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The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2)
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See also: Secret Life (disambiguation)
The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
ABC Family
Original release
June 22, 2009[1] – March 22, 2010[2]
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager episodes
The second season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 22, 2009 at 8:00PM.[1] Season two regular cast members include Shailene Woodley, India Eisley, Daren Kagasoff, Francia Raisa, Kenny Baumann, Molly Ringwald, Mark Derwin, Megan Park, and Greg Finley II. Following the first season, Jorge Pallo and Luke Zimmerman were demoted to recurring guest stars. Jorge returned for a select number of episodes to wrap up his character's storyline and eventually departed the series after its January return.
Following the success of its first season, ABC Family announced on January 31, 2009, plans to renew Secret Life, following the cancellation of its hit sci-fi TV show, Kyle XY. The official press release was released on February 9 with ABC Family ordering 24 episodes for season two.[1][3][4] Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22, 2009. Though marketed as the season finale, the mid season finale aired on September 7, 2009, with the second half of the season returning on January 4, 2010.[5] The second 12 episodes finished their run on March 22, 2010.[2]
The season premiere of Secret Life brought in the largest audience for the show so far, with a record breaking 4.68 million viewers. It brought in the second largest audience in adults 18-34 with 1.40 million viewers, behind season one's mid-season finale. 2.10 million adults 18-49 watched "The Big One" along with 1.60 million females between the ages 18–34.[6] The season premiere remains the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 in Adults 18-34.[7] Furthermore, the mid-season premiere became ABC Family's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12–34 with more than three million viewers watching. The mid-season premiere also brought in the show's second largest audience in total viewers, with more than 4.55 million people watching.[8][9]
This season, Amy Juergens must deal with juggling motherhood and high school, while her family and friends experience relationship challenges of their own.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Main cast
2 Episodes
3 Development
3.1 Writing
3.2 New and returning characters
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Main cast[edit]
Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens
India Eisley as Ashley Juergens
Daren Kagasoff as Richard 'Ricky' Underwood
Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee
Kenny Baumann as Benjamin 'Ben' Boykewich
Megan Park as Grace Bowman
Greg Finley II as Jack Pappas
Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens
Mark Derwin as George Juergens
Episodes[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
24
1 "The Big One" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata June 22, 2009 (2009-06-22) 4.68[11]
Struggling to deal with motherhood, Amy suspects that Anne could be pregnant. Meanwhile, Ben decides he does not like Betty, with whom his father is seemingly in love, and expresses to Amy that he wants to have sex. While visiting John, Ricky finds out about Anne's pregnancy. Elsewhere, Grace tells Adrian that she is going to have sex with Jack but Adrian objects because she believes Grace isn't physically, mentally, or spiritually ready. Going against both her father's and Adrian's wishes, Grace has sex with Jack and later learns that her father died in a plane crash.
25
2 "What's Done Is Done" Gail Bradley Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata June 29, 2009 (2009-06-29) 3.30[12]
Grace is plagued with guilt, thinking that she caused her father's untimely death. As her friends visit her, she refuses to change her opinion. Meanwhile, Ben tries to figure out where he fits in Amy's life when she refuses to let him babysit John. Grace's mom finds comfort when George visits her and Leo asks Betty to marry him.
26
3 "Par for the Course" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 6, 2009 (2009-07-06) 2.85[13]
Jack visits Grace to tell her once again that her father's death is not her fault. However, she refuses to see just and denies that she loves him. Ricky shows up at Amy's unexpectedly to lend her a hand but she receives his help unwillingly. Tired from running around, Amy reaches a breaking point. Meanwhile, wanting to have sex with Amy, a frustrated Ben quits his job at the butcher shop, Adrian believes God is telling her to quit having sex, and Ricky influences Grace to pay respects at her father's funeral.
27
4 "Ciao" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton July 13, 2009 (2009-07-13) 3.13[14]
Ashley and George lend a hand to Amy and Anne because of their hectic schedules. Meanwhile, Ben asks Leo for his job at the butcher shop back and plans to go to Italy for the summer, Grace goes back to school, gets back together with Jack and re-kindles her friendship with Adrian, Ricky becomes jealous as he asks Adrian for a commitment and makes her promise not to have sex with anyone but with him, and David proposes to Anne.
28
5 "Born Free" Keith Truesdell Caroline Kepnes July 20, 2009 (2009-07-20) 3.02[15]
Amy tells her mother that she will go to Italy with Ben, while Ashley delivers the message to Amy that Anne and David are engaged. Ricky contests Amy's going away with their son and Amy prompts Ben to rethink leaving her behind for the summer since Ricky is getting his own place. Grace tells Tom and Adrian that George told her that he lied about the vasectomy, and the secret flies around the school, only to arrive at Amy, who asks Ashley if George told the truth. Meanwhile, when Ricky asks Leo for a raise, Leo gives Ricky the apartment above the butcher shop and the raise, and David asks Anne to move into their own home.
29
6 "The Summer of Our Discontent" Lindsley Parsons III Jeffrey Rodgers July 27, 2009 (2009-07-27) 3.10[16]
Amy refuses to let Ben come over to say goodbye to her and John for the summer, but instead agrees to letting Ricky take John to his new apartment for the night. Marc Molina, the school guidance counselor, resigns at the end of the school year, while Anne starts pushing the divorce after she decides to accept David's marriage proposal. At the same time, Ashley reaches a breaking point urging George to tell Anne that the baby is his and Grace gets accepted into a medical school for the summer. Upon packing, Ben confronts Leo about Betty, but Leo reassures Ben that he trusts her because she has been honest. Meanwhile, Ricky stops over at Amy's house to pick up John for the night and Amy informs him her mom has gone with David for the night. Ben comes over to say goodbye to Amy. Ricky walks in on Ben and Amy kissing, but Ben gets angry when he discovers Ricky spent the night and leaves.
30
7 "Summertime" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 3, 2009 (2009-08-03) 3.56[17]
As everyone returns from their summer vacations, they all look to their futures and think about what happened between each other; Ben asks Leo if he needs to work on a relationship or if a relationship just happens, while George makes a big revelation to Anne by telling her that he lied about his vasectomy. David tells Amy that he will buy her a new car, while Ashley starts her first day of high school and meets a new gay friend, Griffin. Elsewhere, Ricky and Adrian don't really trust each other even though they promised to commit.
31
8 "A New Kind of Green" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 10, 2009 (2009-08-10) 2.76[18]
George takes matters into his own hands, hoping to smooth out his relationship with both David and Anne. Elsewhere, Amy asks Ricky if he knows anything about Ben having sex in Bologna and Grace and Adrian pay a visit to Ashley and George's house. Ricky learns about Adrian's plans and becomes upset that Adrian will be moving next door to Amy. Anne tells David that she won't move into his house, while David urges Anne to think through her and George's relationship, giving the car to Anne instead of Amy. At the same time, George allows Adrian's mother and father to see the house and Ben and Ashley suspect Amy and Ricky did more together than watch John over the summer, but Amy tells Ben that Ricky only slept over. Elsewhere, Adrian is confused about her relationship with Ricky and tries to resolve matters between them. Ricky makes it clear to Adrian that they are too young to commit and Grace invites Madison over, Griffin assures George that he is watching over Ashley, and Adrian informs an angry Amy that George accepted her father's offer on the house.
32
9 "Hot Nuts" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 17, 2009 (2009-08-17) 3.30[19]
Tom gets upset when Jack fixes a cabinet and Adrian's father asks her to improve her relationship with Amy. Elsewhere, Jack apologizes to Tom for trying to take his fatherly place and attempts to teach Tom to throw a football, but Tom intentionally throws the ball at Jack's groin. Ricky urges Adrian to undo the trouble she has made with Amy and threatens to never come near her again unless she does so. Ben receives a post card written in Italian and asks Leo if there is anything about sex written in the card. Leo urges Ben not to tell anyone, including himself, about Ben's doings in Italy. Meanwhile, Amy remains angry at Adrian and refuses to accept her many half ridden apologies and Ricky asks Amy if she thinks that they could ever be in a relationship together, but Amy declares that she loves Ben and doesn't trust Ricky. Ricky responds to Amy that he loves Adrian. Anne comes back from a date, who happens to be George. Together, they tell Ashley that Anne is having a boy.
33
10 "Knocked Up, Who's There?" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 24, 2009 (2009-08-24) 3.21[20]
Ben meets a girl named Heather, who is pregnant, and asks him to hang out with her over the weekend. Grace believes that she and Jack should talk at a Teen Abstinence Group at her church, presenting their reasons why to wait to have sex. Elsewhere, Anne is put on bed rest and George tells Amy not to go out with Ben, but Amy refuses to listen to her father, believing he is not the boss of her. Meanwhile, George gets a dog, which upsets Anne, Amy fails to go out with Ben for the night, Heather and Ben go out on a friend to friend basis, and Ben decides that he is not the right friend for her. Ricky tells Adrian that he doesn't see himself marrying and raising a family with anyone, including her nor Amy, in the future. Adrian tells Ricky she wants to openly see other people. Amy tells Heather that she and her family will be there for Heather when the baby arrives if she needs them, and thanks George for being there for her throughout her own pregnancy.
34
11 "Cramped" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 31, 2009 (2009-08-31) 3.11[21]
George makes a room in the garage for Ashley, sparking jealousy in Amy, while Adrian finishes packing her things, preparing to move into George and Ashley's old house. Betty tells Ben that she will be moving into his and Leo's house and Ashley asks Ricky to go to Betty's garage sale while George watches Anne. Ricky suggests to ask her father, but Ashley decides that she should leave a note instead. At the same time, Amy becomes furious when her and George suspect that Ricky went on a date with Ashley so he could have sex with her and Grace's mom tells Grace and Tom that she met a man. Grace disapproves without hesitation, but Jack thinks that it would make her mom happier. Tired of being judged and under credited for taking care of both Amy and John, Ricky reaches a breaking point, and Adrian tells Ricky that they both need therapy if they are to make things better between them.
35
12 "Be My, Be My Baby" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers September 7, 2009 (2009-09-07) 3.56[22]
Grace remains upset with her mother dating a younger guy. Meanwhile, Adrian and Ricky both go to therapy where, Adrian reveals her first time having sex and why she wants a commitment. Elsewhere, Griffin encourages Ashley to make up with Amy, Anne goes into labor, and George delivers the baby. Ben asks Leo to get engaged with Amy, and Leo tells Betty that they will plan a wedding. The family decides upon the name Robert for Anne's new boy, and Grace tells her mother that she is breaking up with Jack. In the meantime, Ben questions if he loves Amy, while Amy thinks she should start over.
36
13 "You Don't Know What You've Got..." Keith Truesdell Teleplay by: Chris Olsen & Jeff Olsen
Story by: Brenda Hampton January 4, 2010 (2010-01-04) 4.55[9]
While close friends of Amy suspect Ben and Amy's breakup, Ben's friend from Italy, Maria, visits. While Amy and Anne take a mother/daughter vacation, Ben, Ricky, Jack, Grace, Adrian, Ashley, Griffin, Lauren, Madison, Henry, and Alice all skip school, only to be pursued by the new guidance councilor, Dr. Bink. The gang meet at the beach, where many discuss their relationships. Elsewhere, Amy and Ricky's relationship become strained when Ricky decides he wants to see his son after Amy's seemingly endless vacation staying with Mimzy (Anne's mom), Adrian's mom takes a job offer in New York, only to have Adrian struggle with the decision to stay with her father and go with her mother, and upon the arrival back at school, the gang's parents explain their mistakes so their son or daughter will not make the same ones.
37
14 "Til It's Gone" Gail Bradley Teleplay by: Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers
Story by: Brenda Hampton January 11, 2010 (2010-01-11) 3.11[23]
Still staying with Mimzy, Amy and Anne go grocery shopping. While at the store, Anne's ex-boyfriend from high school, Josh, asks Anne to kiss him and Amy meets Jimmy who is the son of Anne's ex-boyfriend. Ashley and Griffin have a sleepover and talk about Griffin's sexuality, while Ben regrets having Maria over before she goes home to Italy. Elsewhere, Ricky takes Mac's (a boy Adrian previously slept with) girlfriend, Zoe, to his apartment and has sex with her, and Amy drives home with John after getting her license. Tom tells Jack that Grace is having sex with herself while Kathleen's Jewish boyfriend Jeff, tells her that he loves her. Meanwhile, Adrian finds out what Ricky did the previous night.
38
15 "Loved & Lost" Keith Truesdell Teleplay by: Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers
Story by: Brenda Hampton January 18, 2010 (2010-01-18) 2.97[24]
After finding out Ricky has cheated, Adrian throws her phone at the butcher shop window, prompting Ricky to confront her after he's approached by Bunny over the incident. Ricky demands that she pay the fine and Adrian fears her father will find out. She turns to Tom who breaks up with Tammy because he thinks that after loaning her money, they will marry. Meanwhile, Amy tells Ben to quit delaying to act on his intention to break up with her and Jack tells Grace that he is dating Madison. Remorseful for cheating, Ricky decides to take responsibility for the broken window. He also asks Ben if he is sure about breaking up with Amy. Maria kisses Ben, while Amy tells Ben she hopes they could still be friends. Adrian's father discovers Adrian's financial situation causing him to advise Adrian. He explains that Ricky's cheating is a result of Adrian's refusal to make peace with the mother of his son. Trying to mediate things with Amy, Ricky tells her that he is afraid that if she ever leaves, he will never see John again. Amy finally acknowledges that John, Ricky, and her are a family. The two agree that they must find some way to make their family work.
39
16 "Just Say Me" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Paul Perlove January 25, 2010 (2010-01-25) 3.23[25]
Adrian gets her chance to befriend Amy by bringing her water. While the relationship starts as an act, Adrian starts to enjoy Amy's company, while Amy feels it is nice to have someone besides a boyfriend in her life. Meanwhile, Grace starts a trend when she decides to take care of herself and not worry about others. A "Just Say Me" campaign starts, and word of it spreads fast. Dr. Bink finds that Grace is the one who is responsible for the campaign, and calls her mom, only to make both of them clean up the school. With permission from Grace, Jack and Madison decide to get together. Later, Jimmy comes to invite Amy out for pizza and Amy decides to leave John with Ricky and Adrian instead of taking him with them.
40
17 "The Second Time Around" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata February 1, 2010 (2010-02-01) 2.89[26]
Amy goes on a date with Jimmy. Meanwhile, Ashley persuades George to visit Anne to rekindle their relationship, and Griffin sends his cousin Grant to get to know Ashley. Ben visits Grace and tells her that he wants to be friends, and as he leaves, they kiss. At the same time, Amy and Jimmy kiss. After George knocks on Anne's apartment door, Josh answers and explains Anne is with Mimsy and might come back home. While Ricky encourages Amy not to get caught up with Ben and Grace and tells her that he likes the attitude change he sees in her, Adrian's parents tell her they will get married, therefore causing her mom not to take the job offer in New York. When she returns home, Anne sees George outside with another woman, and tells Ashley that she doesn't think it would be a good time for her to be back.
41
18 "Let's Try That Again" Barry Watson Brenda Hampton February 8, 2010 (2010-02-08) 2.99[27]
When Jimmy doesn't call her, Madison and Lauren instill worries in Amy that she may have done something wrong. Adrian pushes Ricky to have their parents meet before her parents' wedding, and Ricky reluctantly agrees while insisting that no commitment is to come of it. A distraught Amy bumps into Ricky and seeks his advice. Ricky offers to privately help Amy fix her problem. Meanwhile, Dr. Bink promotes the mother daughter dance around Grant High School, and girls around the school ask their mothers to join them at the dance. Grace is reluctant to ask Kathleen to attend since she feels her mom is marrying Jeff too soon. Later, Jack and Ben discuss things and try to decide where they stand in Grace's life. An insecure Adrian meddles in Amy's love affairs with Jimmy due to an increasing fear that a single Amy and Ricky might just connect. At the same time, a confused Anne attempts to sort out her relationship with George and their family, encouraging that they see a therapist. Ashley quickly walks in and out of Ricky and Amy's much heated kissing. Later on, Ashley tells Anne that although it seems like their family is divided into two sides, she still loves her mother too.
42
19 "The Rhythm of Life" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers February 15, 2010 (2010-02-15) 3.18[28]
George and Ruben discover that Ricky and Amy kissed. While at the mother daughter dance, the mothers and daughters are caught up in gossip as Anne, Ashley, Grace, Amy, and Adrian discuss each other's personal relationships. Ben reveals to Henry and Alice the underlying reason for breaking things off with Amy which was fear that having sex with her may result in a second pregnancy. He also tells Leo that he wants to get back together with Amy. Meanwhile, at the mother daughter dance, rumors fly around that George and Anne will get married again. Later, Ben goes over to Amy's in hopes of a reconciliation only to find out about the kiss between Amy and Ricky. Adrian tries to console Ben. The two of them end up having sex, which they consider to be an act of revenge against Ricky and Amy. Ricky sends Adrian a text message saying that he loves her.
43
20 "Mistakes Were Made" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton February 22, 2010 (2010-02-22) 3.03[29]
Adrian confesses to Ricky what happened between her and Ben and is surprised to learn that Ricky only kissed Amy. After finding out about Ben and Adrian, Amy visits Jimmy to find out why he never called her and both apologize for their actions. Meanwhile, Madison and Lauren babysit John, Ashley's developing feelings for Grant escalate into a kiss, and George and Anne seek counseling from Dr. Fields for their relationship. Elsewhere, Ben is deeply convinced that he wants to be with Amy and regrets having anything to do with Adrian or Grace. Because Ben had sex with Adrian, Ricky gets angry with Ben's irresponsible action, destroying the friendship he has with Ricky, and causing Ricky to leave town in anger.
44
21 "Choices" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata March 1, 2010 (2010-03-01) 3.14[30]
Ricky attempts to track down his mother, and Ashley calls urging him to return home. Meanwhile, Adrian tells Cindy that she had sex with Ben; Cindy tells Ruben, who becomes upset. Amy decides that not having Ricky in her life is a good thing for her and John. Ben's father remains upset with Ben's decision to have sex with Adrian and feels he should apologize to Amy, Adrian, and Ricky for his irresponsible actions. Elsewhere, George notices Anne's new figure and wants to improve his own. No longer regretful, Adrian reassures Ben that they are both friends, while Ricky offers forgiveness to his mother as he struggles with his decision to abandon his son in order to escape his troubles.
45
22 "Good Girls & Boys" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton March 8, 2010 (2010-03-08) 3.21[31]
Leo offers advice as well as forgiveness to Ricky for leaving, and Ben seeks Ricky's forgiveness. Ricky's foster parents tell him they want to play a more prominent role in his life. Elsewhere, Jeff and Kathleen marry, but Grace isn't excited when they decide to have their honeymoon at home. After forgiving Ben, Ricky tells him that Amy will never forgive him for his indiscretion. Anne advises Amy to immediately confront her issues with Ricky and Amy realizes she would do just about anything for John. At school, Ricky confronts Adrian and ends their relationship. Later, Madison and Lauren are convinced Ricky is acting on his unresolved emotions for Amy. Meanwhile, Grace offers Ben her friendship and Ashley and Grant begin seeing each other regularly. Anne and George disagree on an appropriate time frame to remarry, and Ricky tells Amy that he is seeking the right to take John on weekends.
46
23 "I Got You, Babe" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers March 15, 2010 (2010-03-15) 2.79[32]
After her refusal, Ricky enlists George's help in getting Amy to reconsider his custody proposal. Adrian and Amy team up against Ricky by devising a plan for the custody hearing by having friends speak up on Amy's behalf for the mediation. Elsewhere, Anne, George, Margaret and Shakur have a dinner discussion about their children not being able to come to an agreement. Ricky takes the case to a mediator after using Adrian and Amy's idea against them. When Amy decides that Ricky would be a good father to John, the mediator grants Ricky joint custody of John. Afterward, Amy and Ricky agree to work together to plan John's first birthday. Adrian realizes she may be pregnant as a result of her vengeful sexual encounter with Ben.
47
24 "Ben There, Done That" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata March 22, 2010 (2010-03-22) 3.17[33]
Without Ricky or anyone else knowing, Amy throws a little party for John and herself the night before his birthday. On John's first birthday, Anne tells Amy that she and George would not attend their grandson's birthday party because Mimzy had a stroke. Adrian tells Grace that she wants an abortion, and Grace urges to get an early pregnancy test to make sure she is actually pregnant. Elsewhere, Anne and George visit Mimzy who informs them that she married Eugene and George tells Anne he wants to marry the next day; Ricky and Amy decide to have a small party at Ricky's apartment for John, leaving Ashley alone for the night with Grant and Griffin; and Cindy and Ruben, Adrian's parents, have a small wedding of their own. When Amy and Ricky arrive at the butcher shop, Ben tells Amy that he would always be there for her. Betty and Leo happily marry each other; at the same time, Anne tells George she isn't ready for a wedding, and Adrian wants to tell Ben that she could be pregnant, but a decision is not made.
Development[edit]
Writing[edit]
Though it came as a surprise, writers of The Secret Life were faced with a challenge when writing began for the second season. In January 2009, Molly Ringwald announced that she was expecting twins of her own. She told People Magazine that Brenda Hampton was working on writing her character's pregnancy into the storyline of the show.[34]
Kenny Baumann, the actor who plays Ben Boykewich, confirmed that someone would die in the second season of Secret Life. The character would be a "significant male character" and the death would be a terrible tragedy.[35][36] It was later revealed that John Schneider, who portrayed the role as Grace's father, Marshall, left the show due to multiple shows and projects he has. Marshall was written out of the series in "The Big One".
New and returning characters[edit]
Actor Brando Eaton was cast as Ashley's new gay sidekick, Griffin, who has a recurring role in the season.[37] Actress Rumer Willis, appeared in The Secret Life as Heather, a pregnant girl in the episode "Knocked Up Who's There?".[38] She interacted with Ben in a way that got Amy jealous.[39] Actor Austin Stowell was cast as Lauren's new boyfriend, Jesse, who has a recurring role in the season. Their relationship sparks the discussion of interracial dating, as Jesse believes that Lauren is not interested in having sex with him because of his race.[40]
Reception[edit]
On Monday, June 22, 2009, Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far, posting a series high in Total Viewers with 4.68 million viewers, and second-best numbers ever in Adults 18-34 with 1.4 million viewers, behind season one's mid-season finale, Adults 18-49 with 2.1 million viewers and Viewers 11-34 with 2.9 million viewers. In June 2009, Secret Life ranked as cable's No. 1 scripted telecast in Females 11-34, and the No. 1 scripted series telecast in Viewers 11-34 and Female Teens. Additionally, Secret Life stood as ad-supported cable's No. 1 telecast this month in Female Teens. Impressively, the season debut became cable's No. 1 scripted series premiere of the 2008/2009 season to date in Women 18-34, Women 18-49'and Viewers 11-34, and the No. 1 scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 so far in Adults 18-34.[7]
Secret Life's second season debut now stands as cable's No. 1 scripted original series/season premiere this summer in Adults ages 18–34 and across core female 18-34, 18-49 and 11-34 demos, ahead of such high-profile series as USA's Royal Pains and Burn Notice and TNT's The Closer.[6]
Some critics praised the new developments of the show, saying they could be "interesting material to build on." Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole "teen going through a pregnancy" plot has played out and the "frustrated young mother" thing is going on, we have room to explore some other topics. She remained hopeful that the writers won't just turn these new problems into issues of the week, instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall's death, deal with Anne's accidental pregnancy, and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex.[41]
With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere, the episode became ABC Family's most-watched telecast ever in key 12-34 and teen demos.[9] The episode stands as the series' 2nd-most-watched episode in viewers and is TV's No. 1 telecast of the season in female teens, cable's No. 1 telecast in females 12-34 and cable's No. 1 scripted telecast in viewers 12-34. The season two mid-season premiere remains cable's No. 1 scripted premiere of the 2009/10 season. It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale, and was No. 1 in all target demos for the hour.[8]
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Jump up ^ "ABC Family for the week ending September 13; Secret Life, Greek and 10 Things I Hate… - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009-09-15. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending January 17, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. January 22, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending January 24, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. January 27, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending January 31, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. February 3, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending February 7, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. February 10, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending February 14, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. February 18, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending February 21, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. February 23, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Damages, WWE RAW, Operation Repo, Greek, Secret Life, Make it or Break It ratings - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Monday Cable Finals: Damages Rises, But Not By Much - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Monday Cable Finals: Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl; Damages Down Slightly - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Monday Cable Finals: Secret Life Beats The CW Monday Among Young Women; Damages Up Slightly - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending March 28, 2010" (PDF). TV Aholics. March 31, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Warrick, Pamela (2009-01-23). "Molly Ringwald Expecting Twins! - Babies, Molly Ringwald". People.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Ken Baumann's Secret Life Spills - Today's News: Our Take". TVGuide.com. 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (2009-04-30). "Ask Ausiello: Spoilers on 'House,' 'Smallville,' 'Heroes,' 'Dexter,' 'Ugly,' 'Grey's,' 'Gossip Girl,' and more! | Ausiello | EW.com". Ausiellofiles.ew.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (2009-05-28). "Ask Ausiello: Spoilers on 'Dollhouse,' '24,' 'Burn Notice,' 'True Blood,' 'Lost,' 'Eureka,' 'Bones,' and more! | Ausiello | EW.com". Ausiellofiles.ew.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (2009-05-28). "Casting scoops on 'Glee,' 'Greek,' 'BSG,' and more! | Ausiello | EW.com". Ausiellofiles.ew.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family - Online TV, Videos, and Blogs. It's a new kind of family". Community.abcfamily.go.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ http://abcfamily.go.com/shows/secret-life-american-teenager/recaps/ben-there-done/428392
Jump up ^ Bentley, Jean (2009-06-23). "'The Secret Life of the American Teenager' recap: A new life for a new mom | EW.com". Popwatch.ew.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb
The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com
Villarreal, Yvonne (January 3, 2009). "Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy". The Los Angeles Times. LATimes.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
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Beverage can
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Beer can" redirects here. For other uses, see Beercan (disambiguation).
"Pop cap" and "Pop top" redirect here. For the software companies, see PopCap Games and PopTop Software.
The stay-tab opening mechanism characteristic of most drinking cans since the mid-1980s. The 'wide-mouth' version, seen here, was introduced in the late 1990s.
A beverage can is a metal container designed to hold a fixed portion of liquid such as carbonated soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, fruit juices, teas, herbal teas, energy drinks, etc. Beverage cans are made of aluminium (75% of worldwide production)[1] or tin-plated steel (25% worldwide production). Worldwide production for all beverage cans is approximately 370 billion cans per year worldwide.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Standard sizes
2.1 Capacity in countries
3 Composition
4 Filling cans
5 Fabrication process
6 Opening mechanisms
6.1 Pop-tab
6.2 Stay-on-tab
6.3 Wide Mouth
6.4 Sustainable Beverage Ends
6.5 Press button can
6.6 Full Aperture End
6.7 Re-Sealable Lid
7 Collecting
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
See also: Tin can § History
The first commercial beer available in cans began in 1935 in Richmond, Virginia.[2] Not long after that, sodas, with their higher acidity and somewhat higher pressures, were available in cans. The key development for storing beverages in cans was the interior liner, typically plastic or sometimes a waxy substance, that helped to keep the product's flavor from being ruined by a chemical reaction with the metal. Another major factor for the timing was the repeal of Prohibition in the United States at the end of 1933.
In 1935,[3] the small brewery at Felinfoel was the first brewery outside the USA to commercially can beer. Prior to this time, beer was only available in barrels or in glass bottles. From this time, lightweight tin cans could be used. Felinfoel Brewery was a major supplier to British armed forces abroad in the Second World War - cans saved a great deal of space and weight for wartime exports compared to glass bottles, and did not have to be returned for refilling. These early cans did not have a 'pull tab', instead they had a 'crown cork' (beer bottle top). All modern UK canned beer is descended from these small, early cans which helped change the drinking and beer-buying habits of the British public. From the 18th century until the early 20th century Wales dominated world tinplate production, peaking in the early 1890s when 80% of the world's tinplate was produced in south Wales.
Canned beverages were factory-sealed and required a special opener tool in order to consume the contents. Cans were typically formed as cylinders, having a flat top and bottom. They required a can piercer, colloquially known as a "church key", that latched onto the top rim for leverage; lifting the handle would force the sharp tip through the top of the can, cutting a triangular hole. A smaller second hole was usually punched at the opposite side of the top to admit air while pouring, allowing the liquid to flow freely.
In the mid-1930s, some cans were developed with caps so that they could be opened and poured more like a bottle. These were called "cone tops", as their tops had a conical taper up to the smaller diameter of the cap. Cone top cans were sealed by the same crimped caps that were put on bottles, and could be opened with the same bottle-opener tool. There were three types of conetops: high profile, low profile, and j-spout. The low profile and j-spout were the earliest, dating from about 1935. The "crowntainer" was a different type of can that was drawn steel with a bottom cap. These were developed by Crown Cork & Seal (now known as Crown Holdings, Inc.), a leading beverage packaging and beverage can producer. Various breweries used crowntainers and conetops until the late 1950s, but many breweries kept using the simple cylindrical cans.
The popularity of canned beverages was slow to catch on, as the metallic taste was difficult to overcome with the interior liner not perfected, especially with more acidic sodas. Cans had two advantages over glass bottles. First for the distributors, flat-top cans were more compact for transportation and storage and weighed less than bottles. Second for consumers, they did not require the deposit typically paid for bottles, as they were discarded after use. Glass-bottle deposits were reimbursed when consumers took the empties back to the store.
By the time the United States entered World War II, cans had gained only about ten percent of the beverage container market; this was drastically reduced during the war to accommodate strategic needs for metal.
A pop tab from the 1970s
In 1959, Ermal Fraze devised a can-opening method that would come to dominate the canned beverage market. His invention was the "pull-tab". This eliminated the need for a separate opener tool by attaching an aluminium pull-ring lever with a rivet to a pre-scored wedge-shaped tab section of the can top. The ring was riveted to the center of the top, which created an elongated opening large enough that one hole simultaneously served to let the beverage flow out while air flowed in. In 1959, while on a family picnic, Mr. Fraze had forgotten to bring a can opener and was forced to use a car bumper to open a can of beer. Thinking there must be an easier way, he later stayed up all night until he came up with the pull tab.[4] Pull-tab cans, or the discarded tabs from them, were also called "pop-tops" colloquially. In Australia these were colloquially known as "ring-pull". Into the 1970s, the pull-tab was widely popular, but its popularity came with a significant problem, as people would frequently discard the pull-tabs on the ground as litter, or drop them into the can and risk choking on them. These problems were both addressed by the invention of the "push-tab". Used primarily on Coors Beer cans in the mid-1970s, the push-tab was a raised circular scored area used in place of the pull-tab. It needed no ring to pull up. Instead, the raised aluminium blister was pushed down into the can, with a small unscored piece that kept the tab connected after being pushed inside. Push-tabs never gained wide popularity because while they had solved the litter problem of the pull-tab, they created a safety hazard where the person's finger upon pushing the tab into the can was immediately exposed to the sharp edges of the opening. An unusual feature of the push-tab Coors Beer cans was that they had a second, smaller, push-tab at the top as an airflow vent — a convenience that was lost with the switch from can opener to pull-tab. The "push-tab" was introduced into Australia in the early 1980s and was locally known as "pop-tops".
The safety and litter problems were both eventually solved later in the 1970s with Daniel F. Cudzik's invention of the non-removing "Stay-Tab". The pull-ring was replaced with a stiff aluminium lever, and the removable tab was replaced with a pre-scored round tab that functioned similarly to the push-tab, but the raised blister was no longer needed, as the riveted lever would now do the job of pushing the tab open and into the interior of the can.
In 2008, an aluminium version of the crowntainer design was adopted for packaging Coca-Cola's Caribou Coffee beverage. In 2004, Anheuser-Busch adopted an all-aluminium bottle for use with Budweiser and Bud Light beers.
Standard sizes[edit]
Comparison chart of various standards
ml
imp fl oz
US fl oz
1,000 35.2 33.8
568 20[nb 1] 19.2
500 17.6 16.9
473 16.6 16[nb 2]
440 15.5 14.9
375 13.2 12.7
355 12.5 12
350 12.3 11.8
341 12.0 11.5
330 11.6 11.2
250 8.8 8.5
237 8.3 8.0
222 7.8 7.5
200 7.0 6.8
150 5.3 5.1
Jump up ^ one imp pint
Jump up ^ one US pint
Capacity in countries[edit]
Various standard capacities are used throughout the world.
Australia
In Australia the standard can size for alcoholic and soft drinks is 375 ml. Energy drinks are commonly served in 250 ml and 500 ml sizes.
Brazil
In Brazil the standard can size is 355 ml.
New Zealand
In New Zealand the standard can size is 355 ml, although Coca-Cola Amatil changed it's canned beverages to 330 ml in 2017.[5]
China
In China the most common size is 330 ml.
Can dimensions may be cited in metric or imperial units. Imperial dimensions for canmaking are written as inches+sixteenths of an inch (e.g. "202" = 2 inches + 2 sixteenths).[6]
Europe
In Europe the standard can used to be 330 ml but since the 1990s the 250 ml size has slowly become about just as common. In European countries the 500 ml can size is second standard. It's often used for beer, cider and energy drinks.
In the UK 440 ml is commonly used for lager and cider.
In Austria energy drinks are usually sold in sizes 200 to 300 ml. In 2014 for beverage cans in general, already much more aluminium is used than steel. There are even steel cans with alu-lids and vice versa.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong most cans are 330 ml.
India
In India standard cans are 330 ml.
Japan
In Japan the most common sizes are 350 ml and 500 ml. Larger and smaller cans are also sold.
South Korea
In South Korea 250 ml cans are the most common for soft drinks. However, when accompanying take out food (such as pizza or chicken), a short 245 ml can is standard. Recently, some 355 ml cans which are similar to North American cans are increasingly available, but limited mostly to Coca-Cola and Dr Pepper. Finally, beer cans also come in 500 ml forms.
Malaysia and Singapore
In both Malaysia and Singapore, the most commonly found cans are 300 ml for non-carbonated drinks and 325 ml for carbonated drinks. Larger 330 ml/350 ml cans are limited to imported drinks where it would usually cost a lot more than local ones.
Pakistan
In Pakistan the most common sizes are 250 ml and 330 ml. 200 ml cans are also sold.
North America
In North America, the standard can size is 12 US fl oz or 355 ml. The US standard can is 4.83 inches high, 2.13 inches in diameter at the lid, and 2.60 inches in diameter at the widest point of the body. Also available are 16oz cans known as pounders, and 24oz cans or larger are referred to as tall boys.[citation needed]
In Canada, the standard size was previously 10 Imperial fluid ounces (284 ml), later redefined and labeled as 280 ml in around 1980. This size was commonly used with steel beverage cans in the 1970s and early 1980s. However, the US standard 355 ml can size was standardized in the 1980s and 1990s, upon the conversion from steel to aluminium. Some beverage such as Nestea are sold in 341 ml cans. In Quebec by the year 2015, a new standard for carbonated drink have been added as many important grocery store now only sell 6-packs (with plastic holds) with 222 ml cans instead of the original 341 ml (for the same price) and that from every major carbonated drinks. Many convenience stores began selling "slim cans" with a 310ml capacity as of late 2015
South Africa
South African standard cans are 330 ml (reduced in the early 2000s from the up-until-then ubiquitous 340 ml) and the promotional size is 440 ml. There is also the 500 ml can. A smaller 200 ml can is used for "mixers" such as tonic or soda water. It has a smaller diameter than the other cans.
Middle East
In the Middle East standard cans are 330 ml.
Composition[edit]
Aluminium cans pressed into blocks for recycling
Most metal beverage cans manufactured in the United States are made of aluminium,[7] whereas in some parts of Europe and Asia approximately 55 percent are made of steel and 45 percent are aluminium alloy. Steel cans often have a top made of aluminium. The aluminium used in United States and Canada are alloys containing 92.5% to 97% aluminium, <5.5% magnesium, <1.6% manganese, <0.15% chromium and some trace amounts of iron, silicon and copper according to MSDS from aluminium producer Alcoa.[8] Alloys used include 3004, 3105, or other 3xxx/5xxx series aluminium.[9]
An empty aluminium can weighs approximately half an ounce (14.2 grams). There are 34 empty 12 ounce aluminium cans to a pound or 70 to a kilogram.[10]
In many parts of the world a deposit can be recovered by turning in empty plastic, glass, and aluminium containers. Scrap metal dealers often purchase aluminium cans in bulk, even when deposits are not offered. Aluminium is one of the most cost-effective materials to recycle. When recycled without other metals being mixed in, the can–lid combination is perfect for producing new stock for the main part of the can—the loss of magnesium during melting is made up for by the high magnesium content of the lid. Also, reducing ores such as bauxite into aluminium requires large amounts of electricity, making recycling cheaper than producing new metal.
Aluminium cans are coated internally to protect the aluminium from oxidizing. Despite this coating, trace amounts of aluminium can be degraded into the liquid, the amount depending on factors such as storage temperature and liquid composition.[11][12] Chemical compounds used in the internal coating of the can include types of epoxy resin.[13]
In order to achieve primary aluminium for manufacturing, bauxite is converted to alumina through the Bayer process.[14] After this process, aluminium can be extracted from alumina. Subsequently, it goes through a process called aluminium smelting and ingot casting. Simply, these two stages require alumina to undergo an extremely hot temperature and high-energy bath. Following this process is hot rolling and cold rolling. This is ultimately done to cast the aluminium can into shape for further processing. Finally, the process of “ironing” is performed which forms the shape of the can.
Filling cans[edit]
Cans are filled before the top is crimped on. The filling and sealing operations need to be extremely fast and precise. The filling head centers the can using gas pressure, purges the air, and lets the beverage flow down the sides of the can. The lid is placed on the can, and then crimped in two operations. A seaming head engages the lid from above while a seaming roller to the side curls the edge of the lid around the edge of the can body. The head and roller spin the can in a complete circle to seal all the way around. Then a pressure roller with a different profile drives the two edges together under pressure to make a gas-tight seal. Filled cans usually have pressurized gas inside, which makes them stiff enough for easy handling.
Fabrication process[edit]
Modern cans are generally produced through a mechanical cold forming process that starts with punching a flat blank from very stiff cold-rolled sheet. This sheet is typically alloy 3104-H19 or 3004-H19, which is aluminium with about 1% manganese and 1% magnesium to give it strength and formability. The flat blank is first formed into a cup about three inches in diameter. This cup is then pushed through a different forming process called "ironing" which forms the can. The bottom of the can is also shaped at this time. The malleable metal deforms into the shape of an open-top can. With the sophisticated technology of the dies and the forming machines, the side of the can is significantly thinner than either the top and bottom areas, where stiffness is required.
Plain lids (known as shells) are stamped from a coil of aluminium, typically alloy 5182-H48, and transferred to another press that converts them to easy-open ends. This press is known as a conversion press which forms an integral rivet button in the lid and scores the opening, while concurrently forming the tabs in another die from a separate strip of aluminium.
Opening mechanisms[edit]
Old beer can showing punches from a churchkey
Beer can pop-top display at a Budweiser Brewery
Early metal beverage cans had no tabs; they were opened by a can-piercer or churchkey, a device resembling a bottle opener with a sharp point. The can was opened by punching two triangular holes in the lid—a large one for drinking, and a second (smaller) one to admit air.
As early as 1922, inventors were applying for patents on cans with tab tops, but the technology of the time made these inventions impractical.[15] Later advancements saw the ends of the can made out of aluminium instead of steel.
Cans are usually in sealed paperboard cartons, corrugated fiberboard boxes, or trays covered with plastic film. The entire distribution system and packaging need to be controlled to ensure freshness.[16]
Pop-tab[edit]
Old style pull-tab in use on a can of Tsingtao beer in Beijing, China in 2009
Mikolaj Kondakow and James Wong of Thunder Bay,[dubious – discuss] Ontario, Canada invented the pull tab version for bottles in or before 1951 (Canadian patent 476789).[17] Then, in 1962, Ermal Cleon Fraze (1913–1989)[18] of Dayton, Ohio, United States, invented the similar integral rivet and pull-tab version (also known as ring pull in British English), which had a ring attached at the rivet for pulling, and which would come off completely to be discarded. He received US Patent No. 3,349,949 for his pull-top can design in 1963 and licensed his invention to Alcoa and Pittsburgh Brewing Company, the latter of which first introduced the design on Iron City Beer cans. The first soft drinks to be sold in all-aluminium cans were R.C. Cola and Diet-Rite Cola, both made by the Royal Crown Cola company, in 1964.
The early pull-tabs detached easily. In 1976 the Journal of the American Medical Association noted cases of children ingesting pull-tabs that had broken off and dropped into the can.[19]
Full-top pull-tabs were also used in some oil cans and are currently used in some soup, pet food, tennis ball, nuts and other cans.
Stay-on-tab[edit]
A "standard" size can opening, once common in American soft drinks.
In 1975, Daniel F. Cudzik, an engineer with Reynolds Metals, filed a design patent application for a "End closure for a container."[20] This later became known as a "Sta-Tab." When the Sta-Tab launched in 1975, on Falls City beer and, quickly, other beverages, there was an initial period of consumer testing and education. Cudzik later received patents for this "Easy Open Wall" (US 3967752, issued 1976-07-06 US 3967753, issued 1976-07-06 ). The validity of these patents was upheld in subsequent litigation.[21]
The similarly designed "Easy-open ecology end" was invented by Ermal Fraze and Omar Brown. Its patent application was also filed in 1975. This design, like Cudzik's, uses a separate tab attached to the upper surface as a lever to depress a scored part of the lid, which folds underneath the top of the can and out of the way of the resulting opening, thus reducing injuries and roadside litter caused by removable tabs.[22]
Such "retained ring-pull" cans supplanted pull-off tabs in the United Kingdom in 1989 for soft drinks and 1990 for alcoholic beverages.[23]
Wide Mouth[edit]
One of the more recent modifications to can design was the introduction of the "wide mouth" can in the late 1990s.[24] The American Can Company, now a part of Rexam,[25] and Coors Brewing Company have owned wide mouth design patent (number D385,192)[26] since 1997. Other companies have similar designs for the wide mouth. Ball Corporation's from 2008 has a vent tube to allow direct airflow into the can reducing the amount of gulps during the pour.[27]
Sustainable Beverage Ends[edit]
The SuperEnd[28] from Crown Holdings launched in 2000 was designed to use 10% less metal in production than standard beverage ends.[29]
Press button can[edit]
One variation was the press button can,[30] which featured two pre-cut buttons—one small and one large—in the top of the can sealed with a plastic membrane. These buttons were held closed by the outward pressure of the carbonated beverage. The consumer would open the can by depressing both buttons, which would result in two holes. The small hole would act as a vent to relieve internal pressure so the larger button could then be pressed down to create the hole used for drinking the beverage. Consumers could also easily cut themselves on the edges of the holes or get their fingers stuck.
Press button cans were used by Pepsi in Canada from the 1970s to 1980s and Coors in the 1970s. They have since been replaced with pull tabs. Used in Australia, locally known as "pop-tops", for soft drinks during the early 1980s.
Full Aperture End[edit]
Another variation on the beverage can is the "full aperture end", where the entire lid can be removed – turning an aluminium can into a cup. Crown Holdings first designed the "360 End"[31] for use by SABMiller at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.[28] It has been used by Anheuser-Busch InBev in China[32] and Brazil[33] and by the Sly Fox Brewing Company[34] in the United States.
Re-Sealable Lid[edit]
Another variation on the beverage can is to have a re-sealable lid. A version patented by Cogito Can in France has been used by Groupe Casino, the French grocery chain for its private label energy drink.
Collecting[edit]
A collection of beverage cans in Dunsmuir, California
Beer can collecting was a minor fad in the late 1970s and 1990s. However, the hobby waned rapidly in popularity. The Beer Can Collectors of America (BCCA), founded in 1970, was an organization supporting the hobby, but has now renamed itself Brewery Collectibles Club of America to be more modern.[35]
As of late 2009, membership in the Brewery Collectibles Club of America was 3,570, down from a peak of 11,954 in 1978. Just 19 of the members were under the age of 30, and the members' average age had increased to 59.[36]
See also[edit]
Beer Can Museum
Beer Can Printing
Beer koozie
Beverage-can stove
Self-heating can
Six pack rings
Widget (beer)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Canmaker FAQ". Canmaker.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ Maxwell, DBS (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology. 27 (1). doi:10.2307/25616219.
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References[edit]
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
Soroka, W., Fundamentals of Packaging Technology, IoPP, 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beverage cans.
Beer can history
Pull tab fundraiser myth
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