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Land Rover Defender
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Land Rover Defender
2015 Land Rover Defender 90 (Australia)
Overview
Manufacturer
Land Rover (1983–2012)
Jaguar Land Rover (2013–2016)
Also called
Land Rover 90, Ninety, 110, One Ten, 127 (1983–90) & 130
Production
1983–2016
Assembly
Solihull plant, Solihull, United Kingdom
Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
Body and chassis
Class
Off-road vehicle
Layout
Front engine, four-wheel drive
Chronology
Predecessor
Land Rover Series III
Successor
Defender (L663)
The Land Rover Defender (initially called the Land Rover Ninety and Land Rover One Ten) is a British four-wheel drive off-road vehicle developed in the 1980s from the original Land Rover Series which was launched at the Amsterdam Motor Show in April 1948. After a continuous run of 67 years [1] production finally ended on 29 January 2016 when the last Land Rover Defender, H166 HUE, rolled off the production line at 09:22hrs GMT.[2] A special edition Defender Works V8, with 400bhp, was announced in January 2018.[3] Jaguar Land Rover announced their intention to launch a completely new Defender.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name and badge distinctions
2 Land Rover 90 and 110
2.1 The 127 (and 130)
2.2 Engine development
2.3 Sales turnaround
3 Defender
3.1 BMW M52 engine
3.2 Td5 engine
3.3 2007 model
3.4 2012 updates
4 Export and foreign-built versions
4.1 Defender in the US
4.2 Land Rover 110 in Australia
4.3 Defender licensees and clones
5 Special editions
5.1 Land Rover 90SV
5.2 Limited Edition (LE)
5.3 Defender 50th
5.4 Heritage
5.5 Tomb Raider
5.6 G4 Edition
5.7 Defender Black
5.8 Defender Silver
5.9 X-Tech
5.10 Defender SVX
5.11 Bespoke Paul Smith Defender
5.12 2018 Defender Works V8 70th Anniversary Edition
5.13 Other special editions
6 Military Defenders
6.1 British and other armies
6.2 Australian Army
7 Police and government vehicles
8 Replacement
9 See also
10 Notes
11 External links
Name and badge distinctions[edit]
The coil sprung Land Rover was introduced in 1983 as "Land Rover One Ten", and in 1984 the "Land Rover Ninety" was added – the numbers representing the respective wheelbases in inches. (In fact the Ninety was nearer 93 inches at 92.9".) The number was spelled in full in advertising and in handbooks and manuals, and the vehicles also carried badges above the radiator grille which read "Land Rover 90" or "Land Rover 110", with the number rendered numerically. The Ninety and One Ten replaced the earlier Land Rover Series, and at the time of launch, the only other Land Rover model in production was the Range Rover.
In 1989, a third model was brought out by Land Rover to be produced in parallel with the other two: the Land Rover Discovery. To avoid possible confusion, the 1991 model year Ninety and the One Ten were renamed the "Defender 90" and "Defender 110". These carried front badges that said "Defender", with a badge on the rear of the vehicle saying "Defender 90" or "Defender 110". The most recent model, from 2007–2016, still featured the space above the radiator for the badge but was blank. Instead it had "Land Rover" spelled across the leading edge of the bonnet in raised individual letters, in keeping with the Discovery and Freelander. At the rear was a new style of '"Defender" badge with an underlining "swoosh". On these last models there are no badges defining the wheelbase model of the vehicle.
The 127-inch (3,226 mm) wheelbase Land Rover 127, available from 1985, was always marketed with the name rendered numerically. Following the adoption of the Defender name, it became the "Defender 130", although the wheelbase remained unchanged.
The North American Specification (NAS) Defender 110 sold for the 1993 model year carried a badge above the radiator grille which read "Defender," whereas the NAS Defender 90 sold for the 1994 to 1997 model years had "Land Rover" spelled across the top of the radiator grille in individual letter decals. NAS Defenders also carried a cast plaque on the rear tub in the original style of the Series Station wagons with "Defender 110" or "Defender 90" below the Land Rover lozenge and the vehicle's unique limited edition production run number.
Land Rover 90 and 110[edit]
Land Rover 90 Turbo Diesel
Ninety (90), One-Ten (110) and 127
Overview
Production
1983–1990
Body and chassis
Body style
3-door 4x4
5-door 4x4
2-door pickup
3-door van
Related
Land Rover Wolf
Santana PS-10
Powertrain
Engine
2.25 L 11H petrol I4 (1983–1985)
2.25 L 10J diesel I4 (1983)
2.5 L 11J/12J diesel I4 (1984–1993)
2.5 L 17H petrol I4 (1985–1993)
2.5 L Diesel Turbo turbodiesel I4 (1986–1990)
3.5 L Rover V8 petrol V8 (1983–1986)
3.5 L Rover V8 petrol V8 (1986–1993)
Transmission
4-speed LT95 manual
5-speed LT77 manual
5-speed LT85 manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
92.9 in (2,360 mm) (90)
110 in (2,794 mm) (110)
127 in (3,226 mm) (127)
Length
160.5 in (4,077 mm) (90)
181.1 in (4,600 mm) (110)
Width
70.5 in (1,791 mm)
Height
80.2 in (2,037 mm) (90)
84 in (2,134 mm) (110)
Production of the model now known as the Defender began in 1983 as the Land Rover 110, a name which reflected the 110-inch (2,800 mm) length of the wheelbase. The Land Rover 90, with 93-inch (2,362 mm) wheelbase, and Land Rover 127, with 127-inch (3,226 mm) wheelbase, soon followed.[4]
Superficially there is little to distinguish the post-1983 vehicles from the Series III Land Rover. A full-length bonnet, revised grille, plus the fitting of wheel arch extensions to cover wider-track axles are the most noticeable changes. Initially the conservative engineering department insisted that the Land Rover was also available with a part-time 4WD system familiar to derivatives produced since 1949. However the part-time system failed to sell and was quickly dropped from the options list by 1984. While the engine and other body panels carried over from the Series III, mechanically the 90 and 110 were modernized, including:
Coil springs, offering a more comfortable ride and improved axle articulation
A permanent four-wheel-drive system derived from the Range Rover, featuring a two-speed transfer gearbox with a lockable centre differential
A modernised interior
A taller one-piece windscreen
A new series of progressively more powerful and modern engines
The 110 was launched in 1983, and the 90 followed in 1984. From 1984, wind-up windows were fitted (Series models and very early 110s had sliding panels), and a 2.5-litre (153 cu in), 68 horsepower (51 kW) diesel engine was introduced. This was based on the earlier 2.3-litre (140 cu in) engine, but had a more modern fuel-injection system as well as increased capacity. A low compression version of the 3.5-litre (214 cu in) V8 Range Rover engine transformed performance. It was initially available in the 110 with a Range Rover LT95 four-speed transmission with integral transfer case and vacuum operated differential lock, then later in conjunction with a high strength "Santana" five-speed transmission.[5]
This period saw Land Rover market the utility Land Rover as a private recreational vehicle. While the basic pick-up, 4x4 and van versions were still working vehicles, the County 4x4s were sold as multi-purpose family vehicles, featuring improved interior trim and more comfortable seats. This change was reflected in Land Rover starting what had long been common practice in the car industry — detail changes and improvements to the County model from year to year in order to attract new buyers and to encourage existing owners to trade in for a new vehicle. These changes included different exterior styling graphics and colour options, and the introduction of new options, such as radio-cassette players, Rostyle wheels, headlamp wash and wipe systems, as well as accessories such as surfboard carriers and bike racks. The switch from leaf spring to coil spring suspension was a key part of the new model's success. It offered improved off-road ability, load capacity, handling, and ride comfort.
The 127 (and 130)[edit]
Fully equipped Land Rover Defender 130 Td4
127" chassis with double cab and bimobil camper module
From 1983, Land Rover introduced a third wheelbase to its utility line-up, a 127-inch (3,226 mm) wheelbase vehicle designed to accommodate larger, heavier loads than the 110. Called the "Land Rover 127", it was designed specifically with use by utility and electrical companies in mind, as well as military usage.[4] In its standard form, it is a four-door six-seater consisting of the front half of a 110 4x4, and the rear of a 110 high-capacity pick up (HCPU). Logic was that this allowed a workcrew and their equipment to be carried in one vehicle at the same time. The 127 could carry up to a 1.4 tonnes (1.4 long tons; 1.5 short tons) payload, compared to the 1.03 tonnes (1.01 long tons; 1.14 short tons) payload of the 110 and the 0.6 tonnes (0.59 long tons; 0.66 short tons) of the 90.
Land Rover 127s were built on a special production line, and all started life as 110 4x4 chassis (the model was initially marketed as the 110 crew cab, before the more logical 127 name was adopted). These were then cut in two and the 17 inches (432 mm) of extra chassis length welded on before the two original halves were reunited. These models did not receive their own dedicated badging like the other two models, instead they used the same metal grille badges as used on the Series III 109 V8 models, that simply said "Land-Rover". Although the standard body-style was popular, the 127 was a common basis for conversion to specialist uses, such as mobile workshops, ambulances, fire engines and flatbed transports. In South Africa, the Land Rover assembly plant offered a 127 4x4 with seating for 15. Land Rover also offered the 127 as a bare chassis, with just front bodywork and bulkhead, for easy conversion.
Defender 130CC / Project Rhino
Initially held back by the low power of the Land Rover engines (other than the thirsty petrol V8 engine), the 127 benefited from the improvements to the line-up, and by 1990 was only available with the two highest power engines, the 134 hp (100 kW) 3.5-litre V8 petrol, and the 85 hp (63 kW) 2.5-litre turbo diesel .
Engine development[edit]
The original 110 of 1983 was available with the same engine line-up as the Series III vehicles it replaced, namely 2.25-litre (137 cu in) petrol and diesel engines, and a 3.5-litre (210 cu in) V8 petrol unit, although a small number of 3.2-litre (200 cu in) V8s were produced. In 1981 the 2.25 l engines were upgraded from three- to five-crankshaft bearings in preparation for the planned increases in capacity and power.
The 2.5-litre version of the diesel engine, displacing 2,495 cubic centimetres (152.3 cu in) and producing 68 hp (51 kW), was introduced in both the 110 and the newly arrived 90. This was a long-stroke version of the venerable 2.25-litre unit, fitted with updated fuel injection equipment and a revised cylinder head for quieter, smoother and more efficient running. A timing belt also replaced the older engine's chain.
In 1985 the petrol units were upgraded. An enlarged four-cylinder engine was introduced. This 83 hp (62 kW) engine shared the same block and cooling system (as well as other ancillary components) as the diesel unit. Unlike the diesel engine, this new 2.5-litre petrol engine retained the chain-driven camshaft of its 2.25-litre predecessor. At the same time, the 114 hp (85 kW) V8 was also made available in the 90- the first time a production short-wheelbase Land Rover had been given V8 power. The V8 on both models was now mated to an all-new five-speed LT85 manual gearbox.
The year 1986 saw improvements in engines to match the more advanced offerings by Japanese competitors. The "Diesel Turbo" engine was introduced in September, a lightly turbocharged version of the existing 2.5-litre diesel, with several changes to suit the higher power output, including a re-designed crankshaft, teflon-coated pistons and nimonic steel exhaust valves to cope with the higher internal temperatures.[4][6] Similarly, an eight-bladed cooling fan was fitted, together with an oil cooler. The changes for the turbo diesel were kept as slight as possible, in the aim of making the car saleable in Land Rover's traditional export markets across the globe.[7]
The 2.5 diesel, 2.5 petrol and Diesel Turbo engines all shared the same block castings and other components such as valve-gear and cooling system parts, allowing them to be built on the same production line. The Diesel Turbo produced 85 hp (63 kW), a 13% increase over the naturally aspirated unit, and a 31.5% increase in torque to 150 lb⋅ft (203 N⋅m) at 1800 rpm. Externally, turbo-diesel vehicles differed from other models only by having an air intake grille in the left-hand wing to supply cool air to the turbo. The engine was adopted as the standard engine for UK and European markets. Early turbo-diesel engines gained a reputation for poor reliability, with major failures to the bottom-end and cracked pistons. A revised block and improved big end bearings were introduced in 1988, and a re-designed breather system in 1989. These largely solved the engine's problems, but it remained (like many early turbo-diesels) prone to failure if maintenance was neglected.
At the same time that the Diesel Turbo was introduced the V8 engine was upgraded. Power was increased to 134 hp (100 kW), and SU carburettors replaced the Zenith models used on earlier V8s.
Sales turnaround[edit]
The new vehicles with their more modern engines, transmissions, and interiors reversed the huge decline in sales that took place in the 1980s (a 21% fall in a single year, 1980–1981). This growth was mainly in the domestic UK market and Europe. African, Australian and Middle-Eastern sales failed to recover significantly – Land Rover had not been immune to the poor reputation caused by poor build quality and unreliability which had afflicted the rest of British Leyland, of which Land Rover was still part. In these markets Japanese vehicles such as the Toyota Landcruiser and Nissan Patrol gradually took over what had been a lucrative export market for Land Rover for decades. Meanwhile, the company itself adopted more modern practices, such as using marketing campaigns to attract new buyers who would not previously have been expected to buy a Land Rover. The operation was streamlined, with most of the satellite factories in the West Midlands that built parts for the Land Rover being closed and production brought into the Solihull factory, which was expanded.
To maximise sales in Europe, Land Rover set up the Special Vehicles Division, which handled conversions, adaptations and limited production volume versions. The bulk of the division's work was the construction of stretched-wheelbase mobile workshops and crew carriers for British and European utility companies, often including six-wheel-drive conversions, but more unusual projects were undertaken, such as the construction of an amphibious Land Rover 90 used by the company as part of its sponsorship of Cowes Week from 1987 to 1990. The Special Projects Division also handled specialised military contracts, such as the building of a fleet of 127-inch (3,226 mm) V8-powered Rapier missile launchers for the British Army. The Rapier system actually consisted of three Land Rovers: a 127 which carried the launching and aiming equipment, and two 110s which carried the crew and additional equipment.
Land Rover 110 pickup
Diesel Turbo engine in a 1990 Land Rover Ninety
The amphibious 90 built in 1989 for the Cowes Week sponsorship events. The base vehicle is a standard Diesel Turbo soft top.
Defender[edit]
Land Rover Defender
Overview
Production
1990–2016 [8]
Body and chassis
Body style
3-door 4x4
5-door 4x4
2-door single cab pickup
4-door double cab pickup
2-door hardtop
Related
Land Rover Wolf
Santana PS-10
Iveco Massif
MDT David
Powertrain
Engine
2.8 L BMW M52B28 petrol I6
3.9 L Rover V8 petrol V8
5.0 L Jaguar AJ-V8 petrol V8
2.2 L Ford Duratorq turbodiesel I4
2.4 L Ford Duratorq turbodiesel I4
2.5 L 200 Tdi turbodiesel I4
2.5 L 300 Tdi turbodiesel I4
2.5 L Td5 turbodiesel I5
Transmission
5-speed LT77 manual
5-speed R380 manual
4-speed ZF 4HP22 automatic
6-speed GFT MT-82 manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
92.9 in (2,360 mm) (90)
110 in (2,794 mm) (110)
127 in (3,226 mm) (130)
Length
144 in (3,658 mm) (90 pickup)
153 in (3,886 mm) (2000s 90)
172 in (4,369 mm) (110 Pickup)
182.3 in (4,630 mm) (2000s 110)
183 in (4,648 mm) (110 Hardtop)
174.7 in (4,437 mm)
157.1 in (3,990 mm) (1997-2000s 90)
160.5 in (4,077 mm) (1990–94 90)
181.1 in (4,600 mm) (1990s 110)
204 in (5,182 mm) (130)
Width
70.5 in (1,791 mm) (1990s)
70 in (1,778 mm) (2000s 90)
Height
80 in (2,032 mm) (2000s 90)
80.2 in (2,037 mm) (1990s 90)
80.0 in (2,032 mm) (110)
The biggest change to the Land Rover came in late 1990, when it became the Land Rover Defender, instead of the Land Rover 90 or 110. This was because in 1989 the company had introduced the Discovery model, requiring the original Land Rover to acquire a name.[4] The Discovery also had a new turbodiesel engine, the 200TDi. This was also loosely based on the existing 2.5-litre turbo unit, and was built on the same production line, but had a modern alloy cylinder head, improved turbocharging, intercooling and direct injection. It retained the block, crankshaft, main bearings, cambelt system, and other ancillaries as the Diesel Turbo. The breather system included an oil separator filter to remove oil from the air in the system, thus finally solving the Diesel Turbo's main weakness of re-breathing its own sump oil. The 200Tdi, produced 107 hp (80 kW) and 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m) of torque, which was nearly a 25% improvement on the engine it replaced (although as installed in the Defender the engine was de-tuned slightly from its original Discovery 111 hp (83 kW) specification due to changes associated with the turbo position and exhaust routing).[4]
This engine finally allowed the Defender to cruise comfortably at high speeds, as well as tow heavy loads speedily on hills while still being economical. In theory it only replaced the older Diesel Turbo engine in the range, with the other four-cylinder engines (and the V8 petrol engine) still being available. However, the Tdi's combination of performance and economy meant that it took the vast majority of sales. Exceptions were the British Army and some commercial operators, who continued to buy vehicles with the 2.5-litre naturally aspirated diesel engine (in the army's case, this was because the Tdi was unable to be fitted with a 24 volt generator). Small numbers of V8-engined Defenders were sold to users in countries with low fuel costs or who required as much power as possible (such as in Defenders used as fire engines and ambulances).
Along with the 200Tdi engine, the 127's name was changed to the "Land Rover Defender 130". The wheelbase remained the same; the new figure was simply a tidying up exercise. More importantly, 130s were no longer built from "cut-and-shut" 110s, but had dedicated chassis built from scratch. The chassis retained the same basic structure as the 90 and 110 models, but with a longer wheelbase.
1994 saw another development of the Tdi engine, the 300Tdi. Although the 200Tdi had been a big step forward, it had been essentially a reworking of the old turbocharged diesel to accept a direct injection system. In contrast the 300Tdi was virtually new, despite the same capacity, and both the Defender and the Discovery had engines in the same state of tune, 111 bhp (83 kW), 195 lbf⋅ft (264 N⋅m).[4]
Throughout the 1990s the vehicle attempted to climb more and more upmarket, while remaining true to its working roots. This trend was epitomised by limited-edition vehicles, such as the SV90 in 1992 with roll-over protection cage, alloy wheels and metallic paint and the 50th anniversary 90 in 1998, equipped with automatic transmission, air conditioning and Range Rover 4.0-litre V8 engine.
A new variant was the Defender 110 double cab, featuring a 4x4-style seating area, with an open pick up back. Although prototypes had been built in the Series days, it was not until the late 1990s that this vehicle finally reached production.
BMW M52 engine[edit]
Land Rover South Africa offered a unique Defender during the period the group was owned by BMW. Between 1997 and 2001, the Defender 90 and 110 were offered with a BMW petrol engine alongside the normal Tdi engine.[9] The engine was the BMW M52 2793 cc, straight-six, 24-valve engine as found in the BMW 328i, 528i, 728i, and the Z3.[10] Power and torque output for this engine was 143 kW (192 hp) @ 5300 rpm and 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) @ 3950 rpm.[11] This option was offered due to a demand for a petrol-driven alternative to the diesel engine after production of the V8 Defender had ended. The vehicles were built at Rosslyn outside Pretoria.[12] Total production for the 2.8i was 1395, which included 656 Defender 90s and 739 Defender 110s.[13] This is an estimate based on sales figures from the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA). Early models were not speed-restricted, but later models were limited to 160 km/h.[14]
The South African Defender BMW-engined 2.8i (1997–2001)
According to Land Rover South Africa, "After the ground breaking amalgamation of the Rover Group with BMW internationally, the Defender 2.8i became the priority project of the two companies in February 1996 with the approval of both Land Rover UK and BMW AG. It is the first joint development since Land Rover South Africa was formed in January 1995."[12] Some of BMW's top engineers including Frank Isenberg, head of BMW Driver Training and the F87 M2 project, were part of the development team.[15] The project was initially top secret and in 2 to 3 weeks' time they had converted a Defender 110 with a 3.5 litre V8 into the first 2.8i.[15]
To adapt the BMW M52 engine to the Defender chassis, the engineers were able to utilize some of the parts from the recently developed BMW M51 diesel powered Range Rover 2.5 DSE. They used the clutch housing, clutch, flywheel, and slave cylinder from that vehicle to connect the engine to the R380 gearbox, but they had to produce a new clutch housing adaptor (bell housing) for the petrol M52 engine in the Defender. The unique clutch housing adaptor was necessary because the petrol M52 engine is tilted 10 degrees compared to the diesel M51 engine and it needed to be longer to match the input shaft of the R380 gearbox borrowed from the 300Tdi Defender. Due to the large diameter gearbox input shaft, the standard BMW pilot bearing could not be fitted, so a unique pilot bushing made of Oilite bronze was developed. It had an inside diameter of 7/8 inch with an outside diameter of 32 mm. A mixture of non-metric and metric specifications are common on Land Rovers. Other unique parts that were developed for the 2.8i were the air intake ducts both before and after the Donaldson FPG RadialSeal™ air cleaner,[16] engine mounts, radiator cowl, cooling hoses, fuel lines, clutch lines, air conditioning system, engine wiring, tachometer gauge, exhaust system, and a specially tuned Siemens MS41.0 DME with a Lucas 10AS alarm in place of the Drive Away Protection system (EWS) used on BMWs.[17] There were also major changes for the 2000 model year, which included updated instrumentation, different chassis and engine wiring, an updated cooling system with aluminum radiator, and an updated fuel system with new fuel tank.[17] The 1.667:1 gear ratio LT230 transfer box gave the vehicle a “rev happy” nature which delighted many off-road enthusiasts and made the vehicle particularly well suited for traversing a wide range of grueling terrain such as sand dunes.[18] The high gear ratio also helped the 2.8i sprint from 0–100 km/h in 9.3 seconds, making it the fastest production Defender ever made.[19]
To make the vehicle ready for production, prototypes were subjected to extensive testing.[15] According to Land Rover South Africa, "The development of the Defender 2.8 i engine included high speed testing, off roading, wading, high impact durability, trailer towing, hot and cold climate testing, high altitude and sea level tests as well as intensive component testing, both in South Africa and in the United Kingdom. No less than six vehicles underwent more than 500 000 kms [sic] of on and off road testing.”[12] The new BMW M52 Defender performed better than the V8 Defender it replaced in nearly every test.[20]
At least three of the original six 2.8i prototype vehicles were an NAS 1995 Defender 90 soft top that had been built right hand drive and received the BMW M52 engine in place of the 3.9-litre V8.[20] One of those prototypes, the very first 90 2.8i which was painted Coniston Green and nicknamed "Green Mamba" by BMW engineers,[15] was sold to a private individual in South Africa, while the other two were sent back to the UK for additional tests.[20]
Land Rover South Africa also built 26 50th Anniversary edition 90s featuring the BMW M52 engine. The vehicles were painted Santorini Blue with special decal graphics on the sides. They also featured "colour-coded wheel arch mouldings, spot lamps, spare wheel carrier, free style alloy wheels, stainless steel A-frame Bullbar, two-tone solid paint, Willards welding and side runners" as well as "leather seats, radio and CD player, leather steering wheel and gear lever as well as a cooler box." Each were randomly numbered between 1 and 50, as 24 50th Anniversary edition 110s were also built, but with a diesel engine. The special 110 was called "Safari" and was painted in a limestone green colour. It featured everything included on the 50th Anniversary 90 with addition of "a roof rack and step ladder, as well as a wrap-around Bullbar in place of the A-frame" and "special cloth seats are used in favour of the leather ones. It is also fitted with a GPS (Pathfinder system)."[21][22]
Td5 engine[edit]
In 1998, the Defender was fitted with an all-new 2.5-litre, five-cylinder in-line turbodiesel engine, badged the Td5. The Tdi could not meet upcoming Euro III emissions regulations so the Td5 replaced the Tdi as the only available power unit. The engine used electronic control systems and produced 122 hp (91 kW) @ 4850 rpm, 11 hp (8 kW) more than the Tdi, with improved refinement. Traditionalists were critical of the electronic systems deployed throughout the vehicle, but concerns that these would fail when used in extreme conditions proved unfounded.[4]
For the 2002 model year, further refinements were made to the Td5 engine to help it achieve ever-more stringent emission regulations. The "XS" 4x4 was introduced in 2002 as a top-specification level and the "County" package could be applied to every model in the line-up. XS models come with many "luxury" features, such as heated windscreen, heated seats, air conditioning, ABS and traction control and part-leather seats. At the same time other detail improvements were made including a dash centre console, improved instrument illumination and the availability of front electric windows for the first time on a Defender. The design faults of the two-piece rear 4x4 door were finally eradicated with a one-piece door featuring a rubber weather sealing strip for the rear window.
2007 model[edit]
2009 Defender 110 pickup
From Spring 2007 a series of changes were made to the Defender, most of which were implemented to meet emissions and safety legislation. The biggest change was to the drivetrain. The Td5 engine was replaced by an engine from Ford's DuraTorq line (AKA the Puma engine), built in their factory in Dagenham, making the Td5 the last Land Rover engine to be built in-house at Solihull. The engine chosen was from the ZSD family, being a version of the 2.4-litre four-cylinder unit also used in the highly successful Ford Transit. The engine's lubrication and sealing system was adapted for use in wet, dusty conditions and to maintain lubrication at extreme angles in off-road use. The power level remains the same at 122 hp (91 kW), but with a lower power peak speed for towing and better acceleration. Torque output rose from 221 lb⋅ft (300 N⋅m) to 265 lb⋅ft (359 N⋅m) due to the fitting of a variable-geometry turbocharger. This produces a wider spread of torque than the Td5, from 1500 rpm to 2000 rpm. The engine is mated to a new six-speed gearbox. First gear is lower than the previous gearbox for better low-speed control, whilst the higher sixth gear is intended to reduce noise and fuel consumption at high speeds.
The other major changes were to the interior. The dashboard layout of the original 110 from 1983 (which was in turn very similar to that used on the Series III from 1971) was replaced with a full-width fascia and different instrumentation. Instruments came from the Discovery 3, and some of the centre panels come from the Ford Transit. Whilst some interior fittings from the British Leyland parts bin – some of which dated back to the 1970s – were finally dropped, the steering column switchgear (sourced from the Mk.1 Austin Metro) and the ignition switch (from the Morris Marina) was carried over from the previous interior. A new heater and ventilation system improved de-misting and heater performance.
Other interior changes were to the seating layout. Legislation from the European Union outlaws the inward-facing seats used in the rear of previous Land Rover 4x4s. The 2007 Defender replaced the four inward-facing seats with two forward-facing seats. This made the Defender 90 4x4 a four-seater vehicle (reduced from six or seven), and the Defender 110 4x4 a seven-seater (reduced from nine). This brought the Defender in line with its competitors which have generally used this layout for many years. A new bodystyle was introduced on the 110 4x4 chassis- the "utility". This was a five-door 4x4 body but with the rearmost seats removed and the rear side panels left without windows, producing a five-seater vehicle with a secure, weatherproof load space.
The only external design alterations were minor detail changes. The bonnet was reshaped with a pressed bulge to allow the new, taller engine to fit in the engine bay whilst meeting pedestrian safety rules. This also avoided the need to re-design the engine sump to clear the axle. The new dashboard and ventilation system necessitated the removal of the distinctive air vent flaps underneath the windscreen which had been a feature of previous Land Rover utility models since the 1950s. While the flaps were deleted, the bulkhead pressing remained the same, so the outlines of where the flaps would be are still present. Passenger and Rear Loading doors were re-engineered to reduce corrosion and galvanic reaction. All other panels retained the same shape and styling that is viewed by enthusiasts as "iconic".[23]
At the other extreme, basic models are available for commercial users, such as emergency services. The models are sold in over 140 countries. A range of special conversions are available that include hydraulic platforms, fire engines, mobile workshops, ambulances, and breakdown recovery trucks. The 130 remains available with the five-seater HCPU bodystyle as standard.
2012 updates[edit]
2016 Defender 110 Station wagon
In August 2011, Land Rover announced an update of the Defender for the 2012 model year. By this time, Land Rover publicly acknowledged that it was working on a project to produce an all-new replacement for the Defender. This would lead to the unveiling of the first DC100 concept vehicle in September that year. While emissions and safety regulations have threatened the Defender since the early 2000s, these had either been avoided or Land Rover had found ways to modify the vehicle to economically meet the new requirements. However, safety regulations due for introduction in 2015 requiring minimum pedestrian safety standards and the fitment of airbags to commercial vehicles cannot be met without a wholesale redesign of the Defender.
The main change for the 2012 models was the installation of a different engine from the Ford Duratorq engine range. Ford decided, due to cost reasons, not to modify the 2.4-litre engine introduced in 2007 to meet the upcoming Euro V emissions standards and so the engine was replaced with the ZSD-422 engine, essentially a 2.2-litre variant of the same engine. Although smaller than the existing unit the power and torque outputs remained unchanged and the same six-speed gearbox was used as well.[24] The engine included a diesel particulate filter for the first time on a Defender. The only other change was the reintroduction of the soft top body style to the general market. This had been a popular option for the Land Rover Series but by the introduction of the Defender had been relegated to special order and military buyers only. Land Rover stated that the option was being brought back due to customer feedback.[24] The last Defender, a soft-top "90" rolled off the Solihull production line at 9:22 on Friday 29 January 2016. The BBC reports that the Defender's replacement is due to be launched in 2018/2019.[25]
Export and foreign-built versions[edit]
Defender in the US[edit]
1993 NAS Defender 110
In 1993 Land Rover launched the Defender in the North American (i.e. the United States and Canada) market. Although the Range Rover had been sold there since 1987, this was the first time utility Land Rovers had been sold since 1974. To comply with the strict United States Department of Transportation regulations, ranging from crash safety to lighting, as well as the very different requirements of American buyers, the North American Specification (NAS) Defenders were extensively modified. The initial export batch was 525 Defender 110 County 4x4s: 500 to the United States and 25 to Canada. They were fitted with the 3.9-litre V8 petrol engine, LT-77 five-speed manual transmission and LT230 transfer case. All of the vehicles were "Alpine" white (except one specifically painted black for Ralph Lauren). They sported full external roll-cages and larger side-indicator and tail-lights. All were equipped with the factory-fitted air conditioning system.
NAS Defender 90 soft-top
For the 1994 and 1995 model year Land Rover only offered the Defender 90, fitted with a 3.9-litre V8 engine and the R-380 manual transmission which was clearly intended as an upmarket alternative to the Jeep Wrangler. Initially, the Defender 90 was only available as a soft-top with structural roll cage, but later version was offered with a unique, removable, fibre-glass roof panel or regular 4x4 hard-top designated as the station wagon model.
In 1997, the final year of US Defender 90 production, the engine was improved, designated 4.0 and mated to a four-speed automatic transmission. In 1998, regulations changed to require the fitting of airbags for both front seat passengers in all vehicles, as well as side door impact requirements. The Defender could not be fitted with these without major modifications, which given the small numbers of NAS vehicles sold in relation to Land Rover's global sales, were not economically viable. Land Rover retired its North American Specification utility vehicles at the end of 1997 to focus on its more profitable, popular and upmarket Discovery and Range Rover models, as well as the then newly launched Freelander. The next Defender may be sold in the US and Canadian markets in 2019.
Land Rover 110 in Australia[edit]
Continuing on from production of the Australian SIII Stage 1 Isuzu 4BD1 diesel variant, Jaguar Rover Australia (JRA) developed an Isuzu 4BD1 (See List of Isuzu engines ) diesel powered 110 for sale as an Australia Only consumer product.
Between 1981 and 1990, the Isuzu 4BD1 engine was the only diesel option available for Land Rover in Australia. All 110 cab chassis Defenders sold in Australia during this time had a wheelbase of 120 inches in order to accommodate an 8 ft x 6 ft tray. A small number of 6x6 cab chassis Defenders were also made by JRA during this time. While the Land Rover has been in use in the Australian military from 1959, as a consumer product from the 1970s, it fell out of favour as a 4x4 work vehicle while offerings from Toyota and Nissan increased in popularity. Mid-2009, Land Rover expanded the model range to include 110 and 130 cab-chassis, panel van and HCPU versions, and late in the year announced the re-introduction of the 90 4x4 model for sale from early 2010.
Defender licensees and clones[edit]
Defenders, derivatives and clones have been built by a number of manufacturers including Santana Motors in Spain (modified Land Rover clones made from 1958 until the licence expired in 1983; Land Rover derivatives were then developed from 1984–1995), Morattab in Iran (using parts and moulds bought from Santana), Otokar in Turkey (beginning in 1987 and continued until the original production ended), and Karmann in Brazil (from 1999–2006, using Land Rover CKD kits).[26]
Assembly also occurs in Pakistan, Malaysia and South Africa.
Special editions[edit]
Land Rover 90SV[edit]
In 1992 the first special edition Land Rover Defender was produced. Called the 90SV (SV stands for "special vehicles", as all the vehicles were produced by Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations department), they were painted turquoise and were fitted with a black canvas soft top with standard door tops. Alloy wheels were also fitted, together with rear disc brakes (a first for a Land Rover). Despite the vehicle's sporty looks, it used the standard 200Tdi turbodiesel engine. Only 90 were made for the UK market.
Limited Edition (LE)[edit]
In 1997, the last year that Defender 90’s were made available in the US, Land Rover created 300 Special Edition Station Wagons. Known as the Limited Edition (LE) these Land Rover Defender 90’s were painted with a unique one year color known as Willow Green with a contrasting white accented roof; they were also fitted with body protection in the form of 5 large diamond plated sheets and an external safety cage with a full roof rack. The 1997 Land Rover Defender 90 LE also came with the following options as standard equipment: Air conditioning, rear ladder, rear step, twin tube running boards with diamond plate trim, front A bar and a limited edition placard which was affixed to the rear of the car that denoted its build number out of 300.
Defender 50th[edit]
50th anniversary Defender
For Land Rover's 50th anniversary in 1998 two special editions were built. The first was the Defender 50th which was essentially a NAS (North American spec) Defender 90. It was powered by a 190 hp (140 kW) 4.0-litre V8 petrol engine and was the first Land Rover outside North America to be fitted with an automatic transmission. Air conditioning made them very comfortable vehicles. For the UK and Europe they were painted Atlantis blue, a dark green-blue flip-flop colour, and had a safety devices roll-over protection cage for the front seat occupants. In total 1071 50th anniversary Defenders were built; 385 for the UK home market, the rest for Japan, Europe and the Middle East.
Heritage[edit]
The second 1998 special edition was the "Heritage", intended to hark back to the early days of Land Rover in the 1940s. Available in 90 or 110 variants, the Heritage was only available in the two original colours offered by the company — the dark bronze green and the light pastel Atlantic green. A metal mesh-effect front grille, body-coloured alloy wheels and wing mirrors and silver-painted door and windscreen hinges were all employed to make the Heritage look similar to the original Series I of 1948. Inside, special instruments were used, with black-on-beige displays. The powertrain was the standard Td5 diesel engine and 5 speed manual transmission.
Tomb Raider[edit]
Tomb Raider 90 special edition
Possibly the best known special edition was the "Tomb Raider" of 2000, built to commemorate Land Rover's role in the first film of that franchise. The Tomb Raider was designed to look like an off-road expedition vehicle. Painted dark metallic grey with special badging and details, the Tomb Raider came equipped with a roof rack and roof rack support system (looking similar to a roll-cage), additional spot lights, winch, bull-bar and raised air-intake. They were available either as a 90 or a 110 double cab, with standard Td5 engines. The Defender actually used in the film (now on display at the Motor Heritage Centre, Gaydon) was a highly modified 110 HCPU with a specially fitted and tuned V8 petrol engine and a non-standard interior.
G4 Edition[edit]
Following the first Land Rover G4 Challenge in 2003, G4-Edition Defenders became available. As well as the distinctive Tangiers orange colour of the competition vehicles, yellow and black versions were also produced. Defender 90 and 110 4x4 versions were available, with front A-bar, roll-cage, side-steps and front spotlights as standard, as well as G4 badging.
Defender Black[edit]
Since then, Land Rover have produced less extravagant special editions. The Defender Black was a 90 or 110 County 4x4 with metallic black paint, leather seats, air con, roll cage and dark-tinted rear windows.
Defender Silver[edit]
One of the most exciting off-road vehicles ever produced, Defender Silver is equipped with stylish and purposeful extras, inside and out, and was available in three distinct versions – TD5, 90 and 110 Station Wagon and 110 Double Cab Pickup. Designed to be tough. Very tough. It was designed to cope with the roughest off-road terrain. That's why every Defender Silver was fitted with an A-frame protection bar which, while undoubtedly enhancing its rugged looks, offered additional protection to the front of the vehicle. Lamp guards were fitted front and rear, and a tow pack incorporating an electrics kit not only to power trailer lights, but also additional equipment. The underside was further shielded from harm by the sump guard and air-con and ABS/TC were available as options. The vehicles came of the production line and were then modified by SVO – Special Vehicle Operations. They are comparatively rare, especially the Double Cab Pick Up with its opinion splitting Fiberglass TruckMan Top.[27].
X-Tech[edit]
The 1999 X-Tech was aimed at the commercial market, being a metallic silver 90 hard top fitted with County-style seats, alloy wheels and Alpine window lights. The second model year edition in 2003 was better equipped with wing protector plates and air conditioning.
Defender SVX[edit]
Defender SVX
Defender SVX 110 with portal axles
2008 saw Land Rover's 60th anniversary, for which a new series of special edition Defenders were produced. Branded the "SVX", three models were built. All were painted black with "satin" effect body graphics on the vehicles sides and bonnet carrying the "60th" logo used throughout 2008 at various special events and on anniversary merchandise. Bespoke five-spoke alloy wheels were used and a new silver-coloured front grille design was used. This also incorporated a new design of headlamp with the sidelight lamp being integral with the main headlamp unit, allowing the space previously used for the separate sidelight to be used to fit a pair of high-intensity driving lamps. Inside the SVX models gained Recaro bucket seats in the front row, alloy gearlever knobs and a Garmin GPS navigation system. The drivetrain was the standard 2.4-litre diesel and six-speed manual permanent four-wheel-drive transmission. The SVX edition was available as a 110 (only available outside the UK), a 90 and a brand-new design of 90 soft top- the first time a soft top model had been available through showrooms in the UK since 1992. SVX soft tops had only the two front seats- the rear load bay being used to accommodate the spare wheel and a lockable storage box. A new design of hood was used, sloping down towards the rear over a jointed folding frame, unlike the standard square-framed hood used on other soft top Land Rovers.
Bespoke Paul Smith Defender[edit]
To mark the end of production, Land Rover asked British fashion designer Paul Smith to produce a one-off version of the Defender, which was launched in May 2015. The car's exterior featured 27 different colours on the exterior inspired by the Defender’s long life in service with the Army, Navy and Air Force as well as fire, coastguard and mountain rescue roles but also by the colours of the British countryside where Defenders have long since become part of the landscape.[28]
2018 Defender Works V8 70th Anniversary Edition[edit]
In January 2018 Land Rover unveiled the Defender Works V8 as part of the Defender's 70th Anniversary. The 150 examples feature a naturally-aspirated 5.0-litre Jaguar AJ-V8 engine producing 405 PS and 515 Nm, mated to an 8-speed ZF 8HP automatic gearbox. Land Rover additionally fitted new springs, dampers and anti-roll bars and uprated brakes along with 18" alloy wheels and all-terrain tyres.[29] The 70th Anniversary Defenders were "restomods" produced by Land Rover Classic division and not a new production model. They were late-model, pre-registered Defenders that were carefully selected based on age, mileage, and condition. They were built in both 90 and 110 wheelbases, with a starting price of £150,000.[30]
Other special editions[edit]
There have also been various special editions of the Defender created by the company's overseas operations for sale in their specific markets such as the "Sahara" edition and 55th anniversary Defender 90s sold in France – the former being a basic-spec model painted in a sand-like tan colour and supplied with special decals and the latter being a 4x4 fitted with numerous luxury options and special badges in the mould of the factory-built 50th editions. Sometimes individual Land Rover dealers have created limited editions of vehicles to suit their markets. A dealer in Scotland created the "Braemar" edition of 25 vehicles to appeal to local agricultural and forestry buyers, being a 90 hard top supplied ready fitted with a winch, off-road tyres, spotlamps and worklamps, underbody protection and chequer plate.
Military Defenders[edit]
British and other armies[edit]
Defender 110 patrol vehicles 'Wolf'
Remote-control "Panama" Defender with ground-penetrating radar to find IEDs for the British Army
Land Rover Defender vehicles have been used by many of the world's military forces, including the US in some limited capacity, following experience with the vehicle during the first Gulf War, where US forces found the British Army's vehicles to be more capable and better suited to operation in urban areas and for air-lifting than the Humvee. (See U.S. Army Ranger Special Operations Vehicle.) The British Army has used Land Rovers since the 1950s, as have many countries in the Commonwealth of Nations. The British Army replaced its Series III fleet with One Tens in 1985, with a smaller fleet of Nineties following in 1986. Both used the 2.5-litre naturally aspirated diesel engine. These older vehicles are reaching the end of their service lives, with many being sold onto the civilian market from the late 1990s.
In 1994 Land Rover created the Defender XD (XD= extra duty) to replace and complement these vehicles. Powered by 300Tdi engines, the XD has a much stronger chassis, with fibre webbing around the welded joints in the chassis and around stress points to massively increase load capacity. The XD was available both in Defender 90 and 110 forms and is known to the British Army as the Land Rover Wolf. Usually 110-inch (2,794 mm) soft or hard tops, they are used for patrol, communications and supply duties. 90XDs are less common, but are generally ordered as soft top or hard top vehicles for light liaison and communications. Short-wheelbase vehicles lack the load capacity needed by modern armies, and the increased power of heavy-lift helicopters has made the larger 110s easily air-transportable- a historic advantage of the smaller, lighter 90.
Land Rover offered its "core" military Defenders with the 300Tdi engine rather than the more powerful but more complicated Td5 engine offered in civilian vehicles. The 300 Tdi Defender went into service in the "Green Fleet" from 1998. Before the 300Tdi engine was introduced, military Land Rovers were offered with 2.5-litre petrol and diesel engines, as well as the 3.5-litre V8 petrol. Trials with the Td5 engine proved it to be reliable in battlefield conditions. However, initially it was decided that servicing and repairing its electronic control systems should they fail was too complicated and reliant on having diagnostic computers available. Land Rover were also unable to guarantee they could make the Td5 resistant to the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generated by a nuclear weapon.
However, following successful trials by the Australian Defence Force of the TD5 Landrover, the British MOD purchased a small fleet of TD5 Landrover Defender 110s for its "Green Fleet" between 2000 and 2002. These were specially converted for the MOD by Landrover Specialist Vehicles. They were plated with UK military registration plates and painted IRR green. Most of these vehicles were deployed in the Falklands as troop carriers and communications vehicles for use by the Royal Marines and UK Special Forces. A small number of TD5 Defender 110s were also ordered for the Royal Navy. These were painted navy blue and deployed to the Falklands. Of these Royal Navy vehicles a few were later re-painted IRR green and reassigned to Royal Marines and SBS use. The more powerful TD5 engine, which was capable of being re-mapped up to around 200 Bhp was ideally suited to the rugged terrain of the Falklands and for towing trailers. The majority of these Falkland vehicles were sold off to Military Motors Ltd by the MOD in 2013. The troop carriers had eight passenger seats in the rear and two rear side windows each side for extra visibility. Visually, these UK military troop carrier TD5 Defenders looked similar to the ones used by the Australian Defence Force except that the UK ones were plain IRR green.
The Albanian Land Force also possesses a large fleet of Land Rover Defenders, a quantity of them are gifted by the Turkish and Italian armies and the rest of the fleet are bought.
With 300Tdi production stopping in 2006, Land Rover set up production of a military version of the four-cylinder Ford Duratorq engine that is also used as a replacement for the Td5 in civilian vehicles.
The British Army's Land Rovers have been the subject of criticism following recent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The majority of British Service Land Rovers carry no armour-plating and the composite armoured SNATCH Land Rover (originally designed to withstand small arms fire and hand-launched projectiles as experienced in Northern Ireland) is not immune to the larger roadside bomb and rocket attacks. Some have called for British troops to be equipped with Humvees, or other such vehicles. However, similar criticisms have been levelled at the American vehicle. Other proposals include the South African made RG-31 or similar larger and more heavily armoured trucks or armoured vehicles that provide greater protection.
There have been many rumours about a replacement vehicle type. This is most likely the larger, higher-capacity 4x4 or 6x6 Pinzgauer forward-control vehicle similar to the now disused Land Rover 101 forward control, given that the current Land Rover design is also reaching its weight limits due to the increasing amounts of communications and weapons gear used by modern patrol forces. The OVIK Crossway CROSSWAY vehicle has also been mooted as a possible replacement with its 5.4 tonne capacity in 4x4 format and 7.5 tonne capacity in 6x6 format.
In 2012 the German company 4WARD4X4 started to develop monitoring shelters and transport flatbeds for the military Land Rover Defender 130 single cab.
Australian Army[edit]
Main article: Land Rover Perentie
1989 Ex-Australian Army Land Rover "Perentie" 110.
The Land Rover Perentie is the Land Rover 110 produced for the Australian Defence Force (ADF).
In the 1980s, using the Australia Only civilian 4BD1 powered 110 as a basis, Jaguar Rover Australia (JRA) developed a military version of the 4BD1 110 model for competitive trials against vehicles supplied by Chrysler JEEP, Mercedes and Toyota conducted by the Australian Army Testing Establishment. Land Rover was the successful candidate and the Australian Army ordered several thousand 110 Land Rovers in various configurations made to this specification, called the Land Rover Perentie, some of which were 6x6 drive. Six wheel drive Perenties were fitted with a turbocharged 3.9L Isuzu diesel engine (4BD1-T), while the 4x4 versions were powered by the naturally aspirated variant (4BD1). The Australian Army vehicles were assembled at the Jaguar Rover Australia (JRA) facility at Moorebank, NSW, from locally made components and other components from the UK and Japan.
Police and government vehicles[edit]
Sussex police Land Rover
The British police have used Land Rovers (including the Defender) in their service for many years, they are supplied with the entire range from Land Rover itself. Due to the ongoing terrorist threat and proliferation of public order disturbances, the Police Service of Northern Ireland has employed armoured and hardened versions of the Land Rover Defender for over 40 years in various guises. The current PSNI armoured public order vehicle is based upon a heavy duty Defender 110 chassis which starts life as a chassis cab and which is then stripped of the original body and fitted with upgraded suspension, brakes, and drive train. The bonnet, wings and roof are produced from armoured composite materials whilst the body is manufactured from a range of armoured steel and composite materials by OVIK Crossway [31] OVIK Special Vehicles Division and is known as the PANGOLIN.[32]
In 2004 a fleet of 12 long wheelbase 110 Td5 Land Rovers were produced for the federal German government, varying between 110 vans, 110 HCPUs and 110 4x4s. The German government did not renew the supply contract after 2006, instead turning to Mercedes for their logistics fleet.
Vehicles produced for the German government order were produced in metallic grey with white roofs. The electrical installation on these vehicles was a special order and kept "luxury" fittings and fixtures to a bare minimum. Four FFR equipped vehicles were produced to facilitate the VHF radios in service at that time with the German government and police authorities. Following the change-over to the Mercedes contract, the federal German government sold their Td5 fleet.
Replacement[edit]
Land Rover DC100
The need for total replacement has been brought about by 2015's new European regulations regarding crash safety for pedestrians (Euro NCAP) that render the Defender's design obsolete[33] The Defender also did not meet U.S. safety requirements after 1997 and since then Land Rover offered U.S. buyers the more luxurious LR2 (Freelander) and LR4 (Discovery) and Range Rover instead.
Land Rover unveiled the DC100 and its topless counterpart, the DC100 Sport, at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. The designs of the concept vehicles received some criticism in the press. The DC100 (Defender Concept 100") is a conventional three-door off-roader with a 2.0-litre turbo-charged diesel engine and the DC100 Sport is a two-passenger pick-up with a 2.0-litre petrol engine.[34] Unlike the current Defender with 93-inch, 110-inch and 130-inch wheelbases, the DC100 was presented in 100-inch wheelbase only.
The new Defender will bear little resemblance to the DC100.[35] The Land Rover Defender (L663) is reportedly due to enter production in 2019.[36] Land Rover is planning 60,000 to 80,000 units annually which would beat the 1970 record of between 55,000 and 60,000.[37]
See also[edit]
MDT David
Ranger Special Operations Vehicle
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Land Rover: the end of a legend
Jump up ^ Land Rover UK PR [@LandRoverUKPR] (29 January 2016). "And here it is at 09.22 on 29th January, the last of the current Defenders comes off the production line @ Solihull" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Land Rover reveals 400bhp Defender Works V8, 17 Jan 2018
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Dymock, Eric (2007). Land Rover File: All Models Since 1947. Dove. ISBN 0-9534142-8-0.
Jump up ^ Matthias, Pfannmuller; Schmidt, Boris (1998). Fifty Years of the Best 4x4xFar. autovision. ISBN 3-9805832-0-1.
Jump up ^ Barden, Paul, ed. (December 1986). "Utility Test: Land Rover Turbo Diesel". TRUCK. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 64.
Jump up ^ TRUCK, December 1986, p. 65
Jump up ^ "Limited Edition Defender revealed to mark anniversary" – Insider Media Limited, 19 Jan 2018, Retrieved 22 Jan 2018 https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/midlands/limited-edition-defender-revealed-to-mark-anniversary
Jump up ^ Droppa, Denis (6 March 1997). "Landy lifted by BM boost". The Star.
Jump up ^ Droppa, Denis (6 March 1997). "Landy lifted by BM boost". The Star.
Jump up ^ Land Rover South Africa. "2.8i Supplementary Hand Book" (Adobe Portable Document). SA 4x4 Community. p. 10. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Market". Land Rover South Africa. Archived from the original on 23 May 1998. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "More info on 2.8i Defender". SA 4x4 Community Forum. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Droppa, Denis (6 March 1997). "Landy lifted by BM boost". The Star.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Máté Petrány; Frank Isenberg (16 December 2016). "The BMW M2's Top Engineer Has this Amazing 'Red Mamba' Land Rover Defender". Road & Track. Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "FPG & FPG Alexin™". Donaldson Filtration Solutions. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "LAND ROVER / MG ROVER Catalogue". Allbrit. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Cruywagen, Patrick (27 September 2016). "SOUTH AFRICAN BMW 2.8 DEFENDER". Land Rover Monthly. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Land Rover Defender 90 County 2,8i" (magazine). CAR: 95–98. July 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b c "GreenLandy". GreenLandy. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Limited". Land Rover South Africa. Archived from the original on 6 December 1998. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ andyb (17 April 2008). "Diesel 50th". The Defender 50th Owners Club and Vehicle Register. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ http://funrover.com/featured/what-makes-a-defender-iconic/
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.landrover.com/gb/en/lr/about-land-rover/land-rover-news/new-diesel-engine-powers-the-cleanest-ever-defender-for-2012/%7CLand[permanent dead link] Rover press release, August 2011,
Jump up ^ Land Rover Defender Solihull production ends
Jump up ^ "Morattab and Otokar Landrovers". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
Jump up ^ (c)Land Rover 2005. Publication Number : LRML2198/05.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Michael. "Dressing for retirement: Land Rover Defender's Paul Smith suit". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Land Rover revives the V8 Defender". Pistonheads. Haymarket. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Land Rover revives the V8 Defender". Pistonheads. Haymarket. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.ovik-crossway.com
Jump up ^ http://www.pangolin-armour.com
Jump up ^ Regulation (EC) No 78/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 (on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users)
Jump up ^ "Land Rover DC100 Sport (2011) at Frankfurt motor show". Car Magazine. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Land Rover Defender not previewed by DC100".
Jump up ^ 2019 Land Rover Defender release date, specs news. Christian Today.
Jump up ^ "Land Rover to Debut New Defender Concept in Frankfurt". The Torque Report. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
"Goodbye Land Rover Defender End of a Legend
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Land Rover Defender.
Official US Defender website
Official MENA Defender website
Land Rover VIN codes on Wikibooks
Official Supplier German GOV. for Land Rover Defender accessories
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101 FC Ninety & One Ten Defender
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Triumph†
Vanden Plas
Wolseley
Austin
A40 Farina
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240 & 340
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850
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1275GT
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Mini
850
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1100 / 1300
1800 / 2200 (ADO17)
1800 / 2200 (ADO71)
Marina
Ital
1500
Nomad
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1700 / 1800 / 2000 / 2200
Riley
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4/72
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3.5 Litre / 3½ Litre (P5)
2000 / 2200 / 3500 (P6)
2000 / 2300 / 2400 / 3500 / V8-S / Vitesse (SD1)
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213 & 216
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Herald
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1300
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2.5 & 2500
Dolomite
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4-Litre Princess Limousine
Princess 4-litre "R"
Princess 1100/1275/1300
1500/1.5/1.7
Wolseley
16/60
6/110
Hornet
1100 / 1300
18/85 / Six
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Rachel Tucker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rachel Tucker
Tucker performing at Hampton Court Palace in 2009
Born
Rachel Kelly Tucker
(1981-05-29) 29 May 1981 (age 36)
Belfast, Northern Ireland
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
2005–present
Spouse(s)
Guy Retallack
Children
1
Website
www.racheltucker.co.uk
Rachel Kelly Tucker (born 29 May 1981) is a Northern Irish singer and actress who competed as one of the finalists in the BBC talent show-themed television series I'd Do Anything in 2008. She is perhaps best known for playing Elphaba in the hit musical Wicked in the West End, where she played the role longer than any other actress in the production's history, and on Broadway.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and career
2 I'd Do Anything
2.1 Performances on I'd Do Anything
3 After I'd Do Anything
3.1 We Will Rock You
3.2 Wicked
3.3 Farragut North
3.4 The Last Ship
3.5 Rachel Tucker-Back from Broadway
3.6 Communicating Doors
4 Recordings
4.1 The Reason
5 Personal life
6 References
7 External links
Early life and career[edit]
Tucker was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and grew up singing on the cabaret circuit from the age of 15 with her father, Tommy (Tucker) Kelly and sister Margaret Kelly under the group's name Tucker Kelly and the Kelstar.[citation needed] She was a member of the Arts Youth Theatre during the late 1990s featuring in shows such as Ecstasy and Our Day Out.[citation needed] She then went on to feature in Michael Poyners version of the Rockin Mikado as Katisha.[citation needed] She also featured as a contestant with sister Margaret on Michael Barrymore's My Kind of Music singing "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!".[citation needed] She also competed in the talent show Star for a Night making the final with her performance of "Kids".[citation needed]
Tucker trained at the Royal Academy of Music.[1] She worked with Any Dream Will Do winner Lee Mead in the 2005 United Kingdom tour of the Rock musical, Tommy as Sally Simpson.[2] In December 2007, Tucker appeared as Dorothy Gale in the Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation of The Wizard of Oz at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast. The Stage described her performance as "looking and sounding uncannily like the legendary Garland."[3] For her performance, she was nominated for an award in the 2008 TMA Awards.[4] Tucker recorded a version of the civil rights anthem "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around" which was used in a television advertisement for Libresse in 2005 entitled "March".[5]
I'd Do Anything[edit]
Tucker was chosen as one of the twelve finalists on the show in which began in March 2008, appearing each week in the live show on Saturday evenings and the results shows which aired each Sunday. She made it to the semi-finals in week nine where she was eliminated on 25 May. In week six, she was in the bottom two with Sarah Lark, with Tucker having received the lowest number of viewers votes. In the results show on 4 May 2008, they sang "As If We Never Said Goodbye", from the musical Sunset Boulevard. Andrew Lloyd Webber chose to save Tucker and eliminate Lark, saying: "I have to think as a producer and I do think Rachel was rock solid."[6]
Tucker was once again in the bottom two in week eight, the quarter-final stage of the series. She was in the sing-off for a second time, this time with Niamh Perry, with Perry having received the lowest number of viewers votes. They sang "Another Suitcase in Another Hall" from the musical Evita. Lloyd Webber chose to save Tucker and eliminate Perry.[7]
At the semi-final stage, week nine, Tucker was in the bottom two for a third time, together with Samantha Barks, who had received the lowest number of viewers votes. They sang "Memory" from the musical Cats. Cameron Mackintosh joined the judging panel for this episode. Lloyd Webber chose to save Barks and eliminate Tucker saying: "Last night Cameron and I were both saying that we thought both of you would be fantastic Nancys and now here am I faced with this. But I've got to make a decision and I've got to think of where the show ultimately for Cameron is going to go and I think I have to go with you Samantha.[8] A week after the show, Lloyd Webber said: "The fact is Cameron wanted Rachel to stay. He wanted Rachel and Samantha in the final from the beginning of the series. Rachel did a fantastic performance but I had to face up to the fact that she wouldn't have gone any further. What I may think professionally is sometimes different to what the public want. I saved Rachel three times and she still ended up in the bottom two."[9]
Performances on I'd Do Anything[edit]
Show
Song
Original Artist
Result
Bottom Two Performance
Week One
"About You Now" Sugababes Safe N/A
Week Two
"Beautiful" Christina Aguilera Safe N/A
Week Three
"Oh, What a Night" The Four Seasons Safe N/A
Week Four
"The Way We Were" Barbra Streisand Safe N/A
Week Five
"I'm with You" Avril Lavigne Safe N/A
Week Six
"For Once in My Life" Stevie Wonder Bottom Two "As If We Never Said Goodbye" (Sunset Boulevard)
Week Seven
"You've Got a Friend" Carole King Safe N/A
Week Eight
(quarter-final)
"I Will Always Love You" Dolly Parton Bottom Two "Another Suitcase in Another Hall" (Evita)
Week Nine
(semi-final)
"Cabaret" Cabaret Eliminated "Memory" (Cats)
After I'd Do Anything[edit]
In July 2008, Tucker took part in a private workshop performance of the first act of the sequel to The Phantom of The Opera (Love Never Dies) at Andrew Lloyd Webber's private Sydmonton Festival near his estate in Hampshire, in which she sang the role of Meg Giry.[10] On 2 August 2008, in Belfast, she performed at the Gay Pride Festival. She sang a medley which included excerpts from Cabaret, "All That Jazz", "Maybe This Time" and "Don't Rain on My Parade". On 13 September 2008, she performed alongside fellow I'd Do Anything finalist Niamh Perry at the Proms in the Park, held at Belfast City Hall as part of the nationwide celebration of the BBC Last Night of the Proms.[11][12] The following day, she performed at Andrew Lloyd Webber's Birthday in the Park' show in Hyde Park, London, singing "Light at the End of The Tunnel" from Starlight Express.[13][14] In November 2008, Tucker filmed a West End special of The Weakest Link in which she was voted off first. The show was aired on BBC1 during the 2008 Christmas schedule.[15] In late 2009, she was a judge on amateur comedy show Find Me the Funny and presented The Friday Show, a six-part entertainment series with Eamonn Holmes, both for BBC Northern Ireland.
We Will Rock You[edit]
From 22 September 2008, for one year, Tucker played Meat in the jukebox musical We Will Rock You, at the Dominion Theatre, London, under the direction of Christopher Renshaw. A review of the opening night performance of the show in The Stage newspaper said of Tucker's debut that she had "found the perfect stage for her large voice. Her rendition of "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)" is one of the highlights of a first act that works on many levels."[16] Tucker was also the first understudy to Sabrina Aloueche for the role of Scaramouche, and played the role on many occasions to cover Aloueche's holidays.
Wicked[edit]
Tucker starred as Elphaba in the West End production of the musical Wicked, at the Apollo Victoria Theatre, under the direction of Joe Mantello. She replaced Alexia Khadime on 29 March 2010, starring opposite Louise Dearman (also her debut) as Glinda.[17] Fans and critics alike have since praised Tucker's performance of the green witch. For the entirety of her run, Nikki Davis-Jones was Tucker's standby, covering her holidays and other absences. On 1 August 2011, it was revealed that she had extended her contract with the production into October 2012. In of June 2012, she succeeded Kerry Ellis as the longest-running West End Elphaba.
For her portrayal of Elphaba, Tucker won a 2011 WhatsOnStage.com Award in the category of Best Takeover in a Role.[18] She performed "The Wizard and I" at West End Live 2010 and 2012 Laurence Olivier, and "Defying Gravity" at Pride London. On 13 February 2011, she performed "Defying Gravity" as part of a theatre-themed episode of Dancing on Ice for ITV. Tucker also sang the same hit song at West End Live 2011 which was held at Trafalgar Square.
On 10 September 2011, Tucker was joined on stage by Stacey Solomon to sing "For Good" at the end of the show. This was in aid of BBC Children in Need's Pop Goes the Musical, where a whole host of celebrities graced the stages of the West End of London to raise awareness for the charity's 2011 appeal. On 19 March 2012, Tucker won the West End Frame Award for Best Performance of a Song in a Musical for her performance of "Defying Gravity".[19]
On 2 August 2012, it was announced that Tucker would be replaced by her former co-star Dearman, who is the first actress ever to have played both Elphaba and Glinda in the musical (after Gina Beck took over the role of Glinda in 2011).[20][21] Tucker was departing for maternity leave and exited the show at the scheduled cast change on 27 October 2012, as announced, after over 900 performances. After giving an emotional speech to thank her fans over the years, Tucker noted that she "couldn't be more pleased" that her best friend Louise was replacing her, and that "the role is in great hands... [She knows Louise] will be taking great care of it." Dearman took over the role on 29 October 2012.
On 18 August 2015, it was announced that Tucker will be reprising the role of Elphaba in the Broadway Production of Wicked succeeding Caroline Bowman on 15 September at the Gershwin Theatre.[22] Tucker played her final performance on 30 July 2016 and was replaced by Jennifer DiNoia.[23] For her performance in the Broadway production, Tucker was the recipient of the 2016 Best Female Replacement Award at the 2016 Broadway.com Audience Awards.[24]
On 20 May 2016, it was announced Tucker would be returning to the West End production of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre leading the show's 10th Anniversary Cast in London. She replaced Emma Hatton on 5 September 2016 and played a strictly limited run as Elphaba until 28 January 2017.[25]
Farragut North[edit]
Tucker starred in Farragut North playing the role of Ida, which premiered in London at the Southwark Playhouse on 11 September 2013. Produced by Peter Huntley, in association with Daniel Krupnik and Southwark Playhouse, Directed by Guy Unsworth and with original music by Jude Obermüller, the production also starred Max Irons in the role of Stephen, and features Shaun Williamson, Aysha Kala, Josh O’Connor, Alain Terzoli and Andrew Whipp.
The Last Ship[edit]
On 12 February 2014, it was announced via Tucker's Twitter account that she will be making her Broadway debut in Sting's new musical The Last Ship which began at the Neil Simon Theatre on 30 September 2014.[26] The musical follows the story of shipbuilders in the North East of England using music from Sting's album of the same name. It also starred Michael Esper and Jimmy Nail.[27] The production closed on 24 January 2015.
Rachel Tucker-Back from Broadway[edit]
On 19 April 2015, Tucker hosted two performances, one at 3pm and one at 7pm, at the St James theatre in London with the 7pm show being completely sold out. The special guests that appeared to sing songs with Tucker were George Macguire and Giles Terera, as well as a special performance with her own sister. Tucker sang 24 of her favourite songs, and also talked about her recent experience on Broadway.
Communicating Doors[edit]
It was announced in Spring 2015, that Tucker was in rehearsals for an off west show called Communicating Door at the Menier Chocolate Factory. The show begins on 7 May 2015 and closes on 27 June 2015.
UK Tour
In January 2017, it was announced that Tucker would be performing 3 intimate concerts at 'Live at Zédel' in London towards the end of March. The concerts were directed by Tucker's husband, Guy Retallack, with musical director Kris Rawlinson. The concerts sold-out quickly to which Tucker and Rawlinson subsequently announced another performance date on the same week. The concerts were very successful with fans and critics alike praising the performances of both Tucker and Rawlinson. At the start of March 2017, the pair announced that the collection of concerts would become an 11-date UK tour, visiting cities and towns such as Belfast, Cardiff, Bury St. Edmunds and Birmingham. The tour commenced in Belfast on the 13th May and finished in Birmingham on the 10th June. It was also announced that the pair would be visiting New York in September to perform the same concert.
During the tour, Tucker and Rawlinson announced via Facebook that the pair would be producing an album, 'On the Road', which would be a compilation of some of the songs that the pair performed on tour. The album was only available as a physical copy and could be bought online or at the remaining tour dates. The first 250 albums ordered online were signed and numbered by Tucker herself and were sent out a few weeks later.
Recordings[edit]
"Rain On Me" on the album More with Every Line - The Music of Tim Prottey-Jones (December 2010)
On 25 March 2013, it was announced that Tucker had been signed to Big Hand Recordings in a joint venture with Elate Studio and would release her debut solo album on 22 July 2013.[28]
The Reason[edit]
On 11 August 2013, The Reason was released digitally and physical copies began to ship. [29]
No.
Title
Originally by
Length
1. "The Reason" Celine Dion
2. "Small Bump" Ed Sheeran
3. "Stone Cold Sober" Paloma Faith
4. "No One But You" Queen
5. "My Immortal" Evanescence
6. "One Night Only" Tom Eyen
7. "I'll Cover You" Cast of RENT
8. "Defying Gravity" Stephen Schwartz
9. "Gone Too Soon" Michael Jackson
10. "Al Jolson and Judy Garland Medley with Rachel's Dad" Al Jolson and Judy Garland
On 17 July 2013, it was announced that there will be a delay with the album release, with the new release date expected to be 12 August.[30] The album launch concert went ahead on 25 July, effectively meaning those that had pre-ordered the album were not the first to hear the songs as planned.
Personal life[edit]
On Valentine's Day 2008, Tucker was engaged to theatre director Guy Retallack. The couple married in a ceremony at St. Anne's Cathedral in Tucker's hometown of Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 2009. Tucker gave birth to their first child Benjamin Anthony Retallack on 3 February 2013. Tucker's mother, Kathleen, died on 1 May 2013.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I'd Do Anything - Introducing Rachel Tucker". My Park Magazine. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Lathan, Peter (2005). "Reviews - Tommy". British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Coyle, Jane (2007-12-03). "Reviews: The Wizard of Oz". The Stage. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
Jump up ^ Smith, Alistair (2008-10-01). "TV talent finalists Blackman and Tucker up for TMA Awards". The Stage. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Libresse: "March"". Marshall Street Editors. 2005. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Reviewing the Situation: Week Six Result: Sarah was the sixth Nancy out". BBC. 2008-05-04. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ "I'd Do Anything". 1. Episode 18. 2008-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Reviewing the Situation: Week Nine Result Rachel was the ninth Nancy to leave". BBC. 2008-05-25. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Jump up ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (2008-05-31). "Nancy judges fell out over Rachel's exit". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
Jump up ^ "First Act of 'Phantom Sequel' to have private reading". broadwayworld.com. 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Singers tune up for Proms". The News Letter. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
Jump up ^ "BBC Proms in the Park". Ulster Orchestra. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Singers tune up for Proms". The News Letter. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
Jump up ^ Shenton, Mark (14 September 2008). "Paige, Menzel, Barrowman and More Celebrate Lloyd Webber's Birthday in the Park". Playbill. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
Jump up ^ West End Musical Stars Line Up for Weakest Link Archived 16 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Matthewman, Scott (2008-09-23). "Review - We Will Rock You". The Stage. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
Jump up ^ Smith, Alistair (2010-01-15). "Rachel Tucker to join Wicked as new Elphaba". The Stage. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Legally Blonde scoops four What's On Stage awards". BBC News. 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.westendframe.com/2012/12/WestEndFrameAwards-2012WinnersList.html
Jump up ^ Rachel Tucker Extends as 'Elphaba' in West End's WICKED into 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831343983271/Louise%20Dearman%20makes%20history%20in%20Wicked,%20swaps%20Glinda%20for%20Elphaba.html
Jump up ^ Breaking News: West End Elphaba Rachel Tucker and Jonah Platt Will Join Broadway's WICKED This Fall! Broadway World, Retrieved 18 August 2015
Jump up ^ Jennifer DiNoia Will Fly Back Into Broadway's WICKED This Summer! Broadway World, Retrieved 19 May 2016
Jump up ^ http://www.broadway.com/buzz/184746/hamilton-dominates-2016-broadwaycom-audience-choice-awards-spring-awakening-lupita-nyongo-also-win-big/
Jump up ^ Rachel Tucker Returns To West End WICKED! New Cast Announced! Broadway World, Retrieved 20 May 2016
Jump up ^ "Stars of Stings new musical". Broadway World. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
Jump up ^ BBC News, BBC News. "Sting Musical Finds Home on Broadway". BBC. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.westendframe.com/2013/03/rachel-tucker-to-release-debut-solo.html
Jump up ^ Rachel Tucker [@racheltucker1] (11 August 2013). "IT'S HERE! Can't believe it! U can actually buy my album on the tunes that are i! NOW! Very surreal moment for me but so excited bout it! :D" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ http://racheltucker.bigcartel.com/product/rachel-tucker-the-reason-signed-copies-pre-order
External links[edit]
Rachel Tucker on IMDb
Rachel Tucker on Twitter
Rachel Tucker Fan Blog
Rachel Tucker's cast page at Wicked the Musical
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Tucker&oldid=835225670"
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