text:
The One After Vegas
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"The One After Vegas"
Friends episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 1
Directed by
Kevin S. Bright
Written by
Adam Chase
Production code
225551
Original air date
September 23, 1999
Guest appearance(s)
Bill Stevenson as Rick
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The One in Vegas" Next →
"The One Where Ross Hugs Rachel"
Friends (season 6)
List of Friends episodes
"The One After Vegas" is the sixth-season premiere of the American television situation comedy Friends, which was broadcast on NBC on September 23, 1999.[1] The plot continues from the previous episode; after their drunken wedding in Las Vegas, Ross and Rachel plan a quick annulment, and Monica and Chandler discuss moving in together. A subplot has Joey and Phoebe driving back to New York from Vegas, picking up a hitchhiker on the way. The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright, written by Adam Chase and its production was documented for a Discovery Channel program.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Ross and Rachel wake up in bed together, immensely hung-over and unaware that they got married the night before. Joey joins Phoebe for breakfast, telling her his movie has been canceled. Monica and Chandler arrive and, at the buffet, Chandler tells Joey he and Monica were also planning to wed and expresses worry that the relationship is moving too fast. Monica shares the same concern with Phoebe but they are interrupted when Ross and Rachel arrive. When the others tell them they are married, they decide to get an annulment, leading to a large amount of jokes about Ross' failed marriages, much to his anger.
Joey encourages Phoebe to go with him on the long drive back to New York, to stop him from being lonely. She agrees but she is annoyed when Joey spends the whole first day asleep while she drives, and they switch over. As Phoebe sleeps, Joey picks up a hitchhiker. Initially outraged, Phoebe soon strikes up a friendship with the man, and gives him her number when he leaves. Joey asks for her forgiveness and they play car games.
Monica and Chandler are still undecided about where their relationship is going, and look for signs that they should get married. They grow increasingly alarmed when all the signs are positive, and eventually Chandler suggests he just move into Monica's apartment with her, which she agrees to. Ross tells Rachel that he does not want three failed marriages and attempts to convince her to change her mind about the annulment, but she refuses and pressures him to get the annulment. He concedes and later tells her he took care of it, but reveals to Phoebe that he lied: They are still married.[1]
Production[edit]
Courteney Cox had married David Arquette between seasons and Arquette was added to her name in the opening credits.
The new sets constructed for the previous episode were left standing over the summer hiatus, allowing the production team to resume filming on the Vegas sets with minimal disruption. A discussion was held during rehearsals about the ink Ross and Rachel had applied to each other's faces in the previous episode; dialogue had established that it was permanent and Marta Kauffman was keen to show it was still there in the scene where Ross and Rachel arrive at breakfast, albeit fainter than before. Others preferred that it was gone completely and this was what was shown in the scene as filmed. There was worry that people would not understand the joke that indicated Phoebe had married someone in a Vegas wedding, but a vox pop of the audience showed they did.[2]
During editing, three minutes and 40 seconds were trimmed from the episode to bring it down to the appropriate running time of 22 minutes. Additional time was created for this and future episodes by shortening the theme tune from 45 seconds to 35. Production required 52 takes, 14 scenes and seven rewrites.[2]
Between seasons, Cox married David Arquette, becoming Courteney Cox Arquette. An in-joke reference to this is made in the opening credits, where the rest of the cast have "Arquette" appended to their names. The dedication "For Courteney and David, who did get married" appears during the fade out to the tag scene.[1]
Behind-the-scenes footage, along with talking heads by producers, writers and cast, was filmed for an episode of On the Inside, a Discovery Channel series.[2] The programme was released in the United Kingdom in 2001 as part of a special "best of" VHS boxset. In 2004 it was included as an extra on the US season five DVD set, titled The One that Goes Behind the Scenes,[3] as well as on The Best of Friends Volume Three and The Best of Friends Volume Four. It was re-released in the UK on the season ten DVD set under this same title.
Reception[edit]
Entertainment Weekly rated the episode B+, praising Schwimmer and Aniston for spinning "new variations on Ross' and Rachel's twisted romantic fates" and citing the line "This is not a marriage — this is the world's worst hangover!" as the best line of the episode.[4] The authors of Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends also mention this line, and praise the moments when Monica and Chandler act like newlyweds, however hard they try not to. They describe Ross's actions as "predictable" but wonder "just how far the writers will go before we all tire of Ross's self-centred, clinical logic trampling over the feelings of the very people he claims to love the most."[1]
The episode was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing in a Comedy Series or Special at the 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards, but lost to an episode of Ally McBeal.[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sangster, Jim; David Bailey (2000). Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends (2nd ed.). London: Virgin Publishing. pp. 331–333. ISBN 0-7535-0439-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McMahon, Tom (producer) (1999). On the Inside (The One that Goes Behind the Scenes) (Documentary). Los Angeles, California: Present Tense Productions and Discovery Channel. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Lacey, Gord (2003-12-27). "Friends – The Complete 5th Season". TV Shows on DVD.com. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
Jump up ^ "Review: Season 6 (1999–2000)". Entertainment Weekly. 2001-09-15. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
Jump up ^ "1999-2000 52nd Emmy Awards". The Envelope (LA Times). Archived from the original on 2007-01-06. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
External links[edit]
"The One After Vegas" on IMDb
"The One After Vegas" at TV.com
[hide]
v
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Friends
Characters
Chandler Bing
Phoebe Buffay
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Rachel Green
Joey Tribbiani
Episodes
Season 1
"The Pilot" (1.01)
"The One with the Sonogram at the End" (1.02)
"The One with George Stephanopoulos" (1.04)
Season 2
"The One with the Lesbian Wedding" (2.11)
"The One After the Superbowl" (2.12–2.13)
"The One with the Prom Video" (2.14)
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies" (2.18)
Season 3
"The One Where No One's Ready" (3.02)
Season 4
"The One with the Embryos" (4.12)
"The One with Ross's Wedding" (4.23–4.24)
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel" (5.01)
"The One Hundredth" (5.03)
"The One with All the Thanksgivings" (5.08)
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" (5.15)
"The One Where Rachel Smokes" (5.18)
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt" (5.19)
"The One with the Ride-Along" (5.20)
Season 6
"The One After Vegas" (6.01)
"The One with the Apothecary Table" (6.11)
"The One with the Proposal" (6.24–6.25)
Season 7
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding" (7.23–7.24)
Season 8
"The One with Rachel's Date" (8.05)
"The One with the Rumor" (8.09)
Season 9
–
Season 10
"The Last One" (10.17–10.18)
Related articles
Music
"I'll Be There for You"
Joey
Mad About You
Awards and nominations
Friends ... 'Til the End
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Octagon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Octagon (disambiguation).
"Octagonal" redirects here. For other uses, see Octagonal (disambiguation).
Regular octagon
A regular octagon
Type
Regular polygon
Edges and vertices
8
Schläfli symbol
{8}, t{4}
Coxeter diagram

Symmetry group
Dihedral (D8), order 2×8
Internal angle (degrees)
135°
Dual polygon
Self
Properties
Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal
In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek ὀκτάγωνον oktágōnon, "eight angles") is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.
A regular octagon has Schläfli symbol {8} [1] and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, t{16}.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties of the general octagon
2 Regular octagon
2.1 Area
2.2 Circumradius and inradius
2.3 Construction and elementary properties
2.4 Standard coordinates
2.5 Dissection of regular octagon
3 Skew octagon
3.1 Petrie polygons
4 Symmetry
5 Uses of octagons
5.1 Other uses
6 Derived figures
6.1 Related polytopes
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Properties of the general octagon[edit]
The diagonals of the green quadrilateral are equal in length and at right angles to each other
The sum of all the internal angles of any octagon is 1080°. As with all polygons, the external angles total 360°.
If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares form a quadrilateral that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at right angles to each other).[2]:Prop. 9
The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of the reference octagon. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of the midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares themselves form the vertices of a square.[2]:Prop. 10
Regular octagon[edit]
A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}. The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135° ( 3 π 4 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {3\pi }{4}}} radians). The central angle is 45° ( π 4 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\pi }{4}}} radians).
Area[edit]
The area of a regular octagon of side length a is given by
A = 2 cot  π 8 a 2 = 2 ( 1 + 2 ) a 2 ≃ 4.828 a 2 . {\displaystyle A=2\cot {\frac {\pi }{8}}a^{2}=2(1+{\sqrt {2}})a^{2}\simeq 4.828\,a^{2}.}
In terms of the circumradius R, the area is
A = 4 sin  π 4 R 2 = 2 2 R 2 ≃ 2.828 R 2 . {\displaystyle A=4\sin {\frac {\pi }{4}}R^{2}=2{\sqrt {2}}R^{2}\simeq 2.828\,R^{2}.}
In terms of the apothem r (see also inscribed figure), the area is
A = 8 tan  π 8 r 2 = 8 ( 2 − 1 ) r 2 ≃ 3.314 r 2 . {\displaystyle A=8\tan {\frac {\pi }{8}}r^{2}=8({\sqrt {2}}-1)r^{2}\simeq 3.314\,r^{2}.}
These last two coefficients bracket the value of pi, the area of the unit circle.
The area of a regular octagon can be computed as a truncated square.
The area can also be expressed as
A = S 2 − a 2 , {\displaystyle \,\!A=S^{2}-a^{2},}
where S is the span of the octagon, or the second-shortest diagonal; and a is the length of one of the sides, or bases. This is easily proven if one takes an octagon, draws a square around the outside (making sure that four of the eight sides overlap with the four sides of the square) and then takes the corner triangles (these are 45–45–90 triangles) and places them with right angles pointed inward, forming a square. The edges of this square are each the length of the base.
Given the length of a side a, the span S is
S = a 2 + a + a 2 = ( 1 + 2 ) a ≈ 2.414 a . {\displaystyle S={\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}+a+{\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}=(1+{\sqrt {2}})a\approx 2.414a.}
The area is then as above:
A = ( ( 1 + 2 ) a ) 2 − a 2 = 2 ( 1 + 2 ) a 2 ≈ 4.828 a 2 . {\displaystyle A=((1+{\sqrt {2}})a)^{2}-a^{2}=2(1+{\sqrt {2}})a^{2}\approx 4.828a^{2}.}
Expressed in terms of the span, the area is
A = 2 ( 2 − 1 ) S 2 ≈ 0.828 S 2 . {\displaystyle A=2({\sqrt {2}}-1)S^{2}\approx 0.828S^{2}.}
Another simple formula for the area is
A = 2 a S . {\displaystyle \ A=2aS.}
More often the span S is known, and the length of the sides, a, is to be determined, as when cutting a square piece of material into a regular octagon. From the above,
a ≈ S / 2.414. {\displaystyle a\approx S/2.414.}
The two end lengths e on each side (the leg lengths of the triangles (green in the image) truncated from the square), as well as being e = a / 2 , {\displaystyle e=a/{\sqrt {2}},} may be calculated as
e = ( S − a ) / 2. {\displaystyle \,\!e=(S-a)/2.}
Circumradius and inradius[edit]
The circumradius of the regular octagon in terms of the side length a is[3]
R = ( 4 + 2 2 2 ) a , {\displaystyle R=\left({\frac {\sqrt {4+2{\sqrt {2}}}}{2}}\right)a,}
and the inradius is
r = ( 1 + 2 2 ) a . {\displaystyle r=\left({\frac {1+{\sqrt {2}}}{2}}\right)a.}
Construction and elementary properties[edit]
building a regular octagon by folding a sheet of paper
A regular octagon at a given circumcircle may be constructed as follows:
Draw a circle and a diameter AOE, where O is the center and A, E are points on the circumcircle.
Draw another diameter GOC, perpendicular to AOE.
(Note in passing that A,C,E,G are vertices of a square).
Draw the bisectors of the right angles GOA and EOG, making two more diameters HOD and FOB.
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H are the vertices of the octagon.
Octagon at a given circumcircle
Octagon at a given side length, animation
(The construction is very similar to that of hexadecagon at a given side length.)
A regular octagon can be constructed using a straightedge and a compass, as 8 = 23, a power of two:
Each side of a regular octagon subtends half a right angle at the centre of the circle which connects its vertices. Its area can thus be computed as the sum of 8 isosceles triangles, leading to the result:
Area = 2 a 2 ( 2 + 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{Area}}=2a^{2}({\sqrt {2}}+1)}
for an octagon of side a.
Standard coordinates[edit]
The coordinates for the vertices of a regular octagon centered at the origin and with side length 2 are:
(±1, ±(1+√2))
(±(1+√2), ±1).
Dissection of regular octagon[edit]
Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2m-gon can be divided into m(m-1)/2 rhombs. For the octagon, m=4, and it can be divided into 6 rhombs, with one example shown below. This decomposition can be seen as 6 of 24 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the tesseract.[4]
Regular octagon dissected

With 6 rhombs
Tesseract
Skew octagon[edit]
A regular skew octagon seen as edges of a square antiprism, symmetry D4d, [2+,8], (2*4), order 16.
A skew octagon is a skew polygon with 8 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an octagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag octagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.
A regular skew octagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew octagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a square antiprism with the same D4d, [2+,8] symmetry, order 16.
Petrie polygons[edit]
The regular skew octagon is the Petrie polygon for these higher-dimensional regular and uniform polytopes, shown in these skew orthogonal projections of in A7, B4, and D5 Coxeter planes.
A7
D5
B4

7-simplex
5-demicube
16-cell
Tesseract
Symmetry[edit]
Symmetry
The 11 symmetries of a regular octagon. Lines of reflections are blue through vertices, purple through edges, and gyration orders are given in the center. Vertices are colored by their symmetry position.
The regular octagon has Dih8 symmetry, order 16. There are 3 dihedral subgroups: Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1, and 4 cyclic subgroups: Z8, Z4, Z2, and Z1, the last implying no symmetry.
Example octagons by symmetry

r16

d8

g8

p8

d4

g4

p4

d2

g2

p2

a1
On the regular octagon, there are 11 distinct symmetries. John Conway labels full symmetry as r16.[5] The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars) Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders. Full symmetry of the regular form is r16 and no symmetry is labeled a1.
The most common high symmetry octagons are p8, a isogonal octagon constructed by four mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and d8, an isotoxal octagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular octagon.
Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g8 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.
Uses of octagons[edit]
The octagonal floor plan, Dome of the Rock.
The octagonal shape is used as a design element in architecture. The Dome of the Rock has a characteristic octagonal plan. The Tower of the Winds in Athens is another example of an octagonal structure. The octagonal plan has also been in church architecture such as St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Basilica of San Vitale (in Ravenna, Italia), Castel del Monte (Apulia, Italia), Florence Baptistery, Zum Friedefürsten church (Germany) and a number of octagonal churches in Norway. The central space in the Aachen Cathedral, the Carolingian Palatine Chapel, has a regular octagonal floorplan. Uses of octagons in churches also include lesser design elements, such as the octagonal apse of Nidaros Cathedral.
Architects such as John Andrews have used octagonal floor layouts in buildings for functionally separating office areas from building services, notably the Intelsat Headquarters in Washington D.C., Callam Offices in Canberra, and Octagon Offices in Parramatta, Australia.
Other uses[edit]
Umbrellas often have an octagonal outline.
The famous Bukhara rug design incorporates an octagonal "elephant's foot" motif.
The street & block layout of Barcelona's Eixample district is based on non-regular octagons
Janggi uses octagonal pieces.
Japanese lottery machines often have octagonal shape.
Stop sign used in English-speaking countries, as well as in most European countries
The trigrams of the Taoist bagua are often arranged octagonally
Famous octagonal gold cup from the Belitung shipwreck
Classes at Shimer College are traditionally held around octagonal tables
The Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral with a quasi-octagonal shape.
Derived figures[edit]
The truncated square tiling has 2 octagons around every vertex.
An octagonal prism contains two octagonal faces.
An octagonal antiprism contains two octagonal faces.
The truncated cuboctahedron contains 6 octagonal faces.
The omnitruncated cubic honeycomb
Related polytopes[edit]
The octagon, as a truncated square, is first in a sequence of truncated hypercubes:
Truncated hypercubes
...
Octagon Truncated cube Truncated tesseract Truncated 5-cube Truncated 6-cube Truncated 7-cube Truncated 8-cube
As an expanded square, it is also first in a sequence of expanded hypercubes:
Expanded hypercubes
...
Octagon Rhombicuboctahedron Runcinated tesseract Stericated 5-cube Pentellated 6-cube Hexicated 7-cube Heptellated 8-cube
See also[edit]
Bumper pool
Octagon house
Octagonal number
Octagram
Oktogon, a major intersection in Budapest, Hungary
Rub el Hizb (also known as Al Quds Star and as Octa Star)
Smoothed octagon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wenninger, Magnus J. (1974), Polyhedron Models, Cambridge University Press, p. 9, ISBN 9780521098595 .
^ Jump up to: a b Dao Thanh Oai (2015), "Equilateral triangles and Kiepert perspectors in complex numbers", Forum Geometricorum 15, 105--114. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG201509index.html
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric. "Octagon." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Octagon.html
Jump up ^ Coxeter, Mathematical recreations and Essays, Thirteenth edition, p.141
Jump up ^ John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)
External links[edit]
Octagon Calculator
Definition and properties of an octagon With interactive animation
[hide]
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Polygons
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Enneacontahexagon (96)
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>100 sides
120-gon
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65537-gon
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Socket wrench
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Socket set" redirects here. For the software program, see SOCET SET.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Socket set with ratchet
A socket wrench is a type of wrench or spanner that has a socket attached at one end, usually used to turn a fastener.
The most prevalent form is the ratcheting socket wrench, often informally called a ratchet. A ratcheting socket wrench is the device within a hand tool in which a metal handle is attached to a ratcheting mechanism, which attaches to a socket. This in turn fits onto a type of bolt or nut. Pulled or pushed in one direction, the ratchet loosens or tightens the bolt or nut attached to the socket. Turned the other direction, the ratchet does not turn the socket but allows the ratchet handle to be re-positioned for another turn while staying attached to the bolt or nut. This ratcheting action allows the fastener to be rapidly tightened or loosened in small increments without disconnecting the tool from the fastener. A switch is built into the ratchet head that allows the user to apply the ratcheting action in either direction, as needed, to tighten or loosen a fastener. Other common methods of driving socket wrenches include pneumatic impact wrenches, hydraulic torque wrenches, torque multipliers and breaker bars. Some lesser known hybrid drivers include striking wrench tools with square drive, and hydraulic impact wrenches (typically powered by on site hydraulic power such as present with military tanks, and many rail car applications).
Socket wrenches are most commonly hexagonal, or more commonly referred to as "6-point" in lay terms. Sockets are driven by being attached to the driving tool via a male/female square connection fitting (called the square drive). Standard sizes of square drives around the world include 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1", 1-1/2", 2-1/2" and 3-1/2" square drive sizes (a de facto international standard with no metric equivalents[citation needed]) along with some lesser used drivers such as 5/8" square drive, and both #4 and #5 spline drives specified in ANSI B107 specifications. This wide range of square drive sizes provides for a wide variety of socket types and sizes to suit small to very large nuts and bolts. Some square drivers have a through hole to attach the socket to the driver (using a retaining ring with o-ring and pin type, or single piece molded retaining rings), a locking pin, or friction ball. Some common hand ratchets employ a quick release button on their top for quick socket release of smaller sockets.The tool chosen to drive the socket wrench ultimately supplies the mechanical advantage needed by the user to provide the torque needed to loosen or tighten the fastener as may be required. Larger drivers are typically used with higher torque, while smaller drivers are used for convenience in smaller low torque applications. Given the limits of human strength and fatigue, torque above 600 ft-lbs of torque will generally involve some kind of power assist, instead of the user simply pushing on the handle of a wrench. Very large sockets and drivers are typically powered by hydraulics to achieve torque.
A socket is typically a cylinder which has a female six– or twelve-point recessed opening sized to fit over the common male hexagonal head of a bolt or nut fastener. The opposite end of the socket wrench has a standardized (ANSI B107, ISO, or other consensus standard) square recess to accept the socket wrench's drive size. Male drivers are also produced for use with socket head cap screws, and are often called Allen drivers (trademark) or the generic term male bit drivers
The principal advantage of interchangeable sockets is that, instead of a separate wrench for each of the many different fastener sizes and types, only separate sockets are needed for each size and type. Because of their versatility, nearly all screw and bolt types now have sockets of different types made to fit their bolts or nuts. Sockets often come as a "socket set" with many different sizes or types of sockets to fit the heads of different-sized fasteners. A ratchet of the "set size" is often included with the socket set. Sockets are commonly available in fractional inch and metric sizes, and in short (shallow) and longer (deep) varieties.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Socket wrench types
2.1 Fixed socket
2.2 Interchangeable socket
2.2.1 Ratcheting
2.2.2 Non-ratcheting
2.3 Powered
3 Socket types
3.1 Impact sockets and drivers
3.2 Standard-length and deep-length sockets
3.3 Pass-through sockets and ratchets
4 Accessories
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
First ratcheting socket wrench, made by J.J. Richardson, 1863.
Wrenches in the form of sockets—that is, a female driver to envelop the male head of a fastener—have existed for centuries. Early examples include the keys used to wind clocks since the Middle Ages. The heads and sockets were typically square; hex heads eventually became more common starting in the 20th century. The ratcheting socket wrench, with interchangeable (indexable) sockets, was invented by an American, J.J. Richardson, of Woodstock, Vermont, USA. The tool was patented (Pat. No. 38,914) through the Scientific American Patent Agency on June 16, 1863.[1] The first illustration of the tool appears on pg. 248 of the April 16, 1864 issue of Scientific American.[2] In current English usage, the term "socket wrench" connotes indexable sockets so strongly that most English speakers would resist calling a large non-indexable, non-racheting, socket-head wrench a "socket wrench."
Square heads and sockets were the easiest to make in the era when hand filing was the typical method of manufacture. With the proliferation of modern manufacturing methods, such as milling, shaping, broaching, and advanced die forging, it became just as easy to make hex heads and sockets as square ones. The hex form allows easier wrenching in confined surroundings (where nearby obstacles obstruct the swing of the wrench), because fewer degrees of arc are needed on each swing before it is possible to reposition the wrench onto the next set of flats. Ratchet wrenches further reduce this problem, as the wrench need only swing as many degrees as it takes for the ratchet pawl to catch the next tooth.
Socket wrench types[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Fixed socket[edit]
Image
Name
Description
lug wrench
wheel brace A non-ratcheting socket wrench where the socket is attached permanently to the end of a L-shaped, or X-shaped bar. They are designed as special use socket wrenches for loosening and tightening lug nuts on automobile or truck wheels.
nut driver A screwdriver-type handle for hand turning with a built-in female socket at the end of either metric or fractional inch sizes. May be of different lengths.
flex-head socket wrench
Saltus wrench Combination wrenches with a fixed socket in place of the box end.
T-handle A socket attached to a T-handle that is used for leverage. The socket may be fixed or sliding.
tuning wrench Used to tune some musical instruments' strings.
spark plug wrench A tube with six-sided sockets on both ends. It is turned with a short length of rod (Tommy bar or T-bar) inserted through two holes in the middle of the tube.
Interchangeable socket[edit]
Ratcheting[edit]
Image
Name
Description
ratcheting socket wrench The most common type of socket wrench. The ratcheting mechanism allows the nut to be tightened or loosened with a reciprocating motion, without requiring that the wrench be removed and refitted after each turn. Typically, a small lever on the ratchet head switches the wrench between tightening and loosening mode. These drive fittings come in four common sizes: 1/4 inch, 3/8 inch, 1/2 inch, and 3/4 inch (referred to as "drives", as in "3/8 drive"). Despite being denominated in inches, these are trade names (common product name), and manufacturers construct them to 6.3 mm, 9.5 mm, 12.5 mm and 19 mm, having been rounded to a reasonable, if haphazard, metric value. Larger drive sizes such as 1 inch and above are usually only encountered on fasteners of larger industrial equipment, such as tractor-trailers (articulated lorries), large cargo aircraft and passenger airliners, and marine work (merchant fleets, navies, shipyards). The sockets themselves come in a full range of inch and metric sizes. ("SAE" is often used as a blanket term for the nonmetric sizes, despite the technical inaccuracy of that usage.)
The advantages of the system of a ratchet wrench with indexable sockets are speed of wrenching (it is much faster than a conventional wrench, especially in repetitive bolt-on or bolt-off usage) and efficiency of tooling cost and portability (it is much more efficient than a set of non-ratcheting wrenches, with every size head having its own handle).
Fine-tooth ratchets have finer teeth on the ratcheting components; these can be useful for tighter locations. Dual-pawl ratchets click twice for each tooth on the gear, effectively doubling the granularity of the mechanism.
click-style torque wrench Normally ratcheting and "click" when a preset torque is reached. Some torque wrenches have digital read-outs of torque. Other types of torque wrenches exist such as torque limiting that only allow a preset torque to be reached before they "slip." For some applications, torque multiplying devices are used with a torque wrench.
flex-head ratchet Ratchets in which the drive head pivots or swivels back and forth on the handle at a pivot to the rear of the ratchet head.
swivel-head ratchet
roto-ratchet Ratchets in which the entire ratchet head swivels with handle attachments on the side of the ratcheting head rather than the rear of the ratcheting head.
palm ratchet Ratchets with a knurled palm sized circular ratchet handle with reversible socket attachment useful for rapidly loosening or tightening a bolt or nut. They come in a variety of sizes.
rotator ratchet Allow the socket to be twisted by twisting the ratchet handle around the handle axis. Requires less than one degree arc swing to rotate socket, which makes them ideal for very tight spaces.
gearless ratchet A ratchet that doesn't use gears, but instead uses bearings to provide virtually no arc swing nor produces an audible or discernible click. [3]
A number of other specialized ratchets—with hammer heads, multiple drive sizes, and other unusual features—are built by various manufacturers.
Non-ratcheting[edit]
Image
Name
Description
breaker bar A bar that attaches to a "standard" square recessed socket drive with a ball detent. Breaker bars are usually slightly longer and built more sturdily than a standard ratchet handle and often have a swiveling head that attaches to the socket. Breaker bars are used with a socket of the correct size and type to "break loose" very tight fasteners because their additional length and strength allows the same amount of force to generate significantly more torque than a standard length socket wrench. The use of a breaker bar also prevents potential damage to the ratcheting mechanism of a socket wrench. Once the fastener is "broken loose," it can be turned with a socket wrench or by hand.
beam-style torque wrench Usually non-ratcheting, made to attach to standard sockets. By monitoring the degree of beam deflection, the applied torque can be determined.
speed handle A crank-shaped handle that rapidly loosens or tightens a fastener when used with the correct socket. It works much like a brace and bit adapted to sockets.
spinner handle
socket handle A screwdriver handle with a male drive end for attaching sockets.
offset drive A fixed drive where the head spins relative to the handle spinning, with the handle having a drive attachment where a ratchet or other socket wrench can be attached.[4]
Powered[edit]
There are also power tool versions of "air" (pneumatic) ratchets which use compressed air power to drive air powered socket wrenches which tighten or loosen nuts or bolts. A second major variety of compressed air powered tools are impact wrenches which are used for common tasks such as lug nuts on wheels. Electric powered impact wrenches for the same tasks are not uncommon. Small cordless 12 volt and 18 volt impact drivers are often used today as powered ratchets to remove and install nuts and bolts. Hydraulic motor ratchets with their characteristic higher torque are rare outside heavy industry. The sockets used for impact duty (called "impact sockets") are made with thicker walls and tempered to a lower hardness so as not to shatter under the impacts of the impact tool. They are typically finished in black oxide rather than the usual chrome plating of the hand-tool variety. Standard sockets (i.e. non-impact sockets) may shatter if used with impact wrenches, presenting a safety risk.
Socket types[edit]
There are two main types of socket wrenches: impact sockets and hand sockets. Common sockets are colloquially referred to by counting the number of "points" (pointed corners of walls) present in the shape of the socket nut opening. For example, the hexagon shape is commonly called a "6 point" socket because the hexagon forms 6 "points" where walls intersect to create six sharp pointed corners. This system of description using "points" generally works well in avoiding confusion, with the exception of "8-point" and "12-point" where two very incompatible shapes exist with both having 8 "points" and 12 "points". The vast majority of larger common nut and bolt heads are produced with the 6-point hexagonal gripping shape. Less frequently used shapes include the square 4-point, triple square 12-point (not to be confused with 12-point double hexagon), octagonal 8-point (not to be confused with the more common 8-point double square shape). These less common shapes are typically found in special applications or particular industries such as aircraft, PVC plumbing fittings or German and UK made automobiles. With rail cars, valve adjustment screws and pipe plugs, the 4-point square shaped driver can still be found in wide use both male and female configurations. Nuts and bolt heads are also produced in 12-point double hexagon shapes and various types of splines, more common to aircraft and aerospace applications. Most manufacturers of sockets for larger bolts produce them in 6-point (hexagonal) and limited sizes of 12-point (double-hexagonal) configurations.
Male bit drivers are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "sockets", but are in fact the opposite of a socket, in that bit drivers fit into a socket head cap screw or pipe plug, rather than fit over a male drive head on a nut or bolt as a socket does. A socket is a "female" recess or opening which receives another object, together as a fitting connection. A socket is not a protruding "male" connection. Common male bit drivers of this type include Allen hex wrenches (in both metric and fractional inch sizes), Torx (T-3 thru T-50) spline wrenches, 4-point (square), and 12-point (triple square) male bit drivers. Other specialized screw heads that are often installed or removed with screwdriver type handles and appropriate type tip have socket varieties that fit the various screw head types and a can be attached to a socket wrench. Conversely, for low torque situations, a "socket spinner" screwdriver handle with a socket wrench type fitting on one end can be attached to many different types of sockets, bit drivers and extensions.
A socket wrench, with the correct type of socket, can be used to loosen or tighten a large variety of fasteners with lower cost, greater ease and often more torque than can be applied with a screwdriver handle. A common use of these different "screw" head type sockets is to attach to power versions of the socket wrenches (impact sockets) which allow the fasteners to be loosened or tightened much faster and more powerfully than can be done by hand.
When working with common 6-point hexagonal fasteners, the 12-point shaped socket offers double the amount of starting points or possible positions by which to put the socket on the nut. This is of large importance on a box wrench which is typically adjustable in 15 or 30 degree increments. This versatility of fitting position is normally of small importance on a socket wrench which can be easily rotated in small increments regardless of socket type. Since loading contact points between the nut and socket are at the corner points (not the flats), twelve point sockets have more than adequate strength for most applications where nut and socket are in good condition. If the nut or socket is rounded by wear, using a "double" shaped socket is more likely to result in slippage or further rounding off and possible stripping of either the bolt head, nut or socket. This versatility is the main purpose of the 12-point shape found in common sockets, but is essential when working with 12-point bolt and nut heads. Socket strength is mainly a function of the alloys and heat treatments used to make the socket along with wall thickness of the socket wrench as measured at the corner points (thinnest section).
Specialized "wobble" or swivel sockets are made, that have a separate socket head and socket wrench connection. This allows the socket to wobble or swivel over a limited range, independent of the socket wrench or tool position, when it is attached to the bolt or nut. This may be a distinct advantage in some applications with restricted access. These "wobble/swivel" sockets, with their typical ball and socket joint swivel attachments, are made in a wide variety of types and sizes including deep, shallow, impact, triple square. They are often found in impact sets since they can be built sturdier than a common universal joint socket.
Many socket types and sizes are available with a universal joint between the socket and the ratchet attachment for tightening or loosening fasteners which are not easy to access with the socket wrench, plus standard socket arrangement. Also available are short universal joint extensions that allow any socket to be attached to a ratchet at with a universal joint between the two. Wobble extensions can serve the same purpose and may be easier to use since they often give a more solid socket attachment without all the flexing common to universal joint sockets.
Some specialized sockets are made with a specialized "6 flute" etc. socket that attaches to damaged bolts of both metric and fractional inch sizes for removal. Some specialized sockets are made to fit specific specialized applications and are designed and sized for that specific application. Spark plug sockets, oxygen sensor sockets, ball joint sockets, axle nut sockets, etc. fit in this category.
Due to the twisting or cam action of the socket on a bolt or nut head, nearly all of the torque is applied at or near the corners of the nut or bolt. Whether one uses either a twelve or six point socket, the same stresses are applied in the same locations. Under load, nearly all of the flats of the nut are not touching the socket at all. It is only a small amount of the surfaces near the fastener corners which bears the torque loads. In nearly all applications over-stressing a bolt or nut will result in stripping the bolt or nut threads or breaking the bolt long before the socket will break. Tougher, thicker impact sockets are made for impact gun use. Occasionally when the corners of a bolt head or nut begin to become worn or damaged, the material the nut is made from can eventually smear or tear under load and create a situation where the corners are effectively "rounded off". Some socket users believe that six point sockets are less likely to damage a fastener head, but tool evaluations and lab tests document that there is no difference in performance. A distorted or corroded fastener head may not fit a six-point socket but a twelve-point socket can be made to fit. When a fastener head is "rounded off" the nut or bolt, it can often no longer be turned without special repair or extraction tools. These rounded-off heads can incur substantial penalties, both direct and indirect. Deteriorated fasteners often inhibit the routine assembly and disassembly of the host components that rely on them, which can in turn deter users from performing normal maintenance procedures. Addressing the problem may require cost and effort, and potentially sidelining valuable equipment until the component's damaged fasteners have been replaced.
Over the years, nearly all manufacturers of quality sockets have introduced convex walls and other similar optimizations to the socket geometry in an effort to minimize such problems. These changes are intended to spread the applied torque away from the corners of fasteners and instead target the thicker, more reinforced areas of the nut or bolt head. Successful designs can greatly reduce the likelihood of eroding the vulnerable corner areas of the fastener, with the benefits increasing as the nut or bolt head is subjected to higher and higher loads. Such design modification strategies are typically inexpensive to implement and have been demonstrated to be commercially successful, particularly in the automotive maintenance and repair sector.
Spline sockets have a ridge in the center of the side wall and contact the fastener at the approximate midpoint of the side. As a result, these sockets do increase the torque that can be applied without damaging the fastener head and are perhaps the best option for removing frozen or stuck fasteners. An added benefit is that the required tolerance accuracy is minimized, and one socket can correctly fit a wider range of fastener head sizes. Spline sockets are sometimes sold as "universal" sets because the same socket can fit both SAE and metric fastener heads.
Impact sockets and drivers[edit]
Many applications use air driven or electric impact wrench or impact driver to deliver the amount of shock and torque required to tighten or loosen the different bolts or nuts in use. Inside an impact wrench there is a rotating hammer, usually driven by electricity or air pressure, that is used to incrementally rotate the output shaft. The impact wrench is designed to deliver high torque output with minimal exertion by the user, by storing energy in a rotating mass, then delivering it suddenly to the output shaft via a hammering action. While typical impact wrenches deliver between 500 and 1500 ft-lbs of torque, some larger impact wrenches such as the Ingersoll Rand 599A1 can deliver near 80,000 ft-lb (10850 Nm) of torque which is enough to tighten hex nuts 7" across flats. Even if the socket attached to the impact wrench does not turn, it is still subjected to successive shock blows by the impact wrench's internal hammer(s). These successive blows are often enough to loosen or tighten a tight or corroded nut or bolt or in some cases break or strip the fastener. Impact wrenches are hard on the sockets since the sockets in use also get hammered. Regular chrome plated "hand sockets" like those commonly included with hand ratchet wrench tool sets are not suitable for this kind of high load impact application. Hand sockets, when used with an impact wrench, can break or shatter explosively if they are used with an impact wrench. Impact sockets are specifically designed and manufactured for impact gun use, and are nearly always made from a thicker, tougher and more ductile alloy steel that is then heat treated for extra durability. Most impact sockets made for "standard" hexagonal fasteners have a six-point design. For more flexibility many impact sockets are made with swivel type socket—socket wrench attachment geometry. These impact sockets are rarely, if ever, chrome-plated, as chrome will chip off under impact use, and the process of chrome plating hardened steel causes some hydrogen embrittlement which can cause parts to crack. Instead, impact sockets are most commonly finished with a black oxide surface or other conversion treatment to provide some corrosion and rust protection and improved appearance even after hard impact wrench use. Although ordinary hand sockets should never be used with impact wrenches, impact sockets can be used with hand socket wrenches and other hand drivers.
Standard-length and deep-length sockets[edit]
A set of deep sockets on a rail.
Sockets are available in various depths or lengths, often divided by most manufacturers into two categories of "standard" and "deep" according to the ANSI or DIN standard they are made to and the tolerances allowed by those specifications for each length of socket. Because the standards allow for some flexibility in tolerances, it is common to see two manufacturers make deep sockets of the same size but with slightly different depths even though both meet the same specification. Standard length, otherwise known as "shallow" sockets, have a lower profile and allow a user to access nuts in narrow spaces. Deep sockets are useful for turning nuts onto bolts when the bolt extends upwards into the socket (as in the case of many bolted joints), a very typical example being exhaust clamp bolts on a car.
Although most manufacturers offer only those sizes and depths described within the common ANSI or DIN specifications, some exceptions do exist. Specialty manufacturers such as IMPERIAL-Newton Corp offer an expanded range of "extra deep" sockets for special industrial applications; and popular brands like Snap-on or Mac Tools offer what are called "semi-deep" or "mid-length" sockets, which provide much of a deep socket's depth, while fitting in tighter locations.
Pass-through sockets and ratchets[edit]
Some sockets are designed to have the same outside diameter and shape within a given set size. Each pass-through socket, within a given socket set, is designed to be used with a "special" ratchet that fits on the outside of the socket and not to the middle of the socket. By fitting the outside of the socket they allow the bolt or stud to extend through the socket, eliminating the need for a deep socket in some applications. By attaching to the outside of the socket they also allow the socket to be built up to 50% shorter and with 20% less width which is an advantage in some situations. Pass-through sockets and ratchets are built for 1/4", 3/8" and 1/2" sets in both SAE and metric sizes. By using a fine tooth ratchet and socket system that allow a pass-through ratchet to be used as a conventional ratchet handle with interchangeable 1/4-inch and 3/8-inch drives some ratchets can be used with standard sockets. They are built by a number of manufacturers with a variety of trade names. Craftsman Tools call theirs--Max Axess, and also sells GearWrench's Pass-Thru brands. Lowes calls their socket system Xtreme Access, etc.. Ratcheting box end wrenches can often be employed in the same application, but will nearly always be significantly wider.
Accessories[edit]
These are some of the common accessories that are used with 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", etc. socket wrenches:
Extensions, sometimes called "extender arms", attach to a socket on one end and a ratchet on the other end of the extension. These "extend" the length of the socket and allow access to nuts or bolts that are difficult to reach. Extensions are typically 1/2" to 20" in length in roughly 1" to 3" increments. They are sometimes attached together to get a needed length extension.
Wobble extensions have their socket attachment ends ground to allow the socket-extension interface to bend up to about 15 degrees. This additional flexibility often makes using a socket + extension in a cramped location easier. A 1" to 1-1/2" long wobble extension added to the end of any extension will convert it to a slightly longer "wobble" extension.
Extension Grip Collars are collars with indents that fit on the back of most extensions preventing it from easily rolling away and allow one to easily grip extension and finger tighten or loosen nuts and bolts by turning extension + socket with or without ratchet.
Ratchet spinners are short (about 1-1/2") extensions that have a knurled attachments on them for easy hand tightening or loosening without the ratchet handle.
Size adapters allow sockets of one drive size to be used with ratchets of another drive size. They consist of a male drive fitting of one size attached to a female drive fitting of another size. They are typically about 1" long. For example, a 1/4 in. to 3/8 in. adapter allows sockets with 1/4 in. drive holes to attach to a 3/8 in. ratchet, etc..
Universal joints are two articulated socket joints (about 1" long) combined at a right angle, that allow a bend in the turning axis of the wrench and socket. They are used with extensions and ratchets for turning a bolt or nut at a difficult to access location. Wobble extensions may be substituted for some universal joint applications and have the advantage of not wobbling so much.
See also[edit]
Torque wrench
Hydraulic torque wrench
Impact wrench
Peter Roberts (18-year-old Sears employee who invented the "quick release" socket wrench in the 1970s and sold the idea to Sears for US$10,000; later the subject of an unjust enrichment lawsuit ending in Roberts' favor for $8.9 million).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Ratchet patent 38914, 1863
Jump up ^ "Improved Wrench". Scientific American. Vol. 10 no. 16. New York: Munn & Co. April 16, 1864. p. 248. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Gearless ratchets for very tight spaces". rtstools.com. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Offset Ratchets and Extension wrenches". rtstools.com. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
External links[edit]
Table of American socket and nut sizes in inches
Ratchet manufacturing video
Socket manufacturing video
ASME B107 - specification for Socket Wrenches, Handles, and Attachments
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To All the Boys I've Loved Before
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 2018 film adaptation, see To All the Boys I've Loved Before (film).
To All The Boys I've Loved Before
Author
Jenny Han
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Young adult
Publisher
Simon & Schuster
Publication date
April 15, 2014
Media type
Print (hardback, paperback)
Pages
388
ISBN
978-1442426719
Followed by
P.S. I Still Love You
To All the Boys I've Loved Before is a 2014 young adult romance novel by American author Jenny Han, first published by Simon & Schuster and released on April 15, 2014.[1] Han was inspired to write the book based on her own habit of writing long letters to boys she had crushes on as a teenager.[2] The novel was followed by two sequels, P.S. I Still Love You, released on May 26, 2015,[3] and Always and Forever, Lara Jean, released on May 2, 2017.[4]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Lara Jean Song Covey is a sixteen-year-old half-Korean, half-Caucasian girl. She is exceptionally close to her older sister Margot and younger sister Kitty. Lara Jean keeps love letters to all the boys she has ever loved in a teal hatbox given to her by her late mother. Just before Margot leaves for university in Scotland, she breaks up with her boyfriend Josh Sanderson, who is also their next door neighbor.
Lara Jean, who once had a crush on Josh, finds her feelings for him coming back after Margot leaves, and Josh admits during a conversation about crushes that his first serious crush was on Lara Jean. To cope with her feelings, Lara Jean writes a long postscript to a letter she wrote when she was fourteen, after Josh asked Margot out instead of her.
Peter Kavinsky, one of the boys Lara Jean wrote a letter to, approaches her and tells her he does not have any sort of attraction to her. Lara Jean is confused, but realizes that he is referring to a letter she wrote him years ago after he received it in the mail. Horrified, she tells him she wrote it a long time ago. Lara Jean recounts what prompted her to write the letter: when she was in seventh grade, she and Peter were with a group of mutual friends when Peter kissed her.
Lara Jean cannot find her hatbox at home. That night, she hears Josh come over and hides in a treehouse. The next morning at school, Josh asks her about the letter to him. She lies and says she no longer has feelings for him and that she is dating someone else. When he asks who it is, she says Peter as he’s the first person she thinks of while he walks down the hallway. Lara Jean spontaneously jumps into Peter’s arms and kisses him in front of Josh, and Peter kisses her back. At school, Lara Jean explains her situation to Peter, who decides to go along with the lie, as he has just broken up with his long-term girlfriend Genevieve and wants a clean break.
Lara Jean and Peter set up a list of ground-rules on how to act around each other. The more time they spend together, the more confused Lara Jean gets about her feelings. Josh becomes jealous of Peter, and when Lara Jean confronts him about it, he kisses her and tells her he wants to be with her, causing Lara Jean to realize that she no longer likes Josh and that she wants to date Peter for real.
On a school ski trip, Peter tells Lara Jean he does want to date her and they kiss in a hot tub. The following day, Genevieve tells her that there is a rumor that the two had sex in the hot tub, and Peter did not deny it. Humiliated, Lara Jean avoids Peter during Christmas break. Kitty invites him over to the Covey's recital party which they had every year before their mother died. When Peter tries to talk to Lara Jean, Josh steps in to try and protect her, and Margot ends up hearing about how Josh and Lara Jean kissed.
Margot and Lara Jean eventually reconcile, but Lara Jean remains angry at Peter until Kitty admits that she stole her sister's hatbox and mailed the letters as revenge for Lara Jean almost revealing Kitty's crush on Josh. Kitty tells Lara Jean that Peter really cares for her and returns the hatbox that is now filled with notes that Peter gave Lara Jean while they were fake-dating. Reading them over, Lara Jean has a change of heart and takes out her pen and paper to write a real love letter to Peter.
Reception[edit]
The novel spent 40 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list in the Young Adult fiction section.[5] It has been published in 30 languages.[citation needed]
Main article: To All the Boys I've Loved Before (film)
In June 2014, it was reported that Overbrook Entertainment, actor Will Smith's production company, had secured the film rights to the novel, with Annie Neal hired to adapt the book for the screen. Smith and Overbrook's James Lassiter produced.[6] Carrie Pilby director Susan Johnson helmed the film, from a screenplay by Sofia Alvarez, with Lana Condor, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Noah Centineo, Israel Broussard, and John Corbett starring. Production began in Vancouver in July 2017,[7] and the film was released by Netflix on August 17, 2018.[8] The film received positive reviews.[9][10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "To All the Boys I've Loved Before". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Author interview: Jenny Han". RonReads.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "P.S. I Still Love You". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Always and Forever, Lara Jean". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THIS WEEK YOUNG ADULT". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen (June 26, 2014). "Overbrook Sets Annie Neal To Pen YA Adaptation 'To All The Boys I've Loved Before'". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (July 21, 2017). "Lana Condor to Star in 'To All the Boys I've Loved Before' Movie Based on Jenny Han Novel". Variety.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 21, 2018). "Netflix Acquires Rights to Adaptation of YA Novel 'To All the Boys I've Loved Before' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "To All the Boys I've Loved Before (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "To All the Boys I've Loved BeforeReviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
External links[edit]
To All the Boys I've Loved Before on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_All_the_Boys_I%27ve_Loved_Before&oldid=866415119"
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NFL win–loss records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of win–loss records for each of the 32 active National Football League (NFL) teams.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regular season
2 Playoffs
3 Notes
4 References
Regular season[edit]
George Halas (right) of the Chicago Bears, who have recorded the most regular season wins.
The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their regular season win–loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2017 NFL regular season.[1] For teams that previously played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), their AAFC win-loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL–AAFC merger.[2][a] However, for teams that played in the American Football League (AFL), their AFL win-loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL. Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win-loss record.
Best win–loss record in division
Rank
Team
Won
Lost
Tied
Pct.
First NFL Season
Total Games
Division
1 Dallas Cowboys 502 374 6 .573 1960 882 NFC East
2 Green Bay Packers 737 562 37 .565 1921 1,336 NFC North
3 Chicago Bears 749 579 42 .562 1920 1,370 NFC North
4 Miami Dolphins 445 351 4 .559 1966 800 AFC East
5 New England Patriots[b] 489 386 9 .558 1960 884 AFC East
6 Minnesota Vikings 470 390 10 .546 1961 870 NFC North
7 Baltimore Ravens 190 161 1 .541 1996 352 AFC North
8 New York Giants 687 585 33 .539 1925 1,305 NFC East
9 Denver Broncos 470 404 10 .537 1960 884 AFC West
10 San Francisco 49ers 528 460 14 .534 1950 1,002 NFC West
11 Pittsburgh Steelers 614 538 20 .532 1933 1,172 AFC North
12 Oakland Raiders 462 411 11 .529 1960 884 AFC West
13 Indianapolis Colts[c] 506 453 7 .527 1953 966 AFC South
14 Kansas City Chiefs 457 415 12 .524 1960 884 AFC West
15 Seattle Seahawks 334 325 1 .507 1976 660 NFC West
16 Washington Redskins 595 581 28 .506 1932 1,202 NFC East
17 Carolina Panthers 183 184 1 .499 1995 368 NFC South
18 Los Angeles Chargers[d] 435 438 11 .498 1960 884 AFC West
19 Los Angeles Rams 555 559 21 .498 1937 1,135 NFC West
20 Cleveland Browns 462 482 10 .490 1950 954 AFC North
21 Philadelphia Eagles 568 594 26 .489 1933 1,188 NFC East
22 Tennessee Titans 422 456 6 .481 1960 884 AFC South
23 Buffalo Bills 409 467 8 .467 1960 884 AFC East
24 Detroit Lions 553 648 32 .461 1930 1,233 NFC North
25 Cincinnati Bengals 351 417 4 .457 1968 772 AFC North
26 New York Jets 397 479 8 .454 1960 884 AFC East
27 Jacksonville Jaguars 165 203 0 .448 1995 368 AFC South
28 New Orleans Saints 349 432 5 .447 1967 786 NFC South
29 Atlanta Falcons 351 443 6 .443 1966 790 NFC South
30 Houston Texans 110 146 0 .430 2002 256 AFC South
31 Arizona Cardinals 550 740 40 .429 1920 1,330 NFC West
32 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 255 404 1 .387 1976 660 NFC South
Playoffs[edit]
Members of the Baltimore Ravens franchise, the team with the highest playoff win–loss percentage, during the Lombardi Trophy presentation following their Super Bowl XLVII victory
Marvin Lewis, head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals, who have registered the lowest playoff win-loss percentage of all time
The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their playoff win-loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LII.
Best win–loss record in division
Team active in playoffs
Rank
Team
Games
Won
Lost
Pct.
Last playoff
appearance
Division
1 Baltimore Ravens 23 15 8 .652 2014 AFC North
2 New England Patriots 54 34 20 .630 2017 AFC East
3 Green Bay Packers 56 34 22 .607 2016 NFC North
4 San Francisco 49ers 50 30 20 .600 2013 NFC West
5 Pittsburgh Steelers 61 36 25 .590 2017 AFC North
6 Oakland Raiders 44 25 19 .568 2016 AFC West
7 Dallas Cowboys 61 34 27 .557 2016 NFC East
8 (tie) Denver Broncos 42 23 19 .548 2015 AFC West
8 (tie) Washington Redskins 42 23 19 .548 2015 NFC East
10 Carolina Panthers 17 9 8 .529 2017 NFC South
11 Seattle Seahawks 31 16 15 .516 2016 NFC West
12 Philadelphia Eagles 43 22 21 .512 2017 NFC East
13 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 7 7 .500 2017 AFC South
14 New York Giants 49 24 25 .490 2016 NFC East
15 Indianapolis Colts 45 22 23 .489 2014 AFC South
16 Miami Dolphins 41 20 21 .488 2016 AFC East
17 Chicago Bears 35 17 18 .486 2010 NFC North
18 New York Jets 25 12 13 .480 2010 AFC East
19 Buffalo Bills 30 14 16 .467 2017 AFC East
20 New Orleans Saints 18 8 10 .444 2017 NFC South
21 Arizona Cardinals 16 7 9 .438 2015 NFC West
22 Los Angeles Rams 44 19 25 .432 2017 NFC West
23 (tie) Tennessee Titans 35 15 20 .429 2017 AFC South
23 (tie) Houston Texans 7 3 4 .429 2016 AFC South
25 Atlanta Falcons 24 10 14 .417 2017 NFC South
26 Minnesota Vikings 49 20 29 .408 2017 NFC North
27 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 15 6 9 .400 2007 NFC South
28 Los Angeles Chargers 28 11 17 .393 2013 AFC West
29 Cleveland Browns 31 11 20 .355 2002 AFC North
30 Detroit Lions 20 7 13 .350 2016 NFC North
31 Kansas City Chiefs 27 9 18 .333 2017 AFC West
32 Cincinnati Bengals 19 5 14 .263 2015 AFC North
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, the Browns' regular season win–loss record does not include a 47–4–3 record compiled in the All-America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949, nor does their playoff record include the 5–0 record compiled during the same period. Likewise, the 49ers' AAFC regular season win–loss record of 38–14–2, nor their 1-1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted
Jump up ^ The Patriots played as the "Boston Patriots" from 1960–1970, before adopting the "New England Patriots" name, which they have played under since the 1971 season.[3] The team was also briefly known as the "Bay State Patriots" prior to the 1971 season.[4]
Jump up ^ The Colts played under the "Baltimore Colts" name from 1953–1983, before relocating to Indianapolis and adpoting their current "Indianapolis Colts" name, which they have played under since the 1984 season.[5]
Jump up ^ The Chargers played as the "Los Angeles Chargers" in 1960 before relocating to San Diego in 1961 and adopting the "San Diego Chargers" as their name from 1961-2016. Before the 2017 season the franchise relocated back to Los Angeles and has played under their initial "Los Angeles Chargers" name since.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Franchise Encyclopedias". Pro Football Reference. Sports-Reference. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel; Emmons, Mark (November 8, 2011). "49ers great Joe Perry and the stats that don't count". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New England Patriots — Team History". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dewdney, Mike (February 21, 2012). "The Rise and Fall of the Bay State Patriots". Chris Creamer's Sports Logos. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hensley, Jamison (March 28, 2014). "30 years on, Baltimore better without Colts". ESPN. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
[show]
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