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Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
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This article is about the film. For the video game, see Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game). For the soundtrack, see Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (soundtrack).
Pirates of the Caribbean:
At World's End
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Gore Verbinski
Produced by
Jerry Bruckheimer
Written by
Ted Elliott
Terry Rossio
Based on
Characters
by Ted Elliott
Terry Rossio
Stuart Beattie
Jay Wolpert
Pirates of the Caribbean
by Walt Disney
Starring
Johnny Depp
Orlando Bloom
Keira Knightley
Geoffrey Rush
Bill Nighy
Chow Yun-Fat
Naomie Harris
Jack Davenport
Kevin McNally
Tom Hollander
Jonathan Pryce
Music by
Hans Zimmer
Cinematography
Dariusz Wolski
Edited by
Craig Wood
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
Jerry Bruckheimer Films
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
May 19, 2007 (2007-05-19) (Disneyland Resort)
May 25, 2007 (2007-05-25) (United States)
Running time
168 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$300 million[2]
Box office
$963.4 million[2]
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski, the third in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Dead Man's Chest (2006). The plot follows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, Hector Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones's Locker, and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company, led by Cutler Beckett, who controls Davy Jones and plans to extinguish piracy forever. It is the last film in the series to be directed by Verbinski. It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Dead Man's Chest. With a production budget of $300 million, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release, even after adjusting for inflation.
Walt Disney Pictures released the film in the United States on May 25, 2007. Critical reviews were mixed; the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. At World's End was a box office hit, becoming the most successful film of 2007, with over $960 million worldwide. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass, respectively. A sequel, On Stranger Tides, the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released in cinemas on May 20, 2011.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Censorship
4.3 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
5.3 Accolades
6 Sequel
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In order to control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas. Condemned prisoners sing "Hoist the Colours" to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court. Because Captain Jack Sparrow, Pirate Lord of the Caribbean Sea, never named a successor before being killed, Captain Barbossa, Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, Tia Dalma, and the crew of the Black Pearl plot to rescue Jack from Davy Jones' Locker. Traveling to Singapore, the crew meet Captain Sao Feng (Pirate Lord of the South China Sea), who owns navigational charts to the Locker. Beckett's soldiers invade, but the crew escape. Will secretly promises to give Jack to Feng in return for the Pearl, which he will use to rescue his father Bootstrap Bill Turner from the Flying Dutchman.
The crew travels to the Locker and rescues Jack. The crew encounters many dead souls, including Elizabeth's father Governor Swann, who was executed by Beckett. Tia Dalma reveals that the Goddess Calypso charged Davy Jones with the job to guide the souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Once every ten years he could come ashore to be with the woman he loved. But he corrupted his purpose and was cursed to become a monster. The soul of Governor Swann reveals that the Dutchman must always have a captain.
Returning to the living world, the Pearl stops at an island for fresh water, where the crew find the Kraken lying dead on the beach, having been killed by Jones under orders from Beckett. They are then attacked by Sao Feng and Beckett's men. Through a complex series of deals, Elizabeth is handed over to Feng, who believes she is the goddess Calypso, while the rest of the crew make for Shipwreck Cove aboard the Pearl. Jack throws Will off the ship as part of the plan to seize control of the Dutchman. Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover, Davy Jones. He plans to release her to defeat Beckett. Davy Jones attacks Feng's ship, the Empress, mortally wounding Feng in the process. Feng appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying. Elizabeth and the crew are locked in the brig of the Dutchman, where she finds a partially insane Bootstrap Bill Turner. In a moment of clarity, Bootstrap reveals that whoever kills Davy Jones must take his place, bound to serve the Dutchman forever. He reiterates that "the Dutchman must always have a captain." Admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman, but is killed by Bootstrap Bill.
The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove, where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso. Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearl's brig, revealing she is Calypso. Jack's father Captain Teague, Keeper of the Pirate Code, informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide on going into battle. A vote is taken. To avoid a stalemate, Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth, making her King.
The Brethren Court and Beckett's fleets emerge for war. On a sandbank, Elizabeth, Jack, Barbossa, Beckett, Jones, and Will parley, trading Will for Jack. Barbossa steals Jack's piece of eight, all of which are owned by the Pirate Lords and required to free Calypso. Barbossa frees Calypso, but when Will reveals it was Jones who betrayed her and made it possible for the first Court to imprison her, Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom.
The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom. Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa. On board the Dutchman, Jones and Jack engage in a duel for control of Davy Jones's heart. Jones stabs Will, mortally wounding him. Jack gives up his chance for immortality and instead helps Will stab the heart. Jones falls into the maelstrom. Jack and Elizabeth escape the Dutchman as it is sucked into the maelstrom.
As Beckett's ship, the Endeavour, approaches to destroy the Pearl, the Dutchman rises from the sea, now captained by Will; the crew has been freed from Jones's curse. Together, the two pirate ships destroy the Endeavour. A stunned Beckett goes down with his ship while his navy retreats. With Will now forever bound to escort souls lost at sea to the next world, he and Elizabeth bid farewell to each other on the beach of an abandoned island. Will departs on the Dutchman, leaving Elizabeth pregnant and with the chest containing his heart.
Jack and Joshamee Gibbs discover Barbossa has stolen the Black Pearl again, but Jack planned ahead and stole Sao Feng's navigational charts. He departs from Tortuga alone to track down the mythical Fountain of Youth.
In a post-credits scene, set ten years later, Elizabeth and her son Henry watch from a sea cliff as Will returns aboard the Dutchman.
Cast[edit]
Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow: Sparrow and the Black Pearl have been dragged to Davy Jones's Locker by the Kraken; he is trapped there until his former crew mounts a rescue party.
Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa: Once first mate of the Black Pearl under Jack's command before leading a mutiny, Barbossa has been resurrected by Tia Dalma to captain the rescue of Jack Sparrow. He was also needed for his "piece of eight" to free Calypso. Rush said that in the film, Barbossa becomes more of a cunning politician.[3] Depp said he was pleased he got more screentime with Rush than in the first film: "We're like a couple of old ladies fighting over their knitting needles".[4]
Orlando Bloom as William "Will" Turner Jr.: A young blacksmith-turned-pirate, the son of "Bootstrap Bill" Turner, and later the husband of Elizabeth Swann. Turner becomes Captain of The Flying Dutchman after the ritual is performed to save his life.
Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann: Governor Swann’s daughter and Will Turner's fiancée. Having tricked Jack Sparrow into being swallowed by the Kraken to save herself and the Black Pearl crew, she subsequently goes to his rescue. Swann becomes Captain of The Empress and Pirate Lord of the South China Seas as successor to Feng, and becomes the Pirate King by default as a result of the Bretheren Court vote.
Jack Davenport as James Norrington: Promoted to the rank of admiral in return for giving Beckett Jones's heart, he has allied himself with Beckett and the Company, although he still cares for Elizabeth, his former fiancée, and finds himself torn between his duty and his growing dislike for Beckett.
Bill Nighy as Davy Jones: Malevolent ruler of the ocean realm, Captain of The Flying Dutchman. With his heart captured by James Norrington, he is now enslaved to Cutler Beckett who commanded him to kill the Kraken ("your pet"), and now serves the East India Trading Company, though he remains volatile and makes life difficult for the marines policing him.
Jonathan Pryce as Weatherby Swann: Governor of Port Royal and father to Elizabeth Swann, he is now trapped in Beckett's service.
Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs: Jack's loyal, if superstitious, first mate.
Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook as Pintel and Ragetti: A mischievous and eccentric duo, part of Jack's crew.
David Bailie as Cotton: Jack's loyal mute crewman who returns again to join the quest to bring back Sparrow.
Stellan Skarsgård as William "Bootstrap Bill" Turner Sr.: Will's father, cursed to serve an eternity aboard Davy Jones's ship The Flying Dutchman. As he slowly loses hope, he also loses his humanity to the ship, and becomes mentally confused, barely recognizing his own son in the second half of the film.
Chow Yun-fat as Sao Feng: Pirate Lord of the South China Sea, he captains the Chinese ship The Empress and has a poor history with Sparrow. He is reluctant to aid in his rescue from Davy Jones's Locker. "Sao Feng" (嘯風) means "Howling Wind" in Chinese. Chow was confirmed to be playing Feng in July 2005 while production of the second film was on hiatus.[5] Chow relished playing the role, even helping out crew members with props.[6]
Tom Hollander as Cutler Beckett: A powerful chairman of the East India Trading Co. and now armed with a mandate from the King and in possession of Davy Jones's heart, Beckett attempts to control the world's oceans for the sake of sustainable business - and with it, the end of piracy.
Naomie Harris as Tia Dalma / Calypso: An obeah witch who travels with the Black Pearl crew to rescue Jack; she also raised Barbossa from the dead at the conclusion of Dead Man's Chest and has a mysterious past connection to Davy Jones.
Martin Klebba as Marty: Jack's dwarf crewman who also joins the quest to bring back Sparrow.
David Schofield as Mr. Mercer: Lord Beckett's henchman, assigned to hold Davy Jones's leash aboard the Dutchman.
Keith Richards as Edward Teague: Keeper of the Pirata Codex for the Brethren Court and Jack Sparrow's father. The other pirate lords are visibly terrified of him. Richards, who partially inspired Depp's portrayal of Sparrow,[7][8] was meant to appear in Dead Man's Chest, but there was no room for him in the story,[9] as well as his being tied up with a Rolling Stones tour.[8] He almost missed filming a scene in At World's End, following injuries sustained by falling out of a tree.[10] In June 2006, Verbinski finally managed to make room in Richards' schedule to shoot that September.[11]
Greg Ellis as Lieutenant Theodore Groves: second-in-command to Lord Beckett.
Lauren Maher and Vanessa Branch as Scarlett and Giselle
Angus Barnett and Giles New as Mullroy and Murtogg
Reggie Lee as Tai Huang
Dominic Scott Kay as Young Henry Turner: the son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann. Scott Kay was credited as Young William Turner, and was retroactively named Young Henry Turner following the release of Dead Men Tell No Tales.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
See also: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest – Production
"I felt it important that the third film was the end of an era — like in a postmodern western where the railroad comes and the gunfighter is extinct. It seemed that we had an opportunity to take a look at a world where the legitimate has become corrupt and there is no place for honest thieves in that society, so you have darker issues and a little melancholy. The myths are dying. That seemed a great theme with which to complete the trilogy."
—Gore Verbinski[12]
Following The Curse of the Black Pearl's success in 2003, the cast and crew signed on for two sequels to be shot back-to-back.[13] For the third film, director Gore Verbinski wanted to return the tone to that of a character piece after using the second film to keep the plot moving.[6] Inspired by the real-life confederation of pirates, Elliott and Rossio looked at historical figures and created fictional characters from them to expand the scope beyond the main cast.[14] Finally embellishing their mythology, Calypso was introduced, going full circle to Barbossa's mention of "heathen gods" that created the curse in the first film.[15]
Filming[edit]
Parts of the third film were shot during location filming of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, a long shoot which finished on March 1, 2006.[16] During August 2005, the Singapore sequence was shot. The set was built on Stage 12 of the Universal Studios backlot, and comprised 40 structures within an 80 by 130-foot (24 by 40-m) tank that was 3 1⁄2 feet (1.1 m) deep. As 18th century Singapore is not a well-documented era, the filmmakers chose to use an Expressionist style based on Chinese and Malaysian cities of the same period. The design of the city was also intended by Verbinski to parody spa culture, with fungi growing throughout the set. Continuing this natural feel, the floorboards of Sao Feng's bathhouse had to be cut by hand, and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set.[17]
Filming resumed on August 3, 2006 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah[18] for 70 days off the California coast, as all the shooting required in the Caribbean had been conducted in 2005.[19] Davy Jones's Locker was shot at Utah, and it was shot in a monochromatic way to represent its different feeling from the usual colorful environment of a pirate.[20] The climactic battle was shot in a former air hangar at Palmdale, California,[21] where the cast had to wear wetsuits underneath their costumes on angle-tipped ships. The water-drenched set was kept in freezing temperatures, to make sure bacteria did not come inside and infect the crew.[22] A second unit shot at Niagara Falls.[23] Industrial Light & Magic did 750 effects shots, while Digital Domain also took on 300. They spent just five months finishing the special effects. The film posed numerous challenges in creating water-based effects.[24]
Filming finished on December 12, 2006 in Molokai,[25] and the first assembly cut was three hours.[26] Twenty minutes were removed, not including end credits, though producer Jerry Bruckheimer maintained that the long running time was needed to make the final battle work in terms of build-up.[27]
Music[edit]
Hans Zimmer composed the score, as he did for the previous films, composing eight new motifs, including a new love theme for the At World's End soundtrack.[25] He scored scenes as the editors began work, so as to influence their choice of cutting to the music. Gore Verbinski helped on the score. He played the Ennio Morricone-influenced guitar music in the parley scene between Barbossa, Sparrow, Elizabeth and Will, Davy Jones, and Cutler Beckett.[28] He also co-wrote the song "Hoist the Colours" with Zimmer.[29]
Release[edit]
Keith Richards, who plays Jack's father Captain Teague, at the premiere.
The world premiere of At World's End was held on May 19, 2007 at Disneyland, home of the ride that inspired the film and where the first two films in the trilogy debuted. Disneyland offered the general public a chance to attend the premiere through the sale of tickets, priced at $1,500 per ticket, with proceeds going to the Make-a-Wish Foundation charity.[30] Just a few weeks before the film's release, Walt Disney Pictures decided to move the United States opening of At World's End from screenings Friday, May 25, 2007 to Thursday at 8 PM, May 24, 2007.[31] The film opened in 4,362 theaters domestically, beating Spider-Man 3's theater opening record by 110 (this record was surpassed by The Dark Knight the following year).[32][33]
Marketing[edit]
After a muted publicity campaign, the trailer finally debuted at ShoWest 2007.[34] It was shown on March 18, 2007 at a special screening of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl named "Pirates Ultimate Fan Event", and was then shown on March 19 during Dancing with the Stars, before it debuted online.[35] Action figures by NECA were released in late April.[36] Board games such as a Collector’s Edition Chess Set, a Monopoly Game, and a Pirates Dice Game (Liar's dice) were also released. Master Replicas made sculptures of characters and replicas of jewellery and the Dead Man's Chest.[37] A video game with the same title as the film was released on May 22, 2007 on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, PSP, PlayStation 2, PC, and Nintendo DS formats.[38] The soundtrack and its remix were also released on May 22.
Censorship[edit]
At least one nation's official censors ordered scenes cut from the film. According to Xinhua, the state news agency of the People's Republic of China, ten minutes of footage containing Chow Yun-fat's portrayal of Singaporean pirate Sao Feng were trimmed from versions of the film which may be shown in China. Chow is onscreen for twenty minutes in the uncensored theatrical release of the film. No official reason for the censorship was given, but unofficial sources within China have indicated that the character gave a negative and stereotypical portrayal of Chinese people.[39]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on November 19, 2007 in the UK and December 4, 2007 in the United States and Canada. The 2-Disc Limited Edition DVD was in continuous circulation until it stopped on September 30, 2008. In contrast, the Blu-ray Disc release, containing all of the features from the 2-Disc DVD version (including some original scenes from the theatrical release, but excluding the writer's commentary) is still widely available. The initial Blu-ray Disc release was misprinted on the back of the box as 1080i, although Disney confirmed it to be 1080p. Disney decided not to recall the misprinted units, but to fix the error on subsequent printings.[40] DVD sales brought in $296,043,871 in revenue, marking the best-selling DVD of 2007, although it ranks second in terms of units sold (14,505,271) behind Transformers (16,234,195).[41] At World's End had its television premiere in the UK on Boxing Day 2009 on BBC One at 19:30,[42][43] and was watched by 6.06 million viewers.[44]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 45% based on 220 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "POTC: AWE provides the thrilling action scenes, but mixes in too many characters with too many incomprehensible plot threads."[45] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film received an average score of 50 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[47]
Reviewer Alex Billington noted, "This is just how the film industry works nowadays; critics give bad opinions, the public usually has a differing opinion, and all is well in the world of Hollywood since the studios made their millions anyway."[48]
Drew McWeeny praised the film's complexity as giving it repeat-viewing value, and its conclusion as "perhaps the most canny move it makes."[49] Todd Gilchrist found the story too similar to other cinematic trilogies such as Star Wars, but praised the production values.[50] Brian Lowry felt that "unlike last year's bloated sequel, it at least possesses some semblance of a destination, making it slightly more coherent - if no less numbing during the protracted finale."[51] Total Film praised the performances but complained that the twists and exposition made it hard to care for the characters.[52] Edward Douglas liked the film but had issues with its pacing,[53] while Blake Wright criticized the Davy Jones's Locker and Calypso segments.[54] James Berardinelli found it the weakest of the trilogy as "the last hour offers adventure as rousing as anything provided in either of the previous installments... which doesn't account for the other 108 minutes of this gorged, self-indulgent, and uneven production."[55] Peter Travers praised Richards and Rush but felt "there can indeed be too much of a good thing," regarding Depp's character.[56] Travers later declared the movie to be one of the worst films of the year.[57] Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film was overall a disappointment and that "the final showdown ... is a non-event and the repetitive swordplay and inane plot contrivances simply become boring by the end".[58] Richard Roeper gave a positive review, saying "Gore Verbinski and the stunt and special effects crews have created one of the most impressive blends of live-action work and CGI wizardry ever put on film," and believing it "rarely drags and is almost always entertaining." He praised the performances of the actors as one of the best things about the film.[59]
Chow Yun-fat's character stirred a great deal of controversy with the Chinese press. Perry Lam, of Hong Kong cultural magazine, Muse, found an offensive resemblance between Chow's character and Fu Manchu: "Now Fu Manchu has returned after an absence of 27 years in the Hollywood cinema; except that, in a nod to political correctness and marketing realities, he is no longer called Fu Manchu."[60]
Box office[edit]
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End earned $309,420,425 in North America and $654,000,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $963,420,425.[2] Worldwide, it is the thirty-eighth-highest-grossing film,[61] the highest-grossing film of 2007,[62] and the third-highest-grossing film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[63] Compared to its predecessor, it grossed far less at the North American box office, but more outside North America. Still, its worldwide earnings are more than $100 million below Dead Man's Chest's.[64] During its worldwide opening weekend, it grossed $344.0 million, making it the seventh-largest opening.[65]
North America
At World's End was released in a then-record 4,362 theaters in North America,[66] and was shown on around 11,500 screens, which is still an all-time record.[67] On its first three-day weekend, it earned $114,732,820. It set a Memorial Day 4-day weekend record ($139,802,190), which it still retains. This record was previously held by X-Men: The Last Stand.[68] Including Thursday night previews, as well, At World's End earned $153,042,234 in 5 days,[69] and is the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2007.[70] Among May's Big Three (Spider-Man 3, Shrek 3 and Pirates 3),[71][72] Pirates 3 grossed the least both during its opening weekend[73] and in total earnings.[74] However, this was mainly attributed to the fact that it was released third, after the other two films, so there was already too much competition.[75] It is also the second-highest-grossing film in the Pirates series.[63]
Outside North America
It is the eighteenth-highest-grossing film, the sixth-largest film distributed by Disney,[76] and the second-highest-grossing Pirates of the Caribbean film.[63] During its opening weekend, it grossed an estimated $216.0 million, which stands as the sixth biggest opening outside North America.[77] It set opening-weekend records in South Korea with $16.7 million (surpassed by Transformers: Dark of the Moon),[78] Russia, and the CIS with $14.0 million (first surpassed by Samy luchshiy film),[79] and Spain with $11.9 million[80] (surpassed by The Impossible).[81] It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the box office outside North America.[82] By June 12, 2007, its 20th day of release, the film had grossed $500 million, breaking Spider-Man 3's record for reaching that amount the fastest.[83] This record was first overtaken by Avatar (15 days to $500 million).[84] Its highest-grossing countries after North America are Japan, where it earned $91.1 million, and became the last Hollywood film to earn more than 10 billion yen before Avatar,[85] and the UK, Ireland, Malta ($81.4 million), and Germany ($59.4 million).[86]
Accolades[edit]
See also: List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise
At the 80th Academy Awards, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End was nominated for two awards, Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects. However, it did not win either of the two, losing the former to La Vie en Rose and the latter to The Golden Compass.[87]
At the 2008 MTV Movie Awards, the film was nominated for three awards, including one win: the Best Comedic Performance (Johnny Depp). At the 34th People's Choice Awards, it was nominated for five awards, including four wins: Favorite Movie, Favorite Threequel, Favorite Male Movie Star (Johnny Depp) and Favorite Female Action Star (Keira Knightley).[88] Also, at the Teen Choice Awards it won five awards, out of six nominations. Finally, at the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards, it achieved three nominations but won only the Favorite Movie Actor award (Johnny Depp). However, Orlando Bloom was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor.
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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The Elephant Man (film)
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For the 1982 television film, see The Elephant Man (1982 film).
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The Elephant Man
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Lynch
Produced by
Jonathan Sanger
Mel Brooks (uncredited)
Screenplay by
Christopher De Vore
Eric Bergren
David Lynch
Based on
The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences
by Frederick Treves
The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity
by Ashley Montagu
Starring
John Hurt
Anthony Hopkins
Anne Bancroft
John Gielgud
Wendy Hiller
Music by
John Morris
Cinematography
Freddie Francis
Edited by
Anne V. Coates
Production
company
Brooksfilms
Distributed by
EMI Films (UK)
Paramount Pictures (US)
Release date
October 3, 1980 (1980-10-03) (New York[1])
October 10, 1980 (1980-10-10) (US)
Running time
124 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million
Box office
$26 million (North America)[2]
The Elephant Man is a 1980 American historical drama film about Joseph Merrick (whom the script calls John Merrick), a severely deformed man in late 19th century London. The film was directed by David Lynch and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. It was produced by Jonathan Sanger and Mel Brooks, the latter of whom was intentionally left uncredited to avoid confusion from audiences who possibly would have expected a comedy.
The screenplay was adapted by Lynch, Christopher De Vore and Eric Bergren from Frederick Treves’s The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences (1923) and Ashley Montagu’s The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity (1971). It was shot in black-and-white and featured make-up work by Christopher Tucker.
The Elephant Man was a critical and commercial success with eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Actor. After receiving widespread criticism for failing to honor the film's make-up effects, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was prompted to create the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling the following year. The film also won the BAFTA Awards for Best Film, Best Actor and Best Production Design and was nominated for Golden Globe awards. It also won a French César Award for Best Foreign Film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Main cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Accolades
5 Home media
6 Soundtrack
6.1 Track listing for the first U.S. release on LP
7 Cultural influence
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
London Hospital surgeon Frederick Treves finds John Merrick in a Victorian freak show in London's East End, where he is kept by a Mr. Bytes. His head is kept hooded, and his "owner", who views him as retarded, is paid by Treves to bring him to the hospital for exams. Treves presents Merrick to his colleagues and highlights his monstrous skull, which forces him to sleep with his head on his knees, since if he were to lie down, he would asphyxiate. On Merrick’s return he is beaten so badly by Bytes that he has to call Treves for medical help. Treves brings him back to the hospital.
John is tended to by Mrs. Mothershead, the formidable matron, as the other nurses are too frightened of Merrick. Mr. Carr-Gomm, the hospital's Governor, is against housing Merrick, as the hospital does not accept "incurables". To prove that Merrick can make progress, Treves trains him to say a few conversational sentences. Carr-Gomm sees through this ruse, but as he is leaving, Merrick begins to recite the 23rd Psalm, and continues past the part of the Psalm that Treves taught him. Merrick tells the doctors that he knows how to read, and has memorized the 23rd Psalm because it is his favorite. Carr-Gomm permits him to stay, and Merrick spends his time practicing conversation with Treves and building a model of a cathedral he sees from his window.
Merrick has tea with Treves and his wife, and is so overwhelmed by their kindness that he shows them his mother's picture. He believes he must have been a "disappointment" to his mother, but hopes she would be proud to see him with his "lovely friends". Merrick begins to take guests in his rooms, including the actress Madge Kendal, who introduces him to the work of Shakespeare. Merrick quickly becomes an object of curiosity to high society, and Mrs. Mothershead expresses concerns that he is still being put on display as a freak. Treves begins to question the morality of his actions. Meanwhile, a night porter named Jim starts selling tickets to locals, who come at night to gawk at the "Elephant Man".
The issue of Merrick's residence is challenged at a hospital council meeting, but he is guaranteed permanent residence by command of the hospital’s royal patron, Queen Victoria, who sends word with her daughter-in-law Alexandra. However, Merrick is shortly kidnapped by Mr. Bytes during one of Jim's raucous late night showings. Mr. Bytes leaves England and takes Merrick on the road as a circus attraction once again. Treves confronts Jim about what he has done, and Mrs. Mothershead fires him.
Merrick escapes from Bytes with the help of his fellow freakshow attractions. Upon returning to London, he is harassed through Liverpool Street station by several young boys and accidentally knocks down a young girl. Merrick is chased, unmasked, and cornered by an angry mob. He cries, "I am not an elephant! I am not an animal! I am a human being! I ... am ... a ... man!" before collapsing. Policemen return Merrick to the hospital and Treves. He recovers some of his health, but is dying of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Treves and Mrs. Mothershead take Merrick to see one of Mrs. Kendal's shows at the theatre, and Kendal dedicates the performance to him. A proud Merrick receives a standing ovation from the audience. Back at the hospital, Merrick thanks Treves for all he has done, and completes his church model. He lies down on his back in bed, imitating a sleeping child in a picture on his wall, and dies in his sleep. Merrick is consoled by a vision of his mother, who quotes Lord Tennyson's "Nothing Will Die".
Main cast[edit]
John Hurt as John Merrick, an intelligent, friendly and kind-hearted man who is feared by most people in his society because of his severe deformity
Anthony Hopkins as Frederick Treves, a doctor who takes John from the freakshow to work in the hospital
Anne Bancroft as Madge Kendal
John Gielgud as Francis Carr-Gomm
Wendy Hiller as Mrs Mothershead
Freddie Jones as Mr. Bytes, the ringmaster (based on Tom Norman[3])
Dexter Fletcher as Bytes’ boy
Michael Elphick as Jim, the night porter
Hannah Gordon as Ann Treves
Helen Ryan as Alexandra, Princess of Wales
John Standing as Fox
Lesley Dunlop as Nora, Merrick’s nurse
Phoebe Nicholls as Mary Jane Merrick
Morgan Sheppard as man in pub
Kenny Baker as plumed dwarf
Production[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jonathan Sanger, the film's producer, optioned the script from the writers Christopher Devore and Eric Bergen after receiving the script from his babysitter. Sanger had been working as Mel Brooks' assistant director on High Anxiety. Sanger showed Brooks the script, which he read and decided to help finance the film through Brooksfilms, his new company. Brooks' personal assistant, Stuart Cornfeld, suggested David Lynch to Sanger.
Sanger met Lynch and they shared scripts they were working on (The Elephant Man and Lynch's Ronnie Rocket). Lynch told Sanger that he would love to direct the script after reading it, and Sanger endorsed him after hearing Lynch's ideas. However, Brooks had not heard of David Lynch at the time. Sanger and Cornfeld set up a screening of Eraserhead at a screening room at 20th Century Fox, and Brooks loved it and enthusiastically let Lynch direct the film. By his own request, Brooks was not credited as executive producer to ensure that audiences would not expect a comedy after seeing his name attached to the film.[4]
For his second feature and first studio film albeit independently financed,[5] David Lynch provided the musical direction and sound design. Lynch tried to design the make-up himself too, but the design didn't work.[4] The makeup, now supervised by Christopher Tucker, was directly designed from casts of Merrick’s body, which had been kept in the Royal London Hospital’s private museum. The makeup took seven to eight hours to apply each day and two hours to delicately remove. John Hurt would arrive on set at 5am and shoot his scenes from noon until 10pm. When Hurt was having his first experiences with the inconveniences of applying make-up and having to perform with it, he called his wife saying "I think they finally managed to make me hate acting."
Because of the strain on the actor, he worked alternate days.[4] Lynch originally wanted Jack Nance for the title character. "But it just wasn't in the cards," Lynch says; the role went to John Hurt after Brooks, Lynch and Sanger saw his performance in The Naked Civil Servant as Quentin Crisp.[6]
Lynch bookended the film with surrealist sequences centered around Merrick's mother and her death. Lynch used Samuel Barber’s Adagio for Strings to underline the end of the film and Merrick's own death. When Lynch and Sanger screened The Elephant Man for Brooks after they returned from England with a cut, Brooks suggested some minor cuts but told them that the film would be released as they made it.
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)
Critical response[edit]
The Elephant Man was met with critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 90% rating, based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 8.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "David Lynch's relatively straight second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassion and restraint in treating its subject, and features outstanding performances by John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins."[7]
Vincent Canby wrote: "Mr. Hurt is truly remarkable. It can't be easy to act under such a heavy mask ... the physical production is beautiful, especially Freddie Francis's black-and-white photography."[8]
A small number of critics were less favorable. Roger Ebert gave it 2/4 stars, writing: "I kept asking myself what the film was really trying to say about the human condition as reflected by John Merrick, and I kept drawing blanks."[9] In the book The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture, Nadja Durbach describes the work as “much more mawkish and moralising than one would expect from the leading postmodern surrealist filmmaker” and “unashamedly sentimental”. She blamed this mawkishness on the use of Treves’s memoirs as source material.[10]
The Elephant Man has since been ranked among the best films of the 1980s in Time Out (where it placed 19th)[11] and Paste (56th).[12] The film also received five votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls.[13]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by The Elephant Man
The Elephant Man was nominated for eight Academy Awards,[14] tying with Raging Bull at the 53rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Actor in a Leading Role (John Hurt),[15] Art Direction-Set Decoration (Stuart Craig, Robert Cartwright, Hugh Scaife), Costume Design, Director, Film Editing, Music: Original Score, and Writing: Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.[16] However, the film did not win any.
People in the industry were appalled that the movie was not going to be honored for its make up effects when the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced its nominations at the time. A letter of protest was sent to the Academy's Board of Governors to requesting to give the film an honorary award. The Academy refused, but in response to the outcry, they decided to give the make-up artists their own category. A year later, the Academy Award for Best Makeup category was introduced with An American Werewolf in London as its first recipient.[4][17]
It did win the BAFTA Award for Best Film, as well as other BAFTA Awards for Best Actor (John Hurt) and Best Production Design, and was nominated for four others: Direction, Screenplay, Cinematography and Editing.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
John Merrick: "I am not an animal! I am a human being. I am a man." – Nominated[18]
Home media[edit]
There have been many releases of the film on both VHS and DVD. The version released as part of the David Lynch Lime Green Box includes several interviews with John Hurt and David Lynch and a Joseph Merrick documentary.[19] This material is also available on the exclusive treatment on the European market as part of Optimum Releasing’s StudioCanal Collection.[20] The film has only been released on Blu-ray Disc in the UK, however this disc will play in both Region A and B players.
Soundtrack[edit]
The Elephant Man
Cover of the original vinyl edition
Film score by John Morris
Released
1980, 1981, 1994, 2008
Genre
Classical
Label
20th Century Fox
Producer
John Morris
John Morris chronology
In God We Tru$t
(1980)In God We Tru$t1980 The Elephant Man
(1980) History of the World, Part I
(1981)History of the World, Part I1981
The musical score of The Elephant Man was composed and conducted by John Morris, and it was performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1980, the company 20th Century Fox Records published this film's original musical score as both an LP album and as a Cassette in the United States. Its front cover artwork features the mask of John Merrick against a backdrop of smoke, as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film.
In 1994, the first Compact disc (CD) issue of the film score was made by the company Milan, which specializes in film scores and soundtrack albums.[21]
Track listing for the first U.S. release on LP[edit]
Side one
"The Elephant Man Theme" - 3:46
"Dr. Treves Visits the Freak Show and Elephant Man" - 4:08
"John Merrick and Psalm" - 1:17
"John Merrick and Mrs. Kendal" - 2:03
"The Nightmare" - 4:39
Side two
"Mrs. Kendal's Theater and Poetry Reading" - 1:58
"The Belgian Circus Episode" - 3:00
"Train Station" - 1:35
"Pantomime" - 2:20
"Adagio for Strings" - 5:52
"Recapitulation" - 5:35
Cultural influence[edit]
The Jam's former bassist Bruce Foxton was inspired strongly by the film, and in response wrote the song "Freak" with the single's cover even making a reference to the film.[22] Produced by the multiple-award-winning Steve Lillywhite[23] and released as a single, it became his biggest hit to date and remains his only Top 40 hit. Actor Bradley Cooper credits watching the movie with his father as a child as his inspiration to become an actor. Cooper played the character on Broadway in 2013.[24] British TV presenter Karl Pilkington often has cited it as his favorite film. Pilkington's love for the film brought many new features to his various podcasts and radio shows, made with Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant.[25][26] Rock band The Mars Volta pays homage to The Elephant Man by having singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala dressed as John Hurt's version of the Elephant Man in mask and hat in the video for their song "Goliath". The 1990s animated TV show The Critic also references the scene in Lynch's movie where the Elephant Man is shown to the room of surgeons by having film critic Jay Sherman being displayed as an obese youth being exhibited. In the "L.A. Jay" episode of The Critic, the Elephant Man is seen driving a sports car with two women mocking Jay Sherman as "a freak".
See also[edit]
The Elephant Man (play)
The Elephant Man (1982 film)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Times, October 8, 1980, in large article on page 9 by John Higgins: "The Elephant Man, which opens tomorrow at the ABC, Shaftesbury Avenue, is also likely to establish the reputation of its director, David Lynch." Read in The Times Digital Archive on October 28, 2013
Jump up ^ "The Elephant Man (1980)", Box Office Mojo, IMDb.com, Inc, retrieved July 4, 2010
Jump up ^ von Tunzelmann, Alex (10 December 2009). "The Elephant Man: close to the memoirs but not the man". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d ""The Elephant Man" Trivia". IMDB.com. USA. 1 July 2000. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Huddleston, Tom (2010), "David Lynch: interview", Time Out, Time Out Group Limited, archived from the original on June 16, 2010, retrieved June 16, 2010
Jump up ^ Potter, Maximillian (August 1997). "Erased". Premiere.
Jump up ^ "Rotten Tomatoes: The Elephant Man". Uk.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Vincent Canby: The Elephant Man review
Jump up ^ "Roger Ebert: The Elephant Man review". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Durbach (2009), p. 35
Jump up ^ "The 30 best '80s movies". Time Out New York. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ "The 80 Best Movies of the 1980s". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Votes for The Elephant Man (1980) | BFI". www.bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ "David Lynch - The Elephant Man and Dune - An Auteur In Hollywood". www.britishfilm.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
Jump up ^ Harmetz, Aljean; Times, Special to the New York (1981-02-18). "'ELEPHANT MAN' AND 'BULL' UP FOR 8 OSCARS EACH". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
Jump up ^ "NY Times: The Elephant Man". NY Times. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Roger Clarke (March 2, 2007), "The Elephant Man", The Independent
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-30.
Jump up ^ "The Elephant Man on StudioCanal Collection". Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "StudioCanal Collection". Retrieved August 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ Nostalgiacentral.com
Jump up ^ Touch Sensitive liner notes. Arista Records. 1984.
Jump up ^ Today.com
Jump up ^ "Karl Pilkington - Wikiquote". en.wikiquote.org. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Ricky Gervais Explains The Mind Of Karl Pilkington @ TeamCoco.com". teamcoco.com. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
Further reading[edit]
Shai Biderman & Assaf Tabeka. "The Monster Within: Alienation and Social Conformity in The Elephant Man" in: The Philosophy of David Lynch 207 (University Press of Kentucky, 2011).
Durbach, Nadja (2009), "Monstrosity, Masculinity, and Medicine: Reexamining 'the Elephant Man'", The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-25768-5, OCLC 314839375
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Elephant Man (film)
The Elephant Man on IMDb
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