text:
Ball-and-stick model
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A plastic ball-and-stick model of proline
In chemistry, the ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to display both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.[1] The atoms are typically represented by spheres, connected by rods which represent the bonds. Double and triple bonds are usually represented by two or three curved rods, respectively, or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the sigma and pi bonds. In a good model, the angles between the rods should be the same as the angles between the bonds, and the distances between the centers of the spheres should be proportional to the distances between the corresponding atomic nuclei. The chemical element of each atom is often indicated by the sphere's color.[2]
In a ball-and-stick model, the radius of the spheres is usually much smaller than the rod lengths, in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the model. As a consequence, the model does not provide a clear insight about the space occupied by the model. In this aspect, ball-and-stick models are distinct from space-filling (calotte) models, where the sphere radii are proportional to the Van der Waals atomic radii in the same scale as the atom distances, and therefore show the occupied space but not the bonds.
Computer ball-and-stick model of cyclohexane.
Ball-and-stick models can be physical artifacts or virtual computer models. The former are usually built from molecular modeling kits, consisting of a number of coil springs or plastic or wood sticks, and a number of plastic balls with pre-drilled holes. The sphere colors commonly follow the CPK coloring. Some university courses on chemistry require students to buy such models as learning material.
History[edit]
Hofmann's 1865 stick-and-ball model of methane (CH4).
In 1865, German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann was the first to make stick-and-ball molecular models. He used such models in lecture at the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
Specialist companies manufacture kits and models to order. One of the earlier companies was Woosters at Bottisham, Cambridgeshire, UK. Besides tetrahedral, trigonal and octahedral holes, there were all-purpose balls with 24 holes. These models allowed rotation about the single rod bonds, which could be both an advantage (showing molecular flexibility) and a disadvantage (models are floppy). The approximate scale was 5 cm per ångström (0.5 m/nm or 500,000,000:1), but was not consistent over all elements.
A Beevers ball-and-stick model of ruby (chromium-doped corundum).
The Beevers Miniature Models company in Edinburgh (now operating as Miramodus) produced small models beginning in 1961[3] using PMMA balls and stainless steel rods. In these models, the use of individually drilled balls with precise bond angles and bond lengths enabled large crystal structures to be accurately created in a light and rigid form.
See also[edit]
VSEPR theory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Turner M (1971). "Ball and stick models for organic chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 48 (6): 407. doi:10.1021/ed048p407.
Jump up ^ Olmsted J, Williams GM (1997). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8151-8450-8.
Jump up ^ "(Cecil) Arnold Beevers". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ball-and-stick_model&oldid=813095081"
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Public domain
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Intellectual property and Intellectual rights law
Primary rights
Copyright
Patent
Trademark
Trade dress
Trade secret
Geographical indication
Sui generis rights
Authors' rights
Database right
Indigenous intellectual property
Industrial design right
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Utility model
Related topics
Abandonware
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v
t
e
The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the public domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books are in the public domain, although they may also be copyrighted. In the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired,[1] have been forfeited,[2] have been expressly waived, or are inapplicable.[3] For example, the works of Shakespeare and Beethoven, and most of the early silent films, are all now in the public domain by either being created before copyrights existed or leaving the copyright term.[1] Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the public domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes,[4] and all software before 1974.[5] Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms,[6][7][8] NIH's ImageJ,[9] and the CIA's World Factbook.[10] The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
As rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, creates public domain status for a work in that country.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Definition
3 Public domain by medium
3.1 Public domain books
3.2 Public domain music
3.3 Public domain films
4 Value
5 Relationship with derivative works
6 Perpetual copyright
7 Public domain mark
8 Application to copyrightable works
8.1 Works not covered by copyright law
8.2 Expiration of copyright
8.3 Government works
8.4 Dedicating works to the public domain
8.4.1 Release without copyright notice
8.4.2 Public domain like licenses
9 Patents
10 Trademarks
11 Public Domain Day
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Although the term "public domain" did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept "can be traced back to the ancient Roman Law, as a preset system included in the property right system."[11] The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned"[11] as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as things not yet appropriated.[12] The term res communes was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean."[11] The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term res universitatis meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome.[11] When looking at the public domain from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of res communes, res publicae, and res universitatis in early Roman law.[11]
When the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century. Instead of "public domain" they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.[13]
The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. The French poet Alfred de Vigny equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of the public domain"[14] and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as copyright, patents, and, expire or are abandoned.[15] In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain."[16] Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".[17]
Definition[edit]
Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space, that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law.[18] According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the term public domain and equates the public domain to public property and works in copyright to private property. However, the usage of the term public domain can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by copyright exceptions. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights and limitation on ownership.[1] A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression".[18] Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "[T]here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival."[19] The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise and/or undefined terms such as the "public sphere" or "commons", including concepts such as "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".[15]
Public domain by medium[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Public domain books[edit]
A public domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired[20] or have been forfeited.[21] Every book and tale written prior to 1787 (or 1947 in most countries) is in the public domain, among them, every book written by Jane Austen, Lewis Carroll, Edgar Allan Poe and H. G. Wells.[citation needed]
Public domain music[edit]
Main article: Public domain music
Music has been created and played by humans for millennia. An object identified as a possible flute (the Divje Babe Flute) is more than 40,000 years old. Even if humans had musical instruments and made music there was a need for a musical notation system to be able to preserve song through writing. The first such system, the Music of Mesopotamia notation system, was created 4000 years ago. In the tenth century Guido of Arezzo introduced Latin musical notations.[citation needed] All this laid the foundation for the preservation of global music belonging to the public domain since the beginning of musical history to the present.
The Musopen project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives such as Archive.com preserve collections of classical music recorded by Museopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.
Play media
Rock, Rock, Rock
Public domain films[edit]
Main article: Public domain film
A public domain film is a film that was released to public domain by its author or because its copyright has expired. In 2016 there are more than 2,000 films on public domain in every genre, from musicals to romance, horror to animated movies and noir to western movies.
Value[edit]
Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.[22]:22
Possible values include:
Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.
Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.
Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.
Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.
Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data compilation.[23]
Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.
Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.
Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.[22]:22
Relationship with derivative works[edit]
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919). Derivative work by the Dadaist Marcel Duchamp based on the Mona Lisa.
Derivative works include translations, musical arrangements, and dramatizations of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation.[24] Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner,[25] while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission.[26][27] Artworks that are public domain may also be reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works.[28] Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.[29]
Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel The Secret Garden, which became public domain in 1987.[30] By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films.[31] In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Troma Entertainment's Romeo and Juliet.[32][33][34] Marcel Duchamp's L.H.O.O.Q. is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting.[26]
Perpetual copyright[edit]
Main article: Perpetual copyright
Some works may never fully lapse into the public domain. A perpetual crown copyright is held for the Authorized King James Version of the Bible in the UK.[35]
While the copyright of the Peter Pan works by J. M. Barrie (the play Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and the novel Peter and Wendy) has expired in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 (Schedule 6)[36] that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as Great Ormond Street Hospital (to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist.
Public domain mark[edit]
Creative Commons' Public Domain Mark
The Creative Commons proposed in 2010 the Public Domain Mark (PDM) as symbol to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain.[37][38] The public domain mark is analogous to the copyright symbol, which acts as copyright notice. The Europeana databases use it, and for instance on the Wikimedia Commons in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed as PDM.[39]
Application to copyrightable works[edit]
Works not covered by copyright law[edit]
The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see idea–expression divide). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example, the Bible and the inventions of Archimedes are in the public domain, but copyright may exist in translations, or new formulations, or digitized editions of these works, so for example most translations of the Bible into foreign languages and the digital editions of these are copyrighted.
Expiration of copyright[edit]
Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its "source country".
In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright can be quite complex, primarily because copyright terms have been extended multiple times and in different ways—shifting over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with a possible renewal term, to a term extending to fifty, then seventy, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1923 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years.
In most other countries that are signatories to the Berne Convention, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See List of countries' copyright lengths.)
Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the Copyright Duration Directive was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the U.S. and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away from that tradition with the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based formalities requirements. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically-sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.[40]
Government works[edit]
Works of the United States Government and various other governments are excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries.[41] They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. "It is axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work."[42]
Dedicating works to the public domain[edit]
Release without copyright notice[edit]
Before 1988 in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit Copyright notice. With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a waiver statement/anti-copyright can call notice.[43][44] Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g. civil law of continental Europe.[citation needed] This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly moral rights".[45]
Public domain like licenses[edit]
Main article: Public domain equivalent license
An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a licence which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes licenses unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("Permission culture"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the WTFPL was released as a public domain like software license.[46] In 2009 the Creative commons released the CC0, which was created for compatibility with law domains which have no concept of dedicating into public domain. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fall-back all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible.[47][48] The Unlicense, published around 2010, has a focus on an Anti-copyright message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fall-back public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution.[49][50]
In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation recommends the Creative Commons CC0 license to dedicate content to the public domain,[51][52] and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.[53]
Patents[edit]
Main article: Term of patent
In most countries the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for twenty years from the date of filing within the United States or twenty years from the earliest date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c).[54] However, the text and any illustration within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection.[55] This is separate from the patent rights just mentioned.
Trademarks[edit]
A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without regard for its intended use, it could become generic, and therefore part of the public domain.
Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug "acetylsalicylic acid" (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as aspirin in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, "Aspirin", with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company Bayer, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.[56]
Bayer also lost the trademark in the same jurisdictions for "Heroin" which it trademarked a year before it trademarked Aspirin.[citation needed]
Although Hormel resigned itself to genericide,[57] it has fought attempts by other companies to register "spam" as a trademark in relation to computer products.[58]
Public Domain Day[edit]
Main article: Public Domain Day
An English logo of the 2015/2016 Public Domain Day in Poland
Public Domain Day is an observance of when copyrights expire and works enter into the public domain.[59] This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual copyright laws of each country.[59]
The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist),[60] with support for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig.[61] As of 1 January 2010[update] a Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain.[62] There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day.
See also[edit]
Berne Convention
Center for the Study of the Public Domain
Copyfraud
Copyleft
Copyright status of work by the U.S. government
Copyright Term Extension Act
Creative Commons
Eldred v. Ashcroft
Fair dealing
Free software
Freedom of panorama
Internet Archive
Limitations and exceptions to copyright
List of countries' copyright length
List of films in the public domain in the United States
Millar v Taylor
Orphan works
Public Domain Day
Public Domain Enhancement Act
Public domain film
Public domain image resources
Public domain in the United States
Public domain music
Public domain software
Rule of the shorter term
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. CSPD. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8.
Jump up ^ Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4.
Jump up ^ unprotected Archived 2 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. on bitlaw.com
Jump up ^ Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases Archived 5 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. on copyright.gov "Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains uncopyrightable."
Jump up ^ Lemley, Menell, Merges and Samuelson. Software and Internet Law, p. 34 "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright."
Jump up ^ SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. "Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on the 21st August at the First AES Candidate Conference." (1999)
Jump up ^ KeccakReferenceAndOptimized-3.2.zip mainReference.c "The Keccak sponge function, designed by Guido Bertoni, Joan, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. For more information, feedback or questions, please refer to our website: http://keccak.noekeon.org/Implementation by the designers, Herbert demoted as "the implementer". To the extent possible under law, the implementer has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to the source code in this file. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"
Jump up ^ skein_NIST_CD_121508.zip Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. on skein-hash.info, skein.c "Implementation of the Skein hash function. Source code author: Doug Whiting, 2008. This algorithm and source code is released to the public domain."
Jump up ^ disclaimer Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. on rsb.info.nih.gov
Jump up ^ contributor_copyright Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. on cia.gov "The World Factbook is prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency for the use of US Government officials,[...] The Factbook is in the public domain"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Huang, H. (2009). "On public domain in copyright law". Frontiers of Law in China. 4 (2): 178–195. doi:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6.
Jump up ^ Rose, C Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age (Winter 2003) Law and Contemporary Problems 89 at p.5, p.4
Jump up ^ Torremans, Paul (2007). Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-84542-487-9.
Jump up ^ Torremans, Paul (2007). Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-84542-487-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Torremans, Paul (2007). Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-84542-487-9.
Jump up ^ Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-84542-282-0. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Boyle, James (1 January 2008). "The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind". Yale University Press. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Graber, Christoph Beat; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 January 2008). "Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment". Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Guibault, Lucy; Bernt Hugenholtz (2006). The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041124357.
Jump up ^ Perry&Margoni (2010). "From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Computer Generated Works?". Computer Law and Security Review. SSRN 1647584  . Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Stern, Prof Richard H. (2001). "L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works". Supplemental material Computer Law 484. The George Washington University Law School. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Leaffer, Marshall A. (1995). Understanding copyright law. Legal text series; Contemporary Casebook Series (2nd ed.). M. Bender. p. 46. ISBN 0-256-16448-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Law International. 1997. p. 313. ISBN 978-90-411-0938-5.
Jump up ^ Fishman, Stephen (September 2008). The copyright handbook: what every writer needs to know. Nolo. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4133-0893-8. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Fishman, Stephen (2008). Public domain: how to find and use copyright-free writings, music, art and more. Nolo. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1-4133-0858-7.
Jump up ^ Public Domain Trouble Spots - Copyright Overview by Rich Stim - Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center Archived 18 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Section called "Public Domain Works That Are Modified".
Jump up ^ Lundin, Anne H. (2 August 2004). Constructing the canon of children's literature: beyond library walls and ivory towers. Routledge. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8153-3841-3. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Young, Mark (ed.). The Guinness Book of Records 1999, Bantam Books, 358; Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004), Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s, Gunter Narr Verlag, 92.
Jump up ^ Homan, Sidney (2004). Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage. Ohio University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8214-1550-4. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Kossak, Saskia (2005). "Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare's Richard III on screen. Braumüller. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-7003-1492-9. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Cartmell, Deborah; Imelda Whelehan (2007). The Cambridge companion to literature on screen. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-61486-3. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce M. (2006). The Oxford companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 618. ISBN 978-0195046458.
Jump up ^ "Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)". Office of Public Sector Information. 1988. p. 28. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark". The H Open. The H. 2010-10-12. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
Jump up ^ Diane Peters (2010-10-11). "Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
Jump up ^ Category:CC-PD-Mark Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. in February 2016
Jump up ^ Dennis Karjala, "Judicial Oversight of Copyright Legislation", 35 N. Ky. L. Rev. 253 (2008).
Jump up ^ Copyright Office Basics Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Nimmer, Melville B., and David Nimmer (1997). Nimmer on Copyright, section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender.
Jump up ^ "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States". Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Copyright Notice Archived 26 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine., U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ "About CC0 — "No Rights Reserved"". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Version 1.0 license on anonscm.debian.org
Jump up ^ "11/17: Lulan Artisans Textile Competition". 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law by Dr. Till Kreutzer, attorney-at-law in Berlin, Germany
Jump up ^ the-unlicense-a-license-for-no-license Archived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. on ostatic.com by Joe Brockmeier (2010)
Jump up ^ The Unlicense on unlicense.org
Jump up ^ licenses on opendefinition.com
Jump up ^ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (27 December 2013)
Jump up ^ pddl on opendatacommons.org
Jump up ^ Manual of Patent Examining Procedure available at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Jump up ^ Officer, Office of the Chief Communications. "Terms of Use for USPTO Websites". Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Aspirin Archived 24 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine., World of Molecules
Jump up ^ "SPAM® Brand and the Internet". Hormel Foods. Archived from the original on 2009-10-13.
Jump up ^ Kieren McCarthy (31 January 2005). "Hormel Spam trademark case canned". Archived from the original on 7 July 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Richmond, Shane (2010-01-01). "Happy Public Domain Day! Here's to many more – Telegraph Blogs". Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ Happy Public Domain Day!, Wallace J.McLean, 1 January 2004.
Jump up ^ Lessig, Lawrence (2004-01-01). "public domain day - in Canada (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ Public Domain Day 2010 Archived 14 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. at MetaFilter establishes the existence of the website at the time.
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Look up public domain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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text:
List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States at the
Olympics
Flag of the United States
IOC code
USA
NOC
United States Olympic Committee
Medals
Gold
1,118
Silver
897
Bronze
789
Total
2,804
Summer appearances
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Winter appearances
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented United States at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony and closing ceremony of the Olympic Games. Men and women from across the country and from a variety of sports have carried the flag at both the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games. More than half of those representing the teams at the Summer Olympics are track or field athletes, though that sport does account for the most competitors at the Games.
James Bickford, Norman Armitage, and Pat McDonald have all performed the duty twice. Several athletes born in other countries have carried the flag, including those from Norway, Ireland, Sudan, Germany, and Czechoslovakia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Firsts
2 Selection and reactions
3 Flag dipping
4 Foreign-born representatives
5 Other notes
6 List of flag bearers
7 See also
8 References
Firsts[edit]
US team manager[1] Matthew Halpin was the first to carry the flag at the 1906 Intercalated Games,[2] though that event is no longer considered by the International Olympic Committee to be part of Olympic history.[3] Ralph Rose became the first competitor to have the honor when he led the team out at the 1908 Summer Games,[2] the first official Olympic Games to feature a parade of nations.[4] The first woman to represent the United States was fencer Janice Romary in 1968, her sixth consecutive Summer Olympics.[5] Taffy Abel was the first person to represent the United States at the Winter Olympics when he was chosen to carry the flag at the inaugural Games in Chamonix in 1924.[2]
Irish-born Pat McDonald, one of the "Irish Whales", became the first athlete to be selected as the flag bearer twice when he performed his second duty in 1924.[2][6] In 1956 two other athletes led the U.S. team out for a second time, James Bickford at the Winter Olympics and Norman Armitage at the Summer Games.[2]
Selection and reactions[edit]
Lopez Lomong says he felt "blessed" to be selected as the 2008 flag bearer.
The flag bearers are chosen by a vote of the team captains of each sport.[7]
Athletes view their selection of flag bearer as a great honour:
"It's more than a dream. "I keep saying, I'm not sure if this is true or not true. I'm making the team and now I'm the first guy coming to the stadium and the whole world will be watching me carry the flag. There are no words to describe it."

"I feel happy, honored. I'm feeling so blessed to get an opportunity to present the United States of America, to present the United States flag in front of my team."
—  Lopez Lomong[7]
"I'm still shaking. I was incredibly surprised when Brian [Martin] told me, and I'm still trying to process it all. To be the person leading the U.S. team into the opening ceremony is just such a great honor."
—  Mark Grimmette in a statement released by the U.S. Olympic Committee[8]
Flag dipping[edit]
Ralph Rose competing at the 1908 Olympics after not dipping the flag in the opening ceremony
Olympic protocol is that the flag bearer dips their flag to the head of state as part of the parade. It has become tradition that the U.S. flag is not dipped, though the origins of this are surrounded by legend and are widely misreported:[9][10]
"The motives for the original refusal, the identity of the flag-bearer and the truth behind the quotation and other issues remain much murkier in the historical record than legend-tellers portray ... The evolution of this flag mythology reveals a great deal about the complex strains of early 20th century American nationalism."
—  Mark Dyreson, Pennsylvania State University sports historian[10]
The parade of nations was introduced at the 1906 Intercalated Games with Matthew Halpin as the U.S. flag bearer. Halpin gladly dipped the flag, noting that when he did so King George I of Greece "staked me to a smile that made me feel like I belonged".[11] The controversy began at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London where flag bearers were expected to dip the flag to Edward VII on two occasions. Research by the International Society of Olympic Historians concluded that the flag bearer was Ralph Rose and that he might not have dipped the flag to the British King on one of those occasions. Martin Sheridan is often attributed with the explanation of this supposed disrespect by stating at the time "This flag dips to no earthly king" but no evidence of this can be found.[11] Modern versions of the story describe how the Stars and Stripes have never been dipped during the parade of nations since 1908 but this is apocryphal. It has been dipped on three occasions since then: 1912, 1924, and 1932.[10]
The 1932 winter games were held in Lake Placid and, though head of state President Herbert Hoover would normally have greeted the parade of nations, the duty was passed to New York governor Franklin Roosevelt.[11] This was the last time that the flag was dipped at the Olympics as political forces intervened thereafter. The head of state awaiting the athletes at the 1936 Summer Games was Adolf Hitler, to whom the U.S. refused to lower their flag.[10] The 1940 Olympics were cancelled due to the onset of World War II and, in 1942, the United States Congress introduced the United States Flag Code which stated: "That no disrespect should be given to the flag of the United States of America, the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing."[11][12] However, since the Flag Code is legally unenforceable, it appears to be merely codified tradition.
Foreign-born representatives[edit]
Pat McDonald, the first athlete to carry the flag for the United States on two occasions and the first flag bearer born outside of the U.S.
Several foreign-born athletes have represented the United States at the opening ceremonies. Irishman Pat McDonald was the first in 1920 and he, at the age of 42, became the oldest Olympic track & field champion. Though he did not compete, he also went on to lead the U.S. team at the following Summer Olympics.[6]
Rolf Monsen, a multi-discipline Winter sports athlete born in Oslo, Norway, competed as an American in 1928 and 1932. He qualified for the 1936 Games and though an injury prevented him from taking part, he was still chosen to carry the flag.[13]
The American team at the 1936 Summer Games were led by Berlin-born, highly regarded gymnast Al Jochim.[2][14]
Olga Fikotová was a discus-thrower at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the only athlete to win a gold medal for her home country Czechoslovakia in that year. She began a much-publicised romance with American athlete Harold Connolly, much to the frustration of the Communist authorities. Fikotová was accused of being a traitor and the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee banned her from representing her country again. Now living in the U.S., she would go on to compete for her adopted country in the next four Summer Games. Despite not being able to replicate her success, Fikotová was chosen to lead the American team at the 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany.[15]
Lopez Lomong carried the flag at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and became the fifth flag bearer to be born outside the United States.[2] As a teenager in war-torn Sudan, Lomong was one of several thousand boys brought to America as a refugee in 2001.[7] His selection came during a time when the U.S. and other Western countries had been critical of the Chinese government's close links with Sudan, a country accused of human rights violations and war crimes.[16]
Other notes[edit]
Godfrey Dewey, son of Melvil Dewey the inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification,[17] was the president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee and was largely responsible for the successful candidature of Lake Placid for the 1932 Winter Olympics.[18] In addition to his role as the U.S. ski team manager he was chosen as the flag bearer for the 1928 Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[19]
List of flag bearers[edit]
List of flag bearers:[2]
Key
Born outside the United States
#
Event year
Season
Ceremony
Flag bearer
Sex
State/Country
Sport
62 2018 Winter Closing Diggins, JessicaJessica Diggins F Minnesota Cross-country skiing
61 2018 Winter Opening Hamlin, ErinErin Hamlin F New York Luge
60 2016 Summer Closing Biles, SimoneSimone Biles F Texas Gymnastics
59 2016 Summer Opening Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps M Maryland Swimming
58 2014 Winter Closing Chu, JulieJulie Chu F Connecticut Hockey
57 2014 Winter Opening Lodwick, ToddTodd Lodwick M Colorado Nordic combined
56 2012 Summer Closing Nellum, BryshonBryshon Nellum M California Athletics
55 2012 Summer Opening Zagunis, MarielMariel Zagunis F Oregon Fencing
54 2010 Winter Closing Demong, BillBill Demong M New York Nordic combined
53 2010 Winter Opening Grimmette, MarkMark Grimmette M Michigan Luge
52 2008 Summer Closing Lorig, KhatunaKhatuna Lorig F Georgia (country) Archery
51 2008 Summer Opening Lomong, LopezLopez Lomong M Sudan (now South Sudan) Athletics
50 2006 Winter Closing Cheek, JoeyJoey Cheek M North Carolina Speed skating
49 2006 Winter Opening Witty, ChrisChris Witty F Wisconsin Speed skating
48 2004 Summer Closing Hamm, MiaMia Hamm F Texas Women's soccer
47 2004 Summer Opening Staley, DawnDawn Staley F Pennsylvania Basketball
46 2002 Winter Closing Shimer, BrianBrian Shimer M Florida Bobsleigh
45 2002 Winter Opening Peterson, AmyAmy Peterson F Minnesota Short track speed skating
44 2000 Summer Closing Gardner, RulonRulon Gardner M Wyoming Wrestling
43 2000 Summer Opening Meidl, CliffCliff Meidl M California Canoeing
42 1998 Winter Closing Granato, CammiCammi Granato F Illinois Hockey
41 1998 Winter Opening Flaim, EricEric Flaim M Massachusetts Speed skating
40 1996 Summer Closing Matz, MichaelMichael Matz M Pennsylvania Equestrian
39 1996 Summer Opening Baumgartner, BruceBruce Baumgartner M New Jersey Wrestling
38 1994 Winter Closing Jansen, DanDan Jansen M Wisconsin Speed skating
37 1994 Winter Opening Myler, CammyCammy Myler F New York Luge
36 1992 Summer Closing Westbrook, PeterPeter Westbrook M Missouri Fencing
35 1992 Summer Opening Larrieu Smith, FrancieFrancie Larrieu Smith F California Athletics
34 1992 Winter Opening Koch, BillBill Koch M Vermont Cross-country skiing
33 1988 Summer Opening Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford F Louisiana Athletics
32 1988 Winter Opening Nelson, LyleLyle Nelson M Idaho Biathlon
31 1984 Summer Opening Burke, EdEd Burke M California Athletics
30 1984 Winter Opening Masley, FrankFrank Masley M Delaware Luge
29 1980 Winter Opening Hamilton, ScottScott Hamilton M Ohio Figure skating
28 1976 Summer Opening Hall, GaryGary Hall M North Carolina Swimming
27 1976 Winter Opening Nelson, CindyCindy Nelson F Minnesota Alpine skiing
26 1972 Summer Opening Fikotová, OlgaOlga Fikotová F Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) Athletics
25 1972 Winter Opening Holum, DianneDianne Holum F Illinois Speed skating
24 1968 Summer Opening Romary, JaniceJanice Romary F California Fencing
23 1968 Winter Opening McDermott, TerryTerry McDermott M Michigan Speed skating
22 1964 Summer Opening O'Brien, ParryParry O'Brien M California Athletics
21 1964 Winter Opening Disney, BillBill Disney M Kansas Speed skating
20 1960 Summer Opening Johnson, RaferRafer Johnson M Texas Athletics
19 1960 Winter Opening McDermott, DonDon McDermott M New York Speed skating
18 1956 Summer Opening Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage M New York Fencing
17 1956 Winter Opening Bickford, JamesJames Bickford M New York Bobsleigh
16 1952 Summer Opening Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage M New York Fencing
15 1952 Winter Opening Bickford, JamesJames Bickford M New York Bobsleigh
14 1948 Summer Opening Craig, RalphRalph Craig M Michigan Athletics
13 1948 Winter Opening Heaton, JackJack Heaton M Connecticut Skeleton
12 1936 Summer Opening Jochim, AlAl Jochim M Germany Gymnastics
11 1936 Winter Opening Monsen, RolfRolf Monsen M Norway Cross-country skiing
10 1932 Summer Opening Taylor, MorganMorgan Taylor M Iowa Athletics
9 1932 Winter Opening Fiske, BillyBilly Fiske M Illinois Bobsleigh
8 1928 Summer Opening Houser, BudBud Houser M Missouri Athletics
7 1928 Winter Opening Dewey, GodfreyGodfrey Dewey M Florida President of Lake Placid Organizing Committee
6 1924 Summer Opening McDonald, PatPat McDonald M Ireland Athletics
5 1924 Winter Opening Abel, TaffyTaffy Abel M Michigan Hockey
4 1920 Summer Opening McDonald, PatPat McDonald M Ireland Athletics
3 1912 Summer Opening Bonhag, GeorgeGeorge Bonhag M Massachusetts Athletics
2 1908 Summer Opening Rose, RalphRalph Rose M California Athletics & tug of war
1 1906 Summer Opening Halpin, MatthewMatthew Halpin M New York Team manager
See also[edit]
United States at the Olympics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGrath, Roger. These colors run: at the 1908 London Olympics, the Irish American Athletic Club brought home gold for the red, white, and blue. July 28, 2008. The American Conservative LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h United States. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ What Events are Olympic? Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Janice-Lee Romary, 79; fencer competed in 6 Olympic Games. June 5, 2007. Los Angeles Times. Accessed October 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Pat McDonald. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Former 'Lost Boy' Lomong chosen to carry U.S. flag. August 8, 2008. ESPN. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grimmette: Carrying flag 'great honor'. February 11, 2010. ESPN. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dyreson, Mark. To dip or not to dip the flag at the Olympics? Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. August 6, 2008. themorningcall.com. Accessed October 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Different Motives Sustained U.S. Flag-Dipping Refusal At Olympics, Historian Says. Pennsylvania State University. Accessed October 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, Bill and Buchanan, Ian. To No Earthly King. September 1999. International Society of Olympic Historians. Accessed October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Luckey, John. The United States Flag: Federal Law Relating to Display and Associated Questions. April 14, 2008. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rolf Monsen. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Al Jochim. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Willoughby, Ian. Olga Fikotová-Connolly: 1956 Olympic champion dubbed "traitor" in communist Czechoslovakia over romance with US athlete. May 1, 2008. Český rozhlas. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sudanese born athlete bears the US flag in Beijing. August 9, 2008. Sudan Tribune. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dr. Melvil Dewey Dead In Florida. December 27, 1931. The New York Times. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bowen, Ezra. Hey—what Do You Say We Have An Olympics? December 3, 1962. Sports Illustrated. Accessed October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1932 Lake Placid Winter Games. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed October 29, 2011.
[show]
v
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e
Lists of flag bearers for the competing nations of the Olympic Games
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea‑Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Historical: Netherlands Antilles
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Chinese Taipei
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor‑Leste
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
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Israel
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Historical: Bohemia
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Nauru
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Historical: Australasia
Others
Independent Olympians
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values: List of flag bearers for Saint Lucia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Suriname at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Uruguay at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Venezuela at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Virgin Islands at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Afghanistan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Bahrain at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Bangladesh at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Bhutan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Brunei at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Cambodia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for China at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Hong Kong at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for India at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Indonesia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Iran at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Iraq at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Japan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Jordan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Kazakhstan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for North Korea at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for South Korea at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Kuwait at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Kyrgyzstan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Laos at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Lebanon at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Malaysia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Maldives at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Mongolia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Myanmar at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Nepal at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Oman at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Pakistan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Palestine at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Philippines at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Qatar at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Saudi Arabia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Singapore at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Sri Lanka at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Syria at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Chinese Taipei at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Tajikistan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Thailand at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Timor-Leste at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Turkmenistan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the United Arab Emirates at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Uzbekistan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Vietnam at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Yemen at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Albania at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Andorra at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Armenia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Austria at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Belarus at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Belgium at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Bulgaria at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Croatia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Cyprus at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Czech Republic at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Denmark at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Estonia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Finland at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for France at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Georgia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Germany at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Greece at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Hungary at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Iceland at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Ireland at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Israel at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Italy at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Kosovo at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Latvia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Liechtenstein at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Lithuania at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Luxembourg at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Macedonia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Malta at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Moldova at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Monaco at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Montenegro at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Netherlands at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Norway at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Poland at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Portugal at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Romania at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Russia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for San Marino at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Serbia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Slovakia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Slovenia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Spain at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Sweden at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Switzerland at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Turkey at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Ukraine at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Bohemia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for East Germany at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Soviet Union at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for West Germany at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Yugoslavia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for American Samoa at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Australia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Cook Islands at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Fiji at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Guam at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Kiribati at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Marshall Islands at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for the Federated States of Micronesia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Nauru at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for New Zealand at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Palau at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Papua New Guinea at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Samoa at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Solomon Islands at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Tonga at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Tuvalu at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Vanuatu at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Australasia at the Olympics

values: List of flag bearers for Independent Olympians at the Olympics

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values: Category:Lists of Olympic flag bearers by country

values: Category:Lists of Olympic competitors for the United States

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values: Liste over flaggbærere for USA under OL – Norwegian

values: Lista chorążych reprezentacji Stanów Zjednoczonych na igrzyskach olimpijskich – Polish

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