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Squid
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This article is about cephalopods. For the web proxy, see Squid (software). For other uses, see Squid (disambiguation).
"Squids" redirects here. For the video game, see Squids (video game).
Squid
Temporal range: (at least) Late Cretaceous–Recent[1]
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European squid (Loligo vulgaris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Superorder: Decapodiformes
Order: Teuthida
A. Naef, 1916
Suborders
†Plesioteuthididae (incertae sedis)
Myopsida
Oegopsida
Squid are cephalopods of the two orders Myopsida and Oegopsida, which were formerly regarded as two suborders of the order Teuthida, however recent research shows Teuthida to be paraphyletic. The two current orders comprise around 304 species.[2] Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs and two, usually longer, tentacles. Squid are strong swimmers and certain species can "fly" for short distances out of the water.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy
1.1 Evolution
2 Description
2.1 Nervous system
2.2 Reproductive system
2.3 Digestive system
2.4 Cardiovascular system
2.5 Head
2.6 Size
3 Commercial fishing
4 As food
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Taxonomy
Bathyteuthis abyssicola
Grimalditeuthis bonplandi
Histioteuthis reversa
Mastigoteuthis flammea
Onychoteuthis banksii
Pterygioteuthis giardi
Squid are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea, the two orders, Myopsida and Oegopsida (including giant squid such as Architeuthis dux). A valid Teuthida would have been the largest cephalopod order with around 300 species classified into 29 families.
The orders Myopsida and Oegopsida are classified in the superorder Decapodiformes (from the Greek for "ten legs"). Two other orders of decapodiform cephalopods are also called squid, although they are taxonomically distinct from squids and differ recognizably in their gross anatomical features. They are the bobtail squid of order Sepiolida and the ram's horn squid of the monotypic order Spirulida. The vampire squid, however, is more closely related to the octopuses than to any squid.
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus
Subclass Coleoidea: squid, octopus, cuttlefish
Superorder Octopodiformes
Superorder Decapodiformes
?Order †Boletzkyida
Order Spirulida: ram's horn squid
Order Sepiida: cuttlefish
Order Sepiolida: bobtail squid
Order Myopsida
Family Australiteuthidae
Family Loliginidae: inshore, calamari, and grass squid
Order Oegopsida
Family Ancistrocheiridae: sharpear enope squid
Family Architeuthidae: giant squid
Family Bathyteuthidae deepsea squid
Family Batoteuthidae: bush-club squid
Family Brachioteuthidae
Family Chiroteuthidae
Family Chtenopterygidae: comb-finned squid
Family Cranchiidae: glass squid, including colossal squid
Family Cycloteuthidae
Family Enoploteuthidae
Family Gonatidae: armhook squid
Family Histioteuthidae: jewel squid
Family Joubiniteuthidae: Joubin's squid
Family Lepidoteuthidae: Grimaldi scaled squid
Family Lycoteuthidae
Family Magnapinnidae: bigfin squid
Family Mastigoteuthidae: whip-lash squid
Family Neoteuthidae
Family Octopoteuthidae
Family Ommastrephidae: flying squid
Family Onychoteuthidae: hooked squid
Family Pholidoteuthidae
Family Promachoteuthidae
Family Psychroteuthidae: glacial squid
Family Pyroteuthidae: fire squid
Family Thysanoteuthidae: rhomboid squid
Family Walvisteuthidae
Parateuthis tunicata (incertae sedis)
Family †Plesioteuthididae (incertae sedis)
Evolution
Fossil Rhomboteuthis from the Lower Callovian of La Voulte-sur-Rhône, France
Squid have differentiated from their ancestral molluscs such that the body plan has been condensed antero-posteriorly and extended dorso-ventrally. What before may have been the foot of the ancestor is modified into a complex set of tentacles and highly developed sense organs, including advanced eyes similar to those of vertebrates.
The ancestral shell has been lost, with only an internal gladius, or pen, remaining. The pen is a feather-shaped internal structure that supports the squid's mantle and serves as a site for muscle attachment. It is made of a chitin-like material.
Description
Composite diagram illustrating basic squid features (ventral aspect)
The main body mass is enclosed in the mantle, which has a swimming fin along each side. These fins, unlike in other marine organisms, are not the main source of locomotion in most species.
The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change color to suit its surroundings, making it practically invisible. The underside is also almost always lighter than the topside, to provide camouflage from both prey and predator.
Under the body are openings to the mantle cavity, which contains the gills (ctenidia) and openings to the excretory and reproductive systems. At the front of the mantle cavity lies the siphon, which the squid uses for locomotion via precise jet propulsion.[4] In this form of locomotion, water is sucked into the mantle cavity and expelled out of the siphon in a fast, strong jet. The direction of the siphon can be changed, to suit the direction of travel.
Inside the mantle cavity, beyond the siphon, lies the visceral mass, which is covered by a thin, membranous epidermis. Under this are all the major internal organs.
Nervous system
The giant axon, which may be up to 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter in some larger species, innervates the mantle and controls part of the jet propulsion system.
As cephalopods, squid exhibit relatively high intelligence among invertebrates. For example, groups of Humboldt squid hunt cooperatively, using active communication. (See Cephalopod intelligence.)
Reproductive system
A dissected male specimen of Onykia ingens, showing a nonerect penis (the white tubular structure located below most of the other organs)
A specimen of the same species exhibiting elongation of the penis to 67 cm
In females, the ink sac is hidden from view by a pair of white nidamental glands, which lie anterior to the gills. Also, red-spotted accessory nidamental glands are present. Both organs are associated with nutrient manufacture and shells for the eggs. Females also have a large translucent ovary, situated towards the posterior of the visceral mass.
Males do not possess these organs, but instead have a large testis in place of the ovary, and a spermatophoric gland and sac. In mature males, this sac may contain spermatophores, which are placed inside the female's mantle during mating.
Shallow-water species of the continental shelf and epipelagic/mesopelagic zones are characterised by the presence of hectocotyli, specially modified arms used to fertilise the female's eggs.[5] Most deep-sea squid lack hectocotyli and have longer penises; Ancistrocheiridae and Cranchiinae are exceptions.[5] Giant squid of the genus Architeuthis are unusual in that they possess both a large penis and modified arm tips, although whether the latter are used for spermatophore transfer is uncertain.[5] Penis elongation has been observed in the deep-water species Onykia ingens; when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head, and arms combined.[5][6] As such, deep-water squid have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile barnacles.[5]
Digestive system
Like all cephalopods, squid have complex digestive systems. The muscular stomach is found roughly in the midpoint of the visceral mass. From there, the bolus moves into the caecum for digestion. The caecum, a long, white organ, is found next to the ovary or testis. In mature squid, more priority is given to reproduction such that the stomach and caecum often shrivel up during the later life stages. Finally, food goes to the liver (or digestive gland), found at the siphon end, for absorption. Solid waste is passed out of the rectum. Beside the rectum is the ink sac, which allows a squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity.
Ventral view of the viscera of the female Chtenopteryx sicula
Cardiovascular system
Squid have three hearts. Two branchial hearts feed the gills, each surrounding the larger systemic heart that pumps blood around the body. Squid blood contains the copper-rich protein hemocyanin for transporting oxygen. The faintly greenish hearts are surrounded by the renal sacs – the main excretory system. The kidneys are difficult to identify and stretch from the hearts (located at the posterior side of the ink sac) to the liver. The systemic heart is made of three chambers, a lower ventricle and two upper auricles.
Head
The head end bears eight arms and two tentacles, each a form of muscular hydrostat containing many suckers along the edge. These tentacles do not grow back if severed. In the mature male, one basal half of the left ventral tentacle is hectocotylised—and ends in a copulatory pad rather than suckers. It is used for sexual intercourse.
The mouth is equipped with a sharp, horny beak mainly made of chitin[7] and cross-linked proteins, and is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.[8] Captured whales often have indigestible squid beaks in their stomachs. The mouth contains the radula (the rough tongue common to all molluscs except bivalvia).
The eyes, on either side of the head, each contain a hard lens. The image is focused by changing the position of the lens, as in a camera or telescope, rather than changing the shape of the lens, as in the human eye.
Squid appear to have limited hearing.[9]
Size
A frozen giant squid in Melbourne Aquarium
See also: Giant squid, Colossal squid, and Cephalopod size
The majority are no more than 60 cm (24 in) long, although the giant squid may reach 13 m (43 ft).[10]
In 1978, sharp, curved claws on the suction cups of squid tentacles cut up the rubber coating on the hull of the USS Stein. The size suggested the largest squid known at the time.[11]
In 2003, a large specimen of an abundant[12] but poorly understood species, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (the colossal squid), was discovered. This species may grow to 14 m (46 ft) in length, making it the largest invertebrate.[13] Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom. The kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.
In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing 495 kg (1,091 lb) and measuring around 10 m (33 ft) off the coast of Antarctica.[14] This specimen represents the largest cephalopod to ever be scientifically documented.
Commercial fishing
According to the FAO, the cephalopod catch for 2002 was 3,173,272 tonnes (6.995867×109 lb). Of this, 2,189,206 tonnes, or 75.8 percent, was squid.[15] The following table lists the squid species fishery catches which exceeded 10,000 tonnes (22,000,000 lb) in 2002.
World squid catch in 2002[15]
Species
Family
Common name
Catch
tonnes
Percent
Loligo gahi or Doryteuthis gahi Loliginidae Patagonian squid 24,976 1.1
Loligo pealei Loliginidae Longfin inshore squid 16,684 0.8
Common squid nei[16] Loliginidae 225,958 10.3
Ommastrephes bartramii Ommastrephidae Neon flying squid 22,483 1.0
Illex argentinus Ommastrephidae Argentine shortfin squid 511,087 23.3
Dosidicus gigas Ommastrephidae Humboldt squid 406,356 18.6
Todarodes pacificus Ommastrephidae Japanese flying squid 504,438 23.0
Nototodarus sloanii Ommastrephidae Wellington flying squid 62,234 2.8
Squid nei[16] Various 414,990 18.6
Total squid 2,189,206 100.0
As food
Main article: Squid (food)
Fried calamari: breaded, deep-fried squid
Many species are popular as food in cuisines as diverse as American, Basque, Canadian, Chinese, Egyptian, English, Filipino, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Tunisian, Turkish and Vietnamese.
In English-speaking countries, squid as food is often marketed using the Italian word calamari. Squid are found abundantly in certain areas, and provide large catches for fisheries. The body can be stuffed whole, cut into flat pieces, or sliced into rings. The arms, tentacles, and ink are also edible; the only parts not eaten are the beak and gladius (pen). Squid is a good food source for zinc and manganese, and high in copper,[17] selenium, vitamin B12, and riboflavin.[18]
See also
Paralarva
Book: Cephalopoda
References
Jump up ^ Tanabe, K.; Hikida, Y.; Iba, Y. (2006). "Two Coleoid Jaws from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (1): 138–145. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0138:TCJFTU]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ "Teuthida". World Register of Marine Species.
Jump up ^ Jabr, F. (2 August 2010). "Fact or Fiction: Can a Squid Fly Out of the Water?". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ Johnson, W.; Soden, P. D.; Trueman, E. R. (1972). "A Study in Jet Propulsion: An analysis of the motion of the squid, Loligo vulgaris". Journal of Experimental Biology. 56 (1): 155–165.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arkhipkin, A. I.; Laptikhovsky, V. V. (2010). "Observation of penis elongation in Onykia ingens: implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (3): 299–300. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq019.
Jump up ^ Walker, M. (7 July 2010). "Super squid sex organ discovered". BBC Earth News.
Jump up ^ Clarke, M. R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-857603-X.
Jump up ^ Miserez, A.; Li, Y.; Waite, H.; Zok, F. (2007). "Jumbo squid beaks: Inspiration for design of robust organic composites". Acta Biomaterialia. 3 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.004. PMID 17113369.
Jump up ^ Walker, Matt (15 June 2009). "The cephalopods can hear you". BBC. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
Jump up ^ O'Shea, S. (2003). "Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet". The Octopus News Magazine Online.
Jump up ^ Johnson, C. Scott "Sea Creatures and the Problem of Equipment Damage" United States Naval Institute Proceedings August 1978 pp. 106–107
Jump up ^ Xavier, J. C.; Rodhouse, P. G.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. (1999). "A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Science. 11 (1): 61–62. doi:10.1017/S0954102099000097.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Jim (22 February 2007). "World's largest squid landed in NZ". New Zealand Government website.
Jump up ^ "Microwave plan for colossal squid". BBC News. March 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Rodhouse, Paul G. (2005). "Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: Fisheries technical paper". World squid resources. FAO (457). ISBN 92-5-105267-0.
^ Jump up to: a b nei: not elsewhere included
Jump up ^ Squid – Overview: Food Market Exchange – B2B e-marketplace for the food industry Archived March 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "California Market Squid". FishWatch. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Squid.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Squid
CephBase: Teuthida
Colossal Squid at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Market squid mating, laying eggs (video)
Scientific American – Giant Squid
The Cephalopod Page
The Octopus News Magazine Online
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Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q81900
ADW: Teuthida
EoL: 2336
EPPO: 1TEUTO
Fossilworks: 15940
IRMNG: 12300
ITIS: 82367
NCBI: 551290
NZOR: 94dbaefc-92eb-460b-ab36-b1d90b170a50
WoRMS: 11716
Authority control
GND: 4163119-5
NDL: 00564009
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Cephalopod arm

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Grimalditeuthis bonplandi

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Ram's horn squid

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Parateuthis tunicata

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text:
I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"I Wan'na Be like You" is a song from Walt Disney's 1967 film The Jungle Book. The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima.[1]
Richard Sherman said he and his brother aimed for a jazz sound, with a Dixieland-like melody. He added that "When we first got an idea for 'I Wan'na Be Like You,' we said an ape swings from a tree, and he's the king of apes. We'll make him 'the king of the swingers.' That's the idea, we'll make him a jazz man." Once Prima was invited to do the song, he mockingly responded to the Shermans with "You want to make a monkey out of me? You got me!" The instrumentals were originally recorded by Prima—who also played the trumpet—and his band, Sam Butera & The Witnesses, but the music was replaced by one written by the film's composer, George Bruns, and orchestrated by Walter Sheets. The "scat dialogue" between Baloo and King Louie was the result of two recording sessions. Louis Prima recorded first, with the intent that Baloo—played in his recording by Butera—would simply repeat what Louie scatted, but Phil Harris decided not to imitate Prima's recording and made up his own. The song was released the same date as the motion picture itself.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cover versions
2 Robbie Williams version
2.1 Weekly charts
3 Uses in popular culture
4 See also
5 References
Cover versions[edit]
Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen released a single of "I Wanna Be like You" (without an apostrophe in the title) in 1968[4] and it also featured on their 1969 album King of the Swingers.[5]
Pinky and Perky recorded a version for their Film Parade album in 1970 and also released the song as a single.
On the 1990 collection Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films, the song appears on "Medley Two" as recorded by Los Lobos, who play the song occasionally in their live shows.
On 5 April 1994 Phish performed a truly Phish-styled version at The Metropolis Concert Hall in Montreal, Quebec.
Big Bad Voodoo Daddy did a cover of the song on the Swingers soundtrack, even though the song does not appear in the film. The band later released the song on their 1999 album This Beautiful Life.
Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a ska version of the song for the 2002 Japanese-exclusive album Dive into Disney.
The Jungle Book 2, released in 2003, featured the band Smash Mouth playing the song during the end credits of the film; the song also appeared on the film's soundtrack. In the Australian version, Nikki Webster covers the song, which is also featured on her Best of album.
The 2005 album En Vivo by Gabriel Ríos contains a cover of the song.
In 2007, a pop rock cover was recorded by the Jonas Brothers for Disneymania 5.
British pop singer Paolo Nutini performed "I Wan'na Be like You" at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival.
On 23 October 2010, X Factor contestant Katie Waissel pleased the judges with her surprise selection of the song.
Craig David sang a cover of the song for an award ceremony in the UK; the video is on YouTube.
In November 2013, The Overtones recorded a cover of the song as a mix with "The Bare Necessities" for their album Saturday Night at the Movies.
In 2015, Fall Out Boy recorded a cover version of the song for the compilation album We Love Disney.
Christopher Walken performs the song as King Louie in the 2016 live-action adaptation, with new lyrics written by Richard M. Sherman to reflect the character of Louie being depicted as a Gigantopithecus.[6]
J-pop band Little Glee Monster recorded a Japanese cover of the song titled 'Kimi no yō ni naritai` (君のようになりたい).
The Fun Songs version is performed in a 1994 Disney Sing-Along Songs home video: Let's Go to the Circus. In it, Toby Scott Ganger imagines what it would be like if he and his friends were all monkeys in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus show.
Robbie Williams version[edit]
"I Wanna Be like You"
Song by Robbie Williams featuring Olly Murs
from the album Swings Both Ways
Length
3:31
Label
Island
Universal
Songwriter(s)
Richard Sherman
Robert Sherman
Producer(s)
Guy Chambers
Swings Both Ways track listing
"Go Gentle"
(2) "I Wanna Be like You"
(3) "Swing Supreme"
(4)
"I Wan'na Be like You" was covered by British recording artist Robbie Williams featuring British recording artist Olly Murs for his tenth studio album Swings Both Ways (2013). Production of their rendition was handled by Guy Chambers. However, in the liner notes Robbie Williams incorrectly attributes the original to Phil Harris, and says how much he admires Harris (p. 4 of notes in Deluxe Edition).
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7] 55
Germany (Official German Charts)[8] 85
Ireland (IRMA)[9] 64
Uses in popular culture[edit]
In 2009, "I Wanna Be like You" was used in a British anti-smoking public information film. It showed children copying everything their parents did (for example, boys putting shaving cream on their faces, girls dressing up in their mothers' best clothes and both genders washing the car), and "I Wanna Be like You" is playing throughout the advertisement, but it stops when a girl puts a crayon to her mouth in imitation of her mother smoking. It stops with the voice-over saying, "If you smoke, your children are more likely to."
The Robbie Williams/Olly Murs collaborative cover appears in season 3, episode 9 of the TV drama Stella.
In 2015, "I Wanna Be like You" was featured in season 1, episode 7 of the TV drama Aquarius.
See also[edit]
I Wanna Be Loved by You
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Jungle Book (1967)—Soundtracks from Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ Sherman, Richard. The Jungle Book audio commentary. The Jungle Book—Platinum Edition
Jump up ^ I Wan'na Be like You: Richard Sherman shares story behind writing famous Jungle Book song
Jump up ^ Kenny Ball 45rpm Discography at www.45rpm.org.uk
Jump up ^ Kenny Ball—King Of The Swingers (1969) at Discogs
Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan (April 15, 2016). "'Jungle Book' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Robbie Williams feat. Olly Murs – I wanna Be like You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Robbie Williams feat. Olly Murs – I wanna Be like You". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 48, 2013". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
[hide]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
Books
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
All the Mowgli Stories (1933)
Mowgli stories
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
Other stories
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
Characters
Mowgli
Baloo
Bagheera
Akela
Raksha
Kaa
Hathi
Shere Khan
Bandar-log
King Louie
Disney franchise
Film
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (1994)
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Television
TaleSpin (1990–91)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
Soundtrack
"Colonel Hathi's March"
"The Bare Necessities"
"I Wan'na Be like You"
"Trust in Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"My Own Home"
"Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai"
Video games
The Jungle Book (1993)
The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)
Other
The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Other adaptations
Film
Elephant Boy (1937)
Jungle Book (1942)
Adventures of Mowgli (1973)
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997)
Mowgli's First Adventure: In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond (1998)
Mowgli (2018)
Television
Elephant Boy (1973)
Mowgli's Brothers (1976)
Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90)
episodes
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998)
The Jungle Book (2010–)
Other
The Third Jungle Book (1992)
A dzsungel könyve
Djungelboken
Related
Law of the jungle
Mowgli syndrome
The Graveyard Book (2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wan%27na_Be_like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)&oldid=823436479"
Categories:
Songs about animals
Songs from The Jungle Book
1967 songs
Songs written by the Sherman Brothers
Jazz songs
Swing music
Robbie Williams songs
Olly Murs songs
Fall Out Boy songs
Jonas Brothers songs
Los Lobos songs
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2011
All articles needing additional references
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Singlechart usages for Austria
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South Korea–United States relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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South Korea–United States relations

South Korea

United States
Diplomatic Mission
Korean Embassy, Washington D.C.
United States Embassy, Seoul
Envoy
Ambassador Ahn Ho-Young
Chargé d'affaires Marc Knapper
Republic of Korea–United States relations (Hangul: 한미 관계; Hanja: 韓美 關係; RR: Hanmi gwangye; MR: Hanmi kwan'gye) have been extensive since 1950, when the United States helped establish the modern state of South Korea, also known as the Republic of Korea, and fought on its UN-sponsored side in the Korean War (1950–1953). During the subsequent four decades, South Korea experienced tremendous economic, political and military growth, and significantly reduced U.S. dependency. From Roh Tae-woo's administration to Roh Moo-hyun's administration, South Korea sought to establish an American partnership, which has made the Seoul–Washington relationship subject to some strains, especially with the Anti-US/Korean sentiments. However, relations between the United States and South Korea have greatly strengthened under the conservative, pro-U.S. Lee Myung-bak administration. At the 2009 G20 London summit, U.S. President Barack Obama called South Korea "one of America's closest allies and greatest friends."[1] In addition, South Korea has been designated as a Major non-NATO ally.[2]
According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 58% of South Koreans view the United States' influence positively, while 28% view it negatively; 55% of Americans view South Korea's influence positively, while 34% view it negatively. South Korea is one of the most pro-American nations in the world.
American President Donald Trump and South Korean President Moon Jae-in at the White House in June 2017
Contents
[hide]
1 Country comparison
2 Historical background
2.1 Korean War (6.25 War)
3 Origins of the South Korea–United States alliance
4 Military alliance
5 Issues
5.1 Opinion polling
5.2 Environmental degradation
5.3 Beef controversy
6 Economic relations
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Country comparison[edit]
Republic of Korea
United States of America
Coat of Arms
Flag
Population 50,801,000 325,316,000
Area 100,210 km2 (38,690 sq mi) 9,820,630 km2 (3,791,770 sq mi)
Population Density 506/km2 (1,310/sq mi) 35/km2 (91/sq mi)
Capital Seoul Washington, D.C.
Largest City Seoul – 10,464,051 (25,650,063 Metro) New York City – 8,600,710 (19,006,798 Metro)
Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic Federal presidential constitutional republic
First Leader Rhee Syng-man George Washington
Current Leader Moon Jae-in Donald Trump
Official languages Korean English (de facto, none at federal level)
GDP (nominal) US$1.450 trillion ($28,739 per capita) US$16.245 trillion ($51,704 per capita)
Leaders of South Korea and the United States from 1950
Historical background[edit]
Korean War (6.25 War)[edit]
Main articles: Division of Korea and Korean War
The statue of MacArthur at South Korea Jayu (Freedom) Park.[3]
Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel escalated into open warfare when the North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950.[4] The Korean War broke out when North Korea invaded South Korea. In response, 16 member countries of the United Nations, including the United States, came to the defense of South Korea. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War with extensive deployment of American and other troops.[5]
Letter from President of the Republic of Korea Lee Myung-bak
… About 37,000 Americans lost their lives. They fought for the freedom of Koreans they did not even know, and thanks to their sacrifices, the peace and democracy of the republic were protected. … On this significant occasion, all Koreans pay tribute to the heroes fallen in defense of freedom and democracy. I firmly believe that future generations in both countries will further advance the strong Republic of Korea–U.S. alliance into one befitting the spirit of the new age.[6]
Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2010
Origins of the South Korea–United States alliance[edit]
Following the end of World War II, the United States established a bilateral alliance with South Korea instead of establishing a multilateral alliance with South Korea and other East Asian countries.
Moreover, the "U.S. alliance with South Korea would consequently have three functions. First, it would serve as part of a network of alliances and military installations designed to ring the Soviet threat in the Pacific. Second, it would deter a second North Korean attack, with U.S. ground troops serving as the "tripwire" guaranteeing U.S. involvement. Third, it would restrain the South from engaging in adventurism."[7]
Military alliance[edit]
American Soldiers and Korean War veterans honor fallen comrades
See also: Major non-NATO ally, United States Forces Korea, Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea, and Western princess
The Republic of Korea and the United States agreed to a military alliance in 1953.[8] They called it "the relationship forged in blood".[9] In addition, roughly 29,000 United States Forces Korea troops are stationed in South Korea. In 2009, South Korea and the United States pledged to develop the alliance’s vision for future defense cooperation.[10] Currently South Korean forces would fall under United States control should the war resume. This war time control is planned to revert to South Korea in 2020.[11]
At the request of the United States, President Park Chung-hee sent troops to Vietnam to assist American troops during the Vietnam War, maintaining the second largest contingent of foreign troops after the United States. In exchange, the United States increased military and economic assistance to South Korea. President Roh Moo-hyun, despite having been elected on a liberal platform, also authorized dispatching a small contingent of troops to Iraq in 2004 at the request of President George Bush.
Joint vision for the Alliance of the Republic of Korea and the United States of America
The Alliance is adapting to changes in the 21st Century security environment. We will maintain a robust defense posture, backed by allied capabilities which support both nations' security interests.... We will continue to deepen our strong bilateral economic, trade and investment relations.... In the Asia-Pacific region we will work jointly with regional institutions and partners to foster prosperity, keep the peace, and improve the daily lives of the people of the region.... The United States of America and the Republic of Korea will work to achieve our common Alliance goals through strategic cooperation at every level.[12]
The U.S. Government (June 16, 2009)
Issues[edit]
The Korean Bell of Friendship at Angel's Gate Park in Los Angeles, California
Since the end of the Korean War, South Korea and the United States have maintained strong ties.
Opinion polling[edit]
According Pew Research Center, 84% of South Koreans have a favorable view towards the United States and Americans (ranked within top 4 among the countries in the world).[13][14] Also, according to a Korean Gallup poll, South Korea views the U.S. as the most favorable country in the world.[15] In the political side, the United States supported South Korea after 1945 as a "staunch bastion against communism", even when it was ruled by a dictatorship.[16] In a March 2011 Gallup Poll, 74% of South Koreans said that they believe that the U.S. influence in the world is favorable,[17] and in a November 2011 Gallup Poll, 57% of South Koreans approved of U.S. leadership, with 22% disapproving; by contrast, only 30% of South Koreans approved of China's leadership.[18]
Americans are steadily viewing South Korea more positively as well, with the 2011 Gallup poll – a 65% favorability rating – being the highest rating to date.[17] Thus, the relationship between the two countries, as indicated by polling results, is steadily improving.
According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 58% of South Koreans view U.S. influence positively, the highest rating for any surveyed Asian country.[19]
Environmental degradation[edit]
On February 9, 2000, the Eighth U.S. Army ordered twenty boxes of formaldehyde, a toxic fluid, dumped into the Han River. South Korean environmentalist groups protested that it could be harmful to aquatic life forms, but the U.S. military insisted that it was diluted with water. This incident was satirized in the 2006 South Korean monster film The Host, where a horrible mutated monster from the river menaces the inhabitants of Seoul.[20]
Beef controversy[edit]
Further information: 2008 US beef protest in South Korea
The Government of South Korea banned imports of U.S. beef in 2003 in response to a case of mad cow disease in Washington state. In 2008, the protests against U.S. beef recalled the student "pro-democracy" movements of the 1980s. Nevertheless, South Korea became the world's third largest U.S. beef importer in 2010. With its strong import growth, South Korea surpassed Japan for the first time to become the largest market for U.S. beef in Asia and in 2016 US beef imports in Korea reached a value of $1 billion.[21][22]
Economic relations[edit]
Main article: Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2011)
South Korea and the United States are important economic partners to each other. Nearly 60 billion dollars of trade volume between the two countries display the significant economic interdependence between the two states. However, according to the CRS report, South Korea is much more economically reliant on the United States than the United States is on South Korea. This is supported with the fact that the United States ranks first as a trading partner for South Korea.[23] However, a recent policy brief introduces the fact that the ratio of exports to the United States has declined significantly from around 40 percent to less than 20 percent in 2002 while the share of exports to China has increased drastically which led China to become the number one export destination for South Korea.[24] Although the economy of South Korea and the United States is becoming more integrated with the recent ratification of the KORUS Free Trade Agreement, there remains some major trade disputes between the two nations in the areas including telecommunications, automotive industry, intellectual property rights issues, pharmaceutical industry, and agricultural industry especially in terms of rice and beef.[23]
See also[edit]
Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea
Index of Korea-related articles
United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK, 1945–1948)
Six-party talks
References[edit]
Jump up ^ President Obama Vows Strengthened U.S.-South Korea Ties Archived 2009-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. 2 Apr 2009. Embassy of the United States, Seoul
Jump up ^ Farberov, Snejana (6 July 2012). "Hillary Clinton flies into Kabul as U.S. declares Afghanistan major non-NATO ally". Daily Mail. Retrieved May 28, 2015. Afghanistan becomes the 15th such country the U.S. has declared a major non-NATO ally. The list includes Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand.
Jump up ^ Jayu Park Archived 2011-01-14 at the Wayback Machine. lifeinkorea.com
Jump up ^ Devine, Robert A.; Breen, T. H.; Frederickson, George M.; Williams, R. Hal; Gross, Adriela J.; Brands, H.W. (2007). America Past and Present 8th Ed. Volume II: Since 1865. Pearson Longman. pp. 819–821. ISBN 0-321-44661-5.
Jump up ^ Hermes, Jr., Walter (1992) [1966]. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 2, 6–9. CMH Pub 20-3-1.
Jump up ^ From South Korea, a note of thanks June 25, 2010. Los Angeles Times
Jump up ^ Cha, Victor (Winter 2009–2010). Powerplay: Origins of U.S. Alliances in Asia. p. 174. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ The ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty Archived 2011-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. Embassy of the Republic of Korea in the United States
Jump up ^ Speeches of U.S. Ambassador, March 20, 2009 Archived May 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
… One of the first phrases I learned in Korean, I heard in Korean, when people talked about the US-Korea relationship, was 혈맹관계, "the relationship forged in blood." I remember how moved I was by that, by the passion which people used in talking about it. Our relationship, as you all well know, goes further back even than that …
(March 20, 2009, U.S. Ambassador in the Republic of Korea)
Jump up ^ Joint Statement of ROK-US Foreign and Defense Ministers’ Meeting 07-21-2010. The Korea Times
Jump up ^ "US, South Korea agree to again delay handover of wartime operational control to Seoul."
Jump up ^ Joint vision for the Alliance of the Republic of Korea and the United States of America June 16, 2009. The White House
Jump up ^ Opinion of the United States Pew Research Center
Jump up ^ South Koreans remain strongly pro-American Pew Research Center
Jump up ^ "한국에 긍정적 영향을 미친 국가는 미국 " 80.7% (80.7% Korean think US gave most positive influence to Korea)(in Korean)
Jump up ^ Stockwell, Eugene (1976-05-01). "South Korea's leader Communism's best ally?". The Gadsden Times. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
Jump up ^ U.S. Leadership Approval Ratings Top China's in Asia Gallup (company)
Jump up ^ 2014 World Service Poll BBC
Jump up ^ Jon Herskovitz (2006-09-07). "South Korean movie monster gobbles up box office". Reuters. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
Jump up ^ S. Korea becomes world's third largest U.S. beef importer July 16, 2010. People's Daily
Jump up ^ US Meat Export Federation. "U.S. beef exports to Korea reach new heights; poised for further growth in 2017". Beef Magazine. Beef Magazine. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Manyin, M. (2004). South Korea-U.S. Economic Relations: Cooperation, Friction, and Future Prospects. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved from https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/34347.pdf
Jump up ^ Noland, M. (2003). The Strategic Importance of US-Korea Economic Relations. International Economics Policy Briefs. Retrieved from http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb03-6.pdf
Further reading[edit]
Baldwin, Frank, ed. Without Parallel: The American-Korean Relationship since 1945 (1973).
Berger, Carl. The Korean Knot: A Military-Political History (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1964).
Chay, Jongsuk. Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korea-American Relations to 1910 (U of Hawaii Press, 1990).
Chung, Jae Ho. Between Ally and Partner: Korea-China Relations and the United States (2008) excerpt and text search
Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947 (Princeton UP, 1981).
Cumings, Bruce. ed. Child of Conflict: The Korean-American Relationship, 1943-1953 (U of Washington Press, 1983).
Dennett, Tyler. "Early American Policy in Korea, 1883-7." Political Science Quarterly 38.1 (1923): 82-103. in JSTOR
Denett, Tyler. Americans in East Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with References to China, Japan, and Korea in the Nineteenth Century. (1922) online free
Harrington, Fred Harvey. God, Mammon, and the Japanese: Dr. Horace N. Allen and Korean- American Relations, 1884-1905. (U of Wisconsin Press, 1944).
Hong, Hyun Woong. "American Foreign Policy Toward Korea, 1945-1950" (PhD dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 2007) online bibliography pp 256-72.
Kim, Byung-Kook; Vogel, Ezra F. The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea (Harvard UP, 2011).
Kim, Seung-young, ed. American Diplomacy and Strategy toward Korea and Northeast Asia, 1882 - 1950 and After (2009) online
Lee, Yur-Bok and Wayne Patterson. One Hundred Years of Korean-American Relations, 1882-1982 (1986) online
Ryu, Dae Young. "An Odd Relationship: The State Department, Its Representatives, and American Protestant Missionaries in Korea, 1882—1905." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 6.4 (1997): 261-287.
Yuh, Leighanne. "The Historiography of Korea in the United States". International Journal of Korean History (2010). 15#2: 127–144.
External links[edit]
Republic of Korea Embassy in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Embassy in Seoul
Video on South Korea-US Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
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text:
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush
British quad poster
Directed by
Clive Donner
Produced by
Clive Donner
Larry Kramer
Written by
Hunter Davies
Larry Kramer (additional dialogue)
Starring
Barry Evans
Judy Geeson
Angela Scoular
Sheila White
Adrienne Posta
Diane Keen
Christopher Timothy
Music by
Traffic
Spencer Davis Group
Andy Ellison
Cinematography
Alex Thomson
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
January 1968 (1968-01)
Running time
96 min
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush is a 1967 British film made based on the novel of the same name by Hunter Davies.[1] It was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival,[2] but the festival was cancelled due to the events of May 1968 in France.
The film starred Barry Evans, Judy Geeson and Angela Scoular and was directed by Clive Donner.[3]
The film was released on DVD and blu-ray officially for the first time by the BFI in September 2010 as part of its "Flipside" strand.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Cast
3 Music
4 Location
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Jamie McGregor (Barry Evans) is a virginal sixth-former in a swinging sixties new town, delivering groceries for the local supermarket. However he is more interested in matters sexual and sets out to lose his virginity by attempting to seduce the local girls – Linda, Paula, Caroline, Audrey, and his dream girl Mary.
Cast[edit]
Barry Evans – Jamie McGregor
Judy Geeson – Mary Gloucester
Angela Scoular – Caroline Beauchamp
Sheila White – Paula
Adrienne Posta – Linda
Vanessa Howard – Audrey
Maxine Audley – Mrs. Beauchamp
Denholm Elliott – Mr. Beauchamp
Moyra Fraser – Mrs. McGregor
Michael Bates – Mr. McGregor
Diane Keen – Claire
Christopher Timothy – Spike
Nicky Henson – Craig Foster
Allan Warren – Joe McGregor
Roy Holder – Arthur
George Layton – Gordon
Christopher Mitchell – Tony
Angela Pleasence – Scruffy Girl
Marianne Stone – Mrs. Kelly
Anthony Finch – Boy at Bowes Lion House
Music[edit]
The music was released by United Artists Records as a soundtrack album in 1968.[5] It has been re-issued on CD by Rykodisc. The Spencer Davis Group provided most of the music and made a cameo appearance in the film at a church fete.[6] The title track "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush" was written and performed by Traffic.[5] Traffic also have two other songs on the soundtrack album "Am I What I Was or Was I What I Am" and a version of "Utterly Simple" that is different from the recording used on the album Mr Fantasy. Andy Ellison of the group John's Children also appears on the soundtrack album with the song "It's Been a Long Time".[7]
Location[edit]
The location for the film was Stevenage New Town, Hertfordshire.[8]
The sailing scenes at the "Botel" were filmed on Grafham Water, Cambridgeshire.[9]
Reception[edit]
The film was the 14th most popular movie at the Australian box office in 1969.[10] It was the 10th most popular film in general release at the British box office in 1968.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Here We Go round the Mulberry Bush (1967)". BFI.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "BFI Screenonline: Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush (1967)".
Jump up ^ "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Here We Go 'Round the Mulberry Bush [RPM]". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "British 60s cinema - Here we go round the mulberry bush". Archived from the original on 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Spencer Davis Group / Traffic - Here We Go 'Round The Mulberry Bush". Discogs.
Jump up ^ "Reel Streets".
Jump up ^ "Reel Streets".
Jump up ^ "The World's Top Twenty Films." Sunday Times [London, England] 27 Sept. 1970: 27. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. accessed 5 Apr. 2014
Jump up ^ John Wayne-money-spinner The Guardian (1959-2003) [London (UK)] 31 Dec 1968: 3.
External links[edit]
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush on IMDb
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush at AllMovie
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Clive Donner
The Secret Place (1957)
Heart of a Child (1958)
The Sinister Man (1961)
Some People (1962)
The Caretaker (1963)
Nothing But the Best (1964)
What's New Pussycat? (1965)
Luv (1967)
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1967)
Alfred the Great (1969)
Vampira (1974)
Rogue Male (1976)
Spectre (1977)
The Three Hostages (1977)
The Thief of Baghdad (1978)
The Nude Bomb (1980)
Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981)
Oliver Twist (1982)
The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982)
To Catch a King (1984)
A Christmas Carol (1984)
Merlin and the Sword (1985)
Dead Man's Folly (1986)
Babes in Toyland (1986)
Stealing Heaven (1988)
Charlemagne, le prince à cheval (miniseries, 1993)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_We_Go_Round_the_Mulberry_Bush_(film)&oldid=818571735"
Categories:
1968 films
English-language films
1967 films
British films
British comedy films
British teen films
Films based on British novels
British coming-of-age films
Stevenage
1960s comedy films
Films directed by Clive Donner
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This page was last edited on 4 January 2018, at 09:16.
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