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Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
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In many versions of the story, Weaver's Needle is a prominent landmark for locating the lost mine.
Entrance to Lost Dutchman State Park
The Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine (also known by similar names) is, according to legend, a rich gold mine hidden in the southwestern United States. The location is generally believed to be in the Superstition Mountains, near Apache Junction, east of Phoenix, Arizona. There have been many stories about how to find the mine, and each year people search for the mine. Some have died on the search.
The mine is named after German immigrant Jacob Waltz (c. 1810–1891), who purportedly discovered it in the 19th century and kept its location a secret. "Dutchman" was a common American term for a "German" ("Dutch" being the English cognate to the German demonym "Deutsch").
The Lost Dutchman's is perhaps the most famous lost mine in American history. Arizona place-name expert Byrd Granger wrote, as of 1977, the Lost Dutchman's story had been printed or cited at least six times more often than two other fairly well-known tales, the story of Captain Kidd's lost treasure, and the story of the Lost Pegleg mine in California. People have been seeking the Lost Dutchman's mine since at least 1892,[1] while according to one estimate, 8,000 people annually made some effort to locate the Lost Dutchman's mine.[2] Former Arizona Attorney General Bob Corbin is among those who have looked for the mine.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Other Lost Dutchman's mines
2 Stories about the mine
2.1 Lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's story
2.1.1 The truth about the Peralta Mine
2.1.2 The truth about Dr. Thorne
2.2 The Lost Dutchman's story
2.3 Stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein
3 The historical Jacob Waltz
4 The death of Adolph Ruth
5 Other searches for the mine
6 Other deaths and disappearances
7 Lost Dutchman State Park
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Other Lost Dutchman's mines[edit]
Robert Blair wrote "[t]here have been at least four legendary Lost Dutchman's gold mines in the American West, including the famed Superstition mine of Jacob Waltz".[4] One Lost Dutchman's mine is said to be in Colorado, another in California; two are said to be located in Arizona. Tales of these other Lost Dutchman's mines can be traced to at least the 1870s. The earliest Lost Dutchman's mine in Arizona was said to have been near Wickenburg, about 180 km (110 mi) north-west of the Superstition Mountains: a "Dutchman" was allegedly discovered dead in the desert near Wickenburg in the 1870s alongside saddlebags filled with gold. Blair suggested that "fragments of this legend have perhaps become attached to the mythical mine of Jacob Waltz".[5]
Stories about the mine[edit]
Granger wrote that "fact and fiction blend in the tales",[2] but that there are three main elements to the story:
"They are, first, tales of the lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's mine; second, tales about the Lost Dutchman's; and, third, stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein ... [t]he most complete version of the Lost Dutchman's story incorporates all three legends".[2] Blair argued that there are kernels of truth at the heart of each of these three main stories, though the popular story is often badly garbled from the actual account. Other theories have materialized that speculate the mine is buried at the bottom of Apache or Roosevelt Lake.
In 1977, Granger identified 62 variants of the Lost Dutchman's story – some of the variations are minor, but others are substantial, casting the story in a very different light from the other versions.
Lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's story[edit]
In this story (actually two interconnected stories), members of the Apache tribe are said to have a very rich gold mine located in the Superstition Mountains. Famed Apache Geronimo is sometimes mentioned in relation to this story. In most variants of the story, the family of a man called Miguel Peralta discovered the mine and began mining the gold there, only to be attacked or massacred by Apaches in about 1850 in the supposed Peralta massacre. Years later, a man called Dr. Thorne treats an ailing or wounded Apache (often alleged to be a chieftain) and is rewarded with a trip to a rich gold mine. He is blindfolded and taken there by a circuitous route, and is allowed to take as much gold ore as he can carry before again being escorted blindfolded from the site by the Apaches. Thorne is said to be either unwilling or unable to relocate the mine.
The truth about the Peralta Mine[edit]
Most likely because Pedro de Peralta had been the Spanish Governor of New Mexico (in the 1600s) his family name of “Peralta” was the inspiration for a number of legends in the American Southwest. James Reavis tried to assert that the Peralta family had a Spanish land grant and a barony granted by the King of Spain, which included a huge swath of Arizona and New Mexico, including the Superstition Mountains. The Peralta Massacre is a legend that Apaches supposedly ambushed a mining expedition the Peralta family sent into the mountains. Some carved stones in the area are referred to as “Peralta Stones” and Spanish text and crude maps on them are considered by some to be clues to the location of a Peralta family gold mine in the Superstition Mountains, although others believe the stones to be modern fakes. A lack of historical records leaves uncertainty as to whether a Peralta family ever had possession of land, or mines, in or near the Superstition Mountains.
Blair insisted that the Peralta portion of the story is unreliable, writing: "The operation of a gold mine in the Superstitions by a Peralta family is a contrivance of 20th century writers".[6] A man named Miguel Peralta and his family did operate a successful mine in the 1860s – but near Valencia, California, not in Arizona.[7] The mine was quite profitable, earning about $35,000 in less than one year; Blair described this as "an unusually good return" for such a small gold mine to earn in such a relatively brief period.[8] As of 1975, ruins of the Peralta mine were standing.[8]
However, the Peralta Mine eventually became unprofitable and after the money was gone Miguel Peralta turned to fraud. Dr. George M. Willing Jr. paid Peralta $20,000 for the mining rights for an enormous swath of land – about 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) in southern Arizona and New Mexico – based on a deed originally granted by the Spanish Empire in the 18th century.[9] Trouble came after Willing learned that the deed was entirely bogus. Despite his efforts, Willing was never able to recover the money he gave to Peralta. This land grant was the basis of the James Reavis Arizona land swindle (Reavis became Willing's partner and continued to try to prove the authenticity of the land grant for years after Willing's death).
Blair argued that this Peralta story (well known to Arizona residents) was eventually incorporated in the Lost Dutchman's story, in a severely distorted version, following the renewed interest in the Lost Dutchman's mine in the 1930s.
Since James Reavis, "the Baron of Arizona", was convicted of fraud when the Peralta family genealogy and other documents to support the land grant (and a barony associated with that land) were determined to be forgeries it also raises questions about the original purchase of the land grant by Dr. George M. Willing Jr. (the transaction had supposedly occurred at a primitive campsite to the southeast of Prescott without the benefit of the typical documentation; instead of a notarized deed, the conveyance was recorded on a piece of greasy camp paper bearing signature of several witnesses). Willing died in 1874 before there had been a thorough investigation of the documents or opportunity to cross examine him on the stand as was later done with Reavis.
The truth about Dr. Thorne[edit]
Another detail which casts doubt on the story is the fact that, according to Blair, there was never any Dr. Thorne in the employ of the Army or indeed of the Federal Government in the 1860s.[10] According to Blair, the origin of this story can be traced to a doctor named Thorne who was in private practice in New Mexico in the 1860s. Thorne claimed that he was taken captive by Navajos in 1854, and that during his captivity he had discovered a rich gold vein.[11] Thorne related his claims to three U.S. soldiers in about 1858.[11] The three soldiers set out to find the gold, but without success. Over the decades, this tale was gradually absorbed into the Lost Dutchman's story.
The Lost Dutchman's story[edit]
This tale involves two German men, Jacob Waltz (or Weitz, Weitzer, Walls, Welz, Walz, et cetera) and Jacob Weiser. However, Blair argued that there is a strong likelihood that there never was a second man named Weiser, but rather that a single person named Waltz (or a variant thereof) was, over the years, turned into two men as the legend of the Dutchman's mine evolved. Blair contended that this story can be divided into "hawk" and "dove" versions, depending on whether the German(s) are said to behave violently or peacefully.[12] In most versions of the tale, Waltz and/or Weiser located a rich gold mine in the Superstition Mountains (in many versions of the story, they rescue or help a member of the Peralta family and are rewarded by being told the location of the mine). Weiser is attacked and wounded (whether by marauding Apaches or by a greedy Waltz), but survives at least long enough to tell a man called Dr. Walker about the mine. Waltz is also said to make a deathbed confession to Julia Thomas, and draws or describes a crude map to the gold mine.
John D. Wilburn in his book Dutchman's Lost Ledge of Gold (1990), wrote that the Bulldog Gold Mine near Goldfield, Arizona, fits very well the description Jacob Waltz gave as the location of his 'lost mine'. Furthermore, Wilburn stated that geology indicates that there is no gold in the Superstition Mountains, which are igneous in origin. (However, in some versions,[13] the 'mine' is actually a cache put there by the Peraltas.)
Stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein[edit]
In yet another version of the tale, two (or more) U.S. Army soldiers are said to have discovered a vein of almost pure gold in or near the Superstition Mountains. The soldiers are alleged to have presented some of the gold, but to have been killed or to have vanished soon after.
This account is usually dated to about 1870. According to Blair, the story may have its roots in the efforts of three U.S. soldiers to locate gold in an area of New Mexico, based on an allegedly true story related to them by Dr. Thorne of New Mexico; see above.
The historical Jacob Waltz[edit]
A view of Superstition Mountains in Lost Dutchman State Park
Grave of Jacob Waltz, Pioneer and Military Cemetery, west of downtown Phoenix
Blair cited evidence of the historical Jacob Waltz and suggested that additional evidence supports the core elements of the story – that Waltz claimed to have discovered (or at least heard the story of) a rich gold vein or cache. But Blair suggested that this core story was distorted in subsequent retellings, comparing the many variants of the Lost Dutchman's story to the game of Chinese whispers, where the original account is distorted in multiple retellings of the tale.[14]
There was indeed a Jacob Waltz who emigrated to the U.S. from Germany. The earliest documentation of him in the U.S. is an 1848 affidavit in which Waltz declared himself to be "about 38 years old".[15] A man called Jacob Walz was born in September 1810 in Württemberg. Blair suggested that this Waltz could be the same Waltz who later came to be regarded as the legendary Dutchman, and that he Americanized the spelling of his family name.[16] Note that tombstone pictured shows birth year as 1808.
Waltz relocated to Arizona in the 1860s, and stayed in the territory for most of the rest of his life. He pursued mining and prospecting, but seems to have had little luck with either. An alternate view which better fits the lost mine legend is that he periodically appeared with large amounts of gold, The Sterling Legend by Estee Conatser reports that a Jacob Walzer sold $250,000 in gold to the U.S.Mint during the 1880s and had $1500 when he died in 1891. In 1870, Waltz had a homestead of about 160 acres (0.65 km2) near Phoenix where he operated a farm.[17]
There was a catastrophic flood in Phoenix in 1891, and Waltz's farm was one of many that was devastated. Afterwards, Waltz fell ill (he was rumored to have contracted pneumonia during the flooding). He died on October 25, 1891, after having been nursed by an acquaintance named Julia Thomas (she was usually described as a quadroon). Waltz was buried in Phoenix at what is now called the Pioneer and Military Memorial Park.
Blair had little doubt that Waltz related to Thomas the location of an alleged gold mine. As early as September 1, 1892, The Arizona Enterprise was reporting on the efforts of Thomas and several others to locate the lost mine whose location was told to her by Waltz.[18][19] After this was unsuccessful, Thomas and her partners were reported to be selling maps to the mine for $7 each.[20]
The death of Adolph Ruth[edit]
Were it not for the death of amateur explorer and treasure hunter Adolph Ruth, the story of the Lost Dutchman's mine would probably have been little more than a footnote in Arizona history as one of hundreds of "lost mines" rumored to be in the American West. Ruth disappeared while searching for the mine in the summer of 1931. His skull – with two holes in it identified as bullet holes – was recovered about six months after he vanished, and the story made national news, thus sparking widespread interest in the Lost Dutchman's mine.[21]
In a story that echoes some of the earlier tales, Ruth's son Erwin C. Ruth was said to have learned of the Peralta mine from a man called Pedro Gonzales (or Gonzalez). According to the story, in about 1912 Erwin C. Ruth gave some legal aid to Gonzales, saving him from almost certain imprisonment. In gratitude, Gonzales told Erwin about the Peralta mine in the Superstition Mountains, and gave him some antique maps of the site (Gonzales claimed to be descended from the Peralta family on his mother's side). Erwin passed the information to his father Adolph, who had a long-standing interest in lost mines and amateur exploration. The elder Ruth had fallen and badly broken several bones while seeking the lost Pegleg mine in California. He had metal pins in his leg, and used a cane to help him walk.
In June 1931, Ruth set out to locate the lost Peralta mine. After traveling to the region, Ruth stayed several days at the ranch of Tex Barkely to outfit his expedition. Barkely repeatedly urged Ruth to abandon his search for the mine, because the terrain of the Superstition Mountains was treacherous even for experienced outdoorsmen, let alone for the 66-year-old Ruth in the heat of the Arizona summer.
However, Ruth ignored Barkely's advice, and set out for a two-week stint in the mountains. Ruth did not return as scheduled, and no trace of him could be found after a brief search. In December, 1931, The Arizona Republic reported on the recent discovery of a human skull in the Superstition Mountains. To determine if the skull was Ruth's, it was examined by Dr. Aleš Hrdlička, a well-respected anthropologist who was given several photos of Ruth, along with Ruth's dental records. As Curt Gentry wrote, "Dr. Hrdlicka positively identified the skull as that of Adolph Ruth. He further stated, after examining the two holes [in the skull], that it appeared that a shotgun or high-powered rifle had been fired through the head at almost point-blank range, making the small hole when the bullet entered and the large hole when it exited".[22]
In January 1932, human remains were discovered about three-quarters of a mile (1.21 km) from where the skull had been found. Though the remains had been scattered by scavengers, they were undoubtedly Ruth's. Many of Ruth's personal effects were found at the scene, including a pistol (not missing any shells) and the metal pins used to mend his broken bones. But the map to the Peralta mine was said to be missing.
Tantalizingly, Ruth's checkbook was also recovered, and proved to contain a note written by Ruth wherein he claimed to have discovered the mine and gave detailed directions. Ruth ended his note with the phrase "Veni, vidi, vici."[23]
Authorities in Arizona did not convene a criminal inquest regarding Ruth's death. They argued that Ruth had probably succumbed to thirst or heart disease (though, as Gentry wrote, "[o]ne official went so far as to suggest that [Adolph Ruth] might have committed suicide ... While this theory did not ignore the two holes in the skull, it did fail to explain how Ruth had managed to remove and bury the empty shell, then reload his gun, after shooting himself through the head".[24] Blair noted that the conclusion of the Arizona authorities was rejected by many, including Ruth's family, and "those who held onto the more romantic murdered-for-the-map story".[25]
Blair wrote that "the national wire services picked up the story [of Ruth's death] and ran it for more than it was worth", possibly seeing the mysterious story as a welcome reprieve from the bleak news that was otherwise typical of the Great Depression.[26]
Other searches for the mine[edit]
Throughout the 20th century, various expeditions and individuals continued to search the Superstitions for the Lost Dutchman Mine. One of the most professional and serious-minded efforts was led by Oklahoma City private detective Glen Magill, who organized multiple expeditions in the late 60's and early 70's, and claimed on at least two occasions to have identified the location of the mine, later to concede he was either mistaken or the locations were "played out," or bereft of gold. Magill's adventures were chronicled in the popular book "The Killer Mountains," by Curt Gentry.[27]
Other deaths and disappearances[edit]
Since Ruth's death, there have been several other deaths or disappearances in the Superstition Mountains. Some searchers for the mine have disappeared in likely wilderness accidents.
In the mid-1940s, the headless remains of prospector James A. Cravey were reportedly discovered in the Superstition Mountains. He'd allegedly disappeared after setting out to find the Lost Dutchman's mine.[28]
In his 1945 book about the Lost Dutchman's mine, Thunder God's Gold, Barry Storm (pen name of John Griffith Climenson) claimed to have narrowly escaped from a mysterious sniper he dubbed "Mr. X". Storm further speculated that Adolph Ruth might have been a victim of the same sniper.[29]
In late 1961 George Conrad "Shorty" Mueller exalted to friends in the Phoenix area that he'd found the mine. He claimed he needed help removing the gold from the cache, and asked two friends to accompany him back into the area around Weaver's Needle. However, less than two weeks later on January 1, 1962, Shorty Mueller died of a heart attack.
In late November or early December 2009, Denver, Colorado resident Jesse Capen (35) went missing in the Tonto National Forest. His campsite and car were found abandoned shortly afterward. He was known to have been obsessed with finding the mine for several years and had made previous trips to the area.[30][31][32] Capen's body was found in November 2012 by a local search and rescue organization, wedged into a crevice.[33] The program Disappeared covered the case (mentioning others) in the episode "The Dutchman's Curse".
On July 11, 2010, Utah hikers Curtis Merworth (49), Ardean Charles (66), and Malcolm Meeks (41) went missing in the Superstition Mountains looking for the mine. Merworth had become lost in the same area in 2009, requiring a rescue.[34] On July 19, the Maricopa County Sheriff's Department called off the search for the lost men. They presumably died in the summer heat.[35] In January 2011, three sets of remains believed to be those of the lost men were recovered.[36]
Lost Dutchman State Park[edit]
Main article: Lost Dutchman State Park
In 1977, 292 acres (118 ha) abutting the Tonto National Forest were set aside as the Lost Dutchman State Park.[37] The park was expanded to 320 acres (130 ha) in 1983. It is easily accessible about 40 miles east of Phoenix via U.S. Highway 60, the Superstition Freeway. Hiking and camping are popular activities. There are several paths that go through the brush and cacti. The short "Discovery Trail" is a clear route with several placards giving the natural history of the area. Serious gold prospecting is not allowed.
In popular culture[edit]
Legend of the Superstition Mountains premiered on the History Channel on February 8, 2015. The first season of the entertainment program comprised six episodes.
The Haunted Treasure of the Espectros, a 1962 juvenile adventure novel by Gordon D. Shirreffs, is a pastiche of the Lost Dutchman legend.
French comic book authors, Jean-Michel Charlier and Jean Giraud had their western hero Lieutenant Blueberry explore for the Lost Dutchman's mine in the 1972 albums La mine de l'Allemand perdu and Le Spectre aux balles d'or (English title was Marshall Blueberry: The Lost Dutchman's Mine, Epic 1991).
Lost Dutchman's Mine is a text adventure game by the Programmer's Guild written in Applesoft BASIC. The source code appeared as a type-in program in BYTE in 1980 and 1981.[38][39]
Al Emmo and the Lost Dutchman's Mine is a 2006 adventure game based loosely around the myth of the Lost Dutchman's Gold; the protagonist, Al Emmo, sets out to locate the mine and recover its riches for Rita Peralto.
The mine features in the 1948 RKO Western Guns of Hate.
Lust for Gold is a 1949 western film about the mine based on Storm's book.[13]
A 13-episode serial of the Ruff and Reddy television cartoon series, originally broadcast in 1960, has the titular heroes searching for – and finding – the Lost Dutchman's gold mine, as well as the ghost of the Lost Dutchman.
"The Lost Dutchman" episode of the NBC Laramie television series aired on February 14, 1961.[40]
The Death's-Head Mine is a 2001 novel inspired by the Peralta legend.
Dutchman's Gold was a chart hit in 1960 for Walter Brennan.[41]
Comic book writer/illustrator Don Rosa has written a Scrooge McDuck comic about the mine, called The Dutchman's Secret.[42]
Lost Dutchman Mine, a 1989 video game for various platforms.
Elise Broach's novel Missing on Superstition Mountain (2011) uses the Lost Dutchman's Mine as a focal point of the plot.
The Lost Dutchman Mine ride was a popular attraction at Legend City amusement park (Tempe, AZ 1963–1983)[43]
The Lost Dutchman's Mine ride was a popular attraction at Frontier Village amusement park (San Jose, CA 1961–1980)
The Lost Dutchman's Mine ride was a popular attraction at Opryland U.S.A. amusement park (Nashville, TN 1972–1997)
The Lost Dutchman's Mine story was featured in an episode of Monsters and Mysteries in America entitled "Badlands".
The Lost Dutchman's Mine and Jacob Waltz are featured key aspects of the novel Vengeance Road by Erin Bowman.
The Lost Dutchman's Mine is the central key around which revolves the plot of the 2013 film Dark Mountain.
The plot of a Tex Willer (an Italian comic) story entitled La Miniera del Fantasma ("The Ghost's Mine") is based on the Lost Dutchman's Mine legend.
The Lost Dutchman's Goldmine is mentioned in the song "Diggin' For Gold" by Black Oak Arkansas. (Album: Ain't Life Grand. 1975. Atco).
The radio play "Superstitions" from the podcast "Twelve Chimes, It's Midnight" features treasure hunters searching the Superstition Mountains for the Lost Dutchman's Mine.[44]
See also[edit]
Beale ciphers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Blair, Robert (1975). Tales of the Superstitions: The Origins of the Lost Dutchman's Legend. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Historical Foundation. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Granger, Byrd Howell (1977). A Motif Index For Lost Mines and Treasures Applied to Redaction of Arizona Legends, and to Lost Mine and Treasure Legends Exterior to Arizona. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-8165-0646-9.
Jump up ^ Tom Kollenborn (2009-03-08). "Robert K. Corbin's Legacy". Kollenborn Chronicles. Retrieved 2009-09-03. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Blair, 21
Jump up ^ Blair, 22
Jump up ^ Blair, 87
Jump up ^ Blair, 98
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, 108
Jump up ^ Blair, 110
Jump up ^ Blair, 132
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, 133
Jump up ^ Blair, 11
^ Jump up to: a b Lust for Gold on IMDb
Jump up ^ Blair, 75
Jump up ^ Blair, 25
Jump up ^ Blair, 29
Jump up ^ Blair, 59
Jump up ^ Blair, 73
Jump up ^ A contemporary account of Thomas trying to find the lost mine is in the St. Johns Herald., September 8, 1892, Image 2 Col 5 quoting the Phonix Gazette Library of Congress Chronicling America
Jump up ^ Blair, 74
Jump up ^ Gentry, Curt (1968). The Killer Mountains: A Search for the Legendary Lost Dutchman Mine. New York City: New American Library. ISBN 0-233-96169-0.
Jump up ^ Gentry, 101
Jump up ^ Gentry, 102
Jump up ^ Gentry, 102–103
Jump up ^ Blair, 97
Jump up ^ Blair, 96
Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1142170.The_Killer_Mountains
Jump up ^ Kollenborn, Tom. "One Man's Dream: Air Rescue" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Storm, Barry (1945). Thunder God's Gold. Tortilla Flat, Arizona: The Southwest Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Kirk (January 17, 2010). "Arizona desert searched for missing Denver man seeking gold mine". The Denver Post. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cizmar, Martin (April 22, 2010). "Fool's Gold". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Preheim, Cheryl (January 2010). "Mother of missing treasure hunter holds onto hope". 9News.com. KUSA TV. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Joshua Rhett Miller (2012-11-29). "Body of man who hunted legendary 'Lost Dutchman's' gold mine believed found in Arizona mountains". FOX News. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "3 Utah men still missing on Arizona treasure hunt". Associated Press. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Alicia E. Barrón (19 July 2010). "3 Search for men looking for Lost Dutchman's gold suspended". Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 1 Aug 2010.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Nathan (January 17, 2011). "More remains found in Superstitions; may be hiker's". Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ History of Lost Dutchman State Park Archived 2014-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 March 2015
Jump up ^ Liddill, Bob; Li, Teri (December 1980). "Lost Dutchman's Mine". BYTE. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adventurous Bugs". BYTE. April 1984. p. 302. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Laramie: "The Lost Dutchman", February 14, 1961". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved October 5, 2012. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Dutchman's Gold at MTV.com[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Don Rosa". Donrosa.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
Jump up ^ "The Lost Dutchman Mine". JPB Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
Jump up ^ S2E1 Superstitions, retrieved 2017-10-25
External links[edit]
Paul, Lee. "The Dutchman's Lost Gold Mine". Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
"The Lost Dutchman's Mine – History and Bibliography". Apache Junction Library. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
"Lost Dutchman State Park". Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Donaldson, W. Scott (December 2002). Arizona Mining Scams and Unassayable Ore Projects of the Late 20th Century (PDF) (Report). Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
"Jacob "Lost Dutchman" Waltz". Find A Grave.com. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #347: The Lost Dutchman Gold Mine". Skeptoid. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Stewart, Doug. "Tales of the Lost Dutchman". Retrieved 28 February 2013.
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Palilalia
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Palilalia (from the Greek πάλιν (pálin) meaning "again" and λαλιά (laliá) meaning "speech" or "to talk"),[1] a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. It has features resembling other complex tics such as echolalia or coprolalia, but, unlike other aphasias, palilalia is based upon contextually correct speech.[2]
It was originally described by Alexandre-Achille Souques in a patient with stroke that resulted in left-side hemiplegia,[3] although a condition described as auto-echolalia in 1899 by Édouard Brissaud may have been the same condition.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Characteristics
3 Causes
4 References
Classification[edit]
Palilalia is considered an aphasia, a disorder of language, and is not to be confused with speech disorders, as there is no difficulty in the formation of internal speech.[1] Palilalia is similar to speech disorders such as stuttering or cluttering, as it tends to only express itself in spontaneous speech, such as answering basic questions, and not in automatic speech such as reading or singing; however, it distinctively affects words and phrases rather than syllables and sounds.[1]
Palilalia may occur in conditions affecting the pre-frontal cortex or basal ganglia regions, either from physical trauma, neurodegenerative disorders, genetic disorders, or a loss of dopamine in these brain regions.[4] Palilalia occurs most commonly in Tourette syndrome and may be present in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.[4][5]
Characteristics[edit]
Palilalia is defined as the repetition of the speaker's words or phrases, often for a varying number of repeats. Repeated units are generally whole sections of words and are larger than a syllable, with words being repeated the most often, followed by phrases, and then syllables or sounds.[2] [3] Palilalic repetitions are often spoken with decreasing volume and speed up over time.[6]
A 2007 case study by Van Borsel et al. examined the acoustic features in palilalia.[5] AB, a 60-year-old male was diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and had noticed changes in gait, posture, writing, and speech.[5] Observation of his perceptual speech characteristics and Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment results suggested AB suffered from hypokinetic dysarthria with a marked palilalia. It was determined to start speech therapy with passive (metronome) and active (pacing boards) pacing techniques to reduce the number of palilalic repetitions. Unfortunately AB was not able to enunciate despite extensive training.[5]
Analysis of AB's speech therapy showed that his repetitions lasted from 1 minute 33 seconds to 2 minutes 28 seconds, ranging from 1 to 32 repetitions on some words, and differed from trial to trial. Pauses were present between each repetition, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 seconds. Van Borsel et al. concluded that AB's palilalic repetitions followed no pattern: the duration of each repetition train did not decrease over time, the number of repetitions per train did not increase, and the duration of each individual word did not decrease in duration. Such results indicated not all palilalic repetitions show an increasing rate with decreasing volume, and defied the two distinct subtypes of palilalia as suggested by Sterling.[7] Sterling's Type A, sometimes called palilalie spasmodique, is characterized by fast repetitions and decreasing volume, while Sterling's Type B, sometimes called palilalie atonique, is characterized by repetitions at a constant rate with interspersed periods of silence.[8] AB showed neither a systematic increase (Sterling's Type A) or a constant duration (Sterling's Type B) and instead fell between the two.
Palilalia has been theorized to occur in writing and sign language.[5][9] A case study by Tyrone and Moll examined a 79-year-old right-handed deaf man named PSP who showed anomalies in his signing.[9] PSP had learned British sign language (BSL) at the age of seven and had developed left-sided weakness and dysphagia at age 77. PSP showed involuntary movements and repetitions in his signing.[9] Tyrone and Moll reported his movements were palilalic in nature, as entire signs were repeated and the repetitional movements became smaller and smaller in amplitude.[9]
Causes[edit]
The exact cause of palilalia is unknown.
Palilalia also occurs in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, occurring most commonly in Tourette syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy.[5] Such degradation can occur in the substantia nigra where decreased dopamine production results in a loss of function.[4] It can also occur in a variety of genetic disorders including Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Asperger's syndrome, autism,[10] and logoclonia. In contrast to stuttering or logoclonia, palilalic repetitions tend to consist of complete sections of words or phrases,[5] are often repeated many times,[11] and the speaker has no difficulty initiating speech.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Critchley M (July 1927). "On palilalia". J Neurol Psychopathol. 8 (29): 23–32. doi:10.1136/jnnp.s1-8.29.23. PMC 1068500  . PMID 21611242.
^ Jump up to: a b Maassen B, Kent R, Peters H, et al. Speech motor control: In normal and disordered speech. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–345. ISBN 978-0-19-852627-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Mantie-Kozlowski A (2008). Repetitive verbal behaviors in free conversation with a person with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. ProQuest. pp. 5, 8. ISBN 978-0-549-62729-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Van Borsel J, Tetnowski JA (2007). "Fluency disorders in genetic syndromes". J Fluency Disord. 32 (4): 279–96. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.07.002. PMID 17963937.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Van Borsel J, Bontinck C, Coryn M, Paemeleire F, Vandemaele P (April 2007). "Acoustic features of palilalia: a case study". Brain Lang. 101 (1): 90–6. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.06.118. PMID 16890278.
Jump up ^ Benson DF, Ardila A (1996). Aphasia: a clinical perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-19-508934-9. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Sterling W (1924). "Palilalie et le symptome 'linguosalivaire' dans le Parkinsonisme encéphalitique". Revue Neurologique (in French). 32: 205–20.
Jump up ^ Benke T, Butterworth B (July 2001). "Palilalia and repetitive speech: two case studies". Brain Lang. 78 (1): 62–81. doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2445. PMID 11412016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tyrone ME, Woll B (January 2008). "Palilalia in sign language". Neurology. 70 (2): 155–6. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000279378.09844.89. PMID 18180445.
Jump up ^ Lundgren K, Helm-Estabrooks N, Klein R (September 2010). "Stuttering Following Acquired Brain Damage: A Review of the Literature". J Neurolinguistics. 23 (5): 447–454. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.08.008. PMC 2901556  . PMID 20628582.
Jump up ^ Blanken G, Dittman J, Grimm H, Marshall J, Wallesh C.-W. (Eds.), "Repetitive phenomena in aphasia" in Linguistic disorders and pathologies. An international handbook, Waltger de Gruyter, Berlin/New York (1993), pp. 225–238
[hide]
v
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Tourette syndrome (F95.2, 307.23)
Main
Causes and origins
History
Sociological and cultural aspects
Treatment
Terms
Coprolalia
Copropraxia
Echolalia
Echophenomenon
Echopraxia
Palilalia
PANDAS
Sensory phenomena
Tic
Tic disorder
Tourettism
Physicians
Jean-Martin Charcot
Donald J. Cohen
Georges Gilles de la Tourette
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
James F. Leckman
Arthur K. Shapiro
Organizations
Tourette Association of America
Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada
Tourettes Action
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I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me
John's Not Mad
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Notable people
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf
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Basshunter
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Brad Cohen
James Durbin
Jim Eisenreich
Jamie Grace
Tim Howard
Samuel Johnson
André Malraux
Dash Mihok
Ruth Ojadi
Tobias Picker
Nick van Bloss
Michael Wolff
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palilalia&oldid=819408648"
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List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
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Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII.
This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. The U.S. national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner") has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967; Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful" in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977. Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982, famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games.
Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem every year. Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Multiple and hometown performances
3 Notable performances
4 Controversies
5 Other patriotic performances
6 See also
7 References
Performances[edit]
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]
I 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir
II 1968 Orange Bowl, Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band
III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.
IV 1970 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans Al Hirt
V 1971 Orange Bowl, Miami Tommy Loy (trumpet)
VI 1972 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale
VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church
VIII 1974 Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas Charley Pride
IX 1975 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)
X 1976 Orange Bowl, Miami Tom Sullivan
XI 1977 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")
XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University
XIII 1979 Orange Bowl, Miami The Colgate Thirteen
XIV 1980 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Cheryl Ladd
XV 1981 Superdome, New Orleans Helen O'Connell
XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan Diana Ross
XVII 1983 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook
XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida Barry Manilow
XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus
XX 1986 Superdome, New Orleans Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)
XXI 1987 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Neil Diamond
XXII 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego Herb Alpert (trumpet)
XXIII 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Billy Joel
XXIV 1990 Superdome, New Orleans Aaron Neville
XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium, Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling
XXVI 1992 Metrodome, Minneapolis Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary
XXVII 1993 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin
XXVIII 1994 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley
XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone
XXX 1996 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla
XXXI 1997 Superdome, New Orleans Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz
XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich
XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium, Miami Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands
XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir
XXXV 2001 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney
XXXVI 2002 Superdome, New Orleans Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse
XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell
XXXVIII 2004 Reliant Stadium, Houston Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy
XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent
XL 2006 Ford Field, Detroit Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia
XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)
XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]
XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos
XLIV 2010 Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles
XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]
XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]
XLVII 2013 Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]
XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion
XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8] Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]
50 2016 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]
LI 2017 NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].
LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].
Multiple and hometown performances[edit]
Acts that have performed three times:
Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)
Acts that have performed two times:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)
Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)
Notable performances[edit]
The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.
The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.
Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]
At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.
Controversies[edit]
Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]
Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]
Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]
Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]
At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]
Other patriotic performances[edit]
The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII.
The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]
Pledge of Allegiance
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew
"America the Beautiful"
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].
"God Bless America"
2003: Céline Dion
See also[edit]
Super Bowl
List of Super Bowl halftime shows
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Super Bowl – Entertainment". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III". Paley Center for Media. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (January 29, 2008). "Living the dream: Prof to sign anthem for deaf". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl". National Association of the Deaf. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLVI: PepsiCo and the NAD". National Association of the Deaf. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ King (January 19, 2013). "Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII". KING Says. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NAD, NFL, & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience". National Association of the Deaf. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Tickets 2015". Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl". National Football League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Associated Press. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI". National Football League. January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII". National Football League. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). "Super Bowl goes super blue". Air Force Print News. af.mil. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A fitting wartime rendition". St. Petersburg Times. February 4, 1991. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Warner can't match '07 magic vs. Steelers". Chicago Tribune. February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Our National Anthem: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Rolling Stone. July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film, NFL Films, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh, Say, Can She Sing". St. John's Downtown. January 31, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville; Leahhey, Andrew; Parton, Chris; Moss, Marissa R.; Shelburne, Craig (September 21, 2015). "Faith Hill's 10 Greatest Live Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl". CBS Sports. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cuomo, Chris; Paparella, Andrew (February 16, 2012). "Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discography". The Official Garth Brooks Official Website. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott; James, Meg (February 4, 2005). "The Nation; After '04 Fiasco, Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides". The Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A01.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 14, 2005). "Football? They Play a Game?". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX". Air Force Print News. af.mil. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Callow, James (February 7, 2011). "Super Bowl 2011: Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Schabner, Dean (February 6, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Mangles 'Star-Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (February 6, 2011). "Singing, Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Entertainment". Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weseling, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Sandy Hook, Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jennifer (January 31, 2013). "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday". Twitter. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael (January 27, 2017). "'Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL.com (January 15, 2018). "Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
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