text:
Central line (London Underground)
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Central line
A Central line 1992 stock train leaving Theydon Bois
Overview
Type
Deep Tube
System
London Underground
Stations
49
Ridership
260.916 million (2011/12)[1] passenger journeys
Colour on map
Red
Website
tfl.gov.uk
Operation
Opened
1900
Depot(s)
West Ruislip
Hainault
White City[2]
Rolling stock
1992 Tube Stock
8 cars per trainset
Technical
Line length
74 km (46 mi)
Track gauge
4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Transport for London rail lines
London Underground
Bakerloo
Central
Circle
District
Hammersmith & City
Jubilee
Metropolitan
Northern
Piccadilly
Victoria
Waterloo & City
Other lines
Docklands Light Railway
Tramlink
Overground
TfL Rail
v
t
e
The Central line is a London Underground line that runs through central London, from Epping, Essex, in the north-east to Ealing Broadway and West Ruislip in the west. Coloured red on the Tube map, the line serves 49 stations over 46 miles (74 km), which makes it the longest Tube line.[3] It is also one of only two lines on the Underground network to cross the Greater London boundary, the other being the Metropolitan line. One of London's deep-level railways, Central line trains are smaller than those on British main lines.
The line was opened as the Central London Railway in 1900, crossing central London on an east–west axis, as the third deep-level Tube line to be built after electric trains made them possible. It was later extended to the western suburb of Ealing. After the Second World War, the line was expanded considerably into the recently-constructed suburbs, taking over steam-hauled outer-suburban routes to the borders of London and beyond to the east. This realised plans that had been delayed by the war, when construction stopped and the unused tunnels were used as air-raid shelters and factories. However, suburban growth proved to be less than expected, and of the planned expansions one (to Denham, Buckinghamshire) was cut short due to its location in the Metropolitan Green Belt and another (to Ongar) ultimately closed in 1994 due to low patronage. The Central line has mostly been operated by automatic train operation since a major refurbishment in the 1990s, although all trains still carry drivers. Many of its stations are of historic interest, from turn-of-the-century Central London Railway buildings in west London to post-war modernist designs on the West Ruislip and Hainault branches, as well as Victorian-era Eastern Counties Railway and Great Eastern Railway buildings east of Stratford, from when the line to Epping was a rural branch line.
In terms of total passengers, the Central line is the busiest on the Underground. In 2011/12 over 260 million passenger journeys were recorded on the line. It currently operates the second-most frequent service on the network, with 34 trains per hour (tph) operating for half-an-hour in the westbound direction during the morning peak, and between 27 and 30 tph during the rest of the peak.[4] This makes the Central line the busiest and most intensively-used railway line in the United Kingdom: it is the only Tube line running east–west through the central core of London, running under Oxford Street and the financial centre of the City of London. Crossrail, due to begin most of its core operation in 2018 with full service by the end of 2019, will provide interchange with the Central line at Stratford, Liverpool Street, Tottenham Court Road, Bond Street and Ealing Broadway, relieving overcrowding in these areas.[5]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Central London Railway
1.2 London Transport and the Second World War
2 Route
2.1 Map
2.2 Railway line
3 List of stations
3.1 Open stations
3.2 Former stations
4 Rolling stock
4.1 Former rolling stock
4.2 Current rolling stock
4.3 Depots
5 Services
6 Future and cancelled plans
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Books
8 External links
History[edit]
Central London Railway[edit]
Harry Bell Measures designed the surface buildings for the CLR, such as this one at Oxford Circus.
Main article: Central London Railway
The Central London Railway (CLR) was given permission in 1891 for a tube line between Shepherd's Bush and a station at Cornhill, and the following year an extension to Liverpool Street was authorised, with a station at Bank instead of at Cornhill.[6] The line was built following the streets above rather than running underneath buildings, because purchase of wayleave under private properties would have been expensive,[a] and as a result one line runs above another in places, with platforms at different levels at St Paul's, Chancery Lane and Notting Hill Gate stations.[7] The tunnels were bored with the nominal diameter of 11 feet 8 1⁄4 inches (3.562 m), increased on curves, reduced to 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m) near to stations.[8] The tunnels generally rise approaching a station, to aid braking, and fall when leaving, to aid acceleration.[7]
The Central London Railway was the first underground railway to have the station platforms illuminated electrically.[9] All the platforms were lit by Crompton automatic electric arc lamps, and other station areas by incandescent lamps. Both the City and South London Railway and the Waterloo and City Railway were lit by gas lamps, primarily because the power stations for these lines were designed with no spare capacity to power electric lighting. With the white glazed tiling, all underground Central London Railway platforms were very brightly lit. The use of electric lighting was further made possible because the Central London was also the first tube railway to use AC electrical distribution[b] and the substation transformers were easily able to provide convenient voltages to run the lighting. Earlier tube lines generated DC power at the voltage required to run the trains (500 volts).
The line between Shepherd's Bush and Bank was formally opened on 30 June 1900, public services beginning on 30 July.[10] With a uniform fare of 2d the railway became known as the "Twopenny Tube".[10] It was initially operated by electric locomotives hauling carriages, but the locomotive's considerable unsprung weight[c] caused much vibration in the buildings above the line, and the railway rebuilt the locomotives to incorporate geared drives. This allowed higher-speed and lighter motors to be used, which reduced the overall weight of the locomotive as well as the unsprung weight. The railway also tried an alternative approach: it converted four coaches to accommodate motors and control gear. Two of these experimental motor coaches were used in a 6-coach train, the control gear being operated by the system used on the Waterloo and City Railway.[d] The modified locomotives were a considerable improvement, but the motor coaches of an even lower weight were much better still. The CLR ordered 64 new motor cars[e] designed to use Sprague's recently developed traction control system. The CLR was exclusively using the resulting electric multiple units by 1903.[11]
In July 1907, the fare was increased to 3d for journeys of more than seven or eight stations. The line was extended westwards with a loop serving a single platform at Wood Lane for the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition. A reduced fare of 1d, for a journey of three or fewer stations, was introduced in 1909, and season tickets became available from 1911. The extension to Liverpool Street opened the following year, providing access to the Great Eastern station and the adjacent Broad Street station by escalators. The Central London Railway was absorbed into the Underground Group on 1 January 1913.[12]
In 1911, the Great Western Railway won permission for a line from Ealing Broadway to a station near to the CLR's Shepherd's Bush station, with a connection to the West London Railway, and agreement to connect the line to the Central London Railway and for the CLR to run trains to Ealing Broadway. Construction of the extension from the CLR to Ealing Broadway started in 1912[13] but opening was delayed by World War I. The CLR purchased new rolling stock for the extension, which arrived in 1915 and was stored before being lent to the Bakerloo line. The rolling stock returned when the extension opened in 1920.[14]
In 1912, plans were published for a railway from Shepherd's Bush to Turnham Green and Gunnersbury,[15] allowing the Central London Railway to run trains on London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) tracks to Richmond. The route was authorised in 1913[16] but work had not started by the outbreak of war the following year.[17] In 1919 an alternative route was published, with a tunnelled link to the disused L&SWR tracks south of their Shepherd's Bush station then via Hammersmith (Grove Road) railway station.[18] Authorisation was granted in 1920,[19][17] but the connection was never built, and the L&SWR tracks were used by the Piccadilly line when it was extended west of Hammersmith in 1932.[20]
London Transport and the Second World War[edit]
On 1 July 1933, the Central London Railway and other transport companies in the London area were amalgamated to form the London Passenger Transport Board, generally known as London Transport.[21] The railway was known as the "Central London Line", becoming the "Central line" in 1937.[22] The 1935–40 New Works Programme included a major expansion of the line. To the west new tracks were to be built parallel with the Great Western Railway's New North Main Line as far as Denham. To the east new tunnels would run to just beyond Stratford station, where the line would be extended over the London & North Eastern Railway suburban branch to Epping and Ongar in Essex, as well as a new underground line between Leytonstone and Newbury Park mostly under Eastern Avenue so as to serve the new suburbs of north Ilford and the Hainault Loop.[23] Platforms at central London stations were to be lengthened to allow 8-car trains.[23]
Construction started, the tunnels through central London being expanded and realigned and the stations lengthened, but it proved impossible to modify Wood Lane station to take 8-car trains and a new station at White City was authorised in 1938.[24] The line was converted to the London Underground four-rail electrification system in 1940.[25] The positive outer rail is 40 mm (1.6 in) higher than on other lines, because even after reconstruction work the tunnels are slightly smaller.[citation needed] Most of the tunnels for the extensions to the east of London had been built by 1940, but work slowed due to the outbreak of the Second World War until eventually suspended in June.[25] The unused tunnels between Leytonstone and Newbury Park were equipped by the Plessey Company as an aircraft components factory, opening in March 1942 and employing 2000 people.[26] Elsewhere, people used underground stations as night shelters during air raids. The unopened Bethnal Green station had space for 10,000 people. In March 1943, 173 people died there when a woman entering the shelter fell at the bottom of the steps and those following fell on top of her.[26]
Loughton station was rebuilt in the 1930s, with a central track accessed by two platforms for the Central line extension. Opening in 1940, it was not served by Central line trains until 1948.[27] Today, the station is a listed building.[28]
Construction restarted after the war, and the western extension opened as far as Greenford in 1947[29] and West Ruislip in 1948.[30] The powers to extend the line to Denham were never used due to post-war establishment of the Green Belt around London, which restricted development of land in the area.[30] The eastern extension opened as far as Stratford in December 1946, with trains continuing without passengers to reverse in the cutting south of Leyton.[31] In 1947 the line opened to Leytonstone, and then Woodford and Newbury Park.[32] Stations from Newbury Park to Woodford via Hainault and from Woodford to Loughton were served by tube trains from 1948.[30] South of Newbury Park, the west-facing junction with the main line closed in the same year to allow expansion of Ilford carriage depot.[33] The extension transferred to London Underground management in 1949, when Epping began to be served by Central line trains. The single line to Ongar was served by a steam autotrain operated by British Rail (BR) until 1957, when the line was electrified.[34] BR trains accessed the line via a link from Temple Mills East to Leyton.[35]
The Central line stations east of Stratford kept their goods service for a time, being worked from Temple Mills, with the Hainault loop stations served via Woodford.[35] The BR line south of Newbury Park closed in 1956[33] and Hainault loop stations lost their goods service in 1965, the rest of the stations on the line following in 1966. Early morning passenger trains from Stratford (Liverpool Street on Sundays) ran to Epping or Loughton until 1970.[36] The single-track section from Epping to Ongar was electrified in 1957[37] and then operated as a shuttle service using short tube trains. However, carrying only 100 passengers a day and losing money, the section closed in 1994, and is now used by the heritage Epping Ongar Railway.[38]
The Central line was shut between January and March 2003, after 32 passengers were injured when a train derailed at Chancery Lane due to a traction motor falling on to the track. The line was not fully reopened until June.[39][40] In 2003, the infrastructure of the Central line was partly privatised in a public–private partnership, managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007, and Transport for London took over its responsibilities.[41]
Route[edit]
Map[edit]
The route of the Central line through the London Boroughs and the county of Essex
Railway line[edit]
[
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t
e
]
Central line
Legend
Ongar
Blake Hall
Ongar section closed 1994,
now Epping Ongar Railway
North Weald
M11 motorway
Coopersale
rail access only
Epping Forest
rail access only
Epping
M25 motorway
Theydon Bois
Debden
Loughton
Buckhurst Hill
M11 motorway
Roding Valley
Chigwell
Grange Hill
Woodford
Hainault depot
North Circular Road
Hainault
Fairlop
South Woodford
Barkingside
Newbury Park
Snaresbrook
A12 road
A12 road
Gants Hill
Fairlop Loop
to Great Eastern Main Line
Wanstead
Redbridge
Gospel Oak to Barking line
Leytonstone
Leytonstone High Road ( )
Gospel Oak to
Barking Line
Leyton
Great Eastern Main Line
to Norwich
Lea Valley lines
Stratford
Docklands Light Railway
to Stratford International
Docklands Light Railway
to Beckton or Woolwich Arsenal
North London line
to Richmond
Jubilee line
to Stanmore
Crossrail
opens 2019
Great Eastern Main Line
to Liverpool Street
Docklands Light Railway
to Lewisham
H&C and District lines
to Barking
Mile End
H&C and District lines
via Whitechapel
Bethnal Green
Shoreditch High Street
(proposed)
Liverpool Street
Bank
St. Paul's
Chancery Lane
Holborn
British Museum
Tottenham Court Road
Oxford Circus
Bond Street
Marble Arch
Crossrail
opens 2019
Lancaster Gate
Queensway
Notting Hill Gate
Holland Park
Shepherd's Bush ( )
West London Line
Shepherd's Bush
right-hand running starts
White City depot
(relocated underground 2007)
Wood Lane
(additional platforms)
Circle and H&C lines
to Hammersmith
Circle and H&C lines
via Liverpool Street
Wood Lane ( )
Wood Lane ( )
White City
GWR goods line
to West London Line
A40 road
right-hand running ends
to Paddington
East Acton
Great Western main line
North London line
North Acton
Acton–Northolt line
First Central
(proposed)
A40 road
West Acton
Piccadilly line
Piccadilly and District lines
via Earl's Court
A406/A40 gyratory
Hanger Lane
Ealing Broadway
Perivale
Great Western main line
to Reading
Greenford branch line
to GWML
Greenford
Chiltern Main Line
to Marylebone
Northolt
South Ruislip
Ruislip Gardens
Ruislip depot
Ruislip ( )
Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines
to Uxbridge
West Ruislip
South Harefield
Harefield Road
Denham
aborted Denham extension
Chiltern Main Line
to Birmingham
The Central line is 46 miles (74 km) long and serves 49 stations.[3][42] The line is predominantly double track, widened to three tracks for short sections south of Leytonstone and west of White City; no track is shared with any other line though some sections do parallel other routes. Total track length is 91.4 miles (147.1 km), of which 32.8 miles (52.8 km) is in tunnel;[3][43] this track is electrified with a four-rail DC system: a central conductor rail is energised at −210 V and a rail outside the running rail at +420 V, giving a potential difference of 630 V.[44]
The single-track line north of Epping, which closed in 1994, is now the Epping Ongar heritage railway. As of May 2013[update] shuttle services operate on weekends between North Weald and Ongar and North Weald and Coopersale.[45] These do not call at Blake Hall, as the station platform was removed by London Transport after the station closed, and the remaining building is now a private residence. The track at Blake Hall has been restored but trains do not stop at the station as it is private.
The section between Leyton and just south of Loughton is the oldest railway alignment in use on the current London Underground system, having been opened on 22 August 1856 by the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR). Loughton to Epping was opened on 24 April 1865 by the ECR's successor, the Great Eastern Railway (GER), along with the section to Ongar. The Hainault Loop was originally the greater part of the Fairlop Loop opened by the GER on 1 May 1903.[46]
The line has three junctions:
Woodford Junction is a flat junction
north of Leytonstone the branch to Newbury Park descends into tube tunnels under the older route to Woodford
west of North Acton there is another burrowing junction separating the lines to Ealing Broadway and West Ruislip.[43]
The line has the shortest escalator on the London Underground system, at Stratford (previously at Chancery Lane), with a rise of 4.1 metres (13 ft)[47] and at Stratford and Greenford the only stations where escalators take passengers up to the trains. That at Greenford was the last escalator with wooden treads on the system until it was replaced in March 2014. They were exempt from fire regulations because they were outside the tunnel system.[48][49]
The line has the shallowest Tube platforms on the system, at Redbridge, just 7.9 metres (26 ft) below the road, and the sharpest curve, the Caxton Curve, between Shepherds Bush and White City.[3]
List of stations[edit]
Open stations[edit]
Station
Image
Opened/[50]services started
Branch
Notes
West Ruislip 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Ruislip branch Connects with National rail services. Opened as Ruislip & Ickenham in 1906 by Great Western and Great Central Joint Committee (GW&GCJC), renamed West Ruislip (for Ickenham) in 1947; the suffix was later dropped.[51]
Ruislip Gardens 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Ruislip branch Opened in 1934 by GW&GCJC, main line services withdrawn 1958.[52]
South Ruislip 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Ruislip branch Connects with National rail services. Opened as Northolt Junction by GW&GCJC in 1908, renamed South Ruislip & Northolt Junction in 1932, and renamed in 1947.[53]
Northolt 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Ruislip branch Replaced a nearby GWR station that had opened in 1907.[53]
Greenford 000000001947-06-30-000030 June 1947 Ruislip branch Connects with national rail service to West Ealing, Ealing Broadway and Paddington (in bay platform). GWR station opened in 1904.[54] The station was the last one to retain a wooden escalator, this being removed during 2014.
Perivale 000000001947-06-30-000030 June 1947 Ruislip branch Opened by GWR as "Perivale Halt" in 1904, closed 1915–20; Halt suffix lost in 1922.[55]
Hanger Lane 000000001947-06-30-000030 June 1947 Ruislip branch
Ealing Broadway 000000001920-08-03-00003 August 1920 Ealing branch Change for District line and main line trains. Opened by District Railway in 1879, link to main line station opened in 1965/6.[56]
West Acton 000000001923-11-05-00005 November 1923 Ealing branch
North Acton 000000001923-11-05-00005 November 1923 Main route GWR station opened in 1904, moved to the current position in 1913 and closed in 1947.[57]
East Acton 000000001920-08-03-00003 August 1920 Main route Right-hand running ends some distance southeast of the station from White City.
White City 000000001947-11-23-000023 November 1947 Main route Trains run right-handed through this station
Shepherd's Bush 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Refurbished in 2008. To the west of the station, right-hand running starts en route to White City.
Holland Park 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route
Notting Hill Gate 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Change for Circle and District lines
Queensway 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Opened as Queens Road; renamed 1 September 1946
Lancaster Gate 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route
Marble Arch 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route
Bond Street 000000001900-09-24-000024 September 1900 Main route Change for Jubilee line
Oxford Circus 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Change for Bakerloo and Victoria lines
Tottenham Court Road 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Connects with Northern line. Opened as Oxford Street; renamed 9 March 1908.
Holborn 000000001933-09-25-000025 September 1933 Main route Originally opened as a Piccadilly station on 15 December 1906, Central line platforms opened later and station renamed Holborn (Kingsway); the suffix was later dropped.
Chancery Lane 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Renamed Chancery Lane (Gray's Inn) 25 June 1934; the suffix was later dropped
St. Paul's 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Opened as Post Office; renamed 1 February 1937
Bank 000000001900-07-30-000030 July 1900 Main route Change for Circle, District, Northern and Waterloo & City lines and DLR
Liverpool Street 000000001912-07-28-000028 July 1912 Main route Change for Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines.
Bethnal Green 000000001946-12-04-00004 December 1946 Main route
Mile End 000000001946-12-04-00004 December 1946 Main route Cross-Platform connection with District and Hammersmith & City lines. Opened in 1902 for District Railway services.[58]
Stratford 000000001946-12-04-00004 December 1946 Main route Connects with Jubilee line, London Overground, DLR and national rail services. Opened by Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) in 1839.[59]
Leyton 000000001947-05-05-00005 May 1947 Main route Opened as Low Leyton by ECR in 1856, renamed in 1868.[60]
Leytonstone 000000001947-05-05-00005 May 1947 Main route Opened by ECR in 1856.[61]
Wanstead 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Hainault loop During the war, it was used as an air raid shelter and the tunnels as a munitions factory for Plessey electronics.
Redbridge 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Hainault loop During the war, the completed tunnels at Redbridge were used by the Plessey company as an aircraft parts factory.
Gants Hill 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Hainault loop During the war, it was used as an air raid shelter and the tunnels as a munitions factory for Plessey electronics.
Newbury Park 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Hainault loop Opened 1903 on the GER Ilford to Woodford Fairlop Loop line.[62]
Barkingside 000000001948-05-31-000031 May 1948 Hainault loop Opened 1903 on the GER Fairlop Loop, closed 1916–19.[63]
Fairlop 000000001948-05-31-000031 May 1948 Hainault loop Opened 1903 on the GER Fairlop Loop.[64]
Hainault 000000001948-05-31-000031 May 1948 Hainault loop Opened 1903 on the GER Fairlop Loop, closed 1908–30.[65]
Grange Hill 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Hainault loop Opened 1903 on the GER Fairlop Loop.[66]
Chigwell 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Hainault loop Opened 1903 on the GER Fairlop Loop.[64]
Roding Valley 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Hainault loop Trains continue to Woodford. Opened 1936 by the LNER on the Fairlop Loop.[67]
Snaresbrook 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Epping branch Opened as Snaresbrook & Wanstead by ECR in 1856, renamed Snaresbrook for Wanstead in 1929, renamed for the transfer to the Central line.[60]
South Woodford 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Epping branch Opened by ECR in 1856 as George Lane, and renamed South Woodford (George Lane) in 1937, current name from 1950. "(George Lane)" still appears on some of the platform roundels.[68]
Woodford 000000001947-12-14-000014 December 1947 Epping branch/Hainault loop Opened by ECR in 1856.[61]
Buckhurst Hill 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Epping branch Opened as a single line by ECR in 1856, moved slightly when line doubled in 1881/2.[69]
Loughton 000000001948-11-21-000021 November 1948 Epping branch Opened by ECR in 1856, moved when line was extended to Ongar in 1865, and again in 1940.[61]
Debden 000000001949-09-25-000025 September 1949 Epping branch Opened by GER in 1865 as Chigwell Road, renamed Chigwell Lane later the same year. Closed 1916–19, named changed when transferred to Central line.[70]
Theydon Bois 000000001949-09-25-000025 September 1949 Epping branch Opened by GER in 1865 as Theydon, renamed later the same year.[71]
Epping 000000001949-09-25-000025 September 1949 Epping branch Opened by GER in 1865.[72]
Former stations[edit]
on the Denham extension, aborted due to its location in a remote area inside the Metropolitan Green Belt:
Denham; it was never connected.
Harefield Road; it was never opened.
Wood Lane; closed 22 November 1947[50]
British Museum; closed 24 September 1933[50]
on the shuttle service from Epping to Ongar, closed in September 1994:
North Weald; it was first served by the Central line on 25 September 1949,[50] taking over the Great Eastern Railway (GER)'s services. It closed on 30 September 1994.[50]
Blake Hall; it was first served by the Central line 25 September 1949. The station closed on 31 October 1981.[50]
Ongar; it was first served by the Central line, which took over the GER services, on 25 September 1949.[50] It was closed on 30 September 1994[50]
Rolling stock[edit]
Former rolling stock[edit]
View of Bank station in 1903 showing the original electric multiple units
When the railway opened in 1900, it was operated by electric locomotives hauling carriages with passengers boarding via lattice gates at each end. The locomotives had a large unsprung mass, which caused vibrations that could be felt in the buildings above the route. After an investigation by the Board of Trade, by 1903 the carriages had been adapted to run as trailers and formed with new motor cars into electric multiple units.[73] The Central London Railway trains normally ran with six cars, four trailers and two motor-cars, although some trailers were later equipped with control equipment to allow trains to be formed with 3 cars.[74] Work started in 1912 on an extension to Ealing Broadway, and new more powerful motor-cars were ordered. These arrived in 1915, but completion of the extension was delayed due to the outbreak of World War I, and the cars stored. In 1917 they were lent to the Bakerloo line, where they ran on the newly opened extension to Watford Junction. Returning in 1920/21 and formed with trailers converted from the original carriages they became the Ealing Stock.[14] In 1925–28 the trains were rebuilt, replacing the gated ends with air-operated doors, allowing the number of guards to be reduced to two.[75] After reconstruction of the Central London Railway tunnels, the trains were replaced by Standard Stock transferred from other lines and the last of the original trains ran in service in 1939.[76]
Standard Stock behind a steam autotrain service at Epping in 1957
The Standard Stock ran as 6-car trains until 1947, when 8-car trains became possible after Wood Lane was replaced by a new station at White City. More cars were transferred from other lines as they were replaced by 1938 Stock.[77] In the early 1960s there was a plan to re-equip the Piccadilly line with new trains and transfer its newer Standard Stock to the Central line to replace the older cars there, some of which had been stored in the open during the Second World War and were becoming increasingly unreliable.[78] However, after the first deliveries of 1959 Stock were running on the Piccadilly it was decided to divert this stock to the Central line, together with extra non-driving motor cars to lengthen the trains from 7-car to 8-car. 1962 Stock was ordered to release the 1959 Stock for the Piccadilly line. The last Standard Stock train ran on the Central line in 1963,[79] and by May 1964 all 1959 Stock had been released to the Piccadilly line.[80]
The single track section from Epping to Ongar was not electrified until 1957, prior to which the service was operated by an autotrain, carriages attached to a steam locomotive capable of being driven from either end, hired from British Railways, and an experimental AEC three-car lightweight diesel multiple unit operated part of the shuttle service Monday-Friday in June 1952.[37] Upon electrification, 1935 Stock was used,[81] until replaced by four-car sets of 1962 Stock specially modified to cope with the limited current.[citation needed] The section closed in 1994, and is now the heritage Epping Ongar Railway.
A shuttle operated on the section from Hainault to Woodford after a train of 1960 Stock was modified to test the automatic train operation system to be used on the Victoria line. As each 1967 Stock train was delivered, it ran in test for three weeks on the shuttle service.[82]
Current rolling stock[edit]
When the signalling on the Central line needed replacement by the late 1980s, it was decided to bring forward the replacement of the 1962 Stock, due at about the time as the replacement of the 1959 Stock. The signalling was to be replaced with an updated version of the Automatic Train Operation (ATO) system used on the Victoria line, the line traction supply boosted and new trains built.[83] Prototype trains were built with two double and two single doors hung on the outside of each carriage of the train, and with electronic traction equipment that gave regenerative and rheostatic braking.[84]
In accordance with this plan, the first 8-car trains of 1992 Stock entered service in 1993,[85][86] and while the necessary signalling works for ATO were in progress, One Person Operation (OPO) was phased in between 1994 and 1995.[38] Automatic train protection was implemented 1995–97 and ATO 1999–2001, with a centralised control centre in West London.[3]
Depots[edit]
There are three depots: Ruislip, Hainault and White City.[2] Ruislip and Hainault depots were completed in 1939. During the Second World War, anti-aircraft guns were made at Ruislip Depot and the U.S. Army Transportation Corps assembled rolling stock at Hainault between 1943 and 1945.[87]
Services[edit]
As of August 2015[update] the off-peak service is:
9 trains per hour (tph) between West Ruislip and Epping
3 tph between Northolt and Loughton
9 tph between Ealing Broadway and Newbury Park
6 tph of which continue beyond Newbury Park to Hainault
3 tph between White City and Hainault (via Newbury Park)
3 tph between Hainault and Woodford
totalling 24 trains per hour (one every 2 minutes and 30 seconds) between White City and Leytonstone.
A 24-hour Night Tube service, which started on 19 August 2016, operates between Ealing Broadway and Hainault via Newbury Park/Loughton on Friday and Saturday nights.[88]
In September 2013, the frequency in the morning peak period was increased to 35 trains per hour, giving the line the most intensive train service in the UK at the time.[89] Before that date, the Victoria line held the record with 33 trains per hour; it regained it in May 2017 with an increased frequency of 36 trains per hour (one every 100 seconds) during peak periods.[90]
Future and cancelled plans[edit]
The Central crosses over the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines' shared Uxbridge branch near West Ruislip depot, and a single track linking the two routes was laid in 1973. The London Borough of Hillingdon has lobbied TfL to divert some or all Central trains along this to Uxbridge, as West Ruislip station is located in a quiet suburb and Uxbridge is a much more densely populated regional centre. TfL has stated that the link will be impossible until the Metropolitan line's signalling is upgraded in 2017.[91]
The Central line was the first Underground line to receive a complete refurbishment in the early 1990s, including the introduction of new rolling stock.[92] A new generation of deep-level tube trains, as well as signaling upgrades, is planned for the mid-2020s, starting with the Piccadilly line, followed by the Bakerloo Line and the Central Line.[93]
The proposed Crossrail 2 line, running from south-west to north-east London and due to open by 2030, was planned for a number of years to take over the Epping branch of the Central line between Leytonstone and Epping.[94] As of 2013 the preferred route options for the line no longer include this proposal.[95]
The Central line runs directly below Shoreditch High Street station and an interchange has been desired locally since it opened in 2010. The station would lie between Liverpool Street and Bethnal Green, one of the longest gaps between stations in inner London. Although there would be benefits to this interchange, it was ruled out on grounds of cost, the disruption it would cause to the Central line while being built and because the platforms would be too close to sidings at Liverpool Street and would not be developed until after Crossrail is fully operational.[96]
The developers of the First Central business park at Park Royal, west London, were planning a new station between North Acton and Hanger Lane. This would have served the business park and provided a walking distance interchange with Park Royal station on the Piccadilly line.[97] This is not being actively pursued; London Underground has said that the transport benefits of a Park Royal station on the Central line are not sufficiently high to justify the costs of construction.[98]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ To encourage the building of tube railways, the wayleave for building under streets was free.
^ Power was generated at 5000 volts at 33 1⁄3 Hertz from six 850 kW generators at Wood Lane.
^ The CLR locomotives had been designed such that the motor armatures were built directly on the axles. This was intended to reduce noise from gearboxes which would otherwise be necessary.
^ Although the Board of Trade forbade this system being used on any future passenger railway, it was used in this case because the trains were experimental and were forbidden to carry fare-paying passengers.
^ The CLR adopted the American term of 'car' rather than 'coach' with the introduction of the Electrical Multiple Unit.
^ "LU Performance Data Almanac" (2011/12 ed.). Transport for London. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
^ a b "London Underground Key Facts". Transport for London. n.d. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
^ a b c d e "Central line facts". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
^ "Central Line Timetable" (PDF). TfL. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
^ "Tube Map". TfL. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 52.
^ a b Green 1987, p. 21.
^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 53.
^ Horne 1987, p. 16.
^ a b Day & Reed 2010, pp. 56–57.
^ Green 1987, p. 22.
^ Day & Reed 2010, pp. 58–59.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 119.
^ a b Bruce 1988, pp. 31–33.
^ "No. 28666". The London Gazette. 26 November 1912. pp. 9018–9021.
^ "No. 28747". The London Gazette. 19 August 1913. pp. 5929–5931.
^ a b Badsey-Ellis 2005, pp. 273–274.
^ "No. 31656". The London Gazette. 25 November 1919. p. 14473.
^ "No. 32009". The London Gazette. 6 August 1920. pp. 8171–8172.
^ Green 1987, p. 42.
^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 110.
^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 212.
^ a b Day & Reed 2010, p. 116.
^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 124.
^ a b Day & Reed 2010, p. 134.
^ a b Day & Reed 2010, p. 142.
^ Leboff 1994, pp. 88–89.
^ "The National Heritage List for England (No.1141221 )". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 288.
^ a b c Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 294.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 286.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 287, 291.
^ a b Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 291.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 295–297.
^ a b Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 296.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 347.
^ a b Day & Reed 2010, p. 149.
^ a b Day & Reed 2010, p. 200.
^ Day & Reed 2010, pp. 214–215.
^ "Derailment at Chancery Lane, 25 January 2003" (PDF). Health and Safety Executive. March 2006.
^ "PPP Performance Report" (PDF). Transport for London. 2010. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ "Key facts". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
^ a b "Detailed London Transport Map". carto.metro.free.fr. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
^ Martin, Andrew (26 April 2012). Underground, Overground: A Passenger's History of the Tube. London: Profile Books. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-1-84765-807-4. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "Timetable". Epping Ongar Railway. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ Brown 2012.
^ "Key facts". Transport for London. Transport for London. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "The last wooden escalator". 16 August 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "Tube's only wooden escalator to carry last passengers". 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h Rose 2007.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 152.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 117.
^ a b Leboff 1994, p. 126.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 64.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 108.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 42.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 97.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 92.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 160.
^ a b Leboff 1994, p. 86.
^ a b c Leboff 1994, p. 87.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 96.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 18.
^ a b Leboff 1994, p. 54.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 65.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 63.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 115.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 127.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 27.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 41.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 134.
^ Leboff 1994, p. 53.
^ Bruce 1988, pp. 25–29.
^ Bruce 1988, p. 30.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 201–202.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 247–248.
^ Bruce 1988, pp. 71–72.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 313, 318.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 328.
^ Bruce 1988, p. 92.
^ Bruce 1988, p. 76.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 338.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 470.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 471–473.
^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 198.
^ "Rolling Stock Information Sheets" (PDF). London Underground. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 294–295.
^ Transport for London (November 2016). Night Tube Map (gif) (Map). Not to scale. Transport for London.
^ "Tube improvement plan: Central line". Transport for London. n.d. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^ Dan Templeton (26 May 2017). "New Victoria Line timetable increases frequency". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
^ Coombs, Dan (17 June 2011). "'Extending Central Line to Uxbridge will cut traffic'". Uxbridge Gazette. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011.
^ "Tube upgrade plan: Central line". Transport for London. n.d. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
^ "Improving the Trains". Transport for London. August 2017.
^ "Chelsea-Hackney Line Safeguarding Directions" (PDF). Cross London Rail Links. 5 March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2007.
^ "Crossrail 2: Supporting London's Growth" (PDF). London First. February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
^ Hawkins, John. "Meeting Reports: The East London Line Extension" (PDF). London Underground Railway Society.
^ First Central Business Park.
^ "Proposed Park Royal Central Line station" (PDF). London Borough of Brent. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
Books[edit]
Brown, Joe (1 October 2012). London Railway Atlas (3rd ed.). Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3728-1.
Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005). London's Lost Tube Schemes. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-293-3.
Bruce, J Graeme (1988). The London Underground Tube Stock. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1707-7.
Croome, D.; Jackson, A (1993). Rails Through The Clay — A History Of London's Tube Railways (2nd ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-151-1.
Day, John R; Reed, John (2010) [1963]. The Story of London's Underground (11th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-341-9.
Green, Oliver (1987). The London Underground — An illustrated history. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1720-4.
Horne, Mike A.C. (1987). The Central Line: A Short History. North Finchley: Douglas Rose. ISBN 1-870354-01-X. OCLC 59844512. OL 12070417M.
Leboff, David (1994). London Underground Stations. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-2226-3.
Rose, Douglas (December 2007) [1980]. The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History (8th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0.
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Epping Ongar Railway – The company currently owning the Epping and Ongar branch and running trains on it.
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Baby New Year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1897 Baby New Year with Father Time
1908 Baby New Year on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.
The Baby New Year is a personification of the start of the New Year commonly seen in editorial cartoons. He symbolizes the "birth" of the next year and the "passing" of the prior year; in other words, a "rebirth".[1] Baby New Year's purpose varies by myth, but he generally performs some sort of ceremonial duty over the course of his year such as chronicling[2] the year's events or presiding over the year as a symbol.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Legend
2 Representation
3 Baby New Year title
4 Popular culture
5 References
Legend[edit]
The myth most associated with him is that he is a baby at the beginning of his year, but Baby New Year quickly ages until he is elderly (like Father Time, with whom he is often associated[4]) at the end of his year. Very rarely is the Baby New Year depicted as any age other than a baby or as a very old man. Some stories, especially those with depictions of years past, will have him bear a strong likeness to key events in his time.[5] At this point, he hands over his duties to the next Baby New Year, while he either dies or remains in this state and retires.[6]
Representation[edit]
The stereotypical representation of Baby New Year is as a baby boy wearing nothing more than a diaper, a top hat and a sash across his torso that shows the year he is representing (e.g. 2013).[7][5][8] He is sometimes depicted holding or associated with an hourglass, a noisemaker, or other item either pertaining to time or New Year's Day festivities. Often, he is not a complete newborn but instead more closely resembles a toddler, because he is frequently shown standing on his own, crawling or barely walking, or having a small amount of (usually blond) hair.
Baby New Year title[edit]
In addition to being a mythical figure, the title of "Baby New Year" is sometimes given to living people. The first baby born in any village or city in a certain year may be honored by being labeled as the official Baby New Year for that year.[9][10][11][12] The official Baby New Year can be male or female, even though the mythical Baby New Year is nearly always male. Attempts to name an official Baby New Year for an entire country have sometimes been made, but generally there are multiple contenders and no single Baby New Year can be confirmed. There has however been a great deal of several who have come close. Numerous hospitals no longer make a Baby New Year public due to concerns that the infant will become a target for criminals.[13]
Popular culture[edit]
Baby New Year is featured in the TV special Rudolph's Shiny New Year. The featured Baby New Year is named Happy who goes missing before New Year's Eve and Rudolph had to travel to the Archipelago of Last Years (a bunch of islands where the old years go to retire) to find him before a vulture named Aeon the Terrible gets to him in order to keep the year from ending and stop time, thus preventing his predestined death. Happy ran away due to being laughed at because of his big ears which he wears under his top hat. Rudolph shows Happy his nose and tells him his own story of being shunned because of his nonconformity before asking Happy to let him see his ears. After Happy's ears played a part in defeating Aeon the Terrible, Happy is returned to Father Time as the year "Nineteen-Wonderful" begins.[5]
A parody of Baby New Year, given the name "Big Fat Baby," appears in the animated series Histeria!
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rudolph's Shiny New Year; [5]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ [7][permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ [9]
Jump up ^ [10]
Jump up ^ First baby of 2015? It's a secret in many places Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine.. Associated Press. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
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Sweet pea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sweet Pea (disambiguation).
Sweet pea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Vicieae
Genus: Lathyrus
Species: L. odoratus
Binomial name
Lathyrus odoratus
L.
The sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) is a flowering plant in the genus Lathyrus in the family Fabaceae (legumes), native to Sicily, Cyprus, southern Italy and the Aegean Islands.[1]
It is an annual climbing plant, growing to a height of 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in–6 ft 7 in), where suitable support is available. The leaves are pinnate with two leaflets and a terminal tendril, which twines around supporting plants and structures, helping the sweet pea to climb. In the wild plant the flowers are purple, 2–3.5 centimetres (0.79–1.38 in) broad; they are larger and very variable in color in the many cultivars.
The annual species, L. odoratus, may be confused with the everlasting pea, L. latifolius, a perennial.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Horticultural development
2 Cultivation
3 Pests and diseases
4 Toxicity
5 Genetics
6 Hybridization with Lathyrus belinensis
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
Horticultural development[edit]
Scottish nurseryman Henry Eckford (1823–1905) cross-bred and developed the sweet pea, turning it from a rather insignificant if sweetly scented flower into a floral sensation of the late Victorian era.
His initial success and recognition came while serving as head gardener for the Earl of Radnor, raising new cultivars of pelargoniums and dahlias. In 1870 he went to work for one Dr. Sankey of Sandywell near Gloucester. A member of the Royal Horticultural Society, he was awarded a First Class Certificate (the top award) in 1882 for introducing the sweet pea cultivar 'Bronze Prince', marking the start of association with the flower. In 1888 he set up his development and trial fields for sweet peas in Wem in Shropshire. By 1901, he had introduced a total of 115 of the 264 cultivars grown at the time.[3] Eckford was presented with the RHS Victoria Medal of Honour for his work. He died in 1906, but his work was continued for a time by his son John Eckford.
More recently, the association between the sweet pea, the Eckfords and Wem has been highlighted again. In the late 1980s, the Sweet Pea Society of Wem started an annual show. Many of the street signs now carry a sweet-pea motif, and an area of the town is known as Eckford Park. There is also a cultivar 'Dorothy Eckford', named after a family member.
Cultivation[edit]
Sweet pea at fencing
Sweet peas have been cultivated since the 17th century and a vast number of cultivars are commercially available. They are grown for their flower colour (usually in pastel shades of blue, pink, purple and white, including bi-colours), and for their intense unique fragrance. They are grown by gardeners for private enjoyment or for exhibition, and in the floristry trade. The large, pea-shaped seeds are sown in cold frames in Spring or Autumn. The seeds benefit from pre-soaking or chipping with a sharp blade. The plants are also available later in the season, as young plants or plugs. They are grown up canes, with the new shoots being regularly pinched out to promote a bushy habit and higher flower yields. Plants typically reach heights of 1-2m, with the flowers appearing in midsummer and continuing for many weeks if regularly deadheaded.[4]
Over 50 cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. See List of AGM sweet peas
Pests and diseases[edit]
The sweet pea plant does suffer from some pests, the most common being aphids. These insects suck the sap out of the plants, reducing growth. Mosaic virus is spread by greenfly, causing yellowing of leaves, distortion of new shoots, and inhibited flowering.
A pest called the pollen beetle which is small, shiny and black, eats the pollen and disfigures the flowers. Other pests include caterpillars, thrips, slugs and snails. Another problem is mildew; this is a white powdery coating that covers the leaves and slows down growth.
The sweet pea is also susceptible to ethylene in quantities produced by senescing plants. Because of this, growers are encouraged to plant sweet peas away from fruit trees among other plants prone to early dieback or senescence.
Toxicity[edit]
Unlike the edible pea, there is evidence that seeds of members of the genus Lathyrus are toxic if ingested in quantity. A related species, Lathyrus sativus, is grown for human consumption but when it forms a major part of the diet it causes symptoms of toxicity called lathyrism.[5]
In studies of rats, animals fed a diet of 50% sweet pea seeds developed enlarged adrenals relative to control animals fed on edible peas.[6] The main effect is thought to be on the formation of collagen. Symptoms are similar to those of scurvy and copper deficiency, which share the common feature of inhibiting proper formation of collagen fibrils. Seeds of the sweet pea contain beta-aminopropionitrile that prevents the cross-linking of collagen by inhibiting lysyl oxidase and thus the formation of hydroxylysine, leading to loose skin. Recent experiments have attempted to develop this chemical as a treatment to avoid disfiguring skin contractions after skin grafting.[7]
Genetics[edit]
Gregor Mendel is today recognized as the "Father of Modern Genetics" for his work with the cross breeding of pea plants (Pisum sativum) with different characteristics, and sweet pea has been used in a similar way. The sweet pea is thus a model organism being used in early experimentations in genetics, particularly by the pioneer geneticist Reginald Punnett. It is highly suitable as a genetic subject because of its ability to self-pollinate and its easily observed Mendelian traits such as colour, height and petal form. Many genetic principles were discovered or confirmed in this species. It was used by Punnett in early studies of genetic linkage.[8] Complementary factor inheritance was also elucidated in sweet peas, from the cross of two pure-breeding white strains which gave rise to a blue hybrid, the blue colour requiring two genes derived independently from the two white parents.[9]
Hybridization with Lathyrus belinensis[edit]
Like the blue rose, the yellow sweet pea remains elusive. Lathyrus belinensis is a related Lathyrus species which has red and yellow flowers. There are ongoing attempts to bring the yellow color into Lathyrus odoratus by crossing it with Lathyrus belinensis. Several new sweet pea cultivars have been created as a result, though not any with the yellow flower color so far.[10]
Gallery[edit]
Sweet Pea in Pakistan
Sweet Pea in Kohat
Sweet Pea in Kohat
Sweet Pea white
Sweet Pea in Garhi Banoorian
Sweet Pea in Pakistan
Sweet Pea in Pakistan
See also[edit]
List of AGM sweet peas - list of sweet peas that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit
References[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Lathyrus odoratus
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lathyrus odoratus.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article Sweet Pea.
Jump up ^ Euro+Med Plantbase
Jump up ^ Brickell, C. (1996). Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Royal Horticultural Society, London, ISBN 0-7513-0436-0.
Jump up ^ Graham Rice, The Sweet Pea Book, Batsford 2002, p.9
Jump up ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
Jump up ^ Dastur, D.K. and Iyer, C.G. (1959). Lathyrism versus odoratism. Nutr. Rev. 17:33-6.
Jump up ^ Dasler, W. (1954). Observations of odoratism (sweet pea lathyrism) in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 53: 105-13.
Jump up ^ Sweet peas make a second skin - Guardian, UK, July 2008
Jump up ^ Punnett, R.C. (1923). Linkage in the sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus). Journal of Genetics 13: 101–123.
Jump up ^ Bateson, W., Saunders, E.R. and Punnett, R.C. (1906). Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity. Reports to the Evolution Committee, Royal Society of London 3.
Jump up ^ Dawn Edwards. Developing a yellow sweet pea
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q163944
APDB: 70783
Calflora: 4616
EoL: 703179
EPPO: LTHOD
FoC: 200012184
GBIF: 5356514
GRIN: 21596
iNaturalist: 77641
IPNI: 501909-1
ITIS: 25864
IUCN: 176367
NCBI: 3859
NZOR: d1f991ce-c586-4ec4-9ecf-d9ae1c4d99f6
PfaF: odoratus Lathyrus odoratus
Plant List: ild-7772
PLANTS: LAOD
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:501909-1
Tropicos: 13021655
VASCAN: 5753
Authority control
LCCN: sh85131179
NDL: 01079079
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_pea&oldid=835737838"
Categories:
Lathyrus
Annual plants
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Garden plants
Garden plants of Europe
Plants described in 1753
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