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Sri Lankan cuisine
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Sri Lankan cuisine has been shaped by many historical, cultural, and other factors. Foreign traders who brought new food items; influences from Indonesian cuisine[1] and the cuisine of Southern India have all helped to shape Sri Lankan cuisine. Today, some of the staples of Sri Lankan cuisine are rice, coconut, and spices. The latter are used due to Sri Lanka's history as a spice producer and trading post over several centuries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dishes
1.1 Rice and Curry
1.2 Kottu
1.3 Hoppers
1.4 String hoppers
1.5 Lamprais
1.6 Kool
1.7 Pittu
1.8 Roti
2 Sweets
3 Short eats
4 Beverages
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Dishes[edit]
Rice and Curry[edit]
A Sri Lankan rice and curry dish.
Typical Sri-Lankan dish of rice and prawns.
The central feature of Sri Lankan cuisine is boiled or steamed rice, served with a curry of fish, chicken, beef or mutton, along with other curries made with vegetables, lentils, or fruits.
Dishes are accompanied by pickled fruits or vegetables, chutneys, and sambols. coconut sambol is especially common, a paste of ground coconut mixed with chili peppers, dried Maldive fish, and lime juice.
Pol Sambola
Kottu[edit]
Kottu is a spicy stir-fry of shredded roti bread with vegetables. Optional ingredients include eggs, meat, or cheese. It was invented in Batticaloa and literally means 'chopped roti' in Tamil.
Hoppers[edit]
Hoppers
Hoppers (appam) are based on a fermented batter, usually made of rice flour and coconut milk with spices. The dish is pan-fried or steamed. The fermenting agent is palm toddy or yeast. Hopper variants can be either savory (such as egg hoppers, milk hoppers, and string hoppers), or sweet (such as vandu appa and pani appa).[2] Savory hoppers are often accompanied by lunu miris, a mix of red onions and spices.
String hoppers[edit]
String hoppers (idiyappam) are made from a hot-water dough of rice meal or wheat flour. The dough is pressed out in circlets from a string mold onto small wicker mats, and then steamed.
Lamprais[edit]
Main article: Lamprais
A Dutch Burgher-influenced dish, lamprais is rice boiled in stock accompanied by frikkadels (frikadeller meatballs), a mixed meat curry, blachan, aubergine curry, and seeni sambol. All of this is then wrapped in a banana leaf and baked in an oven. Lamprais is ideal for special occasions with a large gathering of friends and family considering its richness and the time it takes to prepare. Lamprais is cooked twice; first the rice and the entrees are cooked separately and later what is already cooked is wrapped in a banana leaf and baked in an oven, which makes it a unique recipe.
Kool[edit]
Kool is a seafood broth from Jaffna containing crab, fish, cuttlefish, prawns, and crayfish. It also contains long beans, jak seeds, manioc, spinach, and tamarind. The dish is thickened with palmyra root flour.
Pittu[edit]
Pittu[3] are cylinders of steamed rice mixed with grated coconut.[4]
Roti[edit]
Gothamba roti is a simple Sri Lankan flatbread usually made from wheat flour.
Variants of roti include thengappu roti (Pol in Sinhalese), in which shredded coconut is mixed into the dough. Another variant is Uraippu roti (spicy roti), in which chopped onions and green chilies are used when making the dough.
Sweets[edit]
Main article: List of Sri Lankan sweets and desserts
A common dessert in Sri Lanka is kevum, an oil cake made with rice flour and treacle and deep-fried to a golden brown. There are many variations of kevum. Moong Kevum is a variant where mung bean flour is made into a paste and shaped like diamonds before frying. Other types of kevum include athiraha, konda kevum, athirasa, and handi kevum.
Many sweets are served with kiribath milk rice during the Sinhala and Tamil New Years . Other sweets include:
Cakes and pastries:
Aluwa - Diamond-shaped rice-flour pastries
Bibikkan - A rich, cake-like sweet made from grated coconut, coconut treacle, and wheat flour. It is a speciality of coastal areas.
Kokis - A savoury crispy biscuit-like dish made from rice flour and coconut milk.
Pushnambu - A rich, cake-like sweet made from coconut treacle and wheat flour. Cinnamon/cardamom and sweet cumin is often added among the Christian population of Sri Lanka.
Treacle-flavored sweets:
Undu Walalu/Undu wal or Pani walalu - A sweet from the Mathale area, prepared using urad bean flour and kithul treacle.
Aggala - Rice balls flavored with treacle
Weli Thalapa - Made from rice flour and coconut treacle
Aasmi - Made with rice flour and the juice of a leaf called Neolitsea cassia (okra juice can be used as a substitute), deep fried and topped with pink-coloured treacle.
Puddings and toffees:
Kalu Dodol - A solid toffee-, jelly-like confection made by lengthy reduction of coconut milk, thickened with rice flour and sweetened with jaggery.
Watalappam - A steamed pudding made with coconut milk, eggs, and jaggery. First introduced by the Malay immigrants, watalappam has become a staple of Sri Lankan desserts.
Other sweets:
Thala Guli - Made from ground sesame and jaggery with finely grated coconut.
Kiri Toffee - Made with sweetened condensed milk or sugar-thickened pure cow's milk. Cardamom/sweet cumin and cashews are added for more taste.
Sri Lankan sweets
Konda Kevum
Kokis
Kalu Dodol
Sri Lankan Swiss roll
Short eats[edit]
"Short eats" are a variety of snacks that are bought by the dozen from "short eat" shops and restaurants. These are eaten on the go, mainly for breakfast or during the evening. Short eats include pastries, Chinese rolls and patties. A popular short eat among Tamils is the mutton roll, made from tender pieces of mutton with potato and seasoned with spices. This can be a very spicy dish. Mutton rolls are served all over the world wherever there are Sri Lankan Tamils. Other short eats include:
Vade - parippu vade, ulundu vade, isso (shrimp) vade, crab vade
Chinese rolls or egg rolls, which often contain minced meats, potatoes, and vegetables
Patties and pastries - filled with vegetables, meat, or fish
Vegetable/fish roti - a flatbread with a filling rolled into a triangular shape and baked
Short eats are served at parties or to guests when they visit a home. Western food such as hot dogs and hamburgers have arrived in Sri Lanka, with the globalization of fast-food chains such as McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut. However, foods from these establishments are not usually considered short eats. Additionally, hot dogs and hamburgers are also modified to fit local tastes.
Beverages[edit]
Beverages commonly served in Sri Lanka include:
Faluda - a mixture of syrup, ice cream, jelly pieces and basil seeds, served cold
Fruit juices - especially passionfruit juice
Toddy - a mildly alcoholic drink made from palm tree sap
Arrack - a distilled spirit made from coconut
Tea
See also[edit]
Sri Lanka portal
Food portal
Faluda
Godamba Rotti
Kottu
Pittu
Traditional Rice of Sri Lanka
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Orang_Melayu_Sri_Lanka_Dan_Bahasanya.html?id=7KZkAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Jump up ^ "Easy recipe for Appa". Infolanka.com. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Mani Puttu recipe". Kish.in. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Recipe for Pittu". Infolanka.com. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Sri Lanka.
Sri Lankan Kitchen - Recipes from Sri Lanka
About Sri Lankan foods
Sri Lankan Food Recipes
Sri Lanka Cooking
Malini's Kitchen
Sri Lanka Food Preparation and Recipes
Sri Lanka food recipes and culture
Sri Lankan Recipes
Home-recipe-sri lanka
Lamprais
Stella's Recipes -Sri Lanka
Pol Sambola Recipe
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text:
Neck
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Neck (disambiguation).
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Neck
Human neck
Details
Identifiers
Latin
cervix; collum
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Neck
TA
A01.1.00.012
FMA
7155
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso or trunk. It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply structures in the head to the body. These in humans include part of the esophagus, the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland, major blood vessels including the carotid arteries and jugular veins, and the first part of the spinal cord.
In anatomy, the neck is also called by its Latin names, cervix or collum, although when used alone, in context, the word cervix more often refers to the uterine cervix, the neck of the uterus. Thus the adjective cervical may refer either to the neck (as in cervical vertebrae or cervical lymph nodes) or to the uterine cervix (as in cervical cap or cervical cancer).
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Nerve supply
1.2 Blood supply and vessels
1.3 Surface anatomy
2 Function
2.1 Muscles and movement
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Neck pain
4 Other animals
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Muscles in the human neck
The neck contains vessels that links structures in the head to the body. In humans these structures include part of the esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid and parathyroid glands, lymph nodes, and the first part of the spinal cord. Major blood vessels present include the carotid arteries and the jugular veins. Cervical lymph nodes surround the blood vessels. The thyroid gland and parathyroid gland are endocrine glands involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and growth, and blood calcium levels.
The shape of the neck in humans is formed from the upper part of the vertebral column at the back, and a series of cartilage that surrounds the upper part of the respiratory tract. Around these sit soft tissues, including muscles, and between and around these sit the other structures mentioned above.
Muscles of the neck attach to the base of the skull, the hyoid bone, the clavicles and the sternum. The large platysma, sternocleidomastoid muscles contribute to the shape at the front, and the trapezius and lattissimus dorsi at the back. A number of other muscles attach to and stem from the hyoid bone, facilitating speech and playing a role in swallowing.
Nerve supply[edit]
Sensation to the front areas of the neck comes from the roots of nerves C2-4, and at the back of the neck from the roots of C4-5.[1]
The cervical region of the human spine is made up of seven cervical vertebrae referred to as C-1 to C-7,[2] with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body. The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column. The spinal column carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion.
In addition to nerves coming from and within the human spine, the accessory nerve and vagus nerve both cranial nerves, travel down the neck.
Blood supply and vessels[edit]
Surface anatomy[edit]
Phenomenon of neck lines (lat.monillas) or "moon rings" at mature age
In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called "Adam's apple", better marked in men than in women. Also neck lines marks appear at a later age as a phenomenon of skin wrinkle. Still lower the cricoid cartilage is easily felt, while between this and the suprasternal notch the trachea and isthmus of the thyroid gland may be made out. At the side the outline of the sternomastoid muscle is the most striking mark; it divides the anterior triangle of the neck from the posterior. The upper part of the former contains the submaxillary gland also known as the submandibular glands, which lies just below the posterior half of the body of the jaw. The line of the common and the external carotid arteries may be marked by joining the sterno-clavicular articulation to the angle of the jaw.
The eleventh or spinal accessory nerve corresponds to a line drawn from a point midway between the angle of the jaw and the mastoid process to the middle of the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle and thence across the posterior triangle to the deep surface of the trapezius. The external jugular vein can usually be seen through the skin; it runs in a line drawn from the angle of the jaw to the middle of the clavicle, and close to it are some small lymphatic glands. The anterior jugular vein is smaller, and runs down about half an inch from the middle line of the neck. The clavicle or collar-bone forms the lower limit of the neck, and laterally the outward slope of the neck to the shoulder is caused by the trapezius muscle.
Function[edit]
Muscles and movement[edit]
The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. In addition, the neck is highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions.
Clinical significance[edit]
Neck pain[edit]
Main article: Neck pain
Disorders of the neck are a common source of pain. The neck has a great deal of functionality but is also subject to a lot of stress. Common sources of neck pain (and related pain syndromes, such as pain that radiates down the arm) include (and are strictly limited to):
Whiplash, strained muscle or other soft tissue injury
Cervical herniated disc
Cervical spinal stenosis
Osteoarthritis
Vascular sources of pain, like arterial dissections or internal jugular vein thrombosis
Cervical adenitis
Other animals[edit]
The neck appears in some of the earliest of tetrapod fossils, and the functionality provided has led to its being retained in all land vertebrates as well as marine-adapted tetrapods such as turtles, seals, and penguins. Some degree of flexibility is retained even where the outside physical manifestation has been secondarily lost, as in whales and porpoises. A morphologically functioning neck also appears among insects. Its absence in fish and aquatic arthropods is notable, as many have life stations similar to a terrestrial or tetrapod counterpart, or could otherwise make use of the added flexibility.
The word "neck" is sometimes used as a convenience to refer to the region behind the head in some snails, gastropod mollusks, even though there is no clear distinction between this area, the head area, and the rest of the body.
Neck of a goose
Giraffes are well known for having a long neck
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neck.
Throat
Adam's apple
Hickey
Nape
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Talley, Nicholas (2014). Clinical Examination. Churchill Livingstone. p. 416. ISBN 9780729541985.
Jump up ^ Frietson Galis (1999). "Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer" (PDF). Journal of experimental zoology. 285 (1): 19–26. PMID 10327647. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z.
External links[edit]
Look up neck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
American Head and Neck Society
The Anatomy Wiz. An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Atlas

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Autograph
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Autograph (disambiguation).
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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
John Hancock's signature on the United States Declaration of Independence
Autograph of Martin Luther.
Actor Eric Bana autographing and posing with fans at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.
Singer Anja Orthodox (pl) autographing the body of one of her fans.
An autograph (from the Greek: αὐτός, autós, "self" and γράφω, gráphō, "write") is a document transcribed entirely in the handwriting of its author, as opposed to a typeset document or one written by an amanuensis or a copyist; the meaning overlaps with that of the word holograph.
Autograph also refers to a famous person's artistic signature. This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities. The hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography.
What might be considered the oldest "autograph" is a Sumerian clay table from about 3100 BC which includes the name of the scribe Gar.Ama.[1] No ancient written autographs have been found, and the earliest one known for a major historical figure is that of El Cid from 1098.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Categories of celebrities
2 Commercialization
3 Secretarial signatures
4 Autopen autographing
5 Forged autographs
5.1 Deceptive devices
5.2 Other authenticity issues
5.3 Authentication
6 Copyright status of signatures
7 Glossary
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Categories of celebrities[edit]
A rugby ball signed by all of the All Blacks 2006 Tri Nations Series squad
Boxing autograph collection
Some of the most popular categories of autograph subjects are presidents, military soldiers, athletes, movie stars, artists, social and religious leaders, scientists, astronauts and authors.
Some collectors may specialize in specific fields (such as Nobel Prize winners) or general topics (military leaders participating in World War I) or specific documents (i.e., signers of the Charter of the United Nations; signers of the U.S. Constitution; signers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union; signers of the World War II German or Japanese surrender documents).
Sports memorabilia signed by a whole team can often be sold for hundreds or thousands of dollars.[citation needed]
Commercialization[edit]
Some celebrities still enjoy signing autographs for free for fans, keeping it an interesting hobby.
Many people who stand outside premieres, asking for autographs are actually professional autograph traders, who make their living or supplement their income by selling them for full profit, rather than keeping them as a personal souvenir. This is one of the main reasons why some celebrities will only distribute their signatures for a price. Joe DiMaggio was able to command more money on signing fees than he made in his playing career, though he also gave individual autographs.[3] Bill Russell does not sign at all in public, and only sparingly at private sessions. Michael Jordan reportedly did not sign for most of his career because of safety concerns about frenzied attempts to get his signature, which is worth hundreds of dollars. Jordan has frequently signed at more peaceful events, such as golf tournaments. Pete Rose was paid to sign 30 baseballs with the inscription "I'm sorry I bet on baseball."[4][5] In the 1980s, actor/comedian Steve Martin carried business cards which he handed out to fans requesting an autograph; the cards read "This certifies that you have had a personal encounter with me and that you found me warm, polite, intelligent and funny."[6]
Realizing the potential profit in the sale of pop culture autographs, many dealers also would wait for hours for a celebrity to emerge from a location, present several photos for the celebrity to sign and then sell most of them. Michael Jackson's experience was typical; he often signed just a handful of autographs as he rushed from his hotel to his vehicle. Some collectors take note of which celebrities are the most gracious or the least forthcoming.[7] Some dealers would locate a celebrity's home address and write to them repeatedly asking for autographs. The celebrities soon grew tired of the practice and limited their responses. Because of the many autographs a celebrity might sign over time, some check requests against a record of past requests. Boxer George Foreman, for instance, records the names and addresses of every person requesting an autograph to limit such abuses. Canadian sculptor Christian Cardell Corbet has his assistant research all requested autographs and also records all sent out. Some famous people flatly refuse to autograph anything for fans, such as the actors Paul Newman and Greta Garbo,[8] and the aviator Charles A. Lindbergh.
Secretarial signatures[edit]
Celebrities sometimes authorized secretaries to sign their correspondence. In the early months of World War II, U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall felt obligated to sign every condolence letter sent to the families of slain soldiers. But as the death rate increased, he was forced to assign an assistant to "forge" his signature to the letters. The surrogate signatures were hard to distinguish from the originals. General Douglas MacArthur rarely signed a WWII condolence letter personally and all of his letters to families were signed by one of two assistants who tried hard to duplicate his signature but the forged signatures were distinguished by an unusually high letter "l" and a skinny "D". During the early stage of the Korean War, MacArthur personally signed condolence letters. As the fatalities increased, the General began to use letters with pre-printed signatures.
In the 1952 U.S. presidential election, General Dwight D. Eisenhower often had secretaries forge his name to campaign letters and "personally inscribed" autographed photographs.
Player signatures on baseballs and footballs that are actually signed by coaches and ballboys are called clubhouse signatures.[9]
Autopen autographing[edit]
Portrait of U.S. President Richard Nixon with autopen signature
Since the early 1950s almost all American presidents have had an autopen or robot machine for the automatic signing of a signature as an autograph machine for their letters, photographs, books, official documents, and even memorabilia items such as baseballs and golf balls. Some former presidents even have continued to utilize the autopen after they have left office. The Signa-Signer can even write out in ink an authentically looking handwritten message that has been typed into the machine. One book detailing the use of this machine by President John F. Kennedy (1961–63) is The Robot That Helped to Make a President.
Since the 1960s, the practice of using an autopen has spread to U.S. Cabinet members, U.S. Senators, some state governors, and many other personalities who have a high volume of correspondence with the public.
Astronaut Alan Shepard acknowledged that NASA used the autopen machine to sign the astronauts' voluminous correspondence. Many large corporations also use these machines for signing business letters. One might think that autopen signatures would constantly match one another. However, even autopen signatures will eventually change as the signature drum becomes worn and thereby alters the signature. Due to these professional imitations, one must be wary of buying presidential or astronaut signatures from unknown sellers.
Forged autographs[edit]
Autograph collecting is an enthralling hobby to collectors, who enjoy assembling a series of historical documents, letters or objects that have been signed or autographed by a notable person as a way of capturing a piece of history. However, collectors must be aware that the hobby is fraught with documents, photographs and sports items that were signed by forgers seeking to profit by selling forged items to unwitting buyers. Sometimes just the signature has been forged, in other instances the entire document has been fabricated. Forged autographs of nearly all famous personalities abound. Differentiating forged from authentic autographs is almost impossible for the amateur collector and a professional should be consulted.
One method commonly seen on eBay is called "preprinting" by many sellers. The item is only a photocopy of an actual autographed photo, usually printed on glossy home photo paper. Since this is almost always disclosed to the buyer, some may not consider these actual forgeries. In October 2012 Chad Richard Baldwin of Gresham Oregon was sentenced to 2 years in prison for the sale of forged Babe Ruth and Beatles autographs. Mr. Baldwin is a highly skilled forger of sports memorabilia.[10]
Forgers may go to great lengths to make their forgeries appear authentic. Some use blank end papers from old books upon which to write their fake signatures in an attempt to match the paper of the era in which the personality lived. They have researched ink formulations of the era that they want to replicate. One book that explores the production of impressive fake manuscripts pertaining to Mormons is A Gathering of Saints by Robert Lindsey.
One must know the era in which American presidents signed their documents. American presidents signed land grants until President Andrew Jackson (c. 1836) became bored with the time-consuming task. Since then secretaries of the president have mimicked their masters' signatures on these documents (known as "proxy" signatures). Many movie stars have their secretaries sign their letters and photographs for them. When President Ronald Reagan was an actor during the 1940s, he had his mother sign his name to much of his fan mail.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the president of the Confederate States of America was Jefferson Davis. Due to his extensive correspondence, Davis' wife frequently signed his name to his dictated letters. As she duplicated his signature so well, she usually placed a period after the signature so that he could discern her signatures from his own.
All of the Union and Confederate generals from the American Civil War have had their signatures forged. Many were faked during the 1880s, a period that included the fad of aging soldiers in collecting Civil War autographs. Most deceptions were of mere signatures on a small piece of paper, but extensively written letters were forged as well. Autograph collectors should be cautious of clipped signatures. The bogus autograph is glued onto an authentic steel-engraved portrait of the subject. Some steel engravings may have reprinted the autograph of the portrayed subject; this is known as a facsimile autograph, and to an uninformed buyer it may appear to be real.
Deceptive devices[edit]
Some personalities have used a rubber or steel hand-stamp to "sign" their documents. American President Andrew Johnson (c.1866) did so during his tenure as a senator prior to assuming the presidency, since his right hand was injured in a train accident. This is why his autograph as President differs from previous autographs. President Warren Harding frequently used a rubber stamp while he was a senator. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt used them, along with President Woodrow Wilson (c.1916). England's King Henry VIII and Pennsylvania colony founder William Penn used a deceiving hand stamp.
Joseph Stalin had several rubber signature stamps which were used on awards and Communist party cards. Nikita Khrushchev and Lavrenti Beria, the KGB Chief, used similar stamps.
Quality forgeries have been made for many of Europe's past rulers. The French nobles had their secrétaires sign their documents. Many forgeries of Napoleon's (c.1800) war orders exist; he was so busy with battle concerns that he barely had enough time to sign promotion orders for generals, so his scribes applied his name to lesser documents.
Many famous scientists, astronauts, Arctic explorers, musicians, poets, and literary authors have had forgeries of their epistles and signatures produced.[citation needed] False signatures of Charles Lindbergh were clandestinely signed onto real 1930-era airmail envelopes bought at stamp shops and then re-sold to unwary buyers; the same has occurred with Amelia Earhart and the Wright brothers. "Mickey Mouse" creator, Walt Disney (1955), had several of his cartoonists duplicate his artistic signature on replies to children seeking his autograph. (Disney's actual autograph was distinctly different from the way it appears in his cartoons.)
Texan paper currency was signed in ink by Sam Houston, though not handwritten by Houston himself.
The October 1986 Smithsonian magazine explored the "melting timepieces" artwork of the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí. It quoted one of his secretaries as claiming that she signed the artist's signature to postcard depictions of his paintings. Another article in the April 2005 Smithsonian noted: "In 1965 he began selling signed sheets of otherwise blank lithograph paper for $10 a sheet. He may have signed well over 50,000 in the remaining quarter century of his life, an action that resulted in a flood of Dalí lithograph forgeries."
Some deceivers cut pages from books that American President Richard Nixon (c.1970) signed on the blank flyleaf, typed his letter of resignation from the presidency on that signed page, and then sold the doctored item as if Nixon had personally signed a scarce copy of the historical document. The miscreant has changed the value of a lower-priced signed book quite easily to a much more lucrative item; changing a mere signature into a signed manuscript. This practice has expanded to include quotations from George W. Bush, Richard Nixon, Hillary Clinton, John F. Kennedy and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Although now marketed as "souvenir" signed copies, they are, by definition, fraudulent creations.
Other authenticity issues[edit]
Forgers buy real American Revolutionary War-era documents and surreptitiously pen a famous patriot's name between other real signatures in a manuscript in hope of deceiving an unsuspecting buyer. Others will use tea or tobacco stains to brown or age their modern missives.
It has been estimated that over 80 percent of the autographed items of famous American sports players being sold over the Internet are fakes.[citation needed] Baseball legend Babe Ruth, for instance, has had his signature forged on old baseballs, then rubbed in dirt to make them appear to be from the 1930s.[citation needed][11]
Authentication[edit]
With the recent enormous growth of autograph sellers on eBay, and the appearance of a multitude of new galleries and retailers offering expensive autographs, casual autograph collectors and one-time buyers have in many instances sought "certificates of authenticity" issued by the seller at the time of sale. As with any guarantee, these certificates are only as dependable as the seller issuing them, and if the seller is a fraud, then your certificate, and the possibility that your signed item could be considered worthless. Any COA or similar issued by a seller should always include the sellers full contact details and any details of Association memberships, and these should always be double checked on the Associations website.
Legendary vaudeville entertainer Sophie Tucker's autograph in a copy of her 1945 autobiography
In many instances, sellers will use a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of the material they wish to bring to market. The autograph industry is currently contentiously split between two types of authenticators: those who rely upon their professional expertise and experience personally having collected and/or sold large inventories of autographs over a period of many years, and "forensic examiners" who rely on academic credentials. Disputes have led to court actions, most notably gallery owner American Royal Arts vs. Beatles autograph dealer Frank Caiazzo, often used by autograph sources such as RR Auction.
Potential autograph buyers uncertain of the legitimacy of the seller or authenticator should carefully research both parties, and should always check any dealer who claims membership of any association. PADA, the UACC and AFTAL include a list of dealers on their websites for anyone to view. This research should not be limited to a seller's or an authenticator's website which could be prejudiced. Some dealers have been known to invent their own Association, e.g. 'The Universal Manuscript Society', to enhance their own reputations.
Mastro Auctions, a major sports autograph auction house which used a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of material offered for sale, was sued by a dealer in 2006 (Bill Daniels v. Mastro Auctions, Boone County, Indiana, case #06D01-0502 -PL- 0060). Daniels said that he had bought more than 2,000 signed photographs of athletes from Mastro and claimed that the catalog incorrectly described them as all being in color and 8x10 in size. Daniels also claimed that some of the autographs on the photographs may have been fakes. He produced two dealers who he said were autograph experts, but Superior Court Judge Matthew C. Kincaid excluded their testimony saying that neither Steve Koschal nor Richard Simon "possess sufficient skill, knowledge or experience in the fields in which they were asked to render opinions." The law for each state is different regarding qualifications to testify. Mr. Simon and Mr. Koschal have both testified in states where their testimony is accepted in court.[12]
Copyright status of signatures[edit]
see Copyright
Glossary[edit]
In autograph-auction catalogues the following abbreviations are used to help describe the type of letter or document that is being offered for sale.
AD: Autograph Document (hand-written by the person to be collected, but not signed)
ADS: Autograph Document Signed (written and signed by same individual)
AL: Autograph Letter (hand-written by the person to be collected, but not signed)
ALS: Autograph Letter Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
AMs: Autograph Manuscript (hand-written; such as the draft of a play, research paper or music sheet)
AMsS: Autograph Manuscript Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
AMusQs: Autograph Musical Quotation Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
AN: Autograph Note (no salutation or closing, usually shorter than a letter)
ANS: Autograph Note Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
APCS: Autograph Postcard Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
AQS: Autograph Quote Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual; poem verse, sentence, or bar-of-music)
DS: Document signed (printed, or while hand-written by another, is signed by individual sought to be collected)
LS: Letter Signed (hand-written by someone else, but signed by the individual sought to be collected, frequently handwritten by secretaries before the advent of the typewriter)
PS: Photograph Signed or Postcard Signed
SP: Signed Photograph
TLS: Typed Letter Signed
TNS: Typed Note Signed
folio: A printer's sheet of paper folded once to make two leaves, double quarto size or larger.
octavo(8vo): A manuscript page about six-by-nine inches. (Originally determined by folding a printer's sheet of paper to form eight leaves.)
quarto(4to): A manuscript page of about nine and one-half by twelve inches. (Originally determined by folding a printer's sheet of paper twice to form four leaves.)
See also[edit]
Autograph club
Tughra
Kaō
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Earliest Autograph Signatures (Circa 3,100 BCE) : HistoryofInformation.com".
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Richard A. (1 January 1989). "The Quest for El Cid". Oxford University Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Joe Dimaggio's rings bats and thee shots". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "GO.com". Sports.espn.go.com. September 19, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Contact A.J. Daulerio: Email the author Comment (February 26, 2009). "Deadspin". Deadspin. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Steve Martin abandons pre-signed autographs". 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Depp named 'best autograph giver'". BBC News. December 17, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "GarboForever - Garbo's Signature".
Jump up ^ Gee, Cee (3 October 2011). "How to Determine the Difference Between a Real and Fake Autograph: Terminology and Photo Examples". Autograph Live. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "More Fake Autographs and COAs Have Oregon Detectives Busy". 25 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Andon, Stephen Patrick (May 11, 2011). "Sporting Materiality: Commodification and Fan Agency in Collections, Memorabilia, Jerseys, and Dirt". Retrieved September 18, 2016 – via Florida State University Libraries.
Jump up ^ "Lack of intent seen in flubs at auctions". NY Daily News. July 15, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Forging History: The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents by Kenneth W. Rendell, University of Oklahoma Press, 1994, 173 pages.
Great Forgers and Famous Fakes by Charles Hamilton, Crown Publishers, 1980, 278 pages.
Making Money in Autographs by George Sullivan, 1977, 223 pages.
Collecting Autographs by Herman M. Darvick, Julian Messner, a Simon & Schuster Division of Gulf & Western Corporation, 1981, 96 pages.
Collecting Autographs and Manuscripts by Charles Hamilton, Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1961, 269 pages.
Autographs and Manuscripts: A Collector's Manual edited by Ed Berkeley, Charles Scribner's Sons Pub., 1978, 565 pages.
Scribblers & Scoundrels by Charles Hamilton, Eriksson Pub., 1968, 282 pages.
Manuscripts: The First Twenty Years edited by Priscilla Taylor, Greenwood Press, 1984, 429 pages.
Autographs: A Key to Collecting by Mary Benjamin, 1963, 345 pages
Big Name Hunting: A Beginners Guide to Autograph Collecting by Charles Hamilton, Simon & Schuster Pub., 1973, 95 pages.
The Signature of America by Charles Hamilton, Harper & Row, 1979, 279 pages.
Word Shadows of the Great: The Lure of Autograph Collecting by Thomas Madigan, Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1930, 300 pages.
Collecting Autographs For Fun and Profit by Robert Pelton, Betterway Pub., 1987, 160 pages.
From the White House Inkwell by John Taylor, Tuttle Co., 1968, 147 pages.
Autograph Collector's Checklist edited by John Taylor, The Manuscript Society, 1990, 172 pages.
The Autograph Collector by Robert Notlep, Crown Pub., 1968, 240 pages.
The Complete Book of Autograph Collecting by George Sullivan, 1971, 154 pages.
A Gathering of Saints by Robert Lindsey, Simon & Schuster, 1988, 397 pages.
Dönitz at Nuremberg: A Re-Appraisal by H.K. Thompson, Amber Pub., 1976, 198 pages.
Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich by Charles Hamilton, 2 vols., Bender Pub., 1984 (Vol. 1) and 1996 (Vol. 2).
The Guinness Book of World Autographs by Ray Rawlins, 1997, 244 pages.
The Robot that Helped to Make a President by Charles Hamilton, 1965.
War Between the States: Autographs and Biographical Sketches by Jim Hayes, Palmetto Pub., 1989, 464 pages.
American Autographs by Charles Hamilton, 2 vols., Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983, 634 pages.
Autographs of Indian Personalities by S.S. Hitkari, Phulkari Pub., 1999, 112 pages.
Ieri Ho Visto Il Duce: Trilogia dell'iconografia mussoliniana ed. Ermanno Alberti. (in Italian)
Who's Who series; Who's Who in America, etc.
Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography ed. by James Wilson, 6 vols., 1888.
Autograph, Please by Santosh Kumar Lahoti, Reesha Books International Pub., 2009, : India.
Play Ball, Mr. President: A Century of Baseballs Signed by U.S. Presidents by Dan Cohen, 2008, 48 pages.
"Signs of the Times: Autographs of luminaries: from Lincoln to Liberace", Steve Kemper, Smithsonian magazine, Nov. 1997.
"The Surreal World of Salvador Dali", Stanley Meisler, Smithsonian magazine, Apr. 2005.
"The Tumultuous Life and Love of Salvador Dali", Meryle Secrest, Smithsonian magazine, Oct. 1986.
Israel, Lee. Can You Ever Forgive Me? Memoirs of a Literary Forger, 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autographs.
Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Real Autograph Collectors Club (RACC), An online community of in person autograph collectors and sellers with 5,000+ members in over 100 countries.
RACC Trusted Sellers - A list of reputable autograph collectors and sellers, maintained by the largest online autograph community.
uacc.info, Universal Autograph Collectors Club, a federally approved 501c3 non-profit organization founded in 1965.
aftal.co.uk, UK based autograph dealer association.
StarTiger, online autograph community and celebrity address database
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Autographs". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph&oldid=804990859"
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Insidious: The Last Key
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Insidious: The Last Key
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Adam Robitel
Produced by
Jason Blum
Oren Peli
James Wan
Leigh Whannell
Written by
Leigh Whannell
Starring
Lin Shaye
Angus Sampson
Leigh Whannell
Spencer Locke
Caitlin Gerard
Bruce Davison
Music by
Joseph Bishara
Cinematography
Toby Oliver
Edited by
Timothy Alverson
Production
company
Blumhouse Productions
Stage 6 Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05) (United States)
Running time
103 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[1]
Box office
$168 million[1]
Insidious: The Last Key is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Adam Robitel and written by Leigh Whannell. It is produced by Jason Blum, Oren Peli, and James Wan. It is the fourth installment in the Insidious franchise, and the second in the chronology of the story running through the series. Starring Lin Shaye, Angus Sampson, Leigh Whannell, Spencer Locke, Caitlin Gerard, and Bruce Davison, the film follows parapsychologist Elise Rainier as she investigates a haunting in her childhood home.
The film was released in the United States on January 5, 2018, by Universal Pictures. It grossed $168 million worldwide, the highest of the franchise, and received mixed reviews, with praise for Shaye's performance but some critics stating that the franchise had run its course.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Home Media
5 Possible sequel
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1953, young Elise Rainier lives with her parents Audrey and Gerald, a prison executioner, and her brother Christian, in New Mexico. Elise claims to see the ghosts of the prisoners that have been executed, alarming her parents. One night, Elise encounters a ghost in their room. Frightened, Christian looks for the whistle their mother gave them to call for help, but it's lost. Gerald, furious, beats Elise and locks her in the basement. A demon called "Key Face" comes through, possessing Elise and killing Audrey by hanging her. Gerald arrives to find Elise and Audrey's body.
Decades later, Elise works as a paranormal investigator with her colleagues, Specs and Tucker. Ted Garza calls Elise, saying he'd been experiencing paranormal activity at his house, which is actually Elise's childhood home. She hesitates, but accepts the job.
Ted explains that many paranormal incidents have happened, mostly in her old bedroom. Elise finds the lost whistle in her room. In the basement, she is attacked by a female ghost that shouts "Help her!" before vanishing with the whistle. Elise tells them that she has seen her before, as a teenager, but when her father said he saw nothing, Elise fled the house in fear of another beating, abandoning Christian. The next morning, Elise, Tucker, and Specs meet sisters Melissa and Imogen, Christian's daughters. Christian is still furious at Elise for abandoning him. Hoping to repair their relationship, Elise hands Melissa a photo of the whistle, telling her to show it to Christian.
That night, Elise and Tucker hear the whistle being blown. The sound comes from behind a wall that is actually a door; behind the door is a bloodied girl with a chain around her neck. Ted storms into the room and it’s revealed that he was keeping the girl against her will. He locks the group in and tries to kill Specs, but Specs kills him with a bookcase. The police rescue the group.
Christian and his girls go to find the whistle and Melissa is attacked by "Key Face". The entity sticks two keys in Melissa: one steals her voice, and the other takes her soul and sends her into a coma. Christian demands that Elise stay away and Melissa is taken to the hospital.
In the basement, Elise and Tucker find the red door that is the entrance into The Further. Elise also finds a night gown that belonged to the female ghost, Anna. A flashback shows that Elise had seen Anna in the laundry room. Anna was actually alive and had escaped from the room she was locked in. When Gerald walked in, he saw Anna, but pretended he saw nothing. After Elise ran away, Gerald brutally killed Anna. Inside the vents, Elise finds several suitcases filled with the remains of women that had been locked in the house. She is then ambushed by Key Face who takes her into The Further, leaving her unconscious body in the real world.
Imogen enters The Further, led by Anna into a prison realm where Key Face is holding all of the souls he has taken. Elise figures Key Face had been manipulating both Gerald and Ted by feeding on the fear and hatred generated by the women, whose souls were trapped in there. Key Face tries to coerce Elise into hurting her father as revenge for what he's done. Elise sees through the ruse and refuses to feed Key Face any more hatred. Key Face attacks Elise, but Gerald saves her before he is stabbed by Key Face, and his soul vanishes.
Key Face stabs Melissa, causing her physical body to start dying. He attempts to possess Elise. Elise blows the whistle, and Audrey saves them, vanquishing Key Face. With Melissa dying, they move to find her body in The Further. They open a door and see a young boy, Dalton Lambert, falling from a ladder, and he sees them. Realizing they opened the wrong door, they leave and find Melissa in the next door. Melissa's spirit returns to her body in the real world, saving her life. Elise makes amends with her mother and says goodbye. Elise and Imogen return to the real world and reunite with Melissa and Christian. Christian forgives Elise and she gives him the whistle.
In her sleep, Elise sees a vision of Dalton, with the Red-faced demon looming over him. A woman, Lorraine, calls for help for her grandson, Dalton. Elise had helped her with her son Josh years earlier, and she agrees to help Dalton.
Cast[edit]
Lin Shaye as Elise Rainier
Ava Kolker as Young Elise Rainier
Hana Hayes as Teenage Elise Rainier
Angus Sampson as Tucker
Leigh Whannell as Specs
Spencer Locke as Melissa Rainier, Elise's niece and Christian's youngest daughter.
Caitlin Gerard as Imogen Rainier, Elise's niece and Christian's eldest daughter. She has also inherited the gift that Elise holds.
Bruce Davison as Christian Rainier, Elise's estranged younger brother.
Pierce Pope as Young Christian Rainier
Thomas Robie as Teenage Christian Rainier
Kirk Acevedo as Ted Garza, a man who makes residence in Elise’s old home and calls for her help.
Josh Stewart as Gerald Rainier, Elise and Christian's abusive father and Aubrey's husband.
Tessa Ferrer as Audrey Rainier, Elise and Christian's mother and Gerald's wife.
Aleque Reid as Anna
Marcus Henderson as Detective Whitfield
Amanda Jaros as Mara Jennings
Javier Botet as Key Face
John Carlo Taglucop as Lipstick-Face Demon
Ayub Veno as Imprisoned Spirit
Additionally, Ty Simpkins, Rose Byrne, Barbara Hershey, and Patrick Wilson reprise their roles as Dalton Lambert, Renai Lambert, Lorraine Lambert, and Josh Lambert, respectively, from the first two films, in archive footage.
Production[edit]
Principal photography began in August 2016,[3] and ended the following month.[4] On August 29, 2017, it was announced via Universal Studios' Halloween Horror Nights that the film would be titled Insidious: The Last Key.
Release[edit]
Insidious: The Last Key was released on January 5, 2018.[5] The film was then released a week later on January 12, 2018 in the United Kingdom.
Box office[edit]
Insidious: The Last Key has grossed $67.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $100.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $167.4 million, against a production budget of $10 million.[1] It is the highest grossing film in the franchise, surpassing the second installment's $161 million, and the first film of the series to gross $100 million overseas.[6]
In the United States and Canada Insidious: The Last Key was released alongside the wide expansion of Molly's Game, and was projected to gross $20–22 million from 3,116 theaters in its opening weekend.[7] The film made $1.98 grossed from Thursday night previews, the highest preview total of the franchise. It went on to debut to $29.3 million for the weekend, finishing second at the box office behind holdover Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and marking the second-highest opening of the series and grossing, behind Chapter 2.[8]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 32%, based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Insidious: The Last Key offers franchise star Lin Shaye another welcome opportunity to take the lead, but her efforts aren't enough to rescue this uninspired sequel."[9] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale, the lowest score of the franchise.[8]
Brent McKnight of the Seattle Times rated the film two stars and said, "Old horror franchises don't die, they unspool tepid, uninspired sequels in perpetuity. And with the fourth chapter, Insidious: The Last Key, this saga is on a familiar path."[11] Screen Rant's Sandy Schaefer scored the film 3/5 stars, stating "Insidious: The Last Key is a solid finale to the Insidious franchise that gives series lead Lin Shaye the chance to take a graceful final bow."[12] Emily Yoshida of New York Magazine noted the criticism of genre films for playing "fast and loose" with their internal logic, but credited the fourth Insidious for having "wrapped up its own free-association illogic with an impenetrable tangle of woo-woo spirit-world mechanics and lingo."[13]
Home Media[edit]
Insidious: The Last Key was released on Digital HD on March 20, 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 3, 2018, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
Possible sequel[edit]
In an interview, Whannell stated that he does not know if he will be the one to write a potential sequel. On February 22, 2018, it was reported that, after the box office success of Insidious: The Last Key, a fifth installment is in development.[14]
See also[edit]
List of ghost films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Insidious: The Last Key (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Insidious: The Last Key Unlocks Few Scares". Rotten Tomatoes. January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Insidious 4 starts filming, casting latest". Den of Geek. August 31, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Insidious: Chapter 4' Has Wrapped Filming". Bloody Disgusting. September 28, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (April 20, 2017). "'Insidious: Chapter 4' Moves to January 2018". Variety. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (May 26, 2018). "Insidious: The Last Key' Locks Up $100M+ Overseas For Franchise First". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 3, 2018). "'Insidious: The Last Key' To Scare Up Biz In Strong Holiday Holdover Period – Box Office Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (January 7, 2018). "'Jumanji' Goes Wild With $36M; 'Insidious' Rises To $29M+ – Sunday AM B.O. Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Insidious: The Last Key (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Insidious: The Last Key Reviews". Metacritic. CB Interactive. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Insidious: The Last Key': Horror franchise's fourth chapter only for die-hard fans". The Seattle Times. 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Insidious: The Last Key Review". Screen Rant. 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
Jump up ^ Yoshida, Emily (5 January 2018). "Insidious: The Last Key Makes Very Little Sense". New York Magazine. Vulture, New York Media, LLC.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (February 21, 2018). "Surprise! Insidious; The Last Key Is The Highest Grossing Insidious Film". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Insidious: The Last Key on IMDb
hide
v
t
e
Insidious
Insidious (2010)
Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013)
Insidious: Chapter 3 (2015)
Insidious: The Last Key (2018)
hide
v
t
e
James Wan
Films directed
Saw (2003)
Saw (2004)
Dead Silence (2007)
Death Sentence (2007)
Doggie Heaven (short; 2008)
Insidious (2011)
The Conjuring (2013)
Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013)
Furious 7 (2015)
The Conjuring 2 (2016)
Aquaman (2018)
Films produced
Annabelle (2014)
Demonic (2015)
Insidious: Chapter 3 (2015)
Lights Out (2016)
Annabelle: Creation (2017)
Insidious: The Last Key (2018)
The Nun (2018)
The Children (2019)
Comics written
Malignant Man (2011)
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