text:
April Fools' Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see April Fool (disambiguation) and April Fool's Day (disambiguation).
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
April Fools' Day
An April Fools' Day hoax marking the construction of the Copenhagen Metro in 2001
Also called
All Fools' Day
Type
Cultural, Western
Significance
Practical Jokes, Hoaxes
Observances
Comedy
Date
April 1
Next time
1 April 2018 (2018-04-01)
Frequency
Annual
April Fools' Day (sometimes called All Fools' Day) is celebrated every year on April 1 by playing practical jokes and spreading hoaxes. The jokes and their victims are called April fools. People playing April Fool jokes expose their prank by shouting April Fool. Some newspapers, magazines, and other published media report fake stories, which are usually explained the next day or below the news section in small letters. Although popular since the 19th century, the day is not a public holiday in any country.
Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1392) contains the first recorded association between April 1 and foolishness.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Long standing customs
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Ireland
2.3 Poland
2.4 Nordic countries
2.5 April fish
2.6 India
2.7 Romania
3 April Fools' Day pranks
4 Comparable prank days
5 Reception
6 Cultural references
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Origins[edit]
An 1857 ticket to "Washing the Lions" at the Tower of London in London. No such event ever took place.
The custom of setting aside a day for the playing of harmless pranks upon one's neighbor is recognized widely throughout the world.[1]
In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1392), the "Nun's Priest's Tale" is set Syn March bigan thritty dayes and two.[2] Modern scholars believe that there is a copying error in the extant manuscripts and that Chaucer actually wrote, Syn March was gon.[3] Thus the passage originally meant 32 days after March, i.e. 2 May,[4] the anniversary of the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia, which took place in 1381. Readers apparently misunderstood this line to mean "32 March", i.e. April 1.[citation needed][5] In Chaucer's tale, the vain cock Chauntecleer is tricked by a fox.
In 1508, French poet Eloy d'Amerval referred to a poisson d’avril (April fool, literally "Fish of April"), a possible reference to the holiday.[6] In 1539, Flemish poet Eduard de Dene wrote of a nobleman who sent his servants on foolish errands on April 1.[4] In 1686, John Aubrey referred to the holiday as "Fooles holy day", the first British reference.[4] On April 1, 1698, several people were tricked into going to the Tower of London to "see the Lions washed".[4]
In the Middle Ages, New Year's Day was celebrated on March 25 in most European towns.[7] In some areas of France, New Year's was a week-long holiday ending on April 1.[8][9] Some writers suggest that April Fools' originated because those who celebrated on January 1 made fun of those who celebrated on other dates.[8] The use of January 1 as New Year's Day was common in France by the mid-16th century,[4] and this date was adopted officially in 1564 by the Edict of Roussillon.
In the Netherlands, the origin of April Fools' Day is often attributed to the Dutch victory at Brielle in 1572, where the Spanish Duke Álvarez de Toledo was defeated. "Op 1 april verloor Alva zijn bril." is a Dutch proverb, which can be translated to: "On the first of April, Alva lost his glasses." In this case, the glasses ("bril" in Dutch) serve as a metaphor for Brielle. This theory, however, provides no explanation for the international celebration of April Fools' Day.
Although no Biblical scholar or historian are known to have mentioned a relationship, some have expressed the belief that the origins of April Fool's Day may go back to the Genesis flood narrative. In a 1908 edition of the Harper's Weekly cartoonist Bertha R. McDonald wrote: "authorities gravely back with it to the time of Noah and the ark. The London Public Advertiser of March 13, 1769, printed: 'The mistake of Noah sending the dove out of the ark before the water had abated, on the first day of April, and to perpetuate the memory of this deliverance it was thought proper, whoever forgot so remarkable a circumstance, to punish them by sending them upon some sleeveless errand similar to that ineffectual message upon which the bird was sent by the patriarch'."[10]
Long standing customs[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, an April Fool joke is revealed by shouting "April fool!" at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool". A study in the 1950s, by folklorists Iona and Peter Opie, found that in the UK, and in countries whose traditions derived from the UK, the joking ceased at midday.[11] A person playing a joke after midday is the "April fool" themselves.[12]
In Scotland, April Fools' Day was traditionally called 'Huntigowk Day',[11] although this name has fallen into disuse.[citation needed] The name is a corruption of 'Hunt the Gowk', "gowk" being Scots for a cuckoo or a foolish person; alternative terms in Gaelic would be Là na Gocaireachd 'gowking day' or Là Ruith na Cuthaige 'the day of running the cuckoo'. The traditional prank is to ask someone to deliver a sealed message that supposedly requests help of some sort. In fact, the message reads "Dinna laugh, dinna smile. Hunt the gowk another mile." The recipient, upon reading it, will explain he can only help if he first contacts another person, and sends the victim to this next person with an identical message, with the same result.[11]
In England a "fool" is known by different names around the country, including a "noodle", "gob", "gobby" or "noddy".[13]
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland it was traditional to entrust the victim with an "important letter" to be given to a named person. That person would then ask the victim to take it to someone else, and so on. The letter when finally opened contained the words "send the fool further".[14]
Poland[edit]
In Poland, prima aprilis ("1 April" in Latin) is a day in which many jokes are told; various hoaxes are prepared by people, media (which sometimes cooperate to make the "information" more credible) and even public institutions. Serious activities are usually avoided. This conviction is so strong that the anti-Turkish alliance with Leopold I signed on April 1, 1683, was backdated to March 31.[15]
Nordic countries[edit]
Danes, Finns, Icelanders, Norwegians and Swedes celebrate April Fools' Day (aprilsnar in Danish; aprillipäivä in Finnish). Most news media outlets will publish exactly one false story on April 1; for newspapers this will typically be a first-page article but not the top headline.[16]
April fish[edit]
In Italy, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, and French-speaking areas of Switzerland and Canada, April 1 tradition is often known as "April fish" (poissons d'avril in French, aprilvis in Dutch or pesce d'aprile in Italian). This includes attempting to attach a paper fish to the victim's back without being noticed. Such fish feature prominently on many late 19th- to early 20th-century French April Fools' Day postcards. Many newspapers also spread a false story on April Fools' Day, and a subtle reference to a fish is sometimes given as a clue.[citation needed]
India[edit]
In India, there have been numerous references to April Fools' Day in both cinema and popular literature and people are jovially associated with the day.[17]
Romania[edit]
In Romania, an April Fool joke is revealed by shouting "Păcăleală de 1 Aprilie!" (which means "April 1 hoax!") at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool".[citation needed]
April Fools' Day pranks[edit]
An April Fools' Day prank in Boston's Public Garden warning people not to photograph sculptures.
Main article: List of April Fools' Day jokes
As well as people playing pranks on one another on April Fools' Day, elaborate practical jokes have appeared on radio and TV stations, newspapers, websites, and have been performed by large corporations. In one famous prank from 1957, the BBC broadcast a film in their Panorama current affairs series purporting to show Swiss farmers picking freshly-grown spaghetti, in what they called the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest. The BBC were later flooded with requests to purchase a spaghetti plant, forcing them to declare the film a hoax on the news the next day.[18] On April Fools' Day 2016, online football news channel Goal.com falsely reported that FC Barcelona winger Lionel Messi agreed to a €500 million deal to sign with Real Madrid for five years. The reporter's name used in the article was "Lirpa Loof", which is "April Fool" with each word spelled backward.[19]
With the advent of the Internet and readily available global news services, April Fools' pranks can catch and embarrass a wider audience than ever before.[20]
Comparable prank days[edit]
December 28, the equivalent day in Spain and Hispanic America, is also the Christian day of celebration of the "Day of the Holy Innocents". The Christian celebration is a holiday in its own right, a religious one, but the tradition of pranks is not, though the latter is observed yearly. After somebody plays a joke or a prank on somebody else, the joker usually cries out, in some regions of Hispanic America: Inocente palomita que te dejaste engañar ("You innocent little dove that let yourself be fooled"), not to be confused with the second translation of palomita, which is popcorn.
In Mexico, the phrase is ¡Inocente para siempre! which means "Innocent forever!". In Argentina, the prankster says ¡Que la inocencia te valga!, which roughly translates as a piece of advice on not to be as gullible as the victim of the prank. In Spain, it is common to say just ¡Inocente! (which in Spanish can mean "Innocent!", but also "Gullible!").[21]
In Colombia, the term used is "Pasala por inocente", which roughly means: "I am innocent, it was just a joke"
In Belgium, this day is also known as the "Day of the innocent children" or "Day of the stupid children". It used to be a day where parents, grandparents, and teachers would fool the children in some way. But the celebration of this day has died out in favor of April Fools' Day.
Nevertheless, on the Spanish island of Menorca, Dia d'enganyar ("Fooling day") is celebrated on April 1 because Menorca was a British possession during part of the 18th century. In Brazil, the "Dia da mentira" ("Day of the lie") is also celebrated on April 1.[21]
In Iran, on 13th of the first month (Farvardin) of the Iranian calendar (known as Nature's day or Sizdah Be-dar, 1st or 2nd of April), it is common that people spread false news and then shout "Doroughe sizdah" (lie of 13) to the victim. Some of the newspapers and journals also do the same and then somewhere in the bottom of page write "Doroughe sizdah" with inverse letters.[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
The practice of April Fool pranks and hoaxes is controversial.[12][22] The mixed opinions of critics are epitomised in the reception to the 1957 BBC "Spaghetti-tree hoax", in reference to which, newspapers were split over whether it was "a great joke or a terrible hoax on the public".[23]
The positive view is that April Fools' can be good for one's health because it encourages "jokes, hoaxes...pranks, [and] belly laughs", and brings all the benefits of laughter including stress relief and reducing strain on the heart.[24] There are many "best of" April Fools' Day lists that are compiled in order to showcase the best examples of how the day is celebrated.[25] Various April Fools' campaigns have been praised for their innovation, creativity, writing, and general effort.[citation needed]
The negative view describes April Fools' hoaxes as "creepy and manipulative", "rude", and "a little bit nasty", as well as based on schadenfreude and deceit.[22] When genuine news or a genuine important order or warning is issued on April Fools' Day, there is risk that it will be misinterpreted as a joke and ignored—for example, when Google, known to play elaborate April Fools' Day hoaxes, announced the launch of Gmail with 1-gigabyte inboxes in 2004, an era when competing webmail services offered 4 MB or less, many dismissed it as a joke outright.[26][27] On the other hand, sometimes stories intended as jokes are taken seriously. Either way, there can be adverse effects, such as confusion,[28] misinformation, waste of resources (especially when the hoax concerns people in danger), and even legal or commercial consequences.[29][30]
People obeying hoax messages to telephone "Mr.C.Lion" and "Mr.L.E.Fant" and suchlike at a telephone number that turns out to be a zoo, sometimes cause a serious overload to zoos' telephone switchboards.
Other examples of genuine news on April 1 mistaken as a hoax include:
1 April 1946: Warnings about the Aleutian Island earthquake's tsunami that killed 165 people on Hawaii and Alaska
1 April 2005: News that the comedian Mitch Hedberg had died on 29 March 2005.
1 April 2005: Announcement about Powerpuff Girls Z, by Aniplex, Cartoon Network, and Toei Animation[31]
Cultural references[edit]
Books, films, telemovies and television episodes have used April Fool's Day as their title or inspiration. Examples include Bryce Courtenay's novel April Fool's Day (1993), whose title refers to the day Courtenay's son died. The 1990s sitcom Roseanne featured an episode titled "April Fools' Day." This turned out to be intentionally misleading, as the episode was about Tax Day in the United States on April 15 – the last day to submit the previous year's tax information.
See also[edit]
Comedy portal
List of April Fools' Day jokes
List of practical joke topics
Veneralia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bonner, John; Curtis, George William; Alden, Henry Mills; Samuel Stillman Conant; John Foord; Montgomery Schuyler; John Kendrick Bangs; Richard Harding Davis; Carl Schurz; George Brinton McClellan Harvey; Henry Loomis Nelson; Norman Hapgood (1908). Harper's Weekly. Harper's Magazine Company. p. 6.
Jump up ^ The Canterbury Tales, "The Nun's Priest's Tale" - "Chaucer in the Twenty-First Century", University of Maine at Machias, September 21, 2007
Jump up ^ Carol Poster, Richard J. Utz, Disputatio: an international transdisciplinary journal of the late middle ages, Volume 2, pp. 16–17 (1997).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Boese, Alex (2008) "April Fools Day – Origin" Museum of Hoaxes
Jump up ^ Compare to Valentine's Day, a holiday that originated with a similar misunderstanding of Chaucer.
Jump up ^ Eloy d'Amerval, Le Livre de la Deablerie, Librairie Droz, p. 70. (1991). "De maint homme et de mainte fame, poisson d'Apvril vien tost a moy."
Jump up ^ Groves, Marsha, Manners and Customs in the Middle Ages, p. 27 (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b "April Fools' Day". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Santino, Jack (1972). All around the year: holidays and celebrations in American life. University of Illinois Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-252-06516-3.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Bertha R. (7 March 1908). "The Oldest Custom in the World". Harper's Weekly. Vol. 52 no. 2672. p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Opie, Iona & Peter (1960). The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford University Press. pp. 245–46. ISBN 0-940322-69-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Archie Bland (April 1, 2009). "The Big Question: How did the April Fool's Day tradition begin, and what are the best tricks?". The Independent. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Different names in Different parts of England". April Fool's Day. April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Haggerty, Bridget. "April Fool's Day". Irish Culture and Customs. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Origin of April Fools' Day". The Express Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "April Fool's Day: 8 Interesting Things And Hoaxes You Didn't Know". International Business Times. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "April Fools' Day in India".
Jump up ^ "Swiss Spaghetti Harvest". Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Jump up ^ goal.com/en-gb/news/4160/extra-time/2016/04/01/21881962/football-world-in-shock-as-messi-agrees-500m-real-madrid
Jump up ^ Moran, Rob (April 4, 2014). "NPR's Brilliant April Fools' Day Prank Was Sadly Lost On Much Of The Internet". Retrieved April 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Avui és el Dia d'Enganyar a Menorca" [Today is Fooling Day on Minorca] (in Catalan). Vilaweb. April 1, 2003. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Doll, Jen (April 1, 2013). "Is April Fools' Day the Worst Holiday? – Yahoo News". Yahoo! News. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Is this the best April Fool's ever?". BBC. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why April Fools' Day is Good For Your Health – Health News and Views". News.Health.com. April 1, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "April Fools: the best online pranks | SBS News". Sbs.com.au. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Harry McCracken (April 1, 2013). "Google's Greatest April Fools' Hoax Ever (Hint: It Wasn't a Hoax)". TIME.com. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lisa Baertlein (April 1, 2004). "Google: 'Gmail' no joke, but lunar jobs are". Reuters. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael (April 2, 2013). "Brazeau tweets his resignation on April Fool's Day, causing confusion – National". Globalnews.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hasham, Nicole (April 3, 2013). "ASIC to look into prank Metgasco email from schoolgirl Kudra Falla-Ricketts". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Justin Bieber's Believe album hijacked by DJ Paz". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Powerpuff Girls Z Debut".
Further reading[edit]
Wainwright, Martin (2007). The Guardian Book of April Fool's Day. Aurum. ISBN 1-84513-155-X
* Dundes, Alan (1988). "April Fool and April Fish: Towards a Theory of Ritual Pranks". Etnofoor. 1 (1): 4–14. JSTOR 25757645.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutApril Fools' Dayat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Wikinews has related news:
Ten April Fool's pranks of 2009
Wikipedia victim of onslaught of April Fool's jokes
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article April-Fools' Day.
"Top 100 April Fools' Day hoaxes of all time". Museum of Hoaxes.
"April Fools' Day On The Web: List of all known April Fools' Day Jokes websites from 2004 until present".
Library resources about
April Fools' Day
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
[show]
v
t
e
Media manipulation
Context
Bias
Crowd psychology
Deception
Dumbing down
False balance
Half-truths
Machiavellianism
Media
Obfuscation
Orwellian
Persuasion
Psychological manipulation
Activism
Alternative media
Boycott
Civil disobedience
Culture jamming
Demonstrations
Guerrilla communication
Hacktivism
Internet
Media
Occupations
Petitions
Protests
Youth
Advertising
Billboards
False
Infomercials
Mobiles
Modeling
Radio
Sex
Slogans
Testimonials
TV
Criticism of advertising
Censorship
Regulation
Books
Broadcast law
Burying of scholars
Corporate
Cover-ups
Euphemism
Films
Historical negationism
Internet
Political
Religious
Self
Hoaxing
Alternative facts
April Fools'
Fake news website
Fakelore
Fictitious entries
Forgery
Gaslighting
List
Literary
Racial
Urban legend
Virus
Marketing
Branding
Loyalty
Product
Product placement
Publicity
Research
Word of mouth
News media
Agenda-setting
Broadcasting
Circus
Cycle
False balance
Infotainment
Managing
Narcotizing dysfunction
Newspeak
Pseudo-event
Scrum
Sensationalism
Tabloid journalism
Political campaigning
Advertising
Astroturfing
Attack ad
Canvassing
Character assassination
Charm offensive
Dog-whistle politics
Election promises
Lawn signs
Manifestos
Name recognition
Negative
Push polling
Smear campaign
Wedge issue
Propaganda
Bandwagon
Crowd manipulation
Disinformation
Fearmongering
Framing
Indoctrination
Loaded language
Lying press
National mythology
Techniques
Psychological warfare
Airborne leaflets
False flag
Fifth column
Information (IT)
Lawfare
Political
Public diplomacy
Sedition
Subversion
Public relations
Cult of personality
Doublespeak
Non-apology apology
Reputation management
Slogans
Sound bites
Spin
Transfer
Understatement
Weasel words
Sales
Cold calling
Door-to-door
Pricing
Product demonstrations
Promotion
Promotional merchandise
Telemarketing
[show]
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria
January
New Year's Day (1)
Yennayer (12)
February
Valentine's Day (14)
Tafsut (28)
March
International Women's Day (8)
Victory Day (19)
World Water Day (22)
Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)
Spring vacation (2 last weeks)
April
April Fools' Day (1)
Knowledge Day (16)
Berber Spring (20)
Earth Day (22)
Election Day (Thursday)
May
International Workers' Day (1)
World Press Freedom Day (3)
Mother's Day (last Sunday)
June–July–August
Summer vacation (varies)
June
Children's Day (1)
Father's Day (21)
July
Independence Day (5)
September
International Day of Peace (21)
October
International Day of Non-Violence (2)
Halloween (31)
November
Revolution Day (1)
December
Christmas Eve (24)
Christmas (25)
New Year's Eve (31)
Winter vacation (2 last weeks)
Varies (year round)
Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1)
Ashura (Muharram 10)
Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12)
Ramadan (Ramadan 1)
Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27)
Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1)
Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)
Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Holi (varies)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays.
[show]
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
January
New Year's Day (federal)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day (federal)
Confederate Heroes Day (TX)
Fred Korematsu Day (CA, FL, HI, VA)
Idaho Human Rights Day (ID)
Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial, DC area)
Kansas Day (KS)
Lee–Jackson Day (formerly Lee–Jackson–King Day) (VA)
Robert E. Lee Day (FL)
Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36)
The Eighth (LA, former federal)
January–February
Super Bowl Sunday
February
American Heart Month
Black History Month
Washington's Birthday/Presidents' Day (federal)
Valentine's Day
Georgia Day (GA)
Groundhog Day
Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NJ, NY, WV)
National Girls and Women in Sports Day
National Freedom Day (36)
Primary Election Day (WI)
Ronald Reagan Day (CA)
Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO)
Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)
February–March
Mardi Gras
Ash Wednesday (religious)
Courir de Mardi Gras (religious)
Super Tuesday
March
Irish-American Heritage Month
National Colon Cancer Awareness Month
Women's History Month
St. Patrick's Day (religious)
Spring break (week)
Casimir Pulaski Day (IL)
Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)
Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Harriet Tubman Day (NY)
Holi (NY, religious)
Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)
Maryland Day (MD)
National Poison Prevention Week (week)
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI)
Saint Joseph's Day (religious)
Seward's Day (AK)
Texas Independence Day (TX)
Town Meeting Day (VT)
March–April
Easter (religious)
Palm Sunday (religious)
Passover (religious)
Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, religious)
Easter Monday (religious)
April
Confederate History Month
420 Day
April Fools' Day
Arbor Day
Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)
Earth Day
Emancipation Day (DC)
Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL)
Pascua Florida (FL)
Patriots' Day (MA, ME)
San Jacinto Day (TX)
Siblings Day
Walpurgis Night (religious)
May
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
Jewish American Heritage Month
Memorial Day (federal)
Mother's Day (36)
Cinco de Mayo
Harvey Milk Day (CA)
Law Day (36)
Loyalty Day (36)
Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)
May Day
Military Spouse Day
National Day of Prayer (36)
National Defense Transportation Day (36)
National Maritime Day (36)
Peace Officers Memorial Day (36)
Truman Day (MO)
June
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and
Transgender Pride Month
Father's Day (36)
Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Carolina Day (SC)
Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth (TX)
Flag Day (36, proposed federal)
Helen Keller Day (PA)
Honor America Days (3 weeks)
Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)
Kamehameha Day (HI)
Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA)
Senior Week (week)
West Virginia Day (WV)
July
Independence Day (federal)
Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial)
Parents' Day (36)
Pioneer Day (UT)
July–August
Summer vacation
August
American Family Day (AZ)
Barack Obama Day (IL)
Bennington Battle Day (VT)
Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)
National Aviation Day (36)
Service Reduction Day (MD)
Victory over Japan Day (RI, former federal)
Women's Equality Day (36)
September
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
Labor Day (federal)
California Admission Day (CA)
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)
Constitution Day (36)
Constitution Week (week)
Defenders Day (MD)
Gold Star Mother's Day (36)
National Grandparents Day (36)
National Payroll Week (week)
Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
Patriot Day (36)
September–October
Hispanic Heritage Month
Oktoberfest
Rosh Hashanah (religious)
Yom Kippur (religious)
October
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Disability Employment Awareness Month
Filipino American History Month
LGBT History Month
Columbus Day (federal)
Halloween
Alaska Day (AK)
Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November
Diwali (religious)
November
Native American Indian Heritage Month
Veterans Day (federal)
Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial)
Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas (religious, federal)
Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Fools%27_Day&oldid=820819868"
Categories:
April Fools' Day
April observances
Unofficial observances
Practical jokes
Hidden categories:
CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)
Use mdy dates from April 2016
Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2016
Europe-centric
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Infobox holiday fixed day
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015
Articles needing additional references from March 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
অসমীয়া
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bahasa Banjar
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Walon
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 20:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/April_Fool_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
April Fool (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

attrs: class href

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values:
/wiki/Nun%27s_Priest%27s_Tale
mw-redirect
Nun's Priest's Tale

values: What source suggests that non-modern-day readers interpreted it in this way? (April 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: There's nothing about it falling into disuse in the Opie's book cited for this section (September 2014)

values:
/wiki/Scots_(language)
mw-redirect
Scots (language)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values:
/wiki/Real_Madrid
mw-redirect
Real Madrid

values:
/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_los_Inocentes
mw-redirect
Día de los Inocentes

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)

values:
/wiki/Aleutian_Island_earthquake
mw-redirect
Aleutian Island earthquake

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: s:The Canterbury Tales/The Nun's Priest's Tale

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aprilfools-day.com

values:
/wiki/TIME_(magazine)
mw-redirect
TIME (magazine)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/25757645

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values: wikinews:Ten April Fool's pranks of 2009

values: wikinews:Wikipedia victim of onslaught of April Fool's jokes

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/April-Fools' Day

values:
nofollow
http://hoaxes.org/aprilfool/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://aprilfoolsdayontheweb.com/
external text

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Burning of books and burying of scholars

values:
/wiki/Charm_offensive
mw-redirect
Charm offensive

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Public holidays in the United States

values: Template talk:Public holidays in the United States

values:
/wiki/Inauguration_Day
mw-redirect
Inauguration Day

values:
/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Pride_Month
mw-redirect
Gay and Lesbian Pride Month

values:
/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day
mw-redirect
Bunker Hill Day

values:
/wiki/Carolina_Day
mw-redirect
Carolina Day

values:
/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day
mw-redirect
Jefferson Davis Day

values: National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month

values:
/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day
mw-redirect
Gold Star Mother's Day

values: National Disability Employment Awareness Month

values:
/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week
mw-redirect
National School Lunch Week

values: Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2016

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: كذبة أبريل – Arabic

values: এপ্ৰিল ফুল দিৱস – Assamese

values: এপ্রিল ফুল – Bangla

values: Дзень жартаў – Belarusian

values: Дзень жартаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Ден на шегата – Bulgarian

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilsnar
Aprilsnar – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: Πρωταπριλιά – Greek

values: دروغ اول آوریل – Persian

values: એપ્રિલ ફૂલ્સ ડે – Gujarati

values: अप्रैल फूल दिवस – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Mop
April Mop – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: אחד באפריל – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Mop
April Mop – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಮೂರ್ಖರ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ – Kannada

values: Күлкі күні – Kazakh

values: Ден на шегата – Macedonian

values: വിഡ്ഢിദിനം – Malayalam

values: एप्रिल फूलचा दिवस – Marathi

values: ဧပရယ်လ်ဖူးလ်နေ့ – Burmese

values: अप्रिल फुल – Nepali

values: エイプリルフール – Japanese

values: ਐਪਰਲ ਫੂਲ ਡੇ – Punjabi

values: День смеха – Russian

values: Дан шале – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilili
Aprilili – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஏப்ரல் முட்டாள்கள் நாள் – Tamil

values: Көлке көне – Tatar

values: ఫూల్స్ డే – Telugu

values: วันเมษาหน้าโง่ – Thai

values: День сміху – Ukrainian

values: اپریل فول – Urdu

values: 1 אין אפריל – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-April_Fools_Day rootpage-April_Fools_Day skin-vector action-view


text:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Painting of the Declaration, painted by Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier
Author
General Lafayette, (sometimes with Thomas Jefferson) and Honoré Mirabeau.
Country
Kingdom of France
Language
French
Genre
Human rights, declaration and document.
Publisher
National Constituent Assembly
Publication date
27 August 1789
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.[1] The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it.[2] Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3]
The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Philosophical and theoretical context
3 Substance
3.1 Articles
3.2 Active and passive citizenship
3.3 Women's rights
3.4 Slavery
4 Legacy
4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
5 See also
5.1 Other early declarations of rights
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment.[5] The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson.[6][7] In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]
The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau[clarify],[9][10] led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé. The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted.[11]
Philosophical and theoretical context[edit]
The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).
The declaration is in the spirit of "secular natural law", which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority, in contrast with traditional natural law theory, which does.[12]
The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good."[13] They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, government should be carried on by elected representatives.[12]
At the time of writing, the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men. Furthermore, the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality. The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time. The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution. It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion. The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future.[14]
Substance[edit]
The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being "natural, unalienable and sacred" and consisting of "simple and incontestable principles" on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all "Men", and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed.[15]
The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, "All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents," eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.[16]
Articles[edit]
Article I – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good.
Article II – The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.
Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.
Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.
Article V – The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.
Article VI – The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.
Article VII – No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders, must be punished; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once; he renders himself culpable by resistance.
Article VIII – The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary, and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied.
Article IX – Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him, any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law.
Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.
Article XI – The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law.
Article XII – The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted.
Article XIII – For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay.
Article XIV – Each citizen has the right to ascertain, by himself or through his representatives, the need for a public tax, to consent to it freely, to know the uses to which it is put, and of determining the proportion, basis, collection, and duration.
Article XV – The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration.
Article XVI – Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no Constitution.
Article XVII – Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of private usage, if it is not when the public necessity, legally noted, evidently requires it, and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity.
Active and passive citizenship[edit]
While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population, there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not. Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens. Active citizenship was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days work, and could not be defined as servants (Thouret).[17] This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights.[18] The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions.[19] This distinction directly affects articles 6, 12, 14, and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government. With the decree of 29 October 1789, the term active citizen became embedded in French politics.[20]
The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Because of the requirements set down for active citizens, the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen[20] out of a population of around 29 million.[21] These omitted groups included women, slaves, children, and foreigners. As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly, they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic (1792–1804).[19] This legislation, passed in 1789, was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen.[22] The power to vote was then, however, to be granted solely to substantial property owners.[22]
Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution. This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights, or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens. This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences.[23] In the cartoon, a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work. The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place.
Women, in particular, were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution. Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality.[24] By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women, she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen. Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution. She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles; "inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events."[25] By working with men, as opposed to working separate from men, she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women. As players in the French Revolution, women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs, allowing them societal influence, despite their lack of direct political influence.[26]
Women's rights[edit]
The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens (who could only be male). This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, women presented the Women's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights.[27] In 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women.[28] Condorcet declared that "he who votes against the right of another, whatever the religion, color, or sex of that other, has henceforth abjured his own".[29] The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791.[30]
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that:
“This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights, they have lost in society”.
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as "almost a parody... of the original document". The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility." The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied: "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility".
De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights, declaring "Women have the right to mount the scaffold, they must also have the right to mount the speaker's rostrum".[31]
Slavery[edit]
The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery, as lobbied for by Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac.[32] Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration, slave uprisings in Saint-Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words, as discussed in C. L. R. James' history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins.[33]
Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint-Domingue, the most profitable slave colony in the world, led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World. Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794. However, Napoleon reinstated it in 1802. In 1804, the colony of Saint-Domingue became an independent state, the Republic of Haiti.
Legacy[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights-based liberal democracy throughout the world. It was translated as soon as 1793–1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño, who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so. In 2003, the document was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register.
Constitution of the French Fifth Republic[edit]
Main article: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic (adopted on 4 October 1958, and the current constitution), the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value. Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ("Constitutional Council of France") or by the Conseil d'État ("Council of State").
Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional.
Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would, by birth, enjoy greater rights.
See also[edit]
Human rights in France
Universality
Other early declarations of rights[edit]
Magna Carta (England, 1215)
Statute of Kalisz (Poland, 1264)
Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa (Poland, 1573)
Petition of Right (England, 1628)
Bill of Rights (England, 1689)
Claim of Right (Scotland, 1689)
Bill of Rights (United States, 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont (modern-day Belgium, 1789)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as "Declaration of Human and Civic Rights".
Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815. Greenwood. p. 190.
Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein (2000). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. Cambridge UP. p. 72.
Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), American Life and Institutions, Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34
Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre (2005). The Coming of the French Revolution. Princeton UP. p. 212.
Jump up ^ George Athan Billias, ed. (2009). American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective. NYU Press. p. 92. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Susan Dunn, Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light (1999) pp 143-45
Jump up ^ Keith Baker, "The Idea of a Declaration of Rights" in Dale Van Kley, ed. The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 (1997) pp 154-96.
Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report (Archives parlementaires, 1,e série, tome VIII, débats du 12 août 1789, p. 431).
Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires, 1e série, tome VIII, débats du 19 août 1789, p. 459.
Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 159 vol 1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Merryman, John Henry; Rogelierdomo (2007). The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America. Stanford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780804755696.
Jump up ^ First Article, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). The evolution of international human rights: visions seen. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780812218541.
Jump up ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). Western Civilization: 1300 to 1815. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 580. ISBN 978-0-495-50289-0.
Jump up ^ von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Nelson Cengage. pp. 85–88.
Jump up ^ Thouret 1789, http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001, p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b Popkin 2006, p. 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle 1989, p. 124.
Jump up ^ "Social Causes of the Revolution"
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle 1989, p. 420.
Jump up ^ "Active/Passive Citizen", http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/.
Jump up ^ De Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Women", 1791.
Jump up ^ Dalton 2001, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002, pp. 319–20, 324.
Jump up ^ Women's Petition to the National Assembly
Jump up ^ Williams, Helen Maria; Neil Fraistat; Susan Sniader Lanser; David Brookshire (2001). Letters written in France. Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-55111-255-8.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). The evolution of international human rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-8122-1854-1.
Jump up ^ Naish, Camille (1991). Death comes to the maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-415-05585-7.
Jump up ^ Naish, Camille (1991). Death comes to the maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-415-05585-7.
Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France's overseas dominions, for fear "that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly", as Robin Blackburn expressed it (Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 [1988:174f]); see also the speech of Jean-Baptiste Belley
Jump up ^ Cf. Heinrich August Winkler (2012), Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert, Third Edition, Munich (Germany), p. 386
References[edit]
Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.
Susan Dalton, Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland, Canadian Journal of History, 36, no. 2 (2001): 259–83.
William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite, A Political Revolution for Women? The Case of Paris, In The French Revolution: conflicting interpretations. 5th ed. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub. Co., 2002. 317–46.
Jeremy Popkin, A History of Modern France, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.
"Active Citizen/Passive Citizen", Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution (accessed 30 October 2011).
Further reading[edit]
Gérard Conac, Marc Debene, Gérard Teboul, eds, La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789; histoire, analyse et commentaires, Economica, Paris, 1993, ISBN 978-2-7178-2483-4.(in French)
McLean, Iain. "Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and the Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen" in The Future of Liberal Democracy: Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) online
External links[edit]
Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource
"Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789". Conseil constitutionnel (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789" (PDF). Conseil constitutionnel. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
[show]
v
t
e
French Revolution
Causes
Timeline
Ancien Régime
Revolution
Constitutional monarchy
Republic
Directory
Consulate
Glossary
[show]
Significant civil and political events by year
1788
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789
What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789)
National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
Abolition of Feudalism (4-11 Aug 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789)
Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
1790
Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
1791
Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791)
Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1792
France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
September Massacres (Sep 1792)
National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793
Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
Committee of Public Safety
Committee of General Security
Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
The Death of Marat (painting)
Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
Conspiracy of the Equals (Nov 1795)
Directoire (1795–99)
Council of Five Hundred
Council of Ancients
1797
Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)
1799
Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
Consulate
[show]
Revolutionary campaigns
1792
Verdun
Thionville
Valmy
Royalist Revolts
Chouannerie
Vendée
Dauphiné
Lille
Siege of Mainz
Jemappes
Namur (fr)
1793
First Coalition
Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
War in the Vendée
Battle of Neerwinden)
Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
Expédition de Sardaigne (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
Battle of Kaiserslautern
Siege of Mainz
Battle of Wattignies
Battle of Hondschoote
Siege of Bellegarde
Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)
1794
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
Chouannerie
Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
1795
Peace of Basel
1796
Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
Battle of Theiningen
Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)
1797
Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798
French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
Quasi-War (1798–1800)
Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
1799
Second Coalition (1798–1802)
Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)
First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)
Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800
Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801
Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
Algeciras Campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
[show]
Military leaders
French Army
Eustache Charles d'Aoust
Pierre Augereau
Alexandre de Beauharnais
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune
Jean François Carteaux
Jean Étienne Championnet
Chapuis de Tourville
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis Desaix
Jacques François Dugommier
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Charles François Dumouriez
Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
Louis-Charles de Flers
Paul Grenier
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Jacques Maurice Hatry
Lazare Hoche
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
François Christophe de Kellermann
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
Jean Lannes
Charles Leclerc
Claude Lecourbe
François Joseph Lefebvre
Jacques MacDonald
Jean-Antoine Marbot
Jean Baptiste de Marbot
François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
Auguste de Marmont
André Masséna
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise
Joachim Murat
Michel Ney
Pierre-Jacques Osten (fr)
Nicolas Oudinot
Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Józef Poniatowski
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
Joseph Souham
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Belgrand de Vaubois
Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
French Navy
Charles-Alexandre Linois
Opposition
Austria
József Alvinczi
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
Pál Kray (Hungarian)
Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
Karl Mack von Leiberich
Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
Dagobert von Wurmser
Britain
Sir Ralph Abercromby
Admiral Sir James Saumarez
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Dutch Republic
William V, Prince of Orange
Prussia
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Russia
Alexander Korsakov
Alexander Suvorov
Spain
Luis Firmin de Carvajal
Antonio Ricardos
[show]
Other significant figures and factions
Society of 1789
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Nicolas de Condorcet
Feuillants
and monarchiens
Madame de Lamballe
Madame du Barry
Louis de Breteuil
Loménie de Brienne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
de Chateaubriand
Jean Chouan
Grace Elliott
Arnaud de La Porte
Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
Madame de Staël
Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Roland de La Platière
Madame Roland
Father Henri Grégoire
Étienne Clavière
Marquis de Condorcet
Charlotte Corday
Marie Jean Hérault
Jean Baptiste Treilhard
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jean Debry
Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
Olympe de Gouges
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
The Plain
Abbé Sieyès
de Cambacérès
Charles François Lebrun
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Philippe Égalité
Louis Philippe I
Mirabeau
Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
Jean Joseph Mounier
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
François de Neufchâteau
Montagnards
Maximilien Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean-Paul Marat
Camille Desmoulins
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
Louis Philippe I
Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
Jacques-Louis David
Marquis de Sade
Jacques-Louis David
Georges Couthon
Roger Ducos
Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
Jean-Henri Voulland
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
Jean-Pierre-André Amar
Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
Prieur de la Marne
Gilbert Romme
Jean Bon Saint-André
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Pierre Louis Prieur
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Antoine Christophe Saliceti
Hébertists
and Enragés
Jacques Hébert
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Antoine-François Momoro
François-Nicolas Vincent
François Chabot
Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
François Hanriot
Jacques Roux
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Jean-François Varlet
Theophile Leclerc
Claire Lacombe
Pauline Léon
Gracchus Babeuf
Sylvain Maréchal
Others
Charles X
Louis XVI
Louis XVII
Louis XVIII
Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
Marie Antoinette
Napoléon Bonaparte
Lucien Bonaparte
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph Fesch
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Joachim Murat
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
Talleyrand
Thérésa Tallien
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
Catherine Théot
List of people associated with the French Revolution
[show]
Influential thinkers
Les Lumières
Beaumarchais
Edmund Burke
Anacharsis Cloots
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Pierre Claude François Daunou
Diderot
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Antoine Lavoisier
Montesquieu
Thomas Paine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Abbé Sieyès
Voltaire
Mary Wollstonecraft
[show]
Cultural impact
La Marseillaise
French Tricolour
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Marianne
Bastille Day
Panthéon
French Republican Calendar
Cult of the Supreme Being
Cult of Reason
Temple of Reason
Sans-culottes
Metric system
Phrygian cap
Women in the French Revolution
Symbolism in the French Revolution
Historiography of the French Revolution
Influence of the French Revolution
[show]
v
t
e
Human rights
Children's
Intersex
Men's
Women's
Fundamental concepts
and philosophies
Natural law
Positive law
Sovereignty
Universal jurisdiction
Distinctions
Claim rights and liberty rights
Individual and group rights
Natural and legal rights
Negative and positive rights
Aspects
Corporal punishment
Organizations
List of human rights organisations
of national human rights institutions
By continent
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Category:Rights
Portal:Human rights
[show]
v
t
e
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
2nd U.S. Vice President (1797–1801)
1st U.S. Secretary of State (1790–1793)
U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
Delegate, Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding
documents of
the United States
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
1776 Declaration of Independence
Committee of Five
authored
physical history
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
freedom of religion
French Revolution
Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Presidency
Inaugural Address (1801
1805)
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Corps of Discovery
timeline
Empire of Liberty
Red River Expedition
Pike Expedition
Cumberland Road
Embargo Act of 1807
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
First Barbary War
Native American policy
Marbury v. Madison
West Point Military Academy
State of the Union Addresses (texts
1801
1802
1805)
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Other noted
accomplishments
Early life and career
Founder, University of Virginia
history
Land Ordinance of 1784
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Anti-Administration party
Democratic-Republican Party
Jeffersonian democracy
First Party System
republicanism
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measure of the United States (1790)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801)
Jeffersonian
architecture
Barboursville
Farmington
Monticello
gardens
Poplar Forest
University of Virginia
The Rotunda
The Lawn
Virginia State Capitol
White House Colonnades
Other writings
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
1787 European journey memorandums
Indian removal letters
Jefferson Bible (1895)
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
Committee of the States
Founding Fathers of the United States
Franco-American alliance
Jefferson and education
Religious views
Jefferson and slavery
Jefferson and the Library of Congress
Jefferson disk
Jefferson Pier
Pet mockingbird
National Gazette
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Sally Hemings
Jefferson–Hemings controversy
Betty Hemings
Separation of church and state
Swivel chair
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Elections
United States Presidential election 1796
1800
1804
Legacy
Bibliography
Jefferson Memorial
Mount Rushmore
Birthday
Thomas Jefferson Building
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
Jefferson Lecture
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
Jefferson Lab
Monticello Association
Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson College
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Thomas Jefferson University
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Other placenames
Currency depictions
Jefferson nickel
Two-dollar bill
U.S. postage stamps
Popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
Family
Peter Jefferson (father)
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
Isham Randolph (grandfather)
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
Martha Jefferson (wife)
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
Madison Hemings (son)
Eston Hemings (son)
Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
Francis Eppes (grandson)
George W. Randolph (grandson)
John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (son-in-law)
John Wayles Eppes (son-in-law)
John Wayles (father-in-law)
Dabney Carr (brother-in-law)
Dabney Carr (nephew)
← John Adams
James Madison →
Category
[show]
v
t
e
George Mason
United States
Founding events
Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
"All men are created equal"
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
Freedom of the press
Freedom of religion
Consent of the governed
Baseless search and seizure
Cruel and unusual punishments
Speedy trial
1776 Virginia Constitution
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
history
Founding Father
Writings inspired
1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France)
1789 United States Bill of Rights
Life
Chopawamsic plantation
Gunston Hall
On slavery
Ohio Company
Legacy
George Mason Memorial
George Mason University
George Mason Stadium
George Mason Memorial Bridge
George Mason High School
18-cent postage stamp
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Revolution
patriots
Wilson v. Mason
Hollin Hall
Woodbridge plantation
Mason's Island
Family
George Mason V (son)
William Mason (son)
Thomson Mason (son)
John Mason (son)
Thomas Mason (son)
George Mason III (father)
Thomson Mason (brother)
George Mason II (grandfather)
[show]
v
t
e
Constitutions of France
1791
1793 (Year I)
1795 (Year III)
1799 (Year VIII)
1802 (Year X)
1804 (Year XII)
1814
1815
1830
1848
1852
1875
1940
1945
1946
1958 (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment)
Proposed: Girondin constitutional project (1793)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185684735
LCCN: no90010771
GND: 4200626-0
Human rights portal
Law portal
France portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&oldid=819406149"
Categories:
1789 in law
1789 events of the French Revolution
French law
Human rights instruments
Human rights in France
Government of France
Memory of the World Register
Political charters
History of human rights
Popular sovereignty
Age of Enlightenment
18th century in Paris
1789 documents
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Use dmy dates from October 2015
Articles containing French-language text
All Wikipedia articles needing clarification
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with French-language external links
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Interlanguage link template link number
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 05:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/General_Lafayette
mw-redirect
General Lafayette

values:
/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau
mw-redirect
Honoré Mirabeau

values:
/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly
mw-disambig
National Constituent Assembly

values:
/wiki/Civil_rights
mw-redirect
Civil rights

values:
/wiki/English_Bill_of_Rights
mw-redirect
English Bill of Rights

values: Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

values: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

values: This passage needs to be better explained. (November 2014)

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793

values: Edit section: Philosophical and theoretical context

values:
/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence
mw-redirect
U.S. Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Individual_rights
mw-redirect
Individual rights

values: Edit section: Active and passive citizenship

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
external text

values:
/wiki/Passive_citizens
mw-redirect
Passive citizens

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/
external text

values: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

values:
/wiki/The_March_on_Versailles
mw-redirect
The March on Versailles

values: Women's Petition to the National Assembly

values:
/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet
mw-redirect
Nicolas de Condorcet

values: Slavery abolition efforts by Les Amis des Noirs

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti
mw-redirect
Republic of Haiti

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic

values: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic

values:
/wiki/Conseil_Constitutionnel
mw-redirect
Conseil Constitutionnel

values:
/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)
mw-redirect
Council of State (France)

values:
/wiki/Positive_discrimination
mw-redirect
Positive discrimination

values: Edit section: Other early declarations of rights

values:
/wiki/Pacta_conventa_(Poland)
mw-redirect
Pacta conventa (Poland)

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
external free

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/
external free

values:
nofollow
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/629/
external text

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: wikt:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: c:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: n:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: q:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: s:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: b:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: v:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: wikisource:Translation:Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values:
/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789
mw-redirect
Estates-General of 1789

values: Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Siege of Namur (1792) (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote_(1793)
mw-redirect
Battle of Hondschoote (1793)

values: Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Boulou
mw-redirect
Battle of Boulou

values: Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge_of_Arcole
mw-redirect
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole

values:
/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%27Irlande
mw-redirect
Expédition d'Irlande

values: Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Guillaume-Marie-Anne_Brune
mw-redirect
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune

values: Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville

values: Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot

values: Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)

values: François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

values: Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour

values: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

values: Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

values: Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

values: Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión

values:
/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Savoy
mw-redirect
Princess Marie Louise of Savoy

values: Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth

values: Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière

values: Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance

values: Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras

values: Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau

values:
/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Jean Bon Saint-André

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais
mw-redirect
Joséphine de Beauharnais

values: Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes

values: List of people associated with the French Revolution

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of national human rights institutions

values: Human rights in North America (page does not exist)

values: Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)

values: Human rights in South America (page does not exist)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of Secretaries of State of the United States

values: A Summary View of the Rights of British America

values: Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

values: s:Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address

values: s:Thomas Jefferson's Second Inaugural Address

values: Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

values:
/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_Affair
mw-redirect
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair

values: History of the United States Military Academy

values: List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson

values: Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson

values: Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

values: Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: United States presidential election, 1796

values: United States presidential election, 1800

values: United States presidential election, 1804

values: Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service

values: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

values: George Washington and Jefferson National Forests

values: List of places named for Thomas Jefferson

values: List of Presidents of the United States on currency

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values:
/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishments
mw-redirect
Cruel and unusual punishments

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: French Constitutional Law of 1945 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1958
mw-redirect
French Constitution of 1958

values: Charter for the Environment (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/185684735

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4200626-0

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:1789 events of the French Revolution

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2015

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte – Alemannisch

values: إعلان حقوق الإنسان والمواطن – Arabic

values: Declaración de los Derechos del Home y del Ciudadanu – Asturian

values: Дэкларацыя правоў чалавека і грамадзяніна – Belarusian

values: Декларация за правата на човека и гражданина – Bulgarian

values: Deklaracija o pravima čovjeka i građanina – Bosnian

values: Disklêriadur Gwirioù Mab-den hag ar c'heodedour 1789 – Breton

values: Declaració dels Drets de l'Home i del Ciutadà – Catalan

values: Erklæringen om menneskets og borgerens rettigheder – Danish

values: Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte – German

values: Διακήρυξη των Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου και του Πολίτη – Greek

values: Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano – Spanish

values: Deklaracio pri Homaj kaj Civitanaj Rajtoj – Esperanto

values: Gizonaren eta Herritarraren Eskubideen Adierazpena – Basque

values: اعلامیه حقوق انسان و شهروند – Persian

values: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 – French

values: Declaración dos dereitos do home e do cidadán – Galician

values: 인간과 시민의 권리선언 – Korean

values: Մարդու և քաղաքացու իրավունքների դեկլարացիա – Armenian

values: पुरुष एवं नागरिक अधिकार घोषणापत्र – Hindi

values: Deklaracija o pravima čovjeka i građanina – Croatian

values: Deklaro pri la yuri di la homo e di la civitano de 1789 – Ido

values: Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warga Negara – Indonesian

values: Dichiarazione dei diritti dell'uomo e del cittadino – Italian

values: הצהרת זכויות האדם והאזרח – Hebrew

values: ადამიანისა და მოქალაქის უფლებათა დეკლარაცია – Georgian

values: Франциядағы адам және азамат құқықтарының декларациясы – Kazakh

values: Cilvēka un pilsoņa tiesību deklarācija – Latvian

values: Deklaratioun vun de Mënschen- a Biergerrechter vu 1789 – Luxembourgish

values: Žmogaus ir piliečio teisių deklaracija – Lithuanian

values: Emberi és polgári jogok nyilatkozata – Hungarian

values: Декларација за правата на човекот и граѓанинот – Macedonian

values: മനുഷ്യാവകാശ-പൗരാവകാശ പ്രഖ്യാപനം (ഫ്രാൻസ് 1789) – Malayalam

values: اعلان حقوق الانسان والمواطن – Egyptian Arabic

values: Pengisytiharan Hak Manusia dan Warganegara – Malay

values: Verklaring van de rechten van de mens en de burger – Dutch

values: 人間と市民の権利の宣言 – Japanese

values: Erklæringen om menneskets og borgerens rettigheter – Norwegian

values: Declaracion dels Dreches de l'Òme e del Ciutadan – Occitan

values: Deklaracja praw człowieka i obywatela – Polish

values: Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão – Portuguese

values: Declarația drepturilor omului și ale cetățeanului – Romanian

values: Декларация прав человека и гражданина – Russian

values: Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen – Scots

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – Simple English

values: Deklarácia práv človeka a občana (1789) – Slovak

values: Deklaracija o pravicah človeka in državljana – Slovenian

values: Декларација о правима човека и грађанина – Serbian

values: Deklaracija o pravima čovjeka i građanina – Serbo-Croatian

values: Ihmis- ja kansalaisoikeuksien julistus – Finnish

values: Deklarationen om människans och medborgarens rättigheter – Swedish

values: Pamamahayag ng Karapatan ng Tao at ng Mamamayan – Tagalog

values: மனிதர்களின் மற்றும் குடிமக்களின் உரிமைகள் சாற்றுரை – Tamil

values: ประกาศสิทธิมนุษยชนและพลเมือง – Thai

values: İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi – Turkish

values: Декларація прав людини і громадянина – Ukrainian

values: Tuyên ngôn Nhân quyền và Dân quyền – Vietnamese

values: 人权和公民权宣言 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen rootpage-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen skin-vector action-view