text:
Red Dead Redemption
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Red Dead Redemption
Developer(s)
Rockstar San Diego[a]
Publisher(s)
Rockstar Games
Producer(s)
Steve Martin
Josh Needleman
David Kunkler
John Ricchio
Designer(s)
Christian Cantamessa
Leslie Benzies
Programmer(s)
Ted Carson
Artist(s)
Joshua Bass
Daren Bader
George Davis
Nick Trifunovic
Writer(s)
Dan Houser
Michael Unsworth
Christian Cantamessa
Composer(s)
Bill Elm
Woody Jackson
Series
Red Dead
Engine
RAGE
Platform(s)
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
Release
NA: May 18, 2010
PAL: May 21, 2010
Genre(s)
Action-adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Red Dead Redemption is a Western-themed action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games. It was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in May 2010. It is the second title in the Red Dead franchise, after 2004's Red Dead Revolver. The game, set during the decline of the American frontier in the year 1911, follows John Marston, a former outlaw whose wife and son are taken hostage by the government in ransom for his services as a hired gun. Having no other choice, Marston sets out to bring the three members of his former gang to justice.
The game is played from a third-person perspective in an open world environment, allowing the player to interact with the game world at their leisure. The player can travel the virtual world, a fictionalized version of the Western United States and Mexico, primarily by horseback and on foot. Gunfights emphasize a gunslinger gameplay mechanic called "Dead Eye" that allows players to mark multiple shooting targets on enemies in slow motion. The game makes use of a morality system, by which the player's actions in the game affect their character's levels of honor and fame and how other characters respond to the player. An online multiplayer mode is included with the game, allowing up to 16 players to engage in both cooperative and competitive gameplay in a recreation of the single-player setting.
Upon its release, Red Dead Redemption was acclaimed by many reviewers, with praise directed at the game's visuals, dynamically-generated music, voice acting, gameplay, and story. The game has shipped over 15 million copies and won year-end accolades, including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. It is widely considered one of the greatest video games of all time. After the game's release, several downloadable content additions were released; Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare, later released as a standalone game, added a new single-player experience in which Marston searches for a cure for an infectious zombie plague that has swept across the Old West. A Game of the Year Edition containing all additional content was released in October 2011. A prequel, Red Dead Redemption 2, was announced in October 2016, and is scheduled to be released in October 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Combat
1.2 Multiplayer
2 Synopsis
2.1 Setting
2.2 Plot
3 Development
3.1 Additional content
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
4.2 John Marston
5 Legacy
5.1 Prequel
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Red Dead Redemption is a Western-themed action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player controls John Marston and completes missions, linear scenarios with set objectives, to progress through the story. Outside of missions, players may freely roam the open world. The player can interact with the environment and engage in combat with enemies, using various firearms. Different breeds of horses are the main forms of transportation, each with different attributes. These horses must be tamed in order to use them. Marston can utilize trains for quick travelling, but he can also stop the train by threatening or killing the passengers or driver. The game's undeveloped land makes up the largest portion of the game world, featuring various rugged and vast landscapes with occasional travelers, bandits, and wildlife. Urban settlements range from isolated farmhouses to crowded towns. Besides the American West, the player can also traverse a fictional Mexican state bordering the United States.[2]
In addition to following the main storyline, the player character will witness and can take part in random events they encounter as they explore the game world. These include public hangings, ambushes, pleas for assistance, encounters with strangers, ride-by shootings, and dangerous animal attacks. For example, if a group of people ride into town firing guns in the air, Marston can kill them, and will receive a bonus of honor and fame for protecting the town. The player character can also take part in optional side activities, most of which give the player money. These side activities include dueling, in which the player character must be a faster draw than their opponent; bounty hunting, where Marston can hunt down bounties on wanted posters; herb collecting, which involves gathering exotic plants from around the game map for town medics; gambling, where people can be found playing games such as poker and Five Finger Fillet;[3][4] and hunting, in which the player can kill wild animals and skin their hides.[4]
Red Dead Redemption makes use of a morality system where players have the ability to gain positive or negative honor.[2] Honor can be gained by making morally positive choices, such as taking in an outlaw alive or saving a woman from a kidnapping. The player character's overall honor standard is lowered for committing crimes or other negative choices. This works in conjunction with another system, fame, which affects how people react based on Marston's honor status. If Marston has little honor, non-player characters will feel insecure around him. If he has a high amount of honor, other characters will usually greet him and feel safe around him. He will also receive discounts in some stores, more pay for jobs and other bonuses.[2][5] A very low honor rating can result in a town's establishments closing their doors when Marston arrives. To combat this he can disguise himself by wearing a bandana when performing criminal acts; alternatively, a very negative or criminal reputation warrants the player a large amount of respect and steep discounts from bandits and fencers at criminal hideouts, such as Thieves' Landing.[2]
Combat[edit]
Red Dead Redemption features a cover system that lets the player character hide behind objects and reach out to fire on people and animals.
Gunfights are a major gameplay mechanic in Red Dead Redemption. The player can take cover, target a specific person or animal, blindfire, and free aim. Individual body parts can also be targeted, in order to take targets down non-lethally. When the player shoots an enemy, the game engine uniquely creates the AI reactions and movements depending on where they were hit. The player character can choose from period-accurate weapons including revolvers, pistols, lever or bolt-action rifles, shotguns, sniper rifles, knives, explosives, lassos, mounted Gatling guns, and cannons.[6] Duels utilize a gunslinger gameplay mechanic known as Dead Eye. Dead Eye is a targeting system that is used in a bullet time-like manner, allowing the player to slow down time to place a precise shot or paint in multiple shots. When the targeting sequence ends, Marston automatically fires to all marked locations in extremely quick succession.[2]
Adopted from the Grand Theft Auto series, Red Dead Redemption has a modified wanted system. When the player commits a crime such as killing people near witnesses, some will run to the nearest police station. The player can bribe them or kill them before they reach the station. If a crime is committed near a police officer, the wanted meter immediately appears along with a bounty count which increases with each crime committed. If Marston's bounty becomes high enough he will be pursued by either the U.S. Marshals or by the Mexican Army depending on his locations. To evade law enforcement in pursuit, John Marston must escape a circular zone until the wanted meter disappears. Alternatively, the player character can kill all lawmen in a town to have the wanted meter disappear.[2] Despite the chase being aborted, a bounty is placed upon John which will cause bounty hunters to come after him in the wilderness. It is impossible to surrender to these bounty hunters by putting away Marston's weapon and standing still as they will kill him regardless. Only law enforcement in towns and a posse will accept surrenders. The law will continue to chase Marston unless he pays his bounty at a telegraph station or presents a pardon letter. When arrested, Marston pays off his bounty and is then released. If the player does not have enough money to pay back the bounty, the law will assign bounty hunting activities.[2]
Multiplayer[edit]
Red Dead Redemption includes online multiplayer with a maximum of 16 players per session. Every multiplayer game, both free-for-all and team based, will begin with a Mexican standoff. Survivors of the standoff will be able to move to any part of the battlefield in preparation for respawning enemies. Crates in the environment contain extra weapons, ammo, and other powerups. Players can level up and complete weapon challenges which earn them rewards such as new character models, golden weapon skins, new titles, and new breeds of animal mounts.[7] Additional multiplayer modes were added via downloadable content (DLC). Stronghold is an attack or defend scenario, with teams switching roles as the round ends. It is included in the Liars and Cheats pack.[8] The Undead Nightmare pack included two new games modes: Undead overrun mode, and Land Grab. It also included eight new zombie characters.[9]
The free-for-all and team versions of Shootout mode both follow a traditional deathmatch scenario where players or teams must accumulate the most kills. Many capture the flag variants are also available. Hold Your Own is a traditional mode where each team has to defend their bag of gold from the enemy team whilst capturing the other. Grab The Bag has both teams attacking one bag placed in a section of the map. Gold Rush is a free-for-all variant, trying to grab and keep as many bags as possible. The multiplayer portion Red Dead Redemption also features open world gameplay.[2] All players in the server can form or join a group of other players, known as a posse, of up to eight players and take part in activities such as hunting or attacking computer-controlled gang hideouts or another player's posse.[10] In some game modes, players are unable to kill other players.[11][b]
Synopsis[edit]
Setting[edit]
Red Dead Redemption spans two fictitious United States counties and a fictitious Mexican state: New Austin, West Elizabeth, and Nuevo Paraiso. New Austin and West Elizabeth are adjacent to each other and share a southern border with Mexico. Nuevo Paraiso is a Mexican state, separated from U.S. territory by the San Luis river. The game takes place primarily in the year 1911, featuring the final decade of the American Frontier and the cowboy and outlaw archetypes that shaped it. The landscape of the Wild West is beginning to fade and modern technologies like automobiles, machine guns, and oil drilling projects are beginning to appear.
Plot[edit]
The game begins in 1911, where former outlaw John Marston (Rob Wiethoff) is taken from his family by the Bureau of Investigation, and will only be granted amnesty when he brings the remaining members of his old gang to justice. Marston sets off to track down Bill Williamson (Steve J. Palmer), who now runs his own gang. Marston confronts Williamson at his stronghold, Fort Mercer, only to be shot and left for dead. Local rancher Bonnie MacFarlane (Kimberly Irion) finds him critically wounded and takes him to her ranch for recovery. Several days later, Marston begins repaying the MacFarlanes for their help in the form of odd-jobs around the ranch. During this time he works with U.S. Marshal Leigh Johnson (Anthony De Longis) and his deputies, con artist Nigel West Dickens (Don Creech), treasure hunter and grave robber Seth Briars (Kevin Glikmann), and an unreliable alcoholic arms dealer known only as Irish (K. Harrison Sweeney). Marston performs various tasks and favours in exchange for their help with organizing an attack on Fort Mercer. Marston and his group then breach the fort and defeat Williamson's gang only to find that Williamson had fled to Mexico to seek help from Javier Escuella (Antonio Jaramillo), another member of Marston's former gang.
In Mexico, Marston sides with Mexican Army Colonel Agustín Allende (Gary Carlos Cervantes) and his right-hand man Captain Vincente de Santa (Hector Luis Bustamante), to help end a rebellion in return for Allende delivering Escuella and Williamson to him. However, Allende betrays Marston, who then sides with the rebels. With the initial help of elderly gunslinger Landon Ricketts (Ross Hagen), Marston, along with rebel leader Abraham Reyes (Josh Segarra) and one of his lovers Luisa (Francesca Galeas), eventually turns the tide in favour of the rebels, killing de Santa and launching an assault on the El Presidio fortress. They find Escuella, who attempts to bargain for his life by revealing that Williamson has been under Allende's protection. Marston is given the option to either kill Escuella or turn him over to the Bureau. Marston and Reyes then take the fight to Allende, where Luisa is killed during the attack. As Allende's palace is stormed by the rebels, both he and Williamson flee, but are apprehended and executed. Reyes then takes charge of the local government and plans to advance on the capital, while Marston leaves to meet with the Bureau in Blackwater.
Agents Edgar Ross (Jim Bentley) and Archer Fordham (David Wilson Barnes) refuse to let Marston return to his family until he assists the Bureau in hunting down Dutch van der Linde (Benjamin Byron Davis), the leader of Marston's former gang. Marston learns that Dutch has been forming his own gang, and joins Ross, Fordham and a group of U.S. soldiers in an attack on Dutch's hideout. During the assault, Marston chases Dutch up to a cliff, where the latter commits suicide by backing off the cliff and falling to his death. Marston is released from his deal with Ross and returns to his ranch where his wife Abigail (Sophie Marzocchi) and son Jack (Josh Blaylock) are waiting. Marston devotes his time tending to the ranch, having sworn to keep himself and his family away from the outlaw lifestyle forever. He is then suddenly forced to repel a surprise attack from a combined force of soldiers, lawmen and government agents led by Ross. Marston is able to fend off several waves of attackers and get his family to safety but stays behind to hold back the rest. Despite a valiant last stand, he dies after being shot numerous times by Ross and his men, and is buried by his family on the hill overlooking the ranch.
Three years later, following the death of his mother, Jack tracks down the now-retired Ross, and kills him in a duel. The fates of Marston's companions are later summarized: Marshal Leigh Johnson retired from Armadillo and moved away; Reyes was consumed by power and became a tyrant; Bonnie MacFarlane eventually married; Irish shot himself dead in an outhouse when his gun accidentally discharged; Seth Briars eventually found treasure and became rich; and Landon Ricketts died quietly in his sleep.
Development[edit]
Main article: Development of Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar San Diego began to develop Red Dead Redemption in 2005. Development was conducted by a team of more than 800 people, including Rockstar San Diego's core team and staff from parent company Rockstar Games's studios around the world.[12] The game runs on the proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE), which was improved for the game to improve its draw distance rendering capabilities.[13] The Euphoria and Bullet software handle additional animation and rendering tasks.[14] Having exhausted the use of previous hardware on previous projects, Rockstar felt inspired after realising the potential power of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[15] Analyst estimations place the game's combined development and marketing budget between US$80 million and US$100 million, which would make it one of the most expensive video games ever made.[16]
The open world was created to represent iconic features of the American frontier. Key members of the game world product team took research trips to Washington and the Library of Congress in their extensive research on the American frontier.[17] They also captured a multitude of photographs, and analyzed various classic Western films.[14] The team considered creating the open world one of the most technically demanding aspect of the game's production, in terms of filling the world with enough content to interest players.[18] The team chose 1911 as the game's setting as they felt that exploring the transformation from "the old West" into a modern world was intriguing.[13] The team viewed Red Dead Redemption as a spiritual successor to Red Dead Revolver,[19] and designed it to improve upon the gameplay mechanics. They sought to maintain the shooting mechanic and expand on other game features, attempting to achieve realism with every feature of the game.[14] In particular, the team faced a challenge in creating realistic movement for the horse, resulting in the engagement of a stunt horse to simulate movement for the designers.[20]
After an audition process, Rob Wiethoff was selected to portray John Marston.[21] The cast's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology, with additional dialogue and sound effects recorded in a studio.[22] Red Dead Redemption also features an original score, which was composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, collaborating with each other over fifteen months.[23] Rockstar also consulted musicians who played traditional Western instruments, such as harmonica player Tommy Morgan.[24]
Though a technology demonstration was shown in 2005,[25] Red Dead Redemption was first formally announced by Rockstar Games on February 3, 2009.[26] They released its debut trailer on December 1, 2009, introducing the game's protagonist.[27] The game missed its original projected April 2010 release date, pushed back to May 18, 2010 to allow for further polishing.[28] To spur pre-order game sales, Rockstar collaborated with several retail outlets to provide pre-order bonuses. These included exclusive in-game outfits, weapons and horses,[29] as well as the game's official soundtrack.[30]
Additional content[edit]
See also: Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare
Post-release content was added to Red Dead Redemption as downloadable content (DLC) packs. Outlaws to the End, released on June 22, 2010, added six new cooperative side missions for the game's multiplayer. The Legends and Killers pack was released on August 10, 2010; it added eight multiplayer characters from Red Dead Revolver, nine map locations, and a Tomahawk weapon. The Liars and Cheats pack was released on September 21, 2010; it added competitive multiplayer modes and mini-games, additional characters from the single-player game and the Explosive Rifle weapon.[31] The Hunting and Trading pack was released on October 12, 2010; it added a jackalope to the game's world, and some additional outfits.[32] Undead Nightmare, released on October 26, 2010, added a new single-player campaign with ghost towns and cemeteries full of zombies; in the game's story, players continue to assume control of Marston as he searches for a cure to the zombie outbreak.[33] The Myths and Mavericks pack, released for free on September 13, 2011, added additional characters from the single-player campaign.[34][35]
A Game of the Year Edition containing all downloadable content was released for both PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, on 11 October 2011 in North America and on 14 October 2011 internationally.[36] Additionally, Microsoft added the game to its backwards compatibility list for Xbox One platforms in July 2016.[37]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 95/100[38][39]
Review scores
Publication
Score
1UP.com A[40]
Edge 10/10[41][c]
Eurogamer 8/10[43]
Game Informer 9.75/10[44]
GamePro [45]
GameSpot 9.5/10[48]
GameSpy [46]
GameTrailers 9.5/10[47]
IGN 9.7/10[49]
Award
Publication
Award
PlayStation Official Magazine - UK 3rd best PS3 game of all time[50]
Red Dead Redemption was released to critical acclaim. Review aggregator website Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating in the 0–100 range, calculated an average score of 95 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 73 reviews for the PlayStation 3 version and 96 reviews for the Xbox 360 version.[38][39] Commercially, the game has also been very successful. By August 2011, the game had shipped over 11 million copies, 2 million of which were retail units of Undead Nightmare.[51] As of February 2017, Red Dead Redemption has shipped over 15 million units.[52]
Many critics praised the landscape, environment and graphics of Red Dead Redemption. Erik Brudvig of IGN lauded the environmental details, noting the player can even scare a flock of birds from the bushes as they ride past. He also noted that the game's dynamic events, weather and ambient sounds provide a rich experience for players. He summarized by stating "you can also expect a fantastic game that offers the Western experience we've all been waiting for."[49] Game Informer called the scenery "breathtaking", and the cinematic cutscenes "vastly improved" over Grand Theft Auto IV, and named it the "best-looking Rockstar game to date".[44]
Play media
The portion of the game in which Marston enters Mexico was acclaimed by critics and players. The usage of the song "Far Away" by José González led to the scene being regarded as "perfect" and "beautiful" by gaming journalists.[53] (0:30)
The music, sound and voice acting in the game was also widely praised and spoken about. It won the Best Original Music and Best Voice Acting awards from GameSpot.[54][55] When talking about the sound design of Red Dead Redemption, Game Informer said "From pitch-perfect gunshots to the daunting rumble of prairie thunderstorms, the remarkable attention to audio detail brings the world to life".[44]
Critics and reviewers spoke about the successful use of the game engine, and made similarities of the controls and physics to the Grand Theft Auto series. Game Informer said that Rockstar "[transposed] the Grand Theft Auto gameplay template onto a Wild West setting".[44] Good Game reviewer Stephanie "Hex" Bendixsen said that "[Rockstar] really looked at what people liked and didn't like in their game design from [Grand Theft Auto IV], and included it here".[56] Eurogamer's Simon Parkin felt Red Dead Redemption successfully "re-clothes" the Grand Theft Auto framework in an "exciting, distinct and expertly realised scenario".[43]
The multiplayer aspect of Red Dead Redemption received mixed commentary from critics. GamePro's Will Herring praised the variety of multiplayer modes and the open gameplay, but noted that it put more responsibility on the players for keeping the game interesting.[45] Justin Calvert of GameSpot also gave high marks for the game's variety of multiplayer modes, but felt that there was a lack in customization options for players.[48] In a more critical view of multiplayer, Scott Sharkey of 1UP.com noted that games can suffer from griefing[b] due to the open nature of multiplayer gameplay. He also criticized the leveling and unlocking aspects, noting that "The first few minutes spent as a toothless miner riding a balky mule can be pretty humiliating".[40] G4TV's Jake Gaskill echoed this sentiment. He noted that the game often respawns players in a similar location to their death, which allows the killing player to repeatedly grief the other player.[57] Rockstar has since added a feature which allows for players being griefed to transport to another area upon respawn.[58]
Accolades[edit]
Since its release, Red Dead Redemption has received a large number of awards. It won several Game of the Year awards from media outlets such as GameSpy,[59] GameSpot,[60] Good Game,[61] Computer and Video Games,[62] and Machinima,[63] among others.[64][65] The game's music also received awards for its original score from GameSpot,[54] Machinima.com,[63] and Spike TV.[66] José González also received an award from Spike for his original song "Far Away".[66] The graphics received honors at the Korean Games Conference,[67] and from the television program Good Game.[68] Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare also received Best Downloadable content awards from Spike TV,[66] G4 TV[69] and Game Revolution.[70] At the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, Red Dead Redemption won the Game of the Year, Best Song in a Game ("Far Away" by José González), Best Original Score and Best DLC (Undead Nightmare) awards.[66] Red Dead Redemption was not nominated for any of the jury based awards at the BAFTA Video Game Awards due to Rockstar's refusal to submit the title for consideration; BAFTA cannot enter games without permission from the developers and publishers.[71][72]
[show]List of awards and nominations for Red Dead Redemption
Year
Awards
Category
Outcome
Ref
2010 GameSpot Best of 2010 Best Story Won [73]
Best New Character (John Marston) Won [74]
Best Atmosphere Won [75]
Best Original Music Won [54]
Best Voice Acting Won [76]
Best Improved Sequel Won [77]
Best Writing/Dialogue Won [78]
Best Ending Won [79]
Best Action/Adventure Game Won [80]
Best PS3 Game Won [81]
Best Xbox 360 Won [82]
Game of the Year Won [83]
Best Downloadable Content (Undead Nightmare) Nominated [84]
Best Graphics, Artistic Nominated [85]
Best Sound Design Nominated [86]
Best Original Game Mechanic Nominated [87]
IGN Best of 2010 Funniest Game (Xbox 360) (Undead Nightmare) Won [88]
Best Story (PlayStation 3) Won [89]
Best Character (PlayStation 3) (John Marston) Won [90]
Best Story (Xbox 360) Nominated [91]
Coolest Atmosphere (Xbox 360) Nominated [92]
Best Character (Xbox 360) (John Marston) Nominated [93]
Best Visuals (Xbox 360) Nominated [94]
Best Horror Game (Xbox 360) (Undead Nightmare) Nominated [95]
Best Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated [96]
Funniest Game (PlayStation 3) (Undead Nightmare) Nominated [97]
Coolest Atmosphere (PlayStation 3) Nominated [98]
Most Addictive Game (PlayStation 3) Nominated [99]
Best Visuals (PlayStation 3) Nominated [100]
Most Bang for Your Buck (PlayStation 3) Nominated [101]
Best Horror Game (PlayStation 3) (Undead Nightmare) Nominated [102]
Best PS3 Game of the Year Nominated [103]
GameSpy Game of the Year 2010 Best Action Adventure Game of the Year Won [104]
Overall Game of the Year Won [105]
Spike Video Game Awards 2010 Game of the Year Won [66]
Best Song in a Game ("Far Away" by José González) Won
Best Original Score Won
Best DLC (Undead Nightmare) Won
Best Original Game Won
Best Zombie Game (Undead Nightmare) Won
Studio of the Year (Rockstar San Diego) Nominated [106]
Character of the Year (John Marston) Nominated
Best PS3 Game Nominated
Best Action Adventure Game Nominated
Best Graphics Nominated
Best Performance by a Human Male (Rob Wiethoff as John Marston) Nominated
2011 14th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Action Game of the Year Won [107]
Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Won
Outstanding Achievement in Game Play Engineering Won
Outstanding Character Performance (Rob Wiethoff as John Marston) Won
Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won
Game of the Year Nominated
Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Nominated
2011 British Academy Video Games Awards GAME Award of 2010 Nominated [108]
11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Won [109]
Best Game Design Won
Best Technology Won
Best Audio Won
Best Writing Nominated
2012 2012 Spike Video Game Awards Entertainment Weekly and Spike VGA Best Game of the Decade Nominated [110]
2016 Giant Bomb's 2016 Game of the Year Awards Xbox One Backwards Compatible Game of the Year Nominated [111]
John Marston[edit]
GameSpot and IGN named Marston the year's best new character.[112][113] Marston was a nominee for character and voice acting awards at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards[114] and 14th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards.[115] In 2013, Complex remembered Rob Wiethoff's voice acting performance as the second best in a video game.[116] Network World stated John Marston "is a complicated character, having been a bad person who is trying to make things right."[117] The New York Times stated that "[John] and his creators conjure such a convincing, cohesive and enthralling re-imagination of the real world that it sets a new standard for sophistication and ambition in electronic gaming."[118] Marston has been included in multiple lists of top video game character traits.[119][120][121][122][123][124] GamesRadar placed Marston fifth in their list of best game characters of the generation,[125] and GameSpy called John Marston a noticeable omission from the 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition's top 50 video game characters.[126]
Legacy[edit]
Critics concurred that Red Dead Redemption was one of the best games of the seventh generation era of video game consoles.[127] Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer wrote that he hoped the eighth generation of consoles would offer "similarly powerful experiences".[128] IGN ranked the game third on its 2011 list of the top modern video games,[129] and seventh on its 2014 list of the best games of the generation.[130] GamesRadar listed Red Dead Redemption at second on its list of the best games of all time, in February 2013,[131] and sixth on its list of the best video game stories, in July 2013.[132] In September 2013, the game was ranked the thirteenth best PlayStation 3 game,[133] and the seventh best Xbox 360 game, by IGN.[134] In November 2013, the game was ranked at fourth and eighth place on Eurogamer and Hardcore Gamer's list of the best games of the generation, respectively.[127][135] In January 2014, Computer and Video Games ranked the game at number fifteen on its list of the best games of the generation.[136] In June 2014, the game placed at number five on IGN's list of the "Games of a Generation: Your Top 100" as voted by readers of the site.[137] In August 2014, the game placed seventh on Good Game's Top 100 list.[138] In July 2015, the game placed 10th on USgamer's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list.[139]
Prequel[edit]
Main article: Red Dead Redemption 2
In March 2013, Karl Slatoff, chief operating officer of Take-Two Interactive, revealed that the company has an "extensive pipeline of unannounced titles in development" and mentioned that the Red Dead franchise was important to the company.[140] Concept art for a future game in the series was reportedly leaked online in April 2016.[141] Images released by Rockstar in October 2016 sparked speculation regarding a sequel.[142][143] Red Dead Redemption 2 was confirmed by Rockstar in October 2016, scheduled for release on October 26, 2018 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[144]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Additional work by Rockstar North, Rockstar Leeds and Rockstar New England.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b Rockstar addressed the game's griefing problem by introducing a Friendly Free Roam in an update on October 23, 2010.[11]
Jump up ^ Edge originally gave the game 9/10,[42] but retroactively changed the score to 10/10.[41]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Rockstar San Diego (May 18, 2010). Red Dead Redemption. PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Rockstar Games. Level/area: Credits.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Rockstar San Diego (2010). Red Dead Redemption Game Manual (PDF). Rockstar Games. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ R* Y (November 16, 2010). "Rockstar Games Tips: Becoming an Ace Online Poker Player (Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Collection / Liars and Cheats Pack)". Rockstar Games. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b McWhertor, Michael (May 28, 2009). "Red Dead Redemption Eyes-On Impressions". Kotaku. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cocker, Guy (January 28, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Hands-On—Xbox 360 Previews at GameSpot". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Features: Weapons". Rockstar Games. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Yoon, Andrew (April 8, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption's online 'Multiplayer Free Roam' revealed". Joystiq. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bramwell, Tom (August 27, 2012). "Red Dead's Liars and Cheats Pack dated". Eurogamer. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (October 22, 2010). "Rockstar details RDR's Land Grab Mode". Eurogamer. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ R* Q (April 8, 2010). "Multiplayer in Red Dead Redemption". Rockstar Games. Retrieved April 8, 2010. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b R* Q (October 8, 2010). "Friendly Free Roam, Coming Very Soon to Red Dead Redemption Multiplayer". Rockstar Games. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ingham, Tim (May 16, 2010). "News: Red Dead Redemption gets another winning review". Computer and Video Games. Future plc. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cabral, Matt (April 7, 2010). "Interview: Christian Cantamessa – Red Dead Redemption". GameFan. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Staff (February 11, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Exclusive Q&A". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Onyett, Charles (May 8, 2009). "Red Dead Redemption: A Man and His Horse". IGN. Ziff Davis. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Schiesel, Seth (May 16, 2010). "Video Game Review - 'Red Dead Redemption' Brings Old West to Life". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Onyett, Charles (May 8, 2009). "Red Dead Redemption: A Man and His Horse". IGN. Ziff Davis. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Onyett, Charles (May 8, 2009). "Red Dead Redemption: A Man and His Horse". IGN. Ziff Davis. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ James, Dean. "Five Years Later, Where Is Red Dead Redemption 2?". Attack of the Fanboy. Modern Media Group LLC. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ GameSpot Staff (May 10, 2010). "Breaking in the Digital Horses of Red Dead Redemption". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stafford, Patrick (June 19, 2013). "What happened to John Marston". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Murray, Charlie (January 4, 2011). "Rob Wietoff (AKA John Marston) Nave360 Interview". Nave360. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith (May 26, 2010). "Redemption songs: the making of the Red Dead Redemption soundtrack". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ R* Q (July 28, 2010). "Behind the Scenes of the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rockstar Games (May 26, 2007). "Red Dead Redemption 2005 Teaser". YouTube. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Martin (February 4, 2009). "Red Dead Redemption Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ R* Q (December 1, 2009). "Red Dead Redemption Official Trailer: "My Name Is John Marston"". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Mike (March 4, 2010). "News: Red Dead Redemption delayed to May". Computer And Video Games. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ R* Q (February 9, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Exclusive Pre-Order Bonuses: The Referendum, The Golden Guns, The War Horse and More". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ R* Q (April 8, 2011). "Red Dead Redemption: Deadly Assassin Outfit, Golden Guns Weapon Pack and War Horse Now Available on Xbox LIVE and PlayStation Network". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Totilo, Stephen (July 8, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Adding Zombies, Multiplayer Poker, More". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ R* Q (October 5, 2010). "Free Hunting and Trading Outfits Pack for Red Dead Redemption Coming October 12th". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Reparaz, Mikel (October 14, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption – Undead Nightmare hands-on". GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ R* Y (June 6, 2011). "FREE Fan Appreciation DLC for Red Dead Coming Soon". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ R* S (September 1, 2011). "Release Date & Details on the Free Red Dead Redemption Myths and Mavericks Bonus Pack". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldfarb, Andrew (September 14, 2011). "Red Dead GOTY Edition This Fall". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (July 5, 2016). "Red Dead Redemption will finally be backward compatible with Xbox One". Polygon. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Dead Redemption for PlayStation 3 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Dead Redemption for Xbox 360 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Sharkey, Scott (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". 1UP. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The ten amendments: we crown seven games from the last 20 years of Edge with a retrospective 10". Edge Magazine. Future Publishing. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Edge Staff (May 17, 2010). "Review: Red Dead Redemption". Edge Online. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Parkin, Simon (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bertz, Matt (May 17, 2010). "Rockstar Wrangles The Best Video Game Western Of All Time". Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Herring, Will (May 7, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption review from GamePro". GamePro. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tuttle, Will (May 19, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption - Xbox 360". GameSpy. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "News: Red Dead Redemption Review". GameTrailers. May 17, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Calvert, Justin (May 18, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". GameSpot. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Brudvig, Erik (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hall of Fame listing, PlayStation Official Magazine issue 107, Future Publishing, March 2015
Jump up ^ Graft, Kris (August 8, 2011). "Take-Two: Red Dead Redemption Ships 11M Units". Gamasutra. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (7 February 2017). "Red Dead Redemption Shipped 15M Copies; Take-Two Promises Major Marketing For Sequel". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Sources that compliment the usage of the song "Far Away" during gameplay include:
Serrels, Mark (24 December 2010). "Gaming Moments of 2010 #1: Red Dead Redemption". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Plunkett, Luke (8 June 2010). "My Highlight Of Red Dead Redemption Is...This Song". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Cundy, Matt (5 July 2010). "Amazing. It's another classic gaming moment, courtesy of Rockstar". GamesRadar. Future plc. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Houghton, David (9 July 2010). "Red Dead Redemption's most perfect moment, ruined by Red Dead Redemption". GamesRadar. Future plc. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Best Original Music - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Voice Acting - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Good Game (May 31, 2010). "Good Game stories — Red Dead Redemption". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Jump up ^ Gaskill, Jake (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". G4TV. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Escapist: Forums: The News Room: Rockstar Bringing New Law to Red Dead Redemption's Multiplayer". Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GameSpy Game of the Year 2010". GameSpy. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "GameSpot Game of the Year 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Good Game. "GG Awards 2010 - Game of the Year". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ CVG Staff. "Feature: The Top 10 Games of 2010". Computer And Video Games. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Shibley, Billy. "Machinima.com announces 2010 Inside Gaming Awards Winners". Machinima.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best Video Games of 2010". CNET. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Platinum Chalice Awards 2010". GamesRadar. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e VGA (October 27, 2011). "Video Game Awards 2010 Winners". Spike. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kwag, Sophia (September 20, 2010). "KGC AWARDS, to go forward a step with the Global Game Awarding Ceremony". AVING USA. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Good Game. "GG Awards 2010 - Best Graphics". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2010: Best DLC". G4TV. December 14, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reboucas, Eduardo. "Game Revolution: 2010 GR Awards — Best DLC Add-on". Game Revolution. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Minkley, Johnny (March 16, 2011). "BAFTA explains Red Dead snub". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Brown, Nathan (December 15, 2010). "No Red Dead Redemption at BAFTAs". Edge. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best Story - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best New Character - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Atmosphere - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Voice Acting - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Improved Sequel - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Writing/Dialogue - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Ending - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Action/Adventure Game - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best PS3 Game - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Xbox 360 Game - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Game of the Year - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Downloadable Content - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Graphics, Artistic - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Sound Design - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Original Game Mechanic - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Funniest Game 2010 - Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Story 2010 - Red Dead Redemption - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Character 2010 - John Marston (Red Dead Redemption) - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Story 2010 - Mass Effect 2 - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coolest Atmosphere 2010 - Limbo - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coolest Atmosphere 2010 - Thane (Mass Effect 2) - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Visuals 2010 - Limbo - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Horror Game 2010 - Alan Wake - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2010 - Mass Effect 2 - Xbox 360". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Funniest Game 2010 - Costume Quest - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved April 9, 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Coolest Atmosphere 2010 - Castlevania: Lord of Shadows - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Most Addictive Game 2010 - Pac-Man Championship Edition DX - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Visuals 2010 - God of War III - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Most Bang for Your Buck 2010 - The Sly Collection - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Horror Game 2010 - Heavy Rain - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best PS3 Game of the Year 2010 - Heavy Rain - PS3". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "GameSpy: Game of the Year 2010 - Page 6". GameSpy. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "GameSpy: Game of the Year 2010 - Page 9". GameSpy. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nominees for Spike Video Game Awards 2010 revealed". Destructoid. November 17, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2011 Interactive Achievement Awards". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2011 Winners & Nominees". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". Game Developers Choice Awards. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (November 28, 2012). "10 Best Videogames Since 2002 | Photo 9 or 10". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Giant Bomb's 2016 Game of the Year Awards: Day Four". Giant Bomb. December 29, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best New Character - The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Character 2010 - John Marston (Red Dead Redemption) - PS3". IGN. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nominees for Spike Video Game Awards 2010 revealed". Destructoid. November 17, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2011 Interactive Achievement Awards". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hester, Larry (April 14, 2013). "The 25 Greatest Voice Acting Performances In Video Games". Complex. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Shaw, Keith (July 2, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review: Saddle Up, Partners!". Network World. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schiesel, Seth (May 16, 2010). "Video Game Review - 'Red Dead Redemption' Brings Old West to Life". The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Machinima.com (April 14, 2011). "Top 10 Beards in Gaming". YouTube. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jensen, K. Thor (February 22, 2012). "Best Gunslingers". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "100 best heroes in video games". GamesRadar. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Hollander (September 28, 2012). "The Top 7... Most badass game characters of the generation". GamesRadar. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Avellan, Drea (February 1, 2013). "The 50 Most Badass Video Game Characters Of All Time". Complex. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Armikhani, Justin (February 14, 2013). "The 25 Most Realistic Video Game Romances". Complex. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best game characters of the generation". GamesRadar. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Mike (February 16, 2011). "Guinness Ranks Your 50 Favorite Video Game Characters of All Time". GameSpy. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Robinson, Martin (November 4, 2013). "Eurogamer's Games of the Generation: The top 50". Eurogamer. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Dan (October 22, 2013). "Games of the Generation: Red Dead Redemption". Eurogamer. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ IGN (June 27, 2011). "Red Dead Redemption - #3 Top Modern Games". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Red Dead Redemption - #7 Top Games of a Generation". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ GamesRadar Staff (February 15, 2013). "The 100 best games of all time". GamesRadar. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ GamesRadar Staff (July 12, 2013). "The best videogame stories ever". GamesRadar. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Moriarty, Colin; Goldfarb, Andrew (September 3, 2013). "The Top 25 Xbox 360 Games (3)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ IGN Staff (September 20, 2013). "The Top 25 Xbox 360 Games (2)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ HG Staff (November 8, 2013). "Top 100 Games of the Generation: The Top Ten Games of the Generation". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ CVG Staff (January 1, 2014). "CVG's Games of the Generation 20 - 1". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ IGN Staff (June 4, 2014). "Games of a Generation: Your Top 100". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Good Game (August 12, 2014). "Good Game Stories - Good Game Top 100 - Final List". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rignall, Jaz (July 28, 2015). "The 15 Best Games Since 2000, Number 10: Red Dead Redemption". USgamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on July 29, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (March 7, 2013). "Take-Two has 'extensive pipeline' of unannounced titles in development". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Passalacqua, Michael (April 15, 2016). "Red Dead Redemption 2 Map Leaked, Will Be a Prequel". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Crecente, Brian (October 17, 2016). "New Red Dead Redemption image shows seven silhouettes". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith (October 17, 2016). "Red Dead Redemption 2? Why people have gone crazy over a teasing image". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hussain, Tamoor (February 2, 2018). "Red Dead Redemption 2 Release Date Updated On PS4 And Xbox One". GameSpot. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Red Dead Redemption
Official website
Red Dead Redemption on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Red Dead series
Red Dead Revolver
Red Dead Redemption
Undead Nightmare
Development
Music
Red Dead Redemption 2
[show]
v
t
e
Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year
The Sims (2000)
Grand Theft Auto III (2001)
Metroid Prime (2002)
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (2003)
Half-Life 2 (2004)
Shadow of the Colossus (2005)
Gears of War (2006)
Portal (2007)
Fallout 3 (2008)
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009)
Red Dead Redemption (2010)
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011)
Journey (2012)
The Last of Us (2013)
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014)
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015)
Overwatch (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Dead_Redemption&oldid=837408319"
Categories:
1911 in fiction
1914 in fiction
2010 video games
Action-adventure games
Euphoria (software) games
Interactive Achievement Award winners
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Open world video games
PlayStation 3 games
Red Dead
Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games
Rockstar Games
Take-Two Interactive games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in the 1910s
Video games set in the United States
Video games with downloadable content
Video games with expansion packs
Western (genre) video games
Works about atonement
Xbox 360 games
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from January 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2018
Use mdy dates from June 2012
Use American English from April 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters
Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images
Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode
Good articles
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
吴语
中文
20 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 16:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Video_game_designer
mw-redirect
Video game designer

values: width:22em;float: right; width: 22em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; border-spacing: 3px;

values:
/wiki/Multiplayer_online_game
mw-redirect
Multiplayer online game

values:
/wiki/Game_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
Game of the Year

values:
/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)
mw-redirect
Posse comitatus (common law)

values:
/wiki/Riding_animal
mw-redirect
Riding animal

values:
/wiki/Zombie_(fictional)
mw-redirect
Zombie (fictional)

values:
/wiki/Deathmatch_(gaming)
mw-redirect
Deathmatch (gaming)

values:
/wiki/American_Frontier
mw-redirect
American Frontier

values: History of video game consoles (sixth generation)

values: List of most expensive video games to develop

values:
/wiki/Tomahawk_(axe)
mw-redirect
Tomahawk (axe)

values: List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One

values: background:transparent;padding:0em;margin:0em 1em 1em 1em;text-align:center;float:right;clear:right;width:26em

values: <video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Red_Dead_Redemption_-_Gameplay.ogv/480px--Red_Dead_Redemption_-_Gameplay.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:480px;height:270px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="29.963296629963" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Red_Dead_Redemption_-_Gameplay.ogv" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/36/Red_Dead_Redemption_-_Gameplay.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 480 × 270 (2.13 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="480" data-height="270" data-bandwidth="2130888" data-framerate="29.97"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Good_Game_(television_series)
mw-redirect
Good Game (television series)

values:
/wiki/Spawning_(video_game)
mw-redirect
Spawning (video game)

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Spike_(TV_network)
mw-redirect
Spike (TV network)

values:
/wiki/VGX_(award_show)
mw-redirect
VGX (award show)

values:
/wiki/VGX_(award_show)#2010_Awards
mw-redirect
VGX (award show)

values:
wikitable
border:none; margin:0; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Network_World
mw-redirect
Network World

values: History of video game consoles (seventh generation)

values: History of video game consoles (eighth generation)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
/wiki/Computer_And_Video_Games
mw-redirect
Computer And Video Games

values:
/wiki/Future_Publishing
mw-redirect
Future Publishing

values:
/wiki/Spike_(TV_channel)
mw-redirect
Spike (TV channel)

values: British Academy of Film and Television Arts

values:
nofollow
external text
http://au.ign.com/top/modern-games/3

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1479962/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Interactive Achievement Award winners

values: Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games

values: Category:Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games

values: Category:Video games developed in the United States

values: Category:Video games set in the United States

values: Category:Video games with downloadable content

values: Category:Video games with expansion packs

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018

values: Category:Use American English from April 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters

values: Category:Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images

values: Category:Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ريد ديد ريدمبشن – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: رد دد ریدمپشن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 레드 데드 리뎀션 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: レッド・デッド・リデンプション – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: 荒野大镖客：救赎 – Wu Chinese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: 荒野大镖客：救赎 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Red_Dead_Redemption rootpage-Red_Dead_Redemption skin-vector action-view


text:
Perfect hash function
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In computer science, a perfect hash function for a set S is a hash function that maps distinct elements in S to a set of integers, with no collisions. In mathematical terms, it is an injective function.
Perfect hash functions may be used to implement a lookup table with constant worst-case access time. A perfect hash function has many of the same applications as other hash functions, but with the advantage that no collision resolution has to be implemented.
Contents
[hide]
1 Application
2 Construction
3 Space lower bounds
4 Extensions
4.1 Dynamic perfect hashing
4.2 Minimal perfect hash function
4.3 Order preservation
5 Related constructions
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Application[edit]
A perfect hash function with values in a limited range can be used for efficient lookup operations, by placing keys from S (or other associated values) in a lookup table indexed by the output of the function. One can then test whether a key is present in S, or look up a value associated with that key, by looking for it at its cell of the table. Each such lookup takes constant time in the worst case.[1]
Construction[edit]
A perfect hash function for a specific set S that can be evaluated in constant time, and with values in a small range, can be found by a randomized algorithm in a number of operations that is proportional to the size of S. The original construction of Fredman, Komlós & Szemerédi (1984) uses a two-level scheme to map a set S of n elements to a range of O(n) indices, and then map each index to a range of hash values. The first level of their construction chooses a large prime p (larger than the size of the universe from which S is drawn), and a parameter k, and maps each element x of S to the index
g ( x ) = ( k x mod p ) mod n . {\displaystyle g(x)=(kx{\bmod {p}}){\bmod {n}}.}
If k is chosen randomly, this step is likely to have collisions, but the number of elements ni that are simultaneously mapped to the same index i is likely to be small. The second level of their construction assigns disjoint ranges of O(ni2) integers to each index i. It uses a second set of linear modular functions, one for each index i, to map each member x of S into the range associated with g(x).[1]
As Fredman, Komlós & Szemerédi (1984) show, there exists a choice of the parameter k such that the sum of the lengths of the ranges for the n different values of g(x) is O(n). Additionally, for each value of g(x), there exists a linear modular function that maps the corresponding subset of S into the range associated with that value. Both k, and the second-level functions for each value of g(x), can be found in polynomial time by choosing values randomly until finding one that works.[1]
The hash function itself requires storage space O(n) to store k, p, and all of the second-level linear modular functions. Computing the hash value of a given key x may be performed in constant time by computing g(x), looking up the second-level function associated with g(x), and applying this function to x. A modified version of this two-level scheme with a larger number of values at the top level can be used to construct a perfect hash function that maps S into a smaller range of length n + o(n).[1]
Space lower bounds[edit]
The use of O(n) words of information to store the function of Fredman, Komlós & Szemerédi (1984) is near-optimal: any perfect hash function that can be calculated in constant time requires at least a number of bits that is proportional to the size of S.[2]
Extensions[edit]
Dynamic perfect hashing[edit]
Main article: Dynamic perfect hashing
Using a perfect hash function is best in situations where there is a frequently queried large set, S, which is seldom updated. This is because any modification of the set S may cause the hash function to no longer be perfect for the modified set. Solutions which update the hash function any time the set is modified are known as dynamic perfect hashing,[3] but these methods are relatively complicated to implement.
Minimal perfect hash function[edit]
A minimal perfect hash function is a perfect hash function that maps n keys to n consecutive integers – usually the numbers from 0 to n − 1 or from 1 to n. A more formal way of expressing this is: Let j and k be elements of some finite set S. F is a minimal perfect hash function if and only if F(j) = F(k) implies j = k (injectivity) and there exists an integer a such that the range of F is a..a + |S| − 1. It has been proven that a general purpose minimal perfect hash scheme requires at least 1.44 bits/key.[4] The best currently known minimal perfect hashing schemes can be represented using less than 2.1 bits/key if given enough time.[4][5]
Order preservation[edit]
A minimal perfect hash function F is order preserving if keys are given in some order a1, a2, ..., an and for any keys aj and ak, j < k implies F(aj) < F(ak).[6] In this case, the function value is just the position of each key in the sorted ordering of all of the keys. A simple implementation of order-preserving minimal perfect hash functions with constant access time is to use an (ordinary) perfect hash function or cuckoo hashing to store a lookup table of the positions of each key. If the keys to be hashed are themselves stored in a sorted array, it is possible to store a small number of additional bits per key in a data structure that can be used to compute hash values quickly.[7] Order-preserving minimal perfect hash functions require necessarily Ω(n log n) bits to be represented.[8]
Related constructions[edit]
A simple alternative to perfect hashing, which also allows dynamic updates, is cuckoo hashing. This scheme maps keys to two or more locations within a range (unlike perfect hashing which maps each key to a single location) but does so in such a way that the keys can be assigned one-to-one to locations to which they have been mapped. Lookups with this scheme are slower, because multiple locations must be checked, but nevertheless take constant worst-case time.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fredman, Michael L.; Komlós, János; Szemerédi, Endre (1984), "Storing a Sparse Table with O(1) Worst Case Access Time", Journal of the ACM, 31 (3): 538, doi:10.1145/828.1884, MR 0819156
Jump up ^ Fredman, Michael L.; Komlós, János (1984), "On the size of separating systems and families of perfect hash functions", SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods, 5 (1): 61–68, doi:10.1137/0605009, MR 0731857 .
Jump up ^ Dietzfelbinger, Martin; Karlin, Anna; Mehlhorn, Kurt; Meyer auf der Heide, Friedhelm; Rohnert, Hans; Tarjan, Robert E. (1994), "Dynamic perfect hashing: upper and lower bounds", SIAM Journal on Computing, 23 (4): 738–761, doi:10.1137/S0097539791194094, MR 1283572 .
^ Jump up to: a b Belazzougui, Djamal; Botelho, Fabiano C.; Dietzfelbinger, Martin (2009), "Hash, displace, and compress" (PDF), Algorithms—ESA 2009: 17th Annual European Symposium, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 7-9, 2009, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5757, Berlin: Springer, pp. 682–693, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04128-0_61, MR 2557794 .
Jump up ^ RecSplit [1]
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Bob (14 April 2009), "order-preserving minimal perfect hashing", in Black, Paul E., Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures, U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, retrieved 2013-03-05
Jump up ^ Belazzougui, Djamal; Boldi, Paolo; Pagh, Rasmus; Vigna, Sebastiano (November 2008), "Theory and practice of monotone minimal perfect hashing", Journal of Experimental Algorithmics, 16, Art. no. 3.2, 26pp, doi:10.1145/1963190.2025378 .
Jump up ^ Fox, Edward A.; Chen, Qi Fan; Daoud, Amjad M.; Heath, Lenwood S. (July 1991), "Order-preserving minimal perfect hash functions and information retrieval", ACM Transactions on Information Systems, New York, NY, USA: ACM, 9 (3): 281–308, doi:10.1145/125187.125200 .
Jump up ^ Pagh, Rasmus; Rodler, Flemming Friche (2004), "Cuckoo hashing", Journal of Algorithms, 51 (2): 122–144, doi:10.1016/j.jalgor.2003.12.002, MR 2050140 .
Further reading[edit]
Richard J. Cichelli. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 23, Number 1, January 1980.
Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, Third Edition. MIT Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0262033848. Section 11.5: Perfect hashing, pp.267, 277–282.
Fabiano C. Botelho, Rasmus Pagh and Nivio Ziviani. "Perfect Hashing for Data Management Applications".
Fabiano C. Botelho and Nivio Ziviani. "External perfect hashing for very large key sets". 16th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM07), Lisbon, Portugal, November 2007.
Djamal Belazzougui, Paolo Boldi, Rasmus Pagh, and Sebastiano Vigna. "Monotone minimal perfect hashing: Searching a sorted table with O(1) accesses". In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium On Discrete Mathematics (SODA), New York, 2009. ACM Press.
Douglas C. Schmidt, GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator, C++ Report, SIGS, Vol. 10, No. 10, November/December, 1998.
External links[edit]
Minimal Perfect Hashing by Bob Jenkins
gperf is an Open Source C and C++ perfect hash generator
cmph is Open Source implementing many perfect hashing methods
Sux4J is Open Source implementing perfect hashing, including monotone minimal perfect hashing in Java
MPHSharp is Open Source implementing many perfect hashing methods in C#
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_hash_function&oldid=828772296"
Categories:
Hashing
Hash functions
Search algorithms
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Српски / srpski
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 March 2018, at 17:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: b

value: span

attrs: class style

values:
texhtml mvar
font-style:italic;

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Hash_collision
mw-redirect
Hash collision

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

values:
/wiki/Constant_time
mw-redirect
Constant time

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.277ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Polynomial_time
mw-redirect
Polynomial time

values: Edit section: Minimal perfect hash function

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1145%2F828.1884

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1137%2F0605009

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1145%2F125187.125200

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Ronald_L._Rivest
mw-redirect
Ronald L. Rivest

values:
nofollow
external text
https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0702159

values:
nofollow
https://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/
external text

values:
/wiki/Open_Source
mw-redirect
Open Source

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cmph.sourceforge.net/index.html

values:
nofollow
http://sux.di.unimi.it/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dupuis.me/node/9

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Perfect_hash_function
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Савршена хеш функција – Serbian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Perfect_hash_function rootpage-Perfect_hash_function skin-vector action-view