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Carpenter ant
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Carpenter ant
Temporal range: Eocene – Recent 52.2–0 Ma
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Camponotus sp. (worker)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Euarthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Camponotus
Mayr, 1861
Type species
Formica ligniperda
Latreille, 1802
Diversity
> 1,000 species
Synonyms[1]
Condylomyrma Santschi, 1928
Dolophra Wu, J. & Wang, 1994
Myrmocamelus Forel, 1914
Myrmolophus Emery, 1920
Myrmosaga Forel, 1912
Myrmoturba Forel, 1912
Neocolobopsis Borgmeier, 1928
Neomyrmamblys Wheeler, W.M., 1921
Orthonotus Ashmead, 1905
Paleosminthurus Pierce & Gibron, 1962
Paracolobopsis Emery, 1920
Shanwangella Zhang, J., 1989
Carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) are large (0.3 to 1.0 in or 0.76 to 2.54 cm) ants indigenous to many forested parts of the world.[2]
They build nests inside wood consisting of galleries chewed out with their mandibles, preferably in dead, damp wood. They do not consume the wood, however, unlike termites.[3] Sometimes, carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees. They also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures, and are a widespread nuisance and major cause of structural damage. However, their ability to excavate wood helps in forest decomposition. One of the most familiar species associated with human habitation in the United States is the black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus). The genus includes over 1,000 species.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Habitat
1.1 Food
1.2 Symbionts
2 Behavior and ecology
2.1 Nesting
2.1.1 Nuptial flight
2.2 Relatedness
2.3 Kin recognition
2.4 Kin altruism
2.5 Pheromones
2.6 Social immunity
2.7 Oligogyny
3 Exploding ants
4 Selected species
5 Relationship with humans
5.1 As pests
5.2 As food
6 References
6.1 Cited texts
7 Further reading
8 External links
Habitat[edit]
Carpenter ant cleaning antennae
Carpenter ant species reside both outdoors and indoors in moist, decaying, or hollow wood, most commonly in forest environments. They cut "galleries" into the wood grain to provide passageways for movement from section to section of the nest. Certain parts of a house, such as around and under windows, roof eaves, decks and porches, are more likely to be infested by carpenter ants because these areas are most vulnerable to moisture.[citation needed]
Carpenter ants carrying a dead bee
Carpenter ants have been known to construct extensive underground tunneling systems. These systems often lead to an end at some food source – often aphid colonies, where the ants extract and feed on honeydew. These tunneling systems also often exist in trees. The colonies typically include a central "parent" colony surrounded and supplemented by smaller satellite colonies.[5]
Food[edit]
A major worker of Camponotus sp.
Carpenter ants are considered both predators and scavengers. These ants are foragers that typically eat parts of other dead insects or substances derived from other insects. Common foods for them include insect parts, "honeydew" produced by aphids, or extrafloral nectar from plants. They are also known for eating other sugary liquids such as honey, syrup, or juices. Carpenter ants can increase the survivability of aphids when they tend them. They tend many aphid species but can also express preference for specific ones.[citation needed]
Most species of carpenter ants forage at night. When foraging, they usually collect and consume dead insects. Some species less commonly collect live insects. When they discover a dead insect, workers surround it and extract its bodily fluids to be carried back to the nest. The remaining chitin-based shell is left behind. Occasionally, the ants bring the chitinous head of the insect back to the nest, where they also extract its inner tissue.[6] The ants can forage individually or in small or large groups, though they often opt to do so individually. Different colonies in close proximity may have overlapping foraging regions, though they typically do not assist each other in foraging. Their main food sources normally include proteins and carbohydrates.[7] Instances of carpenter ants bleeding Chinese elm trees for the sap have been observed in the northern Arizona region. These instances may be rare as the colonies vastly exceeded the standard size of carpenter ant colonies else where. [8] When workers find food sources, they communicate this information to the rest of the nest. They use biochemical pheromones to mark the shortest path that can be taken from the nest to the source. When a sizable number of workers follows this trail, the strength of the cue increases and a foraging trail is established. This ends when the food source is depleted. The workers will then feed the queen and the larvae by consuming the food they have found, and regurgitating the food at the nest. Foraging trails can either be under or above ground.[9]
Although carpenter ants do not tend to be extremely aggressive, they have developed mechanisms to maximize their provision from a food source when that same food source is visited by a competing organism. This is accomplished in different ways. Sometimes they colonize an area near a relatively static food supply. More often, they develop a systemic way to visit the food source with alternating trips by different individual ants or groups. This allows them to decrease the gains of intruders because the intruders tend to visit in a scattered, random, and unorganized manner. The ants, however, visit the sources systematically such that they lower the mean standing crop. They tend to visit more resource-dense food areas in an attempt to minimize resource availability for others. That is, the more systematic the foraging behavior of the ants, the more random that of its competitors.[10]
Contrary to popular belief, carpenter ants do not actually eat wood because they are unable to digest cellulose. They only create tunnels and nests within it.[11]
Symbionts[edit]
All ants in this genus, and some related genera, possess an obligate bacterial endosymbiont called Blochmannia.[12] This bacterium has a small genome, and retains genes to biosynthesize essential amino acids and other nutrients. This suggests the bacterium plays a role in ant nutrition. Many Camponotus species are also infected with Wolbachia, another endosymbiont that is widespread across insect groups.[citation needed]
Behavior and ecology[edit]
Nesting[edit]
Play media
Carpenter ant colony in an old fir stump
Carpenter ants work to build the nests that house eggs in environments with usually high humidity due to their sensitivity to environmental humidity. These nests are called primary nests. Satellite nests are constructed once the primary nest is established and has begun to mature. Residents of satellite nests include older larvae, pupae, and some winged individuals. Only eggs, the newly hatched larvae, workers, and the queen reside in the primary nests. As satellite nests do not have environmentally sensitive eggs, the ants can construct them in rather diverse locations that can actually be relatively dry.[13] Some species, like Camponotus vagus, builds the nest in a dry place, usually in wood.
Nuptial flight[edit]
When conditions are warm and humid, winged males and females participate in a nuptial flight. They emerge from their satellite nests and females mate with a number of males while in flight. The males die after mating. These newly fertilized queens discard their wings and search for new areas to establish primary nests. The queens build new nests and deposit around 20 eggs, nurturing them as they grow until worker ants emerge. The worker ants eventually assist her in caring for the brood as she lays more eggs. After a few years, reproductive winged ants are born, allowing for the making of new colonies. Again, satellite nests will be established and the process will repeat itself. [13]
Relatedness[edit]
Relatedness is the probability that a gene in one individual is an identical copy, by descent, of a gene in another individual. It is essentially a measure of how closely related two individuals are with respect to a gene. It is quantified by the coefficient of relatedness, which is a number between zero and one. The larger the value, the more two individuals are "related". Carpenter ants are social hymenopteran insects. This means the relatedness between offspring and parents is disproportionate. Females are more closely related to their sisters than they are to their offspring. Between full sisters, the coefficient of relatedness is r > 0.75 (due to their haplodiploid genetic system).[14] Between parent and offspring, the coefficient of relatedness is r = 0.5, because, given the event in meiosis, a certain gene has a 50% chance of being passed on to the offspring. The level of relatedness is an important dictator of individual interactions.[citation needed]
Kin recognition[edit]
According to Hamilton's rule for relatedness, for relative-specific interactions to occur, such as kin altruism, a high level of relatedness is necessary between two individuals. Carpenter ants, like many social insect species, have mechanisms by which individuals determine whether others are nestmates or not. They are useful because they explain the presence or absence of altruistic behavior between individuals. They also act as evolutionary strategies to help prevent incest and promote kin selection.[15] Social carpenter ants recognize their kin in many ways. These methods of recognition are largely chemical in nature, and include environmental odors, pheromones, "transferable labels", and labels from the queen that are distributed to and among nest members.[16] Because they have a chemical basis for emission and recognition, odors are useful because many ants can detect such changes in their environment through their antennae.[17] This allows acceptance of nestmates and rejection of non-nestmates.[citation needed]
The actual process of recognition for carpenter ants requires two events. First, a cue must be present on a "donor animal". These cues are called "labels". Next, the receiving animal must be able to recognize and process the cue. In order for an individual carpenter ant to be recognized as a nestmate, it must, as an adult, go through specific interactions with older members of the nest.[16] This process is also necessary in order for the ant to recognize and distinguish other individuals. If these interactions do not occur in the beginning of adult life, the ant will be unable to be distinguished as a nestmate and unable to distinguish nestmates.[18]
Kin altruism[edit]
Recognition allows for the presence of kin-specific interactions, like kin altruism. Altruistic individuals increase other individuals' fitness at the expense of their own fitness. Carpenter ants perform altruistic actions toward their nestmates so that their shared genes are propagated more readily or more often. In many social insect species like these ants, many worker animals are sterile and do not have the ability to reproduce. As a result, they forgo reproduction to donate energy and help the fertile individuals reproduce.[citation needed]
Pheromones[edit]
As in most other social insect species, individual interaction is heavily influenced by the queen. The queen can influence individuals with odors called pheromones, which can have different effects. Some pheromones have been known to calm workers, while others have been known to excite them. Pheromonal cues from ovipositing queens have a stronger effect on worker ants than those of virgin queens.[19]
Social immunity[edit]
In many social insect species, social behavior can increase the disease resistance of animals. This phenomenon, called social immunity, exists in carpenter ants. It is mediated through the feeding of other individuals by regurgitation. The regurgitate can have antimicrobial activity, which would be spread amongst members of the colony. Some proteases with antimicrobial activity have been found to exist in regurgitated material. Communal sharing of immune response capability is likely to play a large role in colonial maintenance during highly pathogenic periods.[20]
Oligogyny[edit]
Polygyny is often associated with many social insect species, and is usually characterized by limited mating flights, small queen size, and other characteristics. However, carpenter ants have "extensive" mating flights and relatively large queens, distinguishing them from polygynous species. Carpenter ants are described as oligogynous because they have a number of fertile queens which are intolerant of each other and must therefore spread to different areas of the nest. Some aggressive interactions have been known to take place between queens, but not necessarily through workers. Queens become aggressive mainly to other queens if they trespass on a marked territory. Queens in a given colony can work together in brood care[5] and the workers tend to experience higher rates of survival in colonies with multiple queens. Some researchers still subscribe to the notion that carpenter ant colonies are only monogynous.[21]
Exploding ants[edit]
In at least nine Southeast Asian species of the Cylindricus complex, including Camponotus saundersi, workers feature greatly enlarged mandibular glands that run the entire length of the ant's body. They can release their contents suicidally by performing autothysis, thereby rupturing the ant's body and spraying toxic substance from the head, which gives these species the common name "exploding ants."[22][23][24] The enlarged mandibular gland, which is many times the size of that of a normal ant, produces a glue. The glue bursts out and entangles and immobilizes all nearby victims.[25][26]
The termite species Globitermes sulphureus has a similar defensive system.[27]
Selected species[edit]
C. pennsylvanicus, winged male
C. crispulus queen
Wood damage by C. herculeanus
This structural board was destroyed by carpenter ants. They left the dense "late wood" of each growth ring intact, to use as galleries.
This structural board was destroyed by carpenter ants. They left the dense "late wood" of each growth ring intact, to use as galleries.
See List of Camponotus species for a complete listing of species and subspecies.
Camponotus aeneopilosus Mayr, 1862 – golden tail sugar ant
Camponotus amaurus (Espadaler, 1997)
Camponotus americanus
Camponotus anderseni
Camponotus atriceps – Florida carpenter ant (cf. C. floridanus)
Camponotus bishamon
Camponotus chromaiodes – red carpenter ant
Camponotus cinctellus – shiny sugar ant
Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787)
Camponotus consobrinus – banded sugar ant
Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus cruentatus (Latreille, 1802)
Camponotus daitoensis
Camponotus detritus Emery, 1886 – Namib Desert dune ant
Camponotus empedocles – glossy sugar ant
Camponotus ferrugineus – red carpenter ant
Camponotus festinatus (Buckley, 1866)
Camponotus flavomarginatus Mayr, 1862
Camponotus floridanus, Florida carpenter ant, genome 90% sequenced[28]
Camponotus gigas (Latreille, 1802) – giant forest ant
Camponotus haroi (Espadaler, 1997)
Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Hercules ant
Camponotus japonicus Mayr, 1866 – Japanese carpenter ant
Camponotus kaura
Camponotus ligniperda, a common species in Europe
Camponotus modoc Wheeler, W. M., 1910 – western carpenter ant
Camponotus monju
Camponotus nearcticus (Emery) – smaller carpenter ant
Camponotus nigriceps (Smith, 1858) – black-headed sugar ant
Camponotus novaeboracensis
Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer) – black carpenter ant
Camponotus reburrus Mackay, in Mackay & Barriga, 2012
Camponotus punctulatus (Mayr) – Tacuru ant
Camponotus saundersi
Camponotus schmitzi Stärke, 1933 – diving ant
Camponotus sericeus
Camponotus silvestrii Emery, 1906
Camponotus taino
Camponotus tortuganus (Emery) – Tortugas carpenter ant
Camponotus triodiae
Camponotus universitatis Forel, 1890
Camponotus vagus Scopoli, 1763
Camponotus variegatus (Smith, F., 1858) – Hawaiian carpenter ant
Relationship with humans[edit]
As pests[edit]
Carpenter ants can damage wood used in the construction of buildings. They can leave behind a sawdust-like material called frass that provides clues to their nesting location. Carpenter ant galleries are smooth and very different from termite-damaged areas, which have mud packed into the hollowed-out areas. Carpenter ants can be identified by the general presence of one upward protruding node, looking like a spike, at the "waist" attachment between the thorax and abdomen (petiole). Control involves application of insecticides in various forms including dusts and liquids. The dusts are injected directly into galleries and voids where the carpenter ants are living. The liquids are applied in areas where foraging ants are likely to pick the material up and spread the poison to the colony upon returning.[citation needed]
As food[edit]
Honeypot ants in Northern Territory, Australia
Carpenter ants and their larvae are eaten in various parts of the world. In Australia, the Honeypot ant (Camponotus inflatus) is regularly eaten raw by Indigenous Australians.[29] It is a particular favourite source of sugar if Australian Aboriginals are living in arid regions, partially digging up their nests instead of digging them up entirely, in order to preserve this food source.[30][31] In North America, lumbermen during the early years in Maine would eat carpenter ants to prevent scurvy,[32] and in John Muir's publication, First Summer in the Sierra, Muir notes that the Digger Indians of California ate the tickling, acid gasters of the large jet-black carpenter ants.[33] In Africa, carpenter ants are among the vast amount of species that are consumed by the San people.[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Johnson, Norman F. (December 19, 2007). "Camponotus Mayr". Hymenoptera Name Server version 1.5. Columbus, Ohio, USA: Ohio State University. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cranshaw, Whitney; Richard Redak (2013). Bugs Rule!: An Introduction to the World of Insects. Princeton Univ. Press. p. 329. ISBN 1-4008-4892-X.
Jump up ^ "Carpenter ants: Insects: University of Minnesota Extension". Extension.umn.edu. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
Jump up ^ Feldhaar, H.; et al. (2007). "Nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont Blochmannia". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 48. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-48. PMC 2206011  . PMID 17971224. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Colony Size and Polygyny in Carpenter Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Roger D. Akre, Laurel D. Hansen and Elizabeth A. Myhre Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , Vol. 67, No. 1 (January 1994), pp. 1–9
Jump up ^ Pricer, John. The Life History of the Carpenter Ant. Biological Bulletin , Vol. 14, No. 3 (Feb., 1908), pp. 177-218
Jump up ^ Yamamoto, Marcela, and Kleber Del-Claro. "Natural History and Foraging Behavior of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus Sericeiventris Guérin, 1838 (Formicinae, Campotonini) in the Brazilian Tropical Savanna." Acta Ethologica 11.2 (2008): 55-65. Print.
Jump up ^ B.Colyott, firsthand observation over a several year period.
Jump up ^ Dreisig, H. "Defense by Exploitation in the Florida Carpenter Ant, Camponotus Floridanus , at an Extrafloral Nectar Resource." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47.4 (2000): 274-79. Print.
Jump up ^ "Carpenter Ants: 3 Consistent Patterns That Make Their Competition's Foraging More Unpredictable". 1999. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
Jump up ^ Hahn, Jeff. "Carpenter Ants": Insects: University of Minnesota Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Feldhaar, Heike; Straka, Josef; Krischke, Markus; Berthold, Kristina; Stoll, Sascha; Mueller, Martin J; Gross, Roy (2007). "Nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont Blochmannia". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 48. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-48. PMC 2206011  . PMID 17971224.
^ Jump up to: a b Pararas — Carayannis, Carolyn. "Carpenter Ants". Colony Behaviors of Carpenter Ants. Web. October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Journey to Horseshoe Bend by T. G. H. Strehlow". JSTOR 671994.
Jump up ^ Kin Recognition Using Innate Labels: A Central Role for Piggybacking?. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1053-2_11.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlin, Norman F.; Schwartz, Peter H. (July 1989). "Pre-imaginal experience and nestmate brood recognition in the carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus". Animal Behaviour. 38 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80068-5.
Jump up ^ CARLIN, N. F.; HOLLDOBLER, B. (2 December 1983). "Nestmate and Kin Recognition in Interspecific Mixed Colonies of Ants". Science. 222 (4627): 1027–1029. Bibcode:1983Sci...222.1027C. doi:10.1126/science.222.4627.1027. PMID 17776248.
Jump up ^ Morel, Laurence; Vander Meer, Robert K.; Lavine, Barry K. (1988). "Ontogeny of nestmate recognition cues in the red carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 22 (3): 175. doi:10.1007/BF00300567.
Jump up ^ H.G. Fowler and R. B. Roberts Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Vol. 55, No. 3 (July 1982), pp. 568–570
Jump up ^ Hamilton, C; Lejeune, B. T.; Rosengaus, R. B. (2011). "Trophallaxis and Prophylaxis: Social Immunity in the Carpenter Ant Camponotus Pennsylvanicus". Biology Letters. 7 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0466. PMC 3030872  . PMID 20591850.
Jump up ^ Gadau, Jürgen; Gertsch, Pia J.; Heinze, Jürgen; Pamilo, Pekka; hölldobler, Bert (1998). "Oligogyny by Unrelated Queens in the Carpenter Ant, Camponotus Ligniperdus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 44: 23–33. doi:10.1007/s002650050511. JSTOR 4601542.
Jump up ^ Jones, T.H.; Clark, D.A.; Edwards, A.A.; Davidson, D.W.; Spande, T.F.; Snelling; Roy, R. (2004). "The Chemistry of Exploding Ants, Camponotus spp. (Cylindricus complex)"". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154.
Jump up ^ Emery, Carlo (1889). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX. Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) 2 7(27): 485–520. [PDF]
Jump up ^ "Utahn enters world of exploding ants". Deseret News. September 11, 2002. University of Utah graduate student Steve Cook explained "They've been called kamikaze ants by other researchers because they tend to explode or self-destruct when they're attacked or harassed in any way."
Jump up ^ Vittachi, Nury (June 6, 2008). "The Malaysian ant teaches us all how to go out with a bang". Daily Star. Dhaka.
Jump up ^ Ridley, Mark (1995). Animal Behaviour (Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-86542-390-3. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
Jump up ^ Robert S. Anderson; Richard Beatty; Stuart Church (January 2003). Insects and Spiders of the World. 9. p. 543. ISBN 978-0-7614-7334-3.
Jump up ^ Bonasio, R.; et al. (November 12, 2011). "Genome data from the Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus)". GigaScience. doi:10.5524/100018. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Capinera 2008, p. 1342.
Jump up ^ Resh & Cardé 2009, p. 381.
Jump up ^ Gullan & Cranston 2010, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Srivastava, S.K.; Babu, Naresh; Pandey, Hema (2009). "Traditional insect bioprospecting-As human food and medicine" (PDF). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 8 (4): 485–494. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Bequaert J (1921). "Insects as food: How they have augmented the food supply of mankind in early and recent times". Natural History Journal. 21: 191–200.
Jump up ^ Morris 2006, p. 52.
Cited texts[edit]
Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
Morris, Brian (2006). Insects and Human Life. Berg. ISBN 978-1-84520-949-0.
Resh, Vincent H. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-092090-0.
Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1767-1.
Further reading[edit]
Mayr, Gustav (1861): Die europäischen Formiciden. Vienna. PDF—original description of p. 35
McArthur, Archie J (2007): A Key to Camponotus Mayr of Australia. In: Snelling, R.R., B.L. Fisher and P.S. Ward (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E. O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80. PDF — 91 species, 10 subspecies
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camponotus.
Wikispecies has information related to Camponotus
Carpenter Ant Information
University of Kentucky Extension Fact Sheet
Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet
Carpenter Ant Fact Sheet from the National Pest Management Association with information on habits, habitat and prevention
Carpenter Ants An online supplemental to "Carpenter Ants: Biology and Control" by Laurel Hansen, Ph.D. of Spokane Falls Community College
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q157875
ADW: Camponotus
BugGuide: 354
EoL: 32539
Fauna Europaea: 81402
ITIS: 154194
NCBI: 13390
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpenter_ant&oldid=813175994"
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text:
Henry Classification System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Henry Classification System is a long-standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one-to-many searching. Developed by Hem Chandra Bose, Azizul Haque and Sir Edward Henry in the late 19th century for criminal investigations in British India, it was the basis of modern-day AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) classification methods up until the 1990s. In recent years, the Henry Classification System has generally been replaced by ridge flow classification approaches.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and development
2 Explanation
3 Impact on current biometric systems
4 References
5 External links
History and development[edit]
Although fingerprint characteristics were studied as far back as the mid-1600s, the use of fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-19th century. In roughly 1859, Sir William James Herschel discovered that fingerprints remain stable over time and are unique across individuals; as Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, in 1877 he was the first to institute the use of fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification, signing legal documents, and authenticating transactions. The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one-to-one verification only; as a means in which records would be logically filed and searched had not yet been invented.
In 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin, explaining a system for classifying fingerprints, asking for his assistance in their development. Darwin was unable to assist Dr. Faulds, but agreed to forward the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Dr. Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton did not engage in much correspondence, but in the following decade, they devised very similar fingerprint classification systems. It is unclear whom to credit for the classification system. However, we do know that Dr. Henry Faulds was the first European to publish the notion of scientific use of fingerprints in the identification of criminals. In 1892, Sir Francis Galton published his highly influential book, Finger Prints in which he described his classification system that include three main fingerprint patterns - loops, whorls and arches.
At the time, the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage, also known as Anthropometry. Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1879, Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the use of identifying criminals. In 1892, the British Indian police force adopted Anthropometry. Two years later, Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of the Bengal Police in India became interested in the use of fingerprints for the use of criminal identification.
Influenced by Galton's Finger Prints, the men corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January 1896, Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners’ fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Galton's classification system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925. He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns, and Hem Chandra Bose, another Henry's assistant also helped refine the system, and both, on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution.[1][2][3] The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899. In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry. Also in 1900, Henry was sent to Natal, South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau. His efforts in South Africa were highly successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). In the same year, the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met) (Early)
Explanation[edit]
The Henry Classification System allows for logical categorization of ten-print fingerprint records into primary groupings based on fingerprint pattern types. This system reduces the effort necessary to search large numbers of fingerprint records by classifying fingerprint records according to gross physiological characteristics. Subsequent searches (manual or automated) utilizing granular characteristics such as minutiae are greatly simplified. The Henry Classification System is a method to classify fingerprints and exclude potential candidates. This system should NEVER be used for individualization.
The Henry Classification System assigns each finger a number according to the order in which it is located in the hand, beginning with the right thumb as number 1 and ending with the left pinky as number 10. The system also assigns a numerical value to fingers that contain a whorl pattern; fingers 1 and 2 each have a value of 16, fingers 3 and 4 have a value of 8, fingers 5 and 6 have a value of 4, fingers 7 and 8 have a value of 2, and the final two fingers having a value of 1. Fingers with a non-whorl pattern, such as an arch or loop pattern, have a value of zero.[4] The sum of the even finger value is then calculated and placed in the numerator of a fraction. The sum of the odd finger values is placed in the denominator. The value of 1 is added to each sum of the whorls with the maximum obtainable on either side of the fraction being 32. Thus, the primary classification is a fraction between 1/1 to 32/32, where 1/1 would indicate no whorl patterns and 32/32 would mean that all fingers had whorl patterns.[5]
Example of a Henry Classification:
Key
Major
Primary
Secondary
Sub-Secondary
Final
16 M 9 R IIO 15
M 2 U OOI
Key- Ridge count first loop
Major- Value of the ridge counts or the tracings of fingers #1, #6
Primary- Summation of the value of: Whorl type patterns fingers (#2, #4, #6, #8, #10 for Numerator), (#1, #3, #5, #7, #9 for Denominator); Value of fingers as whorls: #1 & #2 (16), #3 & #4 (8), #5 & #6 (4), #7 & #8 (2), #9 & #10 (1); Plus 1 in both Numerator and Denominator.
Secondary- Pattern types in fingers #2 and #7, (U) Ulna Loop, (R) Radial Loop, (W) Whorl, and (A) Arch
Sub-Secondary- Value of ridge counts or tracing- fingers #2, #3, #4 in Numerator; #7, #8, #9 in Denominator.
Final- is the ridge count of the loops or whorls in both little fingers expressed in numbers. The right little is used as the numerator and the left little as the denominator. If a loop appears in one finger and a whorl in the other, enumerate both their ridge counts by treating the whorl as an ulnar loop.[6]
Impact on current biometric systems[edit]
The Henry Classification System has been a highly influential force in the formation of current AFIS technology (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). When AFIS technology was first introduced, it was primarily envisioned to be used as a tool to expedite the manual searching of fingerprint records, eventually reducing matching time requirements from months to hours. At that time, most forensic hardcopy fingerprint files were sorted according to the Henry Classification System and the first AFIS solutions attempted to emulate the Henry process.
Up until the mid-1990s, it was not unusual for a state or city to continue to maintain its physical file of Henry-sorted fingerprint cards just in case a disaster occurred in the AFIS. As processing speeds, network throughput capacities, and system reliability increased, it was no longer necessary for automated fingerprint matching to mirror what had been the manual processes. AFIS began to classify fingerprints according to the distance between the core and delta, minutiae locations, and pattern type; the later being based on the Henry Classification System. Presently, there are some forensic AFIS solutions (e.g. state and local) that still employ a Henry Classification System based manual fingerprint filing. However, other than for legacy systems, the Henry Classification System is not essential for automated systems. (Carlton)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Tewari RK, Ravikumar KV. History and development of forensic science in India. J. Postgrad Med 2000,46:303-308.
Jump up ^ J.S. Sodhi & Jasjeed Kaur The forgotten Indian pioneers of fingerprint science, Current Science 2005, 88(1):185-191.
Jump up ^ Colin Beavan: Fingerprints: The Origins of Crime Detection and Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science, Hyperion, NY, USA, 2001.
Jump up ^ Harling 1996
Jump up ^ Roberts 2008
Jump up ^ Stewart (2014)
External links[edit]
The Henry Classification System
Javascript implementation of Henry Classification
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com
http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/dcjs/html/nyidbur2.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Classification_System&oldid=808333578"
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text:
List of highest-income counties in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series on
Income in the
United States of America
Topics[hide]
Household
Personal
Affluence
Social class
Income inequality
gender pay gap
ethnic wage gap
Lists by income[show]
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Per capita income by county
There are 3,144 counties and county-equivalents in the United States. The source of the data is the U.S. Census Bureau and the data is current as of the indicated year. Independent cities are considered county-equivalent by the Census Bureau.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Median household income
2.1 American Community Survey
2.2 2010 Census
2.3 2000 Census
3 Per capita income
3.1 2010 Census
3.2 2000 Census
4 Highest-income counties and places by state
5 See also
6 Notes and references
Summary[edit]
Before the American Civil War, the wealthiest counties were primarily located in Louisiana and Mississippi.[1]
The Loudoun County, Virginia suburb of Washington, D.C. is the highest-income county by median household income. Another Washington suburb, Arlington County, Virginia, ranks as the highest-income county by median family income.[2]
Many of the top counties in the following lists are found in the Northeast Megalopolis, particularly in the Washington metropolitan area[3] and the New York metropolitan area.
Median household income[edit]
American Community Survey[edit]
Presented below are the 25 highest-income counties (with populations of 65,000 or greater) in the United States by median household income according to the 2016 American Community Survey[4] prepared by the US Census Bureau. Five of the counties are located in the state of Maryland, five are in Virginia, four in California, three in New Jersey, two in New York, and one each in: Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas.
Rank
County
State
Median Household Income
1 Loudoun County Virginia $134,464
2 Howard County Maryland $120,941
3 Fairfax County Virginia $115,717
4 Hunterdon County New Jersey $113,684
5 Santa Clara County California $111,069
6 Arlington County Virginia $110,388
7 Douglas County Colorado $109,292
8 San Mateo County California $108,627
9 Morris County New Jersey $106,985
10 Williamson County Tennessee $106,054
11 Nassau County New York $105,870
12 Somerset County New Jersey $104,478
13 Marin County California $103,845
14 San Francisco County California $103,801
15 Delaware County Ohio $101,693
16 Forsyth County Georgia $100,909
17 Montgomery County Maryland $99,763
18 Calvert County Maryland $98,732
19 Prince William County Virginia $97,986
20 Stafford County Virginia $97,484
21 Putnam County New York $96,992
22 Anne Arundel County Maryland $96,483
23 Charles County Maryland $95,735
24 Rockwall County Texas $95,731
25 Middlesex County Massachusetts $95,249
[show]2011
Rank
County
State
Median Household Income[5]
Population[6]
1 Loudoun County Virginia $119,134 325,405
2 Fairfax County Virginia $105,797 1,100,692
3 Arlington County Virginia $100,735 216,004
4 Hunterdon County New Jersey $99,099 128,038
5 Howard County Maryland $98,953 293,142
6 Somerset County New Jersey $96,360 324,893
7 Prince William County Virginia $95,146 419,096
8 Fauquier County Virginia $93,762 66,320
9 Douglas County Colorado $93,573 292,167
10 Montgomery County Maryland $92,909 989,794
11 Charles County Maryland $91,733 149,130
12 Nassau County New York $91,414 1,344,436
13 Stafford County Virginia $91,348 132,133
14 Morris County New Jersey $91,332 494,976
15 Putnam County New York $90,735 99,933
16 Calvert County Maryland $89,393 89,256
17 Williamson County Tennessee $86,962 188,560
18 Delaware County Ohio $85,365 178,341
19 Santa Clara County California $84,895 1,809,378
20 Oldham County Kentucky $84,447 64,800
21 York County Virginia $84,167 66,134
22 Anne Arundel Maryland $84,138 544,403
23 Carroll County Maryland $84,117 167,288
24 Suffolk County New York $84,106 1,498,816
25 Sussex County New Jersey $83,839 148,517
26 Carver County Minnesota $83,348 92,638
27 Alexandria City Virginia $82,748 144,301
28 Fort Bend County Texas $82,271 606,953
29 Collin County Texas $82,237 812,226
30 Rockland County New York $82,217 315,158
31 Forsyth County Georgia $82,209 181,840
32 Rockwall County Texas $82,061 81,290
33 Norfolk County Massachusetts $81,889 675,436
34 San Mateo County California $81,657 727,209
35 St. Mary's County Maryland $81,657 107,484
36 Hamilton County Indiana $80,999 282,810
37 Scott County Minnesota $80,864 132,556
38 Kendall County Illinois $80,655 116,631
39 Monmouth County New Jersey $79,334 631,020
40 Bergen County New Jersey $79,272 911,004
41 Chester County Pennsylvania $79,160 503,897
42 Tolland County Connecticut $78,210 152,507
43 Harford County Maryland $78,123 246,489
44 Frederick County Maryland $77,791 236,745
45 Fairfield County Connecticut $77,289 925,899
46 Middlesex County Connecticut $77,193 166,043
47 Marin County California $77,168 255,031
48 Westchester County New York $77,006 955,899
49 Middlesex County Massachusetts $76,978 1,518,171
50 Washington County Minnesota $76,491 241,280
51 Spotsylvania County Virginia $76,475 124,327
52 Montgomery County Pennsylvania $76,220 804,210
53 Rockingham County New Hampshire $75,982 296,207
54 Ventura County California $74,623 831,771
55 Middlesex County New Jersey $74,522 814,217
56 Contra Costa County California $74,353 1,066,096
57 Lake County Illinois $74,266 706,222
58 DuPage County Illinois $74,072 923,222
59 Mercer County New Jersey $73,890 367,063
60 Ozaukee County Wisconsin $73,703 86,568
60 Fayette County Georgia $72,962 107,784
61 Burlington County New Jersey $72,896 449,576
62 Anchorage City Alaska $72,813 295,570
63 Waukesha County Wisconsin $72,562 390,730
64 Orange County California $72,293 3,055,745
65 Will County Illinois $71,882 681,545
66 Gloucester County New Jersey $71,850 289,104
67 James City County Virginia $71,667 68,200
68 Chesterfield County Virginia $71,110 320,277
69 Prince George's County Maryland $70,715 871,233
70 Bucks County Pennsylvania $70,617 626,854
71 Richmond County New York $70,578 470,467
72 McHenry County Illinois $70,117 308,944
73 Dakota County Minnesota $69,902 402,006
74 San Francisco County California $69,894 812,826
75 Johnson County Kansas $69,856 552,991
76 Dallas County Iowa $69,831 69,444
77 Parker County Texas $69,703 118,376
78 Denton County Texas $69,644 686,406
79 Washington County Rhode Island $69,528 126,563
80 Warren County Ohio $69,201 214,910
81 Frederick County Virginia $69,155 79,666
82 Newport County Rhode Island $69,119 82,695
83 Litchfield County Connecticut $69,097 188,789
84 Davis County Utah $69,021 311,811
85 Placer County California $68,959 357,138
86 King County Washington $68,775 1,969,722
87 Matanuska-Susitna Borough Alaska $68,672 91,946
88 Boulder County Colorado $68,637 299,378
89 Plymouth County Massachusetts $68,253 497,579
90 Wright County Minnesota $68,242 126,437
91 Dutchess County New York $67,727 297,999
92 Olmsted County Minnesota $67,618 145,769
93 Alameda County California $67,558 1,529,875
93 Hanover County Virginia $67,505 100,342
94 Livingston County Michigan $67,441 181,722
95 Williamson County Texas $67,246 442,782
96 Washington County Texas $67,232 33,791
97 Sherburne County Minnesota $67,198 89,319
98 Hillsborough County New Hampshire $66,609 401,696
2010 Census[edit]
[7]
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Loudoun County, Virginia $115,574
2 City of Falls Church, Virginia $114,409
3 Fairfax County, Virginia $105,416
4 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $103,643
5 Howard County, Maryland $103,273
6 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $100,980
7 Oakland County, Michigan $99,198
8 City of Fairfax, Virginia $97,900
9 Somerset County, New Jersey $97,440
10 Morris County, New Jersey $96,747
11 Arlington County, Virginia $94,880
12 Nassau County, New York $93,613
13 Montgomery County, Maryland $93,373
14 Stafford County, Virginia $93,065
15 Prince William County, Virginia $91,098
16 Calvert County, Maryland $90,838
17 Marin County, California $89,268
18 Putnam County, New York $89,218
19 Charles County, Maryland $88,825
20 Delaware County, Ohio $87,908
21 Williamson County, Tennessee $87,832
22 Forsyth County, Georgia $87,605
23 Santa Clara County, California $86,850
24 San Mateo County, California $85,648
25 Chester County, Pennsylvania $84,741
26 Suffolk County, New York $84,506
27 City of Poquoson, Virginia $84,315
28 Fauquier County, Virginia $83,877
29 Anne Arundel County, Maryland $83,456
30 Sussex County, New Jersey $83,089
31 Rockland County, New York $82,534
32 Monmouth County, New Jersey $82,265
33 Fayette County, Georgia $82,216
34 Scott County, Minnesota $82,190
35 Hamilton County, Indiana $81,947
36 Bergen County, New Jersey $81,708
37 Frederick County, Maryland $81,686
38 Carroll County, Maryland $81,621
39 Fairfield County, Connecticut $81,268
40 Queen Anne's County, Maryland $81,096
41 York County, Virginia $81,055
42 Norfolk County, Massachusetts $81,027
43 City of Alexandria, Virginia $80,847
44 Collin County, Texas $80,504
45 Carver County, Minnesota $80,280
46 St. Mary's County, Maryland $80,053
47 Kendall County, Illinois $79,897
48 Fort Bend County, Texas $79,845
49 Westchester County, New York $79,619
50 Goochland County, Virginia $79,547
51 Summit County, Utah $79,461
52 Oldham County, Kentucky $79,417
53 Washington County, Minnesota $79,109
54 Elbert County, Colorado $78,958
55 Lake County, Illinois $78,948
56 Contra Costa County, California $78,385
57 Rockwall County, Texas $78,032
58 Middlesex County, New Jersey $77,615
59 Middlesex County, Massachusetts $77,377
60 Tolland County, Connecticut $77,175
61 Harford County, Maryland $77,010
62 DuPage County, Illinois $76,581
63 Spotsylvania County, Virginia $76,574
64 McHenry County, Illinois $76,482
65 Hanover County, Virginia $76,425
66 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania $76,380
67 Burlington County, New Jersey $76,258
68 King George County, Virginia $76,241
69 Will County, Illinois $75,906
70 Rockingham County, New Hampshire $75,825
71 City and County of Broomfield, Colorado $75,590
72 Ventura County, California $75,348
73 City of Manassas, Virginia $75,173
74 Waukesha County, Wisconsin $75,064
75 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin $74,996
76 Middlesex County, Connecticut $74,906
77 Bucks County, Pennsylvania $74,828
78 Placer County, California $74,447
79 Orange County, California $74,344
80 James City County, Virginia $73,903
81 Johnson County, Kansas $73,733
82 Powhatan County, Virginia $73,593
83 Clarke County, Virginia $73,244
84 Plymouth County, Massachusetts $73,131
85 Dakota County, Minnesota $72,850
86 Gloucester County, New Jersey $72,664
87 Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska $72,219
88 Livingston County, Michigan $72,129
89 Eagle County, Colorado $71,337
90 Chesterfield County, Virginia $71,321
91 Warren County, Ohio $71,274
92 Prince George's County, Maryland $71,260
93 Mercer County, New Jersey $71,217
94 Richmond County, New York $71,084
95 Denton County, Texas $70,622
96 New Kent County, Virginia $70,590
97 St. Charles County, Missouri $70,331
98 Honolulu County, Hawaii $70,093
99 El Dorado County, California $70,000
100 Alameda County, California $69,384
show
2009
The rankings are based on the median annual household income estimates from 2005 to 2009 in each county in the nation, provided by the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, in 2009 inflation-adjusted dollars.[8] Since cities in Virginia are independent of surrounding counties they are included in the Census Bureau's ranking.
Number of counties by state in following list: Virginia 5 plus 3 independent cities, Maryland 4, New Jersey 3, New York 3, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, New Mexico 1, Ohio 1, Tennessee 1. Of the top 25 counties, 10 are part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 14 counties are located in the South, 6 in the Northeast, 4 in the West, and 1 located in the Midwest. 17 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis.
[show]2009
Rank
County
2005–09 ACS
Median
household
income
2005–09 ACS
Margin
of
error
2000 Census
Median
household
income
2000 Census
Margin
of
error
Change from
2000 Census
to 2005–09 ACS
1 City of Falls Church, Virginia $113,313 3,595 96,449 5,613 16,864
2 Loudoun County, Virginia $112,021 1,833 103,817 1,477 8,204
3 Fairfax County, Virginia $104,259 955 104,335 709 −76
4 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $102,500 2,533 102,839 1,717 −339
5 Howard County, Maryland $101,003 1,325 95,474 1,128 5,529
6 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $100,423 5,635 101,687 4,364 −1,264
7 Douglas County, Colorado $99,522 1,394 106,754 1,402 −7,232
8 Morris County, New Jersey $96,316 1,374 99,559 1,085 −3,243
9 Somerset County, New Jersey $96,233 1,782 99,035 1,399 −2,802
10 City of Fairfax, Virginia $96,232 5,204 87,075 3,616 9,157
11 Arlington County, Virginia $93,806 1,652 81,101 1,183 12,705
12 Nassau County, New York $92,450 800 92,724 463 −274
13 Montgomery County, Maryland $92,213 962 92,107 635 106
14 Calvert County, Maryland $90,621 2,753 84,890 1,868 5,731
15 Stafford County, Virginia $90,586 1,895 86,003 1,555 4,583
16 Prince William County, Virginia $88,850 1,545 84,910 959 3,940
17 Williamson County, Tennessee $88,358 1,787 88,957 1,769 −599
18 Forsyth County, Georgia $88,040 1,808 88,681 1,803 −641
19 Putnam County, New York $88,036 2,574 93,044 1,503 −5,008
20 Marin County, California $87,728 1,569 91,792 1,314 −4,064
21 Charles County, Maryland $86,141 2,341 80,068 1,460 6,073
22 Santa Clara County, California $85,569 864 95,691 507 −10,122
23 Delaware County, Ohio $85,054 2,214 86,581 1,697 −1,527
24 City of Poquoson, Virginia $84,688 5,283 78,422 3,527 6,266
25 Suffolk County, New York $84,530 803 84,045 403 485
show
2008
[9] This data is average 2006–2008 from the American Community Survey of the United States Bureau of the Census. Number of counties by state in following lists: Virginia 6 plus 2 independent cities, Maryland 4, New Jersey 3, New York 3, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, Pennsylvania 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1.
Of the top 25 counties, 11 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area, 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 14 counties are located in the South, 7 in the Northeast, 4 in the West, with none located in the Midwest. 18 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis. Educational attainment is based on bachelor's degree attainment (and above) for people 25 and older in the county.
[show]2008
Rank
County
Median Household Income
Population
Educational Attainment
1 Loudoun County, Virginia $110,643 277,433 58%
2 Fairfax County, Virginia $106,785 1,005,980 60%
3 Howard County, Maryland $101,710 272,412 60%
4 Somerset County, New Jersey $103,227 321,589 53%
5 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $100,947 129,000 52%
6 City of Fairfax, Virginia $98,133 23,281 52%
7 Morris County, New Jersey $97,565 486,459 52%
8 Douglas County, Colorado $97,480 270,286 54%
9 Arlington County, Virginia $96,390 204,889 71%
10 Montgomery County, Maryland $93,999 942,747 59%
11 Nassau County, New York $93,579 1,352,817 45%
12 Stafford County, Virginia $89,536 120,219 36%
13 Calvert County, Maryland $89,049 88,126 30%
14 Prince William County, Virginia $88,675 358,719 38%
15 Putnam County, New York $88,580 99,195 40%
16 Goochland County, Virginia $88,552 20,494 32%
17 Williamson County, Tennessee $88,316 165,336 53%
18 Marin County, California $88,101 246,985 55%
19 Santa Clara County, California $87,287 1,734,756 46%
20 Forsyth County, Georgia $86,938 158,009 46%
21 Charles County, Maryland $86,586 140,032 28%
22 Summit County, Utah $85,258 35,448 53%
23 City of Alexandria, Virginia $85,135 140,657 63%
24 Chester County, Pennsylvania $84,844 485,083 51%
25 Suffolk County, New York $84,767 1,510,716 34%
United States $52,175 304,374,846 27%
show
2007
[10]
Number of counties by state in following lists: Virginia 6, Maryland 5, New Jersey 3, New York 2, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1.
10 of the 20 counties are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and 5 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area. By Census region, 12 counties are located in the South, 5 in the Northeast, and 3 in the West. 16 of the 20 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis.
[show]2007 – Counties with populations of 250,000 or more
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Loudoun County, Virginia $107,207
2 Fairfax County, Virginia $105,241
3 Howard County, Maryland $101,672
4 Somerset County, New Jersey $97,658
5 Morris County, New Jersey $94,684
6 Douglas County, Colorado $92,824
7 Montgomery County, Maryland $91,835
8 Suffolk County, New York $89,782
9 Prince William County, Virginia $87,243
10 Santa Clara County, California $84,360
[show]2007 – Counties with populations 65,000–250,000
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $100,327
2 Calvert County, Maryland $95,134
3 Arlington County, Virginia $94,876
4 Stafford County, Virginia $87,629
5 Fauquier County, Virginia $84,888
6 Forsyth County, Georgia $84,872
7 Putnam County, New York $84,624
8 Marin County, California $83,870
9 Charles County, Maryland $83,412
10 Carroll County, Maryland $82,492
show
2006
[11]
Source: US Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey, via Forbes
Number of counties by state in the top 20: Virginia 5 plus 1 independent city, California 3, Maryland 3, New Jersey 3, New York 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, Tennessee 1. Forty-two states do not have any counties in the top 20.
[show]2006
Rank
County
Median Household Income
1 Fairfax County, Virginia $100,318
2 Loudoun County, Virginia $99,371
3 Howard County, Maryland $94,260
4 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $93,297
5 Douglas County, Colorado $92,125
6 Somerset County, New Jersey $91,688
7 Morris County, New Jersey $89,587
8 Montgomery County, Maryland $87,624
9 Arlington County, Virginia $87,350
10 Suffolk County, New York $85,994
11 Marin County, California $85,892
12 Stafford County, Virginia $85,014
13 Calvert County, Maryland $84,891
14 Santa Clara County, California $84,838
15 Forsyth County, Georgia $83,682
16 San Mateo County, California $82,123
17 Putnam County, New York $81,907
18 Williamson County, Tennessee $81,449
19 Prince William County, Virginia $80,783
20 City of Alexandria, Virginia $80,449
2000 Census[edit]
[12]
Number of counties by state in the top 100
100 highest counties by median household income
Source: US Census Bureau: 2000 Census
Number of counties by state in the top 100: Virginia 10 plus 5 independent cities, Maryland 9, California 8, New Jersey 8, Georgia 7, Colorado 6, Illinois 6, Minnesota 5, New York 5, Texas 5, Alaska 3, Connecticut 3, Ohio 3, Pennsylvania 3, Wisconsin 2, Massachusetts 2, Michigan 2, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Kentucky 1, Missouri 1, New Hampshire 1, New Mexico 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1. Twenty-five states do not have any counties in the top 100.
United States of America: $41,994
Rank
County
Median
Household
Income
1 Douglas County, Colorado $82,929
2 Fairfax County, Virginia $81,050
3 Loudoun County, Virginia $80,648
4 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $79,888
5 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $78,993
6 Morris County, New Jersey $77,340
7 Somerset County, New Jersey $76,933
8 City of Falls Church, Virginia $74,924
9 Santa Clara County, California $74,335
10 Howard County, Maryland $74,167
11 Suffolk County, New York $73,979
12 Nassau County, New York $72,030
13 Montgomery County, Maryland $71,551
14 Marin County, California $71,306
15 Fayette County, Georgia $71,227
16 Hamilton County, Indiana $71,026
17 Collin County, Texas $70,835
18 San Mateo County, California $70,819
19 Johnson County, Kansas $69,817
20 Williamson County, Tennessee $69,104
21 Forsyth County, Georgia $68,890
22 Rockland County, New York $67,971
23 DuPage County, Illinois $67,887
24 City of Fairfax, Virginia $67,642
25 Livingston County, Michigan $67,400
26 Delaware County, Ohio $67,258
27 Lake County, Illinois $66,973
28 Stafford County, Virginia $66,809
29 Scott County, Minnesota $66,612
30 Washington County, Minnesota $66,305
31 Prince William County, Virginia $65,960
32 Calvert County, Maryland $65,945
33 Carver County, Minnesota $65,540
34 Columbia County, Georgia $65,507
35 Chester County, Pennsylvania $65,295
36 Putnam County, New York $65,288
37 Sussex County, New Jersey $65,266
38 Fairfield County, Connecticut $65,249
39 Bergen County, New Jersey $65,241
40 Rockwall County, Texas $65,164
41 Summit County, Utah $64,962
42 McHenry County, Illinois $64,826
43 Kendall County, Illinois $64,625
44 Monmouth County, New Jersey $64,231
45 City and County of Broomfield, Colorado $63,903
46 Fort Bend County, Texas $63,831
47 Contra Costa County, California $63,675
48 Westchester County, New York $63,582
49 Norfolk County, Massachusetts $63,432
50 Oldham County, Kentucky $63,229
51 North Slope Borough, Alaska $63,173
52 Arlington County, Virginia $63,001
53 Waukesha County, Wisconsin $62,839
54 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin $62,745
55 Eagle County, Colorado $62,682
56 Elbert County, Colorado $62,480
57 Will County, Illinois $62,238
58 Charles County, Maryland $62,199
59 City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska $62,034
60 Fauquier County, Virginia $61,999
61 Oakland County, Michigan $61,907
62 Orange County, California $61,899
63 Dakota County, Minnesota $61,863
64 Anne Arundel County, Maryland $61,768
65 Middlesex County, New Jersey $61,446
66 Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska $61,406
67 City of Poquoson, Virginia $60,920
68 Cherokee County, Georgia $60,896
69 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania $60,829
70 Middlesex County, Massachusetts $60,821
71 City of Manassas Park, Virginia $60,794
72 Williamson County, Texas $60,642
73 Gwinnett County, Georgia $60,537
74 City of Manassas, Virginia $60,409
75 Frederick County, Maryland $60,276
76 Geauga County, Ohio $60,200
77 Carroll County, Maryland $60,021
78 Bucks County, Pennsylvania $59,727
79 Ventura County, California $59,666
80 Pitkin County, Colorado $59,375
81 Kane County, Illinois $59,351
82 Hanover County, Virginia $59,223
83 Middlesex County, Connecticut $59,175
84 Tolland County, Connecticut $59,044
85 Burlington County, New Jersey $58,608
86 Chesterfield County, Virginia $58,537
87 Cobb County, Georgia $58,289
88 Denton County, Texas $58,216
89 Rockingham County, New Hampshire $58,150
90 York County, Virginia $57,956
91 Warren County, Ohio $57,952
92 Anoka County, Minnesota $57,754
93 Placer County, California $57,535
94 Spotsylvania County, Virginia $57,525
95 San Benito County, California $57,469
96 Jefferson County, Colorado $57,339
97 Henry County, Georgia $57,309
98 St. Charles County, Missouri $57,258
99 Harford County, Maryland $57,234
100 Queen Anne's County, Maryland $57,037
Per capita income[edit]
2010 Census[edit]
CA1-3 Personal income summary: Per capita personal income, 2010, BEA[13]
Rank
County
Per Capita
Personal Income
1 New York County, New York $111,386
2 Teton County, Wyoming $94,672
3 Marin County, California $89,936
4 Howard County, Maryland $80,165
5 Arlington County, Virginia $79,967
6 Alexandria, Virginia $76,362
7 Pitkin County, Colorado $76,318
8 Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts $73,654
9 Westchester County, New York $73,159
10 Fairfield County, Connecticut $71,768
11 District of Columbia (federal district) $70,710
12 City and County of San Francisco, California $70,190
13 Somerset County, New Jersey $69,886
14 Morris County, New Jersey $69,811
15 Summit County, Utah $68,524
16 San Mateo County, California $67,964
17 Montgomery County, Maryland $67,639
18 Slope County, North Dakota $67,089
19 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $67,053
20 Fairfax County & Fairfax City & Falls Church, Virginia $66,679
21 Douglas County, Colorado $66,047
22 Nassau County, New York $65,615
23 Bergen County, New Jersey $65,486
24 Blaine County, Idaho $63,883
25 Howard County, Maryland $63,375
show
Average per capita income 2009
[14]
Number of counties by state in the top 20: New Jersey 4; California 3; New York 2; Virginia 1 county, 1 independent city, and 1 statistical unit comprising a county and two independent cities; Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Texas, South Dakota, and Wyoming 1 each.
Of the 20 counties, 7 are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, 4 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area, and 3 are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 7 counties are located in the Northeast, 6 in the South, and 6 in the West.
[show]Average per capita income 2009
Rank
County
Average Per Capita Income
1 Teton County, Wyoming $132,728
2 New York County, New York $120,790
3 Loving County, Texas $99,593
4 Pitkin County, Colorado $93,465
5 Marin County, California $91,483
6 Suffolk County, New York $91,376
7 Fairfield County, Connecticut $74,878
8 San Mateo County, California $71,753
9 Morris County, New Jersey $71,713
10 City and County of San Francisco, California $71,342
11 Somerset County, New Jersey $70,949
12 City of Alexandria, Virginia $70,632
13 Arlington County, Virginia $68,270
14 Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, and Falls Church, Virginia $67,909
15 Montgomery County, Maryland $67,525
16 Bergen County, New Jersey $67,125
17 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $66,449
18 Sully County, South Dakota $64,352
19 Blaine County, Idaho $64,207
20 Collier County, Florida $63,276
2000 Census[edit]
[12]
Number of counties ranked in the top 100 nationally, by state
100 highest ranked counties by per capita income
Number of counties by state in the top 100: Colorado 10, Virginia 7 counties plus 3 independent cities, New Jersey 9, California 8, Florida 6, New York 6, Georgia 4, Maryland 4, Minnesota 4, Connecticut 3, Massachusetts 3, Michigan 3, Pennsylvania 3, Texas 3, Illinois 2, North Carolina 2, Ohio 2, Washington 2, Wisconsin 2, Idaho 1, Alaska 1, Alabama 1, District of Columbia 1, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Missouri 1, Nevada 1, New Hampshire 1, New Mexico 1, Rhode Island 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1, Wyoming 1. Eighteen states do not have any counties in the top 100. United States of America per capita average: $21,587
Rank
County
Per Capita
Income
1 Marin County, California $44,962
2 New York County, New York (Manhattan) $42,922
3 City of Falls Church, Virginia $41,052
4 Pitkin County, Colorado $40,811
5 Fairfield County, Connecticut $38,350
6 Teton County, Wyoming $38,260
7 Somerset County, New Jersey $37,970
8 Arlington County, Virginia $37,706
9 City of Alexandria, Virginia[1] $37,645
10 Morris County, New Jersey $36,964
11 Fairfax County, Virginia $36,888
12 Westchester County, New York $36,726
13 Hunterdon County, New Jersey $36,370
14 San Mateo County, California $36,045
15 Montgomery County, Maryland $35,684
16 San Miguel County, Colorado $35,329
17 Douglas County, Colorado $34,848
18 Los Alamos County, New Mexico $34,646
19 City and County of San Francisco, California $34,556
20 Summit County, Utah $33,767
21 Bergen County, New Jersey $33,638
22 Loudoun County, Virginia $33,530
23 Collin County, Texas $33,345
24 Hamilton County, Indiana $33,109
25 Santa Clara County, California $32,795
26 Oakland County, Michigan $32,534
27 Williamson County, Tennessee $32,496
28 Norfolk County, Massachusetts $32,484
29 Howard County, Maryland $32,402
30 Nassau County, New York $32,151
31 Lake County, Illinois $32,102
32 Eagle County, Colorado $32,011
33 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin $31,947
34 Chester County, Pennsylvania $31,627
35 Delaware County, Ohio $31,600
36 Blaine County, Idaho $31,346
37 DuPage County, Illinois $31,315
38 Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts $31,314
39 City of Fairfax, Virginia $31,247
40 Middlesex County, Massachusetts $31,199
41 Collier County, Florida $31,195
42 Monmouth County, New Jersey $31,149
43 Johnson County, Kansas $30,919
44 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania $30,898
45 Contra Costa County, California $30,615
46 San Juan County, Washington $30,603
47 Putnam County, New York $30,127
48 Fulton County, Georgia $30,003
49 Ventura County, California $29,634
50 Martin County, Florida $29,584
51 King County, Washington $29,521
52 Fayette County, Georgia $29,464
53 James City County, Virginia $29,256
54 Waukesha County, Wisconsin $29,164
55 Forsyth County, Georgia $29,114
56 Goochland County, Virginia $29,105
57 Boulder County, Colorado $28,976
58 Albemarle County, Virginia $28,852
59 Palm Beach County, Florida $28,801
60 Routt County, Colorado $28,792
61 Hennepin County, Minnesota $28,789
62 Fauquier County, Virginia $28,757
63 Summit County, Colorado $28,676
64 St. Johns County, Florida $28,674
65 Washington, D.C. $28,659
66 Rockwall County, Texas $28,573
67 Carver County, Minnesota $28,486
68 Litchfield County, Connecticut $28,408
69 Sarasota County, Florida $28,326
70 Middlesex County, Connecticut $28,251
71 Talbot County, Maryland $28,164
72 Clear Creek County, Colorado $28,160
73 Washington County, Minnesota $28,148
74 Arapahoe County, Colorado $28,147
75 Rockland County, New York $28,082
76 Livingston County, Michigan $28,069
77 Jefferson County, Colorado $28,066
78 Placer County, California $27,963
79 Geauga County, Ohio $27,944
80 Mercer County, New Jersey $27,914
81 Cobb County, Georgia $27,863
82 St. Louis County, Missouri $27,595
83 Anne Arundel County, Maryland $27,578
84 Bucks County, Pennsylvania $27,430
85 Mecklenburg County, North Carolina $27,352
86 Douglas County, Nevada $27,288
87 Indian River County, Florida $27,227
88 Shelby County, Alabama $27,176
89 Washtenaw County, Michigan $27,173
90 Dakota County, Minnesota $27,008
91 Wake County, North Carolina $27,004
92 Sussex County, New Jersey $26,992
93 Union County, New Jersey $26,992
94 Denton County, Texas $26,895
95 Newport County, Rhode Island $26,779
96 City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska $26,719
97 Alameda County, California $26,680
98 Rockingham County, New Hampshire $26,656
99 Suffolk County, New York $26,577
100 Middlesex County, New Jersey $26,535
Highest-income counties and places by state[edit]
For more detailed lists of rankings of counties and places in the individual states, see the following pages:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
See also[edit]
List of United States counties by per capita income
List of lowest-income counties in the United States
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Frasier, Steve. "Ruling America". Harvard University Press.
Jump up ^ "Washington region boasts four richest counties in U.S." American City Business Journals.
Jump up ^ Ross, Kelley L. (2017). "The Ruling Class, The Hunger Games: The One Percent". Political Economy. The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. What is especially striking about the chart is something that we might not expect. Of the original 25 counties listed, 11 of them, all in red, form a ring in Maryland and Virginia right around Washington, D.C. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Top 100 counties – Median household income, 2011. Washingtonpost.com (September 20, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ American FactFinder. Factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ State and County QuickFacts Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Quickfacts.census.gov (February 20, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ Median Household Income in 2009 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars based on the 2005–09 American Community Survey, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Census Bureau Homepage". Census.gov. March 26, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey" (PDF). Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Matt Woolsey, America's Richest Counties, Forbes.com, 01.22.08, 6:00 PM ET Forbes.com Web site. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Census 2000 Demographic Profiles". Censtats.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interactive Data". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Aristide Economoupolos/The Star-Leder. "N.J. has four of nation's 20 highest-income counties". Nj.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.

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