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List of Max Steel (2013) episodes
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Max Steel is a science fiction–comedy CGI–animated television series co-produced by Mattel Playground Productions, Nerd Corps Entertainment and FremantleMedia Kids & Entertainment. It is a re-imagining of its predecessor of the same name, and is based on the Mattel action-figure also of the same name. Max Steel premiered on March.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episode list
2.1 Season 1 (2013)
2.2 Season 2 (2014)
2.3 Animated Films (2015)
2.4 Animated Films (2016)
2.5 Animated Films (2017)
3 References
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Network
First aired
Last aired
1 26[2] March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25) December 7, 2013 (2013-12-07) Disney XD
2 26[3] August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15) December 6, 2014 (2014-12-06) Netflix
2015 Animated Films 3[4] June 27, 2015 (2015-06-27) August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02) Cartoon Network
2016 Animated Films 2[5] March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18) August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31) Citv
2017 Animated Films 2 March 18, 2017 (2017-03-18) July 29, 2017 (2017-07-29) TBA
Episode list[edit]
Season 1 (2013)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date[6]
U.S. viewers
(in millions)
1
1 "Come Together (Part 1)" Logan McPherson & Steve Sacks Matthew Drdek & Lloyd Goldfine March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25) N/A
When Max moves to a new town, he discovers he can release a powerful energy called Turbo Energy (That just so happens to be the substance a villain is looking for). He is then found by his Uncle Ferrus, who is part of a secret program called N-Tek, who tells Max his father Jim and a person named Miles Dredd also worked there before their deaths from an explosion in the lab. The last thing Max's dad worked on was an old machine, but it doesn't work anymore. But then Max reactivates it with his TURBO Energy, and the alien known as Steel morphs with Max, now allowing him to access his alter ego, Max Steel. Meanwhile the villain's minion sends out a Fire Elementor to capture Max, and the episode ends with Max being thrown off a cliff by him.
2
2 "Come Together (Part 2)" Logan McPherson & Michael Dowding Matthew Drdek & Lloyd Goldfine March 26, 2013 (2013-03-26) N/A
Uncle Ferrus saves Max from falling by catching him in his plane. Inside Steel dampens Max's TURBO energy, making sure the villains can't trace him. Max then goes home, and hides his newfound ability from his mom. Meanwhile his mom infiltrates the enemy's headquarters, gathering DATA and then calls Ferrus to meet with her and talk about what she saw. At school Max returns Sydney's phone (He accidentally took hers and she took his in the previous episode), and then goes to N-Tek to train against robots, not only using his Strength Mode, but unlocking his Flight Mode. He is then called by Sydney to go on a date. While there he leaves Steel in the boys' bathroom so he may talk to Sydney alone. He tells her he really likes her, and just as they're about to kiss, A Fire Elementor and an Earth Elementor show up to capture Max. Uncle Ferrus and his mom picks him up, and Ferrus explains taking off Steel allowed his TURBO energy to be traceable. Steel catches up, and Max and him fight the Elementors, Ferrus and his mom also fighting using laser guns. Max throws Steel, allowing him to beat the Fire Elementor, but then the Elementor falls and crushes Steel. Finally Max, Ferrus and Molly (Max's mom) are knocked out, and the Earth Elementor takes Max while Steel is shown yelling Max's name. The episode ends with Miles Dredd holding Max captive in his headquarters and draining Max of his TURBO Energy.
3
3 "Come Together (Part 3)" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Matthew Drdek & Lloyd Goldfine March 27, 2013 (2013-03-27) N/A
Miles Dredd continues to hold Max captive, and Molly, Uncle Ferrus, Steel and N-Tek must save him. Steel flies through an air vent in the enemy's headquarters to find Max. Meanwhile Uncle Ferrus tells Molly if Steel doesn't reconnect with Max in 8 hours, Max's powers will overload and Steel will shut down. Miles reveals to Max that he was behind the explosion that killed Max's father and created a machine to absorb TURBO Energy, but the explosion permanently connected the device to Miles and damaged the storing function of the invention. Max gets angry at this revelation releasing more TURBO Energy, but Miles again absorbs it. The TURBO Energy Miles originally absorbed from the explosion kept him alive for the 16 years until now. Finally Steel saves Max and the two fuse to escape, but Miles captures Steel and Max survives his fall 100 stories. He shuts Steel down, and hooks him up to a machine meant to kill everyone in Copper Canyons so Miles can gain more TURBO Energy from their devices feeding off each civilian. Soon N-Tek and Max invade the headquarters, faced with robots and Elementors. Max goes looking for Steel, runs into Miles' assistant, who transforms into a cyborg, but Max easily gets rid of him off the elevator. Max then rescues Steel, deactivating the machine and trying to fight Miles, but he just absorbs their attacks and grows more powerful. Finally Max has an idea: he and Steel release all the TURBO Energy they can, and as they fly to space with Miles, a huge explosion occurs. Molly starts to cry, but then sees Max survived. Reporters arrive at the scene and ask who the hero is, with Max and Steel replying conjointly forming the name "Max Steel." Ferrus asks Molly if they knew their existence was meant to be secret, and has her continue working at THI to sort the mess. In the aftermath of the fight, Miles Dredd is seen floating in space, but his servant appears in a ship rescuing him, and they return to Earth.
4
4 "Cleaning House" Logan McPherson & Dustin McKenzie Matthew Drdek April 6, 2013 (2013-04-06) N/A
After trying to do, and experiment to, clean every dirty bit in the planet, Dr. Xander is fired from THI by Max's mom Molly. To get revenge for his termination of employment, he transforms everyone in THI into zombie-like creatures. He returns to his lab with his goldfish Fishy, who he neurotically converses with, and fights Max Steel. He transforms himself into a toxic radioactive beast, Toxzon, when he is knocked over and tries to get Fishy out of a venomous drainage filled with mutigen. Max Steel struggles but still defeats him to get the serum to cure the Zombie-like THI people. Toxzon escapes when Max isn't looking and swears revenge on the world with Fishy.
5
5 "Secret Identity Crisis" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Benjamin Townsend April 13, 2013 (2013-04-13) N/A
Max must deal with an issue of keeping his secret identity as Max Steel, so Miles Dredd doesn't come after him through his friends and family to siphon his near limitless TURBO energy. This is even more difficult as Dredd has analyzed the Max Steel sightings and has pinpointed Copper Canyon High as the epicenter. When the school is repeatedly attacked, school bully Butch is misunderstandedly credited as the hero when Max tries to be more inconspicuous. But on a field trip through the canyon, Dredd appears and goes after Butch. Dredd immediately realizes Butch isn't Max Steel, and Butch sells out Max MacGrath practically exposing him to the students on the bus as Max Steel. Kirby tries to play hero and knocks a weakened Dredd off the edge of a cliff, with the student body hailing him as a hero. After Dredd is defeated, a holo-bot is used to establish that Max Steel and Max MacGrath are two different people, securing Max's secret. Dredd escapes and plans to use force, not manipulation, to capture and drain Max Steel's TURBO Energy.
6
6 "C.Y.T.R.O. Attacks!" Logan McPherson & Jeremy Brown Alexx Van Dyne April 20, 2013 (2013-04-20) N/A
When Max blows up another of Berto's CYTRO bots, Steel helps to build another when he and Max argue over who is more important in the Max Steel hero. However, Max sees Berto and Steel bonding as better friends then Max and Steel. Later, the latest robot unit is wirelessly hijacked by an unknown enemy wanting to raid the Vault, where all the worst weapons on Earth are stored. Max finds out it is Toxzon who is behind a rampaging CYTRO, who wrecks the whole base searching for the Tox-Bomb. Toxzon is revealed to have worked at N-TEK before THI, as he was fired for mental instability. Max, Steel, and Berto follow CYTRO to Toxzon's lair, and disarm the Tox-Bomb before it destroys the city with a Cherobyll like result. Max, Berto, and Steel become friends again and head home to shower off the stench of toxic minion monsters.
7
7 "Hard Water" Logan McPherson & Jeremy Brown Mark Hoffmeier April 27, 2013 (2013-04-27) N/A
When a string of unusual water anomalies wreak havoc on Copper Canyon, Max Steel goes behind N-Tek's back to investigate. Each of the events involve something near or on the water, like a tanker or a THI satellite launcher. Max unveils his TURBO Scuba Mode when searching the ocean floor and finds a cavern. There, Max & Steel find the source of all the anomalies, a Water Elementor who reveals that Elementors are Ultra-Links, Steel's native species. Water Elementor reveals he caused the havoc he did, in order to rebuild his Starship and go home, and is using captured humans as bio-fuel to charge the Spaceship. Max Steel wins the battle by tossing Limestone and Clay rocks to solidify the Water Elementor. After saving the captives, Ferris shows Max how to throw a perfect pitch for better control, and Steel ponders how he is connected to the Elementors who are also Ultra-Links.
8
8 "The Thrill of the Hunt" Logan McPherson & Gino Nichele Rich Fogel June 22, 2013 (2013-06-22) N/A
N-TEK brings in Max and Steel to the arctic where a Starship is found of similar design to the Water Elementor from the previous episode. Steel is the only one who could pass the force field without harm and disables the field for N-TEK to enter the craft. After acquiring what they came for, N-TEK blows the place up. On route to N-TEK HQ, Max Steel uses TURBO Flight Mode while the ground convoy is sneak attacked by Troy Winter who easily gets the package and proceeds to take it to Miles Dredd. Naught arrives but says no deal when the package, an incomplete and damaged Ultra-Link, is not in working order, but Dredd tells Winter where to find the rest of the package for his full pay: the CEO office at THI. Steel reviews his memories with Max and finds out that he is an off-world alien, and question Forge about why he destroyed the spaceship. Molly holds off Winter, but he still escapes with the component. After a short motorcycle chase, the Fire and Earth Elementors stall Max so Dredd can receive the package. After seeing the power of the Ultra-Link, Troy wants it for himself. The fight with the Elementors ends quickly with Forge's arrival, and the Fire Elementor is taken prisoner. When Winter activates a failsafe in the case Dredd placed in case of a betrayal, Winter fuses with the damaged Ultra-Link. Max and Steel are shocked to learn what the package really was, and Winter states that he is now Extroyer.
9
9 "Extroyer Unleashed" Logan McPherson & Craig McEwen Rich Fogel June 29, 2013 (2013-06-29) N/A
After a damaged Ultra-Link bonds with master criminal Troy Winter who becomes Extroyer, he turned into a being that is able to absorb animal powers just by touching them. So he goes after Miles Dredd for making him like that and comes into contact with Max Steel. After Dredd intercepts Extroyer, he makes him a deal in exchange for delivering Max Steel to Dredd's hands. Max Steel fights Extroyer only to fight out that their battleground was designed by Dredd to siphon as much TURBO Energy from Max to create a missile aimed at Copper Canyon. The heroes go to prevent its impact, only to be countered by Extroyer, but they successfully be rid of him and detonate the missile in the Thermosphere. At N-TEK, Steel presses Forge for answers about how many Ultra-Links are really out there, and Forge only answers "millions" which makes both Max and Steel arise more questions than answers. At the bottom of the ocean, Extroyer scans a shark and exclaims that he lives.
10
10 "Live by the Sword" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Matthew Drdek July 6, 2013 (2013-07-06) N/A
Max, Kirby and Sydney go to a flee market and encounter a goon harassing an elderly merchant selling Asian weaponry. As Kirby plays with a Bo staff distracting the goon, the merchant places a sword into Kirby's backpack. The goon then closes the booth and trashes the merchant's materials looking for the sword, which he is under orders to find by Mr. Naught. Naught seeks the cursed sword of Murukami, to become a force to be reckoned with. After Kirby realizes he has the sword, he tries to be rid of it only to see it won't leave his grip whatsoever, and he is possessed by the Ronin spirit in the sword. Muru-Kirby's rampage attracts Max Steel, and Max not willing to fight a friend, chases him through the city as Muru-Kirby destroys whatever gets in his way. The two then duke it out, the sword trashes the armored Steel suit, Max loses the fight, and N-TEK arrives on scene for a report. The merchant from before is found by Berto and he explains the history of the sword: in ancient Japan, a forger created a sword more powerful than anything on Earth, but cursed it to trap the wielder in the blade, Murukami the Ninja. Naught follows Muru-Kirby, captures him, but Muru-Kirby breaks out. Naught and Muru-Kirby battle on the roof of the ship, but they have damaged the craft to cause it to crash, so they move to the roof of the N-TEK aircraft. The N-TEK crew abandon ship while Max pursues Naught and Muru-Kirby, only for Muru-Kirby to put up a massive fight, until CYTRO arrives to back up Max. Berto developed a TURBO Sword for Max to defeat Murukami, so Steel can fuse with the sword as Steel isn't from the Earth, so once the sword is broken Kirby will be free. The plan works and Kirby is freed, and the merchant gives him a foam staff for the whole event. Later, Dredd learns of Naught's plan and "reminds" both him and the goon why they should be loyal only to Dredd.
11
11 "Supermania" Logan McPherson & Jeremy Brown Brandon Auman July 13, 2013 (2013-07-13) N/A
Toxzon escapes from jail and seeks vengeance on Max Steel by literally wiping Copper Canyon from the map. N-TEK keeps their eyes open, especially Steel who gets some ideas from the comic book of a prison guard on superhero-ing. Steel's fascination with the comic book hero goes over board when he spends all night reading about superheroes and orders boxes of comics. When Toxzon attacks a chemical treatment plant, Steel unveils a "new" uniform resembling a stereotype caped hero and others reminiscent of different heroes. Toxzon and Max Steel meets in the warehouse outside the facility, but Steel's ridiculous behavior allows Toxzon a chance to escape. Steel refuses to alter the suit, much to Max's humiliation, but Berto finds out Toxzon's plan: poisoning the city's water supply. When Max and Steel find Toxzon, he is actually planning on creating acid rain strong enough to melt buildings. The heroes battle an army of Goop soldiers with CYTRO, who gives Max the counter-agent to end the acid storm. Steel fakes losing the 1-on-1 fight with Toxzon and injects the counter-agent into the villain, who ends the storm on his own. But Toxzon still manages to escape. When Max finally asks why Steel is obsessing over cliché comic book references, Steel sees himself in the alien off-world origins of some heroes. The two reconcile, and agree to return to the primary uniform.
12
12 "Uncle Sam Wants You!" Logan McPherson & Gino Nichele George Krstic July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20) N/A
Max and Steel chase down some bad guys downtown who stole weapons from the Army. One of Max's stun shots misses the bad guy and accidentally hits the army guys who have shown up at the scene. Their intention is not clear yet, but they start firing on Max after one of them yells "shots fired". After Max destroys a few tanks and helicopters, Colonel Castel shows up and orders his people to stop. He acknowledges the whole thing was a misunderstanding and invites Max and Steel back to his base with him. Castel reveals to Max that he knows about N-TEK, himself and about Dread. The Colonel invites Max to join him and says, with his Intel and Max's power they could accomplish much together. Max goes back to N-TEK and tells about his meeting with the Colonel to Cat, Jefferson and Forge. They discourage him from any future visits with Castel and the Army. Naught and a army of robots start destroying downtown for no apparent reason. Max and N-TEK show up on the scene but the Army has already captured Naught and squelched the violence. Forge demands to take custody of Naught and Max tried to calm both him and the Colonel down. Forge backs off after the Colonel asks if Max knows about N-Tek's true mission. Back at the N-Tek, Max tries to get the truth out of Forge, but is unsuccessfully, and goes away hurt and angry. The Colonel calls Max and says he now knows the location of Dread and invites Max to join him in taking him down. Max shows up and finds that the whole thing was a trap to capture him. N-Tek eventually shows up and saves Max & Steel. Steel is still thirsting for knowledge about his past and the episode ends with him looking at the captured Earth Elementor.
13
13 "Elements of Surprise (Part 1)" Logan McPherson & Trent Carlson Matthew Drdek August 17, 2013 (2013-08-17) N/A
The scene opens up with Max and Steel doing a training session devised by Berto. At the end of it, Max realizes that he needs to improve his speed. Steel goes sneaking off and ends up trying to get answers out of the 3 captured Elementors about who he is and where he comes from. Dredd tells the last and most powerful of them all - Air Elementor the secret location of N-Tek. He shows up and knocks N-Tek and Max around for a while. Max finally subdues him, but the audience later learns that it was his plan to get captured all along. Forge gets mad at Steel and orders Jefferson to throw him in the brig, but is interrupted by sirens & warning lights in the base. Air Elementor breaks out and than releases Fire, Earth and Water Elementors. Through an accident all four of them merge into one being, becoming Ultimate Elementor.
14
14 "Elements of Surprise (Part 2)" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Matthew Drdek August 24, 2013 (2013-08-24) N/A
Ultimate Elementor escapes N-Tek and brings the captured Commander Forge to Dredd. Elementor has a hard time controlling his body, as he is fighting with all the Elementors for control. Dredd is able to get the location of some kind of devise hidden at a Dam near N-Tek and sends Ultimate Elementor there to destroy it. Steel creates a new super Speed Mode for Max and together they are able to hold off Elementor. Meanwhile Forge escapes Dredd and hooks up with Cat, Jefferson and Berto. Max Steel and Elementor battle it out in the Dam and Max Steel defeats him, but he escapes. The episode closes with Steel disclosing to Max that he may finally have all the pieces to the N-Tek's secret agenda puzzle.
15
15 "Driven" Logan McPherson & Gino Nichele Rich Fogel August 31, 2013 (2013-08-31) N/A
Extroyer's henchmen steal a package from a science lab and then park their car in a place where they sell preowned cars by accident. The next morning Max and Kirby buy the car and Extroyer's Henchmens start searching for the car. Berto turns the car into a Turbo Car and Extroyer's Henchmens kidnap Sydney. Max follows them while the old man that was checking how well Max can drive fell asleep. Max and Steel get Ultra-Linked and then they enter Extroyer's secret hideout and then Extroyer knocks Max Steel out.
Extroyer says that if he doesn't give him the package, they will kill Sydney. Max gives the package to Extroyer and finds to their shock that it doesn't just carry animals' DNAS, but of the most dangerous and ferocious animals that exist in the world. He morphs into a black cobra and fights with Max Steel. Steel takes Sydney to a police station by using the auto GPS in the Turbo Car. Then Extroyer turns back to normal and when he was going to morph into a deadly saber tooth tiger, Steel drove over him and all the animal DNAS fell on him and he morphed into them all and then he turned big but failed to morph correctly which turns him back into his appearance as a deformed spiky creature with goop coming out of his body. Max, Steel, and Extroyer's henchmen ditch him. Afterwards Max earns his driver's license and he and Steel go on a drive, while Extroyer's henchmen drove off to Las Vegas.
16
16 "The Truth Hurts" Logan McPherson & Jeremy Brown Matthew Drdek September 21, 2013 (2013-09-21) 0.34[7]
Sydney Gardner finally finds out that Maxwell McGrath is actually Max Steel. Then she will be in an adventure with Elementor who wants to defeat Max Steel and combine him into his body using a TURBO Ray he stole from Dredd. Sydney decides to go rescue Max. Max Steel fights Elementor and quickly loses to him until Sydney intervenes between them, losing her current memories about Max Steel's secret identity. After retreating, Elementor plans to use Miles Dredd's device to assure Earth's annihilation.
17
17 "The Secret Admirer" Logan McPherson & Trent Carlson Matthew Drdek September 28, 2013 (2013-09-28) 0.51[8]
Molly receives roses from a secret admirer which angers Max. Meanwhile a strange virus begins to infect Copper Canyon citizens. Max does some digging and discovers that Toxzon is behind it all and that Molly, Max's mom, is the prime target because she was the one who fired him from his job at THI. Molly sniffs the flowers and is turned into Toxiana.
18
18 "Scrambled" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Rich Fogel October 5, 2013 (2013-10-05) 0.46[9]
Steel is eager to learn more about Extroyer, since he has an Ultra-Link inside him. But when he leaves Max to investigate him, Extroyer scrambles his system and makes him malfunction in all sorts of funny ways. Meanwhile, Extroyer has a hard time morphing and goes to THI to fix his problem. He demands that Max get him what he wants or he'll kill Molly. After repairing himself, Extroyer morphs into a giant gorilla and fights Max. However, Steel arrives and unveils a new TURBO Stealth Mode which helps them defeat Extroyer, but he escapes. Steel then talks to Max about the memories he received after scrambling Extroyer's Ultra-Link, and reveals there used to be another Max Steel look-alike before him.
19
19 "X Marks the Spot" Logan McPherson & Jeremy Brown Matthew Drdek October 12, 2013 (2013-10-12) 0.34[10]
Max and Steel are in a road trip on the search to N-Tek's true mission, but instead, they find Dredd and Jason Naught who are looking for a transmitter that will show them all of N-Tek's locations. After a fierce battle, N-Tek arrives and defeates Dredd but he escapes with Naught. Forge reveals to Max that there are hundreds of transmitters across the world and since he only had half of the device he only received part of the information.
20
20 "Gone Fishin'" Logan McPherson & Gino Nichele Brian Soika October 19, 2013 (2013-10-19) 0.37[11]
When Toxzon's pet plastic goldfish goes missing he holds the world hostage by poisoning all the oceans until Fishy is found. So Max Steel and N-Tek tries to find out the case of Toxic Fish in the ocean. Then Max was rescued by Toxzon, who seem to had survived and wants Fishy back. Then Forge reveals to had thrown it to the trash. Then they made a copy of Fishy. Then Toxzon found out it was not Fishy. Then Toxzon attacked N-Tek and Max with his Goopaniods. Then Forge came with Fishy and then Toxzon had Fishy and did his promise. Then Fishy advised Toxzon to attack Max and N-Tek. Toxzon was so powerful that even Max Steel couldn't defeat him. Then on his way to Copper Canyon, he was defeated by Max, and locked up in a glass tank in the Chemi-Volt at N-Tek. Then at the end, Vin and Dwayne are fishing in a water fountain and then a Toxic Seagull came and scared them.
21
21 "Making the Grade" Logan McPherson & Trent Carlson Matthew Drdek October 26, 2013 (2013-10-26) 0.34[12]
Due to his super hero duties as of late, Max has been failing school. His teacher while rummaging through his bag in search of his science project stumbles upon Steel. Initially planning to get Steel back Max realizes that the accidental deception is his only hope of a passing grade, passing with flying colors when the teacher is led to believe it's a electronic shoe warmer. The next day Extroyer learns of the Ultra-Link on display at the school and buys it, inspired by their last encounter Extroyer has created a device to 'unleash all of his powers at once.' Max calls in N-Tek to help stage a rescue mission and faces off against a monstrous chimeric fusion of Extroyer with all of his animal forms. After narrowly retrieving Steel in time Max is able to force Extroyer to surrender, escaping at the last moment by setting the adapter to self destruct. Back at school Max decides to make a honest attempt at a science project, while not looking as impressive as Steel the teacher decides to pass Max any way.
22
22 "Split Decisions" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Matthew Drdek November 2, 2013 (2013-11-02) 0.36[13]
When the Elementors can't stop arguing with themselves, they settle their differences by splitting up and hunting for Max Steel. Meanwhile, Steel hypnotizes Berto so he and Max can gain information about N-Tek's top secret files, but they later find out he doesn't have any secrets. During his fight with the four Elementors, Max Steel use a new Turbo Cannon Mode to defeat them, causing them to retreat. Steel then apologizes to Berto, who regained his conscience. Back to Dredd's base, the Elementors agree to fuse themselves together into Ultimate Elementor once again due to the fact their hatred for each other and for Max Steel has increased more while they're separated.
23
23 "Pick Your Poison" Logan McPherson & Jeremy Brown Matthew Drdek November 9, 2013 (2013-11-09) 0.40[14]
When N-Tek decides that they need assistance taking down Elementor, they enlist a very unlikely ally- Toxzon to create a toxic formula to defeat him, but Toxzon soon reveals it is actually a poison to mind-control Elementor. Max Steel makes a TURBO Clone Mode to defeat them, making Elementor break free from Toxzon's toxin and pursues after him, angry at him for using him like a pet. At the end, N-Tek says that if Elementor or Toxzon tries to attack their base again they'll be ready.
24
24 "Thanks, I Think" Logan McPherson & Tom Galvin Matthew Drdek November 16, 2013 (2013-11-16) 0.50[15]
Max Steel battles Extroyer at a museum with his new TURBO Modes. Extroyer escapes with a stone containing the DNA of a prehistoric dinosaur and extroys into a Tyrannosaurus Rex. Extroyer comes after a Max Steel (aka Kirby and Sydney in disguise to thank the hero for all he has done for them) and discovers that he is not Max. The real Max Steel arrives and tries to defeat Extroyer, but cannot beat him in this ultimate animal form. Syndey uses a knockout bomb to put Extroyer to sleep and N-Tek later arrests him. At the end, Max tells Kirby and Syndey that they have shown Max Steel enough gratitude.
25
25 "Earth Under Siege (Part 1)" Logan McPherson & Michael Dowding Matthew Drdek December 7, 2013 (2013-12-07) 0.39[16]
Dredd creates a powerful weapons that will disable N-Tek's shield over the earth making it vulnerable to the Makino Invasion; Dredd and The Syndicate attack N-Tek HQ and plan on using the weapons to destroy Copper Canyon. Meanwhile, Ferrus and Molly finally tell Max and Steel the whole truth about his father and how he became the a hero so he could help N-Tek stop the other Evil Ultra-Links from destroying earth so their leader can devour it. In the end, the rockets Miles Dredd planned to launch on the N-Tek transmitters get destroyed, but they find out that Dredd planned it so he could use Max's own TURBO Energy against them so his ally, the Makino, could eliminate Earth.
26
26 "Earth Under Siege (Part 2)" Logan McPherson & Daniel Ife Matthew Drdek December 7, 2013 (2013-12-07) 0.39[16]
During their attack on Planet Earth; Ferrus explains to Max Steel of the upcoming Ultra-Link Invasion and their home leader, Makino. He says there will be more ships coming and that the attack they did was just the beginning, there will be more aliens and beings from outerspace who will come and try to invade Earth and prepare for the Invasion. N-Tek and Max Steel fight the Makino ship and some Evil Ultra-Links and Elementor. As they enter the Makino Starship (thanks to Steel since he is Makino tech), Forge tells Max and Steel that Max's father bonded with Steel and became the other Max Steel they saw in space, and that he kept the truth from them because he didn't know if Steel would turn back to serving Makino. Then they found a TURBO Energy Absorbing Chamber and fought Miles Dredd in his new mode, Makino Miles Dredd Dark Mode. After beating both Max and Forge, Dredd asks Steel to join the Makino and he can get anything he wants. Steel tricked Dredd and then Max Ultra-Linked into TURBO Cannon Mode and knocked him into the Chamber since Miles Dredd's Evil TURBO Energy has a negative charge which will make the generator implode. Then Forge and Max Steel escape while the Makino Spaceship gets destroyed. On the way out, Forge tries to apologize to Steel, but then an Ultralinked creature dives for Max Steel attempting to eat them. Forge pushes them out of the way. It is later revealed that in doing so, Forge lost his arm. N-Tek defeats Elementor and Berto gives Forge a robotic arm. Meanwhile, Dredd tells Makino that they lost the fight, but Makino is not disappointed because there will be more and not even N-Tek can anticipate it.
Season 2 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
27
1 "Ultralink Invasion (Part 1)" Jeremy Brown Matthew Drdek August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
While Max Steel and N-Tek are expecting an invasion by Dredd and Makino's forces, a mysterious warrior arrives and is on the hunt for Steel.
28
2 "Ultralink Invasion (Part 2)" Gino Nichele
Sean Sullivan Matthew Drdek August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
Max must fight Makino's Ultralinks and at the same time rescue Steel from Ven Ghan, before his TURBO energy goes out of control.
29
3 "Dredd Ascendant" Trent Carlson Sean Jara August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
Dredd orchestrates a full scale attack on N-Tek, when they shut down their mainframe. Meanwhile, Max has a dream about his father, Jim McGrath.
30
4 "Toxic Relationship" Daniel Ife Sean Jara August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
An Ultralink bonds with Fishy and Toxzon is not happy about it.
31
5 "Full Metal Racket" Ben Anderson Sean Jara August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
Max, Sydney and Kirby plan their participation in a concert, but they become targets when the new, powerful Metal Elementor comes for Max Steel.
32
6 "Animal Attraction" Sean Sullivan Marty Isenberg August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
Steel feels responsible enough to have a pet, so Berto gives him a robotic dog named Furbo.
33
7 "Deep Turbo Blue Sea" Trent Carlson Grant Sauvé August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
Dredd decodes the location of the first piece of the Turbo Star, but it's near an N-Tek base.
34
8 "The Ultralink Hunter" Daniel Ife Steve Sullivan August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
When Elementor captures Steel and Ven Ghan, the Ultralink and the hunter must work together to escape, while Max is stuck in Super Mode. As punishment for his previous failures, Metallack absorbs Ultimate Elementor to become Mega Elementor.
35
9 "Digital Meltdown" Ben Anderson Brian Soika August 15, 2014 (2014-08-15)
Toxzon uses a popular video game about Max Steel to locate him through his voice. Things get worse when he uses the Megalink Avatak too.
36
10 "Journey to the Center of Copper Canyon" Jeremy Brown Grant Sauvé September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
Max and Dredd race to recover the second piece of the Turbo Star in the ancient abandoned mines of Copper Canyon haunted by the copper squatch.
37
11 "Hot Zone" Trent Carlson Michael Ryan September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
Mega Elementor launches the perfect attack on Max Steel while he's on vacation on a tropical South Pacific island. Through inadvertent coincidences, Sydney and Kirby are led to believe Berto is Max Steel.
38
12 "Lights!, Camera!, Max!" Andrew Doucette & Robin Shea Sean Jara September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
Max gets sucked into the director's cut when a movie is made about Max Steel, but Kirby steps in for the role of Max.
39
13 "Legend of Ja'em Mk'rah" Ben Anderson Michael Ryan & Sean Jara September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
Blast Link infects Steel with a virus, causing Max and Steel to get caught in a memory spiral and to experience Steel's past as if they were really there,.
40
14 "Makino Strikes (Part 1)" Jeremy Brown Thomas Krajewski September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
N-Tek is under attack by Dredd and Makino's forces, with an Ultralink having taken control of Forge. Meanwhile, Makino himself takes on Max Steel.
41
15 "Makino Strikes (Part 2)" Trent Carlson &
Robin Shea Thomas Krajewski September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
N-Tek's forces try to defend THI from the evil Ultralinks, while Max and Ven Ghan attempt to rescue Steel, who is Makino's captive, while at the same time discovering Max's true heritage of being a half alien. He and Steel go into Steel's memory core where they talk to Ja'em M'krah who left a message for Max. Then he unlocks a new mode: Rocket Mode, and defeats Makino with it.
42
16 "Got Turbo Star" Andrew Doucette Benjamin Townsend September 5, 2014 (2014-09-05)
Makino recreates himself and is coming back to Earth with the Alpha link to destroy it. Meanwhile Max and Dredd go after the last piece of the Turbo Star.
43
17 "My Best Friend is an Ultralink" Ben Anderson Mark Hoffmeier November 2, 2014 (2014-11-02) (Australia)
Three evil Ultralinks possess Sydney, Kirby and Butch. Max has to find a way to free his friends, but while he doesn't want to hurt them, they definitely don't feel the same way.
44
18 "Me, Myself and Extroyer" Jeremy Brown Benjamin Townsend November 8, 2014 (2014-11-08) (Australia)
During a battle with Max Steel, Extroyer manages to extroy him, creating a Max Steel doppelganger.
45
19 "Definitely Fear the Reaper" Robin Shea Thomas Krajewski November 9, 2014 (2014-11-09) (Australia)
Halloween night and Max is locked in a museum with the rest of his class. But when they accidentally stumble upon a meteor that is a chunk of Takion they alert Mega Elementor to its existence.
46
20 "Torbolt the Terrible" Andrew Daucette Mark Hoffmeier December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16) (Australia)
An Ultralink deserter named Torbolt, who is struggling to break free of his malevolent programming, creates major problems for Max and Steel.
47
21 "Reprogrammed" Ben Anderson Michael Ryan November 16, 2014 (2014-11-16) (Australia)
Because of Mega Elementor, Max and Steel end up in each other's bodies.
48
22 "A Germ of an Idea" Jeremy Brown Benjamin Townsend November 23, 2014 (2014-11-23) (Australia)
With Makino getting stronger as he approaches closer to Earth, Forge pushes forward with the construction of a space station designed to defend the planet. However, when the station is jeopardized, Max Steel must find a way to save it before it crashes to Earth with everyone on board, including Max's mother. Unfortunately, the only one who knows how to repair the station happens to be Max Steel's archenemy, Toxzon.
49
23 "Fugitives" Robin Shea Rich Fogel November 23, 2014 (2014-11-23) (Australia)
Still desiring justice for Steel's past crimes, the Black Star Council sends a deadly bounty hunter to find and capture Steel, as well as Ven-Ghan for helping him.
50
24 "The Great Turbo Star Caper" Andrew Doucette Thomas Krajewski November 30, 2014 (2014-11-30) (Australia)
Max Steel wants to use the Turbo Star to defeat Makino, whereas Dredd needs Max's Turbo energy to power the Star. While Dredd succeeds in capturing Max Steel, a surprising turn of events leads to one last confrontation between the two rivals.
51
25 "The Final Countdown (Part 1)" Ben Anderson Thomas Krajewski November 30, 2014 (2014-11-30) (Australia)
Makino finally arrives and a full-scale battle ensues. During a fight with Mega Elementor, Max Steel turns the tide when he unlocks a brand-new ability.
52
26 "The Final Countdown (Part 2)" Jeremy Brown Thomas Krajewski December 6, 2014 (2014-12-06) (Australia)
Max Steel and Makino clash head-on in a fight that will determine the fate of the Earth once and for all. It is revealed that Max's father, Jim McGrath, is alive.
Animated Films (2015)[edit]
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1
"The Wrath Of Makino" Jeremy Brown & Barry Karnowski Matthew Drdek, Rob David & Lloyd Goldfine June 27, 2015 (2015-06-27) (Latin America)
Makino is dead, but his helmet remains intact and is looking for someone worthy of its power. This leads to Max Steel having to fight with other Ultralinks so that the helmet stays out of their hands.
2
"The Dawn of Morphos" Andrew Doucette & Ben Anderson Matthew Drdek June 27, 2015 (2015-06-27) (Latin America)
Miles Dread revives an old project of his, a monster named Morphos, which escapes from N-Tek. Max Steel must deal with this problem before it destroys Copper Canyon. In the process, Max learns how to combine more than one Turbo mode.
3
"Maximum Morphos" Andrew Doucette, Ben Anderson & Barry Karnowski Matthew Drdek August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02) (Latin America)
Morphos has returned and is now stronger than ever! To prove he is the greatest villain of all, he begins to mimic powers of all the enemies of Max Steel, forcing Max to forge an alliance with his old enemies to defeat him.
Animated Films (2016)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
None
N/A "Team Turbo" Sam Chou Rob David & Rich Fogel March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18) (Latin America)
After 2 years, Max will now have to become a leader: When new villain Mortum takes down N-Tek, Max and Steel will have to lead a team of turbofied heroes: Cytro, Tempestra and La Fiera! When Mortum recruits Toxzon, Extroyer and The Elementors to conquer Copper Canyon and seek the mysterious Connect-Tek, Max must stop them before they reach their goal!
None
N/A "Team Turbo Fusion-Tek" Sam Chou Rob David, Matt Drdek, Lloyd Goldfine & Eugene Son August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31) (UK)
Mortum returns as a robot zombie, emerging from his grave to absorb the brainwaves of humanity. Now, Max and his Team Turbo will face their greatest challenge yet! Will they be able to defeat Mortum and save the world from the Technopocalypse!?
Animated Films (2017)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
None
N/A "Turbo Charged" Lloyd Goldfine Rob David, Lloyd Goldfine & Michael Ryan March 18, 2017 (2017-03-18) (Latin America)
To prevent Lord Nexus' minion, Terrorax, from taking over the world alongside his technological super villain league, Max and his Team Turbo must control a completely new level of T.U.R.B.O. Energy never seen before. However, after Terrorax manages to create his own version of Max's energy named Terror Energy, his own team of twisted villains plans on permanently deactivating technology from humanity, Max and his team must act swiftly to stop them.
None
N/A "Turbo-Warriors" Lloyd Goldfine Rob David, Jacob Goldfine, Lloyd Goldfine & Michael Ryan July 29, 2017 (2017-07-29) (Latin America)
Terrorax is back with his most powerful weapon: the Pantheon! Can Max take them down in time to save the city he’s sworn to protect?
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rusak, Gary (October 5, 2012). "Mattel and FremantleMedia score Disney XD deal for Max Steel". Kidscreen. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ACTION-PACKED ANIMATED SERIES MAX STEEL™ PREMIERES MONDAY, MARCH 25, AT 4PM (ET/PT).". Mattel. March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ FME and Mattel Launch Series Two of Action/Comedy Max Steel to Global Buyers
Jump up ^ Cartoon Network and Bommerang bring Mattel Lineup to Latin America
Jump up ^ Mattel reveals their content for 2016
Jump up ^ "Shows A-Z - Max Steel". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (September 16-22, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. September 27, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (September 23-29, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (September 30-October 6, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. October 11, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (October 7-13, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. October 18, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (October 14-20, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. October 25, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (October 21-27, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (October 28-November 3, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (November 4-10, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (November 11-17, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings (December 2-8, 2013)". Son of the Bronx. December 13, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
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Sandhill crane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sandhill crane
Adult and chick
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Genus: Antigone
Species: A. canadensis
Binomial name
Antigone canadensis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
subspecies
Antigone canadensis canadensis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Antigone canadensis pratensis
(F. A. A. Meyer, 1794)
Antigone canadensis nesiotes
Bangs & Zappey, 1905
Antigone canadensis tabida
(J. L. Peters, 1925)
Antigone canadensis rowani (disputed)
Walkinshaw, 1965
Antigone canadensis pulla
Aldrich, 1972
and see text
Synonyms
Ardea canadensis Linnaeus, 1758
Grus minor
Grus proavus
Grus canadensis
and see text
Antigone canadensis
USFWS Recording
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) is a species of large crane of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia. The common name of this bird refers to habitat like that at the Platte River, on the edge of Nebraska's Sandhills on the American Plains. This is the most important stopover area for the nominotypical subspecies, the lesser sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis canadensis), with up to 450,000 of these birds migrating through annually.
The sandhill crane was formerly placed in the genus Grus but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was polyphyletic.[2] In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, four species, including the sandhill crane, were placed in the resurrected genus Antigone that had originally been erected by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853.[3][4] The specific epithet canadensis is the Modern Latin word for "Canadian".[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Fossil record
1.2 Subspecies and evolution
2 Behavior
3 Status and conservation
3.1 Vagrancy
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Description[edit]
Adults are gray overall; during breeding, their plumage is usually much worn and stained, particularly in the migratory populations, and looks nearly ochre. The average weight of the larger males is 4.57 kg (10.1 lb), while the average weight of females is 4.02 kg (8.9 lb), with a range of 2.7 to 6.7 kg (6.0 to 14.8 lb) across the subspecies.[6][7] Sandhill cranes have red foreheads, white cheeks, and long, dark, pointed bills. In flight, their long, dark legs trail behind, and their long necks keep straight. Immature birds have reddish-brown upperparts and gray underparts.[8][9] The sexes look alike. Sizes vary among the different subspecies; the average height of these birds is around 80 to 122 cm (2 ft 7 in to 4 ft 0 in).[10][11] Their wing chords are typically 41.8–60 cm (16.5–23.6 in), tails are 10–26.4 cm (3.9–10.4 in), the exposed culmens are 6.9–16 cm (2.7–6.3 in) long, and the tarsi measure 15.5–26.6 cm (6.1–10.5 in).[12]
These cranes frequently give a loud, trumpeting call that suggests a rolled "r" in the throat, and they can be heard from a long distance. Mated pairs of cranes engage in "unison calling". The cranes stand close together, calling in a synchronized and complex duet. The female makes two calls for every one from the male.
Sandhill cranes' large wingspans, typically 1.65 to 2.30 m (5 ft 5 in to 7 ft 7 in), make them very skilled soaring birds, similar in style to hawks and eagles.[11] Using thermals to obtain lift, they can stay aloft for many hours, requiring only occasional flapping of their wings and consequently expending little energy. Migratory flocks contain hundreds of birds, and can create clear outlines of the normally invisible rising columns of air (thermals) they ride.
Sandhill cranes fly south for the winter. In their wintering areas, they form flocks over 10,000. One place this happens is at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, 100 mi (160 km) south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. An annual Sandhill Crane Festival is held there in November.
Fossil record[edit]
Sandhill cranes have one of the longest fossil histories of any extant bird.[13] A 10-million-year-old crane fossil from Nebraska is said to be of this species,[14] but this may be from a prehistoric relative or the direct ancestor of sandhill cranes and not belong in the genus Grus. The oldest unequivocal sandhill crane fossil is 2.5 million years old,[15] older by half than the earliest remains of most living species of birds, primarily found from after the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary some 1.8 million years ago. As these ancient sandhill cranes varied as much in size as present-day birds, those Pliocene fossils are sometimes described as new species.[16] Grus haydeni may have been a prehistoric relative, or it may comprise material of a sandhill crane and its ancestor.[17][18]
Subspecies and evolution[edit]
Lesser sandhill crane (G. c. canadensis)
George C. Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Ladner, British Columbia
Sandhill cranes vary considerably in size (much of which is clinal) and in migratory habits. A female of G. c. canadensis averages 3.46 kg (7.6 lb), 37 in (94 cm) in length and has a wingspan of 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in). A male of G. c. tabida averages 5 kg (11 lb), 119 cm (47 in) in length and has a wingspan of 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in). The southern subspecies (along with G. c. rowani) are intermediate, roughly according to Bergmann's rule.
Three subspecies are resident: G. c. pulla of the Gulf Coast of the U.S., G. c. pratensis of Florida and Georgia and G. c. nesiotes of Cuba.[19] The northern populations exist as fragmented remains in the contiguous U.S. and a large and contiguous population from Canada to Beringia. These migrate to the southwestern United States and Mexico. These cranes are rare vagrants to China, South Korea, and Japan and very rare vagrants to western Europe.
Six subspecies have been recognized in recent times:
Lesser sandhill crane, G. c. canadensis
Cuban sandhill crane, G. c. nesiotes – ESA: endangered
Florida sandhill crane, G. c. pratensis – ESA: endangered
The Florida sandhill crane was listed as EC or easily confused to facilitate an attempted reintroduction of the whooping crane (Grus americana) into Florida. The attempt failed, but the listing remained. The current list of endangered subspecies includes only two birds, G. c. nesiotes and G. c. rowani, with G. c. pratensis no longer listed.[20]
Mississippi sandhill crane, G. c. pulla – ESA: endangered
Canadian sandhill crane, G. c. rowani
Greater sandhill crane, G. c. tabida
Florida sandhill crane, G. c. pratensis adult (behind) and juvenile
In British Columbia, Canada
The Canadian sandhill cranes are not distinct and were never accepted as a valid subspecies. The others can be somewhat more reliably distinguished in hand by measurements and plumage details, apart from the size differences already mentioned. Unequivocal identification often requires location information, which is often impossible in migrating birds.
Analysis of control region mtDNA haplotype data shows two major lineages. The Arctic and the subarctic migratory population includes the lesser sandhill cranes. The other lineages can be divided into a migratory and some indistinct clusters which can be matched to the resident subspecies. The lesser and greater sandhill cranes are quite distinct, their divergence dating to roughly 2.3–1.2 million years ago , some time during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. Glaciation seemingly fragmented off a founder population of lesser sandhill cranes, because during each major ice age, its present breeding range was frozen year-round. Still, sandhill cranes are amply documented from fossil and subfossil remains right to the modern era.[18] Conceivably, they might be considered distinct species already, a monotypic G. canadensis and the greater sandhill crane, G. pratensis, which would include the other populations.[19]
It appears as if the scant differences between southern Canadian and western U.S. populations result from genetic drift, due to the recent reduction in population and range fragmentation. Until the early 20th century, the southern migratory birds occupied a much larger and continuous range. Thus, the subspecies G. c. rowani may well be abandoned.[19]
The two southern U.S. resident populations are somewhat more distinct. The Cuban population has been comparatively little studied, but appears to have been established on the island for a long time. They and the migratory greater sandhill cranes proper may form a group of lineages that diverged much later from a range in the southern U.S. and maybe northern Mexico, where they were resident. The southern migratory population would then represent a later re-expansion, which (re-)evolved their migratory habits independent from the northernmost birds, the geographically separated populations expanding rapidly when more habitat was available as the last ice age ended.[19]
Behavior[edit]
Play media
A huge flock at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Sandhill cranes are fairly social birds that usually live in pairs or family groups through the year. During migration and winter, unrelated cranes come together to form "survival groups" that forage and roost together. Such groups often congregate at migration and winter sites, sometimes in the thousands.
Sandhill cranes are mainly herbivorous, but eat various types of food, depending on availability. They often feed with their bills down to the ground as they root around for seeds and other foods, in shallow wetlands with vegetation or various upland habitats. Cranes readily eat cultivated foods such as corn, wheat, cottonseed, and sorghum. Waste corn is useful to cranes preparing for migration, providing them with nutrients for the long journey.[21] Among northern races of sandhill cranes, the diet is most varied, especially among breeding birds. They variously feed on berries, small mammals, insects, snails, reptiles, and amphibians.
Sandhill cranes raise one brood per year. In nonmigratory populations, laying begins between December and August. In migratory populations, laying usually begins in April or May. Both members of a breeding pair build the nest using plant material from the surrounding area. Nest sites are usually marshes, bogs, or swales, though occasionally on dry land. Females lay one to three (usually two) oval, dull brown eggs with reddish markings. Both parents incubate the eggs for about 30 days. The chicks are precocial; they hatch covered in down, with their eyes open, and able to leave the nest within a day. The parents brood the chicks for up to three weeks after hatching, feeding them intensively for the first few weeks, then gradually less frequently until they reach independence at 9 to 10 months old.
A baby Mississippi sandhill crane is weighed at White Oak Conservation.
The chicks remain with their parents until one to two months before the parents lay the next clutch of eggs the following year, remaining with them 10–12 months. After leaving their parents, the chicks form nomadic flocks with other juveniles and nonbreeders. They remain in these flocks until they form breeding pairs at between two and seven years old.
As a conspicuous ground-dwelling species, sandhill cranes are at risk from predators, which are probably the main nonanthropogenic source of mortality. Mammals such as foxes, raccoons, coyotes, wolves, cougars, bobcats, and lynx hunt them given any opportunity, the first three mainly hunting large numbers of young cranes, the latter four types more rarely taking full-grown cranes in ambush excepting the prolific bobcat. Corvids, such as ravens and crows, gulls, and smaller raptors such as hawks (largely northern harriers or red-tailed hawks) feed on young cranes and eggs. Cranes of all ages are hunted by both North American species of eagles. Mainly chicks and possibly a few adults may be preyed on by great horned owls and even the much smaller peregrine falcons has successfully killed a 3.1 kg (6.8 lb) adult sandhill crane in a stoop.[22][23] In Oregon and California, the most serious predators of flighted juveniles and adults has been cited as golden eagles and bobcats, the most serious predators of chicks are reportedly coyotes, ravens, raccoons, American mink, and great horned owls in rough descending order.[24][25] In Cuba and Florida, the American crocodile and alligator can take a surprisingly large number of sandhill cranes, especially recent fledglings.[22][23] Sandhill cranes defend themselves and their young from aerial predators by jumping and kicking. Actively brooding adults are more likely to react aggressively to potential predators to defend their chicks than wintering birds, which most often normally try to evade attacks on foot or in flight.[26] For land predators, they move forward, often hissing, with their wings open and bills pointed. If the predator persists, the crane stabs with its bill (which is powerful enough to pierce the skull of a small carnivore) and kicks.[27]
Status and conservation[edit]
Flying at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, United States
Florida sandhill crane, Ocala National Forest
Although sandhill cranes are not considered threatened as a species, the three southernmost subspecies are quite rare. Resident populations, not migratory birds, cannot choose secure breeding habitat. Many subpopulations were destroyed by hunting or habitat change. The greater sandhill crane proper initially suffered most; by 1940, probably fewer than 1,000 birds remained. Populations have since increased greatly again. At nearly 100,000, they are still fewer than the lesser sandhill crane, which, at about 400,000 individuals, is the most plentiful crane alive today.[19][28]
Some migratory populations of sandhill cranes face population threats due to interspecies competition with snow geese.[29] Since the 1990s, snow geese have eaten waste corn on which the cranes also rely prior to migration.[21] Despite this competition and other pressures, since the early 2000s the sandhill crane has expanded both its winter (non-breeding) and breeding ranges northward, including into upstate New York.[30][31] In the 21st century, parts of the Midwestern United States have seen an extensive rebound of the species.[32]
The Florida sandhill crane is far less common, with some 5,000 remaining. They are most threatened by habitat destruction. In Florida, they are protected by high monetary penalites for killing them, under state and federal law. The transplantation of wild birds and introduction of captive-reared birds into suitable low-population areas have been called a viable management technique.[33]
Sandhill crane at Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida
The Mississippi sandhill crane has lost the most range; it used to live along most of the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, and its range was once nearly parapatric with that of its eastern neighbor. As of 2013, about 25 breeding pairs exist in an intensively managed population. The Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge—established in 1975 when fewer than 35 of the birds existed—has the biggest release program for cranes on Earth, and 90% of the cranes there were raised in captivity.[34] The second viable egg from a two-egg nest was occasionally removed from the nests, starting in 1965, to become part of a captive flock. This breeding flock is divided between the Audubon Institute's Species Survival Center and White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida. These cranes have produced offspring for annual releases into the refuge.[35]
A Mississippi sandhill crane was the first bird to hatch from an egg fertilized by sperm that was thawed from a cryogenic state. This occurred at the Audubon Institute, as part of this subspecies' endangered species recovery plan.
About 300 Cuban sandhill cranes exist; this is the least known of the populations.[19][28]
Sandhill cranes have been tried as foster parents for whooping cranes in reintroduction schemes. This failed when the whooping cranes imprinted on their foster parents, later did not recognize other whooping cranes as their conspecifics, and unsuccessfully tried to pair with sandhill cranes instead.
Vagrancy[edit]
Sandhill cranes occasionally reach Europe as vagrants. The first British record was on Fair Isle in April 1981,[36] and the second was in Shetland in 1991.[37] Small groups of sandhill cranes have also been seen in parts of eastern China.[38]
See also[edit]
Cranes in Britain
Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
Grulla National Wildlife Refuge
Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Antigone canadensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T22692078A93336581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692078A93336581.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Krajewski, C.; Sipiorski, J.T.; Anderson, F.E. (2010). "Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae)". Auk. 127 (2): 440–452. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.09045.
Jump up ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Rails, gallinules, trumpeters & cranes". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1853). Reichenbach Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie. Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. p. xxiii.
Jump up ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Jump up ^ Sandhill Crane. Appendix 2. The Birds of North America. bna.birds.cornell.edu
Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, John B. Dunning, Jr. (ed.). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
Jump up ^ Sandhill Crane. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Sandhill Crane. Seattleaudubon.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Sandhill Crane, International Crane Foundation
^ Jump up to: a b Dunn, J.L. & Alderfer, J., editors. Field Guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic, Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1983). Cranes of the World: Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis). University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Jump up ^ Quantic, Diane Dufva; Hafen, P. Jane (2003): A Great Plains Reader. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3802-9 p. 84
Jump up ^ The Nature Conservancy: Sandhill Crane. Retrieved 2008-JAN-16.
Jump up ^ Volz, Becky Lauren (2003): The Biogeography of the Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis). Version of 2003-DEC-31.
Jump up ^ Miller, Loye H. (1944). "Some Pliocene birds from Oregon and Idaho" (PDF). Condor. 46 (1): 25–32. doi:10.2307/1364248.
Jump up ^ Miller, Alden H. & Sibley, Charles Gald (1942). "A New Species of Crane from the Pliocene of California" (PDF). Condor. 44 (3): 126–127. doi:10.2307/1364260.
^ Jump up to: a b Brodkorb, Pierce (1967). "Catalogue of Fossil Birds: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes)". Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. 11 (3): 99–220.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rhymer, Judith M.; Fain, Matthew G.; Austin, Jane E.; Johnson, Douglas H. & Krajewski, Carey (2001). "Mitochondrial phylogeography, subspecific taxonomy, and conservation genetics of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis; Aves: Gruidae)" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 2 (3): 203–218. doi:10.1023/A:1012203532300.
Jump up ^ Species Report. fws.gov
^ Jump up to: a b Johnsgard PA. (2011) Sandhill and Whooping Cranes: Ancient Voices over America's Wetlands, University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, ISBN 0803234961.
^ Jump up to: a b Walkinshaw, L. H. 1949. The Sandhill Cranes. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 29. Bloomfield Hills, MI.
^ Jump up to: a b Walkinshaw, L. H. 1973. Cranes of the world. Winchester Press, New York.
Jump up ^ Littlefield, C. D. (1995). Sandhill crane nesting habitat, egg predators, and predator history on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist, 137–143.
Jump up ^ Littlefield, C. D., & Lindstedt, S. M. (1992). Survival of juvenile greater sandhill cranes at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon.
Jump up ^ Drewien, R. C. (1973). Ecology of Rocky Mountain greater sandhill cranes.
Jump up ^ Harris, M. (2000). "Grus canadensis". Animal Diversity Web. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.
^ Jump up to: a b Archibald, George W. & Meine, Curt (1996): 7. Sandhill Crane. In: Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 85, plate 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-20-2
Jump up ^ Pearse AT; Krapu GL; Brandt DA; Kinzel PJ (2010). "Changes in Agriculture and Abundance of Snow Geese Affect Carrying Capacity of Sandhill Cranes in Nebraska". Journal of Wildlife Management. 74 (3): 479–488. doi:10.2193/2008-539.
Jump up ^ "113th CBC New York Regional Summary". National Audubon Society. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Sandhill Cranes Successfully Nest in the Adirondacks". Tupper Lake. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Patrick M. "Sandhill cranes bounce back from brink as migration over Illinois to peak next week". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ Stys, B. (1994): Ecology and habitat protection needs of Florida sandhill cranes on areas proposed for land conversion activities. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Nongame Wildlife Program Technical Report No. 14. Tallahassee, FL.
Jump up ^ "Mississippi Sandhill Crane". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Crane Population Management". Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Riddiford, Nick (1983). "Sandhill Crane: new to Britain". British Birds. 76 (3): 105–109.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Pete (1991). "The Sandhill Crane in Shetland". Birding World. 4 (9): 322–323.
Jump up ^ "Sandhill cranes seen in E China's Jiangsu". Xinhuanet. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
Further reading[edit]
Meine, Curt D. & Archibald, George W. (eds.) (1996). Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis). In: The cranes: – Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandhill crane.
Wikispecies has information related to Grus canadensis
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Sand-hill Crane.
International Crane Foundation's Sandhill Crane page
Audio file of cranes "unison calling" at savingcranes.org
Sandhill Crane Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History
Sandhill Crane Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Sandhill Crane – Grus canadensis – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
The Nature Conservancy's Species Profile: Sandhill Crane
National Audubon Society, Rowe Sanctuary, Nebraska
Sandhill Crane Migration on Nebraska Platte River – Viewing Sites Info & Maps, Photos, Video
Alamosa/Monte Vista/Baca National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
"Sandhill crane media". Internet Bird Collection.
Stamps (for Canada, Cuba) with Range Map at bird-stamps.com
Sandhill Crane Migrations Revealed by Satellites Documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide
Sandhill cranes breeding and biology in Alaska at christyyuncker.com
Sandhill crane photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Música de las Grullas: Una historia natural de las grullas de América (2014) by Paul Johnsgard, Enrique Weir, & Karine Gil-Weir
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15 living species in four genera
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Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q503804
ADW: Grus_canadensis
ARKive: grus-canadensis
eBird: sancra
EoL: 1049272
Fauna Europaea: 96754
Fossilworks: 105730
GBIF: 2474953
IBC: sandhill-crane-grus-canadensis
iNaturalist: 27
ITIS: 176177
NCBI: 40820
Species+: 7937
WoRMS: 422601
Xeno-canto: Grus-canadensis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandhill_crane&oldid=820625120"
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: كركي كندي – Arabic

values: Канадски жерав – Bulgarian

values: درنای شنزار – Persian

values: 캐나다두루미 – Korean

values:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatirgak
Tatirgak – Inupiaq
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values: עגור קנדי – Hebrew

values: Канада тыртня – Western Mari

values: Канадский журавль – Russian

values: นกกระเรียนเนินทราย – Thai

values: Журавель канадський – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sandhill_crane rootpage-Sandhill_crane skin-vector action-view