text:
Market economy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on
Economic systems
By ideology[show]
Anarchist
Capitalist
Corporate
Dirigist
Laissez-faire
Mercantilist
Neo-mercantilist
Protectionist
Social market
State capitalist
Democratic
Fascist
Feminist
Georgist
Green
Religious
Christian
Islamic
Socialist
Communist
Market socialist
Mutualist
Participatory
Socialist market
Syndicalist
Traditionalist
Communalist
Corporatist
Distributist
Feudalism
By coordination[show]
Closed (autarky)
Decentralized
Digital
Dual
Gift
Informal
Market
Mixed
Natural
Open
Planned
Robinson Crusoe
Subsistence
Underground
Vertical archipelago
Virtual
By regional model[show]
Asian
East Asian
Chinese
Singaporean
European
Anglo-Saxon
German
Nordic
Rhenish
Soviet
Sectors[show]
Common property
Private
Public
Voluntary
Property types[show]
Collective ownership
Commons
Private ownership
Public ownership
Social ownership
Transition[show]
Collectivization
Communization
Corporatization
Demutualization
Deregulation
Expropriation
Financialization
Liberalization
Marketization
Municipalization
Mutualization
Nationalization
Privatization
Socialization
Coordination[show]
Barter
Market
Free
Open
Regulated
Planned
In kind
Cybernetic
Indicative
Material balancing
Price
Self-managed
Peer-to-peer
Shared
Open access
Other types[show]
Expeditionary
Hunter-gatherer
Inclusive Democracy
Information
Islamic economics
Manorialism
Newly industrialized
Palace
Plantation
Plutonomy
Post-capitalist
Post-industrial
Post-scarcity
Resource-based
Token
Traditional
Transition
World
Business and economics portal
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Liberalism
Schools[show]
History of liberalism
Contributions to liberal theory
Ideas[hide]
Civil and political rights
Cultural liberalism
Democracy
Liberal democracy
Economic liberalism
Egalitarianism
Free market
Free trade
Freedom of the press
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Gender equality
Harm principle
Internationalism
Laissez-faire
Liberty
Market economy
Natural and legal rights
Negative / positive liberty
Open society
Permissive society
Private property
Rule of law
Secularism
Separation of church and state
Social contract
Welfare state
Variants[show]
Anarcho-capitalism
Civic nationalism
Classical liberalism
Conservative liberalism
Democratic liberalism
Geolibertarianism
Green liberalism
Liberal feminism
Equity feminism
Liberal internationalism
Liberal socialism
Libertarianism
Muscular liberalism
Neoliberalism
Ordoliberalism
Radical centrism
Radicalism
Religious liberalism
Christian
Islamic
Jewish
Secular liberalism
Social liberalism
Technoliberalism
People[show]
Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
Juan Bautista Alberdi
Chu Anping
Matthew Arnold
Raymond Aron
Frédéric Bastiat
Simone de Beauvoir
Jeremy Bentham
Isaiah Berlin
Eduard Bernstein
William Beveridge
Norberto Bobbio
Ludwig Joseph Brentano
John Bright
Edmund Burke
Thomas Carlyle
Anders Chydenius
Richard Cobden
Marquis de Condorcet
Benjamin Constant
Benedetto Croce
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Ralf Dahrendorf
John Dewey
Charles Dickens
Denis Diderot
Zhang Dongsun
Ronald Dworkin
Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Karl-Hermann Flach
Milton Friedman
John Kenneth Galbraith
William Lloyd Garrison
José Ortega y Gasset
David Lloyd George
William Gladstone
Friedrich Hayek
Auberon Herbert
Thomas Hobbes
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse
John A. Hobson
Qin Hui
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Piero Gobetti
Francisco Luís Gomes
John Gray
Thomas Hill Green
Thomas Jefferson
Zef Jubani
Immanuel Kant
Namık Kemal
John Maynard Keynes
Will Kymlicka
John Locke
Salvador de Madariaga
James Madison
Harriet Martineau
Minoo Masani
James Mill
John Stuart Mill
John Milton
Ludwig von Mises
Donald Barkly Molteno
Leo Chiozza Money
Charles de Montesquieu
José María Luis Mora
Chantal Mouffe
Dadabhai Naoroji
Friedrich Naumann
Robert Nozick
Bertil Ohlin
Thomas Paine
Alan Paton
Karl Raimund Popper
Richard Price
Joseph Priestley
Guillermo Prieto
François Quesnay
Ignacio Ramírez
Ayn Rand
Walther Rathenau
John Rawls
Joseph Raz
David Ricardo
Wilhelm Röpke
Richard Rorty
Carlo Rosselli
Murray Rothbard
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Baptiste Say
Amartya Sen
Li Shenzhi
Hu Shih
Algernon Sidney
Emmanuel Sieyès
İbrahim Şinasi
Adam Smith
Hernando de Soto
Herbert Spencer
Baruch Spinoza
Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
William Graham Sumner
R. H. Tawney
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
Henry David Thoreau
Alexis de Tocqueville
Antoine Destutt de Tracy
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
Voltaire
Lester Frank Ward
Max Weber
Mary Wollstonecraft
Tao Xingzhi
Gu Zhun
Organizations[show]
Liberal parties
Africa Liberal Network (ALN)
Alliance of Liberals and
Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
for Europe Party (ALDEP)
Arab Liberal Federation (ALF)
Council of Asian Liberals
and Democrats (CALD)
European Democratic Party (EDP)
European Liberal Youth (LYMEC)
European Party for Individual Liberty (EPIL)
International Alliance of
Libertarian Parties (IALP)
International Federation of
Liberal Youth (IFLRY)
Liberal International
Liberal Network for
Latin America (RELIAL)
Liberal South East
European Network (LIBSEEN)
Regional variants[show]
Europe
Latin America
Albania
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Chile
Colombia
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech lands
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran
Israel
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Mexico
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Senegal
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
South Africa
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zimbabwe
Related topics[show]
Democratic capitalism
Democratic education
Liberal bias in academia
Liberal conservatism
Liberal socialism
National liberalism
Regressive left
Liberalism portal
Politics portal
v
t
e
A market economy is an economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on the interplay of supply and demand,[1] which determines the prices of goods and services.[2] The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that investment decisions, or the allocation of producer good, are primarily made through capital and financial markets.[3] This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production decisions are embodied in an integrated plan of production established by a state or other organizational body that controls the factors of production.
Market economies can range from free market systems to regulated markets and various forms of interventionist variants. In reality, free markets do not exist in pure form, since societies and governments all regulate them to varying degrees.[4][5] Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding and regulating market economies and addressing the inequalities the market naturally produces. Most existing market economies include a degree of state-directed activity or economic planning, and are thus classified as mixed economies. The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy.[6]
Market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private ownership of the means of production. A market economy can and often does include various types of cooperatives, collectives, or autonomous state agencies that acquire and exchange capital goods in capital markets. These all utilize a market-determined free price system to allocate capital goods and labor.[3] In addition, there are many variations of market socialism, some of which involve employee-owned enterprises based on self-management; as well as models that involve the combination of public ownership of the means of production with factor markets.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Capitalism
1.1 Laissez-faire
1.2 Free-market economy
1.3 Welfare capitalism
1.4 Regional models
1.4.1 Anglo-Saxon model
1.4.2 East Asian model
1.4.3 Social market economy
2 Market socialism
2.1 Public ownership models
2.2 Cooperative socialism
2.3 Socialist market economy
3 Criticisms
4 See also
5 References
Capitalism[edit]
Main article: Capitalism
Part of a series on
Capitalism
Concepts[show]
Business
Business cycle
Businessperson
Capital
Capital accumulation
Capital markets
Capitalist mode of production
Company
Corporation
Competitive markets
Economic interventionism
Economic surplus
Entrepreneurship
Fictitious capital
Financial market
Free price system
Free market
Goods and services
Investor
Invisible hand
Liberalization
Marginalism
Money
Private property
Privatization
Profit
Supply and demand
Surplus value
Value
Wage labour
Wage slavery
Economic systems[show]
Anglo-Saxon
Free market
Laissez-faire
Mercantile
Mixed
Nordic
Regulated market
Regulatory
Rhine
Social market
State
Welfare
East Asian
Economic theories[show]
American
Austrian
Chicago
Classical
Institutional
Keynesian
Marxian
Modern Monetary
Monetarist
Neoclassical
New institutional
New Keynesian
Supply-side
Origins[show]
Age of Enlightenment
Capitalism and Islam
Commercial Revolution
Feudalism
Industrial Revolution
Mercantilism
Primitive accumulation
Physiocracy
Simple commodity production
Development[show]
Advanced
Consumer
Corporate
Crony
Finance
Global
Late
Marxist
Merchant
Rentier
State monopoly
Techno
People[show]
Adam Smith
John Stuart Mill
David Ricardo
Thomas Malthus
Jean-Baptiste Say
Milton Friedman
Friedrich Hayek
John Maynard Keynes
Alfred Marshall
Ludwig von Mises
Ayn Rand
Murray Rothbard
Joseph Schumpeter
Thorstein Veblen
Max Weber
Ronald Coase
Related topics[hide]
Anti-capitalism
Black capitalism
Capitalist state
Consumerism
Corporatism
Crisis theory
Criticism of capitalism
Cronyism
Culture of capitalism
Exploitation
Globalization
History
History of theory
Market economy
Periodizations of capitalism
Perspectives on capitalism
Post-capitalism
Speculation
Spontaneous order
Venture philanthropy
Ideologies[show]
Anarcho-capitalism
Democratic capitalism
Dirigisme
Eco-capitalism
Humanistic capitalism
Inclusive capitalism
Liberalism (economic)
Libertarianism
Neo-Capitalism
Neoliberalism
Objectivism
Ordoliberalism
Social democracy
Capitalism portal
Economics portal
Philosophy portal
Politics portal
v
t
e
Capitalism generally refers to an economic system where the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for a profit, structured on the process of capital accumulation. In general, in capitalist systems investment, distribution, income, and prices are determined by markets, whether regulated or unregulated.
There are different variations of capitalism with different relationships to markets. In Laissez-faire and free market variations of capitalism, markets are utilized most extensively with minimal or no state intervention and regulation over prices and the supply of goods and services. In interventionist, welfare capitalism and mixed economies, markets continue to play a dominant role but are regulated to some extent by government in order to correct market failures or to promote social welfare. In state capitalist systems, markets are relied upon the least, with the state relying heavily on either indirect economic planning and/or state-owned enterprises to accumulate capital.
Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel[who?] that the term "mixed economies" more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises. In capitalism, prices determine the demand-supply scale. For example, higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.
Laissez-faire[edit]
Main articles: Laissez-faire and Economic liberalism
Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was referred to as strict capitalist free market economy during the early and mid-19th century[citation needed] as a classical liberal (right-libertarian) ideal to achieve. It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures, and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no taxes or tariffs other than what is necessary for the government to provide protection from coercion and theft, maintaining peace and property rights, and providing for basic public goods. Right-libertarian advocates of anarcho-capitalism see the state as morally illegitimate and economically unnecessary and destructive.
Free-market economy[edit]
See also: Free market
Free-market economy refers to an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets, private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights.
Welfare capitalism[edit]
Main article: Welfare capitalism
Welfare capitalism refers to a capitalist economy that includes public policies favoring extensive provisions for social welfare services. The economic mechanism involves a free market and the predominance of privately owned enterprises in the economy, but public provision of universal welfare services aimed at enhancing individual autonomy and maximizing equality. Examples of contemporary welfare capitalism include the Nordic model of capitalism predominant in Northern Europe.[8]
Regional models[edit]
Anglo-Saxon model[edit]
Main article: Anglo-Saxon economy
Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to the form of capitalism predominant in Anglophone countries and typified by the economy of the United States. It is contrasted with European models of capitalism such as the continental Social market model and the Nordic model. Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to a macroeconomic policy regime and capital market structure common to the Anglophone economies. Among these characteristics are low rates of taxation, more open financial markets, lower labor market protections, and a less generous welfare state eschewing collective bargaining schemes found in the continental and northern European models of capitalism.[9]
East Asian model[edit]
Main article: East Asian model of capitalism
The East Asian model of capitalism involves a strong role for state investment, and in some instances involves state-owned enterprises. The state takes an active role in promoting economic development through subsidies, the facilitation of "national champions", and an export-based model of growth. The actual practice of this model varies by country. This designation has been applied to the economies of Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the People's Republic of China.
A related concept in political science is the developmental state.
Social market economy[edit]
Main article: Social market economy
This model was implemented by Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard after World War II in West Germany. The social market economic model (sometimes called "Rhine capitalism") is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods, while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic power and the socially harmful effects of market processes. The aim of the social market economy is to realize greatest prosperity combined with best possible social security. One difference from the free market economy is that the state is not passive, but takes active regulatory measures.[10] The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies, as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the distribution of income growth. Characteristics of social market economies are a strong competition policy and a contractionary monetary policy. The philosophical background is Neoliberalism or Ordoliberalism[11]
Market socialism[edit]
Main article: Market socialism
Part of a series on
Socialism
Development[show]
History of socialism
Socialist calculation debate
Socialist economics
Ideas[show]
Calculation in kind
Collective ownership
Cooperative
Common ownership
Economic democracy
Economic planning
Equal opportunity
Free association
Industrial democracy
Input–output model
Internationalism
Labor-time calculation
Labour voucher
Material balance planning
Peer‑to‑peer economics
(Sharing economy)
Production for use
Social dividend
Social ownership
Socialism in One Country
Socialist mode of production
State ownership
To each according
to his contribution / needs
Workplace democracy
Workers' self-management
Models[show]
Decentralized planning
Participatory economics
Market socialism
Lange model
Mutualism
Planned economy
Soviet-type
OGAS
Project Cybersyn
Socialist market economy
Socialist-oriented market
Variants[show]
African
Arab
Agrarian
Anarchist
Anarcho-communism
Anarcho-syndicalism
Authoritarian
Blanquism
Communism
Democratic
Ethical
Ecological
Feminist
Gandhian
Guild
Impossibilism
Leninism
Liberal
Libertarian
Market
Marhaenism
Marxism
Maoism
Municipal
Owenism
Platformism
Reformism
Religious
Revisionism
Revolutionary
Ricardian
Scientific
Social democracy
Socialist nationalism
Stalinism
State
Syndicalism
Technocracy
Third World
Trotskyism
Utopian
with Chinese characteristics
Zionist
21st-century
History by country[show]
Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
Estonia
Hong Kong
India
Iran
Netherlands
New Zealand
Pakistan
Tunisia
French Left
United Kingdom
United States
People[show]
Thomas More
Tommaso Campanella
Gracchus Babeuf
Henri Saint-Simon
Charles Fourier
Robert Owen
William Thompson
Étienne Cabet
Thomas Hodgskin
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Louis Blanc
Mikhail Bakunin
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Ferdinand Lassalle
William Morris
Mary Harris Jones
Peter Kropotkin
Eduard Bernstein
Errico Malatesta
Fred M. Taylor
Eugene Debs
Georgi Plekhanov
John Dewey
Enrico Barone
W. E. B. Du Bois
Emma Goldman
Rosa Luxemburg
Vladimir Lenin
Léon Blum
Josef Stalin
Mao Zedong
Antonie Pannekoek
Bertrand Russell
Luis Emilio Recabarren
Albert Einstein
Clement Attlee
Karl Polanyi
Nestor Makhno
G. D. H. Cole
Imre Nagy
Einar Gerhardsen
George Orwell
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Salvador Allende
François Mitterrand
Nelson Mandela
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Murray Bookchin
Alexander Dubček
Howard Zinn
Noam Chomsky
Martin Luther King Jr.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Bernie Sanders
Tariq Ali
Abdullah Öcalan
Slavoj Žižek
Jeremy Corbyn
Cornel West
Jack Layton
Hugo Chávez
Chris Hedges
Yanis Varoufakis
Pablo Iglesias
Organizations[show]
First International
(International Workingmen's Association)
Second International
Third International
(Comintern)
Fourth International
Fifth International
Labour and Socialist International
Socialist International
World Federation of
Democratic Youth
International Union of
Socialist Youth
World Socialist Movement
International Committee
of the Fourth International
Progressive Alliance
Related topics[show]
Anarchism
Capitalism
Communist society
Criticism of capitalism
Economic system
List of socialist economists
Nanosocialism
Progressivism
Right-wing socialism
Socialism and LGBT rights
Socialist Party
Socialist state
Socialism portal
Economics portal
Politics portal
v
t
e
Market socialism refers to various types of economic systems where the means of production and the dominant economic institutions are either publicly owned or cooperatively owned but operated according to the rules of supply and demand. This type of market economy has its roots in classical economics and in the works of Adam Smith, the Ricardian socialists, and Mutualist philosophers.[12]
The distinguishing feature between non-market socialism and market socialism is the existence of a market for factors of production and the criteria of profitability for enterprises. Profits derived from publicly owned enterprises can variously be used to reinvest in further production, to directly finance government and social services, or be distributed to the public at large through a social dividend or basic income system.[13]
Public ownership models[edit]
In the 1930s the economists Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner developed a model of socialism that posited that a public body (dubbed the "Central Planning Board") could set prices through a trial-and-error approach until they equaled the marginal cost of production in order to achieve perfect competition and pareto optimality. In this model of socialism, firms would be state-owned and managed by their employees, and the profits would be disbursed among the population in a social dividend. This model came to be referred to as "market socialism" because it involved the use of money, a price system, and simulated capital markets; all of which were absent from traditional of non-market socialism.
A more contemporary model of market socialism is that put forth by the American economist John Roemer, referred to as Economic democracy. In this model, social ownership is achieved through public ownership of equity in a market economy. A Bureau of Public Ownership (BPO) would own controlling shares in publicly listed firms, so that the profits generated would be used for public finance and the provision of a basic income.
Cooperative socialism[edit]
Libertarian socialists and left-anarchists often promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed cooperatively by their workforce so that the profits directly remunerate the employee-owners. These cooperative enterprises would compete with each other in the same way private companies compete with each other in a capitalist market. The first major elaboration of this type of market socialism was made by Pierre Joseph Proudhon and was called "mutualism".
Self-managed market socialism was promoted in Yugoslavia by economists Branko Horvat and Jaroslav Vanek. In the self-managed model of socialism, firms would be directly owned by their employees and the management board would be elected by employees. These cooperative firms would compete with each other in a market for both capital goods and for selling consumer goods.
Socialist market economy[edit]
Following the 1978 reforms, the People's Republic of China developed what it calls a "socialist market economy", in which most of the economy is under state ownership, with the state enterprises organized as joint-stock companies with various government agencies owning controlling shares through a shareholder system. Prices are set by a largely free-price system and the state-owned enterprises are not subjected to micromanagement by a government planning agency. A similar system called "socialist-oriented market economy" has emerged in Vietnam following the Đổi Mới reforms in 1986. This system is frequently characterized as "state capitalism" instead of market socialism because there is no meaningful degree of employee self-management in firms, because the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government, and because many function as de facto private enterprises. The profits neither finance a social dividend to benefit the population at large, nor do they accrue to their employees.
In the People's Republic of China, this economic model is presented as a "preliminary stage of socialism" to explain the dominance of capitalistic management practices and forms of enterprise organization in both the state and non-state sectors.
Criticisms[edit]
The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that markets suffer from informational inefficiency and the presumed efficiency of markets stems from the faulty assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics, particularly the assumption of perfect and costless information, and related incentive problems. Neoclassical economics assumes static equilibrium, and efficient markets require that there be no non-convexities, even though nonconvexities are pervasive in modern economies. Stiglitz's critique applies to both existing models of capitalism and to hypothetical models of market socialism. However, Stiglitz does not advocate replacing markets, but states that there is a significant role for government intervention to boost the efficiency of markets and to address the pervasive market failures that exist in contemporary economies.[14] A fair Market Economy is in fact a Martingale or a Brownian motion model and for a participant competitor in such a model there is no more than 50% of success chances at any given moment. Due to the fractal nature of any fair market and being market participants subject to the law of competition, which impose reinvesting an increasing part of profits, the mean statistical chance of bankruptcy within the half life of any participant is also 50% [15] and 100% whether an infinite sample of time is considered.
Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that "markets inherently produce class division."[16] Albert states that even if everyone started out with a balanced job complex (doing a mix of roles of varying creativity, responsibility and empowerment) in a market economy, class divisions would arise.
Without taking the argument that far, it is evident that in a market system with uneven distribution of empowering work, such as Economic Democracy, some workers will be more able than others to capture the benefits of economic gain. For example, if one worker designs cars and another builds them, the designer will use his cognitive skills more frequently than the builder. In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the former greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more. The effect is a class division between conceptual and manual laborers, and ultimately managers and workers, and a de facto labor market for conceptual workers.[16]
David McNally argues that the logic of the market inherently produces inequitable outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges, arguing that Adam Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free markets he championed. The development of the market economy involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Adam Smith's moral philosophy could not countenance. McNally also criticizes market socialists for believing in the possibility of "fair" markets based on equal exchanges to be achieved by purging "parasitical" elements from the market economy, such as private ownership of the means of production. McNally argues that market socialism is an oxymoron when socialism is defined as an end to wage-based labor.[17]
See also[edit]
Economic freedom
Economic liberalism
Free market
Grey market
Market socialism
Market structure
Mixed economy
Neoclassical economics
Planned economy
Price system
Regulated market
Social market economy
Socialist market economy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (2004). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, Seventh Edition. George Hoffman. p. 538. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. Market Economy: Economy in which fundamentals of supply and demand provide signals regarding resource utilization.
Jump up ^ Altvater, E. (1993). The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism. Verso. p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul M. Johnson (2005). "A Glossary of Political Economy Terms, Market economy". Auburn University. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Altvater, E. (1993). The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism. Verso. pp. 237–238.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Irvin B. p 491. Macroeconomics for Today. West Publishing. p. 491
Jump up ^ "market economy", Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary
Jump up ^ Bock man, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.
Jump up ^ "The surprising ingredients of Swedish success - free markets and social cohesion" (PDF). Institute of Economic Affairs. June 25, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anglo-Saxon capitalism, Business Dictionary on BusinessDictionary.com: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Anglo-Saxon-capitalism.html
Jump up ^ keyword "social market economy" = “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 2. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus 2004. Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2004.
Jump up ^ Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z: Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft
Jump up ^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.
Jump up ^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
Jump up ^ Michie, Jonathan (January 1, 2001). Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. p. 1012. ISBN 978-1579580919. Stiglitz criticizes the first and second welfare theorems for being based on the assumptions of complete markets (including a full set of futures and risk markets) and perfect and costless information, which are simply not true. Incentives are dubious too. Thus, capitalist markets are also not efficient and there is some role for government intervention. The ability to decentralize using the price system requires that there be no nonconvexities, but nonconvexities are pervasive.
Jump up ^ Podobnik, Boris; Horvatic, Davor; Petersen, Alexander M.; Urošević, Branko; Stanley, H. Eugene (2010-10-26). "Bankruptcy risk model and empirical tests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (43): 18325–18330. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011942107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2972955  . PMID 20937903.
^ Jump up to: a b Weiss, Adam (2005-05-04). "A Comparison of Economic Democracy and Participatory Economics". ZMag. Retrieved 2008-06-26. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2.
Authority control
GND: 4037653-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_economy&oldid=821298601"
Categories:
Capitalism
Economic ideologies
Economic liberalism
Economic systems
Market (economics)
Market socialism
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
ქართული
Қазақша
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Македонски
Malagasy
مصرى
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 16:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Green_economics
mw-redirect
Green economics

values:
/wiki/Islamic_economic_jurisprudence
mw-redirect
Islamic economic jurisprudence

values:
/wiki/Communist_system
mw-redirect
Communist system

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Chinese_model
mw-redirect
Chinese model

values:
/wiki/Private_ownership
mw-redirect
Private ownership

values:
/wiki/Public_ownership
mw-redirect
Public ownership

values:
/wiki/Socialization_(economics)
mw-redirect
Socialization (economics)

values:
/wiki/Self-managed_economy
mw-redirect
Self-managed economy

values:
/wiki/Expeditionary_Economics
mw-redirect
Expeditionary Economics

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;

values: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;border: 1px solid #FFBF00;text-align:center;color:black;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

values:
/wiki/Ludwig_Joseph_Brentano
mw-redirect
Ludwig Joseph Brentano

values:
/wiki/William_Gladstone
mw-redirect
William Gladstone

values:
/wiki/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse
mw-redirect
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse

values:
/wiki/Charles_de_Montesquieu
mw-redirect
Charles de Montesquieu

values:
/wiki/Karl_Raimund_Popper
mw-redirect
Karl Raimund Popper

values:
/wiki/Emmanuel_Siey%C3%A8s
mw-redirect
Emmanuel Sieyès

values:
/wiki/Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke
mw-redirect
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke

values: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe

values: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

values: International Alliance of Libertarian Parties

values: International Federation of Liberal Youth

values: Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Bulgaria

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Chile
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Chile

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Denmark
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Denmark

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ecuador
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Ecuador

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Estonia
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Estonia

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Finland
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Finland

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_France
mw-redirect
Liberalism in France

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hungary
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Hungary

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iceland
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Iceland

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Italy
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Italy

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Macedonia
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Paraguay
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Paraguay

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines
mw-redirect
Liberalism in the Philippines

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Romania
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Romania

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Spain
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Spain

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Sweden
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Sweden

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Switzerland

values:
/wiki/Liberalism_in_Venezuela
mw-redirect
Liberalism in Venezuela

values:
/wiki/Good_(economics)
mw-redirect
Good (economics)

values:
/wiki/Producer_good
mw-redirect
Producer good

values: Autonomous state agencies (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Capital_goods
mw-redirect
Capital goods

values:
/wiki/Capital_markets
mw-redirect
Capital markets

values:
/wiki/Worker_self-management
mw-redirect
Worker self-management

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;

values:
/wiki/Rhine_capitalism
mw-redirect
Rhine capitalism

values:
/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism
mw-redirect
State-sponsored capitalism

values:
/wiki/Global_capitalism
mw-redirect
Global capitalism

values: Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)

values:
/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism
mw-redirect
Perspectives on capitalism

values:
/wiki/State_capitalist
mw-redirect
State capitalist

values:
/wiki/State_enterprise
mw-redirect
State enterprise

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2012)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Classical_liberal
mw-redirect
Classical liberal

values:
/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_economy
mw-redirect
Anglo-Saxon economy

values:
/wiki/Social_market
mw-redirect
Social market

values:
/wiki/Competition_policy
mw-redirect
Competition policy

values:
/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy
mw-redirect
Contractionary monetary policy

values: Free association (communism and anarchism)

values: From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;

values:
/wiki/Anarchist_communism
mw-redirect
Anarchist communism

values: History of the socialist movement in Brazil

values: History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom

values: History of the socialist movement in the United States

values:
/wiki/Josef_Stalin
mw-redirect
Josef Stalin

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;

values: International Committee of the Fourth International

values:
/wiki/Right-wing_socialism
mw-redirect
Right-wing socialism

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;font-weight:normal;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-spacing:0.2em 0;

values:
/wiki/Oskar_Lange
mw-redirect
Oskar Lange

values:
/wiki/Abba_Lerner
mw-redirect
Abba Lerner

values:
/wiki/Pareto_optimality
mw-redirect
Pareto optimality

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon
mw-redirect
Pierre Joseph Proudhon

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1011942107

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937903

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037653-9

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2012

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Market_economy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: اقتصاد السوق – Arabic

values: Рыначная эканоміка – Belarusian

values: Пазарна икономика – Bulgarian

values: اقتصاد بازار – Persian

values: საბაზრო ეკონომიკა – Georgian

values: Нарықтық экономика – Kazakh

values: Пазарна економија – Macedonian

values: Toe-karena mifototra amin'ny tsena – Malagasy

values: اقتصاد السوق الحر – Egyptian Arabic

values: Зах зээлийн эдийн засаг – Mongolian

values: बजार अर्थव्यवस्था – Nepali

values: د آزاد بازار اقتصاد – Pashto

values: Рыночная экономика – Russian

values: சந்தைப் பொருளாதாரம் – Tamil

values: Иқтисоди бозор – Tajik

values: Ринкова економіка – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Market_economy rootpage-Market_economy skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Carolina Hurricanes seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the season history before the team relocated in 1997, see List of Hartford Whalers seasons.
President George W. Bush poses for a photo on February 2, 2007, with the Carolina Hurricanes, winners of the 2006 Stanley Cup, in the East Room of the White House.
The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division in the Eastern Conference of the NHL. This list documents the records and playoff results for all 17 seasons the Carolina Hurricanes have completed in the NHL since their relocation from Hartford, Connecticut in 1997. The Hurricanes franchise was founded in 1971 as the New England Whalers, and played seven seasons in the World Hockey Association. The team moved to the National Hockey League in 1979, and changed names to the Hartford Whalers. The franchise played a total of 18 seasons before moving to North Carolina and changing their names to the Carolina Hurricanes. The Hurricanes are the only major pro sports team located in Raleigh.[1] They are also the only North Carolina-based major pro sports team to ever win a championship.
Carolina played its first season in the Northeast Division before moving to the Southeast Division when the NHL realigned in 1998. The Hurricanes won one Stanley Cup, in 2005–06, and two Prince of Wales Trophy as Eastern Conference champions: 2001–02 and 2005–06. Carolina has finished atop its division three times in its history. The Hurricanes have played in over 1,200 games and qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs five times. The team's all time playoff series record in North Carolina is 41–37. The 2014–15 season represents the 18th in North Carolina.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season-by-season
2 Notes
3 See also
4 References
Season-by-season[edit]
Stanley Cup Champions Prince of Wales Trophy Division Champions
Season
Team
Conference
Division
Regular season[2]
Post season[3]
Div.
Finish
Conf.
Finish
GP
W
L
T[4]
OT[5]
Pts
GF
GA
GP
W
L
GF
GA
Result
Relocated from Hartford
1997–98 1997–98 Eastern Northeast 6th 9th 82 33 41 8 — 74 200 219 Did not qualify
1998–99 1998–99 Eastern Southeast 1st 3rd 82 34 30 18 — 86 210 202 6 2 4 8 18 Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Bruins)
1999–2000 1999–2000 Eastern Southeast 3rd 9th 82 37 35 10 — 84 217 216 Did not qualify
2000–01 2000–01 Eastern Southeast 2nd 8th 82 38 32 9 3 88 212 225 6 2 4 8 20 Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Devils)
2001–02 2001–02 Eastern Southeast 1st 3rd 82 35 26 16 5 91 217 217 23 13 10 47 43 Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Devils)
Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–2 (Canadiens)
Won in Conference Finals, 4–2 (Maple Leafs)
Lost in Stanley Cup Finals, 1–4 (Red Wings)
2002–03 2002–03 Eastern Southeast 5th 15th 82 22 43 11 6 61 171 240 Did not qualify
2003–04 2003–04 Eastern Southeast 3rd 11th 82 28 34 14 6 76 172 209 Did not qualify
2004–05 2004–05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL lockout
2005–06 2005–06 Eastern Southeast 1st 2nd 82 52 22 — 8 112 294 260 25 16 9 73 60 Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Canadiens)
Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–1 (Devils)
Won in Conference Finals, 4–3 (Sabres)
Won in Stanley Cup Finals, 4–3 (Oilers)
2006–07 2006–07 Eastern Southeast 3rd 11th 82 40 34 — 8 88 241 253 Did not qualify
2007–08 2007–08 Eastern Southeast 2nd 9th 82 43 33 — 6 92 252 249 Did not qualify
2008–09 2008–09 Eastern Southeast 2nd 6th 82 45 30 — 7 97 239 226 18 8 10 42 50 Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–3 (Devils)
Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–3 (Bruins)
Lost in Conference Finals, 0–4 (Penguins)
2009–10 2009–10 Eastern Southeast 3rd 11th 82 35 37 — 10 80 230 256 Did not qualify
2010–11 2010–11 Eastern Southeast 3rd 9th 82 40 31 — 11 91 236 239 Did not qualify
2011–12 2011–12 Eastern Southeast 5th 12th 82 33 33 — 16 82 213 243 Did not qualify
2012–13 2012–13 Eastern Southeast 3rd 13th 48 19 25 — 4 42 128 160 Did not qualify
2013–14 2013–14 Eastern Metropolitan 7th 13th 82 36 35 — 11 83 201 225 Did not qualify
2014–15 2014–15 Eastern Metropolitan 8th 14th 82 30 41 — 11 71 188 226 Did not qualify
2015–16 2015–16 Eastern Metropolitan 6th 10th 82 35 31 — 16 86 198 226 Did not qualify
2016–17 2016–17 Eastern Metropolitan 7th 12th 82 36 31 — 15 87 215 236 Did not qualify
2017–18 2017–18 Eastern Metropolitan 6th 10th 82 36 35 — 11 83 228 256 Did not qualify
Totals[6]
1606
707
659
86
154
1654
4262
4583
78
41
37
122
141
5 Playoff Appearances
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Professional Sports". Things To Do. Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
Jump up ^ Code explanation; GP—Games Played, W—Wins, L—Losses, T—Tied games, OT—Overtime/Shootout losses, GF—Goals For, GA—Goals Against, Pts—Points
Jump up ^ The result of the playoff series shows the Hurricanes' result first regardless of the outcome, followed by opposite team in parentheses.
Jump up ^ Beginning in 2005, all games have a winner. Ties were eliminated
Jump up ^ Beginning in 1999, overtime (and later shootout) losses are worth one point
Jump up ^ Totals as of the completion of the 2017–18 season
See also[edit]
List of Hartford Whalers seasons
References[edit]
"Carolina Hurricanes season statistics and records". The Internet Hockey Database. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
"Carolina Hurricanes Franchise Timeline". Carolina Hurricanes - NHL. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
2007–08 Carolina Hurricanes Media Guide. Carolina Hurricanes. 2007.
[show]
v
t
e
Carolina Hurricanes
Formerly the New England/Hartford Whalers
Founded in 1972
Based in Raleigh, North Carolina
Franchise
Team
General managers
Coaches
Players
Captains
Draft picks (Expansion draft)
Seasons
Current season
History
Records
Award winners
Retired numbers
Personnel
Owners
Thomas Dundon (majority)
Peter Karmanos Jr. (minority)
General manager
Vacant
Head coach
Bill Peters
Team captain
Justin Faulk & Jordan Staal
Current roster
Arenas
Greensboro Coliseum
PNC Arena
Affiliates
AHL
Charlotte Checkers
ECHL
Florida Everblades
Media
Fox Sports South
ESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)
The Buzz (620 AM)
Culture and lore
Miracle at Molson
0.2 Seconds
[show]
v
t
e
Carolina Hurricanes seasons
Pre-1997
Hartford Whalers
1990s
1990–91 . 1991–92 . 1992–93 . 1993–94 . 1994–95 . 1995–96 . 1996–97 . 1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000s
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010s
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship
[hide]
v
t
e
NHL seasons by team
Western Conference Eastern Conference
Pacific
Anaheim
Arizona
Calgary
Edmonton
Los Angeles
San Jose
Vancouver
Vegas
Central
Chicago
Colorado
Dallas
Minnesota
Nashville
St. Louis
Winnipeg
Atlantic
Boston
Buffalo
Detroit
Florida
Montreal
Ottawa
Tampa Bay
Toronto
Metropolitan
Carolina
Columbus
New Jersey
NY Islanders
NY Rangers
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Washington
Relocated (still active)
Atlanta Flames (Calgary)
Atlanta Thrashers (Winnipeg)
Hartford Whalers (Carolina)
Kansas City Scouts/Colorado Rockies (New Jersey)
Minnesota North Stars (Dallas)
Quebec Nordiques (Colorado)
Winnipeg Jets (Arizona)
Defunct teams
California Golden Seals/Cleveland Barons
Hamilton Tigers
Montreal Maroons
New York Americans
Ottawa Senators/St. Louis Eagles
Pittsburgh Pirates/Philadelphia Quakers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carolina_Hurricanes_seasons&oldid=836164964"
Categories:
National Hockey League team seasons
Carolina Hurricanes lists
Carolina Hurricanes seasons
Lists of National Hockey League seasons
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
Galego
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 01:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Metropolitan_Division_(NHL)
mw-redirect
Metropolitan Division (NHL)

values:
/wiki/2006_Stanley_Cup_Playoffs
mw-redirect
2006 Stanley Cup Playoffs

values:
/wiki/2000-01_New_Jersey_Devils_season
mw-redirect
2000-01 New Jersey Devils season

values:
/wiki/2001-02_New_Jersey_Devils_season
mw-redirect
2001-02 New Jersey Devils season

values:
/wiki/2001-02_Montreal_Canadiens_season
mw-redirect
2001-02 Montreal Canadiens season

values:
/wiki/2005-06_Montreal_Canadiens_season
mw-redirect
2005-06 Montreal Canadiens season

values:
/wiki/2005-06_New_Jersey_Devils_season
mw-redirect
2005-06 New Jersey Devils season

values:
/wiki/2005-06_Buffalo_Sabres_season
mw-redirect
2005-06 Buffalo Sabres season

values:
/wiki/2005-06_Edmonton_Oilers_season
mw-redirect
2005-06 Edmonton Oilers season

values:
/wiki/2008-09_New_Jersey_Devils_season
mw-redirect
2008-09 New Jersey Devils season

values:
/wiki/2008-09_Boston_Bruins_season
mw-redirect
2008-09 Boston Bruins season

values:
/wiki/2010-11_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2010-11 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2011-12_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2011-12 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2012-13_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2012-13 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2013-14_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2013-14 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2014-15_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2014-15 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2015-16_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2015-16 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2016-17_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2016-17 NHL season

values:
/wiki/2017-18_NHL_season
mw-redirect
2017-18 NHL season

values:
wikitable
text-align: center; font-size: 95%

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: ;background:#FFFFFF;border-top:#CC0000 5px solid;border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: width:1%;background:#FFFFFF;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A2A9AF, inset -2px -2px 0 #A2A9AF; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A2A9AF, inset -2px -2px 0 #A2A9AF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A2A9AF, inset -2px -2px 0 #A2A9AF;

values: List of Hartford Whalers/Carolina Hurricanes general managers

values: List of Carolina Hurricanes head coaches

values: List of Carolina Hurricanes award winners

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Carolina Hurricanes seasons

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of defunct and relocated National Hockey League teams

values: List of Ottawa Senators (original) seasons

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:National Hockey League team seasons

values: Category:Lists of National Hockey League seasons

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Bilan saison par saison des Hurricanes de la Caroline – French

values: Tempadas dos Carolina Hurricanes – Galician

values: Список сезонов «Каролины Харрикейнз» – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Carolina_Hurricanes_seasons rootpage-List_of_Carolina_Hurricanes_seasons skin-vector action-view


text:
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Hanging Garden (disambiguation).
This hand-coloured engraving, probably made in the 19th century after the first excavations in the Assyrian capitals, depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens, with the Tower of Babel in the background.
Timeline and map of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the other Wonders of the Ancient World
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a term given to it by ancient Hellenic culture. The Hanging Gardens were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines. The gardens were said to have looked like a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks.
The Hanging Gardens is the only one of the seven ancient wonders for which the location has not been definitively established.[1] Traditionally they were said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290 BC and quoted later by Josephus, attributed the gardens to Neo-Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled between 605 and 562 BC. There are no extant Babylonian texts which mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.[2][3]
Because no physical evidence for the Hanging Gardens has been found at Babylon, two theories have been suggested. One is that they were purely mythical, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writers including Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus represent a romantic ideal of an eastern garden.[4] If it did indeed exist, it was destroyed sometime after the first century AD.[5][6] The other theory is that they were actually in the city of Nineveh, constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib.[7]
According to one legend, Nebuchadnezzar II built the Hanging Gardens for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. He also built a grand palace that came to be known as "The Marvel of the Mankind". Stephanie Dalley suggests that the original garden may have been a well-documented one that Assyrian King Sennacherib (704–681 BC) built in his capital city of Nineveh on the River Tigris, near the modern city of Mosul.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Descriptions
2 Scholarship and controversy
3 Hanging Garden at Nineveh
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links
Descriptions
There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon are extant in some form today. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built.
Josephus (c.37–100 AD) quotes a description of the gardens by Berossus, a Babylonian priest of Marduk writing circa 290 BC.[1] Berossus described the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and is the only source to credit that king with the construction of the Hanging Gardens.[9]
In this palace he erected very high walks, supported by stone pillars; and by planting what was called a pensile paradise, and replenishing it with all sorts of trees, he rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation.[10]
Hanging gardens of Semiramis, by H. Waldeck
Diodorus Siculus (active c.60–30 BC) seems to have consulted the 4th century BC texts of both Cleitarchus (a historian of Alexander the Great) and Ctesias of Cnidus. Diodorus ascribes the construction to a Syrian king. He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately four plethra long. The garden was tiered, with the uppermost gallery being 50 cubits high. The walls, 22 feet thick, were made of brick. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest trees, and the gardens were irrigated from the nearby Euphrates.[11]
Quintus Curtius Rufus (fl. 1st century AD) probably drew on the same sources as Diodorus.[12] He states that the gardens were located on top of a citadel, which was 20 stadia in circumference. He attributes the building of the gardens to a Syrian king, again for the reason that his queen missed her homeland.
The account of Strabo (c.64 BC – 21 AD) possibly based his account on the lost account of Onesicritus from the 4th century BC[13] He mentions that the gardens were watered by means of a screw leading to the gardens from the Euphrates.
Philo of Byzantium (4th–5th century AD[14]) is the last of the classical sources. The description of the gardens in his A Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World is thought to be independent of earlier Greek sources. The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo.[15] He marvels at the engineering and ingenuity of building vast areas of deep soil, which had a tremendous mass, so far above the natural grade of the surrounding land. The irrigation techniques were also a marvel.
Scholarship and controversy
This copy of a bas relief from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC) at Nineveh shows a luxurious garden watered by an aqueduct.
There is some controversy as to whether the Hanging Gardens were an actual construction or a poetic creation, owing to the lack of documentation in contemporaneous Babylonian sources. There is also no mention of Nebuchadnezzar's wife Amyitis (or any other wives), although a political marriage to a Median or Persian would not have been unusual.[16] Many records exist of Nebuchadnezzar's works, yet his long and complete inscriptions do not mention any garden.[17]
Herodotus, who describes Babylon in his Histories, does not mention the Hanging Gardens.[18]
To date, no archaeological evidence has been found at Babylon for the Hanging Gardens.[1] It is possible that evidence exists beneath the Euphrates, which cannot be excavated safely at present. The river flowed east of its current position during the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, and little is known about the western portion of Babylon.[19] Rollinger has suggested that Berossus attributed the Gardens to Nebuchadnezzar for political reasons, and that he had adopted the legend from elsewhere.[20]
A recent theory proposes that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704 – 681 BC) for his palace at Nineveh. Stephanie Dalley posits that during the intervening centuries the two sites became confused, and the extensive gardens at Sennacherib's palace were attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylon.[7] Recently discovered evidence includes excavation of a vast system of aqueducts inscribed to Sennacherib, which Dalley proposes were part of a 80-kilometre (50 mi) series of canals, dams, and aqueducts used to carry water to Nineveh with water-raising screws used to raise it to the upper levels of the gardens.[21]
Dalley bases her arguments on recent developments in the decipherment of contemporary Akkadian inscriptions. Her main points are:[22]
The name "Babylon", meaning "Gate of the Gods"[23] was applied to several Mesopotamian cities.[24] Sennacherib renamed the city gates of Nineveh after gods,[25] which suggests that he wished his city to be considered "a Babylon".
Only Josephus names Nebuchadnezzar as the king who built the gardens; although Nebuchadnezzar left many inscriptions, none mentions any garden or engineering works.[26] Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus specify a "Syrian" king.
By contrast, Sennacherib left written descriptions,[27] and there is archaeological evidence of his water engineering.[28] His grandson Assurbanipal pictured the mature garden on a sculptured wall panel in his palace.[29]
Sennacherib called his new palace and garden "a wonder for all peoples". He describes the making and operation of screws to raise water in his garden.[30]
The descriptions of the classical authors fit closely to these contemporary records. Before the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC Alexander the Great camped for four days near the aqueduct at Jerwan.[31] The historians who travelled with him would have had ample time to investigate the enormous works around them, recording them in Greek. These first-hand accounts do not survive into our times but were quoted by later Greek writers.
Hanging Garden at Nineveh
King Sennacherib's Hanging Garden was considered a world wonder not just for its beauty – a year-round oasis of lush green in a dusty summer landscape – but also for the marvelous feats of water engineering that maintained the garden.[32]
There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. King Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) had created a canal, which cut through the mountains. Fruit tree orchards were planted. Also mentioned were pines, cypresses and junipers; almond trees, date trees, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth, ash, fir, pomegranate, pear, quince, fig, and grapes.
Photo of Assyrian wall relief showing garden in the ancient city of Nineveh (Mosul Iraq)
Sennacherib is the only Mesopotamian king who has left a record of his love for his wife. Of Sennacherib's palace, he mentions the massive limestone blocks that reinforce the flood defences. Parts of the palace were excavated by Austin Henry Layard in the mid-19th century. His citadel plan shows contours which would be consistent with Sennacherib's garden, but its position has not been confirmed. The area has been used as a military base in recent times, making it difficult to investigate further.
A sculptured wall panel of Assurbanipal shows the garden in its maturity. One original panel[33] and the drawing of another[34] are held by the British Museum, although neither is on public display. Several features mentioned by the classical authors are discernible on these contemporary images.
The irrigation of such a garden demanded an upgraded water supply to the city of Nineveh. The canals stretched over 50 km into the mountains. Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. At the headwater of Bavian (Khinnis)[35] his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. An enormous aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan was constructed of over 2 million dressed stones. It used stone arches and waterproof cement.[36] On it is written:
Sennacherib king of the world king of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the waters.... Over steep-sided valleys I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it.
Sennacherib claims to be the first to deploy a new casting technique in place of the "lost-wax" process for his monumental (30 tonne) bronze castings.
Sennacherib could bring the water into his garden at a high level because it was sourced from further up the mountains. He then raised the water even higher by deploying his new water screws. This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces – a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors and which justifies his own claim to have built a "Wonder for all Peoples".
See also
Folkewall
Green wall
Green roof
Historical hydroculture
History of gardening
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Finkel (1988) p. 41.
Jump up ^ Finkel (1988) p. 58.
Jump up ^ Finkel, Irving; Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-7141-1171-6.
Jump up ^ Finkel 2008
Jump up ^ "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Retrieved 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephanie Dalley (1993). "Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved". Garden History. 21: 7. JSTOR 1587050.
Jump up ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
Jump up ^ Finkel (2008) p. 108.
Jump up ^ Joseph. contr. Appion. lib. 1. c. 19.—Syncel. Chron. 220.—Euseb. Præp. Evan. lib. 9.
Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus II.10-1-10
Jump up ^ History of Alexander V.1.35-5
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geography XVI.1.5, translation adapted from H.L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library edn (1961).
Jump up ^ This author is now thought to not be Philo the Engineer of Byzantium, but perhaps Philo the Paradoxographer of Byzantium; Stephanie Dalley, "More about the Hanging Gardens," in Of Pots and Pans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria as presented to David Oates on his 75th Birthday, Edited by L. al-Gailani-Werr, J.E. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates and J.E. Reade, (London), pp. 67–73 ISBN 1-897750-62-5.
Jump up ^ Dalley (2013), p. 40. Dalley bases her translation on Brodersen (1992) who uses an early Greek text. A previous translation by David Oates, based on a Latin text, is found in Finkel (1988) pp. 45–46.
Jump up ^ Finkel (2008) p. 109.
Jump up ^ Dalley (2013)
Jump up ^ Priestley, Jessica (2014). Herodotus and Hellenistic culture: Literary Studies in the Reception of the Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
Jump up ^ Joan Oates, Babylon, Revised Edition, Thames and Hudson, London (1986) p. 144 ISBN 0500273847.
Jump up ^ Rollinger, Robert "Berossos and the Monuments", ed. J Haubold et al, The World of Berossos, Wiesbaden (2013), p151
Jump up ^ Alberge, Dalya (5 May 2013). "Babylon's hanging garden: ancient scripts give clue to missing wonder". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
Jump up ^ AR George, Babylonian Topographical Texts, (1992)
Jump up ^ see for example Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum, Vol 19, page 25, line 25
Jump up ^ Pongratz-Leisten, Ina Sulmi Erub (1994),
Jump up ^ See Dalley (2013) ch 1 for a summary.
Jump up ^ Especially: the Iraq Museum prism dated 694 BC published by A Heidel, The Octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum, Sumer 9 (1953); and the British Museum prism BM103000 of the same date
Jump up ^ T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935); Reade, Studies in Assyrian Geography, Revue d'Assyriologie 72 (1978); Channel 4 TV programme Secret History: Finding Babylon's Hanging Garden, 24th November 2013
Jump up ^ AH Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, (1853)
Jump up ^ Dalley (2013), pp. 62–63
Jump up ^ R Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973)
Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford University Press. p. 65–82. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5. The quotations in this section are the translations of the author and are reproduced with the permission of OUP.
Jump up ^ BM124939
Jump up ^ Original Drawing IV 77
Jump up ^ Layard (1853)
Jump up ^ Jacobsen (1935)
Sources
Finkel, Irving (1988). "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". In Clayton, Peter; Price, Martin. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Routledge. pp. 38 ff. ISBN 0-415-05036-7.
Finkel, Irving L.; Seymour, Michael J., eds. (2008). Babylon. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-538540-3.
Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
Library resources about
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Further reading
Dalley, Stephanie. 1994. "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled." Iraq 56: 45-58. doi:10.2307/4200384.
--. 2013. The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Norwich, John Julius. 2009. The Great Cities In History. London: Thames & Hudson.
Reade, Julian. 2000. "Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon." Iraq 62: 195-217. doi:10.2307/4200490.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
How the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Work: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Plants in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Artistic Renditions of the Hanging Gardens and the city of Babylon
Animation of 3D virtual Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Lost Gardens of Babylon Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead
[hide]
v
t
e
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
The Seven Wonders
Great Pyramid of Giza
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes
Lighthouse of Alexandria
Related
Wonders of the World
Seven Wonders of the World (1956 film)
Coordinates: 32°32′08″N 44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E / 32.5355; 44.4275
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 304928287
GND: 4228412-0
SUDOC: 13611928X
BNF: cb161161096 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon&oldid=816891098"
Categories:
Babylon
Babylonian art and architecture
Destroyed landmarks
Gardens in Iraq
Landscape design history
Nebuchadnezzar II
Sennacherib
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Terraced gardens
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
მარგალური
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
پنجابی
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 December 2017, at 12:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This article is semi-protected until September 13, 2018.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Hanging_Garden_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Hanging Garden (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Ctesias_of_Cnidus
mw-redirect
Ctesias of Cnidus

values:
/wiki/Austin_Henry_Layard
mw-redirect
Austin Henry Layard

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1587050

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: commons:Category:Hanging Gardens of Babylon

values: Template:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

values: Template talk:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/304928287

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4228412-0

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/13611928X

values: Category:Babylonian art and architecture

values: Category:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: حدائق بابل المعلقة – Arabic

values: Xardinos Colgantes de Babilonia – Asturian

values: Semiramidanın asma bağları – Azerbaijani

values: ব্যাবিলনের শূন্য উদ্যান – Bangla

values: Pa-pí-lûn ê Khong-tiong Têng-oân – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Семирамиданың аҫылмалы баҡсалары – Bashkir

values: Вісячыя сады Семіраміды – Belarusian

values: Висящи градини на Семирамида – Bulgarian

values: Семирамидăн çакăнса тăракан сачĕсем – Chuvash

values: ބާބިލްގެ އެލިފައިވާ ބަގީޗާ ( ހެންގިންގ ގާރޑްން ) – Divehi

values: Κρεμαστοί κήποι της Βαβυλώνας – Greek

values: Jardines Colgantes de Babilonia – Spanish

values: باغ‌های معلق بابل – Persian

values: Hingjende tunen fan Babylon – Western Frisian

values: Xardíns colgantes da Babilonia – Galician

values: 바빌론의 공중 정원 – Korean

values: Շամիրամի կախովի այգիներ – Armenian

values: बेबीलोन के झूलते उपवन – Hindi

values: הגנים התלויים בבבל – Hebrew

values: ბაბილონის დაკიდებული ბაღები – Georgian

values: Семирамида аспалы бағы – Kazakh

values: ສວນລອຍຟ້າບາບິລອນ – Lao

values: De hangende parke va Babylon – Limburgish

values: Семирамидини висечки градини – Macedonian

values: തൂങ്ങുന്ന പൂന്തോട്ടം – Malayalam

values: ბაბილონიშ მუკობუნაფილი ბაღეფი – Mingrelian

values: حدايق بابل المعلقه – Egyptian Arabic

values: Вавилоны дүүжин цэцэрлэг – Mongolian

values: ဘေဘီလုံရှိ မိုးပျံဥယျာဉ် – Burmese

values: बेबीलोनको झुलन बगैंचा – Nepali

values: バビロンの空中庭園 – Japanese

values: بابل دیاں پھلواریاں – Western Punjabi

values: د بابل ځوړند بڼ – Pashto

values: Jardins Suspensos da Babilónia – Portuguese

values: Grădinile suspendate ale Semiramidei – Romanian

values: Висячие сады Семирамиды – Russian

values: Kopshtet e varura të Babilonisë – Albanian

values: බැබිලෝනියාවේ එල්ලෙන උද්‍යාන – Sinhala

values: Hanging Gardens of Babylon – Simple English

values: باخە ھەڵواسراوەکانی بابل – Central Kurdish

values: Висећи вртови из Вавилона – Serbian

values: Semiramidini viseći vrtovi – Serbo-Croatian

values: Mga Nakabiting Hardin ng Babilonya – Tagalog

values: பாபிலோனின் தொங்கு தோட்டம் – Tamil

values: สวนลอยบาบิโลน – Thai

values: Сади Семіраміди – Ukrainian

values: بابل کے معلق باغات – Urdu

values: Nakasaray nga mga Hardin han Babylon – Waray

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon rootpage-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon skin-vector action-view