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Time zone
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This article is about time zones in general. For a list of time zones by country, see List of time zones by country. For more time zone lists, see Lists of time zones. For other uses, see Time zone (disambiguation).
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A time zone is a region of the globe that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions because it is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time.
Most of the time zones on land are offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by a whole number of hours (UTC−12 to UTC+14), but a few zones are offset by 30 or 45 minutes (e.g. Newfoundland Standard Time is UTC−03:30, Nepal Standard Time is UTC+05:45, and Indian Standard Time is UTC+05:30).
Some higher latitude and temperate zone countries use daylight saving time for part of the year, typically by adjusting local clock time by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding nautical time zones. This also creates a permanent daylight saving time effect.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early timekeeping
1.2 Railway time
1.3 Worldwide time zones
2 Notation of time
2.1 ISO 8601
2.2 UTC
2.2.1 Offsets from UTC
2.3 Abbreviations
3 UTC offsets worldwide
4 List of UTC offsets
5 Time zone conversions
6 Nautical time zones
7 Skewing of zones
8 Daylight saving time
9 Computer systems and the Internet
9.1 Operating systems
9.1.1 Unix
9.1.2 Microsoft Windows
9.2 Programming languages
9.2.1 Java
9.2.2 JavaScript
9.2.3 Perl
9.2.4 PHP
9.2.5 Python
9.2.6 Smalltalk
10 Time zones in outer space
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
History
Early timekeeping
Before clocks were first invented, it was common practice to mark the time of day with apparent solar time (also called "true" solar time) – for example, the time on a sundial – which was typically different for every location and dependent on longitude.
When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,[1] each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) because of the elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (eccentricity) and the tilt of the Earth's axis (obliquity). Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two sums to zero after a year.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established in 1675, when the Royal Observatory was built, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each city in England kept a different local time.
Railway time
Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America
Local solar time became increasingly inconvenient as rail transport and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by amounts corresponding to the differences in their geographical longitudes, which varied by four minutes of time for every degree of longitude. For example, Bristol is about 2.5 degrees west of Greenwich (East London), so when it is solar noon in Bristol, it is about 10 minutes past solar noon in London.[2] The use of time zones accumulates these differences into longer units, usually hours, so that nearby places can share a common standard for timekeeping.
The first adoption of a standard time was on December 1, 1847, in Great Britain by railway companies using GMT kept by portable chronometers. The first of these companies to adopt standard time was the Great Western Railway (GWR) in November 1840. This quickly became known as Railway Time. About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.[3]
Improvements in worldwide communication further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places that adopted time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed.
On November 2, 1868, the then British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.[4]
Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.
1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today
Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on the meridian 75° W of Greenwich, with geographic borders (for example, sections of the Appalachian Mountains). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.[5] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",[6] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.[7] A notable exception was Detroit (which is about halfway between the meridians of eastern time and central time) which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.
Worldwide time zones
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Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy.[8][9]
Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, and is thus credited with the instigation of "the initial effort that led to the adoption of the present time meridians."[10] In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable".
By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some "standard offset" from GMT/UTC. By 1929, most major countries had adopted hourly time zones. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1986.
Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. North Korea, Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, the Marquesas, as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the Chatham Islands of New Zealand, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude.
Notation of time
ISO 8601
Main article: ISO 8601
ISO 8601 is an international standard that defines unambiguous and well-defined methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.
UTC
If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "14:45:15 UTC" is written as "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".
UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter "Z".
Offsets from UTC
Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh] [mm], or ±[hh] (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, is "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).
Abbreviations
Main article: List of time zone abbreviations
Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is discouraged. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "ECT" could be interpreted as "Eastern Caribbean Time" (UTC−4h), "Ecuador Time" (UTC−5h), or "European Central Time" (UTC+1h).
UTC offsets worldwide
Main article: List of UTC time offsets
Time zones map
Political map showing how a great part of the world has a gap between the official time and the solar.
UTC−12:00 ...
UTC−07:00
UTC−06:00 ...
UTC−01:00
UTC±00:00 ...
UTC+05:45
UTC+06:00 ...
UTC+11:30
UTC+12:00 ...
UTC+14:00
Oceania / North America / Antarctica North and South America / Antarctica Europe / Africa / Asia / Antarctica Asia / Antarctica Asia / Oceania / Antarctica
No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer
−12:00 −12:00
/−11:00
N: US- −06:00 −06:00
/−05:00
N: US-, MX- ±00:00
IS ±00:00
/+01:00
N: GB, IE, PT +06:00
RU-, KZ-- +06:00
/+07:00 +12:00
KI-, RU- +12:00
/+13:00
S: NZ-
+06:30
MM
+12:45 +12:45
/+13:45
S: NZ
−11:00
US- −11:00
/−10:00 −05:00
BO, CO, PA, PE −05:00
/−04:00
N: CA-, CU, US- +01:00
TN, CG, CD-, DZ, NE, NG +01:00
/+02:00
N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, MK, NL, NO, PL, SE, SI, SK
S: NA +07:00
RU-, VN, LA, TH, KH, ID- +07:00
/+08:00
N: MN- +13:00
KI-
−10:00
US- −10:00
/−09:00
US- −04:00 −04:00
/−03:00
S: CL- +02:00
Africa: BI, BW, CD-, EG, LY, MW, MZ, RW, ZA, ZM, ZW +02:00
/+03:00
N: FI, EE, LV, LT, UA, BG, GR, MD, RO +08:00
CN, HK, ID, MY, RU-, PH, SG, TW, +08:00
/+09:00
N: MN- +14:00
KI-
−03:30 −03:30
/−02:30
S: CA- +08:30
KP
−09:00 −09:00
/−08:00
N: US- −03:00
S: AR
CL- −03:00
/−02:00
S: BR- +03:00
Europe: BY, RU-, TR, Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA +03:00
/+04:00 +09:00
RU-, JP, KR, ID- +09:00
/+10:00
+03:30 +03:30
/+04:30
IR +09:30 +09:30
/+10:30
AU-
−08:00 −08:00
/−07:00
N: CA-, US-, MX- −02:00
BR- −02:00
/−01:00 +04:00
RU-, GE +04:00
/+05:00 +10:00
RU- +10:00
/+11:00
+04:30
AF
−07:00
US-, MX- −07:00
/−06:00
N: CA-, US-, MX-
S: CL- −01:00 −01:00
/±00:00 +05:00
KZ-, PK +05:00
/+06:00 +11:00
RU- +11:00
/+12:00
+05:30
IN +11:30
NF
+05:45
NP
XX = ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = Universal Coordinated Time, DST = Daylight Saving Time
List of UTC offsets
These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:
Time offset
Example time
(ISO 8601 notation)
Example locations
Example locations that in summer use DST
UTC−12:00 2018-04-13T19:39:09-12:00 Baker Island, Howland Island (both uninhabited)
UTC−11:00 2018-04-13T20:39:09-11:00 American Samoa, Niue
UTC−10:00 2018-04-13T21:39:09-10:00 French Polynesia (most), United States (Hawaii) United States (Aleutian Islands)
UTC−09:30 2018-04-13T22:09:09-09:30 Marquesas Islands
UTC−09:00 2018-04-13T22:39:09-09:00 Gambier Islands United States (most of Alaska)
UTC−08:00 2018-04-13T23:39:09-08:00 Pitcairn Islands Canada (most of British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), United States (California, most of Nevada, most of Oregon, Washington)
UTC−07:00 2018-04-14T00:39:09-07:00 Canada (northeastern British Columbia), Mexico (Sonora), United States (most of Arizona) Canada (Alberta), Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (Colorado)
UTC−06:00 2018-04-14T01:39:09-06:00 Belize, Canada (most of Saskatchewan), Costa Rica, Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Canada (Manitoba), United States (Illinois, most of Texas), Mexico (most), Chile (Easter Island)
UTC−05:00 2018-04-14T02:39:09-05:00 Brazil (Acre), Colombia, Ecuador (continental), Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Peru Bahamas, Canada (most of Ontario, most of Quebec), Cuba, United States (District of Columbia, most of Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, most of Michigan, most of Indiana, New York, North Carolina, Ohio)
UTC−04:00 2018-04-14T03:39:09-04:00 Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil (most of Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Brazil (most of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Canada (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, most of Labrador), Chile (continental), Paraguay
UTC−03:30 2018-04-14T04:09:09-03:30 Canada (island of Newfoundland, southeastern Labrador)
UTC−03:00 2018-04-14T04:39:09-03:00 Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pará, Pernambuco), Chile (Magallanes Region), Falkland Islands, Uruguay Brazil (Federal District, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Greenland (most)
UTC−02:00 2018-04-14T05:39:09-02:00 Brazil (Fernando de Noronha), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UTC−01:00 2018-04-14T06:39:09-01:00 Cape Verde Portugal (Azores)
UTC±00:00 2018-04-14T07:39:09+00:00 Ivory Coast, Ghana, Iceland, Saint Helena, Senegal, Mali Faroe Islands, Ireland, Morocco, Portugal (continental, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), United Kingdom, Western Sahara
UTC+01:00 2018-04-14T08:39:09+01:00 Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo (west), Gabon, Niger, Nigeria, Tunisia Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France (metropolitan), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Macedonia, Namibia, Netherlands (European), Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (continental), Sweden, Switzerland
UTC+02:00 2018-04-14T09:39:09+02:00 Burundi, Egypt, Jordan, Malawi, Mozambique, Russia (Kaliningrad), Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Israel, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Palestine, Romania, Syria, Ukraine
UTC+03:00 2018-04-14T10:39:09+03:00 Belarus, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Kenya, Kuwait, Madagascar, Northern Cyprus, Russia (most of European part), Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen
UTC+03:30 2018-04-14T11:09:09+03:30 Iran
UTC+04:00 2018-04-14T11:39:09+04:00 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mauritius, Oman, Russia (Samara), Seychelles, United Arab Emirates
UTC+04:30 2018-04-14T12:09:09+04:30 Afghanistan
UTC+05:00 2018-04-14T12:39:09+05:00 Kazakhstan (west), Maldives, Pakistan, Russia (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk), Uzbekistan
UTC+05:30 2018-04-14T13:09:09+05:30 India, Sri Lanka
UTC+05:45 2018-04-14T13:24:09+05:45 Nepal
UTC+06:00 2018-04-14T13:39:09+06:00 Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, Kazakhstan (most), Russia (Omsk)
UTC+06:30 2018-04-14T14:09:09+06:30 Cocos Islands, Myanmar
UTC+07:00 2018-04-14T14:39:09+07:00 Cambodia, Indonesia (west), Laos, Russia (Krasnoyarsk), Thailand, Vietnam Mongolia (west)
UTC+08:00 2018-04-14T15:39:09+08:00 Australia (Western Australia), Brunei, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia (central), Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia (Irkutsk), Singapore, Taiwan Mongolia (most)
UTC+08:30 2018-04-14T16:09:09+08:30 North Korea[11]
UTC+08:45 2018-04-14T16:24:09+08:45 Australia (Eucla unofficial)
UTC+09:00 2018-04-14T16:39:09+09:00 East Timor, Indonesia (east), Japan, Russia (most of Sakha), South Korea
UTC+09:30 2018-04-14T17:09:09+09:30 Australia (Northern Territory) Australia (South Australia)
UTC+10:00 2018-04-14T17:39:09+10:00 Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea, Russia (Primorsky) Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria)
UTC+10:30 2018-04-14T18:09:09+10:30 Lord Howe Island
UTC+11:00 2018-04-14T18:39:09+11:00 New Caledonia, Russia (Magadan), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
UTC+12:00 2018-04-14T19:39:09+12:00 Kiribati (Gilbert Islands), Russia (Kamchatka) Fiji, New Zealand (most)
UTC+12:45 2018-04-14T20:24:09+12:45 New Zealand (Chatham Islands)
UTC+13:00 2018-04-14T20:39:09+13:00 Kiribati (Phoenix Islands), Tokelau Samoa, Tonga
UTC+14:00 2018-04-14T21:39:09+14:00 Kiribati (Line Islands)
Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.
Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:
Cairo, Egypt: UTC+02; 01:00 on Tuesday
Wellington, New Zealand: UTC+12; 11:00 on Tuesday
Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: UTC−10; 16:00 on Monday
Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday
The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example, New Zealand, which is usually UTC+12, observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the Southern Hemisphere summer, resulting in a local time of UTC+13.
Time zone conversions
[show]Time of day by zone
City, Region Zone °W Tue Wed
Samoa SST 165 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0
Hawaii HAST 150 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1
Juneau, Alaska AKST 135 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2
San Francisco, Los Angeles PST 120 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3
Denver MST 105 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4
Winnipeg, Chicago, Mexico CST 90 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ottawa, New York, Miami, Quito, Lima EST 75 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Caracas, La Paz, Santiago CLT 60 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Greenland, Rio, Buenos Aires ART 45 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
GST 30 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CVT 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
London, Lisbon, Algiers, Monrovia UTC 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Paris, Rome, Lagos, Kinshasa CET 15 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Helsinki, Moscow, Cairo, Cape Town EET 30 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Archangelsk, Ankara, Addis Abeba AST 45 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Magnitogorsk, Mauritius, Réunion GST 60 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Salekhard, Bishkek, Kerguelen PKT 75 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Norilsk, Novosibirsk BST 90 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Irkutsk, Bangkok, Jakarta ICT 105 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Yakutsk, Beijing, Manila, Perth CST 120 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Vladivostok, Tokyo JST 135 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Magadan, Sydney, Melbourne AEST 150 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
NCT 165 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Fiji, Wellington NZST 180 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Phoenix Islands 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0
Line Islands 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1
°E Wed Thu Fri
Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship
"time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",
in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term "UTC offset" is used here rather than the term "zone designator" used by the standard.)
The conversion equation can be rearranged to
"time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".
For example, what time is it in Los Angeles (PST, UTC offset= −08) when the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, −05)?
time in Los Angeles = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30.
In Delhi (IST, UTC offset= +5:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at
time in Delhi = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+5:30) = 20:00.
These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).
The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.
Nautical time zones
Main article: Nautical time
Since the 1920s a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.[12][13][14]
A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain's choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keep the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal, and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.
Skewing of zones
Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:
1h ± 30 min behind
0h ± 30m
1h ± 30m ahead
2h ± 30m ahead
3h ± 30m ahead
DST observed
DST formerly observed
DST never observed
Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.
For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.[15] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.
There is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. The main reason for this is that similar working day schedules around the world have led to people rising on average at 07:00 clock time and going to bed at 23:00 clock time[citation needed]. Another reason is that it can allow the more efficient use of sunlight.[16] This means that the middle of the period that people are awake ("awake time noon") occurs at 15:00 (= [7 + 23]/2) clock time, whereas - if using as clock time the time of the nautical time zone to which the location concerned geographically belongs - solar noon occurs at 12:00 (+/- 30 min) clock time. To make solar noon coincide more with awake time noon (i.e. make the sun reach its highest point closer to 15:00 clock time rather than 12:00 clock time), the time of one or even two nautical time zones to the east is chosen[citation needed]. Many of these locations also use DST, adding yet another nautical time zone to the east. As a result,[note 1] in summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of Muxía occurs at 14:37 clock time, indeed very close to awake time noon (15:00). This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Muxia has sunset times (after 22:00) similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees further north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.
A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.[17] Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on August 9 to celebrate two sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.
Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet.
Daylight saving time
Main article: Daylight saving time
Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as "Summer Time") during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring forward", "fall back"). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.
Computer systems and the Internet
Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).
Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[18] whereas the US version shows Eastern Time.[19] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime".
Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[20] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.
Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.
Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone. There is also an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems. Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.[21] Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In Google Calendar, calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a time-zone changes,[22] although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).
Operating systems
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Unix
Main article: Unix time
Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.
Microsoft Windows
Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.[23] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.
Programming languages
Java
While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database is updated whenever timezone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[24]
As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[25] This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database.[26]
As of Java 8 new DATE TIME API is there that can help converting timezones. Java 8 Date Time
JavaScript
There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for daylight saving variations.
Perl
The DateTime object supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.[27]
PHP
The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone, and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.[28] As noted there, the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.
Python
The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.[29] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.
Smalltalk
Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.
For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.[30]
Time zones in outer space
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Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of Apollo program astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).[31][32]
Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day,[33] because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.
See also
The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of Coventry Transport Museum.
Daylight saving time
ISO 8601
Jet lag
Lists of time zones
Metric time
Time by country
World clock
Notes
Jump up ^ Spain may have chosen its time zone for other reasons, such as synchronising with trading partners, and adopting CET as a major member of the EU
References
Jump up ^ The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks | Ruxu Du | Springer.
Jump up ^ Latitude and Longitude of World Cities http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html
Jump up ^ "Bristol Time". Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Our Time. How we got it. New Zealand's Method. A Lead to the World". Papaerspast. Evening Post. p. 10. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Economics of Time Zones" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2012. (1.89 MB)
Jump up ^ "Historymatters.gmu.edu". Historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago". Sos.state.il.us. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Quirico Filopanti from scienzagiovane, Bologna University, Italy. Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Gianluigi Parmeggiani (Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna), The origin of time zones Archived August 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "History & info - Standard time began with the railroads". www.webexhibits.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Turning back the clock - North Korea creates Pyongyang Standard Time". Reuters. 6 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Bowditch, Nathaniel. American Practical Navigator. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925, 1939, 1975.
Jump up ^ Hill, John C., Thomas F. Utegaard, Gerard Riordan. Dutton's Navigation and Piloting. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1958.
Jump up ^ Howse, Derek. Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-19-215948-8.
Jump up ^ Poulle, Yvonne (1999). "La France à l'heure allemande" (PDF). Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 157 (2): 493–502. doi:10.3406/bec.1999.450989. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "法定时与北京时间". 人民教育出版社. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Doug O'Hara (2007-03-11). "Alaska: daylight stealing time". Far North Science. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
Jump up ^ "International CNN". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "United States CNN". Cnn.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings". Canonical Ltd. 2008-08-06.
Jump up ^ How time zone normalization works in Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft (2015).
Jump up ^ Use Google Calendar in different time zones. Google Calendar Help (as of Oct. 2015)
Jump up ^ "GetSystemTime function (Windows)". msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Timezone Updater Tool". Java.sun.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Joda-Time". Joda-time.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "tz database". Twinsun.com. 2007-12-26. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "DateTime". METACPAN. Retrieved 2014-04-14.
Jump up ^ "DateTime". Php.net. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "pytz module". Pytz.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Chronos Date/Time Library Archived April 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Ask the Crew: STS-111".
Jump up ^ Ed Lu. "Day in the Life".
Jump up ^ Megan Gannon, 2008, New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time, space.com
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Time zones.
Media related to Time zones at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
List of mountains in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of mountains and mountain ranges in India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Highest major summits in india
2 Other significant mountains
3 Mountain ranges
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
Highest major summits in india[edit]
India summits of India with at least 5000 meters of topographic prominence

Rank (Indian)
Rank (world)
Mountain[a]
Height (m)[b]
Height
Range
Prominence[c][d]
Coordinates
State
0 3 Kanchenjunga 8,586 28,169 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 3,922 27°42′09″N 88°08′48″E / 27.70250°N 88.14667°E / 27.70250; 88.14667 Sikkim
1 23 Nanda Devi 7,816 25,643 Garhwal Himalaya 3,139 30°22′33″N 79°58′15″E / 30.37583°N 79.97083°E / 30.37583; 79.97083 Uttarakhand
2 29 Kamet 7,756 25,446 Garhwal Himalaya 2,825 30°55′12″N 79°35′30″E / 30.92000°N 79.59167°E / 30.92000; 79.59167 * Uttarakhand
3 31 Saltoro Kangri / K10 7,742 25,400 Saltoro Karakoram 2,160 35°23′57″N 76°50′53″E / 35.39917°N 76.84806°E / 35.39917; 76.84806 * Jammu and Kashmir
4 35 Saser Kangri I / K22 7,672 25,171 Saser Karakoram 2,304 34°52′00″N 77°45′09″E / 34.86667°N 77.75250°E / 34.86667; 77.75250 Jammu and Kashmir
5 48 Mamostong Kangri / K35 7,516 24,659 Rimo Karakoram 1,803 35°08′31″N 77°34′39″E / 35.14194°N 77.57750°E / 35.14194; 77.57750 Jammu and Kashmir
6 49 Saser Kangri II E 7,513 24,649 Saser Karakoram 1,450 34°48′17″N 77°48′24″E / 34.80472°N 77.80667°E / 34.80472; 77.80667 Jammu and Kashmir
7 51 Saser Kangri III 7,495 24,590 Saser Karakoram 850 34°50′44″N 77°47′06″E / 34.84556°N 77.78500°E / 34.84556; 77.78500 Jammu and Kashmir
8 56 Teram Kangri I 7,462 24,482 Siachen Karakoram 1,702 35°34′48″N 77°04′42″E / 35.58000°N 77.07833°E / 35.58000; 77.07833 Jammu and Kashmir
9 57 Jongsong Peak 7,462 24,482 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 1,298 27°52′54″N 88°08′09″E / 27.88167°N 88.13583°E / 27.88167; 88.13583 Sikkim
10 61 K12 7,428 24,370 Saltoro Karakoram 1,978 35°17′45″N 77°01′20″E / 35.29583°N 77.02222°E / 35.29583; 77.02222 Jammu and Kashmir
11 65 Kabru N 7,412 24,318 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 780 27°38′02″N 88°07′00″E / 27.63389°N 88.11667°E / 27.63389; 88.11667 Sikkim
12 69 Ghent Kangri 7,401 24,281 Saltoro Karakoram 1,493 35°31′04″N 76°48′02″E / 35.51778°N 76.80056°E / 35.51778; 76.80056 Jammu and Kashmir
13 71 Rimo I 7,385 24,229 Rimo Karakoram 1,438 35°21′18″N 77°22′08″E / 35.35500°N 77.36889°E / 35.35500; 77.36889 Jammu and Kashmir
14 73 Teram Kangri III 7,382 24,219 Siachen Karakoram 520 35°35′59″N 77°02′53″E / 35.59972°N 77.04806°E / 35.59972; 77.04806 Jammu and Kashmir
15 76 Kirat Chuli 7,362 24,153 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 1,168 27°47′16″N 88°11′43″E / 27.78778°N 88.19528°E / 27.78778; 88.19528 Sikkim
16 92 Mana 7,272 23,858 Garhwal Himalaya 730 30°52′50″N 79°36′55″E / 30.88056°N 79.61528°E / 30.88056; 79.61528 Uttarakhand
17 96 Apsarasas Kangri 7,245 23,770 Siachen Karakoram 635 35°32′19″N 77°08′55″E / 35.53861°N 77.14861°E / 35.53861; 77.14861 Jammu and Kashmir
18 97 Mukut Parbat 7,242 23,760 Garhwal Himalaya 840 30°56′57″N 79°34′12″E / 30.94917°N 79.57000°E / 30.94917; 79.57000 Uttarakhand
19 98 Rimo III 7,233 23,730 Rimo Karakoram 615 35°22′31″N 77°21′42″E / 35.37528°N 77.36167°E / 35.37528; 77.36167 Jammu and Kashmir
20 108 Singhi Kangri 7,202 23,629 Siachen Karakoram 790 35°35′59″N 76°59′01″E / 35.59972°N 76.98361°E / 35.59972; 76.98361 Jammu and Kashmir
21 Hardeol 7,161 23,494 Garhwal Himalaya 1,291 30°34′N 80°01′E / 30.567°N 80.017°E / 30.567; 80.017 Uttarakhand
22 Chaukhamba I / Badrinath 7,138 23,418 Garhwal Himalaya 1,594 30°44′53″N 79°17′19″E / 30.74806°N 79.28861°E / 30.74806; 79.28861 Uttarakhand
23 Nun-Kun 7,135 23,408 Zanskar Himalaya 2,404 33°59′N 76°01′E / 33.983°N 76.017°E / 33.983; 76.017 Jammu and Kashmir
24 Pauhunri 7,128 23,385 Sikkim Himalaya 2,035 27°57′N 88°51′E / 27.950°N 88.850°E / 27.950; 88.850 Sikkim
25 Pathibhara / The Pyramid 7,123 23,369 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 900 27°49′N 88°10′E / 27.817°N 88.167°E / 27.817; 88.167 Sikkim
26 Trisul I 7,120 23,359 Garhwal Himalaya 1,616 30°18′57″N 79°46′36″E / 30.31583°N 79.77667°E / 30.31583; 79.77667 Uttarakhand
27 Satopanth 7,075[1] 23,212 Garhwal Himalaya 1,250 30°50′45″N 79°12′48″E / 30.84583°N 79.21333°E / 30.84583; 79.21333 Uttarakhand
28 Tirsuli 7,074 23,209 Garhwal Himalaya 674 30°35′N 80°01′E / 30.583°N 80.017°E / 30.583; 80.017 Uttarakhand
29 Chong Kumdang Ri 7,071[2] 23,199 Rimo Karakoram 851 35°12′N 77°35′E / 35.200°N 77.583°E / 35.200; 77.583 Jammu and Kashmir
30 Dunagiri 7,066 23,182 Garhwal Himalaya 1,346 30°30′55″N 79°51′56″E / 30.51528°N 79.86556°E / 30.51528; 79.86556 Uttarakhand
31 Kangto 7,060 23,163 Assam Himalaya 2,195 27°51′57″N 92°31′53″E / 27.86583°N 92.53139°E / 27.86583; 92.53139 Arunachal Pradesh
32 Nyegyi Kansang 7,047[3] 23,120 Assam Himalaya 1,752 27°56′N 92°40′E / 27.933°N 92.667°E / 27.933; 92.667 Arunachal Pradesh
33 Padmanabh 7,030[2] 23,064 Rimo Karakoram 870 35°26′N 77°11′E / 35.433°N 77.183°E / 35.433; 77.183 Jammu and Kashmir
34 Shudu Tsempa 7,024[4] 23,045 Sikkim Himalaya 524 27°56′N 88°52′E / 27.933°N 88.867°E / 27.933; 88.867 Sikkim
35 Chamshen Kangri / Tughmo Zarpo 7,017[5] 23,022 Saser Karakoram 657 34°53′N 77°48′E / 34.883°N 77.800°E / 34.883; 77.800 Jammu and Kashmir
36 Aq Tash 7,016[6] 23,018 Rimo Karakoram 1,176 35°05′N 77°38′E / 35.083°N 77.633°E / 35.083; 77.633 Jammu and Kashmir
37 Chong Kumdang Ri II 7,004[2] 22,979 Rimo Karakoram 624 35°12′N 77°32′E / 35.200°N 77.533°E / 35.200; 77.533 Jammu and Kashmir
38 Rishi Pahar 6,992 22,940 Garhwal Himalaya 622 30°31′57″N 79°59′52″E / 30.53250°N 79.99778°E / 30.53250; 79.99778 Uttarakhand
39 Thalay Sagar 6,984 22,913 Garhwal Himalaya 1,004 30°51′36″N 78°59′45″E / 30.86000°N 78.99583°E / 30.86000; 78.99583 Uttarakhand
40 Mt. Lakshmi 6,983 22,910 Rimo Karakoram 800 35°27′N 77°10′E / 35.450°N 77.167°E / 35.450; 77.167 Jammu and Kashmir
41 Kedarnath Peak 6,968 22,769 Garhwal Himalaya 1,400 30°47′50″N 79°04′03″E / 30.79722°N 79.06750°E / 30.79722; 79.06750 Uttarakhand
42 Langpo 6,965[7] 22,851 Sikkim Himalaya 560 27°51′13″N 88°11′47″E / 27.85361°N 88.19639°E / 27.85361; 88.19639 Sikkim
43 Saraswati Parvat I / Saraswati Peak 6,940[1] 22,769 Garhwal Himalaya 900 30°01′N 79°30′E / 30.017°N 79.500°E / 30.017; 79.500 Uttarakhand
44 Shahi Kangri 6,934[8] 22,749 Central Tibetan Plateau 1,644 35°10′N 77°50′E / 35.167°N 77.833°E / 35.167; 77.833 Jammu and Kashmir
45 Sri Kailas 6,932 22,743 Garhwal Himalaya 1,092 31°01′03″N 79°10′39″E / 31.01750°N 79.17750°E / 31.01750; 79.17750 Uttarakhand
46 Kalanka 6,931 22,739 Garhwal Himalaya 850 30°30′8″N 79°56′20″E / 30.50222°N 79.93889°E / 30.50222; 79.93889 Uttarakhand
47 Chorten Nyima Ri 6,927[7] 22,726 Sikkim Himalaya 807 27°57′00″N 88°10′42″E / 27.95000°N 88.17833°E / 27.95000; 88.17833 Sikkim
48 Saf Minal / Pk 6911 6,911[9] 22,673 Garhwal Himalaya 531 30°31′N 79°58′E / 30.517°N 79.967°E / 30.517; 79.967 Uttarakhand
49 Panchchuli II 6,904[10] 22,651 Garhwal Himalaya 1,614 30°13′N 80°26′E / 30.217°N 80.433°E / 30.217; 80.433 Uttarakhand
Other significant mountains[edit]
Anamudi
Anginda
Bamba Dhura
Bandarpunch
Betlingchhip
Blue Mountain
Burphu Dhura
Chandrashila
Changuch
Chaudhara
Chiring We
Deomali
Doddabetta
Doli Gutta
Gangotri Group
Gauri Parbat
Gimmigela Chuli
Guru Shikhar
Gya
Haathi Parvat
Kalsubai
Kang Yatze
Kangju Kangri
Kodachadri
Kumara Parvatha
Maiktoli
Mentok
Mol Len
Mullayanagiri
Nag Tibba
Nagalaphu
Nanda Ghunti
Nanda Gond
Nanda Khat
Nanda Kot
Nanda Pal
Nilkantha
Nun Kun
Om Parvat
Pandim
Parasnath
Plateau Peak
Rajrambha
Reo Purgyil
Sangthang
Siniolchu
Sispara
Suj Tilla East
Suj Tilla West
Sujarkamiltan
Suli Top
Swargarohini
Matanga Hill
Mountain ranges[edit]
Agasthyamalai Hills
Anamalai Hills
Aravalli Range
Bailadila Range
Camore Hills
Cardamom Hills
Dhauladhar Range
Eastern Ghats
Garhjat Range
Karbi Anglong Plateau
Garo hills
Himalayas
Jaintia Hills
Karakoram Range
Khasi Hills
Manipur Hills
Mizo Hills
Nag Tibba
Naga Hills
Nilgiri Hills
Palani Hills
Patkai Hills
Pir Panjal Range
Purvanchal Range
Sahyadri
Satpura Range
Shivalik Hills
Vindhya Range
Western Ghats
Zanskar Range
See also[edit]
List of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand
List of Indian states and territories by highest point
List of mountain peaks of Maharashtra
List of mountains and hills of the West Bengal
List of mountains in Kerala
List of peaks in Himachal Pradesh
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mountains in territory claimed but not controlled by India, such as K2, are not included in the table.
Jump up ^ Hartemann & Hauptman 2005, pp. 233–244 is used as a reference for most peaks. Peaks not in the citation are referenced separately.
Jump up ^ The table below only lists the 100 summits with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) prominence. A few spectacular peaks such as Abi Gamin (prominence of 217m) and Gimmigela Chuli (prominence of 432m) are therefore not included in the table.
Jump up ^ Peakbagger is used as a reference for this column.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kapadia (Garwhal) 1999, p. 217.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kapadia 2010, p. 186.
Jump up ^ Bisht 2008, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Weare 2009, p. 188.
Jump up ^ "Chamshen Kangri, India". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kapadia (Karakoram) 1999, p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Kapadia (Sikkim) 1999, p. 138.
Jump up ^ "Shahi Kangri, India". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kapadia (Kumaun) 1999, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Kapadia (Kumaun) 1999, p. 34.
Bibliography[edit]
Bisht, Ramesh Chandra (2008), International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas (5 Vols. Set), Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-8324-265-3
Hartemann, Frederic; Hauptman, Robert (2005), The Mountain Encyclopedia: An A to Z Compendium of Over 2,250 Terms, Concepts, Ideas, and People, Taylor Trade Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4617-0331-0
Kapadia, Harish (2010), Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses, Rupa & Company, ISBN 978-81-291-1687-1
Kapadia, Harish (1999), Across Peaks & Passes in Garhwal Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-097-2
Kapadia, Harish (1999), Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-100-9
Kapadia, Harish (1999), Across Peaks & Passes in Kumaun Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-096-5
Kapadia, Harish (2001), Across Peaks & Passes in Darjeeling & Sikkim, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-126-9
World 7200-meter Peaks, peakbagger.com, retrieved 15 February 2015
Weare, Gary (2009), Trekking in the Indian Himalaya, Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-1-74059-768-5
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mountains of India.
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