento Oriente de Chihuahua 02015-01-012015 current
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
13.18 8.19 Chihuahua Sacramento — —
FH0045D !Fed. 45D
83.63 51.97 El Sueco Villa Ahumada 01989-01-011989 current
FH0047D !Fed. 47D
90 56 Macrolibramiento Palmillas-Apaseo el Grande 02017-01-012017 current
FH0049D !Fed. 49D
151.3 94.0 Gómez Palacio Ciudad Jiménez 01994-01-011994 current
FH0054D !Fed. 54D
148 92 Guadalajara Colima 01989-01-011989 current
FH0055D !Fed. 55D
65.8 40.9 Atlacomulco Toluca 01989-01-011989 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
54 34 Nueva Rosita Allende — —
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
21 13 Libramiento Oriente de Saltillo 01992-01-011992 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
32 20 Puerto México La Carbonera 01994-01-011994 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
14.2 8.8 Libramiento de Matehuala 02004-01-012004 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
31.5 19.6 Libramiento Norponiente de San Luis Potosí 02014-01-012014 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
33.76 20.98 Libramiento Oriente de San Luis Potosí 01991-01-011991 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
37 23 Libramiento Nororiente de Querétaro 01992-01-011992 current
FH0057D !Fed. 57D
175.454 109.022 Querétaro Mexico City 01958-01-011958 current
FH0068D !Fed. 68D
38 24 Chapalilla Compostela 01973-01-011973 current
FH0070D !Fed. 70D
14.478 8.996 Libramiento Poniente de Tampico 01991-01-011991 current
FH0070D !Fed. 70D
117.6 73.1 Rayón Tamuín 02016-04-262016 current
FH0070D !Fed. 70D
105.51 65.56 Jala Puerto Vallarta 02016-01-012016 current Waiting Extention to Puerto Vallarta
FH0080D !Fed. 80D
118.5 73.6 Zapotlanejo Lagos de Moreno 01991-01-011991 current
FH0080D !Fed. 80D
66.048 41.040 Lagos de Moreno Villa de Arriaga 02012-01-012012 current
FH0080D !Fed. 80D
9.75 6.06 Libramiento Norte de San Patricio-Melaque 02017-01-012017 current
FH0085D !Fed. 85D
45.8 28.5 Mexico City Pachuca 01994-01-011994 current
FH0085D !Fed. 85D
123.1 76.5 Monterrey Nuevo Laredo 01991-01-011991 current
FH0090D !Fed. 90D
26 16 Zapotlanejo Guadalajara 01994-01-011994 current
FH0091D !Fed. 91D
62.8 39.0 Puente de Ixtla Iguala 01994-01-011994 current
FH0092D !Fed. 92D
25.64 15.93 Zacapalco Taxco 01996-04-261996 current
FH0093D !Fed. 93D
20.6 12.8 Chilpancingo Tixtla 02011-01-012011 current
FH0095D !Fed. 95D
61.54 38.24 Mexico City Cuernavaca 01952-01-011952 current
FH0095D !Fed. 95D
262.58 163.16 Cuernavaca Acapulco 01990-01-011990 current
FH0095D !Fed. 95D
2.953 1.835 Maxitúnel Interurbano Acapulco 01996-01-011996 current
FH0110D !Fed. 110D
21.388 13.290 Libramiento Norte de La Piedad 02012-01-012012 current
FH0115D !Fed. 115D
26.810 16.659 Libramiento de Amecameca-Nepantla 02014-01-012014 current
FH0117D !Fed. 117D
19.419 12.066 San Martín Texmelucan Tlaxcala 01991-01-011991 current
FH0117D !Fed. 117D
11 7 Libramiento de Tlaxcala 02015-01-012015 current
FH0119D !Fed. 119D
72 45 Tlaxco Tejocotal — —
FH0130D !Fed. 130D
67.789 42.122 Gutiérrez Zamora Tuxpan 01994-04-261994 current
FH0132D !Fed. 132D
143.08 88.91 Tihuatlán Tulancingo 02014-04-262014 current
FH0132D !Fed. 132D
22.2 13.8 San Martín de las Pirámides Ecatepec 01991-01-011991 current
FH0134D !Fed. 134D
39.2 24.4 Autopista Toluca–Naucalpan 02007-01-012007 current Started construction in 2007 but has been in construction for 10 years
FH0135D !Fed. 135D
243 151 Cuacnopalan Oaxaca 01994-01-011994 current
FH0136D !Fed. 136D
16.17 10.05 Peñón Texcoco 01994-01-011994 current
FH0140D !Fed. 140D
195 121 Puebla City Xalapa 02004-01-012004 current
FH0145D !Fed. 145D
228.1 141.7 La Tinaja Cosoleacaque 01993-01-011993 current
FH0150D !Fed. 150D
397.77 247.16 Mexico City Veracruz 01962-01-011962 current
FH0160D !Fed. 160D
34.165 21.229 La Pera Cuautla 01994-01-011994 current
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
2.5 1.6 Libramiento de Cardel — —
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
28.5 17.7 José Cardel Veracruz 01994-01-011994 current
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
34 21 Nuevo Teapa Cosoleacaque — —
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
53 33 Coatzacoalcos Cárdenas 02000-01-012000 current
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
23.7 14.7 Libramiento de Villahermosa 02016-01-012016 current
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
39.5 24.5 Champotón Campeche 01993-01-011993 current
FH0180D !Fed. 180D
241.34 149.96 Mérida/Kantunil Cancún 01991-01-011991 current
FH0185D !Fed. 185D
75.39 46.85 Salina Cruz La Ventosa 02003-01-012003 current
FH0187D !Fed. 187D
197.5 122.7 Las Choapas Ocozocuautla 02002-01-012002 current
FH0190D !Fed. 190D
169.23 105.15 San Pablo Villa de Mitla Tehuantepec — — Under construction
FH0190D !Fed. 190D
93.77 58.27 Ocozocuautla Arriaga 02010-01-012010 current
FH0190D !Fed. 190D
46 29 Tuxtla Gutiérrez San Cristóbal de las Casas 02006-01-012006 current
FH0200D !Fed. 200D
46 29 Manzanillo Armería 01991-01-011991 current
FH0200D !Fed. 200D
4.369 2.715 Libramiento de Tecpan de Galeana 02008-01-012008 current
FH0305D !Fed. 305D
44 27 El Tintal Playa del Carmen 02014-01-012014 current
FH0307D !Fed. 307D
14.14 8.79 Libramiento Felipe Carrillo Puerto 02016-01-012016 current
FHI-20D !Fed. I-20D
29.2 18.1 Libramiento Norponiente de Irapuato 02010-01-012010 current
FHM40D !Fed. M40D
223 139 Autopista Arco Norte
Atlacomulco—San Martín Texmelucan 02009-01-012009 current
FHS30 !Fed. S30
46.21 28.71 Libramiento Norponiente de Saltillo 02010-01-012010 current
FHD !Fed. D
32.4 20.1 Autopista Tepic–San Blas 02017-01-012017 current
FHGUA 10D !Fed. GUA 10D
111 69 Macrolibramiento Sur de Guadalajara 02018-01-012018 current Started Construction in 2014 (Opened first segment in 2016) (Completed 2017) Inagurated 2018
References[edit]
Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Informe de Rendición de Cuentas de la Administración Pública Federal, 2000-2006, p. 132 (in Spanish)
SCT official autopista list and toll table as of April 2017
"Datos Viales 2017". SCT. 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
"Infraestructura de CAPUFE" (PDF). CAPUFE. December 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_autopistas&oldid=838288868"
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Unsaturated fat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Types of fats in food
Unsaturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
ω−7
ω−9
Polyunsaturated fat
ω−3
ω−6
Trans fat
Saturated fat
Interesterified fat
See also
Fatty acid
Essential fatty acid
Conditionally essential fatty acid
Cholesterol
v
t
e
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2015)
An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.
Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are subtracted from the carbon chain. Thus, a saturated fat has no double bonds, has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons, and therefore is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules contain somewhat less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chemistry and nutrition
2 Role of dietary fats in insulin resistance
3 Membrane composition as a metabolic pacemaker
4 See also
5 References
Chemistry and nutrition[edit]
Amounts of fat types in selected foods
Double bonds may be in either a cis or a trans isomer, depending on the geometry of the double bond. In the cis isomer, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond; whereas in the trans isomer, they are on opposite sides of the double bond (see trans fat). Saturated fats are useful in processed foods because saturated fats are less vulnerable to rancidity and usually more solid at room temperature than unsaturated fats. Unsaturated chains have a lower melting point, hence these molecules increase the fluidity of cell membranes.
Although both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can replace saturated fat in the diet, trans unsaturated fats should not. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats helps lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood.[1] Trans unsaturated fats are an exception because the double bond stereochemistry predisposes the carbon chains to assume a linear conformation, which conforms to rigid packing as in plaque formation. The geometry of the cis double bond induces a bend in the molecule, thereby precluding rigid formations (see Trans fat § Chemistry links above for drawings that illustrate this). Natural sources of fatty acids (see above) are rich in the cis isomer[citation needed].
Although polyunsaturated fats are protective against cardiac arrhythmias, a study of post-menopauseal women with a relatively low fat intake showed that polyunsaturated fat is positively associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas monounsaturated fat is not.[2] This probably is an indication of the greater vulnerability of polyunsaturated fats to lipid peroxidation, against which vitamin E has been shown to be protective.[3]
Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, and vegetable oils such as canola and olive oils. Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.
Although unsaturated fats are conventionally regarded as 'healthier' than saturated fats,[4] the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation stated that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake.[citation needed] Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Marketers advertise only one or the other, depending on which one makes up the majority. Thus, various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat.[5]
In chemical analysis, fatty acids are separated by gas chromatography of methyl esters; additionally, a separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by argentation thin-layer chromatography.[6]
[show]
Fat composition in different foods
view
talk
edit
Food
Saturated
Mono-
unsaturated
Poly-
unsaturated
As weight percent (%) of total fat
Cooking oils
Canola oil 08 64 28
Coconut oil 87 13 00
Corn oil 13 24 59
Cottonseed oil[7] 27 19 54
Olive oil[8] 14 73 11
Palm kernel oil[7] 86 12 02
Palm oil[7] 51 39 10
Peanut oil[9] 17 46 32
Rice bran oil 25 38 37
Safflower oil, high oleic[10] 06 75 14
Safflower oil, linoleic[7][11] 06 14 75
Soybean oil 15 24 58
Sunflower oil[12] 11 20 69
Dairy products
Butterfat[7] 66 30 04
Cheese, regular 64 29 03
Cheese, light 60 30 00
Ice cream, gourmet 62 29 04
Ice cream, light 62 29 04
Milk, whole 62 28 04
Milk, 2% 62 30 00
*Whipping cream[13] 66 26 05
Meats
Beef 33 38 05
Ground sirloin 38 44 04
Pork chop 35 44 08
Ham 35 49 16
Chicken breast 29 34 21
Chicken 34 23 30
Turkey breast 30 20 30
Turkey drumstick 32 22 30
Fish, orange roughy 23 15 46
Salmon 28 33 28
Hot dog, beef 42 48 05
Hot dog, turkey 28 40 22
Burger, fast food 36 44 06
Cheeseburger, fast food 43 40 07
Breaded chicken sandwich 20 39 32
Grilled chicken sandwich 26 42 20
Sausage, Polish 37 46 11
Sausage, turkey 28 40 22
Pizza, sausage 41 32 20
Pizza, cheese 60 28 05
Nuts
Almonds dry roasted 09 65 21
Cashews dry roasted 20 59 17
Macadamia dry roasted 15 79 02
Peanut dry roasted 14 50 31
Pecans dry roasted 08 62 25
Flaxseeds, ground 08 23 65
Sesame seeds 14 38 44
Soybeans 14 22 57
Sunflower seeds 11 19 66
Walnuts dry roasted 09 23 63
Sweets and baked goods
Candy, chocolate bar 59 33 03
Candy, fruit chews 14 44 38
Cookie, oatmeal raisin 22 47 27
Cookie, chocolate chip 35 42 18
Cake, yellow 60 25 10
Pastry, Danish 50 31 14
Fats added during cooking or at the table
Butter, stick 63 29 03
Butter, whipped 62 29 04
Margarine, stick 18 39 39
Margarine, tub 16 33 49
Margarine, light tub 19 46 33
Lard 39 45 11
Shortening 25 45 26
Chicken fat 30 45 21
Beef fat 41 43 03
Dressing, blue cheese 16 54 25
Dressing, light Italian 14 24 58
Other
Egg yolk fat[14] 36 44 16
Avocado[15] 16 71 13
Unless else specified in boxes, then reference is:[16]
* 3% is trans fats
Role of dietary fats in insulin resistance[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Incidence of Insulin resistance is lowered with diets higher in monounsaturated fats (especially oleic acid), while the opposite is true for diets high in polyunsaturated fats (especially large amounts of arachidonic acid) as well as saturated fats (such as arachidic acid). These ratios can be indexed in the phospholipids of human skeletal muscle and in other tissues as well. This relationship between dietary fats and insulin resistance is presumed secondary to the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation, which is partially modulated by dietary fat ratios (Omega-3/6/9) with both omega 3 and 9 thought to be anti-inflammatory, and omega 6 pro-inflammatory (as well as by numerous other dietary components, particularly polyphenols and exercise, with both of these anti-inflammatory). Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory types of fat are biologically necessary, fat dietary ratios in most US diets are skewed towards Omega 6, with subsequent disinhibition of inflammation and potentiation of insulin resistance.[5] But this is contrary to the suggestion of more recent studies, in which polyunsaturated fats are shown as protective against insulin resistance.
Membrane composition as a metabolic pacemaker[edit]
Studies on the cell membranes of mammals and reptiles discovered that mammalian cell membranes are composed of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, omega-3 fatty acid) than reptiles [17] Studies on bird fatty acid composition have noted similar proportions to mammals but with 1/3rd less omega-3 fatty acids as compared to omega-6 for a given body size.[18] This fatty acid composition results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions (H+ & Na+), resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to maintain. This maintenance cost has been argued to be one of the key causes for the high metabolic rates and concomitant warm-bloodedness of mammals and birds.[17] However polyunsaturation of cell membranes may also occur in response to chronic cold temperatures as well. In fish increasingly cold environments lead to increasingly high cell membrane content of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, to maintain greater membrane fluidity (and functionality) at the lower temperatures.[19][20]
See also[edit]
Iodine value – a chemical analysis method to determine the proportion of unsaturated fat.
List of unsaturated fatty acids
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reiner Željko; et al. (28 June 2011). "ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)". European Heart Journal. 32 (14): 1769–818. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.012. PMID 21723445.
Jump up ^ Dariush Mozaffarian; Rimm, EB; Herrington, DM (1 November 2004). "Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (5): 1175–84. PMC 1270002  . PMID 15531663.
Jump up ^ B Leibovitz; Hu, ML; Tappel, AL (1990). "Dietary supplements of vitamin E, beta-carotene, coenzyme Q10 and selenium protect tissues against lipid peroxidation in rat tissue slices". The Journal of Nutrition. 120 (1): 97–104. PMID 2303916.
Jump up ^ Fats and sugars. BBC Health, retrieved 2013-04-07
^ Jump up to: a b LH Storlien; Baur, LA; Kriketos, AD; Pan, DA; Cooney, GJ; Jenkins, AB; Calvert, GD; Campbell, LV (1996). "Dietary fats and insulin action". Diabetologica. 39 (6): 621–31. doi:10.1007/BF00418533. PMID 8781757.
Jump up ^ B. Breuer, T. Stuhlfauth et H. P. Fock, Separation of fatty acids or methyl esters including positional and geometric isomers by alumina argentation thin-layer chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 25 (1987), S. 302–306 [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anderson. "Fatty acid composition of fats and oils" (PDF). UCCS. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NDL/FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page". Nal.usda.gov. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ USDA → Basic Report: 04042, Oil, peanut, salad or cooking Retrieved on January 16, 2015
Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil, vegetable safflower, oleic Retrieved on April 10, 2017
Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil, vegetable safflower, linoleic Retrieved on April 10, 2017
Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil, vegetable, sunflower Retrieved on September 27, 2010
Jump up ^ USDA Basic Report Cream, fluid, heavy whipping
Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Egg, yolk, raw, fresh Retrieved on August 24, 2009
Jump up ^ "09038, Avocados, raw, California". National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Feinberg School > Nutrition > Nutrition Fact Sheet: Lipids". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Hulbert, A.J., Else, P.L. 1999. Membranes as Possible Pacemakers of Metabolism. J. Theor. Biol. 199:257–274.
Jump up ^ Hulbert, A.J., Faulks, S., Buttemer, W.A., Else, P.L. 2002. Acyl Composition of Muscle Membranes Varies with Body Size in Birds. J. Exp. Biol. 205:3561–3569.
Jump up ^ AJ Hulbert (2003). "Life, death and membrane bilayers". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 14): 2303–11. doi:10.1242/jeb.00399. PMID 12796449.
Jump up ^ Raynard, R.S., Cossins, A.R. 1991. Homeoviscous Adaptation and Thermal Compensation of Sodium Pump of Trout Erythrocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 260:R916–R924.
[hide]
v
t
e
Types of lipids
General
Saturation: Saturated fat
Unsaturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
Polyunsaturated fat
Essential fatty acid
Other: Fat
Oil
Geometry
Trans fat
Omega-3 fatty acid
Omega-6 fatty acid
Omega-9 fatty acid
Eicosanoids
Arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins
Prostacyclin
Thromboxane
Leukotrienes
Fatty acids
Caprylic acid
Capric acid
Lauric acid
Myristic acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Arachidic acid
Behenic acid
Lignoceric acid
Glycerides
Monoglyceride
Diglyceride
Triglyceride
Triheptanoin
Trimyristin
Tripalmitin
Tristearin
Trilinolein
Triolein
Phospholipids
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Cardiolipin
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Sphingolipids
Ceramide
Steroids
Cholesterol
Corticosteroids
Sex steroids
Secosteroids
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsaturated_fat&oldid=813413418"
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