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Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
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Barricades in Prague during the revolutionary events.
A set of revolutions took place in the Austrian Empire from March 1848 to November 1849. Much of the revolutionary activity had a nationalist character: the Empire, ruled from Vienna, included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians (Ukrainians), Romanians, Croats, Venetians (Italians) and Serbs; all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities. The nationalist picture was further complicated by the simultaneous events in the German states, which moved toward greater German national unity.
Besides these nationalists, liberal and even socialist currents resisted the Empire's longstanding conservatism.
Contents
[hide]
1 The early rumblings
1.1 Social and political conflict
1.2 Direct cause of the outbreak of violence
2 Revolution in the Austrian lands
2.1 An early victory leads to tension
2.2 Social and political tensions after the "Springtime of Peoples"
2.3 Counterrevolution
3 Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary
3.1 Western Slovak Uprising
4 The Second Wave of Revolutions
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
The early rumblings[edit]
The events of 1848 were the product of mounting social and political tensions after the Congress of Vienna of 1815. During the "pre-March" period, the already conservative Austrian Empire moved further away from ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, restricted freedom of the press, limited many university activities, and banned fraternities.
Social and political conflict[edit]
Metternich in the 1840s
Conflicts between debtors and creditors in agricultural production as well as over land use rights in parts of Hungary (as in France) led to conflicts that occasionally erupted into violence. Conflict over organized religion was pervasive in pre-1848 Europe.[citation needed] Tension came both from within Catholicism and between members of different confessions. These conflicts were often mixed with conflict with the state. Important for the revolutionaries were state conflicts including the armed forces and collection of taxes. As 1848 approached, the revolutions the Empire crushed to maintain longstanding conservative minister Klemens Wenzel von Metternich's Concert of Europe left the empire nearly bankrupt and in continual need of soldiers.[citation needed] Draft commissions led to brawls between soldiers and civilians. All of this further agitated the peasantry, who resented their remaining feudal obligations.
Despite lack of freedom of the press and association, there was a flourishing liberal German culture among students and those educated either in Josephine schools[citation needed] or German universities. They published pamphlets and newspapers discussing education and language; a need for basic liberal reforms was assumed. These middle class liberals largely understood and accepted that forced labor is not efficient, and that the Empire should adopt a wage labor system. The question was of how to institute such reforms.
Notable liberal clubs of the time in Vienna included the Legal-Political Reading Club (established 1842) and Concordia Society (1840). They, like the Lower Austrian Manufacturers' Association (1840) were part of a culture that criticized Metternich's government from the city's coffeehouses, salons, and even stages, but prior to 1848 their demands had not even extended to constitutionalism or freedom of assembly, let alone republicanism. They had merely advocated relaxed censorship, freedom of religion, economic freedoms, and, above all, a more competent administration. They were outright opposed to popular sovereignty and the universal franchise.[1]
To their left was a radicalized, impoverished intelligentsia. Educational opportunities in 1840s Austria had far outstripped employment opportunities for the educated.[2]
Direct cause of the outbreak of violence[edit]
In 1846 there had been an uprising of Polish nobility in Austrian Galicia, which was only countered when peasants, in turn, rose up against the nobles.[3] The economic crisis of 1845-47 was marked by recession and food shortages throughout the continent. At the end of February 1848, demonstrations broke out in Paris. Louis-Philippe of France abdicated the throne, prompting similar revolts throughout the continent.
Revolution in the Austrian lands[edit]
An early victory leads to tension[edit]
The Viennese students Academic Legion played a key role in toppling Metternich's government and precipitating his retirement on 13 March 1848.
After news broke of the February victories in Paris, uprisings occurred throughout Europe, including in Vienna, where the Diet (parliament) of Lower Austria in March demanded the resignation of Prince Metternich, the conservative State Chancellor and Foreign Minister. With no forces rallying to Metternich's defense, nor word from Ferdinand I of Austria to the contrary, he resigned on 13 March.[4] Metternich fled to London,[5] and Ferdinand appointed new, nominally liberal, ministers. By November, the Austrian Empire saw several short-lived liberal governments under five successive Ministers-President of Austria: Count Kolowrat (17 March–4 April), Count Ficquelmont (4 April–3 May), Baron Pillersdorf (3 May–8 July), Baron Doblhoff-Dier (8 July–18 July) and Baron Wessenberg (19 July–20 November).[6]
The established order collapsed rapidly because of the weakness of the Austrian armies. Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky was unable to keep his soldiers fighting Venetian and Milanese insurgents in Lombardy-Venetia, and had to, instead, order the remaining troops to evacuate.
Social and political conflict as well as inter and intra confessional hostility momentarily subsided as much of the continent rejoiced in the liberal victories. Mass political organizations and public participation in government became widespread.
Photograph of the aged Ferdinand dated circa 1870
However, liberal ministers were unable to establish central authority. Provisional governments in Venice and Milan quickly expressed desire to be part of an Italian confederacy of states; but for Venetian government this lasted five days only, after the 1848 armistice between Austria and Piedmont. A new Hungarian government in Pest announced its intentions to break away from the Empire and elect Ferdinand its King, and a Polish National Committee announced the same for the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
Social and political tensions after the "Springtime of Peoples"[edit]
The victory of the party of movement was looked at as an opportunity for lower classes to renew old conflicts with greater anger and energy. Several tax boycotts and attempted murders of tax collectors occurred in Vienna. Assaults against soldiers were common, including against Radetzky's troops retreating from Milan. The archbishop of Vienna was forced to flee, and in Graz, the convent of the Jesuits was destroyed.
The demands of nationalism and its contradictions became apparent as new national governments began declaring power and unity. Charles Albert of Sardinia, King of Piedmont-Savoy, initiated a nationalist war on March 23 in the Austrian held northern Italian provinces that would consume the attention of the entire peninsula. The German nationalist movement faced the question of whether or not Austria should be included in the united German state, a quandary that divided the Frankfurt National Assembly. The liberal ministers in Vienna were willing to allow elections for the German National Assembly in some of the Habsburg lands, but it was undetermined which Habsburg territories would participate. Hungary and Galicia were clearly not German; German nationalists (who dominated the Bohemian Diet[7]) felt the old crown lands rightfully belonged to a united German state, despite the fact that the majority of the people of Bohemia and Moravia spoke Czech — a Slavic language. Czech nationalists viewed the language as far more significant, calling for a boycott of the Frankfurt Parliament elections in Bohemia, Moravia, and neighboring Austrian Silesia (also partly Czech-speaking). Tensions in Prague between German and Czech nationalists grew quickly between April and May. After the abolition of serfdom on April 17, Supreme Ruthenian Council was established in Galicia to promote the unification of ethnic Ukrainian lands of Eastern Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovyna in one province. Ukrainian language department was opened in Lviv University, and the first Ukrainian newspaper Zoria Halytska started publishing in Lviv on May 15, 1848. On July 1, serfdom was also abolished in Bukovyna.
Vienna in May 1848
By early summer, conservative regimes had been overthrown, new freedoms (including freedom of the press and freedom of association) had been introduced, and multiple nationalist claims had been exerted. New parliaments quickly held elections with broad franchise to create constituent assemblies, which would write new constitutions. The elections that were held produced unexpected results. The new voters, naïve and confused by their new political power, typically elected conservative or moderately liberal representatives. The radicals, the ones who supported the broadest franchise, lost under the system they advocated because they were not the locally influential and affluent men. The mixed results led to confrontations similar to the "June Days" uprising in Paris. Additionally, these constituent assemblies were charged with the impossible task of managing both the needs of the people of the state and determining what that state physically is at the same time. The Austrian Constituent Assembly was divided into a Czech faction, a German faction, and a Polish faction, and within each faction was the political left-right spectrum. Outside the Assembly, petitions, newspapers, mass demonstrations, and political clubs put pressure on their new governments and often expressed violently many of the debates that were occurring within the assembly itself.
The Czechs held a Pan-Slavic congress in Prague between June 2 and June 12, 1848. It was primarily composed of Austroslavs who wanted greater freedom within the Empire, but their status as peasants and proletarians surrounded by a German middle class doomed their autonomy[citation needed]. They also disliked the prospect of annexation of Bohemia to a German Empire.
Counterrevolution[edit]
A young Emperor Franz Joseph
Insurgents quickly lost in street fighting to King Ferdinand's troops led by General Radetzky, prompting several liberal government ministers to resign in protest. Ferdinand, now restored to power in Vienna, appointed conservatives in their places. These actions were a considerable blow to the revolutionaries, and by August most of northern Italy was under Radetzky's control.
In Bohemia, the leaders of both the German and Czech nationalist movements were both constitutional monarchists, loyal to the Habsburg Emperor. Only a few days after the Emperor reconquered northern Italy, Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz took provocative measures in Prague to prompt street fighting. Once the barricades went up, he led Habsburg troops to crush the insurgents. After having taken back the city, he imposed martial law, ordered the Prague National Committee dissolved, and sent delegates to the "Pan-Slavic" Congress home. These events were applauded by German nationalists, who failed to understand that the Habsburg military would crush their own national movement as well.
Attention then turned to Hungary. War in Hungary again threatened imperial rule and prompted Emperor Ferdinand and his court to once more flee Vienna. Viennese radicals welcomed the arrival of Hungarian troops as the only force able to stand up against the court and ministry. The radicals took control of the city for only a short period of time. Windisch-Grätz led soldiers from Prussia to quickly defeat the insurgents. Windisch-Grätz restored imperial authority to the city. The reconquering of Vienna was seen as a defeat over German nationalism. At this point, Ferdinand I named the noble Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg head of government. Schwarzenberg, a consummate statesman, persuaded the feeble-minded Ferdinand to abdicate the throne to his 18-year-old nephew, Franz Joseph. Parliamentarians continued to debate, but had no authority on state policy.
Both the Czech and Italian revolutions were defeated by the Habsburgs. Prague was the first victory of counter-revolution in the Austrian Empire.
Lombardy-Venetia was quickly brought back under Austrian rule in the mainland, even because popular support for the revolution vanished: revolutionary ideals were often limited to part of middle and upper classes, which failed both to gain "hearts and minds" of lower classes and to convince the population about Italian nationalism. Most part of lower classes indeed were quite indifferent, and actually most part of Lombard and Venetian troops remained loyal.[8] The only widespread support to the revolution was in the cities of Milan and Venice, with the Republic of San Marco lasting under siege until 28th of August, 1849.
Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary[edit]
Main article: Hungarian Revolution of 1848
The Hungarian Diet was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged in the Diet. The party focused on providing for the peasantry in mostly symbolic ways because of their inability to understand the needs of the laborers. Lajos Kossuth emerged as the leader of the lower gentry in the Diet.
Hungarian rebels in battle during the Hungarian Revolution
In 1848, news of the outbreak of revolution in Paris arrived as a new national cabinet took power under Kossuth, and the Diet approved a sweeping reform package, referred to as the "April laws" (also "March laws"), that changed almost every aspect of Hungary's economic, social, and political life:
they gave the Magyar nobility and lower gentry in the parliament control over its own military, its budget, and foreign policy
essentially created an autonomous national kingdom of Hungary with the Habsburg Emperor as its king
demanded that the Hungarian government receive and expend all taxes raised in Hungary and have authority over Hungarian regiments in the Habsburg army
ended the special status of Transylvania and Croatia-Slavonia.
These demands were not easy for the imperial court to accept, however, its weak position provided little choice. One of the first tasks of the Diet was abolishing serfdom, which was announced on March 18, 1848.
The Hungarian government set limits on the political activity of both the Croatian and Romanian national movements. Croats and Romanians had their own desires for self-rule and saw no benefit in replacing one central government for another. Armed clashes between the Hungarians and the Croats, Romanians, Serbs, along one border and Slovaks on the other ensued. In some cases, this was a continuation and an escalation of previous tensions, such as the 1845 July victims in Croatia.
The Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Slavonia severed relations with the new Hungarian government in Pest and devoted itself to the imperial cause. Conservative Josip Jelačić, who was appointed the new ban of Croatia-Slavonia in March by the imperial court, was removed from his position by the constitutional monarchist Hungarian government. He refused to give up his authority in the name of the monarch. Thus, there were two governments in Hungary issuing contradictory orders in the name of Ferdinand von Habsburg.[9]
Capitulation of Hungarian Army at Világos, 1849
Aware that they were on the path to civil war in mid-1848, the Hungarian government ministers attempted to gain Habsburg support against Jelačić by offering to send troops to northern Italy. Additionally, they attempted to come to terms with Jelačić himself, but he insisted on the recentralization of Habsburg authority as a pre-condition to any talks. By the end of August, the imperial government in Vienna officially ordered the Hungarian government in Pest to end plans for a Hungarian army. Jelačić then took military action against the Hungarian government without any official order.
The national assembly of the Serbs in Austrian Empire was held between 1 and 3 May 1848 in Sremski Karlovci, during which the Serbs proclaimed autonomous Habsburg crownland of Serbian Vojvodina. The war started, leading to clashes as such in Srbobran, where on July 14, 1848, the first siege of the town by Hungarian forces began under Baron Fülöp Berchtold. The army was forced to retreat due to a strong Serbian defense. With war raging on three fronts (against Romanians and Serbs in Banat and Bačka, and Romanians in Transylvania), Hungarian radicals in Pest saw this as an opportunity. Parliament made concessions to the radicals in September rather than let the events erupt into violent confrontations. Shortly thereafter, the final break between Vienna and Pest occurred when Field Marshal Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg was given control of all armies in Hungary (including Jelačić's). In response to Lamberg being attacked on arrival in Hungary a few days later, the imperial court ordered the Hungarian parliament and government dissolved. Jelačić was appointed to take Lamberg's place. War between Austria and Hungary had officially begun.
The war led to the October Crisis in Vienna, when insurgents attacked a garrison on its way to Hungary to support Croatian forces under Jelačić.
After Vienna was recaptured by imperial forces, General Windischgrätz and 70,000 troops were sent to Hungary to crush the Hungarian revolution and as they advanced the Hungarian government evacuated Pest. However the Austrian army had to retreat after heavy defeats in the Spring Campaign of the Hungarian Army from March to May 1849. Instead of pursuing the Austrian army, the Hungarians stopped to retake the Fort of Buda and prepared defenses. In June 1849 Russian and Austrian troops entered Hungary heavily outnumbering the Hungarian army. Kossuth abdicated on August 11, 1849 in favour of Artúr Görgey, who he thought was the only general who was capable of saving the nation. However, in May 1849, Czar Nicholas I pledged to redouble his efforts against the Hungarian Government. He and Emperor Franz Joseph started to regather and rearm an army to be commanded by Anton Vogl, the Austrian lieutenant-field-marshal.[10] The Czar was also preparing to send 30,000 Russian soldiers back over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains from Poland.
On August 13, after several bitter defeats in a hopeless situation Görgey, signed a surrender at Világos (now Şiria, Romania) to the Russians, who handed the army over to the Austrians.[11]
Western Slovak Uprising[edit]
Main article: Slovak Uprising 1848-1849
Slovak Volunteer Corps.
Slovak Uprising was an uprising of Slovaks against Magyar (i.e. ethnic Hungarian) domination in the Western parts[12] of Upper Hungary (present-day Western Slovakia), within the 1848/49 revolution in the Habsburg Monarchy. It lasted from September 1848 to November 1849. During this period Slovak patriots established the Slovak National Council as their political representation and military units known as the Slovak Volunteer Corps. The political, social and national requirements of the Slovak movement were declared in the document entitled “Demands of the Slovak Nation” from April 1848.
The Second Wave of Revolutions[edit]
Revolutionary movements of 1849 faced an additional challenge: to work together to defeat a common enemy. Previously, national identity allowed Habsburg forces to conquer revolutionary governments by playing them off one another. New democratic initiatives in Italy in the spring of 1848[when?] led to a renewed conflict with Austrian forces in the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. At the very first anniversary of the first barricades in Vienna, German and Czech democrats in Bohemia agreed to put mutual hostilities aside and work together on revolutionary planning. Hungarians faced the greatest challenge of overcoming the divisions of the previous year, as the fighting there had been the most bitter. Despite this, the Hungarian government hired a new commander and attempted to unite with Romanian democrat Avram Iancu, who was known as Crăişorul Munţilor ("The Prince of the Mountains"). However, division and mistrust were too severe.
Three days after the start of hostilities in Italy, Carlo Alberto abdicated the throne, essentially ending the Piedmontese return to war. Renewed military conflicts cost the Empire the little that remained of its finances. Another challenge to Habsburg authority came from Germany and the question of either "big Germany" (united Germany led by Austria) or "little Germany" (united Germany led by Prussia). The Frankfurt National Assembly proposed a constitution with Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia as monarch of a united federal Germany composed of only 'German' lands. This would have led to the relationship between Austria and Hungary (as a 'non-German' area) being reduced to a personal union under the Habsburgs, rather than a united state, an unacceptable arrangement for both the Habsburgs and Austro-German liberals in Austria. In the end, Friedrich Wilhelm refused to accept the constitution written by the Assembly. Schwarzenberg dissolved the Hungarian Parliament in 1849, imposing his own constitution that conceded nothing to the liberal movement. Appointing Alexander Bach head of internal affairs, he oversaw the creation of the Bach system, which rooted out political dissent and contained liberals within Austria and quickly returned the status quo. After the deportation of Lajos Kossuth, a nationalist Hungarian leader, Schwarzenberg faced uprisings by Hungarians. Playing on the long-standing Russian tradition of conservativism, he convinced tsar Nicholas I to send Russian forces in. The Russian army quickly destroyed the rebellion, forcing the Hungarians back under Austrian control. In less than three years, Schwarzenberg had returned stability and control to Austria. However, Schwarzenberg had a stroke in 1852, and his successors failed to uphold the control Schwarzenberg had so successfully maintained.
See also[edit]
United Slovenia
Anton Füster
References[edit]
Bidelux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16111-8.
Sperber, Jonathan (2005). The European Revolutions, 1848–1851. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83907-5.
Schwarzschild, Léopold (1947). The Red Prussian: The Life and Legend of Karl Marx. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998, pp. 315–316
Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998, p. 316
Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998, pp. 295–296
Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998, p. 298
Jump up ^ Schwarzschild 1947, p. 174: "Metternich, like Louis Philippe, fled to London"
Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998, p. 314
Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998, p. 310
Jump up ^ The Italians who stayed loyal to the Habsburgs, Gilberto Oneto, 8th December 2010
Jump up ^ Sperber 2005, p. 143
Jump up ^ Marx & Engels, p. 618.
Jump up ^ Szabó, János B. (5 September 2006). "Hungary's War of Independence". historynet.com. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč, Martin D. Brown (2011). Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9781139494946. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Further reading[edit]
Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002
Otto Wenkstern, History of the war in Hungary in 1848 and 1849, London: J. W. Parker, 1859 (Digitized version)
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text:
We Buy Any Car
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
We Buy Any Car Limited
Type
Limited company
Industry
Automotive industry
Headquarters
Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Number of locations
210+ branches (2015) [1]
Revenue
£557m (2014) [1]
Owner
BCA Market Place PLC
Number of employees
386 (2015) [1]
Parent
BCA
Website
www.webuyanycar.com
We Buy Any Car office in Asda car park at Middleton, Leeds.
We Buy Any Car Limited is an automotive purchasing and wholesale company headquartered in Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom.[2] It has branches in the U.K. and the United States. The U.S. corporate office is headquartered in Media, Pennsylvania in the Greater Philadelphia region.
The company was founded in 2006 by Noel and Darren McKee. In May 2010 the company expanded into the market of buying vans, through the brand webuyanyvan.com.[3] The company have had over 750,000 customers. In 2013, the company was purchased by the British Car Auctions (BCA). In 2015, BCA was floated on to the stock market.
Contents
[hide]
1 International Operations
2 Advertising
3 Research
4 Corporate social responsibility
5 References
6 External links
International Operations[edit]
In March 2011, We Buy Any Car launched operations in the United States of America.
Advertising[edit]
We Buy Any Car is well known within the United Kingdom for its advertisements that make use of repetitive beats.
In October 2015 the webuyanycar.com 'Breakdancing Newsreader' advert was voted as having the 7th most popular jingle of all TV ads over the past 60 years in The Sun newspaper.
In recent years We Buy Any Car have developed their advertising campaigns, showing various customers sat on plush sofas detailing their experience with webuyanycar.com. The well-known jingle has evolved into a more subtle xylophone chime played at the end of each advert.
The TV adverts have led to numerous parodies including We Hatch Any Egg[4] and We Buy Any Cat.[5]
Research[edit]
We Buy Any Car undertakes regular industry related research.
In late 2010, it released research highlighting the reduction in car maintenance skills amongst UK males.[6]
At the beginning of 2011, We Buy Any Car completed research into the most commonly used car names; concluding that the most common car name is 'Betty'.[7]
In March 2012, through analysis of more than 410,000 cars purchased, webuyanycar.com discovered that in 2012 for the first time, more women than men sold second hand cars. It also identified that the current "average" car sold in Britain is a five-year-old Vauxhall Corsa with 57,000 miles on the clock.[8]
In 2014 the company released the results of a mock Driving Theory Test on their website, revealing that 6 in 10 people who sat their test failed.
Corporate social responsibility[edit]
We Buy Any Car sponsors the charity Brake.[9]
In October 2012 it launched ‘See Me Stay Safe’ a campaign supported by Brake, to encourage children to stay visible as the days get darker. webuyanycar.com distributed 5,000 hi-visibility vests to 5,000 children from Chester before the clocks went back.[10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "2011 Tech Track 100, Rank:25 We Buy Any Car". Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "webuyanycar.com Terms & Conditions." We Buy Any Car. Retrieved on 17 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "We Buy Any Car Newsletter May 2010". Retrieved 17 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "We Hatch Any Egg". Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "We Buy Any Cat". Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Men Dipsticks at Car Maintenance". Irish Independent. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Poll reveals popular car names". Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Love, Martin (17 March 2013). "Volkswagen Golf: car review". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "Brake". Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Road Safety Week an initiative by Brake - Home". Roadsafetyweek.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
External links[edit]
We Buy Any Car UK
We Buy Any Car USA
BCA Market Place PLC
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text:
Kiss Me thru the Phone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Kiss Me thru the Phone"
Single by Soulja Boy Tellem featuring Sammie
from the album iSouljaBoyTellem
Released
November 27, 2008
Format
Digital download, CD single
Length
3:14
Label
Stacks on Deck
Collipark
HHH
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
DeAndre Way
James Scheffer
David Siegel[1]
Producer(s)
Jim Jonsin
Soulja Boy Tellem singles chronology
"Bird Walk"
(2008) "Kiss Me thru the Phone"
(2008) "Turn My Swag On"
(2009)
"Bird Walk"
(2008) "Kiss Me thru the Phone"
(2008) "Turn My Swag On"
(2009)
Sammie singles chronology
"Feelin 'It"
(2008) Feelin 'It2008 "Kiss Me thru the Phone"
(2008) Kiss Me thru the Phone2008 "One Way Street"
(2008) One Way Street2008
"Kiss Me thru the Phone" is a song co-written and recorded by hip hop artist Soulja Boy Tellem It was released as the second single from his 2008 album iSouljaBoyTellem. It was the best-selling single from the album, reaching #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #1 on the U.S. Rap Charts, the top ten in the United Kingdom, in Canada, on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, and in New Zealand.
R&B singer Chris Brown was Soulja Boy's first choice to sing the hook, but turned down the offer. Soulja Boy Tell'em then tried to sing it on his own with Auto-Tune but found it "garbage".[2] "Kiss Me thru The Phone" was 2009's eighth best selling single with over 5.7 million copies sold worldwide.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance and sales
2 Track listing
3 Music video
4 Remixes
5 Charts
5.1 Year-end charts
6 Telephone number
7 References
8 External links
Chart performance and sales[edit]
"Kiss Me thru the Phone" became highly successful for both Soulja Boy and Sammie on the charts. The single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[4] The song then hit number one on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles on the week of January 3, 2009.[4] The song later debuted at #71 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on the week of January 10, 2009 and peaked at #3, making it Soulja Boy's second top five hit on the US charts since 2007's "Crank That". Also it would eventually start to chart on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs in the top ten at #4. The song has also debuted at #71 on the Canadian Hot 100 and peaked at #10. The song has reached number 1 on Hot Rap Tracks. The video ranked at #14 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown. The song has sold over 2,261,000 digital downloads in the United States, becoming his second song to reach the two million mark in downloads, the first being "Crank That".[5][6]
In New Zealand, the song debuted at number eleven on February 2, 2009 and later peaked at number two.[7] It was certified Platinum by the RIANZ on July 12, 2009 with 15,000 digital downloads.[8]
In the United Kingdom, "Kiss Me thru the Phone" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at #63 on May 3, 2009 on downloads alone; the single has since peaked at #6, his second highest entry on the chart after Crank That peaked at #2 in January 2008. It held a position on BBC Radio 1's A-List. To date the single has sold more than 5 million copies worldwide and is one of the best-selling singles of all-time.[3]
Track listing[edit]
CD single
"Kiss Me thru the Phone" (Main version) - 3:11
"Kiss Me thru the Phone" (Instrumental) - 3:11
"Kiss Me thru the Phone" (Party Mix) - 3:15
Digital download
"Kiss Me thru the Phone"
Music video[edit]
The music video was shot in New Orleans, Louisiana on December 6, 2008 and on December 8, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia at the Kelley residence. The video shows Soulja Boy doing his daily routine, when his girlfriend misses him and calls him, and shoots a video of herself making a kissing face on an iPhone and sends it to him.
The video features Sammie and cameos from A-Rab, Ja-Bar, Vistoso Bosses, Vanessa Simmons, Miami Mike, and Dennis Rodman. The music video premiered on December 15, 2008, a day before the album's release. It also peaked #1 on BET's video countdown, 106 & Park and ranked at #16 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown.
Remixes[edit]
"Kiss Me thru the Phone (Official Remix)" (featuring Sammie and Pitbull)
"Kiss Me thru the Phone (Remix)" (featuring Sammie and Karina Pasian)
"Kiss Me thru the Phone (Remix)" (featuring Sammie and Steven)
"Kiss Me thru the Phone (Remix)" (performed by Scooter Smiff and Jasmine Villegas)
"Kiss Me thru the Phone (Remix)" (instrumental remix)
"Kiss Me thru the Phone (Cover)" (featuring Catch Hell, Lorelei)
"Por El Telefono" (performed by reggaeton artist De La Ghetto)
"Send It to My Phone" (performed by Chingo Bling)
Charts[edit]
Chart (2008–09)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[9] 16
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[10] 39
Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 10
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) 14
France (SNEP)[11] 16
Ireland (IRMA)[12] 11
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13] 2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[14] 45
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[15] 32
UK Singles Chart 6
US Billboard Hot 100 3
US Billboard Pop Songs [16] 5
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs [17] 4
US Billboard Rap Songs [18] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
End of year chart (2009)
Position
Australian Singles Chart 90[19]
New Zealand Singles Chart[20] 14
UK Singles Chart[21] 66
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 19[22]
Telephone number[edit]
The telephone number, 678-999-8212, given in the song, if dialed from the United States, previously connected to a message system for the artist; the number now belongs to an unknown commercial advertiser in Georgia. An unsuspecting family in the United Kingdom found themselves inundated with calls from fans there who dialed the number but mistyped the international dialing code prefix for the United States (001), instead typing "016", which is the prefix for numbers in Greater Manchester, England, where the family reside.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "KISS ME THRU THE PHONE (Legal Title)". BMI Repertoire. Broadcast Music Incorporated. Retrieved 2010-07-18. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Westhoff, Ben (2009-08-19). "Dallas Music - The Five Most Interesting Things You Didn't Know About Soulja Boy - page 1". Dallas Observer. Village Voice Media. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2010.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.billboard.com/artist/279964/soulja+boy/chart?f=345
Jump up ^ Week Ending May 17, 2009: Three Days Is Plenty For Green Day Yahoo Music Blog (written by Paul Grein): Retrieved May 20, 2009
Jump up ^ Week Ending Aug. 23, 2009: Over 50 And Still On Top Yahoo Music Blog (written by Paul Grein): Retrieved August 26, 2009
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Soulja Boy – Kiss Me thru the Phone". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soulja Boy – Kiss Me thru the Phone" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Soulja Boy – Kiss Me thru the Phone" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Soulja Boy – Kiss Me thru the Phone". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200927 into search.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Soulja Boy – Kiss Me thru the Phone". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/279964/soulja+boy/chart?f=396
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2009-01-31/r-b-hip-hop-songs
Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/279964/soulja+boy/chart?f=370
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2009". ARIA. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-27. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2009" (PDF). Charts Plus. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Year End Charts - Year-end songs - The Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rap fans bombard family's phone, BBC News, June 30, 2009.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Soulja Boy
Discography
Videography
Studio albums
souljaboytellem.com
iSouljaBoyTellem
The DeAndre Way
Loyalty
Singles
"Crank That (Soulja Boy)"
"Soulja Girl"
"Yahhh!"
"Donk"
"Bird Walk"
"Kiss Me thru the Phone"
"Turn My Swag On"
"Pretty Boy Swag"
"Speakers Going Hammer"
Featured singles
"Clumsy" (Collipark Remix)
"Swing" (Remix)
"Marco Polo"
"LOL :-)"
"Bingo"
"All the Way Turnt Up"
"Turn It Up"
"Yasss Bish"
"Brazil We Flexing"
Promotional singles
"Let Me Get 'Em"
"Gucci Bandanna"
Related articles
Collipark Music
SODMG Entertainment
hide
v
t
e
Sammie
Discography
Studio albums
From the Top to the Bottom
Sammie
Indigo
Coming of Age
Singles
"I Like It"
"Crazy Things I Do"
"You Should Be My Girl"
"Come with Me"
Featured singles
"Kiss Me Through the Phone"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_Me_thru_the_Phone&oldid=844690605"
Categories:
2008 singles
Sammie songs
Soulja Boy songs
Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin
Songs written by Soulja Boy
Songs written by Jim Jonsin
Songs written by David Siegel (musician)
2008 songs
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
Date
February 4, 2018
Location
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Venue
U.S. Bank Stadium
Headliner
Justin Timberlake
Special guests
The Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamilton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
LI
(2017) LII
(2018) LIII
(2019)
The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Background
3 Development
4 Critical response
5 Commercial reception
6 Setlist
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance
Timberlake during halftime show
Timberlake performing "Suit & Tie" with the University of Minnesota Marching Band
The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake, followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing "Filthy" in a club setting below the field level of the stadium. He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field, descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd. Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing "Rock Your Body" with a troupe of female backup dancers, abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to "Señorita" on a small stage with his backing dancers. Upon reaching the main stage, he performed a number of songs, including "SexyBack", "My Love", and "Cry Me a River", which featured a dance break mid-field. Upon reaching the next stage, Timberlake performed his hit song "Suit & Tie" as the University of Minnesota Marching Band, wearing black tuxedos, played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him.[2]
The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake's tribute to Prince
Dancers fill the field during Timberlake's performance of "Can't Stop the Feeling!"
Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing "Until the End of Time", then segued into "I Would Die 4 U" as a tribute to Minneapolis-native Prince. A video of Prince performing the song played in the background, projected onto on a large multi-story sheet. An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince's trademark Love Symbol, with the stadium at the center. He then returned to the main stage to perform "Mirrors", as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors, creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium. Timberlake closed the show with "Can't Stop the Feeling!", entering the stands at the conclusion of the song.[3][4]
For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012, no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance. The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects.[5]
Background[edit]
Field being set up for Timberlake's performance
In July 2017, multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime, but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later. During August and September 2017, several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime, first along with his frequent-collaborator Jay-Z as co-headliner, and then as the solo performer.[6] A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time, "along with Pepsi, we know that we will put on a spectacular show. When it is time to announce her name we will do it. Or his name. Or their names."[7] The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon.[8]
This was Timberlake's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show. As a member of NSYNC, Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV (2001) halftime show, and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004), which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts on national television, described as a wardrobe malfunction. The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance "family-friendly." While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident, they asked him to stay true to his word, saying "we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018," as the singer stated in a prior interview that "we are not going to do that again."[9]
In an interview with Billboard, Pepsi executives expressed:
We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake. We’ve kind of felt that Justin deserves, and has for a number of years, to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he wasn’t the main artist. It was just about the timing. To be honest, we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime, and this year just felt really right to us. He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive, it was a no-brainer. We know he’s gonna bring it.[10]
The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson, who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle.
Development[edit]
The U.S. Bank Stadium, where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held.
During the performance, Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney, which consists of "alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt, featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley," according to a press release. Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales-check and camouflage splatter-print suit and matching jacket. As usual for McCartney, these pieces were made from animal-free leather and organic cotton.[11][12]
Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band, the Tennessee Kids.[13] Regarding the Prince tribute, the performance's creative visual lead, Fireplay's Nick Whitehouse, told Rolling Stone:
Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show, and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy. Ultimately, Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince. The band held 50-hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show.[14]
Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview, citing The Beatles' "Free as a Bird" as an example of a practice he considered to be "demonic." His family granted permission to use Prince's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram, and they approved of the final result.[15][2] Sheila E, a former bandmate of Prince's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness, stated that "a bigger company" (she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake's idea.[16]
Despite the lack of an individual guest artist, the more than 300-member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show. The band's drumline, brass, and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of "Suit & Tie." The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake’s performance of his song "Mirrors", and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show, including the club scene at the show's opening. All members of the band were featured on the field in the show's finale, "Can't Stop the Feeling!". The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI.[4]
Critical response[edit]
Timberlake’s performance received mixed reviews.[17] In a positive review, Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote "Timberlake is a masterful live performer – which made Sunday's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet," he continued commenting the performer "did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other." Although it did not have a moment that "stuck," he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show.[18] In a similarly positive review, Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said "there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining [halftime]", further adding "Timberlake's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing. From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd (and making #SelfieKid an instant superstar) for the ending." She also considered it "is made for a TV experience" rather than for the public in the stadium, mainly for the sound quality difficulties, but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list.[19] From the same magazine, Nina Braca wrote "his moves were on point,"[17] and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were "relatively certain" about the performance. "most of America would love it, and most of the Internet would hate it," and added Timberlake was "in a situation that was both a can't-lose and a can't-win. It would've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he'd alienated over the last couple years."[20] Also from Billboard, Andrew Unterberge wrote, "Timberlake's audio was somewhat lacking throughout...but the choreography, live-band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable".[21]
Chris Willman of Variety stated that, "Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who's done the Bowl show… and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism, you can’t say that’s entirely inappropriate for the occasion."[22] Willman also wrote that the show, "wasn't one for the ages, but was impressive as a show of athleticism"[22]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake's performance was, "heavy on dance spectacle, light on vocal authority".[23] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show, "energetic, but also entirely lacking in live excitement." Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals. Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered, "one of the most over-planned, least surprising performances imaginable."[24] Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake's performance a "C", calling it, "dutiful, and empty". Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance.[25] Similarly, Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote, "Technically speaking, Timberlake’s set was a testament to precision". Guan, however, criticized Timberlake's performance from lacking in personality, and regarded his performance as unmemorable.[26]
The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars, calling his performance forgettable but flashy.[27] In an interview with NPR, Ann Powers said that "the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment — and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it."[28] Daniel D’Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review, criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body, calling the song’s lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood, and said that the only message from Timberlake’s performance was that he loves his back catalog[29] Deadline felt "but you could see the motions more than you felt the music."[30] Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake’s performance as, “unambiguously underwhelming”.[31]
USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake's performance unfavorably to Prince's own 2007 halftime show.[32][26] Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake’s decision to omit the end of "Rock Your Body" (which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime) felt, “less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection”.[33] However, Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake's decision to cut the song short to be wise.[21] Timberlake's Stella McCartney-designed outfit received negative reviews, with some critics regarding it as "tacky".[17][24][19][21] The LA Times also gave a very critical review, one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance, and said that it lacked soul and meaning.[34] The Digital Journal gave him 2/5 stars and called it lackluster.[35]
Commercial reception[edit]
The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States, 9% less than Lady Gaga's in 2017. It had higher average viewership than the game itself, and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole, which had lost 7% compared to the previous year.[36]
According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music, sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534% in the United States on February 4, the day of the Super Bowl, compared to Feb. 3, while his streams on Spotify gained 214%.[37][38] Janet Jackson likewise gained 150% on Spotify.[39]
Setlist[edit]
Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince
"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack" (with elements of "Supplies")
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River" (with elements of "Kashmir")
"Suit & Tie" (with elements of "Pusher Love Girl") (featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (along with a pre-recorded video of Prince, displayed on a projection screen)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"
See also[edit]
2018 in American television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schad, Tom (October 22, 2017). "Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show". USA Today. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "No hologram, but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake's halftime show". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ NFL (February 4, 2018), Justin Timberlake’s FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show! | NFL Highlights, retrieved February 5, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b "U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show". KARE. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake and everything but the football – Super Bowl half-time show as it happened". Guardian. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl halftime show: Here's who Justin Timberlake's guest performers might be". CBS Sports. February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boren, Cindy (September 27, 2017). "Justin Timberlake reportedly 'finalizing' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show". National Football League. October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (January 30, 2018). "The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate'". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (February 3, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver 'Mesmerizing' Super Bowl Halftime Show: Pepsi Execs Reveal It's 'Justin at His Best'". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sebra, Matt (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves". GQ. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Sarah (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights". People. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Legaspi, Althea (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl LII: Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilstein, Matt (February 5, 2018). "Prince's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake wasn't behind Prince hologram idea". TMZ. February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Braca, Nina (February 5, 2018). "From 'Cry Me a River' to 'Can't Stop the Feeling!,' Justin Timberlake's 10 Best Live Performances: Critic's Picks". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bruce R. (February 4, 2018). "REVIEW: Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job, even without NSYNC". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Weatherby, Taylor (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show: 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unterberge, Andrew (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Chris (February 4, 2018). "Halftime Review: Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble-Free After Bad Pre-Game PR". Variety. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe, Seeking Super Bowl Redemption". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Feinberg, Daniel (February 4, 2018). "Critic's Notebook: Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing, Spontaneity". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018. More than one of |website= and |work= specified (help)
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful, and empty: EW review". www.ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Guan, Fran (February 5, 2018). "It Was His Halftime Show, But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl". www.vulture.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nevins, Jake (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl performance: a forgettable but flashy medley of hits". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "As The Pop World Seeks Accountability, Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods".
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show". Time.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely – Review".
Jump up ^ Richards, Chris (February 4, 2018). "This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl". www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve (February 5, 2018). "Compared with Prince's, Justin Timberlake's halftime show was a wimpy joke". www.usatoday. USA Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petrusich, Amanda (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show, Reviewed". www.newyorker.com. The New Yorker. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael. "Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and wouldn't stop saying it". latimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Review: Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance (Includes first-hand account)". February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic. "Eagles' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4M Viewers, Smallest Audience In Nine Years – Update". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Caufield, Keith (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534% Sales Gain". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Krzaczek, Katie (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl Bump: Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Janet Jackson's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII". February 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons
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