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Black Mirror
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For other uses, see Black Mirror (disambiguation).
Black Mirror
Genre
Science fiction
Dystopian
Satire
Psychological thriller
Anthology
Created by
Charlie Brooker
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
4
No. of episodes
19 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Charlie Brooker
Annabel Jones
Producer(s)
Barney Reisz
Running time
41–89 minutes
Production company(s)
Zeppotron (2011–13)
House of Tomorrow (2014–present)
Distributor
Endemol UK
Release
Original network
Channel 4 (2011–14)
Netflix (2016–present)
Picture format
HDTV 1080i (2011–2014)
4K UHD 2160p (2016–present)
Audio format
Dolby Digital 2.0
Original release
4 December 2011 (2011-12-04) – present (present)
External links
Website
Black Mirror is a British science fiction anthology television series created by Charlie Brooker, with Brooker and Annabel Jones serving as the programme showrunners. It examines modern society, particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies. Episodes are standalone, usually set in an alternative present or the near future, often with a dark and satirical tone, though some are more experimental and lighter.
The show premiered for two series on the British television channel Channel 4 on December 2011 and February 2013, respectively. After its addition to the catalogue in December 2014, Netflix purchased the programme in September 2015. It commissioned a series of 12 episodes later divided into the third and fourth series, each six episodes; the former was released on 21 October 2016 and the latter on 29 December 2017. A fifth series was announced on 5 March 2018.
Black Mirror was inspired by older anthology shows like The Twilight Zone, which were able to deal with controversial, contemporary topics without fear of censorship. Brooker developed Black Mirror to highlight topics related to humanity's dependency on technology, creating stories that feature "the way we live now – and the way we might be living in 10 minutes' time if we're clumsy."
The series has received positive reviews and seen an increase in interest internationally, particularly in the United States after its addition to Netflix. In 2017, the well-received episode "San Junipero", from series three, earned Black Mirror its first Primetime Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special for Brooker. The fourth series earned eight nominations at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Television Movie, Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special, and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for Jesse Plemons in the episode “USS Callister”, and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for Letitia Wright in the episode “Black Museum”.
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Production
2.1 Conception and style
2.2 Series one and two
2.3 Series three
2.4 Series four
2.5 Series five
2.6 Future ideas
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Accolades
4 Literature
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Black Mirror episodes
The show was originally commissioned by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, and premiered in December 2011. A second series ran during February 2013. In September 2015, Netflix purchased the programme, commissioning a series of 12 episodes later divided into two series of six episodes.[1] The first of these series was released on Netflix worldwide as the overall third series on 21 October 2016. The fourth series was released on 29 December 2017.[2]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
1 3 4 December 2011 (2011-12-04) 18 December 2011 (2011-12-18) Channel 4
2 3 11 February 2013 (2013-02-11) 25 February 2013 (2013-02-25)
Special 16 December 2014 (2014-12-16)
3 6 21 October 2016 (2016-10-21) Netflix
4 6 29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)
Production[edit]
Conception and style[edit]
Charlie Brooker had completed production of Dead Set, a zombie-based drama series, and while working on Newswipe and other programmes, had decided that he wanted to make another drama series, in an anthology style like The Twilight Zone, Tales of the Unexpected, and Hammer House of Horror.[3][4] Brooker recognised that Rod Serling had written episodes of The Twilight Zone using contemporary issues, often controversial such as racism, but placing them in fictional settings so as to get around television censors at the time.[4] For Brooker, he realised he could do similar commentary on modern issues, and specifically focusing on mankind's dependency on technology, something he encountered while producing the series How TV Ruined Your Life.[4] Brooker pulled the series' title from this approach:
"If technology is a drug – and it does feel like a drug – then what, precisely, are the side effects? This area – between delight and discomfort – is where Black Mirror, my new drama series, is set. The 'black mirror' of the title is the one you'll find on every wall, on every desk, in the palm of every hand: the cold, shiny screen of a TV, a monitor, a smartphone."[4]
Brooker wanted to keep the anthology approach, using new stories, settings, characters and actors for each episode, as he felt this approach was a key element of enjoying shows like The Twilight Zone; he said "There was a signature tone to the stories, the same dark chocolate coating – but the filling was always a surprise."[4] This approach would allow Black Mirror to contrast with current dramas and serials that had a standard recurring cast.[4] According to Brooker, the production team considered giving the series a linking theme or presenter, but ultimately it was decided not to do so: "There were discussions. Do we set them all in the same street? Do we have some characters who appear in each episode, a bit Three Colours: Blue/White/Red style? We did think about having a character who introduces them, Tales from the Crypt style, or like Rod Serling or Alfred Hitchcock or Roald Dahl, because most anthology shows did have that... but the more we thought about it, we thought it was a bit weird."[5]
While the production does not use linking elements, the show has included allusions and Easter eggs from previous episodes into later ones. For example, "Hated in the Nation" in the third series calls back to the events of both the first series episode "The National Anthem" and the second series episode "White Bear".[6] while the final episode of the fourth series "Black Museum" includes references to each prior episode of the series.[7] Some of these are for the ease of reusing a name developed in a prior episode; for example, they created the fictional "UKN" broadcast network for handling news reports that drive stories,[8] while the pizza delivery company used in "USS Callister" was used again for a company running automated pizza trucks in "Crocodile".[9] Other Easter eggs were added as they knew viewers would be intensely dissecting the episodes and provided these as gags. However, over time the use of Easter eggs became more purposeful, as to establish a canon of the "dream universe" that the episodes take place in.[6] Brooker noted that when they opted to reuse a cover of Irma Thomas' "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is", first introduced in "Fifteen Million Merits", for "White Christmas", as "it does sort of nest the whole thing together in some kind of artistic universe".[8]
Giles Harvey comments in a profile of Brooker for The New Yorker that each episode "establishes the background of normality against which a decisive tweak will stand out all the more starkly". Harvey notes that the show's diverse range of genres show that it is "manifestly the work of someone who has clocked up many hours of screen time". He further comments that Brooker is "scrupulous", as "the believability of each episode depends on maintaining the complex internal logic of its dystopic world". Brooker is involved during the filming and editing processes, pointing out any inconsistencies that arise, and is "determined to make the devices and screens and interfaces used in 'Black Mirror' seem authentic". As examples of Brooker's "meticulous attention to detail", Harvey reports that Brooker carefully considered whether a falling wine bottle would shatter in the nested virtual realities of "Playtest", and whether it would rain in the eponymous location in "San Junipero". An instance of realistic technology is the email system in "Be Right Back", which contrasts with "histrionic computers" found in Hollywood; an email is sent to the main character with the heading "Martha, people in your position bought the following", containing various books on the topic of grief-counselling.[10] Knowing that fans of the show have dissected some of these details by watching the episodes frame-by-frame, Brooker and his team have included humorous jabs at these fans through printed messages on various props, such as a paragraph in a news article held up by a character directed to fans of the show on Reddit in "Crocodile".[11]
Series one and two[edit]
The first two series of the programme were produced by Brooker's production company Zeppotron, for Endemol. An Endemol press release described the series as "a hybrid of The Twilight Zone and Tales of the Unexpected which taps into our contemporary unease about our modern world", with the stories having a "techno-paranoia" feel.[12] Channel 4 described the first episode, "The National Anthem", as "a twisted parable for the Twitter age".[13] Black Mirror series 1 had a limited DVD release for PAL / Region 2 on 27 February 2012.[14]
A trailer for the second series was made by Moving Picture Company, and featured three interspersed storylines: "a dream sequence, the repetitive factory setting and the huge dust cloud that sweeps through the street at the ad's climatic end." Aired from 22 January 2013, the advertisement was shown on Channel 4 and in cinemas.[15] The second series had a DVD release, which like the first series DVD was PAL for region 2 only.[citation needed]
In 2013, Robert Downey Jr. optioned the episode "The Entire History of You" (written by Jesse Armstrong) to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company, Team Downey.[16] The show was available in the U.S. on Netflix from late 2014 onwards.[17]
Series three[edit]
In September 2015, Netflix commissioned 12 episodes of Black Mirror.[18] In March 2016, it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with a bid of US$40 million.[19] Endemol released a statement saying that Channel 4 "had the opportunity to recommission [Black Mirror] since 2013 and passed on this and subsequent co-production offers put to them. [...] Further efforts were made to try to reach a settlement regarding a U.K. window for Channel 4, but these were also sadly to no avail". In a press release, Channel 4 say that they "offered to recommission Black Mirror". This marked the first time that an online streaming service had gained the rights to a show where the original network had wished to renew it.[17] The titles of the six episodes that make up series 3 were announced in July 2016, along with the release date.[20]
In developing the third series' stories, Brooker had looked back to the first two series and the Christmas special, and recognised that all the stories were about characters becoming trapped in a situation that they could not escape from. Coupled with the anthology format that asked for viewers to get immersed within the stories to understand the nature of each, this created a sense of darkness and horror, which could make it difficult to watch successive episodes without becoming uncomfortable. With the third series, Brooker wanted to explore different formats, still having a few "trap" episodes but adding more conventional stories like a romance and police procedural, making the new series more digestible for the viewer.[21] A trailer for the third series was released in October 2016.[22] The third series cast includes Bryce Dallas Howard, Alice Eve, James Norton, Cherry Jones, Wyatt Russell, Alex Lawther, Jerome Flynn, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Mackenzie Davis, Michael Kelly, Malachi Kirby, Kelly Macdonald, and Faye Marsay.[22] The directors for the third series include Joe Wright,[23] Jakob Verbruggen,[24] James Hawes,[25] and Dan Trachtenberg.[26] The third series was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016.[27]
Series four[edit]
According to Brooker, the fourth series has even more variety in the episodes than in previous series.[28] Brooker says that there is "some more hope" in the series, crediting this to the fact that writing began in July 2016 and continued throughout the 2016 U.S. election, and "I genuinely thought, I don't know what state the world's going to be in by the time these [episodes] appear, and I don't know how much appetite there will be for nothing but bleak nihilism."[29] The series features an episode story conceived by Penn Jillette.[30] Jodie Foster directed the episode "Arkangel", starring Rosemarie DeWitt;[31] one episode was filmed in Iceland ("Crocodile") and another is overtly comedic in tone ("USS Callister"). Jesse Plemons, Cristin Milioti, Jimmi Simpson, Michaela Coel, Andrea Riseborough, Andrew Gower, Georgina Campbell, Joe Cole, George Blagden, Maxine Peake, Douglas Hodge, and Letitia Wright appear in the fourth series.[32] In addition to Foster, the episodes were directed by Toby Haynes, John Hillcoat, Tim Van Patten, David Slade, and Colm McCarthy.[32]
In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[33] Filming for the fourth series concluded in June 2017.[34] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[35][36] In September 2017, two photos from the fourth season were released.[37] Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for each episode in the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror",[38] concluding on 6 December 2017 with the announcement of the release date.[39] All six episodes were released to Netflix on 29 December 2017.[40]
Series five[edit]
In December 2017, when Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones were asked about possibly creating a fifth series of Black Mirror, they said, "We would love to do it".[41] Netflix announced the fifth series via social media on 5 March 2018, though did not announce its release date or episode count.[42][43] On 20 March 2018, at the 2018 Royal Television Society Awards, Brooker confirmed that the fifth series has begun filming.[44]
Future ideas[edit]
In October 2016, Brooker said that he had ideas of where sequels to both "White Bear" and "Be Right Back" would go, but it was unlikely that either would be made.[45] Furthermore, Brooker also stated that there were some characters in the series three episode "Hated in the Nation" who could potentially recur.[45] Actors have appeared in multiple Black Mirror episodes, but for unrelated roles, such as Hannah John-Kamen ("Fifteen Million Merits" and "Playtest")[45], Michaela Coel ("Nosedive" and "USS Callister")[46], and Daniel Lapaine ("The Entire History of You" and "Black Museum").[47]
When asked in interviews, Brooker has repeatedly stated that there are no plans for a sequel episode to "San Junipero". He told Los Angeles Times that they "want to keep [Kelly and Yorkie] happy there".[48] However, Brooker has said that the show "may be referring to San Junipero again" in Easter eggs, which the show has used before.[49] Brooker has also raised the idea of doing a sequel to the episode in "a completely different form", such as a graphic novel or "an experience".[50][51]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The first series has been praised as being creative and shocking with twists-in-the-tale reminiscent of The Twilight Zone.[52][53] Michael Hogan of The Daily Telegraph described the first episode, "The National Anthem", as "a shocking but ballsy, blackly comic study of the modern media".[53] He went on to say that "This was a dementedly brilliant idea. The satire was so audacious, it left me open-mouthed and squealing. Rather like that poor pig."[53] The series was taken up across much of the world, including Australia, Israel, Sweden, Spain, Poland, Hungary and China.[54] The series has become popular and been well received in China, becoming one of the most discussed series in early 2012.[55] User ratings on Douban reached 9.3,[56] higher than most popular American dramas.[57] Many viewers and critics praised the depth of the series.[55][56][58] A reporter from The Beijing News thought the programme was "an apocalypse of modern world", "desperate but profound".[58] Another article from the same newspaper thought each story criticised television from different aspects.[59] Xu Wen at The Epoch Times thought the stories reveal modernity's moral turpitude.[60]
In its second series, Black Mirror continued to receive praise. In his review of the episode "Be Right Back", Sameer Rahim of The Telegraph wrote, "The show touched on important ideas – the false way we sometimes present ourselves online, and our growing addiction to virtual lives – but it was also a touching exploration of grief. To my mind it's the best thing Brooker has done." Jane Simon of The Daily Mirror newspaper website, said that the second episode of the second series, "White Bear", lacked the "instant emotional tug" of the series opener, "Be Right Back".[61] She went on to say that, a third of the way through the second episode, she had lost hope of it concluding well, "the acting was unbelievable, the script was riddled with horror-film cliches, the violence was a bit over the top", but that by the end, "I turned out to be absolutely dead wrong on every single count." She ended the piece with: "It’s another work of dark and twisted genius from Mr Brooker." The second series is popular in China. Wen Bai at Information Times thought the second series was still "cannily made", and "near perfection".[62]
In December 2014, Stephen King noted his admiration of the series.[63][64][65] The show's Christmas special that year, "White Christmas" received critical acclaim. Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian praised the comic satire of the episode and noted that "sentimentality is offset with wicked wit, and Brooker’s brio and imagination paper over any gaps in logic."[66] The Daily Telegraph reviewer Mark Monahan gave the episode 4/5 stars, noting that the drama was "thrilling stuff: escapist entertainment with a very real-world sting in its tail". Monahan equated the episode with the stronger of the previous Black Mirror episodes, stating that "it exaggerated present-day technology and obsessions to subtle but infernal effect, a nightmare-before-Christmas reminder that to revere our digital gizmos is to become their pathetic slave."[67]
The third and fourth series received positive reviews from critics, earning ratings of 82 and 74 out of 100 on Metacritic, respectively.[68][69]
Journalists have reported that some of the concepts in Black Mirror have come true, in fashion, within the real world, and have called the show a Magic 8-Ball for the future.[70][71][72] The first episode, "The National Anthem", revolves around the British Prime Minister being blackmailed into having sex with a pig; in September 2015, four years after the episode aired, allegations were published that David Cameron, who at the time was British Prime Minister had placed a "private part" into the mouth of a dead pig as part of a university initiation rite.[73] Brooker has called the event a "coincidence, albeit a quite bizarre one", and was quite perturbed when he first heard the allegations: "I did genuinely for a moment wonder if reality was a simulation, whether it exists only to trick me", he said in an interview.[74] Several news reports compared Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign to "The Waldo Moment", a 2013 episode in the second series;[75][76] later, in September 2016, Brooker also compared the Trump campaign to the episode and predicted Trump would win the 2016 election.[77][78] The third series episode "Nosedive" presented a social rating-based system that several found mirrored by China's proposed Social Credit System.[79][80][81] Brooker has been surprised to see how some of these events had come to pass. "It was quite trippy, though. I'm kind of getting used to it, because it seems like it's quite often that there are things that are in the stories that come true."[82] Ten days after the release of series four episode "Crocodile" - which included a self-driving pizza delivery truck as a major plot device - Toyota and Pizza Hut announced the e-Palette, a driverless delivery vehicle, at the 2018 Consumer Electronic Show. The conceptual vehicle drew numerous comparisons with its fictional counterpart[83][84], and the official Twitter account for Black Mirror commented on the announcement saying, "We know how this goes."[85]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Black Mirror
In November 2012, Black Mirror won Best TV Movie/Miniseries at the International Emmy Awards.[86] Bryce Dallas Howard received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her performance in the episode "Nosedive".[87] At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, Black Mirror received three nominations with two wins, including Outstanding Television Movie for "San Junipero".[88][89] "USS Callister" received two Primetime Emmy nominations and five Primetime Creative Arts Emmy nominations in 2018.[90][91][92]
Literature[edit]
In June 2018, Brooker announced that he, along with Annabel Jones and Jason Arnopp, have written an oral history companion to the series titled Inside Black Mirror. The book will be released in the US on 6 November 2018 from Penguin Random House.[93]
In June 2017, Brooker announced a series of novels based on Black Mirror that will offer "new, original, darkly satirical stories that tap into our collective unease about the modern world". Brooker will edit three volumes of novellas that will feature anthology short stories by different authors.[94][88] The first instalment will include stories written by Cory Doctorow, Claire North and Sylvain Neuvel.[95] It is scheduled for release on 20 September 2018; the second instalment later that year; and the third in 2019.[96]
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Jump up ^ Wilbur, Brock (13 May 2016). "The 7 'Black Mirror' Prophecies That Have Come True". Inverse. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Catriona (14 December 2017). "Seven creepy Black Mirror predictions that actually came true". BBC Three. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Morley, Nicole (21 September 2015). "Black Mirror creator Charlie Brooker denies he knew about #Hameron". Metro.
Jump up ^ Benedictus, Leo (21 September 2015). "Charlie Brooker on Cameron and #piggate: 'I'd have been screaming it into traffic if I'd known'". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Cillizza, Chris (8 September 2015). "Donald Trump's troll game of Jeb Bush: A+". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Meghan (7 August 2015). "Why You Must Watch 'Black Mirror': "The Waldo Moment" This Weekend". Decider. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen (13 September 2016). "'Black Mirror' Creator Predicts Trump Will Be President: 'I Find It F*cking Terrifying'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Wampler, Scott (13 September 2016). "Black Mirror's Charlie Brooker Predicts Trump Will Win The Election". BirthMoviesDeath.com. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Denyer, Simon (22 October 2016). "China's plan to organize its society relies on 'big data' to rate everyone". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Hughes, William (15 December 2017). "At least one Black Mirror episode is already coming true in China". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Alice (15 December 2017). "Black Mirror is coming true in China, where your 'rating' affects your home, transport and social circle". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Stern, Marlow (27 October 2017). "'Black Mirror' Creator Charlie Brooker on China's 'Social Credit' System and the Rise of Trump". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitz-Gerald, Sean (2018-01-09). "The 'Black Mirror' Killer Pizza Truck Is Real Now, Thanks to Pizza Hut". Thrillist. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Hut Goes 'Black Mirror' With Self-Driving Pizza Truck". Highsnobiety. 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror and Pratchett film win International Emmys". BBC News. 20 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Nolfi, Joey (14 December 2016). "SAG Awards nominations 2017: See the full list". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Starkey, Adam (24 June 2017). "Charlie Brooker teases Black Mirror season 4 will be the most 'out there' yet". Metro. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Amatulli, Jenna (13 July 2017). "Black Mirror's 'San Junipero' Nominated For Two Emmys And We're Crying". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "USS Callister (Black Mirror)". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "USS Callister (Black Mirror)". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Black Museum (Black Mirror)". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Inside Black Mirror by Charlie Brooker, Annabel Jones, Jason Arnopp | PenguinRandomHouse.com". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
Jump up ^ "'Black Mirror' to Be Adapted Into a Book Series". TheWrap. 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror Volume 1". Amazon. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Barnett, David (14 June 2017). "Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror to spin off into books – but who should write them?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Nussbaum, Emily (January 2015). "Button-Pusher: The seductive dystopia of 'Black Mirror'". The New Yorker.
External links[edit]
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Diwali Riddim
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
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Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Compilation album by Various artists
Released
May 21, 2002
May 25, 2010 (Gold Edition)
Recorded
2002
Genre
Dancehall, reggae fusion
Length
64:20
Label
Greensleeves Records
Producer
Steven "Lenky" Marsden
Various artists chronology
Hard Drive
(2002) Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
(2002) Hard Drive Pt. 2
(2002)
Alternative Cover
Gold Edition, 2010
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali, also known as the Diwali Riddim, is an album and popular dancehall riddim that came to prominence in 2002. The riddim is credited to Jamaican producer Steven "Lenky" Marsden. This has appeared on several international hit songs by Sean Paul, Bounty Killer, Elephant Man, Lumidee, Brick & Lace (although its single "Love is Wicked" was not released until 2007), and Wayne Wonder.
It is recognized as arguably the most prominent and popular riddim of 2002 based on the number of top-ten hit songs that charted in Jamaica or internationally that used the instrumental, such as "Get Busy," "No Letting Go," "Pon de Replay," "Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh)," "Overcome," "Elephant Message," "Sufferer," "Party Time," and "Love Is Wicked." To this day, the riddim and the songs sampling it are still played on Jamaican radio stations every so often and is considered a classic.
The beat is characterized by syncopated clapping, and it was given the name Diwali for its Indian dance-music influence. The riddim has been featured in American television commercials via Sean Paul's song "Get Busy."[2]
List of songs using Diwali Riddim[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Artist
Song
Album
Anthony B Girls Buss Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Assassin Ruffest & Tuffest Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Beenie Man That's Right Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Beenie Man War is over
Bounty Killer feat. Wayne Marshall Sufferer Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Bling Dawg All Right for You
Brick & Lace Love Is Wicked Love Is Wicked
Buju Banton Shala La
Captain Jack Capitano Greatest Hits
Cecile Respect yuh Wife Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Crissy D Make it Real Good Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Danny English & Egg Nog Party Time Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Diwali XM24 Version Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
DJ Snake Let Me Love You Ft. Justin Bieber Encore
Elephant Man Elephant Message Higher Level / Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
General Degree Inna Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Hawkeye Bubble & Wine
Lumidee Never Leave You (slightly altered from the original riddim), produced by DJ Tedsmooth & Trendsetta Almost Famous/Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali (Gold Edition)
Madd Anju Dem ago Hard
Mega Banton It's OK Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Mr Reggaenarator Art de rue police (police freak)
Rihanna Pon de Replay Music of the Sun
Sean Paul Get Busy Dutty Rock,
Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali (Gold Edition)
Spragga Benz Da One
Shakti Ay Yo!
Sheikh Terra & the Soul Salah Crew Dirty Kuffar
Tanya Stephens Can't Touch Me No More Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
T.O.K. Galang Gal Unknown Language / Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Wayne Marshall Overcome Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Wayne Wonder No Letting Go No Holding Back
Zumjay Zumjay is my Name Greensleeves Rhythm Album #27: Diwali
Spragga Benz Gonna Fight
Tiwa Savage Without My Heart Ft. Don Jazzy Once Upon a Time
Wizkid London Girl Empire Mates State of Mind
M.O.G. (Men Of God) Let Him Go
Omarion W4W Word For Word
Odunsi (The Engine) In The Morning
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ CKE Restaurants
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali_Riddim&oldid=841858692"
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The Secret History of the Mongols
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Layout of a 1908 Chinese edition of The Secret History of the Mongols. Mongolian text in Chinese transcription, with a glossary on the right of each row
This article contains Mongolian script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of text in Mongolian script.
The Secret History of the Mongols (Traditional Mongolian: Mongγol-un niγuča tobčiyan, Khalkha Mongolian: Монголын нууц товчоо, Mongolyn nuuts tovchoo[1]) is the oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language. It was written for the Mongol royal family some time after Genghis Khan's death, in 1227, by an anonymous author and probably originally in the Mongolian script, but the surviving texts all derive from transcriptions or translations into Chinese characters that date from the end of the 14th century and were compiled by the Ming dynasty under the title The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝秘史; pinyin: Yuáncháo mìshǐ). Also known as Tobchiyan (Chinese: 脫必赤顏 or 脫卜赤顏; pinyin: Tūobìchìyán, Tūobochìyán) in the History of Yuan.
The Secret History is regarded as the single most significant native Mongolian account of Genghis Khan. Linguistically, it provides the richest source of pre-classical Mongolian and Middle Mongolian.[2] The Secret History is regarded as a piece of classic literature in both Mongolia and the rest of the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Rediscovery and translations
3 See also
4 Bibliography
5 References
5.1 Notations
5.2 Footnotes
6 External links
Content[edit]
The work begins with a semi-mythical genealogy of Temüjin's family. The description of Temüjin's life begins with the kidnapping of his mother, Hoelun, by his father Yesügei. It then covers Temüjin's early life; the difficult times after the murder of his father; and the many conflicts against him, wars, and plots before he gains the title of Genghis Khan (Universal Ruler) in 1206. The latter parts of the work deal with the campaigns of conquest of Genghis and his third son Ögedei throughout Eurasia; the text ends with Ögedei's reflections on what he did well and what he did wrong. It relates how the Mongol Empire was created.
It contains 12 chapters:
Temüjin's origin and childhood.
Temüjin's teenage years.
Temujin destroys the Merkit and takes the title Genghis Khan.
Genghis Khan struggles against Jamukha and Tayichiud.
Genghis Khan destroys the Tatars and tangles with Ong Khan
Destruction of the Khereid
The fate of Ong Khan
Escape of Kuchlug and defeat of Jamukha.
Establishment of the empire and imperial guard.
Conquest of the Uyghur and forest peoples.
Conquest of China, the Tanghut, the Sartuul, Baghdad and Russia
Temüjin's death and Ögedei's reign.
Several passages of the Secret History appear in slightly different versions in the 17th century Mongolian chronicle Altan Tobchi ("Golden Summary").
Rediscovery and translations[edit]
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "The Dictionary of the Mongolian Secret History: Mongolian-Chinese, Chinese-Mongolian dictionary, " A- B", 290 p., 2010, ISBN 978-99962-842-1-2
The Secret History of the Mongols in the Government building, Prof. B. Sumiyabaatar
The only surviving copies of the work are transcriptions of the original Mongolian text with Chinese characters, accompanied by a (somewhat shorter) in-line glossary and a translation of each section into Chinese. In China, the work had been well known as a text for teaching Chinese to read and write Mongolian during the Ming dynasty and the Chinese translation was used in several historical works, but by the 1800s, copies had become very rare.
Baavuday Tsend Gun (1875–1932) was the first Mongolian scholar to transcribe The Secret History of the Mongols into modern Mongolian, in 1915–17. The first to discover the Secret History for the west and offer a translation from the Chinese glossary was the Russian sinologist Palladiy Kafarov. The first translations from the reconstructed Mongolian text were done by the German sinologist Erich Haenisch (edition of the reconstructed original text: 1937; of the translation: 1941, second edition 1948) and Paul Pelliot (ed. 1949). Tsendiin Damdinsüren translated the chronicle into Khalkha Mongolian in 1947. B. I. Pankratov published a translation into Russian in 1962.[3]
Arthur Waley published a partial translation of the Secret History, but the first full translation into English was by Francis Woodman Cleaves, The Secret History of the Mongols: For the First Time Done into English out of the Original Tongue and Provided with an Exegetical Commentary.[4] The archaic language adopted by Cleaves was not satisfying to all and, between 1972 and 1985, Igor de Rachewiltz published a fresh translation in eleven volumes of the series Papers on Far Eastern History accompanied by extensive footnotes commenting not only on the translation but also various aspects of Mongolian culture. (Brill Publishers released de Rachewiltz' edition as a two-volume set in 2003.) In 2015, de Rachewiltz published an open access version of his previous translation, The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century, that is a full translation but omits the extensive footnotes of his previous translations.[5] The Secret History of the Mongols has been published in translation in over 30 languages by researchers.[citation needed]
In 2004 the Government of Mongolia decreed that the copy of The Secret History of the Mongols covered with golden plates was to be located to the rear part of the Government building.[6]
See also[edit]
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire, a 2010 book by Jack Weatherford
Bibliography[edit]
B. Sumiyabaatar, "Монголын Нууц Товчооны хэлбэрсудлал", "The Morphology of the Mongolian Secret History ", 3.144 pp., 1997
B. Sumiyabaatar, "The Mongolian Secret History. Morphology I", 499 p., 2012, ISBN 978-99962-842-6-7
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "Монголын Нууц Товчоо. Үсгийн галиг", "The Transliteration of the Mongolian Secret History" (MSH=SHM), 965 pp., 1990
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "Монголын Нууц Товчооны хэлбэрсудлал", "The Morphology of the Mongolian Secret History ", 3144 pp., 1997
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "Чингисийн алтан ургийн Угийн бичиг ба Гэрийн уеийн бичмэл", "The Genealogy of the Genghis's Mongols", 720 pp., 2002, ISBN 99929-5-552-X
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), Choi Gi Ho, "Монголын Нууц Товчоон. Монгол үсгийн анхны галиг", "The first Mongolian transliteration of the Mongolian Secret History", 382 pp., 2005, ISBN 89-5726-275-X
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "А. Позднеев. Транскрипция палеографического текста "Юань-чао-ми-ши"", " A. Posdneew. Transkription of the paleografical text "Yuan-chao-mi-shi", 17-112 pp., 2005.
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "Монголын Нууц Товчооны толь: Монгол • Нангиад, Нангиад • Монгол толь. Үсэг: А, Б", " The Dictionary of the Mongolian Secret History: Mongolian-Chinese, Chinese-Mongolian dictionary, " A- B", 290 p., 2010, ISBN 978-99962-842-1-2
B. Sumiyabaatar (mong.), "Монголын Нууц Товчоон, Хэлбэрсудлал I", "The Mongolian Secret History. Morphology I", 499 p., 2012, ISBN 978-99962-842-6-7
References[edit]
Notations[edit]
unknown; translated by Urgunge Onon; revised by Sue Bradbury (1993) [1228]. Chinggis Khan: The Golden History of the Mongols (hardback). London: The Folio Society. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Igor de Rachewiltz (18 July 2013). The Secret History of the Mongols, VOLUME 3 (Supplement): A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25858-7.
Paul Kahn; Francis Woodman Cleaves (1998). The Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chinghis Khan (expanded Edition) : an Adaptation of the Yüan Chʼao Pi Shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves. Cheng & Tsui. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-0-88727-299-8.
Igor de Rachewiltz (11 December 2015). The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ re-transcribed from Chinese: 忙中豁侖 紐察 脫[卜]察安; pinyin: mánghuōlúnniǔchá tuō[bo]chá'ān. The 卜 is not included in the Chinese-transcribed titles of the copies known today, but that may be the result of a corruption. William Hung, 'The Transmission of the Book Known as "The Secret History of the Mongols"', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3/4 (Dec 1951), p.440
Jump up ^ Igor de Rachewiltz, The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands) at xxvi.
Jump up ^ "IOM RAS: Sinologica – Sinology at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences". Sinologica.orientalstudies.ru. 2009-03-17. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
Jump up ^ Harvard-Yenching Institute, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Jump up ^ de Rachewiltz, Igor (2015). The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/.
Jump up ^ ""Монголын нууц товчоо"-г мөнхөд эрхэмлэн дээдлэх тухай | Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж". President.mn. 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
External links[edit]
The Secret History of the Mongols: full text, history, translations into Russian, English, French, Bulgarian, Spanish and Czech, original transliteration (Mirror)
transcription with flexional morpheme boundaries and other additional annotation by John Street
The Secret History of the Mongols: partial text
Timothy May: Extensive review of the publication of Rachewiltz's translation and notes September 2004
Lingua Mongolia: first 21 paragraphs of the Secret History in Chinese transcription, Pinyin, and Traditional Mongolian script
Modern Mongolian Version (and audio files) -ELibrary.MN
The Secret History of the Mongols, a comic strip by Otgonbayar Ershuu. Text to historical sources. Translation from Mongolian to German: Renate Bauwe Mongolian comic book, Mongolian painting, miniature
"BBC Genghis Khan". 26 January 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols&oldid=817124281"
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