text:
Wonka Bar
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The Wonka Bar is both a fictional candy bar, introduced as a key story point in the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl, and a type of consumer product candy bar inspired by the fictional confection. Wonka Bars appear in both film adaptations of the novel, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and the play Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical (2013) each with different packaging.
Varieties of Wonka Bars were subsequently manufactured and sold in the real world, formerly by the Willy Wonka Candy Company, a division of Nestlé. These bars were discontinued in January 2010 due to poor sales.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 In Media
2 Product
2.1 Nestlé Wonka Bars
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
In Media[edit]
In Roald Dahl's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its film adaptations, a Wonka Bar is a brand of chocolate made by Willy Wonka, and is said to be the "perfect candy bar". The wrappers of the 1971 version are brown with an orange and pink border with a top hat over the "W" in Wonka, similar to the film's logo. In the 2005 version, the wrappers feature different shades of a color (depending on the type of candy bar) and are also more detailed. In the book, Grandpa Joe mentions that Mr. Wonka had invented over two hundred kinds of Wonka bars (though the actual number available varies, with four flavours in the 2005 film).
Product[edit]
The consumer product Wonka Bar
The consumer product Wonka Bar was a chocolate candy bar inspired by the novel and the films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
The Quaker Oats Company, which financed the 1971 film[2] with US$3 million, originally created a candy bar in time to publicize the 1971 film. In the documentary Pure Imagination, producer David L. Wolper claims the bar was released to stores, but quickly recalled due to a production problem.
Nestlé Wonka Bars[edit]
Made by Nestlé and sold under their Willy Wonka Candy Company brand, Wonka Bars sold in the United States until January 2010 consisted of small, graham cracker pieces dipped in milk chocolate. The brand was launched by Chicago's Breaker Confections in 1976, and purchased by Nestle in 1988.[2]
Other bars produced included Wonka Xploder, Wonkalate and Wonka Biscuits.
To promote the 2005 film adaptation, some real Wonka Bars were packaged with a Golden Ticket, as in the novel and films. A Golden Ticket entitled winners to cash prizes or Nestlé factory tours, depending on the country.
A Nestlé factory in Europe began producing Wonka Bars in the flavors and wrappers depicted in the 2005 film; Whipple-Scrumptious Fudgemallow Delight, Nutty Crunch Surprise [without actual nuts] and Triple Dazzle Caramel.
Nestlé Japan also released some Wonka Bars, in two flavours, Whipple Scrumptious Caramel Delight and Mysterious Spit-Spat Bar. These bars feature a wrapper done in the same style as the bars that appear in the Tim Burton film adaptation. Nestlé Japan also released a toy truck containing these bars. These are still being sold as of 2014.
In March 2010, Nestlé USA introduced a new line of chocolate bars named "Wonka Exceptionals," consisting of three varieties. The Wonka Scrumdiddlyumptious Chocolate Bar (based on a bar of the same name from the 1971 film) consists of bits of toffee, cookie and peanuts in milk chocolate. The Wonka Chocolate Waterfall Bar contains white chocolate swirled with milk chocolate, and the Wonka Domed Dark Chocolate Bar is made of dark chocolate topped with milk chocolate medallions.[4] Wonka launched the product line with an in-package Golden Ticket sweepstakes. Ten Golden Tickets could be found in bars and bags of Wonka Exceptionals chocolates, and each ticket was worth a grand prize of a trip around the world.[5] Recent new additions to the Wonka Exceptionals include Wonka Triple Dazzle Caramel, which consists of milk chocolate filled with caramel and a dash of sea salt (this variety had previously been produced to promote the 2005 film, where it consisted of caramel in white chocolate as opposed to milk), and Wonka Fantabulous Fudge, which consists of chocolate fudge in milk chocolate. These were discontinued in 2012.[6]
On 9 August 2013, Nestle UK announced that the Wonka Bar is to return to the UK having not been sold since 2005. The new Wonka Bars are available in small individual bars and 100g big block bars. There are currently three flavours, Millionaire's Shortbread, Crème Brûlée and Chocolate Nice Cream. Crème Brûlée is not available in small bars and is only available in big block bars. The small individual bars went on sale on 16 September 2013 and the big block bars went on sale in October that year.[7] It is currently unknown if they will also be sold in the United States.
In late 2013, Nestlé Australia and New Zealand introduced new additions to the Wonka Bar Line, 170g Big Blocks Bars which were released in four flavours, Wonka Triple Chocolate Whipple Bar, Nutty Crunchilicious, Caramel Hat Trick and Chocolate Tales Bar.
See also[edit]
Everlasting Gobstopper
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Zeldes, Leah A. (October 30, 2009). "Gwyn-Green Peters of Wilmington Delaware was the first person to ever try one of these in 1967. At the young age of 5. Willy Wonka lives in Chicagoland". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ USA Today
Jump up ^ Nestleusa.com
Jump up ^ Wonka.com
Jump up ^ Last Chance to Get Your Hands on WONKA Exceptionals Chocolates
Jump up ^ http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/fmcg/nestl-brings-back-the-wonka-chocolate-bar/348209.article
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
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e
Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Books
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
Films
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
soundtrack
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
Characters
Willy Wonka
Theater
Roald Dahl's Willy Wonka (2004 musical)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013 musical)
The Golden Ticket
Music
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man"
Miscellaneous
The Ride
Video games
Wonka Bar
Everlasting Gobstopper
Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble
The Willy Wonka Candy Company
[show]
v
t
e
Willy Wonka Candy Company products
Current
Bottle Caps
Everlasting Gobstopper
Fun Dip
Laffy Taffy
Nerds
Pixy Stix
Redskins
Runts
Spree
SweeTarts
SweeTarts Chewy Sours
SweeTarts Soft & Chewy Ropes
Wonka Bar (AUS only)
Wonka Gummies
Discontinued
or replaced
Dweebs
FruiTart Chews
Oompas
Punky's
Shock Tarts Sour Gum Balls
Tart 'n' Tinys
Tinglerz
Volcano Rocks
Wonka Biscuits
Wonka Donutz
Wacky Wafers
Wonka Xploder
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonka_Bar&oldid=808939813"
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text:
List of Wii U games that use the Wii U Pro Controller
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A white Wii U Pro Controller
This is a list of released and upcoming video games for the Wii U video game console which allow use of the Wii U Pro Controller. This list does not include games released on Nintendo's Virtual Console as the Wii U Pro Controller can also be used for all Wii U Virtual Console games. It is also to note that many of the games on this list are ports of prior generation games or games that were concurrently released on other consoles with traditional control schemes such as PlayStation 2, 3, and 4 and the Xbox 360 and One.
Contents
[hide]
1 Wii U
2 Legend
3 See also
4 References
Wii U[edit]
This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information.
All games on this list support the use of the Wii U Pro Controller.
Title
Genre(s)
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Available
Notes
Classic Controller Support
Source
007 Legends First-person shooter Eurocom Activision EU, NA Multiplayer only No [1]
1001 Spikes Platform, puzzle, 8bits Fanatics Nicalis No [1]
3Souls Puzzle-platformer, adventure Red Column Red Column AUS, EU, NA Co-op Mode only No [1]
99Moves Action EnjoyUp Games EnjoyUp Games Yes [1]
99Seconds Action EnjoyUp Games EnjoyUp Games No [1]
A World of Keflings City-building NinjaBee NinjaBee No [1]
Adventure Time: Explore the Dungeon Because I Don't Know! Action-adventure WayForward Technologies D3 Publisher
Namco Bandai Games EU|AU Yes [1]
Alphadia Genesis JRPG Kemco Kemco Yes [1]
Armillo Puzzle, platform Fuzzy Wuzzy Games Fuzzy Wuzzy Games No [1]
Assassin's Creed III Action-adventure, stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft AUS, EU, NA, JP No [1]
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag Action-adventure, stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft AUS, EU, NA, JP No [1]
Batman: Arkham Origins Action-adventure WB Games Montréal Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment AUS, EU, NA, JP No [1]
Bayonetta Action, hack and slash PlatinumGames
Bee Tribe
Nintendo SPD Nintendo AUS, EU, NA, JP Yes [1]
Bayonetta 2 Action, hack and slash PlatinumGames
Nintendo SPD Nintendo AUS, EU, NA, JP Yes [1]
Ben 10: Omniverse Beat 'em up, fighting Vicious Cycle Software D3 Publisher EU, NA Yes [1]
Ben 10: Omniverse 2 Beat 'em up, fighting High Voltage Software D3 Publisher AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Bombing Bastards Action Sanuk Games Sanuk Games Yes [1]
Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Hunting, First-person shooter Cauldron Activision AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Call of Duty: Black Ops II First-person shooter Treyarch Activision AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Call of Duty: Ghosts First-person shooter Infinity Ward, Treyarch Activision AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
CastleStorm Puzzle, strategy Zen Studios Zen Studios No [1]
Chariot Puzzle, platform Frima Studio Frima Studio No [1]
Chests O' Booty Puzzle video game, strategy Wildmane Studios Wildmane Studios No [1]
Chubbins Platform Dahku Creations Dahku Creations No [1]
Cloudberry Kingdom Platform Pwnee Studios Ubisoft No [1]
Cosmophony Rhythm Bento Studios Moving Player No [1]
Costume Quest 2 Adventure, role-playing Double Fine Productions Midnight City No [1]
Darksiders II Action role-playing, hack and slash Vigil Games THQ AUS, EU, NA No [1]
Disney Infinity Action-adventure, Sandbox Avalanche Software, Heavy Iron Studios Disney Interactive Studios, JPBandai Namco Games AUS, EU, NA, JP Yes
Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes Action-adventure Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios No [1]
Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze Platform Retro Studios Nintendo AUS, EU, NA, JP No
Dr. Luigi Puzzle Arika
Nintendo SPD Nintendo Yes
DuckTales: Remastered Action platformer Capcom Capcom AUS, EU, NA No [1]
Dungeons & Dragons: Chronicles of Mystara Beat 'em up, action role-playing video game Iron Galaxy Studios Capcom AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
F1 Race Stars: Powered Up Edition Racing Codemasters Codemasters AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Family Tennis SP Sports Shin'en Multimedia Shin'en Multimedia Yes [1]
Fast & Furious: Showdown Racing Firebrand Games Activision EU, NA Multiplayer only Yes [1]
FIFA 13 Sports EA Canada EA Sports AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2 Beat 'em up Koei Tecmo Koei EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Flowerworks HD: Follie's Adventure Nocturnal Entertainment Nocturnal Entertainment No [1]
Get Close Party Wombat Source Wombat Source No [1]
Giana Sisters: Twisted Dreams Platform Black Forest Games Black Forest Games No [1]
Gravity Badgers Wales Interactive Wales Interactive No [1]
Guacamelee!: Super Turbo Championship Edition Platform, beat 'em up DrinkBox Studios DrinkBox Studios
Broken Rules No [1]
Hello Kitty Kruisers Racing Scarab Entertainment Bergsala Lightweight Yes [1]
How to Survive Action RPG, survival horror EKO Software 505 Games No [1]
Hyrule Warriors Action, hack and slash Omega Force, Team Ninja, Nintendo SPD
JP: Tecmo Koei
Nintendo AUS, BRA, EU, JP, NA Multiplayer recommended No [1]
Injustice: Gods Among Us Fighting NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. AUS, BRA, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Ittle Dew Ludosity Ludosity No [1]
Kickbeat: Special Edition Music, rhythm Zen Studios Zen Studios No [1]
Kirby and the Rainbow Curse Platformer HAL Laboratory Nintendo Yes [1]
Knytt Underground Nifflas, Mathias Kærlev Ripstone Yes [1]
Kung Fu Rabbit cTools Studio Bulkypix Yes [1]
Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Action-adventure Traveller's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Multiplayer only Yes [1]
Lego Jurassic World Action-adventure Traveller's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Multiplayer only Yes
Lego Marvel Super Heroes Action-adventure, action RPG Traveller's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment AUS, EU, NA Multiplayer only No [1]
Lego The Hobbit Action-adventure, action RPG Traveller's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment AUS, EU, NA Multiplayer only No [1]
Madden NFL 13 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports NA No [1]
Mario Kart 8 Racing Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Marvel Avengers: Battle for Earth Fighting Ubisoft Quebec Ubisoft No [1]
Mass Effect 3: Special Edition Action role-playing, third-person shooter Straight Right Electronic Arts AUS, EU, JP, NA No [1]
Master Reboot Graphic adventure, survival horror Wales Interactive Wales Interactive Unreleased No [1]
Maze Adventure, puzzle TreeFall Studios TreeFall Studios No [1]
Mighty Switch Force!: Hyper Drive Edition Platform, puzzle WayForward Technologies WayForward Technologies
Intergrow JP Yes [1]
Mighty Switch Force! 2 Action, puzzle, platformer WayForward Technologies WayForward Technologies AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Minecraft: Wii U Edition Action-adventure, Survival Mojang Mojang JPMicrosoft Game Studios Yes [1]
Monkey Pirates Party Henchmen Studio Henchmen Studio Yes [1]
Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate Action RPG Capcom Capcom EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Mutant Mudds Deluxe Platformer Renegade Kid Renegade Kid NA Yes [1]
Nano Assault Neo Shooter Shin'en Multimedia Shin'en Multimedia AUS, EU, NA, JP Multiplayer only Yes [1]
NBA 2K13 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports AUS, EU, NA No [1]
Need for Speed: Most Wanted U Racing Criterion Games EA AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
NES Remix
Famicom Remix JP Nintendo EAD Tokyo
indieszero Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
NES Remix 2
Famicom Remix 2 JP Nintendo EAD Tokyo
indieszero Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
New Super Luigi U Platform Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU, NA No [1]
New Super Mario Bros. U Platform Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU, NA No [1]
Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge Action-adventure, hack and slash Team Ninja Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
One Piece: Unlimited World Red Action-adventure Ganbarion Bandai Namco Games EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Platform Namco Bandai Games Namco AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 Platform Namco Bandai Games Namco EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Pier Solar HD RPG Watermelon Watermelon AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [2]
Pikmin 3 Real-time strategy Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA No [1]
Plenty of Fishies Action Nitrolic Games Nitrolic Games Yes [1]
Pokémon Rumble U Ambrella Nintendo EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Pure Chess Board game VooFoo Studios Ripstone No [1]
Rock Zombie Action Quaternion Studio EnjoyUp Games No [1]
Rayman Legends Platform Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft AUS, EU, NA Multiplayer Only Yes [1]
Resident Evil: Revelations Survival horror Capcom Capcom, EUNintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA No [1]
Runbow Platform 13AM Games 13AM Games Yes [1]
Scram Kitty and His Buddy on Rails Platform Dakko Dakko Dakko Dakko No [1]
Shiny the Firefly Stage Clear Studios
Padaone Games Stage Clear Studios No [1]
Shovel Knight Action, platform Yacht Club Games Yacht Club Games Yes [1]
Shuttle Rush Action platformer Takusan Works Takusan Works Yes [1]
Skylanders Giants Platform Toys for Bob
Vicarious Visions Activision AUS, EU, JP, NA, SA Yes [1]
Skylanders: Swap Force Platform Vicarious Visions Activision AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Skylanders: Trap Team Platform Toys for Bob
Beenox Activision AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Skylanders: SuperChargers Platform Vicarious Visions
Beenox Activision AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Skylanders: Imaginators Platform Toys for Bob Activision AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Snake Den Arcade Game Bytes Game Bytes No [1]
Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed Racing Sumo Digital Sega EU, NA Yes [1]
Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric Action, Adventure Big Red Button Entertainment Nintendo Multiplayer only Yes [1]
Sonic Lost World Platform Sonic Team JP/NASega, PALNintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Multiplayer only Yes [1]
Splatoon Third-person shooter Nintendo Nintendo EU, NA, JP Local multiplayer only Yes [1]
Spy Chameleon Arcade, puzzle EnjoyUp Games EnjoyUp Games Yes [1]
Star Fox Zero Shoot 'em up Nintendo EPD
PlatinumGames Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Co-op multiplayer only No [1]
Star Wars Pinball Pinball Zen Studios Zen Studios No [1]
Stealth Inc. 2 Platform, stealth Curve Studios Curve Digital Yes [1]
SteamWorld Dig Platform, action-adventure Image & Form Image & Form Unreleased No [1]
Stick It to the Man! Ripstone Ripstone Yes [1]
Super Mario 3D World Platform Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Super Mario Maker Platform, Level editor Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Super Smash Bros. for Wii U Fighting Sora Ltd.
Bandai Namco Games
Bandai Namco Studios Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Also supports GCN, 3DS[3] Yes [4]
Super Toy Cars Racing Eclipse Games Eclipse Games Unreleased No [1]
Tank! Tank! Tank! Action, Simulator Namco Bandai Games Namco AUS, EU, JP, NA Multiplayer only Yes [1]
Tekken Tag Tournament 2: Wii U Edition Fighting Namco Bandai Games Namco AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Tested With Robots! Puzzle platformer M.R. Games M.R. Games Yes [1]
The Amazing Spider-Man: Ultimate Edition Action-adventure, Platform Beenox Activision EU, NA No [1]
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Action-adventure, Platform Beenox Activision EU, NA, AUS No [1]
The Cave Puzzle-platformer, adventure Double Fine Productions Sega No [1]
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Action-adventure Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [5]
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD Action-adventure Nintendo EAD Group No. 3 Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD Action-adventure Nintendo EPD Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA No [6]
The Lego Movie Videogame Action-adventure TT Fusion
TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment AUS, EU, NA, JP Multiplayer only No [1]
The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct First-person shooter Terminal Reality Activision AUS, EU, NA No [1]
The Wonderful 101 Action PlatinumGames Nintendo AUS, EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Tetrobot and Co. Puzzle Swing Swing Submarine Neko Entertainment No [1]
Thomas Was Alone Puzzle platformer Mike Bithell Curve Studios No [1]
TNT Racers - Nitro Machines Edition Racing dtp entertainment dtp entertainment No [1]
Transformers: Prime – The Game Brawler Nowpro Activision AUS, EU, NA No [1]
Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark Third-person shooter Edge of Reality Activision AUS, EU, NA No [1]
Trine 2: Director's Cut Platform, Puzzle Frozenbyte Frozenbyte AUS, EU, NA Yes [1]
Trine: Enchanted Edition Platform, Puzzle Frozenbyte Frozenbyte AUS, EU, NA Yes
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist Action-adventure, stealth Ubisoft Toronto, Ubisoft Montreal, Ubisoft Shanghai, Red Storm Entertainment Ubisoft AUS, EU, JP, NA No [1]
Turbo: Super Stunt Squad Monkey Bar Games D3 Publisher AUS, EU, NA Multiplayer only Yes [1]
Warriors Orochi 3 Hyper Hack and slash Omega Force Tecmo Koei EU, JP, NA Yes [1]
Watch Dogs Action-adventure Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft EU, JP, NA No [1]
Wipeout 3 Action Activision Activision No [1]
Wooden Sen'SeY Action Neko Entertainment Neko Entertainment Unreleased Yes [1]
Xenoblade Chronicles X Action RPG Monolith Soft
Nintendo SPD Nintendo EU, JP, NA Gamepad required to use map Yes [7]
XType Plus Shoot 'em up PhobosLab PhobosLab Unreleased Yes [1]
Yoshi's Woolly World Jump'n'Run Good Feel
Nintendo EAD Nintendo AUS, EU Yes
Zen Pinball 2 Pinball Zen Studios Zen Studios EU, NA No [1]
ZombiU Survival horror Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft AUS, EU, NA Multiplayer only No [1]
Legend[edit]
Availability
Explanation
AUS Australasia
BRA Brazil
EU European Union
JP Japan
KO South Korea
NA North America
SA South America
See also[edit]
List of Wii U games
List of Wii games with traditional control schemes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb This game is listed as compatible with the Pro Controller on the Nintendo eShop
Jump up ^ Pier Solar HD an RPG for XBOX360, PC, Mac, Linux & Dreamcast by Watermelon Co. >> Game Process and Graphical Challenge - Kickstarter
Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/12/report-3ds-can-be-used-as-a-wii-u-controller-in-super-smash-bros
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0BBGzfw0pQ#t=20m13s
Jump up ^ http://www.nintendo.com/nintendo-direct/01-23-2013/#/video-ndirect
Jump up ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/02/04/the-legend-of-zelda-twilight-princess-hd-looks-and-plays-better-than-you-think
Jump up ^ http://www.vg247.com/2015/02/06/xenoblade-chronicles-x-wii-u-video/
[hide]
v
t
e
Wii U
Hardware
Wii U
GamePad
Off-TV Play
Wii U Pro Controller
Wii accessories
Wii Remote (Plus)
MotionPlus
Nunchuk
Classic Controller
Balance Board
Wii Speak
Third-party accessories
Amiibo
Online service
Nintendo Network
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Party U
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Miscellaneous
List of Wii games on Wii U eShop
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Supported
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CryEngine (4th generation)
Havok
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Active transport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about transport in cellular biology. For human transport systems, see active transportation.
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a [natemembrane]] from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient).
Unlike passive transport, which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient, active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance. Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Details
3 Primary active transport
3.1 Model of active transport
4 Types of ATP-powered primary active transporters
5 Secondary active transport
5.1 Antiport
5.2 Symport
6 Examples
7 Endocytosis and exocytosis
8 See also
9 References
10 Notes
11 External links
History[edit]
In 1848, the German physiologist Emil Heinrich du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes.[2]
Rosenberg (1948) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations,[3] but later it would be redefined.
Details[edit]
Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not, either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient.[4] There are two forms of active transport, primary active transport and secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP. Secondary active transport, however, makes use of potential energy, which are usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient. This involves pore-forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane. The difference between passive transport and active transport is active transport requires energy and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient, whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient.
In an antiporter, one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is cotransported in the opposite direction. In a symporter, two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane. Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport, meaning that one of the two substances is transported in the direction of its concentration gradient, utilizing the energy derived from the transport of such substance (mostly Na+, K+ or H+ ions) down its concentration gradient.
If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration[5] (i.e., in the opposite direction as, or against the concentration gradient), specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required. These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules (e.g., glucose) and transport them across the cell membrane. Because energy is required in this process, it is known as 'active' transport. Examples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine.
Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts exist in very dilute solution. Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient.
Primary active transport[edit]
The action of the sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport.
Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane.[6]
Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases. A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium-potassium pump, which helps to maintain the cell potential. The sodium-potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two [7] K+ ions moved into the cell. Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy (light). An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient. An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH.
Model of active transport[edit]
ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation.[8]
Types of ATP-powered primary active transporters[edit]
P-type ATPase: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, proton pump
F-ATPase: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase
V-ATPase: vacuolar ATPase
ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter: MDR, CFTR, etc.
Secondary active transport[edit]
Secondary active transport
In secondary active transport, also known as coupled transport or co-transport, energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane; however, in contrast to primary active transport, there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in/out of the cell.[9] Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase).
In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.[10] Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.[11][12]
Cotransporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions.
Antiport[edit]
Function of symports and antiports.
In an antiport two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane. One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one.
An example is the sodium-calcium exchanger or antiporter, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out.[13] Many cells also possess calcium ATPases, which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important second messenger.[14] But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly: only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger. The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or "spikes" and enables rapid recovery.[15] This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes, which need not be active all the time (constitutively), but may exist to meet specific, intermittent needs.
Symport[edit]
Symport uses the downhill movement of one solute species from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration (against its concentration gradient). Both molecules are transported in the same direction.
An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1, which co-transports one glucose (or galactose) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell.[16] This symporter is located in the small intestines,[17] heart,[18] and brain.[19] It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys.[20] Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy[21] and defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose, causing familial renal glucosuria.[22]
Examples[edit]
Metal ions, such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+, require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body
The pump for sodium and potassium is called sodium-potassium pump or Na +/K+-ATPase
In the epithelial cells of the stomach, gastric acid is produced by hydrogen potassium ATPase, an electroneutral pump[citation needed]
Water, ethanol, and chloroform exemplify simple molecules that do NOT require active transport to cross a membrane.
Endocytosis and exocytosis[edit]
Main articles: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells, respectively, via vesicles.[23] In the case of Endocytosis, the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell.[24] The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch, known as a vesicle, inside the cytoplasm. Often enzymes from lysosomes are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process.
Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis: pinocytosis and phagocytosis.[25]
In pinocytosis, cells engulf liquid particles (in humans this process occurs in the small intestine, where cells engulf fat droplets).[26]
In phagocytosis, cells engulf solid particles.[27]
See also[edit]
ATP-binding cassette transporter
Countercurrent exchange
Protein targeting
Translocation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The importance of homeostasis". Science. me. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Du Bois-Reymond, E. (1848–84). Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität Berlin: Reimer. (Vol. 1, Part 1, 1848; Vol. 1, Part 2, 1849; Vol. 2, Part 1, 1860; Vol. 2, Part 2, 1884).
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, T. (1948). On accumulation and active transport in biological systems. I. Thermodynamic considerations. Acta Chem. Scand. 2, 14-33, [1].
Jump up ^ Active Transport Process. Buzzle.com (2010-05-14). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Active Transport Archived August 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Biologycorner.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch05/7ch05p11 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Reese, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Tenth Edition, Campbell's Biology. United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8 – via Tenth edition.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Geoffrey (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Washington, DC: ASM PRESS. p. 65. ISBN 9780878933006.
Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch05/7ch05p12 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Crane, Robert K.; Miller, D.; Bihler, I. (1961). "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars". In Kleinzeller, A.; Kotyk, A. Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960. Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences. pp. 439–449.
Jump up ^ Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 510–8. PMID 12748858. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill Na+
transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.
Jump up ^ Boyd CA (March 2008). "Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology". Exp. Physiol. 93 (3): 303–14. PMID 18192340. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523. p. 304. “the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 (Crane et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter.
Jump up ^ Yu, SP; Choi, DW (June 1997). "Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate.". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 (6): 1273–81. PMID 9215711. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01482.x.
Jump up ^ Strehler, EE; Zacharias, DA (January 2001). "Role of alternative splicing in generating isoform diversity among plasma membrane calcium pumps.". Physiological reviews. 81 (1): 21–50. PMID 11152753.
Jump up ^ Patterson, M; Sneyd, J; Friel, DD (January 2007). "Depolarization-induced calcium responses in sympathetic neurons: relative contributions from Ca2+ entry, extrusion, ER/mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release, and Ca2+ buffering.". The Journal of General Physiology. 129 (1): 29–56. PMC 2151609  . PMID 17190902. doi:10.1085/jgp.200609660.
Jump up ^ Wright, EM; Loo, DD; Panayotova-Heiermann, M; Lostao, MP; Hirayama, BH; Mackenzie, B; Boorer, K; Zampighi, G (November 1994). "'Active' sugar transport in eukaryotes.". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 196: 197–212. PMID 7823022.
Jump up ^ Dyer, J; Hosie, KB; Shirazi-Beechey, SP (July 1997). "Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT2) expression.". Gut. 41 (1): 56–9. PMC 1027228  . PMID 9274472. doi:10.1136/gut.41.1.56.
Jump up ^ Zhou, L; Cryan, EV; D'Andrea, MR; Belkowski, S; Conway, BR; Demarest, KT (1 October 2003). "Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT2).". Journal of cellular biochemistry. 90 (2): 339–46. PMID 14505350. doi:10.1002/jcb.10631.
Jump up ^ Poppe, R; Karbach, U; Gambaryan, S; Wiesinger, H; Lutzenburg, M; Kraemer, M; Witte, OW; Koepsell, H (July 1997). "Expression of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons.". Journal of Neurochemistry. 69 (1): 84–94. PMID 9202297. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69010084.x.
Jump up ^ Wright EM (2001). "Renal Na+-glucose cotransporters". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 280 (1): F10–8. PMID 11133510.
Jump up ^ Loo, DD; Zeuthen, T; Chandy, G; Wright, EM (12 November 1996). "Cotransport of water by the Na+/glucose cotransporter.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (23): 13367–70. PMC 24099  . PMID 8917597. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.13367.
Jump up ^ Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (2007). "Active sugar transport in health and disease". Journal of internal medicine. 261 (1): 32–43. PMID 17222166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x.
Jump up ^ Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert (2014). Tenth Addition Campbell Biology. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8 – via Tenth Addition.
Jump up ^ Transport into the Cell from the Plasma Membrane: Endocytosis – Molecular Biology of the Cell – NCBI Bookshelf. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2011-10-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Cell : Two Major Process in Exchange Of Materials Between Cell And Environment Archived August 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Takdang Aralin (2009-10-26). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Pinocytosis: Definition. biology-online.org
Jump up ^ Phagocytosis. Courses.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
Notes[edit]
Lodish H.; Berk A.; Zipursky S.L.; Matsudaira P.; Baltimore D.; Darnell J. (2000). "Section 15.6 Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters". Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3.
External links[edit]
Secondary Active Transport
[hide]
v
t
e
Membrane transport
Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes
Passive transport
Simple diffusion (or non-mediated transport)
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Channels
Carriers
Active transport
Uniporter
Symporter
Antiporter
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Cytosis
Endocytosis
Efferocytosis
Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Potocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Transcytosis
Exocytosis
Degranulation
Authority control
NDL: 00570452
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