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Right hemisphere brain damage
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Right hemisphere brain damage
Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere
Right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) is the result of injury to the right brain hemisphere.[1] The right hemisphere of the brain coordinates tasks for functional communication, which include problem solving, memory, and reasoning.[1] Deficits caused by right hemisphere brain damage vary depending on the location of the damage.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Visual Processing
1.2 Cognitive and communicative
1.3 Motor and sensory
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
4.1 Prosody
4.2 Outcome
5 Prognosis
5.1 Sex Differences
5.2 Neglect
5.3 Functional outcomes
5.4 Rehabilitation
5.5 Anosognosia
5.6 Other influences
6 History
7 See also
8 Literature
9 References
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Visual Processing[edit]
Individuals with right hemisphere damage exhibit deficits in visual processing. It appears as though they are only able to recognize the parts of a picture, symbol, etc. rather than seeing the image as a whole. This was shown during an experiment when patients with right hemisphere damage had to draw an M made up of small triangles. When they attempted to recreate the image, they only depicted the small triangles. This countered patients with left hemisphere damage who were able to draw the M, but left out the small triangles that made it up. [3]In addition, those with right hemisphere damage have difficulty changing their perception of a whole pertaining to an image. They focus on one particular whole and have a hard time changing their perception and incorporating another whole when new information is presented. This phenomenon is called inference revising and individuals with right hemisphere damage therefore experience a deficit in this area.
Cognitive and communicative[edit]
General
Patients with right hemisphere brain damage most commonly have difficulties with attention, perception, learning, memory, recognition and expression of emotion, and neglect.[4] Other frequently occurring, though slightly less common, deficits include reasoning and problem solving, awareness, and orientation.[4] It is also common for patients with right hemisphere damage to have a flat affect, lack of emotional expression, while speaking. Additionally, these patients commonly have difficulty recognizing other people's emotions when expressed through facial expressions and tone of voice.[2] This lack of ability to recognize emotion suggests individuals have an impaired theory of mind, the ability to recognize the thoughts and feelings of others outside of one’s self. Although these deficits alone may complicate therapy, the patient may also exhibit anosognosia, or ignorance of his or her impairments.[5][6] Due to possible anosognosia, it is common for patients to not become frustrated or upset when they are unable to complete tasks they were previously able to complete.[7]
Unlike that of aphasia victims, the speech patterns of individuals with right hemisphere damage are not typically characterized by “word finding problems, paraphasias, circumlocutions, or impaired phonological processing.” Circumlocution in persons with RHD tends to center around general concepts, not specific words. For example, in describing what brought a RHD-affected individual to the hospital, though the patient would likely remember the word “stroke” and other specific words to describe his situation, the RHD impairment to his discourse level and cognitive processes would likely prevent him from describing the situation in a coherent manner.[8]
Linguistic Impairments
Syntax
The syntax of RHD-affected individuals tends to be “accurate and varied”; unlike aphasia victims, they tend not to have difficulty with word retrieval. In addition, people with right hemisphere damage usually understand the literal meaning of most statements. Linguistically, in cases in which RHD patients seem to have syntactic deficits, they are typically the result of problems with semantic processing.[9]
Semantics
In a 1962 study, Eisenson observed a “looseness of verbalization” in RHD-affected individuals, noting that right hemisphere damage appears to affect “relatively abstract language formulations,” evidence, according to Eisenson, that the right hemisphere likely controls “super- or extra-ordinary” language function. In other words, RHD patients have trouble with higher-level language tasks (relating to semantic and lexical processing) less common in day-to-day, average discourse.[10] In describing semantic deficits in persons with right hemisphere damage, a distinction must be drawn between convergent and divergent semantic processing. Tasks involving convergent semantic processing (“relatively straightforward linguistic tasks in which the number of responses is limited”), which involve the most straightforward meanings of words, are not nearly as difficult for RHD patients as tasks involving divergent semantic processing (tasks that “elicit a wide range of meanings which may diverge from a single semantic concept to include non-dominant meanings that are alternate, connotative, and/or less familiar”).[11]
In terms of convergent semantic processing, people with RHD do not demonstrate semantic impairment at the phonemic level, nor do they tend to have difficulty understanding the primary meanings of individual words. Their comprehension of simple, unambiguous sentences also remains intact, as does their basic word retrieval; this evidence suggests that these tasks are functions of the left hemisphere.[12] On the other hand, the right hemisphere is more involved in recognizing multiple and non-primary meanings of words, divergent semantic processing tasks that are impaired in individuals with right hemisphere damage.[13] Along these lines, RHD patients experience difficulty with verbal fluency; in an experiment in which RHD-affected individuals were asked to name items within a category, they tended to suggest objects connected in more ways than one (with many characteristics in common). For example, when asked to name vegetables, people with RHD would name spinach, cabbage, and lettuce, which share the attributes not only of being vegetables but also of being “green and leafy.” Such results “support a model of semantic processing in which the [right hemisphere] is superior in generating multiple, loosely connected meanings with little overlap,” a function clearly affected by right hemisphere damage.

As a result of pragmatic deficits, individuals with right hemisphere damage have a hard time understanding the figurative cues in language and tend to simply understand sentences from their literal meanings. For instance if someone were to say, Joey took the lion’s share, they would assume Joey took the portion that belonged to the lion as opposed to the colloquial meaning-the majority. On the same vein, they also do not understand pragmatics and the underlying clues language might have. Because of this, implicit commands or suggestions in sentences are lost on people with right hemisphere damage. In addition, they have a hard time staying on topic during a conversation and therefore show a deficit in topic maintenance. Some however may stick to the main topic, but bury it in their speech with a large amount of details that are not relevant to the main point. They also tend to show a lack of awareness for the knowledge they share with those they are communicating with and will mention people or things for which others do not have a reference.
Discourse Impairments
Considering the highly contextual and often ambiguous nature of discourse, it tends to be the area of communication most affected by right hemisphere damage. RHD is particularly evident in the inference patterns of affected individuals. Though RHD patients are typically capable of making basic inferences about situations, more subtle inferences key to discourse and conversation are often severely impaired. As Penelope Myers notes, much empirical research has shown that persons with right hemisphere damage are “significantly impaired in generating inferences about individual elements of pictured scenes,” and, most significantly, in compiling information about the individual elements together to understand the situation at-large.[14] This impairment also applies to written or spoken text. For example, Beeman (1993) cites a patient who mentioned his ability to read “straightforward texts” but noted that he had stopped reading novels with multiple characters as, in the patient’s words, “I can’t put it all together.”[15]
Experimentation with Norman Rockwell Paintings
As further evidence of this phenomenon, there has been research done with right hemisphere damaged patients using Norman Rockwell pieces. In these experiments, participants are shown a painting, without the title attached, and are asked to describe what is happening in the scene. As can be expected, there are variances between the answers of people with right hemisphere damage and no brain damage. These experiments have provided further evidence for the idea that individuals with right hemisphere damage have a hard time recognizing emotions of others as they do not mention them when asked to describe the paintings. In addition, this process has suggested that they do not pick up relevant cues and have difficulty incorporating the small details they do notice together to form a big picture. When actually describing the paintings, patients either give the experimenter too much description of what is happening, without addressing the overall theme of the piece, or provide them with a very basic one sentence “description” about what they see. After analyzing and comparing the descriptions of participants with no brain damage and those with right hemisphere damage, the researchers found that those with right hemisphere damage used twice as many words than those without brain damage even after the researchers took out the part of the descriptions that appeared to be tangential [16].
Furthermore, RHD-affected individuals experience deficits in inference-revision capabilities. As an example [from Brownell et al. (1986)], when presented with the sentence, “Barbara became too bored to finish the history book, both RHD subjects and control subjects assumed Barbara was reading the book. However, when subjects were then presented with a second sentence, “She had already spent five years writing it,” control subjects altered their initial inference, whereas RHD subjects demonstrated great difficulty revising their inferences and drawing a broad, revised conclusion about the information at hand.[17] RHD patients' difficulty with understanding non-literal meanings is also a significant cause of discourse impairment. As noted above, right hemisphere damage affects understanding of figurative language such as idioms, as a result of the right hemisphere’s role in activating non-literal and peripheral meanings. As a result of their difficulties understanding alternate meanings and making situational inferences, people with right hemisphere damage face significant challenges in terms of discourse.[18]

Difficulties with communication are likely to be linked to a patient's cognitive deficits. For example, communication breakdown may result because a patient with right hemisphere brain damage fails to observe appropriate social conventions or because the patient may ramble and fail to recognize appropriate times to take conversational turns.[2] The patient may also have difficulty comprehending sarcasm, irony, and other paralinguistic aspects of communication.[19] Although they do not understand irony, it has been found that patients with right hemisphere damage can provide a clear punchline for a joke, but are lost when the punchline has to connect multiple ideas or themes. Along with sticking to the main point of a story, patients may find it difficult to extract the theme of a story, or arrange sentences based on the theme of a story.[20]
Nespoulous, Code, Virbel and Lecours studied speech of those with different kinds of aphasias and coined a term for the speech patterns of those with right hemisphere damage. According to them, these patients engage in “modalizing” speech which is made up speech about the patient’s perspective on the real world. They found that those with right hemisphere damage contrast those with Wernicke’s Aphasia as those patients use referential speech which Nespoulous et al. identify as speech pertaining to the real world and what is occurring in it. With referential speech, the patients describe what they did, but leave out their attitude towards it. In modalizing speech, a description of the real world is missing, but they include their emotional attitude [21]
Motor and sensory[edit]
A frequently occurring motor deficit is left-sided hemiparesis (in strokes affecting the motor cortex). A less common motor deficit in this population is dysphagia.[4]
Patients with right hemisphere brain damage often display sensory deficits such as left neglect, in which they ignore everything in the left visual field.[5] This neglect can be present throughout many daily activities including reading, writing and self-care activities.[2] For example, individuals with left neglect typically leave out details on the neglected side of drawings or try to draw out all the details on the nonneglected side.[22] Homonymous hemianopsia is another sensory deficit that is sometimes observed in this population.[4]
Cause[edit]
Stroke is the most common source of damage for a right hemisphere damage. The stroke for this disorder occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain. Other etiologies that cause right hemisphere damage include: trauma (traumatic brain injury), disease, seizures disorders, and infections. Depending on the etiology that causes the right hemisphere damage, different deficits can be accounted for.[23] "The level of deficit or disorder an individual with right hemisphere damage displays depends on the location and extent of the damage. A small focal right hemisphere stroke can produce a very specific deficit and leave most other cognitive and perceptual processes intact, whereas a very large stroke in the right hemisphere more than likely results in multiple profound deficits.[24]" Adults with right hemisphere damage may exhibit behavior that can be characterized by insensitivity to others and preoccupation with self; unawareness of the social context of conversations; and verbose, rambling and tangential speech.[25]
Diagnosis[edit]
Right hemisphere brain damage is diagnosed by a medical professional. Computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often used to determine where the damage occurred and how severe it is (ASHA).[26]
Standardized assessments are used by speech-language pathologists to determine the presence and severity of right hemisphere brain damage. The three most popular standardized assessments include:
- The Mini Inventory of Right Brain Injury - Second Edition (MIRBI -2) - a standardized test that can be used to identify the presence, severity, and identify the patient's strengths and weaknesses.
- The Right Hemisphere Language Battery - Second Edition, (RHLB-2) -a comprehensive test battery for evaluation of right hemisphere-injured adults.
- The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Evaluation of Communicative Problems in Right-Hemisphere Dysfunction Revised (RICE-R) -includes nine subtests which include a patient interview and ratings of facial and written expression and severity ratings for each subtest.[2]
Non-standardized tests can also be useful in determining the communicative deficits of adults with right-hemisphere brain damage. Those procedures include tests of: Visual and Spatial Perception, Attention, and Organization, Component Attentional Processes and Visual Organization. [Do the previously listed “tests” need to be capitalized?] Other non-standardized tests that can be used include:
- The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam (BDAE)-Auditory comprehension, oral expression, and reading subtests
- The Revised Token Test
- The Boston Naming Test
- The Word Fluency Test.[2]
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for right hemisphere damage is given by speech-language pathologists. There is not much research that has been done regarding the efficacy of treatments for right hemisphere damage. The research that has been done has shown that persons with right hemisphere damage benefit from therapy at both the chronic and acute stages of recovery for language.[27] Research has also shown that treatment given by speech-language pathologists to persons with right hemisphere damage results in improvement in the areas of problem solving, attention, memory, and pragmatics.[28]
Different treatment approaches can be used to treat the different symptoms of right hemisphere damage including neglect, visuospatial awareness, prosody, and pragmatics. Therapy for each person is individualized to their symptoms and severity of impairment. Intervention should focus on the needs of the person in both communication and functional aspects.
Data from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) indicate that treatment for individuals with right hemisphere damage tends to focus on areas other than communication, including swallowing, memory, and problem solving. Deficits in language expression, language comprehension, and pragmatics are addressed much less frequently (in 22%, 23%, and 5% of individuals, respectively).[29] The lack of research focusing on communication treatment is cited as a possible explanation for these low percentages.[27] Small-scale and pilot studies have been conducted in recent years to fill the identified gaps in the treatment literature. Emerging evidence is discussed below.
Prosody[edit]
Right hemisphere damage can lead to aprosodia—the inability to produce or comprehend emotional prosody of language. Emotional prosody is typically conveyed and interpreted through changes in pitch, rhythm, or loudness (Leon et al., 2005).[30] Right hemisphere damaged patients have the most difficulty then with sentence types that revolve around pitch and inflection. These sentence types include: declarative, as there is a fall in pitch at the end; interrogative, as there is a rise in pitch for a yes/no question and a drop when there is an interrogative pronoun; and imperative sentence types where there is even pitch until a rise of intensity is made at the end of the command. Research thus far has focused primarily on motoric-imitative and cognitive-linguistic approaches to prosody treatment. In a motoric-imitative approach, the client imitates clinician-modeled sentences produced with target emotional prosody. Modeling and cueing is gradually reduced following a six-step hierarchy until the client reaches independent production. In the cognitive-linguistic approach, the client is prompted to produce sentences with the support of cue cards. Cues include the name of the target emotion, the vocal characteristics of the emotional tone, and a picture of a corresponding facial expression. Again, cues are gradually removed as the client progresses toward independent production.[31] Clinical studies of small groups of participants (four participants;[30] 14 participants.[31]) revealed statistically significant gains in the production of emotional prosody following treatment. Additional research is needed to replicate the results of the limited studies that have been conducted thus far, to evaluate the efficacy of additional treatment approaches, and to compare the relative efficacy of different approaches.[27][32]
Outcome[edit]
It appears as though individuals with right hemisphere damage maintain their real world knowledge and their mental scripts of what the world is like and what to expect from common scenarios, they just can’t translate it when they see it. Desite this, right hemisphere damage can lead to deficits in discourse abilities, including difficulty with interpretation of abstract language, making inferences, and understanding nonverbal cues.[27][32] In particular, individuals with right hemisphere damage struggle with the skilled use of context to interpret and express ideas.[32] A study of five participants with right hemisphere damage found that participants’ ability to orally interpret metaphors was statistically significantly improved following a five-week structured training intervention. The training program included five phases focused on facilitating the use of word meanings and semantic associations to increase participants’ understanding of metaphors.[33] Another study of three participants found that a contextual stimulation treatment increased participants’ ability to efficiently activate distantly associated meanings and to suppress contextually inappropriate meanings.[34] Again, additional research is needed to replicate and extend results, but the emerging literature represents a small step toward evidence-based treatments for right hemisphere damage.[27]
Prognosis[edit]
Sex Differences[edit]
Research has indicated that women are more likely to be left hemisphere dominant, and men are more likely to be right hemisphere dominant. Because of this, women recover faster from left hemisphere damage, and men are more likely to recover faster from right hemisphere damage. Men who have suffered a right hemisphere stroke also have significantly better rehabilitation outcomes than men who suffer a left hemisphere stroke. Recovery of functional abilities is often greater in male stroke survivors than females, especially in the area of activities of daily living.[35]
Neglect[edit]
Left neglect is common in patients recovering from right hemisphere damage as the right hemisphere controls the left half of the body. The presence and severity of neglect has been shown to influence functional outcomes as well as length of rehabilitation after a stroke.
Patients with neglect for peripersonal space (space within reach), are likely to recover most during the first 10 days after a stroke, but further improvements from 6 months to 1 year post onset are unlikely. However, the prognosis for patients with neglect for personal body space or neglect for far space is much better. These types of neglect are more likely to recover completely or almost completely after 6 months post onset. Although there may be some lasting effects of neglect of varying degrees based on the type, many patients with neglect are likely to improve over time (Appelros et al., 2004).[36]
Functional outcomes[edit]
The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is often used to determine the functional skills a patient has at various times after their brain damage. Research has indicated that patients with more severe neglect are less likely to make functional improvements than patients with less severe neglect based on FIM scores. Additionally, patients with any level of neglect tend to have reduced functional cognitive and communication skills than patients without neglect (Cherney et al., 2001).[37]
Rehabilitation[edit]
Patients with neglect have been shown to need rehabilitation longer than patients who suffered from right hemisphere damage that did not result in neglect. On average, patients with neglect stayed in inpatient rehabilitation facilities one week longer, and this length of stay did not differ for patients with more or less severe neglect (Cherney et al., 2001).[37]
Anosognosia[edit]
Anosognosia is a lack of awareness or understanding of the loss of function caused by the brain injury and is common in individuals who have suffered a right hemisphere stroke. Because patients with anosognosia may be unaware of their deficits, they may be less likely to seek treatment once they are released from the hospital. The lack of proper treatment could lead to higher levels of dependency later on. In order to make functional recovery gains, right hemisphere stroke survivors should receive rehabilitation services, so patients with anosognosia should be encouraged to seek out additional treatment. However, due to the anosognosia, these patients often report a higher perceived quality of life than other right hemisphere stroke survivors because of the unawareness of the resulting deficits (Daia et al., 2014).[38] Those with right hemisphere damage may confabulate, or make up stories to help explain what is going on in their minds compared to what is actually occurring in the outside world. For example, one patient who had right hemisphere damage was in a wheelchair and kept putting his left hand in the spokes. When the nurse asked him to stop, he looked down and said, “that’s not my hand.” Since the right hemisphere controls motor functioning for the left side of the body, the patient did not recognize the actions of his own hand and made up a story to explain what was going on. This often occurs because what is actually happening to them is deeply disturbing so their minds need a way to cope. Patients with smaller lesions often recover faster from anosognosia than patients with larger lesions resulting in anosognosia (Hier et al., 1983).[39]
Other influences[edit]
Age: Younger patients typically recover faster than older patients, especially with regards to prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing faces)
Size of lesion: Patients with smaller lesions typically recover faster from neglect and hemiparesis (unilateral body weakness) than patients with larger lesions (Hier et al., 1983).[39]
History[edit]
For the majority of the nineteenth century, the left brain hemisphere was the key focus of clinical research on language disorders (Brookshire, 2007).[2] In the twentieth century, focus gradually shifted to include right hemisphere damage (Brookshire, 2007).[2] It is now well established that language and cognition can be seriously impaired by unilateral right hemisphere brain damage.[40] Specific cognitive tests can help diagnose the existence of right hemisphere brain damage and differentiate symptoms from those of left hemisphere damage.[41] Unlike the aphasias, caused by left hemisphere damage and generally resulting in focused language deficits, right hemisphere brain damage can result in a variety of diffuse deficits which complicate formal testing of this disorder (Brookshire, 2007).[2] These formal tests assess areas such as understanding humor, metaphors, sarcasm, facial expression, and prosody.[23] However, not all individuals with right hemisphere brain damage have problems in language or communication and some may have no discernible symptoms.[40] Indeed, about half of patients with right hemisphere damage have intact communication abilities (Brookshire, 2007).[2][42]
See also[edit]
Agnosia
Aphasia

Literature[edit]
Blake, Margaret Lehman (2017). The Right Hemisphere and Disorders of Cognition and Communication: Theory and Clinical Practice. San Diego, Plural Publishing, Inc.
References[edit]
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Eisenhower Tunnel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Eisenhower–Johnson
Memorial Tunnel
Eisenhower Tunnel
Overview
Location
Approx. 60 miles (100 km) west of Denver, Colorado
Coordinates
39°40′43″N 105°55′12″W / 39.6785°N 105.92°W / 39.6785; -105.92Coordinates: 39°40′43″N 105°55′12″W / 39.6785°N 105.92°W / 39.6785; -105.92
Route
I-70
Crosses
Continental Divide
Operation
Opened
1973 Eisenhower (westbound)
1979 Johnson (eastbound)
Operator
Colorado Department of Transportation
Character
Twin-bore tunnel
Vehicles per day
32,260 vehicles (2007)
Technical
Length
1.693 mi (2.72 km) westbound
1.697 mi (2.73 km) eastbound
Highest elevation
11,158 ft (3,401 m)
west portal
Lowest elevation
11,013 ft (3,357 m)
east portal
Tunnel clearance
13.92 ft (4.24 m)
Width
40 ft (12.2 m) each
Grade
1.64%
The Eisenhower Tunnel, officially the Eisenhower–Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel,[1] is a dual-bore, four-lane vehicular tunnel in the western United States, approximately sixty miles (97 km) west of Denver, Colorado. The tunnel carries Interstate 70 (I-70) under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains.
With a maximum elevation of 11,158 feet (3,401 m) above sea level, it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world. The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System. With the completion of the second bore in 1979, it was one of the last major pieces of the Interstate system to be completed.
Opened 45 years ago in 1973, the westbound bore is named after Dwight D. Eisenhower, the U.S. President for whom the Interstate system is also named. The eastbound bore was completed in 1979 and is named for Edwin C. Johnson, a governor and U.S. Senator who lobbied for an Interstate Highway to be built across Colorado.
Contents
1 Description
1.1 Height restriction
1.2 Alternate route
2 History
2.1 Plane crash
3 Water diversion
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
The Eisenhower bore (westbound tunnel) is 1.693 miles (2.72 km) long while the Johnson bore (eastbound tunnel) is 1.697 miles (2.73 km) long. The tunnels are sloped with a 1.64% grade, with an elevation of 11,013 feet (3,357 m) at the east portal and 11,158 feet (3,401 m) at the west portal. At the time of dedication, they were the highest vehicular tunnels in the world.[1]
While the Eisenhower Tunnel remains the highest vehicular tunnel in the United States, higher tunnels have since been constructed elsewhere, such as the Fenghuoshan Tunnel, a rail tunnel in China.[2] The Eisenhower tunnel is noted as the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System.[3] The tunnel bores measure 48 by 40 feet (15 by 12 m); however, the portion accessible to the public is a rectangular shape measuring just over 16 feet (4.9 m) tall. The rest of the bore is used for forced air ventilation and water drainage systems.[1]
Height restriction[edit]
Eastern portal of the tunnel in 2008
Due to additional height restrictions from variable-message signs and lighting systems, the tunnels' original posted clearance was 13.5 feet (4.1 m).[1] The trucking industry lobbied the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) to increase the vertical clearance. With a 2007 retrofit that used lower profile lighting and signs, trucks 13.92 feet (4.24 m) can navigate the tunnel, an increase of 5 inches (13 cm) over the original limit.
Sensors activate audible sirens near each entrance of the tunnel if a vehicle above the posted height attempts to enter the tunnel. Traffic signals at that entrance will turn red, stopping all traffic. The entrance will remain closed until the vehicle is removed from the freeway, sometimes causing severe delays for all traffic. CDOT noted that prior to the retrofit, about 20,000 vehicles per year tripped the alarm. The trucking industry argued that many of these trucks were under the height requirement but tripped the alarm due to their air suspensions (which can be lowered during their journey through the tunnel) or due to snow and ice atop the trailer. During this time, the trucking industry estimated the number of alarms would drop by as much as 80% if the clearance could be raised even a few inches.[4] Another feature of the retrofit monitors truck weight—a safe speed for each truck on the 7% grades and curves just outside the tunnel is calculated and displayed for each driver.[5]
Alternate route[edit]
Inside the tunnel in 2008
To mitigate the dangers posed by a fire inside the tunnel, trucks hauling hazardous materials are also prohibited from using the tunnel. Prohibited trucks, bicycles, pedestrians and those who wish to stop and view the scenery must take the longer and steeper climb and descent of the older U.S. Highway 6 across Loveland Pass, 834 feet (254 m) higher at 11,992 feet (3,655 m) above sea level. Other than the above exceptions, the tunnel has replaced the pass for general vehicular traffic. While less formidable than the older route, the approach to the tunnel on both sides is steep, and runaway truck ramps are available for truckers who lose control.
During construction or winter storms that require closing Loveland Pass, there is a procedure in place to allow hazardous material trucks to use the tunnel. Once per hour, the tunnel bores will be closed to regular traffic, and the trucks will be guided through the tunnel in a convoy with escorts.[6]
As of December 2009, almost 276 million vehicles have passed through the tunnel. This figure includes a significant number of visitors to Colorado's ski resorts.[7]
History[edit]
Western portal to the tunnel in 2010. The traffic signal is controlled by a truck height sensor and control personnel.
The idea for a tunnel under Loveland Pass existed at least since the 1940s.[8] Serious discussion began when the state of Colorado lobbied for the Interstate Highway System to route a transcontinental highway across Colorado. After a round of negotiations with Utah officials, it was decided the best option was to follow the U.S. Route 6 corridor. Engineers recommended to tunnel under the pass, rather than attempt to build a route across it that conformed to Interstate Highway standards.[9]
The Eisenhower–Johnson Memorial Tunnel was known as the Straight Creek Tunnel during construction,[10] named for the waterway that runs along the western approach to the tunnel. Before the tunnel was dedicated, it was renamed to honor Dwight D. Eisenhower and Edwin C. Johnson. Construction on the first bore of the tunnel was started on March 15, 1968.[1] Construction efforts suffered many setbacks and the project went well over time and budget.[10] One of the biggest setbacks was the discovery of fault lines in the path of the tunnel that were not discovered during the pilot bores.[11] These faults began to slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave-ins and collapses.[3] Despite the best efforts of engineers, three workers were killed boring the first tube, and four in boring the second.[12]
Further complicating construction, the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations; the productivity was significantly less than planned. The frustration prompted one engineer to comment, "We were going by the book, but the damned mountain couldn't read".[11] Though the project was supposed to take three years, the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8, 1973. Initially, the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two-way traffic, with one lane for each direction. The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions, and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore. Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18, 1975 and finished on December 21, 1979. The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $42 million; the actual cost was $108 million (equivalent to $595 million in 2018). Approximately 90% of the funds were paid by the federal government, with the state of Colorado paying the rest. At the time, this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project. The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $102.8 million (equivalent to $347 million in 2018). Not included in these figures is about $50 million in non-boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels.[11][13]
West Portal in summer 1978
The tunnel construction became unintentionally involved in the women's rights movement when Janet Bonnema applied for a position as an engineering technician with the Colorado Department of Transportation. She was given an assignment on the Straight Creek Tunnels project, but her supervisor misread her resume and thought he was hiring "James". When the supervisor discovered the department had hired a woman, she was instead tasked with doing support work from the office. There was opposition to a woman entering the construction site: One supervisor stated that if she entered, "Those workers would flat walk out of that there tunnel and they'd never come back". The workers, most of whom had a mining background, expressed a common superstition that a woman brought bad luck to a mine.[14] One worker insisted, "It's a jinx. I've seen too many die after a woman was in the tunnel."[9] Bonnema sued the department for the right to work inside the tunnel. She countered she was in better shape and more agile than most of the men working on the tunnel. Emboldened by the passage of an equal rights law in Colorado, she finally entered the tunnel, with an entourage of reporters, on November 9, 1972. Some workers did walk off the job; at least one yelled, "Get those women out of here".[9] She remained determined and re-entered the tunnel a few days later. The next time she dressed in coveralls, and was even assigned tasks on the roof of the tunnel overlooking the men below. Surprised that nobody apparently noticed she was a woman, she stated, "I had a good disguise".[9]
Plane crash[edit]
Main article: Wichita State University football team plane crash
During construction in 1970, a plane crash occurred less than two miles (3 km) northeast of the east portal on Friday, October 2.[15] A Martin 4-0-4 charter aircraft, one of two carrying the college football team of Wichita State University, crashed just north of the highway (39°41′37″N 105°52′57″W / 39.6935°N 105.8825°W / 39.6935; -105.8825). Of the 40 passengers and crew on board, only nine survived.[16] The team was on its way to a game with Utah State University in Logan, and had recently refueled at Denver's Stapleton International Airport. The incident plane, carrying the team's starters, departed Denver and traveled a poorly planned scenic route. The other plane, carrying reserve players, followed the original route and landed safely in Logan.[17] Workers constructing the tunnel were among the first on scene at the crash site.
Water diversion[edit]
As with the Moffat Tunnel, while the Eisenhower Tunnel was primarily intended as a transportation tunnel, it also serves as a water tunnel for water diversion from the western side of the Continental Divide to the eastern side. Water from the Straight Creek watershed (a tributary of the Blue River), along with all seepage entering the tunnel is discharged into Clear Creek for delivery to the Coors Brewing Company. Typically, the tunnel delivers over 300 acre-feet (370,000 m3) of water per year.[18]
See also[edit]
Lists of tunnels
Moffat Tunnel, the equivalent for rail traffic, opened in 1928
Salang Tunnel, another among the highest vehicular tunnels at altitude 11,200 feet (3,400 m), in Afghanistan
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Eisenhower Tunnel Description". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "China Completes World's Highest Railroad". Railway Track and Structures. December 1, 2002. Retrieved June 13, 2009 – via HighBeam Research.
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Cultural Resource Experts (2002). Highways to the Sky: A Context and History to Colorado's Highway System. Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Flynn, Kevin (November 13, 2007). "Inches to Spare for Trucks". Rocky Mountain News. Denver. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "IRD Safety Systems: Showcase". International Road Dynamics. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kerwin, Katie (July 30, 1999). "Paving Project to Halt Loveland Pass Traffic: Eisenhower Tunnel Also May Be Snarled". Rocky Mountain News. Denver – via HighBeam Research.
Jump up ^ "30 Years for Johnson Tunnel" (Press release). Colorado Department of Transportation. December 21, 2009. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010 – via HighBeam Research.
Jump up ^ "Long Tunnel in Colorado Wins Support". Prescott Evening Courier. Associated Press. January 21, 1957. p. 7 – via Google News.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Weingroff, Richard. "Ask the Rambler: Why Does I-70 End in Cove Fort, Utah?". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Ripley, Anthony (July 14, 1971). "Straight Creek Tunnel Project Hit by Soaring Costs". Nashua Telegraph. p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Eisenhower Memorial Bore". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.codot.gov/travel/eisenhower-tunnel/eisenhower-tunnel-interesting-facts.html
Jump up ^ "Edwin C Johnson Bore". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Superstition Bars Women from Straight Creek Mine". Sarasota Journal. United Press International. October 5, 1972. p. 4A – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "Grid Plane Crash Kills 29 En Route to Logan". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. Associated Press. October 3, 1970. p. 1A – via Google News.
Jump up ^ NTSB Aircraft Accident Report, SA-421, File No. 3-1127 Archived October 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hilliard, Carl R. (October 3, 1970). "Plane Crash Cripples Wichita St. Grid Team". Lewiston Daily Sun. Associated Press. p. 1 – via Google News.
Jump up ^ Winchester, John N. (2000). A Historical View: Transmountain Development in Colorado (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2015. Retrieved July 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eisenhower Tunnel.
Eisenhower Tunnel by Colorado Department of Transportation
Eisenhower Tunnel traffic camera by Colorado Department of Transportation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eisenhower_Tunnel&oldid=843430953"
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Interstate 70
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Tunnels completed in 1973
Tunnels completed in 1979
Road tunnels in the United States
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text:
Unravel (TK song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Unravel"
Single by TK from Ling tosite sigure
from the album Fantastic Magic
A-side
"Unravel"
B-side
"Fu re te Fu re ru
Acoustic Installation"
Released
July 23, 2014
Format
CD
Digital download
Recorded
Studio 4
tuppence house i's studio
Genre
Post-hardcore
Alternative Rock
Label
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Songwriter(s)
TK
Producer(s)
TK
TK from Ling tosite sigure singles chronology
"Unravel"
(2014) "Signal"
(2016)
unravel
(2014) "Signal"
(2016)
"Unravel" is the first solo single by Tōru "TK" Kitajima, from the band Ling Tosite Sigure. "Unravel" was released on July 23, 2014 by Sony Music Entertainment Japan.
Contents
1 Background
2 Track list
3 Credits and personnel
3.1 Production
3.2 Musicians
4 References
Background[edit]
"Unravel" is used as the opening theme for the anime series Tokyo Ghoul.[1]
Track list[edit]
All tracks written by TK.
CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "unravel" 4:00
2. "Fu re te Fu re ru" 3:38
3. "Acoustic Installation" 6:04
4. "unravel" (TV edit) 1:30
Total length: 15:10
Credits and personnel[edit]
Adapted from Unravel liner notes. [2]
Production[edit]
TK – arranger, producer, recording engineer, mixing engineer
Fumiaki Unehara – assistant engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering engineer
Musicians[edit]
TK – vocals (tracks 1, 2), guitar (all tracks)
BOBO – drums (tracks 1, 3)
Hidekazu Hinata "Hinatch" – bass (all tracks)
Mamiko Hirai – piano (all tracks)
Takashi Kashikura – drums (track 2)
Honoka Sato – violin (track 3)
Kei Sakamoto – flute (track 3)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TK from Ling Tosite Sigure, People In The Box Perform Tokyo Ghoul Songs - News - Anime News Network". Animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://vgmdb.net/album/46103
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unravel_(TK_song)&oldid=821315136"
Categories:
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2014 singles
Anime songs
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Mr. Tumnus
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Tumnus
Narnia character
James McAvoy as Tumnus in the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Race
Faun
Nation
Narnia
Gender
Male
Birthplace
Narnia
Major character in
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Portrayals in adaptations
1988 BBC miniseries : Jeffrey Perry
2005 Walden/Disney film: James McAvoy
Tumnus is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis' series The Chronicles of Narnia. He is featured prominently in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle. He is close friends with Lucy Pevensie and is the first creature she meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series. Lewis said that the first Narnia story, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, all came to him from a single picture he had in his head of a faun carrying an umbrella and parcels through a snowy wood. In that way, Tumnus was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series.[1]
Contents
1 Description
2 Portrayals
3 See also
4 References
Description[edit]
Lewis describes Tumnus as having reddish skin, curly hair, brown eyes, a short pointed beard, horns on his forehead, cloven hooves, goat legs with glossy black hair, a "strange but pleasant little face," a long tail, and being "only a little taller than Lucy herself."
Tumnus first appears when Lucy arrives in Narnia at the lamp-post. He invites her back to his cave for tea, during which, they talk about Narnia. Tumnus then plays his flute, and Lucy falls asleep. When Lucy wakes up, she sees him in tears. He confesses that he is in the pay of the White Witch (Jadis), who rules Narnia and has made it always winter but never Christmas. She had ordered him and the other Narnians to hand over any Sons of Adam or Daughters of Eve - humans - that he sees in Narnia. Tumnus, despite knowing that the Witch will find out if he disobeys her orders, quickly realises that he can't bear to give Lucy up to the Witch, so he guides her back to the lamp-post to see that she returns safely to her own world.
When Lucy returns to Narnia a few days later, Tumnus is still safe: evidently the White Witch hasn't discovered his disobedience. However, Lucy's brother Edmund enters Narnia shortly afterward and mentions to the White Witch that his sister had visited Narnia before and met a faun. When Lucy and her siblings subsequently come to Narnia, they find that Tumnus has been arrested by Maugrim, Chief of the White Witch's secret police. Tumnus had spoken to Mr. Beaver of his fears not long before his arrest and asked him to guide the four children if he found them in Narnia. The children meet Mr. Beaver just after leaving Tumnus's ransacked cave.
Later in the story, when the winter has come to an end and Aslan is preparing an army to take on the White Witch, Lucy and Susan find Tumnus as a statue in the Witch's castle, and he is restored by Aslan. He follows the other Narnians to the battle as the Witch is defeated and killed.
Years later, he is the one who tells the Kings and Queens that the White Stag has been spotted near his home. Their hunting for it leads to their disappearing from Narnia, and the end of the Golden Age.
In The Horse and His Boy, Tumnus appears as a royal adviser to the four Pevensie monarchs (fourteen years later, according to Lewis's Narnian Timeline). He devises a ruse for escaping from Calormen, thereby saving Queen Susan from being forcibly married to Prince Rabadash, and the other Narnians, including her brother Edmund, from certain death trying to defend her.
He and Lucy eventually meet again in Aslan's Country in The Last Battle.
Portrayals[edit]
He originally appeared in the 1988 BBC miniseries of The Chronicles of Narnia played by actor Jeffrey Perry.
Tumnus appears in the 2005 film The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Tumnus has light skin, blue eyes, brown legs, and a stubbly little tail. In this film he is the character that crowns the four Pevensie children at Cair Paravel. He was portrayed by actor James McAvoy.
He is voiced by Philip Sherlock in the Focus on the Family Radio Theatre adaptations.
Tumnus appears in an episode of Family Guy. Looking for a missing sock in the dryer, Peter Griffin falls in and enters the land of Narnia. He is greeted by Tumnus, who has his missing sock. Tumnus also appears in the South Park trilogy, "Imaginationland", and in Epic Movie as he explains to Lucy that he is a faun. He is also portrayed by Héctor Jiménez in Epic Movie.
See also[edit]
Narnia portal
Fictional characters portal
Pan (mythology)
Puck (mythology)
Satyr
Vertumnus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis. On Stories: And Other Essays on Literature. 1982, p. 53. ISBN 0-15-668788-7
Lewis, C. S. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. 1950.
Lewis, C. S. The Horse and His Boy. 1954.
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The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis
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Prince Caspian
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The Magician's Nephew
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The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1967 TV serial)
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