text:
Mills of God
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Roman-era depiction of an animal-driven flour mill.[1]
An edge mill with two millstones. Katherine Maltwood portrayed a similar arrangement in her bronze, The Mills of God (1918/9), which was inspired by the suffering of the Great War.[2]
The proverbial expression of the mills of God grinding slowly refers to the notion of slow but certain divine retribution.
Plutarch (1st century AD) alludes to the metaphor as a then-current adage in his Moralia (De sera numinis vindicta "On the Delay of Divine Vengeance"):
"Thus, I do not see what use there is in those mills of the gods said to grind so late as to render punishment hard to be recognized, and to make wickedness fearless."[3]
Plutarch no doubt here makes reference to a hexameter by an unknown poet, cited by sceptic philosopher, Sextus Empiricus (2nd century) in his Adversus Grammaticos as a popular adage:[4]
Ὀψὲ θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι, ἀλέουσι δὲ λεπτά.
"The millstones of the gods grind late, but they grind fine."[5]
The same expression was invoked by Celsus in his (lost) True Discourse. Defending the concept of ancestral fault, Celsus reportedly quoted "a priest of Apollo or of Zeus":
Ὀψὲ, φησι, θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι, κἆϛ παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται.
'The mills of the gods grind slowly', he says, even 'To children's children, and to those who are born after them.'[6]
The Sibylline Oracles (c. 175) have Sed mola postremo pinset divina farinam ("but the divine mill will at last grind the flour").[7]
The proverb was in frequent use in the Protestant Reformation, often in the Latin translation Sero molunt deorum molae due to Erasmus of Rotterdam (Adagia, 1500),[8] but also in German translation.[9]
The expression was anthologised in English translation by George Herbert in his collection of proverbs entitled Jacula Prudentum (1652), as "God's mill grinds slow but sure" (no. 743). German epigrammatist Friedrich von Logau in his Sinngedichte (c. 1654) composed an extended variant of the saying, under the title "Göttliche Rache" (divine retribution),[10]
Gottes Mühlen mahlen langsam, mahlen aber trefflich klein,
ob aus Langmut er sich säumet, bringt mit Schärf 'er alles ein.
translated into English by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ("Retribution", Poetic Aphorisms, 1846):[11]
Though the mills of God grind slowly; Yet they grind exceeding small;
Though with patience He stands waiting, With exactness grinds He all.
The proverb was used by Agatha Christie in her novel Hercule Poirot's Christmas, as a person quoted it when they saw the corpse of a man who had lived an evil life.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Urnholder of the miller Publius Nonius Zethus (1st century AD), found in Ostia Antica, now in the Museum of the Vatican.
Jump up ^ Rosemary Alicia Brown (1981), Katherine Emma Maltwood (PDF), Victoria: Sono Nice . University of Victoria Art Collections M964.1.357
Jump up ^ A. P. Peabody (1885), Plutarch on the Delay of Divine Justice . Plutarch, Ian Kidd, Robin Waterfield, "On God's Slowness to Punish", Essays CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Adversus Mathematicos I Cap. 17 D.L. Blank, trans. (1998) p. 311. John Pairman Brown, Israel and Hellas, 3 .
Jump up ^ The Greek μύλοι is plural, referring to two grindstones (i.e. quern and handstone) forming a single mill; the Latin translation by Gentian Hervetus (1569) renders this as mola "mill" in the singular: Est mola tarda dei, verum molit illa minutim.
Jump up ^ Gagné, Renaud (2013). Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-107-03980-3.
Jump up ^ Book 8 verse 15 Sibylline Oracles trans. M. S. Terry (1890) "Late will the mills of God grind the fine flour". On the date of c. AD 175 for book 8, verses 1–216 see: J. J. Collins "Sibylline Oracles (Second Century B.C.–Seventh Century A.D)" in: Charlesworth (ed.), Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, Hendrickson Publishers (1983), 317–472 (here: p. 416).
Jump up ^ Erasmus of Rotterdam, Adagia 3382 (4.4.82) Sero molunt deorum molae: Plutarchus in commentario cui titulus Πέρι τὦν ὑπὸ τοῦ θείου βραδέως τιμωρουμένων : Ὥστε οὐχ ὁρὦ τί χρήσιμον ἔνεστι τοῖς ὀψὲ δὴ τούτοις ἀλεῖν λεγομένοις μύλοις τὦν θεὦν, id est Itaque non video quidnam utilitatis insit istis deorum molis quae sero dicuntur molere. Caeterum ex his quae praecedunt eodem in loco, colligere licet dici solitum de his qui, licet serius, tamen aliquando poenas dant malefactorum vindici deo.
Jump up ^ Early New High German variants: Gots mül steht offt lang stil; Die götter malen oder scheren eim langsam, aber wol. Nina-Maria Klug, Das konfessionelle Flugblatt 1563–1580: Eine Studie zur historischen Semiotik und Textanalyse, volume 112 of Studia Linguistica Germanica, Walter de Gruyter, 2012 p. 189
Jump up ^ "Göttliche Rache", Sinngedichte III, 2, 24.
Jump up ^ Hugh Rawson; Margaret Miner, eds. (2006). "God, 8". The Oxford Dictionary of American Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-516823-5.
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Justice
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Retribution
Ancestral fault
Justice delayed is justice denied
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Pulling Double Booty
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"Pulling Double Booty"
American Dad! episode
Episode no.
Season 5
Episode 6
Directed by
John Aoshima
Written by
Brian Boyle
Production code
3AJN21
Original air date
November 16, 2008
Guest appearance(s)
Mike Barker as Saunders/Saunders' Double
Leslie Bega
Chris Diamantopoulos
Michael Dunn
Erik Durbin
Jon Fener
Jeff Fischer as Jeff
Josh Gad
Steve Hely
Patrick Stewart as Bullock
John Viener
Gedde Watanabe
Keone Young[1]
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Escape from Pearl Bailey" Next →
"Phantom of the Telethon"
American Dad! (season 5)
List of American Dad! episodes
"Pulling Double Booty" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series American Dad!, an episode produced for Season 3. It first aired in the United States on Fox on November 16, 2008. This story centers around Hayley, who goes on a rampage shortly after Jeff breaks up with her. Francine and Stan try to help their daughter get through the grief, as the police have informed them that she will go to jail if she has another rampage. Francine later peeps into Hayley's room one night, only to find her making out with a person that closely resembles Stan. Disturbed and horrified, she confronts Stan only for the look-alike to come out with Hayley. The look-alike, named Bill, is later caught by Stan after an attempt to have sex with Francine. They kick him out of the house, and Stan vows to act as Bill to prevent Hayley from going on another rampage. Meanwhile, Roger and Steve get summer jobs of determining the sex of baby chicks.
This episode was written by Brian Boyle and directed by John Aoshima. It received mixed reception from television critics upon its release, with much of the praise going on to the delivery of the main storyline. It features guest appearances from Mike Barker, Leslie Bega, Chris Diamantopoulos, Michael Dunn, Erik Durbin, Jon Fener, Jeff Fischer, Josh Gad, Steve Hely, Patrick Stewart, John Viener, Gedde Watanabe, and Keone Young.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Stan sneaks the cookie dough Francine tells him not to eat and hides it before she finds out. Hayley and Jeff then announce that they are going to the store to buy beads so Jeff could open his own bead store. Hayley says good-bye and "I love you" but Stan just says "OK". Francine asks why he can't admit he loves Hayley. Stan says he can but only plans to when she is in last moment of incurable cancer so she dies happy. At the CIA, Bullock gives a lecture that body doubles are for work purposes only after Saunders' double reveals the ruse of him making love with a stewardess while intoxicated. At the mall, Hayley goes on a destructive rampage after Jeff ends their relationship. Stan rushes to the mall and reprimands Jeff, also explaining Hayley goes on a rampage every time a boyfriend breaks up with her. Stan eventually stops her with 19 tranquilizer darts and brings her home. He informs Francine that the police officers will make Hayley go to jail if she goes on another rampage after this.
To prevent this, he starts to dictate who Hayley gets to date with or not, airlifting guys she is interested in. Back home, Stan excuses himself to "feed Klaus" downstairs, and Francine follows him. On the way down, she peeks into Hayley's room, only to pass out after seeing Hayley and Stan make out and attack Stan for having sex with his own daughter. Hayley comes downstairs with Bill, his CIA body double, whom she was making out with earlier, rather than with Stan. Francine is relieved that Stan isn't in an incestuous relationship with his daughter, but she still throws up over the thought. Hayley explains to everyone: After throwing a salad at Bill's face at the CIA cafeteria, thinking he was her father, they engage in a conversation, finding a lot of things in common, and started dating. Stan realizes Bill is perfect for Hayley, but if he dumps her, she'd go maximum insane: She would kill Bill, burn down the neighborhood, and rape Roger. The couple go on a date at a beach with Stan and Francine, and in the water, Stan gives Bill a detailed description of how hot Francine is, leading Bill to later make out with her in the house kitchen and attempt to sleep with her in the bedroom. Angered, Stan defenestrates him and threatens to kill him if he ever sees Hayley again, which raises back the concern of Hayley's outburst, this time due to Bill's disappearance.
Stan disguises himself as Bill and goes on a date with Hayley. He tells Francine that if "Bill" annoys and offends her enough, Hayley will dump him and there would not be any rampages or jail time. At a hotel, Stan attempts to convince her to break up with him, by making her carry all the bags, belching at her face, and hitting on an attractive diner waitress. Rather than bothering her, all this excites her, much to his fear as she wants to go "all the way" with him. He takes her to the middle of a forest, where she starts complaining about how her father never says he loves her. Still acting as Bill, Stan tells her that her father puts a candy in her mouth every night so she gets "sweet dreams" and kisses a photo of her on his desk before each CIA mission, all of which seem to be all Hayley wants to know. Relieved, Hayley calls Stan, ringing on his cell phone and revealing the ruse. Enraged at the thought of Stan lying to her, Hayley burns down the forest they were hiking in.
Meanwhile, Roger convinces Steve to go to Chinatown for their "summer of exotic adventure". The latter acquires a summer job of determining the sex of baby chicks and takes the former with him. But Roger is disappointed because he wanted a memorable summer vacation with him rather than working. When he learns the male chicks are being made into slurry, Steve rescues as many as he can, confines them in a tool shed, and raises them to adulthood. However, Roger kidnaps the chickens and holds a cockfight as way to earn extra money, much to Steve's anger. Steve makes a deal with Roger that the winner of the fight gets to keep the chickens. After a brief skirmish, Steve frees the whole brood, who all run into the street, where they are fatally struck by oncoming cars. Roger proceeds to clock Steve with a folding chair when he mourns.
Reception[edit]
"Pulling Double Booty" was met with mixed response from television critics and fans alike.
Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave it a positive review, going on to write, "I never thought I'd be writing the following words: I…thought they did an okay job with the whole "incest" thing. Yeah, Hayley falls for a guy who's Stan's exact double, but Francine's reenactment of prison shanking [...], Stan and Hayley's uncomfortable dinner and even Stan's momentary excitement that Hayley had found someone of whom he [...] approved worked in the episode's favor. They didn't hammer us with the Stan-lookalike aspect, only played it for maximum [...] comedic effect."[2] Heisler also praised the subplot of the episode, saying, "I enjoyed Steve's momentary career as a chicken sexer, complete with Roger's cock-fighting hijack–wow, I guess I never thought I'd be writing those words either."[2] He went on to give the episode a B-, the lowest grade of the night, tying with King of the Hill episode "A Bill Full of Dollars", but scoring lower than The Simpsons episode "Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words" and Family Guy episode "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing".
The Parents Television Council, a conservative media watchdog group that are frequent critics of American Dad, as well as all other television programs produced by Seth MacFarlane - including Family Guy and The Cleveland Show - named "Pulling Double Booty" the "Worst TV Show of the Week" for the week of November 22, 2008.[3] [4]In a negative review for the episode, the group criticized the episode for "sexually explicit dialogue and a nauseating incestuous plot", and went on to write, "So far, nothing has been more disturbing than the repugnant plot of the November 16th [...] episode of American Dad."[3] In conclusion of their review, they wrote, "Thankfully, Stan never sleeps with his own daughter. And technically, sleeping with Bill wouldn’t have been incest. Yet, no amount of hair-splitting will make this episode any less cringe-inducing."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pulling Double Booty on IMDb
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Heisler. ""Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words"/"A Bill Full of Dollars"/"Tales of a Third Grade Nothing"/"Pulling Double Booty"". AV Club.
^ Jump up to: a b c "American Dad on Fox". Retrieved 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best and Worst Family TV Shows of The Week - Parents Television Council". Retrieved 6 December 2011.
External links[edit]
"Pulling Double Booty" on IMDb
"Pulling Double Booty" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
American Dad!
Characters
Stan Smith
Francine Smith
Steve Smith
Hayley Smith
Roger
Klaus
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
Season 2
"All About Steve"
"Stan of Arabia: Part 1"
"Stan of Arabia: Part 2"
"Stannie Get Your Gun"
"Finances with Wolves"
Season 3
"Camp Refoogee"
"The American Dad After School Special"
"Lincoln Lover"
Season 4
"The Vacation Goo"
"Surro-Gate"
"Tearjerker"
Season 5
"The One That Got Away"
"Pulling Double Booty"
Season 6
"In Country...Club"
"Moon Over Isla Island"
"My Morning Straitjacket"
"G-String Circus"
"Rapture's Delight"
"Don't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth"
"Cops and Roger"
"Bully for Steve"
Season 7
"Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls"
"Stan's Food Restaurant"
"White Rice"
"For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls"
"Fart-Break Hotel"
"Stanny Boy and Frantastic"
"A Piñata Named Desire"
"You Debt Your Life"
"I Am the Walrus"
"Jenny Fromdabloc"
"Home Wrecker"
"Flirting with Disaster"
Season 8
"Hot Water"
"Hurricane!"
"A Ward Show"
"Virtual In-Stanity"
"The Scarlett Getter"
"Ricky Spanish"
"Toy Whorey"
Season 9
"National Treasure 4: Baby Franny: She's Doing Well: The Hole Story"
"The Missing Kink"
"Lost in Space"
"Da Flippity Flop"
Season 10
"Minstrel Krampus"
Season 11
"Blagsnarst, a Love Story"
Season 12
Season 13
"The Two Hundred"
Season 14
Season 15
Related
Night of the Hurricane
Family Guy
The Cleveland Show
Animation Domination
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text:
Tigris–Euphrates river system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tigris–Euphrates river system
Ecology
Realm
Palearctic
Biome
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Geography
Area
35,600 km2 (13,700 sq mi)
Countries
Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait[1][2][3][4]
Oceans or seas
None
Rivers
Tigris, Euphrates, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab.
Climate type
Subtropical, hot and arid
Conservation
Conservation status
Critical/endangered
The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands[5] of eastern Turkey they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf.[6] The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris–Euphrates ecoregion, which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan.
From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia, the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq. The rivers flow in a south-easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al-Qurnah to form the Shatt al-Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf.[5]
The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region, in which civilization is believed to have first emerged.
Contents
1 Geography
2 General description
3 Ecological threats
4 Water dispute
5 Conservation
6 In media
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geography[edit]
The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert. The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a "Cradle of Civilization".
In the 1980s, this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran–Iraq War raged within its boundaries. The wetlands of Iraq, which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs, were almost completely dried out, and have only recently[when?] shown signs of recovery.
The Tigris–Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Kuwait.[4] Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris–Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait–Iraq border.[7] Since the 1960s and in the 1970s, when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest, water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam's effects on the environment. In addition, Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin, particularly during drought.
General description[edit]
Marsh Arabs poling a mashoof in the marshes of southern Iraq
The general climate of the region is subtropical, hot and arid. At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, featuring huge permanent lakes, marshes, and forest. The aquatic vegetation includes reeds, rushes, and papyrus, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo, two endemic rodent species, antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals.
Ecological threats[edit]
Play media
This visualization shows variations in total water storage from normal, in millimeters, in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins, from January 2003 through December 2009. Reds represent drier conditions, while blues represent wetter conditions. The effects of the seasons are evident, as is the major drought that hit the region in 2007. The majority of the water lost was due to reductions in groundwater caused by human activities.
Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity. Water and plant life are sparse. Saddam Hussein's government water-control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers. Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime. The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations. There are also inadequate supplies of potable water.
The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris–Euphrates basin and once covered 15–20,000 square kilometers. According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation, between 84% and 90% of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s. In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein's regime – drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs. Canals, dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes, instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland. After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea, a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland. Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying.
The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt-tolerant vegetation; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils; 52 native fish species; the wild boar, red fox, buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat.
Water dispute[edit]
The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq, Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public-works project (the GAP project) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams, for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes. Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic, the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq. The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War. However, the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria.[8]
The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans-boundary river flows. Although the drought affected Turkey, Syria and Iran as well, Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows. Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river. Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times, beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water. Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought. To make matters worse, Iraq's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect.[9]
In 2008, Turkey, Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management. Turkey, Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3, 2009, in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris–Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water-flow-monitoring stations. On September 19, 2009, Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m³/s, but only until October 20, 2009. In exchange, Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region. One of Turkey's last large GAP dams on the Tigris – the Ilisu Dam – is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife.[10]
Conservation[edit]
The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia. Their drainage began in the 1950s, to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration. Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs, a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq. However, with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four-year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of pre-1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes.[11]
This table is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this table to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2016)
Conservation status: critical/endangered
Protected area
Endemic species: Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis), Iraq babbler (Turdoides altirostris)
Threatened species: Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis) - endangered
Possibly extinct species: Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat (Nesokia bunnii)
In media[edit]
Dawn of the World, film, 2008.
Zaman, The Man From The Reeds, film, 2003
See also[edit]
Wetlands portal
Soil salinity
Mesopotamian Marshes
Shatt al-Arab
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matthew Zentner (2012). Design and impact of water treaties: Managing climate change. p. 144. The Tigris-Euphrates-Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait and Turkey.
Jump up ^ "Lower Tigris & Euphrates". feow.org. 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mesopotamia (2/3/2003)".
^ Jump up to: a b Deniz Bozkurt; Omer Lutfi Sen (2012). "Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin" (PDF). p. 1. The Euphrates-Tigris Basin, covering areas in five countries (Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Kuwait), is a major water resource of the Middle East.
^ Jump up to: a b "Euphrates River". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Gibson, McGuire (17 March 2014). "Tigris-Euphrates river system". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Dan Caldwel (2011). Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. p. 60.
Jump up ^ Uzgel I., 1992. GÜVENSİZLİK ÜÇGENİ: TÜRKİYE, SURİYE, IRAK VE SU SORUNU, MÜLKİYELİLER BİRLİĞİ DERGİSİ, 162, p.47-52
Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE54M0XG20090523 Turkey lets more water out of dams to Iraq: MP
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101231233038/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giDgd3ukLR8UcfziUQcNToKyM_tw Turkey to up Euphrates flow to Iraq
Jump up ^ Iraqi Marshlands: Steady Progress to Recovery Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine. (UNEP)
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tigris–Euphrates river system
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mesopotamia (Middle East).
Persian Gulf image
BBC: Iraq marshes' recovery 'in doubt'
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Labor Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 August 2018.
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This article is about the U.S. holiday. For the similarly named holiday in other countries, see Labour Day. For other uses, see Labor Day (disambiguation).
Labor Day
Labor Day Parade in New York's Union Square, 1882
Observed by
United States
Type
National
Celebrations
Parades, barbecues
Date
First Monday in September
2017 date
September 4[1]
2018 date
September 3
2019 date
September 2
2020 date
September 7
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Labour Day
Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, laws and well-being of the country. It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States. It is recognized as a federal holiday.
Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor. "Labor Day" was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, which organized the first parade in New York City. In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty states in the United States officially celebrated Labor Day.[2]
Canada's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers' Day on May 1 – the ancient European holiday of May Day – and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Legal recognition
2 Labor Day vs. May Day
3 Unofficial end of summer
4 Labor Day sales
5 Dates
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor. In the United States, a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s. Alternate stories of the event's origination exist.
According to one early history of Labor Day, the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882.[3] In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly, a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.[3] Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration.[4]
P. J. McGuire, Vice President of the American Federation of Labor, is frequently credited as the father of Labor Day in the United States.
An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire, a vice president of the American Federation of Labor, who put forward the initial proposal in the spring of 1882.[2] According to McGuire, on May 8, 1882, he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a "general holiday for the laboring classes".[5] According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor's solidarity and strength, with the march followed by a picnic, to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser.[5] According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays.[5]
Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders.
In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.[4] This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture.
Legal recognition[edit]
In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day.[2] All U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday.
Labor Day vs. May Day[edit]
The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor, later becoming known as International Workers' Day. The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor, which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight-hour day effective May 1, 1886.[6] While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day, use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized, with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action.[6] The proximity of the date to the bloody Haymarket affair of May 4, 1886, further accentuated May First's radical reputation.
There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be, with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march-and-picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically-charged date of May 1. Conservative Democratic President Grover Cleveland was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe.[7] In 1887, he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative.[8] The date was formally adopted as a United States federal holiday in 1894.
Unofficial end of summer[edit]
Labor Day is called the "unofficial end of summer"[9] because it marks the end of the cultural summer season. Many take their two-week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend.[10] Many fall activities, such as school and sports begin about this time.
In the United States, many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend (see First day of school). Many begin the week before, making Labor Day weekend the first three-day weekend of the school calendar, while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day, allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins. Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day.[11]
In the U.S. state of Virginia, the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day, in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state. The relevant statute has been nicknamed the "Kings Dominion law" after one such park.[12]
In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day. Under state law public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday. Allowing time for school children to show 4-H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing.[13]
In U.S. sports, Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League (NFL) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day. The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015. At Indianapolis Raceway Park, the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend. Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows, New York.
In fashion, Labor Day is (or was) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white[14] or seersucker.[15][16]
In big cities, people try to go outside and enjoy beaches and barbecues over the Labor Day Weekend. There are also numerous events and activities organized in the cities. For example, New York offers fantastic Labor Day Carnival, fireworks over Coney Island, happy hours in restaurants, 12-hour dance parties, and many other fun activities[17]. In Washington, one of the favorites is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the National Symphony Orchestra with free attendance[18].
Labor Day sales[edit]
To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop, Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States, especially for back-to-school sales. Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year, second only to the Christmas season's Black Friday.[19]
Dates[edit]
Year
Labor Day
1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3
1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2
1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1
1903 1931 1959 1987 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7
1904 1932 1960 1988 2016 2044 2072 [nb 1] September 5
1905 1933 1961 1989 2017 2045 2073 September 4
1906 1934 1962 1990 2018 2046 2074 September 3
1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2
1908 1936 1964 1992 2020 2048 2076 September 7
1909 1937 1965 1993 2021 2049 2077 September 6
1910 1938 1966 1994 2022 2050 2078 September 5
1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4
1912 1940 1968 1996 2024 2052 2080 September 2
1913 1941 1969 1997 2025 2053 2081 September 1
1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7
1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6
1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4
1917 1945 1973 2001 2029 2057 2085 September 3
1918 1946 1974 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2
1919 1947 1975 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1
1920 1948 1976 2004 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6
1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5
1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4
1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3
1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1
1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7
1926 1954 1982 2010 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6
1927 1955 1983 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5
See also[edit]
Labor history of the United States
Labor unions in the United States
United States labor law
Workers' Memorial Day
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that, under the Gregorian Calendar, the year 2100 is not a leap year, not being divisible by 400.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dates for Labor Day". timeanddate.com. Retrieved 2018-08-27 – via Calendar date and Labor Day.js.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Bridgemen's magazine. International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers. 1921. pp. 443–444. Archived from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Origin of Labor Day", Cincinnati Tribune, September 1, 1895, Special Labor Day supplement, p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Department of Labor: The History of Labor Day". Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c P.J. McGuire, "Labor Day — Its Birth and Significance", The Union Agent [Kentucky], vol. 3, no. 9 (Sept. 1898), p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Philip S. Foner, May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday. New York: International Publishers, 1986; pg. 19.
Jump up ^ Sally Kohn (September 1, 2014). Why Labor Day was a political move. CNN. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Knights of Labor". Progressive Historians. September 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer". WBIR-TV10. September 2, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Labor Day: The Last (and Best) Chance for a Summer Vacation". Travelocity.
Jump up ^ Charles, C. M.; Senter, Gail W. (2008). Elementary classroom management. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-205-51071-9. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Freed, Benjamin (August 25, 2014). ""Kings Dominion Law" Still Reigns in Virginia". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Commonly asked questions". www.mpls.k12.mn.us. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick (September 8, 2009). "Why We Can't Wear White After Labor Day". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bell, Johnathan (May 9, 2011). "An Introduction to Seersucker for Men". Guy Style Guide. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Glenn. "Daytime wedding after Labor Day: Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day?". GQ. The Style Guy. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Labor Day Weekend". rove.me.
Jump up ^ "20+ Ways to Celebrate Labor Day Weekend in Washington, DC". Destination DC.
Jump up ^ "Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning". Tri Parish Times. August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Green, James (2007). Death In the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America. Anchor. ISBN 1-4000-3322-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States.
History of Labor Day, History of Artists and Writers Unions, Rare Labor Related Comic Books
Labor Day is May 1: Today is a boss’s holiday. Jacobin. September 7, 2015.
Today Belongs to Workers. Jacobin. September 5, 2016.
"Labor Day". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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