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Men in Black 3
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Men in Black 3
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Barry Sonnenfeld
Produced by
Walter F. Parkes
Laurie MacDonald
Written by
Etan Cohen
Based on
The Men in Black
by Lowell Cunningham
Starring
Will Smith
Tommy Lee Jones
Josh Brolin
Jemaine Clement
Michael Stuhlbarg
Emma Thompson
Music by
Danny Elfman
Cinematography
Bill Pope
Edited by
Don Zimmerman
Production
company
Amblin Entertainment
P+M Image Nation
Hemisphere Media Capital
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14) (Berlin)
May 25, 2012 (2012-05-25) (United States)
Running time
106 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$215 million[2]
Box office
$624 million[3]
Men in Black 3 (alternatively Men in Black III, and stylized as MIB³) is a 2012 American science fiction action comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and starring Will Smith, Tommy Lee Jones and Josh Brolin. It is the third installment in the Men in Black film series based on Lowell Cunningham's The Men in Black comic book series published by Marvel and Malibu Comics. It was released fifteen years after the original Men in Black (1997) and ten years after the first sequel, Men in Black II (2002).[4] Sonnenfeld and Steven Spielberg returned as director and executive producer, respectively. In the film, Boris the Animal, an old enemy of Agent K, escapes from prison and goes back in time to kill the younger K in order to allow his species, a ruthless alien race known as Boglodites, to attack Earth. This forces Agent J to go back in time and team up with K's younger self on a mission to save his partner and the world.
Men in Black 3 was released on May 25, 2012, ten years after release of Men in Black II (2002), and grossed over $624 million worldwide, making it the 10th highest-grossing film of 2012.[3][5] Unadjusted for inflation, it is the highest-grossing film in the series.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
4.2 Marketing
5 Music
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 2012, an alien criminal named Boris the Animal, a Boglodite, escapes from a maximum-security prison on the Moon and arrives on Earth, bent on taking revenge on Agent K, who shot off his left arm and captured him in 1969. He confronts K, who is with his partner Agent J, telling him he is "already dead". J then returns to MiB Headquarters and discovers that K was responsible not only for capturing Boris, but for deploying the "ArcNet", a shield that prevented the Boglodites from conquering Earth and caused their extinction.
Boris travels back in time to kill the young Agent K. With history altered so that K is long-dead, J finds that only his memory has been unaffected, and no one from the Agency understands his obsession with K until Agent O, the new Chief, deduces that there has been a fracture in the space-time continuum. With K out of the picture, the ArcNet was never deployed, and there is nothing to protect the present-day Earth from the Boglodite invasion, so J must travel back in time to stop Boris and save K.
Back in 1969, J goes to Coney Island, knowing from the Agency's records that in 1969, Boris will commit a murder there. He finds Boris, but is discovered and arrested by 1969 K, who takes him to MiB Headquarters and prepares to neuralyze him, but decides at the last minute to investigate J's claims that he has travelled from the future to protect him. K and J follow clues, leading them to a bowling alley, and then to The Factory, where they come across an alien named Griffin, who is in possession of the ArcNet. Griffin, who can see all possible future timelines and outcomes, senses Boris is coming and escapes, but not before promising to give them the ArcNet the next time they meet. Boris later captures Griffin. J and K pursue and rescue Griffin, acquiring the ArcNet. 1969 Boris escapes and 2012 Boris arrives, and they team up.
Upon learning that they must go to Cape Canaveral, Florida and attach the ArcNet to the Apollo 11 rocket so it can be deployed in space, J reveals the real purpose of his mission to K, who initially takes the news badly. J, K, and Griffin fly there using jetpacks, but are stopped by the military. Griffin shows a skeptical colonel the future, convincing him of the importance of their mission, and the officer assists them in reaching the launch site. As the agents climb up the rocket's launch tower, they are attacked by both 1969 Boris and 2012 Boris. Using his time-travel device, J evades an attack by 2012 Boris and knocks him off one of the launch tower bridges. K shoots off 1969 Boris's left arm, knocking him off the tower as well. The ArcNet is attached and deploys successfully when the rocket launches, with 2012 Boris being incinerated by the rocket's exhaust, killing him. 1969 Boris attacks K on a beach, but the colonel saves K by sacrificing himself. K kills Boris instead of arresting him as he originally did. The colonel's young son arrives and inquires about his father, but rather than tell him the truth, K neuralyzes him and tells him only that his father is a hero. Observing from afar, J realizes that the young boy is himself, the colonel was his father, that K has actually been watching over him all his life, and was there when the timeline changed, thus explaining why he was the only one who remembered K in the alternate 2012.
His mission complete, J returns to 2012, where he finds a more cheerful K, and thanks him for being his surrogate father. Meanwhile, Griffin observes the moment and is briefly terrified when K almost forgets to tip a waitress, which he knows only occurs in timelines where an asteroid is on a collision course with Earth. However, K remembers and leaves a tip and the asteroid hits a satellite and is destroyed.
Cast[edit]
Will Smith and Cayen Martin as James Darrell Edwards III / Agent J
An MIB agent and longtime friend and partner of K. Smith portrays J in the present and Martin portrays J as a child in 1969.
Tommy Lee Jones and Josh Brolin as Kevin Brown / Agent K
A veteran MIB agent and J's longtime partner. Jones portrays K in the present and Brolin portrays K in 1969.
Jemaine Clement as Boris the Animal
A ruthless alien with a vendetta against K.
Michael Stuhlbarg as Griffin
An alien with clairvoyant abilities.
Emma Thompson and Alice Eve as Agent O
The head of MIB. Thompson portrays O in the present and Eve portrays O in 1969.
Mike Colter as Colonel James Darrell Edwards Jr.
A military colonel and J's father.
Nicole Scherzinger as Lilly
Boris's former girlfriend.
Michael Chernus as Jeffrey Price
An electronics store clerk in possession of time travel technology.
David Rasche as Agent X
The head of MIB in 1969.
Keone Young as Mr. Wu
An alien who owns a Chinese restaurant.
Bill Hader as Andy Warhol / Agent W
The real-life artist who is secretly an MIB agent.
Lenny Venito as Bowling Ball Head
An unnamed alien with a detachable head who works at a bowling alley.
David Pittu as Roman the Fabulist
An alien posing as a fortune teller.
Lanny Flaherty as Obadiah Price
The inventor of the time travel technology and Jeffrey's father.
Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga and Tim Burton make cameo appearances as aliens on the TV monitors, while Rick Baker appears in a cameo as the Brain Alien and Will Arnett portrays MIB Agent AA, J's partner in the altered timeline.
Production[edit]
The film's premise was first proposed to director Barry Sonnenfeld by Will Smith during the filming of Men in Black II in 2002, with Smith suggesting that his character, Agent J, travel back in time to save his partner, Agent K, while at the same time exploring Agent K's backstory. Sonnenfeld said the idea "turned out to be a very long process of development, mainly because of the knotting [sic] issues of time travel".[8] It was reported that Smith and executives were leery about bringing back Sonnenfeld because of conflicts on the set of Men in Black II.[9] In a lawsuit filed against his former agents over commissions, Sonnenfeld alleged that Sony considered other directors for Men in Black 3.[9][10] Sonnenfeld ultimately convinced all involved that he had a strong vision for the film.[9]
The film was first announced on April 1, 2009, by Sony Pictures Entertainment president Rory Bruer during a Sony ShoWest presentation.[11] By October 2009, Etan Cohen had been hired to write the screenplay.[12] Sonnenfeld read the script and started working on it in January 2010.[13] As of March 2010, Will Smith remained undecided whether to join this film or another, The City That Sailed.[14] Sonnenfeld in May 2010 confirmed the return of Tommy Lee Jones and Smith.[15] Both had expressed interest in 2008 in reprising their roles.[16][17] Other staff includes Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald as producers, with Steven Spielberg as executive producer; all were producers of the two previous films.[18]
In June 2010, writer David Koepp was hired to rewrite the Cohen script.[19] A third writer, Jeff Nathanson, was hired in November 2010 to rewrite the time-travel segment of the script in which the story takes place in 1969.[20] Nathanson and Koepp, along with producer Spielberg, had previously worked together on the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
Special effects artist Rick Baker created the practical aliens and prosthetic makeup for the film, reprising his role from the previous two Men in Black films. In designing the look for the alien creatures, Baker used the time travel plot device as an excuse to design "retro" looking aliens reminiscent of science fiction B movies of the era, saying, "In 2012 the aliens should look like Men in Black aliens and in 1969 they should be retro aliens. Fishbowl space helmets, guys with space suits with ribbed things on it, exposed brains, [and] bug eyes"[21]
Principal photography began on November 16, 2010,[22] even though, "We knew starting the movie that we didn't have a finished second or third act," director Sonnenfeld said in 2012. "Was it responsible? The answer is, if this movie does as well as I think it will, it was genius. If it's a total failure, then it was a really stupid idea."[23] It was originally slated to commence on October 18, 2010, and continue until May 2011, in New York City,[24] with shooting starting in 2010 partly in order to take advantage of a New York tax break in which the state rebates 30 percent of production costs incurred there.[25] Filming was split into two parts, the first taking place from November until about Christmas 2010; the filmmakers announced shooting would begin again in mid-February, but it was delayed until April.[25] Sonnenfeld initially stated he would be shooting in 3D, but later decided to film in 2D and convert to 3D during post-production.[26][27][28][29]
Set photos for the film appeared online on November 17, 2010, showing Smith, Jones, Emma Thompson, and Nicole Scherzinger on set.[30] Shooting was scheduled to resume from March through June 2011.[31] Filming was done in April 2011 in the Morris Park section of The Bronx.[32] Parts of Coney Island, in Brooklyn, had parking and filming permits posted for April 24 and May 2–4, 2011, production dates of what the permits titled MIB3.[33] Shooting also took place in Manhattan's SoHo neighborhood.[34]
For the film, the Ford Taurus SHO was selected as the MIB's official car, replacing the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and Mercedes-Benz E-Class from the first two films.[35] For the 1969 scenes, a 1964 Ford Galaxie was used as the MIB's official car.
This is the first time Frank the Pug was absent in a Men in Black movie, as well as Chief Zed, Jack Jeebs, and actor David Cross. Instead Zed is written in the story as having died and immortalized at MIB Headquarters, and a portrait of Frank can be seen in J's apartment. An advertisement for 'The Incredible Speaking Pug' can be seen as Agent J enters Coney Island during his time in 1969.
Release[edit]
Under distribution by Columbia Pictures, the film was released on May 25, 2012 in theaters.[36]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on November 30, 2012, and additionally as part of a Men in Black trilogy box set on Blu-ray.[37][38]
Marketing[edit]
Activision released MIB: Alien Crisis on May 22, 2012 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Nintendo Wii, featuring a never-before-seen MIB agent rather than Agent J or Agent K.[39][40] Gameloft also developed a mobile phone video game based on the film released on May 17, 2012, for iOS and Android.[41]
Music[edit]
Men in Black 3
Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman
Released
May 29, 2012 (2012-05-29)
Genre
Film score
Length
53:38
Label
Sony Classical
The soundtrack for the film was composed by Danny Elfman and was released on May 29, 2012, four days after the film's release.
The song "Back in Time" by rapper Pitbull, which was not included on the film's soundtrack album but accompanies the end credits of the film, was released as a single on March 26, 2012.[42] It is the first lead single released to accompany a Men in Black film not to be performed by Will Smith.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
MIB 3 grossed $179 million in the US and Canada, and $445 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $624 million.[43] It had a worldwide opening weekend of $189.9 million.[44] It made the biggest worldwide IMAX Memorial-Day weekend ($12.7 million from 474 theaters), surpassing the previous record of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.[45]
In North America, MIB 3 earned $1.55 million during its midnight run from 2,233 locations.[46] On its opening day, the film debuted at the top of the box office and grossed $17.7 million (including midnight grosses). This was slightly lower than the opening day grosses of its predecessors.[47] During its three-day opening weekend, it topped the box office with $54.6 million, which was higher than the opening weekends of the two previous films.[48] The movie then earned an additional $14.7 million on Memorial Day,[49] bringing its four-day weekend total to $69.3 million.[50] The opening weekend audience was 54 percent male and 56 percent over the age of 25. The film received a B+ CinemaScore.[48] It remained in first place at the North American box office for one week.[49]
Outside North America, MIB 3 is the highest-grossing film of the Men In Black franchise[51] and the tenth highest-grossing 2012 film.[52] It made $135.3 million on its opening weekend from 85 territories. Its highest-grossing openings were recorded in China ($21.7 million), and Russia and the CIS ($16.9 million).[53][54] It was in first place at the box office outside North America for two consecutive weekends.[55]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 69%, based on 230 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "It isn't exactly a persuasive argument for the continuation of the franchise — but Men in Black III is better than its predecessor and manages to exceed expectations, largely due to Josh Brolin's impressive performance."[5] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 58 out of 100, based on reviews from 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[56]
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, in particular praising Josh Brolin's role as the young Agent K, which he cites as an excellent example of good casting. Ebert also praised the "ingenious plot, bizarre monsters, audacious cliff-hanging" and the "virtuoso final sequence".[57] Richard Roeper gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars while saying, "It's that rare threequel that doesn't suck. Great special effects, surprising amount of heart."[58] A. O. Scott of The New York Times also gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and commented, "Men in Black 3 arrives in the multiplexes of the world with no particular agenda. Which may be part of the reason that it turns out to be so much fun."[59] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly noted, "Sonnenfeld and Cohen move their baby along with an integrity and gait that ought to serve as a blueprint for other filmmakers faced with the particular challenges of reviving big-ticket and time-dated hunks of pop culture."[60] Rafer Guzman of Newsday wrote, "The franchise is no longer the zenith of blockbusterism, and the gooey effects from Hollywood veteran Rick Baker look overly familiar, but Men in Black 3 remains an amiable comedy with some fondly familiar faces."[61]
Director Paul Thomas Anderson praised the film, saying, "It was [expletive] great. [sic] ... The time-travel stuff [made me] cry my eyes out. I'm a sucker for that stuff."[62]
Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and stated, "Men in Black 3 is so dull and empty, it's the first movie that has ever made me think 'Thank God this is in 3D.'"[63]
Sequel[edit]
Both Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones have said that they would "consider" appearing in a Men in Black 4.[64] Jones said it would be "easy to pick up where we left off. We know what we are doing, we know how to do it. It's just a hell of a lot of fun."[65] In July 2012, Columbia chief executive Doug Belgrad said: "We're very pleased with the financial performance of Men in Black 3, and we believe it is an ongoing franchise. We're going to do [another one], but we don't have clarity yet on how it should be done."[66] Barry Sonnenfeld said: "Will's kind of really smart, but as I said, kind of really annoying, too much energy. When he would get too rambunctious, I would tell him save that for Men in Black 4, Will is out and [his son] Jaden Smith is in … if we continue on this path, it won't be released until 2032 but it will be damn good." Will Smith said that: "Jaden is already 13 years old, so he's at that mythological boys age, you know – it's time for his bro-mitzvah. So he's right at that place ... He's ready to test me so he can't come anywhere near my movies right now!"[67] In early 2013, Oren Uziel was writing a Men in Black 4 screenplay for Sony Pictures.[68]
On September 24, 2015, series producers Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald stated the series would be rebooted as a trilogy, most likely without the involvement of Will Smith.[69]
This diagram displays the crossover between MIB and Jump Street.
On December 10, 2014, it was revealed that Sony was planning a crossover between Men in Black and Jump Street. The news was leaked after Sony's system was hacked[70] and then confirmed by the directors of the films, Chris Miller and Phil Lord during an interview about it.[71][72] James Bobin was announced as director in 2016.[73] On April 13, 2016, the movie was announced and revealed to be titled, MIB 23.[74]
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External links[edit]
Film in the United States portal
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Men in Black 3 at Movies 2 Watch
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Cytoplasm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cell biology
The animal cell
Components of a typical animal cell:
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (little dots)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles – the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryotic organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryotic organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.[1]
The submicroscopic ground cell substance or cytoplasmatic matrix which remains after exclusion the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm. It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy, and high complex, polyphasic system in which all of resolvable cytoplasmic elements of are suspended, including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes, mitochondria, the plant plastids, lipid droplets, and vacuoles.
It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and processes such as cell division. The concentrated inner area is called the endoplasm and the outer layer is called the cell cortex or the ectoplasm.
Movement of calcium ions in and out of the cytoplasm is a signaling activity for metabolic processes.[2]
In plants, movement of the cytoplasm around vacuoles is known as cytoplasmic streaming.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Physical nature
2.1 As a sol-gel
2.2 As a glass
2.3 Other perspectives
3 Constituents
3.1 Cytosol
3.2 Organelles
3.3 Cytoplasmic inclusions
3.4 Controversy and research
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The term was introduced by Rudolf von Kölliker in 1863, originally as a synonym for protoplasm, but later it has come to mean the cell substance and organelles outside the nucleus.[3][4]
There has been certain disagreement on the definition of cytoplasm, as some authors prefer to exclude from it some organelles, especially the vacuoles[5] and sometimes the plastids.[6]
Physical nature[edit]
The physical properties of the cytoplasm have been contested in recent years.[citation needed] It remains uncertain how the varied components of the cytoplasm interact to allow movement of particles[clarification needed] and organelles while maintaining the cell’s structure. The flow of cytoplasmic components plays an important role in many cellular functions which are dependent on the permeability of the cytoplasm.[7] An example of such function is cell signalling, a process which is dependent on the manner in which signaling molecules are allowed to diffuse across the cell.[8] While small signaling molecules like calcium ions are able to diffuse with ease, larger molecules and subcellular structures often require aid in moving through the cytoplasm.[9] The irregular dynamics of such particles have given rise to various theories on the nature of the cytoplasm.
As a sol-gel[edit]
There has long been evidence that the cytoplasm behaves like a sol-gel.[10] It is thought that the component molecules and structures of the cytoplasm behave at times like a disordered colloidal solution (sol) and at other times like an integrated network, forming a solid mass (gel). This theory thus proposes that the cytoplasm exists in distinct fluid and solid phases depending on the level of interaction between cytoplasmic components, which may explain the differential dynamics of different particles observed moving through the cytoplasm.
As a glass[edit]
Recently it has been proposed that the cytoplasm behaves like a glass-forming liquid approaching the glass transition.[9] In this theory, the greater the concentration of cytoplasmic components, the less the cytoplasm behaves like a liquid and the more it behaves as a solid glass, freezing larger cytoplasmic components in place (it is thought that the cell's metabolic activity is able to fluidize the cytoplasm to allow the movement of such larger cytoplasmic components).[9] A cell's ability to vitrify in the absence of metabolic activity, as in dormant periods, may be beneficial as a defence strategy. A solid glass cytoplasm would freeze subcellular structures in place, preventing damage, while allowing the transmission of very small proteins and metabolites, helping to kickstart growth upon the cell's revival from dormancy.[9]
Other perspectives[edit]
There has been research examining the motion of cytoplasmic particles independent of the nature of the cytoplasm. In such an alternative approach, the aggregate random forces within the cell caused by motor proteins explain the non-Brownian motion of cytoplasmic constituents.[11]
Constituents[edit]
The three major elements of the cytoplasm are the cytosol, organelles and inclusions.
Cytosol[edit]
Main article: Cytosol
The cytosol is the portion of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane-bound organelles. Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water. The cytosol's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes.[12] The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm.
Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein
Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution. This crowding effect alters how the components of the cytosol interact with each other.
Organelles[edit]
Main article: Organelle
Organelles (literally "little organs"), are usually membrane-bound structures inside the cell that have specific functions. Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, and in plant cells, chloroplasts.
Cytoplasmic inclusions[edit]
Main article: Cytoplasmic inclusion
The inclusions are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the cytosol. A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants,[13][14] to granules of energy-storage materials such as starch,[15] glycogen,[16] or polyhydroxybutyrate.[17] A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets, which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols.[18] Lipid droplets make up much of the volume of adipocytes, which are specialized lipid-storage cells, but they are also found in a range of other cell types.
Controversy and research[edit]
The cytoplasm, mitochondria and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete. Contrary to the older information that disregards any notion of the cytoplasm being active, new research has shown it to be in control of movement and flow of nutrients in and out of the cell by viscoplastic behavior and a measure of the reciprocal rate of bond breakage within the cytoplasmic network.[19]
The material properties of the cytoplasm remain an ongoing investigation. Recent measurements using force spectrum microscopy reveal that the cytoplasm can be likened to an elastic solid, rather than a viscoelastic fluid.
See also[edit]
Amoeboid movement
Cytoplasmic streaming
Protoplasm, a general term for cytoplasm
Syncytium
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shepherd, V. A. (2006). "The cytomatrix as a cooperative system of macromolecular and water networks". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 75: 171–223. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)75006-2. ISBN 9780121531751. PMID 16984813.
Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2010). "Calcium" in Encyclopedia of Earth. A. Jorgensen, C. Cleveland (eds.). National Council for Science and the Environment.
Jump up ^ Kölliker, R. A. v. (1863). Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4. Auflage. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
Jump up ^ Bynum, W. F., Browne, E. J. and Porter, Ray (1981). Dictionary of the history of science. Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ Parker, J. (1972). "Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits", pp. 125–176 in Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.), Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, [1].
Jump up ^ Strasburger, E. (1882). "Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung". Arch Mikr Anat. 21: 476–590.
Jump up ^ Cowan AE, Moraru II, Schaff JC, Slepchenko BM, Loew LM (2012). "Spatial Modeling of Cell Signaling Networks". Methods in Cell Biology. Methods in Cell Biology. 110: 195–221. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-388403-9.00008-4. ISBN 9780123884039. PMC 3519356  . PMID 22482950.
Jump up ^ Holcman, David; Korenbrot, Juan I. (2004). "Longitudinal Diffusion in Retinal Rod and Cone Outer Segment Cytoplasm: The Consequence of Cell Structure". Biophysical Journal. 86 (4): 2566–2582. Bibcode:2004BpJ....86.2566H. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74312-X. PMC 1304104  . PMID 15041693.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Parry, Bradley R.; Surovtsev, Ivan V.; Cabeen, Matthew T.; o'Hern, Corey S.; Dufresne, Eric R.; Jacobs-Wagner, Christine (2014). "The Bacterial Cytoplasm Has Glass-like Properties and is Fluidized by Metabolic Activity". Cell. 156 (1–2): 183–94. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.028. PMC 3956598  . PMID 24361104.
Jump up ^ Taylor, C. V. (1923). "The contractile vacuole in Euplotes: An example of the sol-gel reversibility of cytoplasm". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 37 (3): 259–289. doi:10.1002/jez.1400370302.
Jump up ^ Guo, Ming; Ehrlicher, Allen J.; Jensen, Mikkel H.; Renz, Malte; Moore, Jeffrey R.; Goldman, Robert D.; Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer; MacKintosh, Frederick C.; Weitz, David A. (2014). "Probing the Stochastic, Motor-Driven Properties of the Cytoplasm Using Force Spectrum Microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–32. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMC 4183065  . PMID 25126787.
Jump up ^ van Zon A, Mossink MH, Scheper RJ, Sonneveld P, Wiemer EA (September 2003). "The vault complex". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (9): 1828–37. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3030-y. PMID 14523546.
Jump up ^ Prychid, Christina J.; Rudall, Paula J. (1999). "Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons: A Review of their Structure and Systematics". Annals of Botany. 84 (6): 725–739. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0975.
Jump up ^ Prychid, C. J.; Rudall, P. J.; Gregory, M. (2004). "Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons". The Botanical Review. 69 (4): 377–440. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:SABOSB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4354467.
Jump up ^ Ball SG, Morell MK (2003). "From bacterial glycogen to starch: understanding the biogenesis of the plant starch granule". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 54: 207–33. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134927. PMID 14502990.
Jump up ^ Shearer J, Graham TE (April 2002). "New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen". Can J Appl Physiol. 27 (2): 179–203. doi:10.1139/h02-012. PMID 12179957.
Jump up ^ Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1 December 1990). "Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates". Microbiol. Rev. 54 (4): 450–72. PMC 372789  . PMID 2087222.
Jump up ^ Murphy DJ (September 2001). "The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, growth and microorganisms". Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (5): 325–438. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00013-3. PMID 11470496.
Jump up ^ Feneberg, Wolfgang; Sackmann, Erich; Westphal, Monika (2001). "Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body". European Biophysics Journal. 30 (4): 284–94. doi:10.1007/s002490100135. PMID 11548131.
External links[edit]
Luby-Phelps K (2000). "Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area" (PDF). Int Rev Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 192: 189–221. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60527-6. ISBN 9780123645968. PMID 10553280.
[hide]
v
t
e
Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)
Endomembrane system
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Parenthesome
Autophagosome
Vesicles
Exosome
Lysosome
Endosome
Phagosome
Vacuole
Acrosome
Cytoplasmic granules
Melanosome
Microbody
Glyoxysome
Peroxisome
Weibel–Palade body
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MTOCs
Centrosome
Centriole
Basal body
Spindle pole body
Myofibril
Endosymbionts
Mitochondrion
Plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast
Leucoplast
Amyloplast
Elaioplast
Proteinoplast
Tannosome
Other internal
RNA
Ribosome
Spliceosome
Vault
Cytoplasm
Proteasome
External
Undulipodium
Cilium
Flagellum
Axoneme
Radial spoke
Extracellular matrix
Cell wall
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