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2018 Winter Olympics
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"PyeongChang 2018" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2018 Winter Paralympics.
XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Host city
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Motto
Passion. Connected.
Korean: 하나된 열정. (Hanadoen Yeoljeong)
Nations participating
90 (estimated)
Events
102 in 7 sports (15 disciplines)
Opening ceremony
9 February (31 days from now)
Closing ceremony
25 February
Stadium
Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Winter
< Sochi 2014
Beijing 2022 >
Summer
< Rio de Janeiro 2016
Tokyo 2020 >
Pyeongchang
Location in South Korea
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
Hangul
평창 동계 올림픽
Hanja
平昌 冬季 올림픽
Revised Romanization
Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik
McCune–Reischauer
P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik
Part of a series on
2018 Winter Olympics[show]
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Concerns and controversies
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIIèmes Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Hangul: 제23회 동계 올림픽; RR: Je-isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018[1] ([pʰjʌŋ.tɕʰaŋ]), is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, South Korea.
The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting, receiving more votes than both Munich, Germany and Annecy, France combined.
These will be South Korea's second Olympic Games and its first Winter Games; Seoul hosted the Summer Games in 1988. Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Bidding
1.1 Host city election
2 Tickets
3 Preparations
3.1 Torch relay
4 Venues
4.1 Pyeongchang (Mountain cluster)
4.1.1 Alpensia Sports Park
4.1.2 Stand-alone venues
4.2 Gangneung (Coastal cluster)
5 Sports
6 Participating National Olympic Committees
7 Calendar
8 Marketing
8.1 Branding
8.2 Mascots
9 Broadcasting rights
10 Concerns and controversies
10.1 Security
10.2 Jeongseon Alpine Centre Ecological Issues
10.3 Russian doping
10.3.1 Official sanctions
10.3.2 Reaction in Russia
10.3.3 Criticism
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 External links
Bidding[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics
Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively. Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting, receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast, giving it the majority required to be elected host city.
Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid received seven votes.
Host city election[edit]
Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting.
2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Pyeongchang South Korea 63
Munich Germany 25
Annecy France 7
Tickets[edit]
Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016, ranging from ₩20,000 (approximately US$17) to ₩900,000 (US$776). Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from ₩220,000 (US$190) to ₩1.5 million (US$1293). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets are expected to cost about ₩80,000 (US$69) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the men's hockey gold-medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games.[3]
As of 11 October 2017, domestic ticket sales for the Games have been slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% have been sold. International sales have been better, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold. In total, 61% of tickets have been sold. Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are increasing slowly, with 37% of them sold.[4]
Preparations[edit]
On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[5][6] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues.[7] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[8][9] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[10]
Olympic venues 2018
The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012.[11] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.[12]
On 27 June 2014 the Pyeongchang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest.[13] The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014. The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang.
The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.[14]
Torch relay[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
Venues[edit]
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Dragon Valley Ski Resort
Pyeongchang (Mountain cluster)[edit]
Alpensia Sports Park[edit]
The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.[15][16]
Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium – opening and closing ceremonies[17]
Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre – ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding (big air)
Alpensia Biathlon Centre – biathlon
Alpensia Cross-Country Centre – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined
Alpensia Sliding Centre – luge, bobsleigh, and skeleton
Olympic Village
Yongpyong Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)
Stand-alone venues[edit]
Bokwang Snow Park – freestyle skiing and snowboard
Jeongseon Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, and combined)
Gangneung (Coastal cluster)[edit]
The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung. The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues:
Gangneung Hockey Centre – ice hockey (men competition)
Gangneung Curling Centre – curling
Gangneung Oval[17] – speed skating
Gangneung Ice Arena – short track speed skating and figure skating
In addition, a stand-alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University:
Kwandong Hockey Centre – ice hockey (women competition)
Sports[edit]
The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports. Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang, including big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling, mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing.[18]
For the first time since 1998, the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations (including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics) to allow its players to participate in the men's ice hockey tournament. The NHL's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games. Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi, the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang, and was concerned that the NHL's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow. NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics.[19][20][21] The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC, who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters.[22][23]
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline.
Alpine skiing (11) (details)
Biathlon (11) (details)
Bobsleigh (3) (details)
Cross-country skiing (12) (details)
Curling (3) (details)
Figure skating (5) (details)
Freestyle skiing (10) (details)
Ice hockey (2) (details)
Luge (4) (details)
Nordic combined (3) (details)
Short track speed skating (8) (details)
Skeleton (2) (details)
Ski jumping (4) (details)
Snowboarding (10) (details)
Speed skating (14) (details)
Participating National Olympic Committees[edit]
A total of 90 teams have qualified at least one athlete so far (89 nations, and the delegation from Russia which will compete under the IOC flag).
Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, and Singapore are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut if they decide to participate.
North Korean athletes will be allowed to cross the DMZ into South Korea since two North Korean figure skaters qualified.[24][25] North Korea agreed in negotiations with South Korea to send the qualified athletes for the Winter Olympics.[26]
Russia's status remained unclear due to the state-sponsored doping scandal.[27] On 5 December 2017 it was announced that the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended effective immediately. Individual athletes who qualified and can demonstrate they have complied with the IOC's doping regulations will be allowed to compete as "Olympic Athletes from Russia," (OAR) under a neutral flag and with the Olympic anthem played in any ceremony.[28]
[hide]Participating National Olympic Committees[29][30][31][32][33]
Albania
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bermuda
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominica
Ecuador
Eritrea
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Netherlands
New Zealand
North Korea
Norway
Olympic Athletes from Russia
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
San Marino
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea (host)
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Uzbekistan
Calendar[edit]
All dates are KST (UTC+9)

OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Biathlon 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Bobsleigh ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 3
Cross country skiing 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12
Curling ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3
Figure skating ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 EG 5
Freestyle skiing ● 1 1 ● 1 1 2 ● 1 1 1 1 10
Ice hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2
Luge ● 1 ● 1 1 1 4
Nordic combined 1 1 1 3
Short track speed skating 1 1 2 1 3 8
Skeleton ● 1 1 2
Ski jumping ● 1 1 ● 1 1 4
Snowboarding ● 1 1 1 1 1 1 ● ● ● 1 3 10
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 14
Total events
5
7
8
8
6
7
5
9
6
3
5
7
8
6
8
4
102
Cumulative total
5
12
20
28
34
41
46
55
61
64
69
76
84
90
98
102
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
102 events

Marketing[edit]
Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics
Branding[edit]
The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch, being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang. Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity (Korean: 천지인 cheon-ji-in), and the right symbol a crystal of ice.[34]
The name of the host city has been intentionally formatted in all official materials as "PyeongChang", rather than "Pyeongchang". This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea.[1]
The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as inspiration.[35]
Mascots[edit]
Main article: Soohorang and Bandabi
The official mascots for the Games, Soohorang (수호랑), a white tiger, and Bandabi (반다비), an Asiatic black bear, were unveiled on 2 June 2016.[36]
Broadcasting rights[edit]
Main article: List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters
Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS—which extended its rights to the Olympics in July 2011 through 2024.[37]
On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across Europe, excluding Russia, from 2018 through 2024 on all platforms. Discovery's rights deal will, initially, not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games. Unlike previous pan-European deals, such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive, Discovery will not serve solely as a reseller, as it intends to carry coverage on its regional properties, such as Eurosport and DMAX,[38] but it has committed to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air networks.[39][40][41] In the United Kingdom, Discovery will hold exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC; in return, the BBC will sub-license the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.[42]
In the United States, the Games will once again be broadcast by NBC under a long-term contract with NBCUniversal; it will be NBC's first Olympics without long-time primary host Bob Costas, who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico.[43][44] On 28 March 2017, NBC also announced that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States, rather than tape-delayed for the West Coast.[45]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Security[edit]
On 20 September 2017, South Korea's President Moon Jae-in said the country is pushing to ensure security at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games amid rising tensions over North Korea's nuclear tests and a series of missile launches.[46] However, on the next day, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Laura Flessel-Colovic said France's Winter Olympics team will boycott the games unless South Korea's security is guaranteed.[47]
On 22 September 2017, Austria and Germany joined France in considering not attending the Games. Karl Stoss, head of Austria's national Olympic committee, said that "if the situation worsens and the security of our athletes is no longer guaranteed, we will not go to South Korea." The German interior ministry said the security question and the possibility of keeping the German team at home would be addressed "in good time" by the government. Several days later, Laura Flessel-Colovic reaffirmed France's participation in the games. Both countries have yet to decide on reaffirming.[48]
In early December 2017, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, told Fox News that it was an "open question" whether the United States was going to participate in the games, citing security concerns in the region.[49] However, days later the White House Press Secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, stated that the United States "looks forward to participating" and will attend.[50]
Jeongseon Alpine Centre Ecological Issues[edit]
Environmental groups have raised concerns surrounding the deforestation from the slopes of Gariwang mountain to build the Jeongseon Alpine Centre. Officials claim it is necessary as it is the only slope that will accommodate Olympic requirements and the forest will be restored after the games are done. Environmental groups are sceptical as the forest includes old growth of ancient and rare species. [51]
Russian doping[edit]
Main articles: Doping in Russia, McLaren Report, Oswald Commission, Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Official sanctions[edit]
Proposed OAR logo
On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics.[52] Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an "Olympic Athlete from Russia" (OAR).[52][53] Under the terms of the decree, Russian government officials were barred from the Games, and neither the country's flag nor anthem would be present.[53] The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem will be used instead,[52] and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms (seen at right).[54] IOC President Thomas Bach said that "after following due process [the IOC] has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes."[55]
Reaction in Russia[edit]
In the past, Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag.[56] However, his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed.[53] After the IOC decision was announced, Ramzan Kadyrov, the head of Chechnya, announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag.[57] On 6 December, Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals, but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott.[58][59][60][61]
Criticism[edit]
The IOC's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson, primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency, who said that the IOC has issued "a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the [IOC’s] and Russia’s commercial and political interests". He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that "99 percent of [their] national-level teammates were doping." According to Robertson, "[WADA] has discovered that when a Russian athlete [reaches] the national level, he or she [has] no choice in the matter: [it is] either dope, or you’re done". "There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state-sponsored doping program has ceased", he added.[62] It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov's (main whistleblower) extradition to Russia.[63]
See also[edit]
Olympics portal
2018 Winter Paralympics
2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Notes and references[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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Jump up ^ "Кадыров: ни один чеченский спортсмен не будет выступать под нейтральным флагом". Championat.com (in Russian). Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Владимир Путин: "Никакой блокады Олимпиады не будет". ОЛИМПИАДА - Пхенчхан-2018. СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС" (in Russian). Sport-express.ru. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Путин: Россия не будет объявлять "никакой блокады" Олимпиады - BBC Русская служба" (in Russian). BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Жириновский предложил отказаться от участия в Олимпиаде-2018" (in Russian). Interfax.ru. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vladimir Putin won't tell Russian athletes to boycott Winter Olympics". CNN. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted". The New York Times. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "IOC accused of cowardice for failing to address Russian retaliation against Rodchenkov". Inside the Games. 26 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Winter Olympics.
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Paul Tibbets
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This article is about the WWII United States Air Force pilot. For his grandson, see Paul W. Tibbets IV. For the American animator, see Paul Tibbitt.
Paul Tibbets
Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr.
Birth name
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr.
Born
(1915-02-23)23 February 1915
Quincy, Illinois, United States
Died
1 November 2007(2007-11-01) (aged 92)
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
United States Army Air Forces
Years of service
1937–1966
Rank
Brigadier General
Commands held
340th Bombardment Squadron
509th Composite Group
308th Bombardment Wing
6th Air Division
Battles/wars
World War II:
Operation Torch
Combined Bomber Offensive
Air raids on Japan
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Awards
Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (2)
Purple Heart
Air Medal (4)
Other work
Charter Pilot and President of Executive Jet Aviation
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic. In February 1942, he became the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, which was equipped with the Boeing B-17. In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group to be deployed as part of the Eighth Air Force, and Tibbets became deputy group commander. He flew the lead plane in the first American daylight heavy bomber mission against Occupied Europe on 17 August 1942, and the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe on 9 October 1942. Tibbets was chosen to fly Major General Mark W. Clark and Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower to Gibraltar. After flying 43 combat missions, he became the assistant for bomber operations on the staff of the Twelfth Air Force.
Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943 to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. In September 1944, he was appointed the commander of the 509th Composite Group, which would conduct the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946, and was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet in the early 1950s. He commanded the 308th Bombardment Wing and 6th Air Division in the late 1950s, and was military attaché in India from 1964 to 1966. After leaving the Air Force in 1966, he worked for Executive Jet Aviation, serving on the founding board and as its president from 1976 until his retirement in 1987.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Early military career
3 War against Germany
4 War against Japan
5 Post-war military career
6 Later life and death
7 Awards and decorations
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. When he was five years old the family moved to Davenport, Iowa, and then to Iowa's capital, Des Moines, where he was raised, and where his father became a confections wholesaler. When he was eight, his family moved to Hialeah, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. As a boy he was very interested in flying. One day his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. In 1927, when he was 12 years old, he flew in a plane piloted by barnstormer Doug Davis, dropping candy bars with tiny parachutes to the crowd of people attending the races at the Hialeah Park Race Track.[1][2]
In the late 1920s, business issues forced Tibbets's family to return to Alton, Illinois, where he graduated from Western Military Academy in 1933. He then attended the University of Florida in Gainesville,[1] and became an initiated member of the Epsilon Zeta Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity in 1934.[3] During that time, Tibbets took private flying lessons at Miami's Opa-locka Airport with Rusty Heard, who later became a captain at Eastern Airlines.[3] After his undergraduate work, Tibbets had planned on becoming an abdominal surgeon. He transferred to the University of Cincinnati after his second year to complete his pre-med studies there, because the University of Florida had no medical school at the time. However, he attended for only a year and a half as he changed his mind about wanting to become a doctor. Instead, he decided to enlist in the United States Army and become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps.[1]
Early military career[edit]
Because he went to a military school, attended some college, and had some flight experience, Tibbets qualified for the Aviation Cadet Training Program.[4] On 25 February 1937, he enlisted in the army at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and was sent to Randolph Field in San Antonio, Texas, for primary and basic flight instruction. During his training, he showed himself to be an above-average pilot. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and received his pilot rating in 1938 at Kelly Field in San Antonio.[1]
After graduation, Tibbets was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron, which was based at Lawson Field, Georgia, with a flight supporting the Infantry School at nearby Fort Benning.[1] It was at Fort Benning that Tibbets met Lucy Frances Wingate, then a clerk at a department store in Columbus, Georgia. The two quietly married in a Roman Catholic seminary in Holy Trinity, Alabama on June 19, 1938. Tibbets did not inform his family or his commanding officer, and the couple arranged for the notice to be kept out of the local newspaper.[5] They had two sons. Paul III was born in 1940, in Columbus, Georgia, and graduated from Huntingdon College and Auburn University. He was a colonel in the United States Army Reserves and worked as a hospital pharmacist. He died in West Monroe, Louisiana, in 2016.[6] The younger son, Gene Wingate Tibbets, was born in 1944, and was at the time of his death in 2012 residing in Georgiana in Butler County in southern Alabama.[7][8]
While Tibbets was stationed at Fort Benning, he was promoted to first lieutenant[9] and served as a personal pilot for Brigadier General George S. Patton, Jr., in 1940 and 1941.[1] In June 1941, Tibbets transferred to the 9th Bombardment Squadron of the 3d Bombardment Group at Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia, as the engineering officer, and flew the A-20 Havoc.[10] While there he was promoted to captain. In December 1941, he received orders to join the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida, for training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On 7 December 1941, Tibbets heard about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor while listening to the radio during a routine flight.[9] Due to fears that German U-Boats might enter Tampa Bay and bombard MacDill Field, the 29th Bombardment Group moved to Savannah.[11] Tibbets remained on temporary duty with the 3d Bombardment Group, forming an anti-submarine patrol at Pope Army Airfield, North Carolina, with 21 B-18 Bolo medium bombers.[1] The B-18s were used as an intermediate trainer, which pilots flew after basic flight training in a Cessna UC-78 and before qualifying in the B-17.[12]
War against Germany[edit]
Boeing B-17D in flight
In February 1942, Tibbets reported for duty with the 29th Bombardment Group as its engineering officer. Three weeks later he was named the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, equipped with the B-17D.[13] It was initially based at MacDill, and then Sarasota Army Airfield, Florida, before moving to Godfrey Army Airfield in Bangor, Maine.[14]
In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group of the Eighth Air Force to be deployed to England, where it was based at RAF Polebrook.[15] It had been hastily assembled to meet demands for an early deployment, and arrived without any training in the basics of high altitude daylight bombing. In the first weeks of August 1942, under the tutelage of Royal Air Force veterans, the group received intensive training for its first mission. The group commander, Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland,[16] was replaced by Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr., who appointed Tibbets as his deputy.[17]
Tibbets flew the lead bomber Butcher Shop[18] for the first American daylight heavy bomber mission on 17 August 1942, a shallow penetration raid against a marshalling yard in Rouen in Occupied France, with Armstrong as his co-pilot. This was not Tibbets's regular aircraft, Red Gremlin, nor his regular crew, which included bombardier Thomas Ferebee and navigator Theodore Van Kirk, who later flew with him in Enola Gay.[19] On 9 October 1942, Tibbets led the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe, attacking industrial targets in the French city of Lille. Poor bombing accuracy resulted in numerous civilian casualties and less damage to the rail installations than hoped, but the mission was hailed an overall success because it reached its target against heavy and constant fighter attack. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems.[20][21]
On that first mission, Tibbets saw in real-time that his bombs were falling on innocent civilians. At the time, he thought to himself, "People are getting killed down there that don't have any business getting killed. Those are not soldiers." But then he thought back to a lesson he had learned during his time at medical school from his roommate who was a doctor. This doctor explained to him about his former classmates who failed the program and ended up in drug sales. The reason why they had failed the program was because "they had too much sympathy for their patients", which "destroyed their ability to render the medical necessities". It dawned on Tibbets that:
I am just like that if I get to thinking about some innocent person getting hit on the ground. I am supposed to be a bomber pilot and destroy a target. I won’t be worth anything if I do that... I made up my mind then that the morality of dropping that bomb was not my business. I was instructed to perform a military mission to drop the bomb. That was the thing that I was going to do the best of my ability. Morality, there is no such thing in warfare. I don’t care whether you are dropping atom bombs, or 100-pound bombs, or shooting a rifle. You have got to leave the moral issue out of it.[22]
In the leadup to Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, the commander of the Eighth Air Force, Major General Carl Spaatz was ordered to provide his best two pilots for a secret mission. He chose Tibbets and Major Wayne Connors. Tibbets flew Major General Mark W. Clark from Polebrook to Gibraltar while Connors flew Clark's chief of staff, Brigadier General Lyman Lemnitzer.[23] A few weeks later Tibbets flew the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, there.[24] "By reputation", historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Tibbets was "the best flier in the Army Air Force [sic]."[25]
Tibbets had flown 25 combat missions against targets in France[13] when the 97th Bomb Group was transferred to North Africa as part of Major General Jimmy Doolittle's Twelfth Air Force. For Tibbets, the war in North Africa introduced him to the realities of aerial warfare. He claimed that he saw the real effects of bombing civilians and the trauma of losing his brothers in arms. In January 1943, Tibbets, who had now flown 43 combat missions,[26] was assigned as the assistant for bomber operations to Colonel Lauris Norstad, Assistant Chief of Staff of Operations (A-3) of the Twelfth Air Force.[13] Tibbets had recently been given a battlefield promotion to colonel, but did not receive it, as such promotions had to be confirmed by a panel of officers. He was told that Norstad had vetoed the promotion, saying "there's only going to be one colonel in operations."[27]
Tibbets did not get along well with Norstad, or with Doolittle's chief of staff, Brigadier General Hoyt Vandenberg. In one planning meeting, Norstad wanted an all-out raid on Bizerte to be flown at 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Tibbets protested that flak would be most effective at that altitude. When challenged by Norstad, Tibbets said he would lead the mission himself at 6,000 feet if Norstad would fly as his co-pilot. Norstad backed down, and the mission was successfully flown at 20,000 feet (6,100 m).[28]
War against Japan[edit]
Tibbets waves from Enola Gay before the Hiroshima bombing mission.
When General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, the Chief of United States Army Air Forces, requested an experienced bombardment pilot to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, Doolittle recommended Tibbets.[29] Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943. At the time, the B-29 program was beset by a host of technical problems, and the chief test pilot, Edmund T. Allen, had been killed in a crash of the prototype aircraft.[30]
Working with the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, Tibbets test-flew the B-29 and soon accumulated more flight time in it than any other pilot. He found that without defensive armament and armor plating, the aircraft was 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) lighter, and its performance was much improved. In simulated combat engagements against a P-47 fighter at the B-29's cruising altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m), he discovered that the B-29 had a smaller turning radius than the P-47, and could avoid it by turning away.[31][32]
After a year of developmental testing of the B-29, Tibbets was assigned in March 1944 as director of operations of the 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing (Very Heavy), a B-29 training unit based at Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, and commanded by Armstrong. Its role was to transition pilots to the B-29.[13] Tibbets taught two Women Airforce Service Pilots, Dora Dougherty and Dorothea (Didi) Moorman, to fly the B-29 as demonstration pilots.[33]
On 1 September 1944, Tibbets reported to Colorado Springs Army Airfield, the headquarters of the Second Air Force, where he met with its commander, Major General Uzal Ent, and three representatives of the Manhattan Project, Lieutenant Colonel John Lansdale Jr., Captain William S. Parsons, and Norman F. Ramsey Jr., who briefed him on the project.[34] Tibbets was told that he would be in charge of the 509th Composite Group, a fully self-contained organization of about 1,800 men, which would have 15 B-29s and a high priority for all kinds of military stores. Ent gave Tibbets a choice of three possible bases: Great Bend Army Airfield, Kansas; Mountain Home Army Airfield, Idaho; or Wendover Army Air Field, Utah.[35] Tibbets selected Wendover for its remoteness.[36]
When the operation was still in its development stages, Armstrong and Colonel Roscoe C. Wilson were the leading candidates to command the group who was designated to drop the atomic bomb. Wilson was the Army Air Force project officer who provided liaison support to the Manhattan Project. Armstrong was an experienced combat veteran against German targets, but he was in his forties and had been severely injured in a fire in the summer of 1943. Wilson had no combat experience and was qualified primarily because of his engineering background and association with the project. Tibbets was considerably younger than both men and had experience in both staff and command duties in heavy bomber combat operations. He was already an experienced B-29 pilot, which made him an ideal candidate for the top-secret project.[37]
The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Rear Admiral William R. Purnell, Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, and Captain William S. Parsons
Tibbets was promoted to colonel in January 1945[38] and brought his wife and family along with him to Wendover. He felt that allowing married men in the group to bring their families would improve morale, although it put a strain on his own marriage. In order to disguise all the civilian engineers on base who were working on the Manhattan Project, Tibbets was forced to lie to his wife; he told her that the engineers were "sanitary workers." At one point, Tibbets found that Lucy had co-opted a scientist to unplug a drain.[39]
On 6 March 1945 (concurrent with the activation of Project Alberta), the 1st Ordnance Squadron, Special (Aviation) was activated at Wendover, again using Army Air Forces personnel on hand or already at Los Alamos. Its purpose was to provide "skilled machinists, welders and munitions workers"[40] and special equipment to the group to enable it to assemble atomic weapons at its operating base, thereby allowing the weapons to be transported more safely in their component parts. A rigorous candidate selection process was used to recruit personnel, reportedly with an 80% rejection rate. The 509th Composite Group reached full strength in May 1945.[41]
With the addition of the 1st Ordnance Squadron to its roster in March 1945, the 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom deployed to Tinian, an island in the northern Marianas within striking distance of Japan, in May and June 1945. The 320th Troop Carrier Squadron kept its base of operations at Wendover. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian all 51 civilian and military personnel of Project Alberta. Furthermore, two representatives from Washington, D.C. were present on the island:[42] the deputy director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee.[43]
The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group received movement orders and moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at Seattle, Washington. On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas, while the group's materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner.[44] An advance party of the air echelon flew by C-54 to North Field, Tinian, between May 15 and 22,[45] where it was joined by the ground echelon on 29 May 1945.[46] Project Alberta's "Destination Team" also sent most of its members to Tinian to supervise the assembly, loading, and dropping of the bombs under the administrative title of 1st Technical Services Detachment, Miscellaneous War Department Group.[47][48]
General Carl Spaatz decorates Tibbets with the Distinguished Service Cross after the Hiroshima mission
On 5 August 1945, Tibbets formally named his B-29 Enola Gay after his mother.[49] Enola Gay had been personally selected by him while it was still on the assembly line at the Glenn L. Martin Company plant in Bellevue, Nebraska.[50] The regularly assigned aircraft commander, Robert A. Lewis, was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the aircraft on the morning of August 6 to see the aircraft he considered his painted with the now-famous nose art. Lewis would fly the mission as Tibbets's co-pilot.[49][51]
At 02:45 the next day—in accordance with the terms of Operations Order No. 35—the Enola Gay departed North Field for Hiroshima, Japan, with Tibbets at the controls. Tinian was approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away from Japan, so it took six hours to reach Hiroshima. The atomic bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped.[52]
Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by Spaatz immediately after landing on Tinian.[53] He became a celebrity, with pictures and interviews of his wife and children in the major American newspapers. He was seen as a national hero who had ended the war with Japan. Tibbets later received an invitation from President Harry S. Truman to visit the White House.[54] The 509th Composite Group was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1999.[55]
Tibbets was interviewed extensively by Mike Harden of the Columbus Dispatch, and profiles appeared in the newspaper on anniversaries of the first dropping of an atomic bomb. In a 1975 interview he said: "I'm proud that I was able to start with nothing, plan it and have it work as perfectly as it did ... I sleep clearly every night."[56][57] "I knew when I got the assignment," he told a reporter in 2005, "it was going to be an emotional thing. We had feelings, but we had to put them in the background. We knew it was going to kill people right and left. But my one driving interest was to do the best job I could so that we could end the killing as quickly as possible."[58]
Post-war military career[edit]
The 509th Composite Group returned to the United States on 6 November 1945, and was stationed at Roswell Army Airfield, New Mexico.[59] Colonel William H. Blanchard replaced Tibbets as group commander on 22 January 1946, and also became the first commander of the 509th Bombardment Wing, the successor to the 509th Composite Group.[60] Tibbets was a technical advisor to the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, but he and his Enola Gay crew were not chosen to drop another atomic bomb.[61]
A B-47 takes off using rocket-assisted take off (RATO)
Tibbets then attended the Air Command and Staff School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. On graduating in 1947 he was posted to the Directorate of Requirements at Air Force Headquarters at the Pentagon.[13] When the head of the directorate, Brigadier General Thomas S. Power, was posted to London as air attaché, he was replaced by Brigadier General Carl Brandt. Brandt appointed Tibbets as director of Directorate of Requirements's Strategic Air Division, which was responsible for drawing up requirements for future bombers. Tibbets was convinced that the bombers of the future would be jet aircraft and thus became involved in the Boeing B-47 Stratojet program.[62] He subsequently served as B-47 project officer at Boeing in Wichita from July 1950 until February 1952. He then became commander of the Proof Test Division at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida, where flight testing of the B-47 was conducted.[13]
Tibbets returned to Maxwell Air Force Base, where he attended the Air War College. After he graduated in June 1955, he became Director of War Plans at the Allied Air Forces in Central Europe Headquarters at Fontainebleau, France.[13] He left Lucy and his sons behind in Alabama,[63] and he and Lucy divorced that year.[64] During his posting to France, he met a French divorcee named Andrea Quattrehomme, who became his second wife. He returned to the United States in February 1956 to command the 308th Bombardment Wing at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, and married her in the base chapel on 4 May 1956.[65] They had a son, James Tibbets.[66]
In January 1958, Tibbets became commander of the 6th Air Division at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida.[13] and was promoted to brigadier general in 1959.[67] This was followed by another tour of duty at the Pentagon as director of Management Analysis. In July 1962, he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staff as deputy director for operations, and then, in June 1963, as deputy director for the National Military Command System.[13] In 1964, Tibbets was named military attaché in India. He spent 22 months there on this posting, which ended in June 1966.[67] He retired from the United States Air Force (USAF) on 31 August 1966.[68]
Later life and death[edit]
Tibbets in 2003
After his retirement from the Air Force, Tibbets worked for Executive Jet Aviation (EJA), an air taxi company based in Columbus, Ohio, and now called NetJets. He was one of the founding board members and attempted to extend the company's operations to Europe, but was unsuccessful. He retired from the company in 1968, and returned to Miami, Florida, where he had spent part of his childhood. The banks foreclosed on EJA in 1970, and Bruce Sundlun became president. Sundlun lured Tibbets back to EJA that year. Tibbets succeeded Sundlun as president on 21 April 1976, and remained in the role until 1986. He served for a year as a consultant before his second and final retirement from EJA in 1987.[8][57][69]
Barry Nelson played Tibbets in the film The Beginning or the End (1947).[70] Above and Beyond (1952) depicted the World War II events that involved Tibbets; Robert Taylor starred as Tibbets and Eleanor Parker played the role of his first wife Lucy.[71] Tibbets was also the model for screenwriter Sy Bartlett's fictional character "Major Joe Cobb" in the film Twelve O'Clock High (1949), and for a brief period in February 1949 was slated to be the film's technical advisor until his replacement at the last minute by Colonel John H. deRussy.[72] Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb, a 1980 made-for-television movie, somewhat fictionalized, told the story of Tibbets crew. Patrick Duffy played Tibbets and Kim Darby played Lucy.[73]
In other fictional portrayals, Nicholas Kilbertus was Tibbets in the film Day One (1989),[74] David Gow played him in the TV movie Hiroshima (1995),[75] and Ian Shaw played the part in the BBC's TV docudrama Hiroshima (2005), for which Tibbets was also interviewed on camera.[76] An interview with Tibbets also appeared in the movie Atomic Cafe (1982),[77] as well as was in the 1970s British documentary series The World at War,[78] and the "Men Who Brought the Dawn" episode of the Smithsonian Networks' War Stories (1995).[79] Tibbets figured largely in the 2000 book Duty: A Father, His Son and the Man Who Won the War by Bob Greene of the Chicago Tribune.[80]
In 1976, the United States government apologized to Japan after Tibbets re-enacted the bombing—complete with a mushroom cloud—in a restored B-29 at an air show in Texas. He said that he had not intended for the re-enactment to insult the Japanese people.[56][81] In 1995, he denounced the 50th anniversary exhibition of the Enola Gay at the Smithsonian Institution, which attempted to present the bombing in context with the destruction it caused, as a "damn big insult",[56] due to its focus on the Japanese casualties rather than the brutality of the Japanese government.[56] He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1996.[68]
Tibbets's grandson Paul W. Tibbets IV graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1989, and in April 2006 became commander of the 393d Bomb Squadron, flying the B-2 Spirit at Whiteman AFB, Missouri. The squadron was one of the two operational squadrons that had formed part of the 509th Composite Group when Tibbets commanded it. Paul Tibbets IV was promoted to brigadier general in 2014, and became Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations at the Global Operations Directorate of the United States Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. As such, he was responsible for America's strategic nuclear forces.[82] On 5 June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing.[83]
Tibbets died in his Columbus, Ohio, home on 1 November 2007, at the age of 92.[56][84] He had suffered small strokes and heart failure during his final years and had been in hospice care.[8][85] He was survived by his French-born wife, Andrea,[81] and two sons from his first marriage, Paul III and Gene as well as his son, James, from his second marriage.[8][85] Tibbets had asked for no funeral or headstone, because he feared that opponents of the bombing might use it as a place of protest or destruction. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated,[86] and his ashes were scattered over the English Channel;[87] he had flown over the Channel many times during the war.[85]
Awards and decorations[edit]
Command pilot
Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross with one oak leaf cluster
Purple Heart
Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with "V" Device and one bronze oak leaf cluster
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three service stars
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two service stars
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal with one service star
Air Force Longevity Service Award with a silver and oak leaf cluster
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
Source: Ohio History Central.[88]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kingseed 2006, pp. 153–155.
Jump up ^ Marx 1967, p. 79.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ "Paul Warfield Tibbets, III". The News-Star. 23 October 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gene Tibbets Obituary". Montgomery Advertiser. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Paul Tibbets Jr., who flew plane that dropped first atomic bomb, dies at 92". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 62–63.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr". United States Air Force. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 70–73.
Jump up ^ Goldberg 1948, pp. 639–645.
Jump up ^ Goldberg 1948, pp. 656–657.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 79.
Jump up ^ "VIII Bomber Command 1 - 17 August 1942". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 81–82.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 155–156.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 96–99.
Jump up ^ "General Paul Tibbets - Reflections on Hiroshima". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 102–105.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 107–109.
Jump up ^ Ambrose 1998, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 157–158.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 129–132.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 158–159.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 149–150.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 152–155.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 583–584.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 157–163.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, p. 160.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 173.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, p. 1.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 100.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 15–18.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 19–22.
Jump up ^ "509th Timeline: Inception to Hiroshima". Children of the Manhattan Proj ect. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, p. 25.
Jump up ^ "509th CG Activation and Organization". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977, pp. 382–383.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, pp. 191–192.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 702–704.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 705–711.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Stelpflug 2007, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 221.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hiroshima bomb pilot dies aged 92". BBC News Online. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miamian who bombed Hiroshima in 1945 dies". Miami Herald. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Harden, Mike (6 August 2005). "Still No regrets for Frail Enola Gay Pilot". Columbus Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 260–261.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 266–267.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 280.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1 November 2007). "Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92". New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 283–285.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Adam (2 November 2007). "Paul Tibbets Jr., 92; piloted Enola Gay over Hiroshima". Boston Globe.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, pp. 288–291.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Tibbets Jr". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Tibbets: A Rendezvous with History by Di Freeze". Airport Journals. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Beginning or the End (1947)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Above and Beyond on IMDb
Jump up ^ Duffin & Mathies 2005, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980) (TV) on IMDb
Jump up ^ Day One on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Colonel Paul Tibbetts (Character)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Hiroshima on IMDb
Jump up ^ The Atomic Cafe on IMDb
Jump up ^ The World at War on IMDb
Jump up ^ Men Who Brought the Dawn on IMDb
Jump up ^ Reinebach, Rob (Winter 2000). "Duty: A Father, His Son, and the Man Who Won the War". Air and Space Power Journal. 14 (4). ISSN 1554-2505. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul W. Tibbets". Miami Herald. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Bocchino, Stefan. "Face of Defense: Grandson Carries on Grandfather's Service". Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Sudekum, Maria (5 June 2015). "Grandson of Enola Gay Pilot Takes Command of B-2 Bomb Wing". ABC News. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1 November 2007). "Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man Who Dropped Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima Dies at 92". Fox News Channel. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Holyoke, Cody. "American War Hero Remembered". WSFA.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Steve (13 November 2007). "Tibbets did his duty, and this country should be thankful". Daily Herald. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paul W. Tibbets Jr". Ohio History Central. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
References[edit]
Ambrose, Stephen (1998). The Victors: Eisenhower and his Boys – The Men of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85628-X.
Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8.
Duffin, Allan T.; Mathies, Paul (2005). The 12 O'Clock High Logbook: The Unofficial History of the Motion Picture, Novel, and TV Series. Boalsburg, Pennsylvania: BearManor Media. ISBN 1-59393-033-X.
Goldberg, Alfred (1948). "Establishment of the Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942 (PDF). The Army Air Forces In World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 612–654. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Kingseed, Cole C. (2006). Old Glory Stories: American Combat Leadership in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-440-3.
Marx, Joseph L. (1967). Seven Hours to Zero. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 4050364.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5.
Stelpflug, Peggy A. (2007). Home of the Infantry: The History of Fort Benning. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-88146-087-2.
Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air: The Enola Gay's Atomic Mission to Hiroshima. London: Hamilton. OCLC 491239101.
Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). Return Of The Enola Gay. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. ISBN 0-9703666-0-4.
509th Composite Group (1945). History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to 15 August 1945 (PDF). Tinian: 509th CG (AFHRA archived). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
External links[edit]
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In pictures: Paul Tibbets
General Paul Tibbets: Reflections on Hiroshima Voices of the Manhattan Project
A dramatic retelling of the Hiroshima mission with Paul Tibbets Voices of the Manhattan Project
Nuclear War Radio Series Voices of the Manhattan Project
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 2 November 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 2 November 2007
Obituary, The Times, 2 November 2007
"Hiroshima; Enola Gay's Crew Recalls The Flight Into a New Era", New York Times, 6 August 1995
Paul Tibbets interviewed in 1982 by Ann Blythe
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