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Songs Our Daddy Taught Us
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Songs Our Daddy Taught Us
Studio album by The Everly Brothers
Released
December 1958
Recorded
August 13-17, 1958
Genre
Country folk, country, close harmony
Length
40:22
Label
Cadence
Producer
Archie Bleyer
The Everly Brothers chronology
The Everly Brothers
(1958) Songs Our Daddy Taught Us
(1958) The Best of the Everly Brothers
(1959)
Songs Our Daddy Taught Us is the second album by close harmony country/rock and roll duo The Everly Brothers, released in 1958. The album is a selection of songs that the brothers learned as boys from their father, Ike Everly. Originally released on Cadence Records, the album has been re-released on LP and CD many times, primarily by Rhino and EMI.
Contents
1 Reception
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
4 Legacy
5 References
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Music journalist Richie Unterberger notes that the album of traditional music, released at the peak of the duo's commercial success as a rock and roll act, was unexpected and "ahead of its time".[1] Rolling Stone, which awarded the album 4 out of 5 stars, noted that not even Elvis Presley "had the nerve to do an album as rootsy" as this one.[2]
Track listing[edit]
"Roving Gambler" (Terry Gilkyson) – 3:41
"Down in the Willow Garden" (Charlie Monroe, traditional) – 3:04
"Long Time Gone" (Frank Hartford, Tex Ritter, traditional) – 2:26
"Lightning Express" (Bradley Kincaid) – 4:53
"That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine" (Gene Autry, Jimmy Long) – 3:09
"Who's Gonna Shoe Your Pretty Little Feet?" (traditional) – 2:41
"Barbara Allen" (traditional) – 4:41
"Oh So Many Years" (Frankie Bailes) – 2:37
"I'm Here to Get My Baby Out of Jail" (Karl Davis, Harty Taylor) – 3:38
"Rockin' Alone (In an Old Rockin' Chair)" (Bob Miller) – 3:01
"Kentucky" (Karl Davis, credited to Henry Prichard) – 3:10
"Put My Little Shoes Away" (Samuel N. Mitchell, Charles E. Pratt) – 3:21
Personnel[edit]
Don Everly — guitar, vocals
Phil Everly — guitar, vocals
Floyd Chance — upright bass
Legacy[edit]
Main article: Foreverly
In 2013, Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong and jazz singer Norah Jones recorded a remake of the album, titled Foreverly. It was released on November 25, 2013.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Unterberger, Richie. "Songs Our Daddy Taught Us > Review". Allmusic. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brackett, Nathan. (2004) The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed, Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. p 287.
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The Everly Brothers
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Christmas with the Everly Brothers and the Boystown Choir
The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits
Gone Gone Gone
Rock'n Soul
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In Our Image
Two Yanks in England
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The Everly Brothers Sing
Roots
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Pass the Chicken & Listen
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All They Had to Do Was Dream
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Stories We Could Tell:The RCA Years
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Give Me a Future
Singles
"Bye Bye Love"
"Wake Up Little Susie"
"This Little Girl of Mine"
"Should We Tell Him"
"All I Have to Do Is Dream"
"Bird Dog"
"Devoted to You"
"Problems"
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"(Till) I Kissed You"
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"Cathy's Clown"
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"Like Strangers"
"Be-Bop-A-Lula"
"Lucille"
"Walk Right Back"
"Ebony Eyes"
"Temptation"
"Don't Blame Me"
"Crying in the Rain"
"That's Old Fashioned (That's the Way Love Should Be)"
"Don't Ask Me to Be Friends"
"Love Her"
"Ain't That Lovin' You, Baby"
"That'll Be the Day"
"The Price of Love"
"Love Is Strange"
"(You Got) The Power of Love"
"Somebody Help Me"
"Bowling Green"
"Love of the Common People"
"Carolina in My Mind"
"Not Fade Away"
"The Air That I Breathe" (Phil Everly solo)
"Brother Jukebox" (Don Everly solo)
"Dare to Dream Again" (Phil Everly solo)
"On the Wings of a Nightingale"
"Don't Worry Baby"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
Related topics
Discography
List of songs
Gibson Everly Brothers Flattop
Venetia Stevenson
Edan Everly
James Best
Book
Category
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Government debt
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Government debt (also known as public interest, national debt and sovereign debt)[1][2] is the debt owed by a government. By contrast, the annual "government deficit" refers to the difference between government receipts and spending in a single year.
A central government with its own currency can pay for its spending by creating money ex novo.[3] In this instance, a government issues securities not to raise funds, but instead to remove excess bank reserves (caused by government spending that is higher than tax receipts) and '...create a shortage of reserves in the market so that the system as a whole must come to the [central] Bank for liquidity.' [4]
Governments create debt by issuing securities, government bonds and bills. Less creditworthy countries sometimes borrow directly from a supranational organization (e.g. the World Bank) or international financial institutions.
In countries which are monetarily sovereign (such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom and most other countries, in contrast with eurozone countries), government debt held in the home currency are merely savings accounts held at the central bank. In this way this "debt" has a very different meaning to the debt acquired by households who are restricted by their income. Monetarily sovereign governments issue their own currencies and do not need this income to finance spending. In these self-financing nations, government debt is effectively an account of all the money that has been spent but not yet taxed back. Their ability to issue currency means they can always service the interest repayments on these savings accounts. This is why bonds and gilts are considered the safest form of investment.
Government debt can be categorized as internal debt (owed to lenders within the country) and external debt (owed to foreign lenders). Another common division of government debt is by duration until repayment is due. Short term debt is generally considered to be for one year or less, long term is for more than ten years. Medium term debt falls between these two boundaries. A broader definition of government debt may consider all government liabilities, including future pension payments and payments for goods and services the government has contracted but not yet paid.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Government and sovereign bonds
3 By country
4 Municipal, provincial, or state bonds
5 Denominated in reserve currencies
6 Risk
7 Clearing and defaults
8 Economic policy basis
9 Structure and risk of a public debt
10 Problems
11 Implicit debt
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
The sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694)
During the Early Modern era, European monarchs would often default on their loans or arbitrarily refuse to pay them back. This generally made financiers wary of lending to the king and the finances of countries that were often at war remained extremely volatile.
The creation of the first central bank in England—an institution designed to lend to the government—was initially an expedient by William III of England for the financing of his war against France. He engaged a syndicate of city traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt. This syndicate soon evolved into the Bank of England, eventually financing the wars of the Duke of Marlborough and later Imperial conquests.
A new way to pay the National Debt, James Gillray, 1786. King George III, with William Pitt handing him another moneybag.
The establishment of the bank was devised by Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, in 1694, to the plan which had been proposed by William Paterson three years before, but had not been acted upon.[5] He proposed a loan of £1.2m to the government; in return the subscribers would be incorporated as The Governor and Company of the Bank of England with long-term banking privileges including the issue of notes. The Royal Charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694.[6]
The founding of the Bank of England revolutionised public finance and put an end to defaults such as the Great Stop of the Exchequer of 1672, when Charles II had suspended payments on his bills. From then on, the British Government would never fail to repay its creditors.[7] In the following centuries, other countries in Europe and later around the world adopted similar financial institutions to manage their government debt.
1815, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, British government debt reached a peak of more than 200% of GDP.[8]
Government and sovereign bonds[edit]
Main article: government bond
Public debt as a percent of GDP, evolution for USA, Japan and the main EU economies.
Public debt as a percent of GDP by CIA
Government debt as a percent of GDP by IMF
A government bond is a bond issued by a national government. Such bonds are most often denominated in the country's domestic currency. Sovereigns can also issue debt in foreign currencies: almost 70% of all debt in 2000 was denominated in US dollars.[9] Government bonds are sometimes regarded as risk-free bonds, because national governments can if necessary create money de novo to redeem the bond in their own currency at maturity. Although many governments are prohibited by law from creating money directly (that function having been delegated to their central banks), central banks may provide finance by buying government bonds, sometimes referred to as monetizing the debt.
Government debt, synonymous to sovereign debt,[10] can be issued either in domestic or foreign currencies. Investors in sovereign bonds denominated in foreign currency have exchange rate risk: the foreign currency might depreciate against the investor's local currency. Sovereigns issuing debt denominated in a foreign currency may furthermore be unable to obtain that foreign currency to service debt. In the 2010 Greek debt crisis, for example, the debt is held by Greece in Euros, and one proposed solution (advanced notably by World Pensions Council (WPC) financial economists) is for Greece to go back to issuing its own drachma.[11][12] This proposal would only address future debt issuance, leaving substantial existing debts denominated in what would then be a foreign currency, potentially doubling their cost[13]
By country[edit]
This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page. (October 2015)
General government debt as percent of GDP, United States, Japan, Germany.
Interest burden of public debt with respect to GDP.
National Debt Clock outside the IRS office in NYC, April 20, 2012
Further information: List of countries by public debt and List of countries by future gross government debt
Public debt is the total of all borrowing of a government, minus repayments denominated in a country's home currency. CIA's World Factbook lists only the percentages of GDP; the total debt and per capita amounts have been calculated in the table below using the GDP (PPP) and population figures of the same report.
A debt to GDP ratio is one of the most accepted ways of assessing the significance of a nation's debt. For example, one of the criteria of admission to the European Union's euro currency is that an applicant country's debt should not exceed 60% of that country's GDP.
National public debts greater than 0.5% of world public debt, 2012 estimates (CIA World Factbook 2013)[14]
country
public debt
(billion USD)
% of GDP
per capita (USD)
% of world public debt
World 56,308 64% 7,936 100.0%
United States* 17,607 74% 55,630 31.3%
Japan 9,872 214% 77,577 17.5%
China 3,894 32% 2,885 6.9%
Germany 2,592 82% 31,945 4.6%
Italy 2,334 126% 37,956 4.1%
France 2,105 90% 31,915 3.7%
United Kingdom 2,064 89% 32,553 3.7%
Brazil 1,324 55% 6,588 2.4%
Spain 1,228 85% 25,931 2.2%
Canada 1,206 84% 34,902 2.1%
India 995 52% 830 1.8%
Mexico 629 35% 5,416 1.1%
South Korea 535 34% 10,919 1.0%
Turkey 489 40% 6,060 0.9%
Netherlands 488 69% 29,060 0.9%
Egypt 479 85% 5,610 0.9%
Greece 436 161% 40,486 0.8%
Poland 434 54% 11,298 0.8%
Belgium 396 100% 37,948 0.7%
Singapore 370 111% 67,843 0.7%
Taiwan 323 36% 13,860 0.6%
Argentina 323 42% 7,571 0.6%
Indonesia 311 25% 1,240 0.6%
Russia 308 12% 2,159 0.6%
Portugal 297 120% 27,531 0.5%
Thailand 292 43% 4,330 0.5%
Pakistan 283 50% 1,462 0.5%
* US data exclude debt issued by individual US states, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of Treasury borrowings from surpluses in the trusts for Federal Social Security, Federal Employees, Hospital Insurance (Medicare and Medicaid), Disability and Unemployment, and several other smaller trusts; if data for intra-government debt were added, "Gross Debt" would increase by about one-third of GDP. The debt of the United States over time is documented online at the Department of the Treasury's website TreasuryDirect.Gov[15] as well as current totals.[16]
[show]
Outdated Tables
Public Debt Top 20, 2010 estimate (CIA World Factbook 2011)[17]
Country
Public Debt
(billion USD)
% of GDP
per capita (USD)
Note (2008 estimate)
(billion USD)
USA $9,133 62% $29,158 ($5,415, 38%)
Japan $8,512 198% $67,303 ($7,469, 172%)
Germany $2,446 83% $30,024 ($1,931, 66%)
Italy $2,113 119% $34,627 ($1,933, 106%)
India $2,107 52% $ 1,489 ($1,863, 56%)
China $1,907 19% $ 1,419 ($1,247, 16%)
France $1,767 82% $27,062 ($1,453, 68%)
UK $1,654 76% $26,375 ($1,158, 52%)
Brazil $1,281 59% $ 6,299 ($ 775, 39%)
Canada $1,117 84% $32,829 ($ 831, 64%)
Spain $ 823 60% $17,598 ($ 571, 41%)
Mexico $ 577 37% $ 5,071 ($ 561, 36%)
Greece $ 454 143% $42,216 ($ 335, 97%)
Netherlands $ 424 63% $25,152 ($ 392, 58%)
Turkey $ 411 43% $ 5,218 ($ 362, 40%)
Belgium $ 398 101% $38,139 ($ 350, 90%)
Egypt $ 398 80% $ 4,846 ($ 385, 87%)
Poland $ 381 53% $ 9,907 ($ 303, 45%)
South Korea $ 331 23% $ 6,793 ($ 326, 24%)
Singapore $ 309 106% $65,144
Taiwan $ 279 34% $12,075
Municipal, provincial, or state bonds[edit]
Further information: Municipal bond
Municipal bonds, "munis" in the United States, are debt securities issued by local governments (municipalities).
Denominated in reserve currencies[edit]
Governments often borrow money in a currency in which the demand for debt securities is strong. An advantage of issuing bonds in a currency such as the US dollar, the pound sterling, or the euro is that many investors wish to invest in such bonds. Countries such as the United States, Germany, Italy and France have only issued in their domestic currency (or in the Euro in the case of Euro members).
Relatively few investors are willing to invest in currencies that do not have a long track record of stability. A disadvantage for a government issuing bonds in a foreign currency is that there is a risk that it will not be able to obtain the foreign currency to pay the interest or redeem the bonds. In 1997 and 1998, during the Asian financial crisis, this became a serious problem when many countries were unable to keep their exchange rate fixed due to speculative attacks.
Risk[edit]
Main article: Credit risk
Although a national government may choose to default for political reasons, lending to a national government in the country's own sovereign currency is generally considered "risk free" and is done at a so-called "risk-free interest rate." This is because the debt and interest can be repaid by raising tax receipts (either by economic growth or raising tax revenue), a reduction in spending, or by creating more money. However, it is widely considered that this would increase inflation and thus reduce the value of the invested capital (at least for debt not linked to inflation). This has happened many times throughout history, and a typical example of this is provided by Weimar Germany of the 1920s, which suffered from hyperinflation when the government massively printed money, because of its inability to pay the national debt deriving from the costs of World War I.
In practice, the market interest rate tends to be different for debts of different countries. An example is in borrowing by different European Union countries denominated in euros. Even though the currency is the same in each case, the yield required by the market is higher for some countries' debt than for others. This reflects the views of the market on the relative solvency of the various countries and the likelihood that the debt will be repaid. Further, there are historical examples where countries defaulted, i.e., refused to pay their debts, even when they had the ability of paying it with printed money. This is because printing money has other effects that the government may see as more problematic than defaulting.
A politically unstable state is anything but risk-free as it may—being sovereign—cease its payments. Examples of this phenomenon include Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries, which nullified its government debt seven times during a century, and revolutionary Russia of 1917 which refused to accept the responsibility for Imperial Russia's foreign debt.[18] Another political risk is caused by external threats. It is mostly uncommon for invaders to accept responsibility for the national debt of the annexed state or that of an organization it considered as rebels. For example, all borrowings by the Confederate States of America were left unpaid after the American Civil War. On the other hand, in the modern era, the transition from dictatorship and illegitimate governments to democracy does not automatically free the country of the debt contracted by the former government. Today's highly developed global credit markets would be less likely to lend to a country that negated its previous debt, or might require punishing levels of interest rates that would be unacceptable to the borrower.
U.S. Treasury bonds denominated in U.S. dollars are often considered "risk free" in the U.S. This disregards the risk to foreign purchasers of depreciation in the dollar relative to the lender's currency. In addition, a risk-free status implicitly assumes the stability of the US government and its ability to continue repayments during any financial crisis.
Lending to a national government in a currency other than its own does not give the same confidence in the ability to repay, but this may be offset by reducing the exchange rate risk to foreign lenders. On the other hand, national debt in foreign currency cannot be disposed of by starting a hyperinflation;[citation needed] and this increases the credibility of the debtor. Usually small states with volatile economies have most of their national debt in foreign currency. For countries in the Eurozone, the euro is the local currency, although no single state can trigger inflation by creating more currency.
Lending to a local or municipal government can be just as risky as a loan to a private company, unless the local or municipal government has sufficient power to tax. In this case, the local government could to a certain extent pay its debts by increasing the taxes, or reduce spending, just as a national one could. Further, local government loans are sometimes guaranteed by the national government, and this reduces the risk. In some jurisdictions, interest earned on local or municipal bonds is tax-exempt income, which can be an important consideration for the wealthy.
Clearing and defaults[edit]
Main articles: sovereign default, clearing (finance), and default (finance)
Public debt clearing standards are set by the Bank for International Settlements, but defaults are governed by extremely complex laws which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Globally, the International Monetary Fund can take certain steps to intervene to prevent anticipated defaults. It is sometimes criticized for the measures it advises nations to take, which often involve cutting back on government spending as part of an economic austerity regime. In triple bottom line analysis, this can be seen as degrading capital on which the nation's economy ultimately depends.
Those considerations do not apply to private debts, by contrast: credit risk (or the consumer credit rating) determines the interest rate, more or less, and entities go bankrupt if they fail to repay. Governments need a far more complex way of managing defaults because they cannot really go bankrupt (and suddenly stop providing services to citizens), albeit in some cases a government may disappear as it happened in Somalia or as it may happen in cases of occupied countries where the occupier doesn't recognize the occupied country's debts.
Smaller jurisdictions, such as cities, are usually guaranteed by their regional or national levels of government. When New York City declined into what would have been a bankrupt status during the 1970s (had it been a private entity), by the mid-1970s a "bailout" was required from New York State and the United States. In general, such measures amount to merging the smaller entity's debt into that of the larger entity and thereby giving it access to the lower interest rates the larger entity enjoys. The larger entity may then assume some agreed-upon oversight in order to prevent recurrence of the problem.
Economic policy basis[edit]
According to Modern Monetary Theory, public debt is seen as private wealth and interest payments on the debt as private income. The outstanding public debt is an expression of the accumulated previous budget deficits which have added financial assets to the private sector, providing demand for goods and services. Adherents of this school of economic thought argue that the scale of the problem is much less severe than is popularly supposed.[19]
Wolfgang Stützel showed with his Saldenmechanik (Balances Mechanics) how a comprehensive debt redemption would compulsorily force a corresponding indebtedness of the private sector, due to a negative Keynes-multiplier leading to crisis and deflation.[20]
In the dominant economic policy generally ascribed to theories of John Maynard Keynes, sometimes called Keynesian economics, there is tolerance for fairly high levels of public debt to pay for public investment in lean times, which, if boom times follow, can then be paid back from rising tax revenues. Empirically, however, sovereign borrowing in developing countries is procyclical, since developing countries have more difficulty accessing capital markets in lean times.[21]
As this theory gained global popularity in the 1930s, many nations took on public debt to finance large infrastructural capital projects—such as highways or large hydroelectric dams. It was thought that this could start a virtuous cycle and a rising business confidence since there would be more workers with money to spend. Some[who?] have argued that the greatly increased military spending of World War II really ended the Great Depression. Of course, military expenditures are based upon the same tax (or debt) and spend fundamentals as the rest of the national budget, so this argument does little to undermine Keynesian theory. Indeed, some[who?] have suggested that significantly higher national spending necessitated by war essentially confirms the basic Keynesian analysis (see Military Keynesianism).
Nonetheless, the Keynesian scheme remained dominant, thanks in part to Keynes' own pamphlet How to Pay for the War, published in the United Kingdom in 1940. Since the war was being paid for, and being won, Keynes and Harry Dexter White, Assistant Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury, were, according to John Kenneth Galbraith, the dominating influences on the Bretton Woods agreements. These agreements set the policies for the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank, the so-called Bretton Woods Institutions, launched in the late 1940s for the last two (the BIS was founded in 1930).
These are the dominant economic entities setting policies regarding public debt. Due to its role in setting policies for trade disputes, the World Trade Organization also has immense power to affect foreign exchange relations, as many nations are dependent on specific commodity markets for the balance of payments they require to repay debt.
Structure and risk of a public debt[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Understanding the structure of public debt and analyzing its risk requires one to:
Assess the expected value of any public asset being constructed, at least in future tax terms if not in direct revenues. A choice must be made about its status as a public good—some public "assets" end up as public bads, such as nuclear power plants which are extremely expensive to decommission—these costs must also be worked into asset values.
Determine whether any public debt is being used to finance consumption, which includes all social assistance and all military spending.
Determine whether triple bottom line issues are likely to lead to failure or defaults of governments—say due to being overthrown.
Determine whether any of the debt being undertaken may be held to be odious debt, which might permit it to be disavowed without any effect on a country's credit status. This includes any loans to purchase "assets" such as leaders' palaces, or the people's suppression or extermination. International law does not permit people to be held responsible for such debts—as they did not benefit in any way from the spending and had no control over it.
Determine if any future entitlements are being created by expenditures—financing a public swimming pool for instance may create some right to recreation where it did not previously exist, by precedent and expectations.
Problems[edit]
Sovereign debt problems have been a major public policy issue since World War II, including the treatment of debt related to that war, the developing country "debt crisis" in the 1980s, and the shocks of the 1998 Russian financial crisis and Argentina's default in 2001.
Not all developing countries have been affected to the same extent. For example, Yugoslavia had low government debt (perhaps because it was unable to borrow on world markets)[citation needed] until its breakup and the coming of democracy, when the new national governments started to borrow money from the IMF. Croatia has a government debt of $47 billion today while the whole of Yugoslavia (six times as many people as Croatia) in 1980 had debt of $14 billion.[citation needed]
Global debt is of great concern[citation needed] since interest payments can often place great demands on governments and individuals. This has led to calls[according to whom?] for universal debt relief for poorer countries.
Implicit debt[edit]
Government "implicit" debt is the promise by a government of future payments from the state. Usually this refers to long-term promises of social payments such as pensions and health expenditure; not promises of other expenditure such as education or defense (which are largely paid on a "quid pro quo" basis to government employees and contractors).
A problem with these implicit government insurance liabilities is that it is hard to cost them accurately, since the amounts of future payments depend on so many factors. First of all, the social security claims are not "open" bonds or debt papers with a stated time frame, "time to maturity", "nominal value", or "net present value".
In the United States, as in most other countries, there is no money earmarked in the government's coffers for future social insurance payments. This insurance system is called PAYGO (pay-as-you-go). Alternative social insurance strategies might have included a system that involved save and invest.
Furthermore, population projections predict that when the "baby boomers" start to retire, the working population in the United States, and in many other countries, will be a smaller percentage of the population than it is now, for many years to come. This will increase the burden on the country of these promised pension and other payments—larger than the 65 percent[22] of GDP that it is now. The "burden" of the government is what it spends, since it can only pay its bills through taxes, debt, and increasing the money supply (government spending = tax revenues + change in government debt held by public + change in monetary base held by the public). "Government social benefits" paid by the United States government during 2003 totaled $1.3 trillion.[23]
In 2010 the European Commission required EU Member Countries to publish their debt information in standardized methodology, explicitly including debts that were previously hidden in a number of ways to satisfy minimum requirements on local (national) and European (Stability and Growth Pact) level.[24]
See also[edit]
Government finance:
Debt crisis
Government bond
Government budget deficit
Government spending
Generational accounting
Financial repression
Fiscal policy
Public finance
Debt clock
Sovereign default
Tax
Specific:
1980s austerity policy in Romania
Latin American debt crisis
2010 European sovereign debt crisis
United States public debt
General:
Bond (finance)
Credit default swap
Warrant (of Payment)
List of countries by credit rating
List of countries by external debt
List of countries by net international investment position
List of countries by public debt
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bureau of the Public Debt Homepage". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FAQs: National Debt". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Economics of Money, Banking, and the Financial Markets 7ed, Frederic S. Mishkin
Jump up ^ Tootell, Geoffrey. "The Bank of England’s Monetary Policy" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Committee of Finance and Industry 1931 (Macmillan Report) description of the founding of Bank of England. Books.google.ca. 1979. ISBN 9780405112126. Retrieved 10 May 2010. "Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans. Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament, certain privileges of issuing bank notes. The corporation commenced, with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year's notice. Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State"
Jump up ^ H. Roseveare, The Financial Revolution 1660–1760 (1991, Longman), p. 34
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Niall (2008). The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World. Penguin Books, London. p. 76. ISBN 9780718194000.
Jump up ^ UK public spending Retrieved September 2011
Jump up ^ "Empirical Research on Sovereign Debt and Default" (PDF). Federal Reserve Board of Chicago. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "FT Lexicon" – The Financial Times
Jump up ^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli, "Greece and the Roots the EU Debt Crisis" The Vienna Review, March 2010
Jump up ^ "EU accused of 'head in sand' attitude to Greek debt crisis". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Why leaving the euro would still be bad for both Greece and the currency area" – The Economist, 2015-01-17
Jump up ^ "Country Comparison :: Public debt". cia.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Government – Historical Debt Outstanding – Annual". Treasurydirect.gov. 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Debt to the Penny (Daily History Search Application)". Treasurydirect.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Country Comparison :: Public debt". cia.gov. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hedlund, Stefan (2004). "Foreign Debt". Encyclopedia of Russian History (reprinted in Encyclopedia.com). Retrieved 3 March 2010.
Jump up ^ http://hir.harvard.edu/debt-deficits-and-modern-monetary-theory Debts, Deficits and MMT
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Stützel: Volkswirtschaftliche Saldenmechanik Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2011, Nachdr. der 2. Aufl., Tübingen, Mohr, 1978, S. 86
Jump up ^ "The Economics and Law of Sovereign Debt and Default" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 2009. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2010-10-12. (General government gross debt 2008 estimates rounded to one decimal place)
Jump up ^ "Government Social Benefits Table". Archived from the original on November 1, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Council Regulation (EC) No 479/2009". Retrieved 2011-11-08.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government debt.
US-National-Debt-Clock (Live-Counter)
The IMF Public Financial Management Blog
OECD government debt statistics
Canadian Taxpayers Federation debt clock
European national debt clocks
French public debt clock
UK national debt clock
Chinese national debt clock
Central government debt: statistics by country
Germany's taxpayers union and debt clock (at the top of the page)
Japan's Central Government Debt
Riksgäldskontoret – Swedish national debt office
United States Treasury, Bureau of Public Debt – The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It
The US National Debt Clock by Ed Hall
Slaying the Dragon of Debt, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
A historical collection of documents on or referring to government spending and fiscal policy, available on FRASER
Eisner, Robert (1993). "Federal Debt". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
"Government's Borrowing Power". DebatedWisdom. 3IVIS GmbH. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Databases
CLYPS dataset on public debt level and composition in Latin America
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Central Time Zone
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Central Time Zone (North America)
Regions in the Central Time Zone prior to 2015 (Quintana Roo is now in the Eastern Time Zone)
UTC offset
CST
UTC−06:00
CDT
UTC−05:00
Current time
11:07, 13 August 2018 CDT [refresh]
Observance of DST
DST is observed in some of this time zone.
The North American Central Time Zone (CT) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Central Standard Time (CST) is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). During summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time (DST), and changes to Central Daylight Time (CDT) which is five hours behind UTC.
Contents
1 Regions using (North American) Central Time
1.1 Canada
1.2 United States
1.3 Mexico
1.4 Central America and Caribbean Islands
1.5 Eastern Pacific islands and other areas
2 Central Daylight Time
3 Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Regions using (North American) Central Time[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Time in Canada
The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas.
The following Canadian provinces and territories observe Central Time in the areas noted, while their other areas observe Eastern Time:
Nunavut (territory): western areas (most of Kivalliq Region and part of Qikiqtaaluk Region)
Ontario (province): a portion of the northwest bordering southeastern Manitoba, in and around Kenora.
Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, never adjusting for Daylight Saving Time. Major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the same time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary and Edmonton. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the entire province match those in Alberta, but during the winter, clocks in most of the province match those in Manitoba.
United States[edit]
Main article: Time in the United States
Nine states are contained entirely in the Central Time Zone:
Alabama
Arkansas
Illinois
Iowa
Louisiana
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Wisconsin
Note: Although all of Alabama is legally on Central Time, Phenix City and the nearby community of Smiths Station unofficially observe Eastern Time, as these areas are part of the metropolitan area of the considerably larger city of Columbus, Georgia in the Eastern Time Zone. Lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia.[1]
Six states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:
Kansas - all, except for Sherman, Wallace, Greeley, and Hamilton counties
Nebraska - eastern two thirds
North Dakota - all, except for southwest regions and south part of McKenzie County, plus the majority of Dunn County and far western Sioux County
Oklahoma - all, except for Kenton
South Dakota - eastern half
Texas - all, except for El Paso and Hudspeth counties
Five states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Eastern Time Zone:
Florida - Florida Panhandle on Alabama border
Indiana - northwest and southwest regions
Kentucky - western half
Michigan - Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties
Tennessee - West Tennessee and Middle Tennessee
Mexico[edit]
Main article: Time in Mexico
Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora, and *most of Nayarit) and one southeastern state (Quintana Roo).
The federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time:
Aguascalientes
Campeche
Coahuila
Colima - except for the Revillagigedo Islands, in which the inner islands use Mountain Time and the outer island uses Pacific Time
Chiapas
Durango
Guanajuato
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Jalisco
Mexico City
Michoacán
Morelos
Nayarit - *only the municipality of Bahía de Banderas, rest of the state uses Mountain Time
Nuevo León
Oaxaca
Puebla
Querétaro
San Luis Potosí
State of Mexico
Tabasco
Tamaulipas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Yucatán
Zacatecas
Central America and Caribbean Islands[edit]
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Jamaica all use Central Standard Time year-round.
Eastern Pacific islands and other areas[edit]
The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round; the remainder of Ecuador uses Eastern Standard Time. Both Easter Island and Salas y Gómez Island in Chile uses Central Standard Time during the Southern Hemisphere winter and Central Daylight Time during the Southern Hemisphere summer; the remainder of Chile uses Atlantic Standard Time and Atlantic Daylight Time.
Central Daylight Time[edit]
Daylight saving time (DST) is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time (CDT) and is UTC−5. In Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a time change is that, geographically, the entire province is closer to the Mountain Time Zone's meridian. The province elected to move onto "permanent" daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone. The only exception is the region immediately surrounding the Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen to use Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing its clocks with those of Alberta.
In those areas of the Canadian and American time zones that observe DST, beginning in 2007, the local time changes at 02:00 local standard time to 03:00 local daylight time on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 local daylight time to 01:00 local standard time on the first Sunday in November. Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U.S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010.
Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas[edit]
Acapulco, Guerrero
Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes
Amarillo, Texas
Antigua Guatemala
Arlington, Texas
Austin, Texas
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Beaumont/Port Arthur, Texas
Birmingham, Alabama
Bismarck, North Dakota
Bloomington, Illinois
Bowling Green, Kentucky
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Champaign, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Clarksville, Tennessee
Comarca Lagunera (Torreón, Gómez Palacio, Lerdo)
Columbia, Missouri
Cookeville, Tennessee
Cuernavaca, Morelos
Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas
Des Moines, Iowa
Enid, Oklahoma
Evansville, Indiana
Fargo, North Dakota
Fort Smith, Arkansas
Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Gary, Indiana
Grand Forks, North Dakota
Grand Rapids, Manitoba
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Hammond, Indiana
Houston, Texas
Huntsville, Alabama
Iowa City, Iowa
Iron Mountain, Michigan
Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, Tennessee
Janesville, Wisconsin
Joplin, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri-Kansas
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Lafayette, Louisiana
Lawrence, Kansas
Lawton, Oklahoma
León, Guanajuato
Lincoln, Nebraska
Little Rock, Arkansas
Lubbock, Texas
Madison, Wisconsin
Managua, Nicaragua
Memphis, Tennessee
Mérida, Yucatán
Mexico City
Midland/Odessa, Texas
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
Minot, North Dakota
Mobile, Alabama
Monterrey, Nuevo León
Montgomery, Alabama
Nashville, Tennessee
New Orleans
Normal, Illinois
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Omaha, Nebraska
Panama City, Florida
Pensacola, Florida
Peoria, Illinois
Puebla City
Quad Cities, Iowa/Illinois
Racine, Wisconsin
Red Lake, Ontario
Regina, Saskatchewan
Rockford, Illinois
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
St. Louis, Missouri
San Antonio, Texas
San José, Costa Rica
San Luis Potosí City
San Pedro Sula, Honduras
San Salvador, El Salvador
Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Shreveport–Bossier City, Louisiana
Springfield, Illinois
Springfield, Missouri
Tampico, Tamaulipas
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Thompson, Manitoba
Toluca, Estado de México
Topeka, Kansas
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Waukegan, Illinois
Wheaton, Illinois
Wichita, Kansas
Wichita Falls, Texas
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Zacatecas, Zacatecas
See also[edit]
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://archive.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060813/zones.shtml
External links[edit]
World time zone map
Hismaime zones C conversion
The official U.S. time for the GmTCentral Time Zone (dead link)
Cities in CST
Official times across Canada
hide
v
t
e
Time zones in North America
Time zone
Hours from UTC: Standard time
Hours from UTC: Daylight saving time
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Hawaii) –10 –10
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Alaska) –10 –9
Alaska –9 –8
Pacific –8 –7
Mountain (Arizona and Sonora only) –7 –7
Mountain (other states/provinces) –7 –6
Central (Saskatchewan only) –6 –6
Central (other states/provinces) –6 –5
Eastern (parts of Nunavut and the Caribbean) –5 –5
Eastern (other states/provinces) –5 –4
Atlantic (Natashquan River) –4 –4
Atlantic (other states/provinces) –4 –3
Newfoundland –3:30 –2:30
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
and most of Greenland –3 –2
See also
Time in Canada
Time in Denmark
Time in Mexico
Time in the United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Time_Zone&oldid=854270147"
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text:
Battle Cry of Freedom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1988 book, see Battle Cry of Freedom (book).
"Battle Cry of Freedom"
Cover of the 1862 sheet music for "Battle Cry of Freedom".
Song
Songwriter(s)
George Frederick Root
The "Battle Cry of Freedom", also known as "Rally 'Round the Flag", is a song written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root (1820–1895) during the American Civil War. A patriotic song advocating the causes of Unionism and abolitionism, it became so popular that composer H. L. Schreiner and lyricist W. H. Barnes adapted it for the Confederacy.
A modified Union version was used as the campaign song for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket in the 1864 presidential election, as well as in elections after the war, such as for Garfield in the 1880 U.S. presidential election.[1] The song was so popular that the music publisher had 14 printing presses going at one time and still could not keep up with demand. It is estimated that over 700,000 copies of this song were put in circulation. Louis Moreau Gottschalk thought so highly of the song that in his diary he confided that he thought "it should be our national anthem" and used it as the basis for his 1863 concert paraphrase for solo piano "Le Cri de délivrance," opus 55, and dedicated it to Root, who was a personal friend. Charles Ives quoted the song in his own patriotic song, "They Are There".[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Lyrics (Union version)
3 Lyrics (Confederate version)
4 Chorus (1864 election campaign)
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 Notes
9 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
"Battle Cry of Freedom" proved popular among Union soldiers during the American Civil War. According to Henry Stone, a Union war veteran recalling in the late 1880s, the song helped the morale of Union soldiers:
A glee club came down from Chicago, bringing with them the new song, "We'll rally 'round the flag, boys", and it ran through the camp like wildfire. The effect was little short of miraculous. It put as much spirit and cheer into the army as a victory. Day and night one could hear it by every camp fire and in every tent. I never shall forget how the men rolled out the line, "And although he may be poor, he shall never be a slave." I do not know whether Mr. Root knows what good work his song did for us there, but I hope so.
—  Henry Stone, The Century Illustrated, "Memoranda on the Civil War: A Song in Camp" (1887), emphasis added.[4]
According to historian Christian L. McWhirter, the song's success and popularity among the Union was due to its even-handed references to both abolitionism and unionism. Thus, both groups of Unionists, those opposed to slavery and secession, could utilize the song without reservation:
The ability of "The Battle Cry of Freedom" to bridge divisions over emancipation is not surprising. The song's definition of the Northern cause is purposely open-ended. Those looking for anti-slavery sentiments could find them, but these elements were not so pronounced as to offend those who were solely unionists. The chorus was the key, for it was there that Root described why Northerners rallied around the flag. The first line boldly endorsed a perpetual Union – "The Union forever" – followed by a strong dismissal of secession: "Down with the traitor, up with the star." However, the battle cry Root shouted was one of "freedom." Freedom had many meanings in the Civil War – for instance, freedom from Confederate political tyranny or the oft-perceived "slaveholders' conspiracy" – but, in the context of Root’s political beliefs and other activities, he clearly meant to suggest some degree of abolitionism.
—  Christian L. McWhirter, The New York Times, "Birth of the 'Battle Cry'" (July 27, 2012).[5]
Lyrics (Union version)[edit]
"The Battle Cry of Freedom"
Oh we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again,[6]
Shouting the battle cry of freedom,
And we'll rally from the hillside, we'll gather from the plain,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
(Chorus)
The Union forever! Hurrah, boys, hurrah!
Down with the traitors, and up with the star;[7]
While we rally round the flag, boys, we rally once again,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
Oh we're springing to the call for three hundred thousand more,[a]
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
And we'll fill the vacant ranks of our brothers gone before,[b]
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
(Chorus)
We will welcome to our numbers the loyal, true and brave,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
And although he may be poor, he shall never be a slave,[c]
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
(Chorus)
So we're springing to the call from the East and from the West,
Shouting the battle cry of Freedom;
And we'll hurl the rebel crew from the land we love the best,
Shouting the battle cry of Freedom.
(Chorus)
Lyrics (Confederate version)[edit]
Our flag is proudly floating on the land and on the main,
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Beneath it oft we've conquered, and we'll conquer oft again!
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
(Chorus)
Our Dixie forever! She's never at a loss!
Down with the eagle and up with the cross
We'll rally 'round the bonny flag, we'll rally once again,
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Our gallant boys have marched to the rolling of the drums.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
And the leaders in charge cry out, "Come, boys, come!"
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
(Chorus)
They have laid down their lives on the bloody battle field.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Their motto is resistance – "To the tyrants never yield!"
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
(Chorus)
While our boys have responded and to the fields have gone.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Our noble women also have aided them at home.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
(Chorus)
Chorus (1864 election campaign)[edit]
For Lincoln and Johnson, hurrah, boys, hurrah!
Down with the rebellion and on with the war,
While we rally round the cause, boys, we'll rally in our might,
Singing the holy cause of freemen.
In popular culture[edit]
The song is sung by a marching unit of Union infantry in the film The Undefeated (1969).
Ry Cooder performed this song as "Rally 'Round the Flag" on his banjo Eli Boomer's Story album. The song is also performed in the Long Riders (1980), with music produced by Cooder. In the film, former Confederate irregular Clell Miller (played by Randy Quaid) confronts a musician playing this song, and threateningly insists he play "I'm a Good Ole Rebel" instead. (This is probably an anachronism, as the latter song was not copyrighted until 1915, well after the scene in question, presumably in the 1870s.)[8]
Eric Taylor has a live recording of this song as "Rally 'Round the Flag" on his Hollywood Pocketknife album in 2007.
Keith and Rusty McNeil perform both the "Battle Cry of Freedom" and "Southern Battle Cry of Freedom" on Civil War Songs with Historical Narration (WEM Records, 1989, ISBN 1-878360-11-6).
This song features prominently in Ken Burns' documentary The Civil War. This song is performed by Jacqueline Schwab.
Billy Bragg wrote a song based upon the music of "Battle Cry of Freedom" called "There Is Power in a Union" on the Talking with the Taxman about Poetry album. This song has different music and words than the song of the same name written by Joe Hill. For example, the chorus goes:
The Union forever defending our rights
Down with the blackleg, all workers unite
With our brothers and our sisters from many far off lands
There is power in a Union
Homer and Jethro (Henry Haynes and Ken Burns) had a big hit with a parody called "The Ballad of Roger Miller".
Rally Round the Flag, Boys!, a 1958 film, was based on a novel with the same title by Max Shulman, published in 1956.
Indie rock band Titus Andronicus employ an adaptation of "Battle Cry of Freedom" in "A More Perfect Union", the first song on their Civil War-themed 2010 album The Monitor. The altered verses include references to Jefferson Davis, the Confederate leader, and abolitionist John Brown.
Film composer John Williams, in his score for the 2012 Steven Spielberg film, Lincoln, used an excerpt from "The Battle Cry of Freedom" in the track "Call to Muster and Battle Cry", with vocals performed by the Chicago Symphony Chorus and music performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The song is also sung by Republican members of the House of Representatives to celebrate passage of the 13th Amendment.
Elvis Costello sang and played the last lines of the song in the Two and a Half Men episode, "Back Off, Mary Poppins".
The song is played at the dedication of the Hill Valley Courthouse (clock tower) in Back to the Future Part III (1990).
The song is sung during the opening credits of the 1939 film Young Mr. Lincoln starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford.
See also[edit]
Battle cry
The Battle Hymn of the Republic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Destiny of the Republic. p. 70.
Jump up ^ Sinclair, James B. (1999). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Music of Charles Ives. Yale University Press. pp. 518–520. ISBN 9780300076011.
Jump up ^
Jump up ^ Stone, Henry (1887). "A Song in Camp". Memoranda on the Civil War. The Century Illustrated. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ McWhirter, Christian L. (July 27, 2012). "Birth of the 'Battle Cry'". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Silverman, Ballads and Songs of the Civil War, p. 8
Jump up ^ http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15037coll1/id/2399
Jump up ^ An edition of the sheet music of "The Good Old Rebel" is "RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THE HON. THAD STEVENS", who died on August 11, 1868. http://jscholarship.libray.jhu.edu . Accessed 2017 March 21. An entry in a 1910 edition of Library of Southern Authors (1910), Vol. 15, "Randolph, James Innes, Jr.", says that the author, Major Innes Randolph, had died on April 29, 1887.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This line is sometimes given as: "We are springing to the call of our brothers gone before."
Jump up ^ This line is sometimes given as: "And we'll fill the vacant ranks with a million freemen more."
Jump up ^ This line is sometimes given as: "And although they may be poor, not a man shall be a slave."
Bibliography[edit]
Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047
Irwin Silber, Songs of the Civil War, Dover, 1995.
Silverman, Jerry. "Ballads and Songs of the Civil War". Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay Publications, Inc. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle Cry of Freedom.
Battle Cry of Freedom[dead link] at Allmusic
Battle Cry of Freedom at Civil War Songs
Sheet music for "Battle Cry of Freedom", from Project Gutenberg
MIDI for "Battle Cry of Freedom", from Project Gutenberg
"Battle Cry of Freedom" (Union Version), Walter Van Brunt (Edison Blue Amberol 2904, 1916)—Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project.
"Battle Cry of Freedom" Confederate/Union (music video), Tom Roush.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_Cry_of_Freedom&oldid=839911512"
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% Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21566/21566-h/images/battlecry.pdf
\new Score {
  \new Staff {
    <<
      \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' {
        \clef treble
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        bes8 bes bes8. a16 g2 | f4 f8. ees16 d8 f bes8. c16 | d2 c4
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      \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" {
        Yes we'll ral -- ly round the flag, boys, we'll ral -- ly once a -- gain,
        Shout -- ing the bat -- tle -- cry of Free -- dom
      }
    >>
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Hush, Little Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Hush Little Baby" redirects here. For the song by British rapper Wretch 32, see Hush Little Baby (Wretch 32 song). For the novel by Caroline B. Cooney, see Hush Little Baby (novel).
"Hush, Little Baby" is a traditional lullaby, thought to have been written in the Southern United States. Like most folk songs, the author and date of origin are unknown. The lyrics promise all kinds of rewards to the child if he or she is quiet. The simple structure allows more verses to be added ad lib.
The song has been performed and recorded by many artists including Joan Baez, Regina Spektor, Nina Simone, The Weavers and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Additionally, the song has been adapted into pop songs such as Maurice King's "Hambone", Inez and Charlie Foxx's "Mockingbird" and Bo Diddley's eponymous song "Bo Diddley", as well as Eminem's "Mockingbird".
Aretha Franklin, Carly Simon, James Taylor, Etta James, Taj Mahal and Dusty Springfield have each recorded "Mockingbird", which is an R&B variant of the song. "Mockingbird" was featured humorously as a car travel song in the films National Lampoon's Vacation (1983) and Dumb & Dumber (1994).
"Hush Little Baby" has also been used in the play The Miracle Worker, about Helen Keller and Annie Sullivan.
2016 saw this song recorded by violinist Vov Dylan for the album "World Lullabies" which is acting as a fundraiser for Starlight Foundation.[1]
Lyrics[edit]
There are several versions of the song, but the most common lyrics are:

Hush, little Baby, don't say a word,
Mama's gonna buy you a Mockingbird.

And if that mockingbird don't sing,
Mama's gonna buy you a diamond ring.

And if that diamond ring turns brass,
Mama's gonna buy you a looking glass.

And if that looking glass gets broke,
Mama's gonna buy you a billy goat,

And if that billy goat won't pull,
Mama's gonna buy you a cart and a bull.

And if that cart and bull turn over,
Mama's gonna buy you a dog named Rover.

And if that dog named Rover won't bark,
Mama's gonna buy you a horse and a cart.

And if that horse and cart fall down,
You'll still be the sweetest little baby in town.
An Armenian language version exists in the 2017 album My First Armenian Songbook. Lyrics under copyright.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Lullabies". Sanity. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
External links[edit]
A sing-along version of Hush Little Baby and its illustrated lyrics
hide
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Three Little Kittens"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Stella Ella Ola"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hush,_Little_Baby&oldid=849363225"
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This page was last edited on 8 July 2018, at 13:18 (UTC).
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