text:
South Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
South Asia
Countries and Territories[1]
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Population
1.749 billion (2013)[2]
Population rank
1st (World)[3]
GDP (Nominal)
$3.12 trillion[4][5]
GDP (PPP)
$11.67 trillion[4]
Languages
Primarily Indo-Aryan but also, Dravidian, Iranian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages, as well as some others
Time zones
UTC+04:30, UTC+05:00, UTC+5:30, UTC+5:45, UTC+06:00
Capital cities
Colombo
Dhaka
Islamabad
Kabul
Kathmandu
Malé
New Delhi
Thimphu
Largest cities
[show]
List[6]
Delhi
Dhaka
Lahore
Mumbai
Karachi
Kolkata
South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land (clockwise, from west) by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]
South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 (1.9 million mi2), which is 11.51% of the Asian continent or 3.4% of the world's land surface area.[7] The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world.[3] Overall, it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, over 24% of the world's population, and is home to a vast array of peoples.[9][10][11]
In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs. There are about 600 million Muslims[12][13][14][15][16] as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
1.1 Indian subcontinent
2 History
2.1 Ancient era
2.2 Medieval era
2.3 Modern era
3 Geography
3.1 Boundary
3.2 Indian plate
3.3 Climate
4 Statistical data
5 Regional groups of countries
6 Demographics
6.1 Largest urban areas
6.2 Languages
6.3 Religions
7 Economy
8 Health and nutrition
9 Governance
9.1 Countries and territories from extended definitions
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
12.1 Bibliography
13 External links
Definitions[edit]
United Nations cartographic map of South Asia.[18] However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries.[note 1]
The total area of South Asia and its geographical extent is not clear cut as systemic and foreign policy orientations of its constituents are quite asymmetrical.[19] Aside from the central region of South Asia, formerly part of the British Empire, there is a high degree of variation as to which other countries are included in South Asia.[20][21][22][23]
Modern definitions of South Asia are consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries.[24][25][26][27][28][29] Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia, but in Southeast Asia by others.[21][30] Some do not include Afghanistan,[21] others question whether Afghanistan should be considered a part of South Asia or the Middle East.[31][32]
The current territories of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, which were the core of the British Empire prior to 1947, form the central region of South Asia, in addition to Afghanistan,[24][25][26][27][28][29] which was a British protectorate until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan war. The mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan, and the island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included as well. Myanmar (formerly Burma) is often added, and by various deviating definitions based on often substantially different reasons, the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Tibet Autonomous Region are included as well.[19][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]
The common concept of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj,[41] with several exceptions. The Aden Colony, British Somaliland and Singapore, though administered at various times under the Raj, have not been proposed as any part of South Asia.[42] Additionally Burma was administered as part of the Raj until 1937, but is now considered a part of Southeast Asia and is a member state of ASEAN. The 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan.[43][44][45] Geopolitically, it had formed the whole territory of Greater India,[30][46]
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a contiguous block of countries, started in 1985 with seven countries – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka – and added Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2007.[47][48] China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of full members of SAARC.[49][50] This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj – Nepal, and Bhutan. Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan war. The World Factbook, based on geo-politics, people, and economy defines South Asia as comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[51] The South Asia Free Trade Agreement incorporated Afghanistan in 2011, and the World Bank grouping of countries in the region also includes all eight members comprising South Asia and SAARC as well,[52][53] and the same goes for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).[54][55]
Definition by South Asian Studies programs
When the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge was established, in 1964, it promoted the study of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan,[56][57][58][59] the Himalayan Kingdoms (Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim[60]), and Burma (now Myanmar). It has since included Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, the Philippines and Hong Kong.[61]
The Centres for South Asian Studies at both the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia include Tibet along with the eight members of SAARC in their research programs, but exclude the Maldives.[62][63] The South Asian Studies Program of Rutgers University and the University of California, Berkeley Centre for South Asia Studies also include the Maldives.[64][65]
The South Asian Studies Program of Brandeis University defines the region as comprising "India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and in certain contexts Afghanistan, Burma, Maldives and Tibet".[66] The similar program of Columbia University includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka in their study and excludes Burma.[67]
See also: Indology
The United Nations Statistics Division's scheme of sub-regions include all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia, along with Iran[68] only for statistical purposes.[69] Population Information Network (POPIN) includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia. Maldives, in view of its characteristics, was admitted as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network only in principle.[70] The Hirschman–Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC.[71]
The British Indian Ocean Territory is connected to the region by a publication of Jane's for security considerations.[72] The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin, which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, but is now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.[73]
The inclusion of Myanmar in South Asia is without consensus, with many considering it a part of Southeast Asia and others including it within South Asia.[21][30] Afghanistan was of importance to the British colonial empire, especially after the Second Anglo-Afghan War over 1878–1880. Afghanistan remained a British protectorate until 1919, when a treaty with Vladimir Lenin included the granting of independence to Afghanistan. Following India's partition, Afghanistan has generally been included in South Asia, with some considering it a part of Southwest Asia.[19] During the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) American foreign policy considered Pakistan and Afghanistan in Southwest Asia, while others included it as a part of South Asia.[7] There is no universal agreement among scholars on which countries should be included within South Asia.[21]
In the past, a lack of a coherent definition for South Asia resulted in not only a lack of academic studies, but also in a lack interest for such studies.[74] The confusion existed also because of the lack of a clear boundary – geographically, geopolitical, socio-culturally, economically or historically – between South Asia and other parts of Asia, especially the Middle East and Southeast Asia.[75] Identification with a South Asian identity was also found to be significantly low among respondents in an older two-year survey across Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[76] However, modern definitions of South Asia are very consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries.[24][25][26][27][28][29]
See also: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and South Asian Free Trade Area
Indian subcontinent[edit]
Main article: Indian subcontinent
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "subcontinent" signifies a "subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity" and also a "large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent".[77][78] Historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot state that the term "Indian subcontinent" describes a natural physical landmass in South Asia that has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia.[79] The Indian subcontinent is also a geological term referring to the land mass that drifted northeastwards from ancient Gondwana, colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Palaeocene. This geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.[80]
The use of the term Indian subcontinent began in the British Empire, and has been a term particularly common in its successors.[81] This region has also been labelled as "India" (in its classical and pre-modern sense), "Greater India", or as South Asia.[30][46]
According to anthropologist John R. Lukacs, "the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia",[82] while the political science professor Tatu Vanhanen states, "the seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent".[83] According to Chris Brewster, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent; with Afghanistan and Maldives included it is more commonly referred to as South Asia.[84] The geopolitical boundaries of Indian subcontinent, according to Dhavendra Kumar, include "India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean".[85] Maldives, the country consisting of a small archipelago southwest of the peninsula, is considered part of the Indian subcontinent.[86]
The terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are sometimes used interchangeably.[33][81] The South Asia term is particularly common when scholars or officials seek to differentiate this region from East Asia.[87] According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance."[88] This "neutral" notion refers to the concerns of Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly given the recurring conflicts between India and Pakistan, wherein the dominant placement of "India" as a prefix before the subcontinent might offend some political sentiments.[30]
There is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent.[21][22][23] While Afghanistan is not considered as a part of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan is often included in South Asia.[23] Similarly, Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia but not in Indian subcontinent.[30]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of South Asia and History of India
Ancient era[edit]
The history of core South Asia begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago.[89] The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of South Asia from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, was the first major civilization in South Asia.[90] A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.[91]
The earliest prehistoric culture have roots in the mesolithic sites as evidenced by the rock paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters dating to a period of 30,000 BCE or older,[note 2] as well as neolithic times.[note 3] According to anthropologist Possehl, the Indus Valley Civilization provides a logical, if somewhat arbitrary, starting point for South Asian religions, but these links from the Indus religion to later-day South Asian traditions are subject to scholarly dispute.[92]
The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans,[note 4] lasted from c. 1900 to 500 BCE.[94][95] The Indo-Aryans were pastoralists[96] who migrated into north-western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization,[93][97] Linguistic and archaeological data show a cultural change after 1500 BCE,[93] with the linguistic and religious data clearly showing links with Indo-European languages and religion.[98] By about 1200 BCE, the Vedic culture and agrarian lifestyle was established in the northwest and northern Gangetic plain of South Asia.[96][99][100] Rudimentary state-forms appeared, of which the Kuru-Pañcāla union was the most influential.[101][102] The first recorded state-level society in South Asia existed around 1000 BCE.[96] In this period, states Samuel, emerged the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of Vedic texts, which merged into the earliest Upanishads.[103] These texts began to ask the meaning of a ritual, adding increasing levels of philosophical and metaphysical speculation,[103] or "Hindu synthesis".[104]
The Indo-Aryans brought with them their language[105] and religion.[106][107] The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion and the Indo-Iranian religion,[108] the latter being "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements".[109] The Vedic religion history is unclear and "heavily contested", states Samuel.[110]
Increasing urbanisation of India between 800 and 400 BCE, and possibly the spread of urban diseases, contributed to the rise of ascetic movements and of new ideas which challenged the orthodox Brahmanism.[111] These ideas led to Sramana movements, of which Mahavira (c. 549–477 BCE), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism, were the most prominent icons.[112]
The Greek army led by Alexander the Great stayed in the Hindu Kush region of South Asia for several years and then later moved into the Indus valley region. Later, the Maurya Empire extended over much of South Asia in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, through northwest into Central Asia. The Bamiyan Buddhas of Afghanistan and the edicts of Aśoka suggest that the Buddhist monks spread Buddhism (Dharma) in eastern provinces of the Seleucid Empire, and possibly even farther into West Asia.[113][114][115] The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka, later to Southeast Asia.[116] Buddhism, by the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, was prominent in the Himalayan region, Gandhara, Hindu Kush region and Bactria.[117][118][119]
From about 500 BCE through about 300 CE, the Vedic-Brahmanic synthesis or "Hindu synthesis" continued.[104] Classical Hindu and Sramanic (particularly Buddhist) ideas spread within Indian subcontinent, as well outside South Asia.[120][121][122] The Gupta Empire ruled over a large part of the subcontinent between 4th and 7th centuries, a period that saw the construction of major temples, monasteries and universities such as the Nalanda.[123][124][125] During this era, and through the 10th century, numerous cave monasteries and temples such as the Ajanta Caves, Badami cave temples and Ellora Caves were built in South Asia.[126][127][128]
Medieval era[edit]
Islam came as a political power in the fringe of South Asia in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern-day Pakistan.[129] By 962 CE, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia.[130] Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.[131] Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.[132][133]
The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni, plundering and looting these kingdoms.[134] The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173.[135] He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world.[131][136] Mu'izz sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom that became the Delhi Sultanate.[131] Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Mu'izz al-Din in South Asia by that time.[137] The Delhi Sultanate covered varying parts of South Asia, and was ruled by a series of dynasties, called Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties. Muhammad bin Tughlaq came to power in 1325, launched a war of expansion and the Delhi Sultanate reached it largest geographical reach over the Indian subcontinent during his 26-year rule.[138] A Sunni Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughlaq persecuted non-Muslims such as Hindus, as well as non-Sunni Muslims such as Shia and Mahdi sects.[139][140][141]
Revolts against the Delhi Sultanate sprang up in many parts of South Asia during the 14th century. After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Bengal Sultanate came to power in 1352 CE, as the Delhi Sultanate began disintegrating. The Bengal Sultanate remained in power through the early 16th century. It was reconquered by the armies of the Mughal Empire. The state religion of the Bengal Sultanate was Islam, and the region under its rule, a region that ultimately emerged as the modern nation of Bangladesh, saw a growth of a syncretic form of Islam.[142][143] In the Deccan region, the Hindu kingdom Vijayanagara Empire came to power in 1336 and remained in power through the 16th century, after which it too was reconquered and absorbed into the Mughal Empire.[144][145]
About 1526, the Punjab governor Dawlat Khan Lodī reached out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack Delhi Sultanate. Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire replaced it.[146]
Modern era[edit]
The modern history period of South Asia, that is 16th-century onwards, witnessed the start of the Central Asian dynasty named the Mughals, with Turkish-Mongol roots and Sunni Islam theology. The first ruler was Babur, whose empire extended the northwest and Indo-Gangetic Plain regions of South Asia. The Deccan and northeastern region of the South Asia was largely under Hindu kings such as those of Vijayanagara Empire and Ahom kingdom,[147] with some regions such as parts of modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh under local Sultanates such as the Shia Islamic rulers of Golconda Sultanate.[148]
The Mughal Empire continued its wars of expansion after Babur's death. With the fall of Rajput kingdoms and Vijayanagara, its boundaries reached all of west, as well as the Marathi and Kannada speaking regions of the Deccan peninsula. The Mughal Empire was marked by a period of artistic exchanges and a Central Asian and South Asian architecture synthesis, with remarkable buildings such as the Taj Mahal.[149] It also marked an extended period of religious persecution.[150] Two of the religious leaders of Sikhism, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur were arrested under orders of the Mughal emperors, asked to convert to Islam, and executed when they refused.[151][152][153] Religious taxes on non-Muslims called jizya were imposed. Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh temples were desecrated. However, not all Muslim rulers persecuted non-Muslims. Akbar, a Mughal ruler for example, sought religious tolerance and abolished jizya.[154] After his death, the persecution of non-Muslims in South Asia returned.[155] The persecution and religious violence in South Asia peaked during Aurangzeb era, with him issuing orders in 1669, to all his governors of provinces to "destroy with a willing hand the schools and temples of the infidels, and that they were strictly enjoined to put an entire stop to the teaching and practice of idolatrous forms of worship".[156][157] In Aurangzeb's time, almost all of South Asia was claimed by the Mughal Empire. However, this claim was violently challenged in various regions of South Asia, particularly by the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh in the northwest,[158] and by Shivaji in the Deccan regions.[159]
Maritime trading between South Asia and European merchants began after the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama returned to Europe. After the death of Aurangzeb and the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the region came under the rule of many small Islamic sultanates and Hindu kingdoms. British, French, Portuguese colonial interests struck treaties with these rulers, and established their trading ports. In the northwest South Asia, a large region was consolidated into the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh.[160][page needed][161] After his death, the British Empire expanded their interests till the Hindu Kush region. In the east, the Bengal region was split into Muslim East Bengal and Hindu West Bengal, by the colonial British empire, in early 1900s, a split that was reversed. However, after the World War II, at the eve of India's independence, the region was split again into East Pakistan and West Bengal. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971.[citation needed]
Geography[edit]
Further information: Geography of India, Geography of Pakistan, Geography of Afghanistan, Geography of Bangladesh, Geography of Bhutan, Geography of Sri Lanka, Geography of Nepal, and Geography of the Maldives
While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity
The Indian subcontinent, and the Himalayas on the northeast, is the result of the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate through tectonic activity between 20 and 50 million years ago.
According to Saul Cohen, early colonial era strategists treated South Asia with East Asia, but in reality the South Asia region excluding Afghanistan is a distinct geopolitical region separated from other nearby geostrategic realms, one that is geographically diverse.[162] The region is home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodies – the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea – and has acutely varied climate zones. The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls.[163]
Boundary[edit]
The boundaries of South Asia vary based on how the region is defined. South Asia's northern, eastern, and western boundaries vary based on definitions used, while the Indian Ocean is the southern periphery. Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain barriers.[164][165] Much of the region consists of a peninsula in south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east,[166] and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.[33][35]
According to Robert M. Cutler – a scholar of Political Science at Carleton University,[167] the terms South Asia, Southwest Asia and Central Asia are distinct, but the confusion and disagreements have arisen because of geopolitical movement to enlarge these regions into Greater South Asia, Greater Southwest Asia and Greater Central Asia. The frontier of Greater South Asia, states Cutler, between 2001–2006 has been geopolitically extended to eastern Iran and western Afghanistan in the west, and in the north to northeastern Iran, northern Afghanistan, and southern Uzbekistan.[167]
Indian plate[edit]
Main article: Indian plate
Most of this region is a subcontinent resting on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, separated from the rest of the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate includes most of South Asia, forming a land mass which extends from the Himalayas into a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and Eastern Indonesia, as well as Kunlun and Karakoram ranges,[168][169][170][page needed] and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan, the Hindu Kush range and Balochistan.[171][172][173] It may be noted that geophysically the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated at the outside of the border of the Subcontinental structure, while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are situated inside that border.[174]
It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50–55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast).
Climate[edit]
South Asia's Köppen climate classification map[175] is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.
(Af) Tropical rainforest
(Am) Tropical monsoon
(Aw) Tropical savanna, wet & dry
(BWh) Hot desert
(BWk) Cold desert
(BSh) Hot semi arid
(BSk) Cold semi arid
(Csa) Mediterr. dry, hot summer
(Cwa) Subtropical humid summer, dry winter
(Cwb) Subtropical highland, dry winter
(Cfa) Subtropical humid summer (no dry)
(Dsa) Continental hot summer
(Dsb) Continental warm summer
(Dwb) Continental dry winter
(Dwc) Contin subarctic, dry winter
The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. Southern parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon periods. The northern belt of Indo-Gangetic plains also is hot in summer, but cooler in winter. The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at higher altitudes of Himalayan ranges.
As the Himalayas block the north-Asian bitter cold winds, the temperatures are considerably moderate in the plains down below. For most part, the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate, which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter, and favours the cultivation of jute, tea, rice, and various vegetables in this region.
South Asia is largely divided into four broad climate zones:[176]
The northern Indian edge and northern Pakistani uplands have a dry subtropical continental climate
The far south of India and southwest Sri Lanka have a equatorial climate
Most of the peninsula have a tropical climate with variations:
Hot subtropical climate in northwest India
Cool winter hot tropical climate in Bangladesh
Tropical semi-arid climate in the center
The Himalayas have an Alpine climate
Maximum relative humidity of over 80% has been recorded in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri Lanka, while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower than 20%–30%.[176] Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons. South Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall.[177] Two monsoon systems exist in the region:[178]
The summer monsoon: Wind blows from southwest to most of parts of the region. It accounts for 70%–90% of the annual precipitation.
The winter monsoon: Wind blows from northeast. Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives.
The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon season (March to mid June). In the summer the low pressures are centered over the Indus-Gangetic Plain and high wind from the Indian Ocean blows towards the center. The monsoons are second coolest season of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering. But, at the beginning of June the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan Plateau, low pressure over the Indus Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves in. The change is violent. Moderately vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of Bengal and make landfall from June to September.[176]
Statistical data[edit]
Country
[179][179][180][181][180]
Capital
[181][182][183]
Area
(km2)
[184]
Population
(2017)[185]
Density
(per km2)
Nominal GDP
(2017)[186]
GDP per capita
(2017)[187]
HDI
(2016)[188]
Afghanistan Kabul 652,864 34,169,169 53.3 $20.57 billion $559 0.479
Bangladesh Dhaka 147,610 164,827,718 1,116.6 $248.85 billion $1,520 0.579
Bhutan Thimphu 38,394 792,877 20.6 $2.31 billion $2,870 0.607
India New Delhi 3,287,263 1,342,512,706 408.4 $2.450 trillion $1,850 0.624
Maldives Malé 298 375,867 1,261.3 $3.58 billion $9,950 0.701
Nepal Kathmandu 147,181 29,187,037 198.3 $23.32 billion $799 0.558
Pakistan Islamabad 881,913 207,774,520 223.1 $304.4 billion $1,629 0.550
Sri Lanka Colombo 65,610 20,905,335 318.6 $84.02 billion $3,930 0.766
Regional groups of countries[edit]
Name of country/region, with flag
Area
(km2)
Population
Population density
(per km2)
Capital or Secretariat
Currency
Countries included
Official languages
Coat of Arms
Core Definition (above) of South Asia 5,220,460 1,726,907,000 330.79 N/A N/A Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka N/A N/A
UNSD of South Asia 6,778,083 1,702,000,000 270.77 N/A N/A Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka N/A N/A
SAARC 4,637,469 1,626,000,000 350.6 Kathmandu N/A Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka English N/A
BBIN 3,499,559 1,465,236,000 418.69 N/A N/A Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal N/A N/A
SASEC 3,565,467 1,485,909,931 416.75 N/A N/A Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Maldives N/A N/A
Demographics[edit]
The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion which makes it the most populated region in the world.[189] It is socially very mixed, consisting of many language groups and religions, and social practices in one region that are vastly different from those in another.[190]
Largest urban areas[edit]
South Asia is home to some of the most populated cities in the world. Delhi, Karachi, Mumbai, and Dhaka are four of the world's largest megacities.
Rank
City
Province/State
Country
Population[191]
Area (km2)[191]
Density (/km2)[191]
Classification
1 Delhi Delhi Union Territory India 24,998,000 2,072 12,100 Union territory
2 Karachi Sindh Pakistan 24,300,000[192][193] 945 23,400 Metropolis
3 Mumbai Maharashtra India 17,712,000 546 32,400 Megacity
4 Dhaka Dhaka Division Bangladesh 15,669,000 360 43,500 City corporation
5 Kolkata West Bengal India 14,667,000 1,204 12,200 Megacity
6 Lahore Punjab Pakistan 10,052,000 790 12,700 Metropolis
7 Bengaluru Karnataka India 9,807,000 1,116 8,400 Metropolis
8 Chennai Tamil Nadu India 9,714,000 375 25,900 Metropolis
9 Hyderabad Telangana India 8,754,000 971 10,000 Metropolis
10 Ahmedabad Gujarat India 7,186,000 464 20,600 Metropolis
Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages of South Asia
Ethno-linguistic distribution map of South Asia.
There are numerous languages in South Asia. The spoken languages of the region are largely based on geography and shared across religious boundaries, but the written script is sharply divided by religious boundaries. In particular, Muslims of South Asia such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan use the Arabic alphabet and Persian Nastaliq. Till 1971, Muslim Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan) too mandated only Nastaliq script, but thereafter has adopted regional scripts and particularly Bengali. Non-Muslims of South Asia, and some Muslims in India, on the other hand use their traditional ancient heritage scripts such as those derived from Brahmi script for Indo-European languages and non-Brahmi scripts for Dravidian languages and others.[194]
The Nagari script has been the primus inter pares of the traditional South Asian scripts.[195] The Devanagari script is used for over 120 South Asian languages,[196] including Hindi,[197] Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Konkani, Bodo, Sindhi and Maithili among other languages and dialects, making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the world.[198] The Devanagari script is also used for classical Sanskrit texts.[196]
The largest spoken language in this region is Hindi, followed by Bengali, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati and Punjabi.[194] In the modern era, new syncretic languages developed in the region such as Urdu that is used by Muslim community of northern Indian subcontinent (particularly Pakistan and northern states of India).[199] The Punjabi language spans three religions: Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. The spoken language is similar, but it is written in three scripts. The Sikh use Gurmukhi alphabet, Muslim Punjabis in Pakistan use the Nastaliq script, while Hindu Punjabis in India use the Gurmukhi or Nāgarī script. The Gurmukhi and Nagari scripts are distinct but close in their structure, but the Persian Nastaliq script is very different.[200]
English, with British spelling, is commonly used in urban areas and is a major economic lingua franca of South Asia.[201]
Religions[edit]
Main articles: Hinduism in India, Islam in South Asia, and Christianity in India
A map of major denominations and religions of the world
In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs,[12] about 600 million Muslims,[12] as well as over 25 million Buddhists and 35 million Christians.[17] Hindus make up about 63 percent or about 1 billion and Muslims at 31 percent or 600 million[15][16] of the overall South Asia population,[202][203] while Buddhists, Jains, Christians and Sikhs constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (90%), Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).[12]
Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.[204] The Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology, concepts, goals and ideas, and from the Indian subcontinent spread into East Asia and southeast Asia.[204] Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia by merchants who settled among the local populations. Later Sindh, Balochistan, and parts of the Punjab region saw conquest by the Arab caliphates along with an influx of Muslims from Persia and Central Asia, which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of northwestern region of South Asia. Subsequently, under the influence of Muslim rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire, Islam spread in South Asia.[205][206]
Afghanistan[207] Islam (99%), Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity (1%)
Bangladesh[208] Islam (90%), Hinduism (9%), Buddhism (0.6%), Christianity (0.3%), Others (0.1%)
Bhutan[209] Buddhism (75%), Hinduism (25%)
India[209][210] Hinduism (79.5%), Islam (14.5%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%), Jainism (0.4%), Others (0.9%)
Maldives[211] Sunni Islam (100%) (One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives[212][213])
Nepal[214] Hinduism (82%), Buddhism (9.0%), Islam (4.4%), Kirat (3.1%), Christianity (1.4%), Others (0.8%)
Pakistan[215] Islam (96.28%), Hinduism (2%), Christianity (1.59%), Ahmaddiyya (0.22%)
Sri Lanka[216] Buddhism (70.19%), Hinduism (12.61%), Islam (9.71%), Christianity (7.45%).
Further information: Religion in Afghanistan, Religion in Bangladesh, Religion in Bhutan, Religion in India, Religion in Nepal, Religion in Pakistan, and Religion in Sri Lanka
Economy[edit]
Further information: Economy of Afghanistan, Economy of Bangladesh, Economy of India, Economy of Nepal, Economy of Pakistan, and Economy of Sri Lanka
Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area
India is the largest & fastest growing economy in the region (US$2.180 trillion) and makes up almost 82% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 7th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US$8.020 trillion).[217] India is the only member of powerful G-20 major economies and BRICS from the region. It is the fastest growing major economy in the world and one of the world's fastest registering a growth of 7.3% in FY 2014–15. Pakistan has the next largest economy($250 billion) and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region,[218] followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region. According to a World Bank report in 2015, driven by a strong expansion in India, coupled with favorable oil prices, from the last quarter of 2014 South Asia become the fastest-growing region in the world[219]
The Major Market stock exchanges in the region are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) with market Capitalization of $1.68 trillion (11th largest in the world), National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) with market capitalization of $1.64 trillion (12th largest in the world), and Karachi Stock Exchange with market capitalization of $60 billion.[220]
Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2017, and is given in US dollars.[221]
Country
[179][179][180][181][180]
Currency
Population
(2017)[185]
Nominal GDP
(2017)[186]
GDP per capita
(2017)[187]
GDP growth
(2017)[222]
Inflation
(2017)[223]
Main industries
Afghanistan ؋ Afghani 34,169,169 $20.57 billion $559 3% 6% Textiles, Soap, Furniture, Shoes, Fertilizer
Bangladesh ৳ Taka 164,827,718 $248.85 billion $1,520 6.9% 6.4% Jute, Cotton, Garments, Paper, Leather
Bhutan Nu. Ngultrum 792,877 $2.31 billion $2,870 5.9% 4.1% Cement, Woods, Fruits, Liquor, Ca C2
India ₹ Rupee 1,342,512,706 $2.450 trillion $1,850 7.2% 4.8% Software, Petroleum, Chemicals, Agriculture
Maldives ރ Rufiyaa 375,867 $3.58 billion $9,950 4.1% 2.5% Fishing, Tourism, Shipping, Coconuts
Nepal रु Rupee 29,187,037 $23.32 billion $799 5.5% 6.7% Tourism, Garment, Food, Beverage, Metals
Pakistan ₨ Rupee 207,774,520 $304.4 billion $1,629 5% 4.3% Textiles, Apparel, Foods, Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture, Leather
Sri Lanka රු Rupee 20,905,335 $84.02 billion $3,930 4.5% 5.8% Textiles, Apparel, Tourism, Tea, Telecommunication, Food, Pharmaceuticals
Health and nutrition[edit]
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Population undernourished (2015)[224] 26.8% 16.4% N/A 15.2% 5.2% 7.8% 22% 22%
Population below poverty line (CIA Factbook)[225] 35.8% 31.5% 12% 29.8% 16% 25.2% 22.3% 8.9%
According to WHO, South Asia is home to two out of the three countries in the world still affected by polio, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with 306 & 28 polio cases registered in 2014 respectively.[226] Attempts to eradicate polio have been badly hit by opposition from militants in both countries, who say the program is cover to spy on their operations. Their attacks on immunization teams have claimed 78 lives since December 2012.[227]
According to the World Bank's 2011 report, based on 2005 ICP PPP, about 24.6% of the South Asian population falls below the international poverty line of $1.25/day.[228] Afghanistan and Bangladesh rank the highest, with 30.6% and 43.3% of their respective populations below the poverty line. Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka have the lowest number of people below the poverty line, with 2.4%, 1.5% and 4.1% respectively. India has lifted the most people in the region above the poverty line between 2008 and 2011, around 140 million. As of 2011, 21.9% of India's population lives below the poverty line, compared to 41.6% in 2005.[229][230]
The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly double that of Sub Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth.[231]
According to the World Bank, 70% of the South Asian population and about 75% of South Asia's poor live in rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood[232] according to the UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation. In 2015, approximately 281 million people in the region were malnourished. The report says that Nepal reached both the WFS target as well as MDG and is moving towards bringing down the number of undernourished people to less than 5% of the population.[224] Bangladesh reached the MDG target with the National Food Policy framework – with only 16.5% of the population undernourished. In India, the malnourished comprise just over 15 percent of the population. While the number of malnourished people in neighborhood has shown a decline over the last 25 years, the number of under-nourished in Pakistan displays an upward trend.There were 28.7 million hungry in Pakistan in the 1990s – a number that has steadily increased to 41.3 million in 2015 with 22% of the population malnourished. Approximately 194.6 million people are undernourished in India, which accounts for the highest number of people suffering from hunger in any single country.[224][233]
The 2006 report stated "the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region". Corruption and the lack of initiative on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated with nutrition in India. Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the major issues that need more government attention. The report mentioned that although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green Revolution in South Asia, there is concern that South Asia has "inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children".[234]
Governance[edit]
See also: List of legislatures in South Asia
Country
Capital
Forms of
government
Head
of state
Head of
government
Legislature
Official
languages
Coat
of arms
Afghanistan Kabul Unitary presidential
Islamic republic
President House of Elders,
House of the People
Pashto
Dari
Bangladesh Dhaka Unitary parliamentary
constitutional republic
President Prime Minister Jatiya Sangsad Bangla
Bhutan Thimphu Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy
King Prime Minister National Council,
National Assembly
Dzongkha
India New Delhi Federal parliamentary
constitutional republic
President Prime Minister Rajya Sabha,
Lok Sabha
Hindi
English
Maldives Malé Unitary presidential
constitutional republic
President People's Majlis Dhivehi
Nepal Kathmandu Federal parliamentary
constitutional republic
President Prime Minister Legislature Parliament Nepali
Pakistan Islamabad Federal parliamentary
Islamic republic
President Prime Minister Senate,
National Assembly
Urdu
English
Sri Lanka Colombo Unitary semi-presidential
constitutional republic
President Prime Minister Parliament Sinhalese
Tamil
English
Countries and territories from extended definitions[edit]
country
or region
Capital
Administrative
division type
Head of
government
Area
(km2)
Population
Official
languages
Coat
of arms
British Indian
Ocean Territory
Diego
Garcia
British Overseas
Territory
Commissioner 54,400 2,500 English
Myanmar Naypyidaw Unitary parliamentary
constitutional republic
State Counsellor 676,578 51,486,253 Burmese
Tibet SAR
(China)
Lhasa Autonomous
region of China
Chairman 1,228,400 3,180,000 Tibetan,
Mandarin
India[235][236][237] and Pakistan[238][239] are the dominant political powers in the region. India is by far the largest country in the area covering around three-fourths the land area of the subcontinent.[citation needed] India has the largest population of around three times the combined population of the 6 other countries in the subcontinent.[240] India is also the world's largest democracy[241] India's annual defence budget for 2013–14 is $39.2 Billion[242] which is equal to the whole Pakistan's Federal budget of $39.3 billion for 2014–15.[243]
Bangladesh is a unitary state and parliamentary democracy.[244] Bangladesh also stands out as one of the few Muslim-majority democracies. “It is a moderate and generally secular and tolerant — though sometimes this is getting stretched at the moment — alternative to violent extremism in a very troubled part of the world”, said Dan Mozena, the U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh's legal code is secular, more citizens are embracing a conservative version of Islam, with some pushing for sharia law, analysts say. Experts say that the rise in conservatism reflects the influence of foreign-financed Islamic charities and the more austere version of Islam brought home by migrant workers in Persian Gulf countries.[245]
Diplomacy among the countries of South Asia has been mainly driven by populist politics, with the centre-stage taken by India-Pakistan conflict ever since their independence in 1947, and then the creation of Bangladesh under tense circumstances in 1971. During the height of Cold war, the elite political leaders of Pakistan aligned with the US, while India played crucial role in forming the Non-Aligned Movement and while maintaining goodwill relations with the USSR.
Pakistan's governance is one of the most conflicted in the region. The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan has become a concern for the South Asian region. In Nepal, the governance has struggled to come in the side of democracy and it only showed signs in the recent past, basically in the 21st century, to support the democratic system. The political situation in Sri Lanka has been dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese nationalism, and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE, which was suppressed in May 2009. Myanmar's politics is dominated by a military Junta, which has sidelined the democratic forces led by Aung San Suu Kyi.
Governance and education index rankings of South Asian countries
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Inequality-adjusted HDI (2016)[246] (global ranking of 187) 166 141 135 127 114 142 149 65
Corruption Perception Index (2016)[247] (global ranking of 168) 169 145 27 79 95 131 116 95
The Worldwide
Governance Indicators (2015)[248]
Government Effectiveness 8% 24% 68% 56% 41% 13% 27% 53%
Political stability and absence
of violence/terrorism
1% 11% 89% 17% 61% 16% 1% 47%
Rule of law 2% 27% 70% 56% 35% 27% 24% 60%
Voice and accountability 16% 31% 46% 61% 30% 33% 27% 36%
Population below poverty line (2011)[249] 35.8% 31.5% 23.7% 21.9% 16% 25.2% 21.4% 8.9%
Primary School Enrollment[250] 29% 90% 85% 92% 94% 96% 73% 98%
Secondary School Enrollment[251] 49% 54% 78% 71% N/A 67% 38% 99%
See also[edit]
South Asia portal
Asia portal
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
Indian subcontinent
List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia
South Asia Disaster Report
South Asian cuisine
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ According to the UN cartographic section website disclaimers, "DESIGNATIONS USED: The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps and included in lists, tables, documents, and databases on this web site are not warranted to be error free nor do they necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations."[18]
Jump up ^ Doniger 2010, p. 66: "Much of what we now call Hinduism may have had roots in cultures that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence. Remarkable cave paintings have been preserved from Mesolithic sites dating from c. 30,000 BCE in Bhimbetka, near present-day Bhopal, in the Vindhya Mountains in the province of Madhya Pradesh."
Jump up ^ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. xvii: "Some practices of Hinduism must have originated in Neolithic times (c. 4000 BCE). The worship of certain plants and animals as sacred, for instance, could very likely have very great antiquity. The worship of goddesses, too, a part of Hinduism today, may be a feature that originated in the Neolithic."
Jump up ^ Michaels: "They called themselves arya ("Aryans," literally "the hospitable," from the Vedic arya, "homey, the hospitable") but even in the Rgveda, arya denotes a cultural and linguistic boundary and not only a racial one."[93]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook: South Asia". Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Jump up ^ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm
^ Jump up to: a b "South Asia Regional Overview". South Asian Regional Development Gateway. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b IMF
Jump up ^ Data for Pakistan in 2017
Jump up ^ Brunn, Stanley D.; Williams, Jack F.; Zeigler, Donald J., eds. (2003). "Cities of South Asia". Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 332. ISBN 978-0847698981.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Afghanistan". Regional and Country Profiles South Asia. Institute of Development Studies. ;
"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings: Southern Asia". United Nations Statistics Division. ;
Arnall, A (24 September 2010). "Adaptive Social Protection: Mapping the Evidence and Policy Context in the Agriculture Sector in South Asia". Institute of Development Studies (345). ;
"The World Bank". ;
"Institute of Development Studies: Afghanistan". ;
"Harvard South Asia Institute: "Afghanistan"". ;
"The BBC. "Afghanistan"". ;
"The Brookings Institution". ;
"CIA "The World Factbook"".
Jump up ^ SAARC Summit. "SAARC". SAARC Summit. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Desai, Praful B. 2002. Cancer control efforts in the Indian subcontinent. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32 (Supplement 1): S13-S16. "The Indian subcontinent in South Asia occupies 2.4% of the world land mass and is home to 16.5% of the world population...."
Jump up ^ "Asia" > Overview. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009: "The Indian subcontinent is home to a vast diversity of peoples, most of whom speak languages from the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European family."
Jump up ^ "Indian Subcontinent". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006: "The area is divided between five major nation-states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres, or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia... In 2000, the total population was about 22 percent of the world's population and 34 percent of the population of Asia."
^ Jump up to: a b c d http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/
Jump up ^ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013-01-01). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 9780415448512.
Jump up ^ "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sense and sensibility in South Asia". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Muslim question". Times of India Blog. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Religion population totals in 2010 by Country Pew Research, Washington DC (2012)
^ Jump up to: a b United Nations Cartographic Centre Retrieved 18 June 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c Ghosh, Partha Sarathy (1989). Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia. Technical Publications. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-81-85054-68-1.
Jump up ^ Bertram Hughes Farmer, An Introduction to South Asia, pages 1, Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-05695-0
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jona Razzaque (2004). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. pp. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-411-2214-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Mann (2014). South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-317-62445-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ewan W. Anderson; Liam D. Anderson (2013). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-64862-5. , Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent".
^ Jump up to: a b c "The World Bank".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Institute of Development Studies: Afghanistan".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Harvard South Asia Institute: "Afghanistan"".
^ Jump up to: a b c "The BBC. "Afghanistan"".
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Brookings Institution".
^ Jump up to: a b c "CIA "The World Factbook"".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224
Jump up ^ Keith Robbins (2012). Transforming the World: Global Political History since World War II. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-137-29656-6. , Quote: "Some thought that Afghanistan was part of the Middle East and not South Asian at all".
Jump up ^ Phillip Margulies (2008). Nuclear Nonproliferation. Infobase Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4381-0902-2. , Quote: "Afghanistan, which lies to the northwest, is not technically a part of South Asia but is an important neighbor with close links and historical ties to Pakistan."
^ Jump up to: a b c McLeod, John (2002). The History of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-31459-9.
Jump up ^ Arthur Berriedale Keith, A Constitutional History of India: 1600–1935, pages 440–444, Methuen & Co, 1936
^ Jump up to: a b "Indian subcontinent". New Oxford Dictionary of English (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of greater India, the region is now divided between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ N.D. Arora, Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination, page 42:1, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, 9780070090941
Jump up ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon, Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, pages 787, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3-11-013417-9
Jump up ^ "Indian subcontinent" > Geology and Geography.
Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003: "region, S central Asia, comprising the countries of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh and the Himalayan states of Nepal, and Bhutan. Sri Lanka, an island off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula, is often considered a part of the subcontinent."
Jump up ^ Haggett, Peter (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography (Vol. 1). Marshall Cavendish. p. 2710. ISBN 0-7614-7289-4.
Jump up ^ Navnita Chadha Behera, International Relations in South Asia: Search for an Alternative Paradigm, page 129, SAGE Publications India, 2008, ISBN 9788178298702
Jump up ^ United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations, pages 297, Office of Public Information, 1947, United Nations
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge (volume 4), pages 177, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1947
Jump up ^ Ian Copland, The Princes of pre-India in the Endgame of the British Empire: 1917–1947, pages 263, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-89436-0
Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon. "Pakistan Princely States". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, The Changing Geography of Asia, page 10, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 9781134933846
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Sudeshna (16 May 2007). "SAARC: Afghanistan comes in from the cold". Current Affairs – Security Watch. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Retrieved 6 April 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "South Asian Organisation for Regional Cooperation (official website)". SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Chatterjee Aneek, International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications, page 166, Pearson Education India, ISBN 9788131733752
Jump up ^ "SAARC Membership: India blocks China's entry for the time being". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Asia". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ South Asia: Data, Projects and Research, The World Bank
Jump up ^ "SAFTA Protocol". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Asia". Unicef.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF ROSA". Unicef.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cambridge University: Centre of South Asian Studies".
Jump up ^ "Cambridge Centre of South Asian Studies: Links to South And Southeast Asian resources".
Jump up ^ "Cambridge South Asian Archive: Afghanistan" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Cambridge Centre of South Asian Studies: Library".
Jump up ^ Grolier Incorporated, The Encyclopedia Americana (volume 14), pages 201, Grolier, 1988, ISBN 0-7172-0119-8
Jump up ^ About Us, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge
Jump up ^ CSAS, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Michigan
Jump up ^ About Us, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Virginia
Jump up ^ South Asian Studies Program, Rutgers University
Jump up ^ "Center for South Asia Studies: University of California, Berkeley". Southasia.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
Jump up ^ South Asian Studies, Brandeis University
Jump up ^ South Asia Institute, Columbia University
Jump up ^ Geographical region and composition, Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, United Nations
Jump up ^ "Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use". Millenniumindicators.un.org. Retrieved 2012-08-25. Quote: "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations."
Jump up ^ Asia-Pacific POPIN Consultative Workshop Report, Asia-Pacific POPIN Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1995), pages 7–11
Jump up ^ Mapping and Analysis of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in South Asia, Trade and Investment Division (TID), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Jump up ^ Territories (British Indian Ocean Territory), Jane's Information Group
Jump up ^ Dale Hoiberg and Indu Ramchandani, Students' Britannica India (vol. 1), page 45, Popular Prakashan, 2000, ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5
Jump up ^ Vernon Marston Hewitt, The international politics of South Asia, page xi, Manchester University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7190-3392-6
Jump up ^ Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective, page 127, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781134002283
Jump up ^ Kishore C. Dash, Regionalism in South Asia, pages 172–175, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-43117-4
Jump up ^ "subcontinent". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ "Indian subcontinent". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006-03-16), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–8, 12–14, 51, 78–80, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7
Jump up ^ Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–271. ISBN 978-1-139-49920-0.
^ Jump up to: a b John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4
Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-X
Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8
Boniface, Brian G.; Christopher P. Cooper (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0.
Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0-7506-2050-1
Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7
Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9
Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1
Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2
Jump up ^ John R. Lukacs, The People of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal, page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, ISBN 9780306414077
Jump up ^ Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries, page 144, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 9780415144063
Jump up ^ Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofe, Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management, page 576, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012, ISBN 9780857938718
Jump up ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. p. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9.
Jump up ^ Mariam Pirbhai (2009). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8020-9964-8.
Jump up ^ Ronald B. Inden, Imagining India, page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655200, Quote:"It is very common today in academic and official circles to speak of the Indian subcontinent as 'South Asia', thereby distinguishing it from an 'East Asia'."
Jump up ^ Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415307872, Quote:"Indian subcontinent – or South Asia – as it has come to be known in more recent and neutral parlance"
Jump up ^ G. Bongard-Levin, A History of India (Progress Publishers: Moscow, 1979) p. 11.
Jump up ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India (Penguin Books: New York, 1966) p. 23.
Jump up ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Possehl 2002, p. 141–156.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michaels 2004, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Michaels 2004, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Witzel 1995, p. 3-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Witzel 1995.
Jump up ^ Flood 1996, p. 30-35.
Jump up ^ Flood 1996, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, p. 41-48.
Jump up ^ Stein 2010, p. 48-49.
Jump up ^ Witzel 1995, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, p. 51-53.
^ Jump up to: a b Samuel 2010, p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, p. 53-56.
Jump up ^ Flood 1996, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 5-7.
Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Anthony 2007, p. 462.
Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, pp. 26–27, Quote: "In fact the whole question of the early history of the Indo-Aryan and Indo-Iranian speaking peoples is both heavily contested and, at least at this point in time, largely undecidable.".
Jump up ^ Flood 1996, pp. 81–82.
Jump up ^ Jacob Neusner (2009). World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23320-4.
Jump up ^ Gombrich 2006, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Trainor 2004, pp. 103, 119.
Jump up ^ Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 102–106. ISBN 90-04-18159-8.
Jump up ^ John Guy (2014). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9–11, 14–15, 19–20. ISBN 978-1-58839-524-5.
Jump up ^ Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 114–115, 144, 160–163, 170–176, 249–250. ISBN 90-04-18159-8.
Jump up ^ Deborah Klimburg-Salter (1989), The Kingdom of Bamiyan: Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush, Naples – Rome: Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, ISBN 978-0877737650 (Reprinted by Shambala)
Jump up ^ Barbara Crossette (1996). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. Vintage. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-679-74363-7.
Jump up ^ HJ Klimkeit; R Meserve; EE Karimov; C Shackle (2000). "Religions and religious movements". In CE Boxworth; MS Asimov. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5.
Jump up ^ Samuel 2010, pp. 193–228, 339–353, specifically pp. 76–79 and 194–199.
Jump up ^ John Guy; Pierre Baptiste; Lawrence Becker; Bérénice Bellina; Robert L. Brown; Federico Carò (2014). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-300-20437-7.
Jump up ^ Michell 1977, p. 18, 40.
Jump up ^ Hartmut Scharfe (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL Academic. pp. 144–153. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
Jump up ^ Craig Lockard (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History. Houghton Mifflin. p. 188. ISBN 978-0618386123.
Jump up ^ Walter M. Spink (2005). Ajanta: History and Development, Volume 5: Cave by Cave. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–9, 15–16. ISBN 90-04-15644-5.
Jump up ^ "Ellora Caves – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. , Quote:"Ellora, with its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from A.D. 600 to 1000, brings the civilization of ancient India to life. Not only is the Ellora complex a unique artistic creation and a technological exploit but, with its sanctuaries devoted to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, it illustrates the spirit of tolerance that was characteristic of ancient India."
Jump up ^ Lisa Owen (2012). Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-9004206298.
Jump up ^ "History in Chronological Order". Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
Jump up ^ See:
M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, ISBN 978-9004177581, Brill
The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, ISBN 978-9004083417, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat
^ Jump up to: a b c Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521543293, pp 3–30
Jump up ^ T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600–1947, (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp 5–7
Jump up ^ Lionel Barnett (1999), Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan, p. 1, at Google Books, Atlantic pp. 73–79
Jump up ^ Richard Davis (1994), Three styles in looting India, History and Anthropology, 6(4), pp 293–317, doi:10.1080/02757206.1994.9960832
Jump up ^ Muhammad B. Sam Mu'izz Al-Din, T. W. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII, ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993)
Jump up ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp 161–170
Jump up ^ History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline Columbia University (2010)
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Tughluq Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Firoz Shah Tughlak, Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Autobiographical memoirs, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp 377–381
Jump up ^ Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, p. 217, at Google Books, Chapter 2, pp. 249–251, Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, ISBN 978-9004061170, Brill Academic, pp 20–23
Jump up ^ David Lewis (31 October 2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-139-50257-3. In 1346 ... what became known as the Bengal Sultanate began and continued for almost two centuries.
Jump up ^ Syed Ejaz Hussain (2003). The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205–1576. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-482-3.
Jump up ^ Kulke and Rothermund, Hermann and Dietmar (2004) [2004]. A History of India. Routledge (4th edition). pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-415-32919-1.
Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955) [reissued 2002]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. pp. 216, 239–250. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
Jump up ^ Lodi Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
Jump up ^ Guptajit Pathak (2008). Assam's history and its graphics. Mittal. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-8324-251-6.
Jump up ^ C. E. Bosworth (2014). New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-7486-9648-2.
Jump up ^ Catherine Blanshard Asher (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1.
Jump up ^ John F. Richards (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–101. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29–62; Quote (p. 29): "most of the Sikh scholars have vehemently presented this event as the first of the long series of religious persecutions that Sikhs suffered at the hands of Mughal authorities.";
Pashaura Singh (2006). Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 217–218. ISBN 978-0-19-567921-2.
Jump up ^ Chris Seiple (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238, 442–445. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel; Burzine K. Waghmar (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion. pp. 35, 115–121. ISBN 978-1-86189-185-3.
Jump up ^ Matthew White (2011). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. W. W. Norton. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3. The Mughals traditionally had been tolerant of Hinduism ... Aurangzeb, however ... prohibited Hindus from riding horses or litters. He reintroduced the head tax non-Muslims had to pay. Aurangzeb relentlessly destroyed Hindu temples all across India.
Jump up ^ Vincent Smith (1919), The Oxford History of India, Oxford University Press, page 437
Jump up ^ John Bowman (2005). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 282–284. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3.
Jump up ^ W. Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.
Jump up ^ Lisa Balabanlilar (2012). Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia. I.B.Tauris. pp. 97, 180–181. ISBN 978-1-84885-726-1.
Jump up ^ J. S. Grewal (1990). "Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)". The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Patwant Singh (2008). Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Peter Owen. pp. 113–124. ISBN 978-0-7206-1323-0.
Jump up ^ Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics of the world system, pages 304–305, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, ISBN 0-8476-9907-2
Jump up ^ Xinru, Liu, "The Silk Road in World History" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 40.
Jump up ^ "Asia" > Geology and Geography. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003: "Asia can be divided into six regions, each possessing distinctive physical, cultural, economic, and political characteristics... South Asia (Afghanistan and the nations of the Indian subcontinent) is isolated from the rest of Asia by great mountain barriers."
Jump up ^ "Asia" > Geologic history – Tectonic framework. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009: "The paleotectonic evolution of Asia terminated some 50 million years ago as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia. Asia's subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continent's preexisting fabric. The first-order neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia, the Arabian and Indian cratons, the Alpide plate boundary zone (along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate), and the island arcs and marginal basins."
Jump up ^ Chapman, Graham P. & Baker, Kathleen M., eds. The changing geography of Asia. (ISBN 0-203-03862-2) New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002; p. 10: "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."
^ Jump up to: a b Robert M. Cutler (2007). Mehdi Amineh, ed. The Greater Middle East in Global Politics: Social Science Perspectives on the Changing Geography of the World Politics. BRILL. pp. xv, 112. ISBN 978-90-474-2209-9.
Jump up ^ Sinvhal, Understanding Earthquake Disasters, page 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-014456-9
Jump up ^ Harsh K. Gupta, Disaster management, page 85, Universities Press, 2003, ISBN 978-81-7371-456-6
Jump up ^ James R. Heirtzler, Indian ocean geology and biostratigraphy, American Geophysical Union, 1977, ISBN 978-0-87590-208-1
Jump up ^ M. Asif Khan, Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, page 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, ISBN 978-1-86239-061-4
Jump up ^ Srikrishna Prapnnachari, Concepts in Frame Design, page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ISBN 978-99929-52-21-4
Jump up ^ A. M. Celâl Şengör, Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region, Springer, 1989, ISBN 978-0-7923-0067-0
Jump up ^ Valentin Semenovich Burtman & Peter Hale Molnar, Geological and Geophysical Evidence for Deep Subduction of Continental Crust Beneath the Pamir, page 10, Geological Society of America, 1993, ISBN 0-8137-2281-0
Jump up ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. ISSN 1027-5606. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. (direct: Final Revised Paper)
^ Jump up to: a b c John E. Olive, The Encyclopedia of World Climatology, page 115-117, Springer, 2005, ISBN 9781402032646
Jump up ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 83, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031
Jump up ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 76, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Field Listing :: Names". CIA. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "UNGEGN List of Country Names" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Field Listing :: Capital". CIA. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "UNGEGN World Geographical Names". United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Field Listing :: Area". CIA. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Country Comparison :: Population". CIA. July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Economic Outlook (April 2017) – Nominal GDP". IMF. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Economic Outlook (April 2017) – Nominal GDP per capita". IMF. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "| Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, custom data acquired via website. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm
Jump up ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 9781107507180.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cox, Wendell (January 2015). "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas. "The Principal Agglomerations of the World". citypopulation.de. City Population. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Population explosion: Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi". Karachi: The Express Tribune. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–127, 419–423. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2.
Jump up ^ George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Devanagari (Nagari), Script Features and Description, SIL International (2013), United States
Jump up ^ Hindi, Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages
Jump up ^ David Templin. "Devanagari script". Omniglot. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2008), Urdu Literary Culture: The Syncretic Tradition, Shibli Academy, Azamgarh
Jump up ^ Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
Jump up ^ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–394. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2.
Jump up ^ ""Region: South Asia"". Retrieved 1 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Editor, Daniel Burke, CNN Religion. "The moment American Muslims were waiting for". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Adams, C. J., Classification of religions: Geographical, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Accessed: 15 July 2010; Quote: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".
Jump up ^ Alberts, Irving, T., . D. R. M. (2013). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World (International Library of Historical Studies). I.B. Tauris.
Jump up ^ Lisa Balabanlilar (2012). Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–2, 7–10. ISBN 978-1-84885-726-1.
Jump up ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan". CIA. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE". Banbeis.gov.bd. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "CIA – The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ "religion". Maldives. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Maldives". Law.emory.edu. 1920-02-21. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ Maldives – Religion, countrystudies.us
Jump up ^ "NEPAL" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ Population by religions Archived 17 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine., Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan
Jump up ^ "Table 1". Web.archive.org. 2007-05-13. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ IMF
Jump up ^ "Welcome to WorldBank Group". World Bank. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ World Bank
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "World Economic Outlook (April 2017) – Real GDP growth". IMF. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "World Economic Outlook (April 2017) – Inflation rate, average consumer prices". IMF. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c UN
Jump up ^ CIA Factbook
Jump up ^ GPEI
Jump up ^ The Dawn
Jump up ^ World Bank
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ India, World Bank
Jump up ^ "World Bank Report". The World Bank. 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-13. World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India
Jump up ^ "Agriculture in South Asia". World Bank.
Jump up ^ The Dawn
Jump up ^ Pandey, Geeta (2006-10-13). "'Hunger critical' in South Asia". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
Jump up ^ "The EU's External Relations". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.theindianrepublic.com/tbp/foreign-policy-seizing-initiative-maintaining-momentum-100037338.html
Jump up ^ http://m.niticentral.com/2014/05/23/why-invitation-to-saarc-countries-is-modis-master-stroke-226470.html
Jump up ^ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Hussein Solomon. "South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership". Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Area and Population of Countries (mid-2006 estimates)". Infoplease. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/india-worlds-largest-democracy/10104.html
Jump up ^ http://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-defence-budget-is-one-third-of-china-pentagon/articleshow/36129618.cms
Jump up ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/1110324/federal-cabinet-approves-budget-2014-15
Jump up ^ "The world factbook-Bangladesh". CIA.
Jump up ^ Gowen, Annie. "Bangladesh's political unrest threatens economic gains, democracy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "| Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2016". Transparency.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide Governance Indicators". World Bank. 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "School enrollment, primary (% net) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ World Bank
Bibliography[edit]
Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press
Doniger, Wendy (2010), The Hindus: An Alternative History, Oxford University Press
Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
Gombrich, Richard F. (2006), in Williams, Paul, ed., Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8 volumes, London: Routledge
Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), "Hinduism", in Joseph Kitagawa, The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture (Digital printing), Routledge
Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase Publishing
Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Michell, George (1977), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press
Possehl, Gregory L. (11 November 2002), "Indus religion", The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 141–156, ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
Ramstedt, Martin (2004). Hinduism in Modern Indonesia: A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0700715336.
Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, Second Edition (PDF), Wiley-Blackwell
Trainor, Kevin (2004), Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7
Witzel, Michael (1995), "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Praeger, 1 (4), archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asia.
South Asia, The World Bank
Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago
South Asian and Himalayan Arts, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian
South Asia, Brookings Institution
South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation, Asia Development Bank
[show]
Places adjacent to South Asia
Central Asia
Middle East Central Asia, East Asia East Asia
Middle East
South Asia
South East Asia
Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of the world
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of Africa
North
Mediterranean
Gibraltar Arc
Greater Middle East
MENA
Middle East
Maghreb
Barbary Coast
Barbara
Ancient Libya
Atlas Mountains (Middle Atlas)
Sahara
Western Sahara
Sahel
Eastern Mediterranean
Egypt
Upper Egypt
Middle Egypt
Lower Egypt
Cataracts of the Nile
Bashmur
Nubia
Lower Nubia
Nile Valley
Nile Delta
Darfur
Gulf of Aqaba
Sub-Saharan
East
Aethiopia
Swahili coast
East African Rift
Great Rift Valley
Afar Triangle
Danakil Desert
Danakil Alps
Albertine Rift
Virunga Mountains
Gregory Rift Valley
Southern Rift Valley
Rift Valley lakes
African Great Lakes
Mittelafrika
Horn of Africa
Ethiopian Highlands
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Tadjoura
Sudan (region)
Sudanian Savanna
East African montane forests
Sub-Saharan
Central
Negroland
Guinea region
Gulf of Guinea
Cape Lopez
Mayombe
Igboland
Mbaise
Maputaland
Pool Malebo
Congo Basin
Chad Basin
Congolese rainforests
Ouaddaï highlands
Ennedi Plateau
Sub-Saharan
West
Pepper Coast
Gold Coast
Slave Coast
Ivory Coast
Cape Palmas
Cape Mesurado
Negroland
Guinea region
Gulf of Guinea
Sudanian Savanna
Niger Basin
Guinean Forests of West Africa
Sudan (region)
Niger Delta
Inner Niger Delta
Sub-Saharan
South
Madagascar
Central Highlands (Madagascar)
Northern Highlands
Rhodesia
North
South
Thembuland
Succulent Karoo
Nama Karoo
Bushveld
Highveld
Fynbos
Cape Floristic Region
Kalahari Desert
Okavango Delta
False Bay
Hydra Bay
Sub-Saharan
Anglophone Africa
Francophone Africa
Lusophone Africa
Arabophone Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Tropical Africa
Islands
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of North America
Canada
Eastern Canada
Western Canada
Canadian Prairies
Central Canada
Northern Canada
Atlantic Canada
The Maritimes
French Canada
English Canada
Acadia
Acadian Peninsula
Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
Peace River Country
Cypress Hills
Palliser's Triangle
Canadian Shield
Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
Newfoundland (island)
Vancouver island
Gulf Islands
Strait of Georgia
Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Labrador Peninsula
Gaspé Peninsula
Avalon Peninsula
Bay de Verde Peninsula
Brodeur Peninsula
Melville Peninsula
Bruce Peninsula
Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
Cook Peninsula
Gulf of Boothia
Georgian Bay
Hudson Bay
James Bay
Greenland
United States
Pacific Northwest
Inland Northwest
Northeast
New England
Mid-Atlantic
Commonwealth
West
Midwest
Upper Midwest
Mountain States
Intermountain West
Basin and Range Province
Oregon Trail
Mormon Corridor
Calumet Region
Southwest
Old Southwest
Llano Estacado
Frontier Strip
Central United States
Tallgrass prairie
South
South Central
Deep South
Upland South
Four Corners
East Coast
West Coast
Gulf Coast
Third Coast
Coastal states
Eastern United States
Appalachia
Trans-Mississippi
Great North Woods
Great Plains
Interior Plains
Great Lakes
Great Basin
Great Basin Desert
Acadia
Ozarks
Ark-La-Tex
Waxhaws
Siouxland
Twin Tiers
Driftless Area
Palouse
Piedmont
Atlantic coastal plain
Outer Lands
Black Dirt Region
Blackstone Valley
Piney Woods
Rocky Mountains
Mojave Desert
The Dakotas
The Carolinas
Shawnee Hills
San Fernando Valley
Tornado Alley
North Coast
Lost Coast
Emerald Triangle
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay
North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
Silicon Valley
Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
Gulf of Mexico
Lower Colorado River Valley
Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
Colville Delta
Arkansas Delta
Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
Mississippi Delta
Mississippi River Delta
Columbia River Estuary
Great Basin
High Desert
Monterey Peninsula
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Lower Peninsula of Michigan
Virginia Peninsula
Keweenaw Peninsula
Middle Peninsula
Delmarva Peninsula
Alaska Peninsula
Kenai Peninsula
Niagara Peninsula
Beringia
Belt regions
Bible Belt
Black Belt
Corn Belt
Cotton Belt
Frost Belt
Rice Belt
Rust Belt
Sun Belt
Snow Belt
Mexico
Northern Mexico
Baja California Peninsula
Gulf of California
Colorado River Delta
Gulf of Mexico
Soconusco
Tierra Caliente
La Mixteca
La Huasteca
Bajío
Valley of Mexico
Mezquital Valley
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
Yucatán Peninsula
Basin and Range Province
Central
Western Caribbean Zone
Isthmus of Panama
Gulf of Panama
Pearl Islands
Azuero Peninsula
Mosquito Coast
Caribbean
West Indies
Antilles
Greater Antilles
Lesser Antilles
Leeward
Leeward Antilles
Windward
Lucayan Archipelago
Southern Caribbean
Aridoamerica
Mesoamerica
Oasisamerica
Northern
Middle
Anglo
Latin
French
Hispanic
American Cordillera
Ring of Fire
LAC
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of South America
North
Caribbean South America
West Indies
Los Llanos
The Guianas
Amazon basin
Amazon rainforest
Gulf of Paria
Paria Peninsula
Paraguaná Peninsula
Orinoco Delta
South
Tierra del Fuego
Patagonia
Pampas
Pantanal
Gran Chaco
Chiquitano dry forests
Valdes Peninsula
West
Andes
Tropical Andes
Wet Andes
Dry Andes
Pariacaca mountain range
Altiplano
Atacama Desert
East
Amazon basin
Atlantic Forest
Caatinga
Cerrado
Latin
Hispanic
American Cordillera
Ring of Fire
LAC
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle East
Aral Sea
Aralkum Desert
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Sea of Galilee
Transoxiana
Turan
Greater Khorasan
Ariana
Khwarezm
Sistan
Kazakhstania
Eurasian Steppe
Asian Steppe
Kazakh Steppe
Pontic–Caspian steppe
Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
Wild Fields
Yedisan
Muravsky Trail
Ural
Ural Mountains
Volga region
Idel-Ural
Kolyma
Transbaikal
Pryazovia
Bjarmaland
Kuban
Zalesye
Ingria
Novorossiya
Gornaya Shoriya
Tulgas
Iranian Plateau
Altai Mountains
Pamir Mountains
Tian Shan
Badakhshan
Wakhan Corridor
Wakhjir Pass
Mount Imeon
Mongolian Plateau
Western Regions
Taklamakan Desert
Karakoram
Trans-Karakoram Tract
Siachen Glacier
North
Inner Asia
Northeast
Far East
Russian Far East
Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga
Extreme North
Siberia
Baikalia (Lake Baikal)
Transbaikal
Khatanga Gulf
Baraba steppe
Kamchatka Peninsula
Amur Basin
Yenisei Gulf
Yenisei Basin
Beringia
Sikhote-Alin
East
Japanese archipelago
Northeastern Japan Arc
Sakhalin Island Arc
Korean Peninsula
Gobi Desert
Taklamakan Desert
Greater Khingan
Mongolian Plateau
Inner Asia
Inner Mongolia
Outer Mongolia
China proper
Manchuria
Outer Manchuria
Inner Manchuria
Northeast China Plain
Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
North China Plain
Yan_Mountains
Kunlun Mountains
Liaodong Peninsula
Himalayas
Tibetan Plateau
Tibet
Tarim Basin
Northern Silk Road
Hexi Corridor
Nanzhong
Lingnan
Liangguang
Jiangnan
Jianghuai
Guanzhong
Huizhou
Wu
Jiaozhou
Zhongyuan
Shaannan
Ordos Loop
Loess Plateau
Shaanbei
Hamgyong Mountains
Central Mountain Range
Japanese Alps
Suzuka Mountains
Leizhou Peninsula
Gulf of Tonkin
Yangtze River Delta
Pearl River Delta
Yenisei Basin
Altai Mountains
Wakhan Corridor
Wakhjir Pass
West
Greater Middle East
MENA
Middle East
Red Sea
Caspian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Zagros Mountains
Persian Gulf
Pirate Coast
Strait of Hormuz
Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Al-Faw Peninsula
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Aden
Balochistan
Arabian Peninsula
Najd
Hejaz
Tihamah
Eastern Arabia
South Arabia
Hadhramaut
Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
Tigris–Euphrates
Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia
Lower Mesopotamia
Sawad
Nineveh plains
Akkad (region)
Babylonia
Canaan
Aram
Eber-Nari
Suhum
Eastern Mediterranean
Mashriq
Kurdistan
Levant
Southern Levant
Transjordan
Jordan Rift Valley
Levantine Sea
Golan Heights
Hula Valley
Gaza Strip
West Bank
Galilee
Gilead
Judea
Samaria
Arabah
Anti-Lebanon Mountains
Sinai Peninsula
Arabian Desert
Syrian Desert
Fertile Crescent
Azerbaijan
Syria
Palestine
Iranian Plateau
Armenian Highlands
Caucasus
Caucasus Mountains
Greater Caucasus
Lesser Caucasus
North Caucasus
South Caucasus
Kur-Araz Lowland
Lankaran Lowland
Alborz
Absheron Peninsula
Anatolia
Cilicia
Cappadocia
Alpide belt
South
Greater India
Indian subcontinent
Himalayas
Hindu Kush
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Ganges Basin
Ganges Delta
Pashtunistan
Punjab
Balochistan
Kashmir
Kashmir Valley
Pir Panjal Range
Thar Desert
Indus Valley
Indus River Delta
Indus Valley Desert
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Eastern coastal plains
Western Coastal Plains
Meghalaya subtropical forests
Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
Doab
Bagar tract
Great Rann of Kutch
Little Rann of Kutch
Deccan Plateau
Coromandel Coast
Konkan
False Divi Point
Hindi Belt
Ladakh
Aksai Chin
Gilgit-Baltistan
Baltistan
Shigar Valley
Karakoram
Saltoro Mountains
Siachen Glacier
Bay of Bengal
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Mannar
Trans-Karakoram Tract
Wakhan Corridor
Wakhjir Pass
Lakshadweep
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman Islands
Nicobar Islands
Maldive Islands
Alpide belt
Southeast
Mainland
Indochina
Malay Peninsula
Maritime
Peninsular Malaysia
Sunda Islands
Greater Sunda Islands
Lesser Sunda Islands
Indonesian Archipelago
Timor
New Guinea
Bonis Peninsula
Papuan Peninsula
Huon Peninsula
Huon Gulf
Bird's Head Peninsula
Gazelle Peninsula
Philippine Archipelago
Luzon
Visayas
Mindanao
Leyte Gulf
Gulf of Thailand
East Indies
Nanyang
Alpide belt
Asia-Pacific
Tropical Asia
Ring of Fire
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of Europe
North
Nordic
Northwestern
Scandinavia
Scandinavian Peninsula
Fennoscandia
Baltoscandia
Sápmi
West Nordic
Baltic
Baltic Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Iceland
Faroe Islands
East
Danubian countries
Prussia
Galicia
Volhynia
Donbass
Sloboda Ukraine
Sambia Peninsula
Amber Coast
Curonian Spit
Izyum Trail
Lithuania Minor
Nemunas Delta
Baltic
Baltic Sea
Vyborg Bay
Karelia
East Karelia
Karelian Isthmus
Lokhaniemi
Southeastern
Balkans
Aegean Islands
Gulf of Chania
North Caucasus
Greater Caucasus
Kabardia
European Russia
Southern Russia
Central
Baltic
Baltic Sea
Alpine states
Alpide belt
Mitteleuropa
Visegrád Group
West
Benelux
Low Countries
Northwest
British Isles
English Channel
Channel Islands
Cotentin Peninsula
Normandy
Brittany
Gulf of Lion
Iberia
Al-Andalus
Baetic System
Pyrenees
Alpide belt
South
Italian Peninsula
Insular Italy
Tuscan Archipelago
Aegadian Islands
Iberia
Al-Andalus
Baetic System
Gibraltar Arc
Southeastern
Mediterranean
Crimea
Alpide belt
Germanic
Romance
Celtic
Slavic countries
Uralic
European Plain
Eurasian Steppe
Pontic–Caspian steppe
Wild Fields
Pannonian Basin
Great Hungarian Plain
Little Hungarian Plain
Eastern Slovak Lowland
[show]
v
t
e
Regions of Oceania
Australasia
Gulf of Carpentaria
New Guinea
Bonis Peninsula
Papuan Peninsula
Huon Peninsula
Huon Gulf
Bird's Head Peninsula
Gazelle Peninsula
New Zealand
South Island
North Island
Coromandel Peninsula
Zealandia
New Caledonia
Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Vanuatu
Kula Gulf
Australia
Capital Country
Eastern Australia
Lake Eyre basin
Murray–Darling basin
Northern Australia
Nullarbor Plain
Outback
Southern Australia
Maralinga
Sunraysia
Great Victoria Desert
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf St Vincent
Lefevre Peninsula
Fleurieu Peninsula
Yorke Peninsula
Eyre Peninsula
Mornington Peninsula
Bellarine Peninsula
Mount Henry Peninsula
Melanesia
Islands Region
Bismarck Archipelago
Solomon Islands Archipelago
Fiji
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu
Micronesia
Caroline Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Northern Mariana Islands
Wake Island
Polynesia
Easter Island
Hawaiian Islands
Cook Islands
French Polynesia
Austral Islands
Gambier Islands
Marquesas Islands
Society Islands
Tuamotu
Kermadec Islands
Mangareva Islands
Samoa
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Ring of Fire
[show]
v
t
e
Polar regions
Antarctic
Antarctic Peninsula
East Antarctica
West Antarctica
Eklund Islands
Ecozone
Extreme points
Islands
Arctic
Arctic Alaska
British Arctic Territories
Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Finnmark
Greenland
Northern Canada
Northwest Territories
Nunavik
Nunavut
Russian Arctic
Sakha
Sápmi
Yukon
North American Arctic
[show]
v
t
e
Earth's oceans and seas
Arctic Ocean
Amundsen Gulf
Barents Sea
Beaufort Sea
Chukchi Sea
East Siberian Sea
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Boothia
Kara Sea
Laptev Sea
Lincoln Sea
Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
Pechora Sea
Queen Victoria Sea
Wandel Sea
White Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Adriatic Sea
Aegean Sea
Alboran Sea
Archipelago Sea
Argentine Sea
Baffin Bay
Balearic Sea
Baltic Sea
Bay of Biscay
Bay of Bothnia
Bay of Campeche
Bay of Fundy
Black Sea
Bothnian Sea
Caribbean Sea
Celtic Sea
English Channel
Foxe Basin
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Lion
Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Maine
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Gulf of Sidra
Gulf of Venezuela
Hudson Bay
Ionian Sea
Irish Sea
Irminger Sea
James Bay
Labrador Sea
Levantine Sea
Libyan Sea
Ligurian Sea
Marmara Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Myrtoan Sea
North Sea
Norwegian Sea
Sargasso Sea
Sea of Åland
Sea of Azov
Sea of Crete
Sea of the Hebrides
Thracian Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bali Sea
Bay of Bengal
Flores Sea
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Suez
Java Sea
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique Channel
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea
Banda Sea
Bering Sea
Bismarck Sea
Bohai Sea
Bohol Sea
Camotes Sea
Celebes Sea
Ceram Sea
Chilean Sea
Coral Sea
East China Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Gulf of Anadyr
Gulf of California
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Fonseca
Gulf of Panama
Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Tonkin
Halmahera Sea
Koro Sea
Mar de Grau
Molucca Sea
Moro Gulf
Philippine Sea
Salish Sea
Savu Sea
Sea of Japan
Sea of Okhotsk
Seto Inland Sea
Shantar Sea
Sibuyan Sea
Solomon Sea
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Tasman Sea
Visayan Sea
Yellow Sea
Southern Ocean
Amundsen Sea
Bellingshausen Sea
Cooperation Sea
Cosmonauts Sea
Davis Sea
D'Urville Sea
King Haakon VII Sea
Lazarev Sea
Mawson Sea
Riiser-Larsen Sea
Ross Sea
Scotia Sea
Somov Sea
Weddell Sea
Endorheic basins
Aral Sea
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Sea of Galilee
Salton Sea
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Geography of South Asia
Mountains and plateaus
Himalayas
Mount Everest
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Aravalli Range
Nilgiris
Vindhya Range
Satpura Range
Garo Hills
Shivalik Hills
Mahabharat Range
Khasi Hills
Annamalai Hills
Cardamom Hills
Sulaiman Mountains
Toba Kakar Range
Karakoram
Hindu Kush
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Deccan Plateau
Thar Desert
Makran
Chota Nagpur
Naga Hills
Mysore Plateau
Ladakh Plateau
Gandhamardan Hills
Malwa
Lowlands and islands
Indo-Gangetic plain
Doab
Indus Valley
Indus River Delta
Ganges Basin
Ganges Delta
Terai
Atolls of the Maldives
Coromandel Coast
Konkan
Lakshadweep
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Sundarbans Reserve Forest
Greater Rann of Kutch
Little Rann of Kutch
Protected areas in Tamil Nadu
By country
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Maldives
Afghanistan
[show]
v
t
e
Major languages of South Asia
Main articles
Languages of India
list by number of speakers
scheduled
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Bangladesh
Languages of Bhutan
Languages of the Maldives
Languages of Nepal
Languages of Sri Lanka
Contemporary
languages
Austronesian
Sri Lankan Creole Malay
Dravidian
Brahui
Jeseri
Kannada
Malayalam
Tamil
Telugu
Tulu
Indo-Aryan
Angika
Assamese
Bhojpuri
Bengali
Chakma
Chittagonian
Dhivehi
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Hindko
Kashmiri
Konkani
Kumaoni
Magahi
Mahal
Maithili
Marathi
Nepali
Odia
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Saraiki
Sindhi
Sinhala
Sylheti
Rajasthani language
Urdu
Iranian
Balochi
Pashto
Wakhi
Isolates
Great Andamanese
Burushaski
Nihali
Kusunda
Mon–Khmer
Khasi
Nicobarese
Munda
Ho
Korku
Mundari
Santali
Sora
Ongan
Önge
Jarawa
Tibeto-Burman
Ao
Bodo
Dzongkha
Garo
Meithei
Mizo
Nepal Bhasa
Sikkimese
Tenyidie
Tibetan
Tripuri
European influence
English
Indian English
Pakistani English
Sri Lankan English
French
Portuguese
Scripts
Historical
Indus (Undeciphered)
Brahmi (Abugida)
Kharosthi
Brahmic
Devanagari
Bengali
Gujarati
Gurmukhī
Malayalam
Kannada
Odia
Ranjana
Sinhala
Tamil
Telugu
European
Latin alphabet
Arabic
Arwi
Nastaʿlīq
Shahmukhi
Arabi Malayalam
Language
activism
Hela Havula
Bengali Language Movement
Sanskrit revival
Pure Tamil movement
Nepal Bhasa movement
Punjabi Language Movement
Urdu movement
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 254470885
GND: 4058406-9
NDL: 00567661
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asia&oldid=806847424"
Categories:
South Asia
Regions of Asia
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Webarchive template wayback links
Use Indian English from May 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from December 2015
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Acèh
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Frysk
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
ລາວ
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lingála
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Română
Romani
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
中文
डोटेली
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 14:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: South Asia (orthographic projection).svg

attrs: href class

value: sup

value: span

value: li

values: padding-left: 0.3em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level
mw-redirect
Above mean sea level

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values:
/wiki/Aden_Colony
mw-redirect
Aden Colony

values:
/wiki/Union_of_India
mw-redirect
Union of India

values:
/wiki/South_Asia_Free_Trade_Agreement
mw-redirect
South Asia Free Trade Agreement

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund
mw-redirect
United Nations Children's Fund

values: background-color: #FFFFE0; color: black; text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;

values:
/wiki/Centre_for_South_Asian_Studies
mw-redirect
Centre for South Asian Studies

values: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:240px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 70%; background-color: #FFFFE0;

values:
/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Soviet war in Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/History_of_South_Asia
mw-redirect
History of South Asia

values:
/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans
mw-redirect
Anatomically modern humans

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values:
/wiki/Northern_India
mw-redirect
Northern India

values:
/wiki/Mature_Harappan
mw-redirect
Mature Harappan

values:
/wiki/Bamiyan_Buddhas
mw-redirect
Bamiyan Buddhas

values:
/wiki/Punjab_region
mw-redirect
Punjab region

values:
/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad
mw-redirect
Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughlaq
mw-redirect
Muhammad bin Tughlaq

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1526)
mw-redirect
Battle of Panipat (1526)

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Indian_plate
mw-redirect
Indian plate

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/Himalayan_range
mw-redirect
Himalayan range

values:
/wiki/Tibetan_plateau
mw-redirect
Tibetan plateau

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0000FE; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0077FF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #46A9FA; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FE0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Hot_desert_climate
mw-redirect
Hot desert climate

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FE9695; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Cold_desert_climate
mw-redirect
Cold desert climate

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #F5A301; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate
mw-redirect
Hot semi-arid climate

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFDB63; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate
mw-redirect
Cold semi-arid climate

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFF00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate
mw-redirect
Hot-summer Mediterranean climate

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #96FF96; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #63C764; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate
mw-redirect
Subtropical highland climate

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #C6FF4E; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF00FE; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #C600C7; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #5A77DB; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #4C51B5; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -moz-column-width: 11em; -webkit-column-width: 11em; column-width: 11em;

values:
/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain
mw-redirect
Indo-Gangetic plain

values:
/wiki/Equatorial_climate
mw-redirect
Equatorial climate

values:
/wiki/Indus-Gangetic_Plain
mw-redirect
Indus-Gangetic Plain

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley
mw-redirect
Indus Valley

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area
mw-redirect
List of countries by area

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

values: Edit section: Regional groups of countries

values:
/wiki/Capital_(political)
mw-redirect
Capital (political)

values:
/wiki/Official_languages
mw-redirect
Official languages

values:
/wiki/Coat_of_Arms
mw-redirect
Coat of Arms

values: background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/UN_subregion
mw-redirect
UN subregion

values:
/wiki/Hyderabad,_Andhra_Pradesh
mw-redirect
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:left

values:
/wiki/Nagari_script
mw-redirect
Nagari script

values:
/wiki/Hindi_language
mw-redirect
Hindi language

values:
/wiki/Pali_language
mw-redirect
Pali language

values:
/wiki/Gurmukhi_alphabet
mw-redirect
Gurmukhi alphabet

values:
/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)
mw-redirect
Balochistan (Pakistan)

values:
/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives
mw-redirect
Religion in the Maldives

values:
/wiki/Kirat_(Religion)
mw-redirect
Kirat (Religion)

values:
/wiki/G-20_major_economies
mw-redirect
G-20 major economies

values:
/wiki/Food_Industry
mw-redirect
Food Industry

values:
/wiki/Sub_Saharan_Africa
mw-redirect
Sub Saharan Africa

values:
/wiki/Forms_of_government
mw-redirect
Forms of government

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Afghanistan.svg
image
Emblem of Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/Bangla_language
mw-redirect
Bangla language

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy
mw-redirect
Constitutional Monarchy

values:
/wiki/Dzongkha_language
mw-redirect
Dzongkha language

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg
image
Emblem of Bhutan

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Republic
mw-redirect
Constitutional Republic

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg
image
Emblem of India

values:
/wiki/Dhivehi_language
mw-redirect
Dhivehi language

values:
/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Maldives.svg
image
Coat of arms of Maldives

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Nepal.svg
image
Coat of arms of Nepal

values:
/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg
image
Coat of arms of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg
image
Coat of arms of Sri Lanka

values: Edit section: Countries and territories from extended definitions

values: Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory

values: Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory (Shield).svg

values:
/wiki/Autonomous_region_of_China
mw-redirect
Autonomous region of China

values: National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)

values:
/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy
mw-redirect
Parliamentary democracy

values:
/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people
mw-redirect
Sri Lankan Tamil people

values:
/wiki/Military_junta
mw-redirect
Military junta

values: List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty

values:
/wiki/Portal:South_Asia
mw-redirect
Portal:South Asia

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

values: List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sardeg.org/marketana.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://data.worldbank.org/region/SAS

values:
nofollow
http://www.saarc-sec.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.unicef.org/rosa/where.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/about.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas

values:
nofollow
http://southasia.rutgers.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.sai.columbia.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192528

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94389

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx

values:
/wiki/C._E._Bosworth
mw-redirect
C. E. Bosworth

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdr.undp.org/en/2016-report

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm

values: Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://ksestocks.com/AboutKSE

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dawn.com/news/1151027

values:
nofollow
external text
http://data.worldbank.org/country/india

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dawn.com/news/1184959

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/IHDI

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar

values:
nofollow
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/
external text

attrs: alt src title width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em

values:
/wiki/South_East_Asia
mw-redirect
South East Asia

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Regions of Africa (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Nile_Valley
mw-redirect
Nile Valley

values: Southern Rift Valley (page does not exist)

values: List of countries where Arabic is an official language

values: Template talk:Regions of North America (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Vancouver_island
mw-redirect
Vancouver island

values: List of belt regions of the United States

values: Latin America and the Caribbean (region)

values: Template talk:Regions of South America (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Northern_South_America
mw-redirect
Northern South America

values: Template talk:Regions of Asia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Asian_Steppe
mw-redirect
Asian Steppe

values:
/wiki/Inner_Manchuria
mw-redirect
Inner Manchuria

values:
/wiki/Pirate_Coast
mw-redirect
Pirate Coast

values:
/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia
mw-redirect
Lower Mesopotamia

values: Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests

values: Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows

values:
/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago
mw-redirect
Indonesian Archipelago

values:
/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago
mw-redirect
Philippine Archipelago

values: Template talk:Regions of Europe (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mangareva_Islands
mw-redirect
Mangareva Islands

values:
/wiki/Polar_regions
mw-redirect
Polar regions

values:
/wiki/Antarctic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Antarctic ecozone

values: List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

values:
/wiki/Extreme_North
mw-redirect
Extreme North

values:
/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra
mw-redirect
Gulf of Sidra

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Mahabharat_Range
mw-redirect
Mahabharat Range

values:
/wiki/Sundarbans_Reserve_Forest
mw-redirect
Sundarbans Reserve Forest

values: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_the_Maldives
mw-redirect
Languages of the Maldives

values:
/wiki/Standard_Hindi
mw-redirect
Standard Hindi

values:
/wiki/Hindko_dialect
mw-redirect
Hindko dialect

values:
/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer_languages
mw-redirect
Mon–Khmer languages

values:
/wiki/Ao_language
mw-redirect
Ao language

values:
/wiki/Meithei_language
mw-redirect
Meithei language

values:
/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa
mw-redirect
Nepal Bhasa

values:
/wiki/Tenyidie_language
mw-redirect
Tenyidie language

values:
/wiki/Tripuri_language
mw-redirect
Tripuri language

values:
/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet
mw-redirect
Gurmukhī alphabet

values:
/wiki/Sinhala_alphabet
mw-redirect
Sinhala alphabet

values:
/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement
mw-redirect
Bengali Language Movement

values:
/wiki/Pure_Tamil_movement
mw-redirect
Pure Tamil movement

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/254470885

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4058406-9

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use Indian English from May 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/South_Asia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ደቡብ እስያ – Amharic

values: جنوب آسيا – Arabic

values: দক্ষিণ এশিয়া – Bangla

values: Паўднёвая Азія – Belarusian

values: Паўднёвая Азія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: दक्खिन एशिया – Bhojpuri

values: Южна Азия – Bulgarian

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidasien
Sidasien – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кăнтăр Ази – Chuvash

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Asia
De Asia – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydasien
Sydasien – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާ – Divehi

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Azio
Suda Azio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: آسیای جنوبی – Persian

values: દક્ષિણ એશિયા – Gujarati

values: Հարավային Ասիա – Armenian

values: दक्षिण एशिया – Hindi

values: דרום אסיה – Hebrew

values: ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಏಷ್ಯಾ – Kannada

values: სამხრეთი აზია – Georgian

values: Оңтүстік Азия – Kazakh

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_Soth
Asi Soth – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Түштүк Азия – Kyrgyz

values: ອາຊີໃຕ້ – Lao

values: दक्षिण एसिया – Maithili

values: Јужна Азија – Macedonian

values: ദക്ഷിണേഷ്യ – Malayalam

values: दक्षिण आशिया – Marathi

values: ობჟათე აზია – Mingrelian

values: दक्षिण एसिया – Nepali

values: दक्षिण एसिया – Newari

values: Къилба Ази – Chechen

values: ਦੱਖਣੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi

values: អាស៊ីខាងត្បូង – Khmer

values: Южная Азия – Russian

values: Соҕуруу Азия – Sakha

values: දකුණු ආසියාව – Sinhala

values: ڏکڻ ايشيا – Sindhi

values: Јужна Азија – Serbian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydasien
Sydasien – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: தெற்கு ஆசியா – Tamil

values: Көньяк Азия – Tatar

values: దక్షిణాసియా – Telugu

values: เอเชียใต้ – Thai

values: Південна Азія – Ukrainian

values: جنوبی ایشیا – Urdu

values: דרום אזיע – Yiddish

values: दक्षिण एसिया – Doteli

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-South_Asia rootpage-South_Asia vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view