text:
Political action committee
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2016)
This article is about political organizations. For other uses, see PAC.
In the United States and Canada, a political action committee (PAC) is a type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.[1][2] The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States. This term is quite specific to all activities of campaign finance in the United States. Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition (see political finance). At the U.S. federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the Federal Election Commission, according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act).[3] At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's election laws.
Contributions from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal, though they may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising;
Union-affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from members;
Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds.
Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows:
$5,000 to a candidate or candidate committee for each election (primary and general elections count as separate elections);
$15,000 to a political party per year; and
$5,000 to another PAC per year.
PACs may make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party
In its 2010 case Citizens United v. FEC, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned sections of the Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act) that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns.[4] Citizens United made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures related to campaigns, but did not alter the prohibition on direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns.[5][6] Organizations seeking to contribute directly to federal candidate campaigns must still rely on traditional PACs for that purpose.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Categorization
2.1 Connected PACs
2.2 Non-connected PACs
2.2.1 Leadership PACs
2.2.2 Controversial use of leadership PACs
2.3 Super PACs
2.3.1 2012 presidential election
2.3.2 Disclosure rules
3 2008 election
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The first PAC was the CIO-PAC, formed in July 1943 under CIO president Philip Murray and headed by Sidney Hillman.
Categorization[edit]
Further information: List of political action committees
Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs: connected and non-connected. Judicial decisions added a third classification, independent-expenditure only committees, which are colloquially known as "Super PACs".
Connected PACs[edit]
Most of the 4,600 active, registered PACs are "connected PACs" established by businesses, labor unions, trade groups, or health organizations. These PACs receive and raise money from a "restricted class", generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation and members in the case of a union or other interest group. As of January 2009, there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs, 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations. [9]
Non-connected PACs[edit]
Groups with an ideological mission, single-issue groups, and members of Congress and other political leaders may form "non-connected PACs". These organizations may accept funds from any individual, connected PAC, or organization. As of January 2009, there were 1,594 non-connected PACs, the fastest-growing category.[9]
Leadership PACs[edit]
Elected officials and political parties cannot give more than the federal limit directly to candidates. However, they can set up a Leadership PAC that makes independent expenditures. Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate, this type of spending is not limited.[10]
Under the FEC (Federal Election Commission) rules, leadership PACs are non-connected PACs, and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs. Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions, Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties. A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official cannot use funds to support that official's own campaign. However, it may fund travel, administrative expenses, consultants, polling, and other non-campaign expenses.[11][12][13]
Between 2008 and 2009, leadership PACs raised and spent more than $47 million.[14]
Controversial use of leadership PACs[edit]
Former Rep. John Doolittle's (R) leadership PAC paid 15% to a firm that only employed his wife. Payouts to his wife's firm were $68,630 in 2003 and 2004, and $224,000 in 2005 and 2006. The Doolittle home was raided in 2007.[15] After years of investigation, the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010.
One Leadership PAC purchased $2,139 in gifts from Bose Corporation.[16]
Former Rep. Richard Pombo (R) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ($22,896) and buy baseball tickets ($320) for donors.[17]
Former Speaker Nancy Pelosi's (D) leadership PAC, Team Majority, was fined $21,000 by federal election officials "for improperly accepting donations over federal limits."[18]
Super PACs[edit]
Super PACs, officially known as "independent-expenditure only committees", may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties, but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns. Unlike traditional PACs, they can raise funds from individuals, corporations, unions, and other groups without any legal limit on donation size.[19]
Super PACs were made possible by two judicial decisions: the aforementioned Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and, two months later, Speechnow.org v. FEC. In Speechnow.org, the federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held that PACs that did not make contributions to candidates, parties, or other PACs could accept unlimited contributions from individuals, unions, and corporations (both for profit and not-for-profit) for the purpose of making independent expenditures.
The result of the Citizens United and SpeechNow.org decisions was the rise of a new type of political action committee in 2010, popularly dubbed the "super PAC".[20] In an open meeting on July 22, 2010, the FEC approved two Advisory Opinions to modify FEC policy in accordance with the legal decisions.[21] These Advisory Opinions were issued in response to requests from two existing PACs, Club for Growth, and Commonsense Ten, which later became Senate Majority PAC. The opinions gave a sample wording letter which all Super PACs must submit to qualify for the deregulated status, and such letters continue to be used by Super PACs up to the present date. FEC Chairman Steven T. Walther dissented on both opinions and issued a statement giving his thoughts. In the statement, Walther stated "There are provisions of the Act and Commission regulations not addressed by the court in SpeechNow that continue to prohibit Commonsense Ten from soliciting or accepting contributions from political committees in excess of $5,000 annually or any contributions from corporations or labor organizations." (emphasis in original)[22]
The term "Super PAC" was coined by reporter Eliza Newlin Carney.[23] According to Politico, Carney, a staff writer covering lobbying and influence for CQ Roll Call, "made the first identifiable, published reference to 'super PAC' as it’s known today while working at National Journal, writing on June 26, 2010, of a group called Workers’ Voices, that it was a kind of '"super PAC" that could become increasingly popular in the post-Citizens United world.'"[24]
According to FEC advisories, Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties. This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in quid pro quo bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder. However, it is legal for candidates and Super PAC managers to discuss campaign strategy and tactics through the media.[25][26]
2012 presidential election[edit]
Super PACs may support particular candidacies. In the 2012 presidential election, Super PACs played a major role, spending more than the candidates' election campaigns in the Republican primaries.[27] As of early April 2012, Restore Our Future—a Super PAC usually described as having been created to help Mitt Romney's presidential campaign—had spent $40 million. Winning Our Future (a pro–Newt Gingrich group) spent $16 million.[28] Some Super PACs are run or advised by a candidate's former staff or associates.[29]
In the 2012 election campaign, most of the money given to super PACs came from wealthy individuals, not corporations.[27] According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics, the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011–2012 made up just 3.7% of contributors, but accounted for more than 80% of the total money raised,[30] while less than 0.5% of the money given to "the most active Super PACs" was donated by publicly traded corporations.[31] Super PACs have been criticized for relying heavily on negative ads.[32]
As of February 2012, according to Center for Responsive Politics, 313 groups organized as Super PACs had received $98,650,993 and spent $46,191,479. This means early in the 2012 election cycle, PACs had already greatly exceeded total receipts of 2008. The leading Super PAC on its own raised more money than the combined total spent by the top 9 PACS in the 2008 cycle.[33]
The 2012 figures do not include funds raised by state level PACs.
Disclosure rules[edit]
By January 2010, at least 38 states and the federal government required disclosure for all or some independent expenditures or electioneering communications.[34] These disclosures were intended to deter potentially or seemingly corrupting donations.[35][36]
Yet despite disclosure rules, it is possible to spend money without voters knowing the identities of donors before the election.[37] In federal elections, for example, political action committees have the option to choose to file reports on a "monthly" or "quarterly" basis.[38][39][40] This allows funds raised by PACs in the final days of the election to be spent and votes cast before the report is due.
In one high-profile case, a donor to a super PAC kept his name hidden by using an LLC formed for the purpose of hiding their personal name.[41] One super PAC, that originally listed a $250,000 donation from an LLC that no one could find, led to a subsequent filing where the previously "secret donors" were revealed.[42] However, campaign finance experts have argued that this tactic is already illegal, since it would constitute a contribution in the name of another.[43]
2008 election[edit]
In the 2008 election, the top nine PACs spent a total of $25,794,807 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) as follows:
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers PAC $3,344,650
AT&T Federal PAC $3,108,200
American Bankers Association (BANK PAC) $2,918,140
National Beer Wholesalers Association PAC $2,869,000
Dealers Election Action Committee of the National Automobile Dealers Association $2,860,000
International Association of Fire Fighters $2,734,900
International Union of Operating Engineers PAC $2,704,067
American Association for Justice PAC $2,700,500
Laborers' International Union of North America PAC $2,555,350
See also[edit]
List of political action committees
501(c)(4) organizations
527 group
Campaign finance in the United States
Issue advocacy ads
Lobbying in the United States
Money loop
Politics of the United States
Soft money
Dark money
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008-12-19). The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in a Global World (10 ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 309. ISBN 054720454X. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky: Secretary of State - Civics Glossary". Sos.ky.gov. 2010-12-20. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ 52 U.S.C. § 30101 http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title52-section30101&num=0&edition=prelim. Retrieved 2017-06-03. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Ely, Jr., James W. (2012) [2005]. Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (Electronic)|format= requires |url= (help) (Encyclopedia) (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199916467.
Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 441b
Jump up ^ https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-637/4637-21.pdf
Jump up ^ Murse, Tom. "What is a Super PAC?". About.com U.S. Politics. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "End Citizens United raises $4 million, projects $35 million haul for midterms". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "20090309PACcount". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (September 27, 2010). "DeMint's PAC Spends $1.5 Million in Independent Expenditures". U.S. News and World Report.
Jump up ^ Stern, Marcus; LaFleur, Jennifer's (September 26, 2009). "Leadership PACs: Let the Good Times Roll". ProPublica. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Leadership PACs and Sponsors" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.. Federal Election Commission.
Jump up ^ "Congress 101: Political Action Committees". Congressional Quarterly.
Jump up ^ "Leadership PACs". OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics. 2010.
Jump up ^ "FBI raids U.S. Rep. Doolittle's home - politics - NBC News". msnbc.com. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Political Action Committees". OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jonathan; Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (July 11, 2006). "Lawmaker Criticized for PAC Fees Paid to Wife". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Pelosi PAC fined $21,000 by federal elections officials". USA Today. February 11, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Outside Spending (2010)". OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics.
Jump up ^ Cordes, Nancy (June 30, 2011). "Colbert gets a Super PAC; So what are they?". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
Jump up ^ "20100722OpenMtng". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Component Parts", Matt Corley, March 14, 2012
Jump up ^ "How Super PACs got their name", Dave Levinthal, January 10, 2012
Jump up ^ Grier, Peter (January 18, 2012). "Will Jon Stewart go to jail for running Stephen Colbert's super PAC?". The Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ McGlynn, Katla (January 18, 2012). "Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert Expose More Super PAC Loopholes Without 'Coordinating'". The Huffington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Crankocracy In America. Who really benefitted from Citizens United?. Timothy Noah. 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Winning Our Future. factcheck.org. 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Who's Financing the 'Super PACs'". The New York Times, February 20, 2012 [February 1, 2012]
Jump up ^ Can 46 rich dudes buy an election? By Charles Riley @CNNMoney March 26, 2012
Jump up ^ Corporations don't pony up for super PACs By ANNA PALMER and ABBY PHILLIP| politico.com| 3/8/12
Jump up ^ Mooney, Brian C. (February 2, 2012). "Super PACs fueling GOP attack ads". The Boston Globe. 2012-02-02
Jump up ^ "Super PACs". OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Cookies Disabled". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Towards a Madisonian, interest-group-based, approach to lobbying regulation, University of Alabama School of Law, by Anita S. Krishnakumar, Page 10 of 61, February 18, 2007" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Who funds Super PAC? FEC looks into powerful influence", By Gail Russell Chaddock, The Christian Science Monitor, Feb 02, 2012 Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ""Super PACs" in Federal Elections: Overview and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, by R. Sam Garrett, December 2, 2011" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Timely Tips Archive". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ John Blake, CNN (4 February 2012). "Forgetting a key lesson from Watergate?". CNN. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Colbert I. King (13 January 2012). "How D.C. interests sidestep campaign finance limits". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Luo, Michael. "A Secret Donor Revealed".
Jump up ^ "The strange case of W. Spann, LLC". Center for Competitive Politics. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
External links[edit]
FEC.gov - Political Action Committees (PAC)
FEC.gov - Speechnow.org v. FEC
OpenSecrets.org from the Center for Responsive Politics
FactCheck.org Players Guide 2012
FactCheck.org Players Guide 2014
PoliticalMoneyLine dot-com company that offers some free information; detailed info requires a subscription
Sunlight Foundation
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Tiber
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Italian river. For other uses, see Tiber (disambiguation).
Tiber
The Tiber in Rome
Country
Italy
Physical characteristics
Main source
Mount Fumaiolo
1,268 m (4,160 ft)
River mouth
Tyrrhenian Sea
Length
406 km (252 mi)
Discharge
Average rate:
239 m3/s (8,400 cu ft/s) (in Rome)
Basin features
Basin size
17,375 km2 (6,709 sq mi)
Mussolini's headstone near the source of Tiber
Roman representation of Tiber as a god (Tiberinus) with cornucopia at the Campidoglio, Rome
View of the Tiber looking towards the Vatican City
Rome flood marker, 1598, set into a pillar of the Santo Spirito Hospital near Basilica di San Pietro
Highest level of Tiber for 40+ years, 13 December 2008. View of Tiber Island
The Tiber (/ˈtaɪbər/, Latin Tiberis,[1] Italian Tevere, Italian pronunciation: [ˈteːvere])[2] is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing 406 kilometres (252 mi) through Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the river Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.[3] It drains a basin estimated at 17,375 square kilometres (6,709 sq mi). The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks.
The river rises at Mount Fumaiolo in central Italy and flows in a generally southerly direction past Perugia and Rome to meet the sea at Ostia. Popularly called flavus ("the blond"), in reference to the yellowish colour of its water, the Tiber has heavily advanced at the mouth by about 3 kilometres (2 miles) since Roman times, leaving the ancient port of Ostia Antica 6 kilometres (4 miles) inland.[4][5] However, it does not form a proportional delta, owing to a strong north-flowing sea current close to the shore, to the steep shelving of the coast, and to slow tectonic subsidence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources
2 Etymology
3 History
4 Bridges
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Sources[edit]
The source of the Tiber consists of two springs 10 metres (33 ft) away from each other on Mount Fumaiolo. These springs are called "Le Vene".[6] The springs are in a beech forest 1,268 metres (4,160 ft) above sea level. During the 1930s, Benito Mussolini placed an antique marble Roman column at the point where the river arises, inscribed QUI NASCE IL FIUME SACRO AI DESTINI DI ROMA ("Here is born the river / sacred to the destinies of Rome"). There is an eagle on the top of this column. The first miles of the Tiber run through Valtiberina before entering Umbria.[7]
Etymology[edit]
It is probable that the genesis of the name Tiber was pre-Latin, like the Roman name of Tibur (modern Tivoli), and may be specifically Italic in origin. The same root is found in the Latin praenomen Tiberius. There are also Etruscan variants of this praenomen in Thefarie (borrowed from Faliscan *Tiferios, lit. '(He) from the Tiber' < *Tiferis 'Tiber') and Teperie (via the Latin hydronym Tiber).[8][9]
The legendary king Tiberinus, ninth in the king-list of Alba Longa, was said to have drowned in the river Albula, which was afterward called Tiberis.[8] The myth may have explained a memory of an earlier, perhaps pre-Indo-European name for the river, "white" (alba) with sediment, or "from the mountains" from preindoeuropean word "alba, albion" mount, elevated area.[10] Tiberis/Tifernus may be a preindoeuropean substrate word related to Aegaean tifos still water, Greek phytonym τύφη a kind of swamp and river bank weed (Typha angustifolia), Hiberian hydronyms Tibilis, Tebro and Numidian Aquae Tibilitanae.[11] Yet another etymology is from *dubri-, water, considered by Alessio as Sicel, whence the form Θύβρις later Tiberis. This root *dubri- is widespread in Western Europe e.g. Dover, Portus Dubris.[12]
According to the legend, Jupiter made him a god and guardian spirit of the river (also called Volturnus, "rolling water"). This gave rise to the standard Roman depiction of the river as a powerfully built reclining god, also named Tiberinus, with streams of water flowing from his hair and beard.[13]
The Tiber was also believed to be the river into which Romulus and Remus (the former founded Rome) were thrown as infants.
History[edit]
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC on the banks of the Tiber about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the sea at Ostia. The island Isola Tiberina in the centre of Rome, between Trastevere and the ancient center, was the site of an important ancient ford and was later bridged. Legend says Rome's founders, the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, were abandoned on its waters, where they were rescued by the she-wolf, Lupa.
The river marked the boundary between the lands of the Etruscans to the west, the Sabines to the east and the Latins to the south. Benito Mussolini, born in Romagna, adjusted the boundary between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna, so that the springs of the Tiber would lie in Romagna.
The Tiber was critically important to Roman trade and commerce, as ships could reach as far as 100 kilometres (60 mi) upriver; there is evidence that it was used to ship grain from the Val Teverina as long ago as the 5th century BC.[4] It was later used to ship stone, timber and foodstuffs to Rome.
During the Punic Wars of the 3rd century BC, the harbour at Ostia became a key naval base. It later became Rome's most important port, where wheat, olive oil, and wine were imported from Rome's colonies around the Mediterranean.[4] Wharves were also built along the riverside in Rome itself, lining the riverbanks around the Campus Martius area. The Romans connected the river with a sewer system (the Cloaca Maxima) and with an underground network of tunnels and other channels, to bring its water into the middle of the city.
Wealthy Romans had garden-parks or "horti" on the banks of the river in Rome up through the first century BC.[14] These may have been sold and developed about a century later.
The heavy sedimentation of the river made it difficult to maintain Ostia, prompting the emperors Claudius and Trajan to establish a new port on the Fiumicino in the 1st century AD. They built a new road, the via Portuensis, to connect Rome with Fiumicino, leaving the city by Porta Portese ('the port gate'). Both ports were eventually abandoned due to silting.
Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th century, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while but by the 20th century silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome itself.[4]
The Tiber was once known for its floods — the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in). The river is now confined between high stone embankments which were begun in 1876. Within the city, the riverbanks are lined by boulevards known as lungoteveri, streets "along the Tiber".
Because the river is identified with Rome, the terms "swimming the Tiber" or "crossing the Tiber" have come to be the Protestant shorthand term for converting to Roman Catholicism. This is most common if the person who converts had been Anglican, the reverse of which is referred to as "swimming the Thames" or "crossing the Thames".
In ancient Rome, executed criminals were thrown into the Tiber. People executed at the Gemonian stairs were thrown in the Tiber during the later part of the reign of the emperor Tiberius. This practice continued over the centuries. For example, the corpse of Pope Formosus was thrown into the Tiber after the infamous Cadaver Synod held in 897.
Bridges[edit]
In addition to the numerous modern bridges over the Tiber in Rome, there remain a few ancient bridges (now mostly pedestrian-only) that have survived in part (e.g., the Ponte Milvio and the Ponte Sant'Angelo) or in whole (Fabricius' Bridge).
See also[edit]
Hollywood on the Tiber
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard J. A. Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map-By-Map Directory. I. Princeton, NJ and Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press. p. 630. ISBN 0691049459.
Jump up ^ (in Italian) Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia
Jump up ^ Lazio – Latium | Italy Archived 2009-08-28 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tiber River". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006
Jump up ^ "Tiber". World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Tiber Springs – Mount Fumaiolo". Archived from the original on 2013-09-27.
Jump up ^ Tuscany tours – the origin of the Tiber River
^ Jump up to: a b "Tiber". Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. John Everett-Heath. Oxford University Press 2005.
Jump up ^ George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897)
Jump up ^ Cf. e.g. G. Alessio "Studi storico-linguisitci messapici" in Archivio Storico Pugliese p. 304; "Sul nome di Brindisi" in Archivio Storico Puglese VIII 1955 p. 211 f.; "Apulia et Calabria nel quadro della toponomastica mediterranea" in Atti del VII Congresso Internazionale di Studi Onomastici Firenze 1962 p. 85.
Jump up ^ G. Simonetta "La stratificazione linguistica dell' Agro Falisco" p. 6 citing G. Alessio.
Jump up ^ G. Alessio "Problemi storico-linguistici messapici" in Studi Salentini12 1962 p. 304.
Jump up ^ Tiber. Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth (1996)
Jump up ^ Horti:LacusCurtius • Gardens of Ancient Rome (Platner & Ashby, 1929)
External links[edit]
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The river mouth of the Tiber and city of Fiumicino on the Tyrrhenian Sea
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VIAF: 125605619
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Coordinates: 41°44′26″N 12°14′00″E / 41.7405°N 12.2334°E / 41.7405; 12.2334
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Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode)
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"Angel"
Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 7
Directed by
Scott Brazil
Written by
David Greenwalt
Production code
4V07
Original air date
April 14, 1997
Guest appearance(s)
Mark Metcalf as Master
David Boreanaz as Angel
Kristine Sutherland as Joyce Summers
Julie Benz as Darla
Andrew J. Ferchland as Anointed One
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Pack" Next →
"I, Robot... You, Jane"
List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
"Angel" is the seventh episode of season 1 of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by co-executive producer David Greenwalt and directed by Scott Brazil. The narrative follows Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar), vampire slayer, coming to terms with her feelings for Angel (David Boreanaz), who is revealed to be a vampire cursed with a soul. However, Darla (Julie Benz) is playing a deadly game manipulating both Buffy and Angel to the Master's (Mark Metcalf) will.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Broadcast and reception
4 Continuity
4.1 Arc significance
5 Cultural references
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The Master sends a trio of armoured warrior vampires after Buffy. They ambush her, but Angel arrives to help her. Angel is injured during the fight and Buffy invites him back to her house. When Angel takes his shirt off, Buffy notices a tattoo and asks him if he was stalking her, because she felt his presence at the Bronze. He shrugs it off. Buffy asks Angel why he fights vampires and he reveals that his family was killed by vampires.
The next morning, Giles informs the group that the vampire trio were known as The Three, warrior vampires controlled by the Master. The Master allows Darla to kill The Three, as a lesson in the use of power for Collin, the Anointed One.
The next day, Buffy returns to Angel. She notices her diary askew and tries to explain away entries that reveal fantasies about "A". Angel assures her that he did not read the diary. He then confesses his attraction towards her. They kiss. Suddenly, Angel pulls back with a snarl of distress, showing his vampire face. Buffy screams in shock and he dives out the window.
Giles researches Angel's history and notices the peculiarity that, although he was previously infamous as the sadistic killer known as Angelus, Angel has shunned the company of other vampires since coming to America and apparently has completely stopped preying on humans.
Darla cons Buffy's mother into inviting her in and bites her. Angel hears Joyce's cry and rushes in. Darla shoves the now-unconscious Joyce into Angel's arms and escapes out the back door. Angel resists the impulse to drink, but Buffy sees him and is horrified. At the hospital, Joyce's last memory is of inviting Buffy's "study friend" inside. Buffy misunderstands, thinking Joyce means Angel rather than Darla, and storms out to kill him.
Giles talks further with Joyce and learns that it was Darla, not Angel, who bit Joyce. With Xander and Willow in tow, he rushes to find Buffy to warn her of the trap. Buffy tracks Angel to the deserted Bronze and demands an explanation; Angel tells how he was cursed by Gypsies who restored his human soul so that he would be eternally tormented with the guilt of his past sins. He denies biting Joyce, yet confesses wanting to, as well as wanting to kill Buffy. The Slayer lays aside her crossbow and slowly offers her throat to him. Suddenly, Darla emerges from the shadows with a pair of handguns. Hearing gunfire, Giles, Willow and Xander rush in and distract Darla. Looming up from behind, Angel stakes Darla through the heart.
In their Hellmouth lair, Collin consoles the Master for his loss of Darla at Angel's hands. Spying Angel across the crowded room at the Bronze, Buffy goes to thank him — and to tell him goodbye. Their banter trails to silence and they deeply kiss one last time. Buffy doesn't notice that the cross she's wearing — the one Angel gave her weeks ago at their first meeting — was scorching his chest.
Production[edit]
During the production of this episode, it took the makeup department 60 to 90 minutes to apply the vampire prosthetic on David Boreanaz.[1] Angel’s Hugo Boss duster is worth over $1,000.[1]
Broadcast and reception[edit]
"Angel" was first broadcast on The WB on April 14, 1997. It earned a Nielsen rating of 2.3 on its original airing.[2]
Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave "Angel" a grade of A, calling it the best episode thus far. He praised how Buffy inviting Angel into her home was used as a metaphor, how that "ambiguity" was used to tease the audience, and the "multitude of character touches, funny bits of dialogue, and milieu-enriching moments".[3] DVD Talk's Phillip Duncan called the episode "excellent", highlighting the "well-crafted" dialogue-heavy part and the "poignant ending".[4] A review from the BBC praised the way the episode was constructed and noted the importance of it character-wise, but called it "rather mundane".[5]
Continuity[edit]
Buffy invites Angel into her house in this episode, an invitation she will later revoke in "Passion".
Buffy mentions The Three in the Season Three episode "Faith, Hope & Trick" when describing past experiences with slaying to Faith.
Arc significance[edit]
This episode provides many revelations about Angel. It is revealed that Angel is a vampire with a soul who was named Angelus (The One with the Angelic Face) and killed his own family when he first became a vampire. It is revealed that he is 240 years old and has a tattoo on his right shoulder blade. The origin of his gypsy curse, which will play a major role in Season Two, is also told.
It is revealed that Darla was once romantically involved with Angelus and that she made him a vampire.
Darla dies (for the second of four times, as revealed in later episodes of Buffy and the spin-off series Angel), but she returns at the end of the first season of Angel.
This episode is the first time Joyce Summers meets Giles and Angel.
Buffy first uses the crossbow: a weapon she continues to use throughout the series, and even favors in the season 4 episode "Fear, Itself"
Cultural references[edit]
The Three: The biblical Books of Samuel describe King David's warriors as being divided up into The Thirty and The Three. The fact that these vampires are warriors may indicate that they owe their origins to King David's warrior squad of the same name.
"I'm not going to be fighting Friar Tuck": Friar Tuck is a legendary companion of Robin Hood's. Tuck, among others of the Merry Men, especially Little John, sometimes fights using a quarterstaff; a deprecation of such fighting as literally mediæval is implied.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Golden, Christopher, and Nancy Holder. The Watcher's Guide, Vol. 1. New York: Pocket Books, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Ratings for Buffy's First Season". Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Murray, Noel (19 June 2008). ""Angel", etc". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Phillip (21 January 2002). "Buffy the Vampire Slayer — Season 1". DVD Talk. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Angel: Review". BBC. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
External links[edit]
"Angel" on IMDb
"Angel" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
Season 1
"Welcome to the Hellmouth"
"The Harvest"
"Witch"
"Teacher's Pet"
"Never Kill a Boy on the First Date"
"The Pack"
"Angel"
"I, Robot... You, Jane"
"The Puppet Show"
"Nightmares"
"Out of Mind, Out of Sight"
"Prophecy Girl"
Season 2
"When She Was Bad"
"Some Assembly Required"
"School Hard"
"Inca Mummy Girl"
"Reptile Boy"
"Halloween"
"Lie to Me"
"The Dark Age"
"What's My Line, Parts One and Two"
"Ted"
"Bad Eggs"
"Surprise"
"Innocence"
"Phases"
"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"
"Passion"
"Killed by Death"
"I Only Have Eyes for You"
"Go Fish"
"Becoming, Parts One and Two"
Season 3
"Anne"
"Dead Man's Party"
"Faith, Hope & Trick"
"Beauty and the Beasts"
"Homecoming"
"Band Candy"
"Revelations"
"Lovers Walk"
"The Wish"
"Amends"
"Gingerbread"
"Helpless"
"The Zeppo"
"Bad Girls"
"Consequences"
"Doppelgangland"
"Enemies"
"Earshot"
"Choices"
"The Prom"
"Graduation Day, Parts One and Two"
Season 4
"The Freshman"
"Living Conditions"
"The Harsh Light of Day"
"Fear, Itself"
"Beer Bad"
"Wild at Heart"
"The Initiative"
"Pangs"
"Something Blue"
"Hush"
"Doomed"
"A New Man"
"The I in Team"
"Goodbye Iowa"
"This Year's Girl"
"Who Are You"
"Superstar"
"Where the Wild Things Are"
"New Moon Rising"
"The Yoko Factor"
"Primeval"
"Restless"
Season 5
"Buffy vs. Dracula"
"Real Me"
"The Replacement"
"Out of My Mind"
"No Place Like Home"
"Family"
"Fool for Love"
"Shadow"
"Listening to Fear"
"Into the Woods"
"Triangle"
"Checkpoint"
"Blood Ties"
"Crush"
"I Was Made to Love You"
"The Body"
"Forever"
"Intervention"
"Tough Love"
"Spiral"
"The Weight of the World"
"The Gift"
Season 6
"Bargaining, Parts One and Two"
"After Life"
"Flooded"
"Life Serial"
"All the Way"
"Once More, with Feeling"
"Tabula Rasa"
"Smashed"
"Wrecked"
"Gone"
"Doublemeat Palace"
"Dead Things"
"Older and Far Away"
"As You Were"
"Hell's Bells"
"Normal Again"
"Entropy"
"Seeing Red"
"Villains"
"Two to Go"
"Grave"
Season 7
"Lessons"
"Beneath You"
"Same Time, Same Place"
"Help"
"Selfless"
"Him"
"Conversations with Dead People"
"Sleeper"
"Never Leave Me"
"Bring On the Night"
"Showtime"
"Potential"
"The Killer in Me"
"First Date"
"Get It Done"
"Storyteller"
"Lies My Parents Told Me"
"Dirty Girls"
"Empty Places"
"Touched"
"End of Days"
"Chosen"
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