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History of measurement systems in India
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Emperor Jahangir (reign 1605–1627) weighing his son Shah Jahan on a weighing scale, 1615, Mughal dynasty.
The history of measurement systems in India begins in early Indus Valley Civilisation with the earliest surviving samples dated to the 5th millennium BCE.[1] Since early times the adoption of standard weights and measures has reflected in the country's architectural, folk, and metallurgical artifacts.[1] A complex system of weights and measures was adopted by the Maurya empire (322–185 BCE), which also formulated regulations for the usage of this system.[2] Later, the Mughal empire (1526–1857) used standard measures to determine land holdings and collect land tax as a part of Mughal land reforms.[3] The formal metrication in India is dated to 1 April 1957 when the Indian Government adopted the International System of Units (SI).[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Post Maha Janapadas period—High Middle Ages (400 BCE–1200 CE)
3 Late Middle Ages—Republic of India (1200 CE–1947 CE onwards)
4 See also
5 Citations
6 Bibliography
Early history[edit]
Indus Valley Civilisation weights and measures - National Museum, New Delhi
Standard weights and measures were developed by the Indus Valley Civilisation.[1] The centralised weight and measure system served the commercial interest of Indus merchants as smaller weight measures were used to measure luxury goods while larger weights were employed for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc.[5] Weights existed in multiples of a standard weight and in categories.[5] Technical standardisation enabled gauging devices to be effectively used in angular measurement and measurement for construction.[6] Uniform units of length were used in the planning of towns such as Lothal, Surkotada, Kalibangan, Dolavira, Harappa, and Mohenjo-daro.[1] The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached Persia and Central Asia, where they were further modified.[7] Shigeo Iwata describes the excavated weights unearthed from the Indus civilisation:
A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Chanhu-daro, not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each measuring about 1.5 m in depth. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the binary and decimal systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of chert.[1]
Hindu units of time—largely of mythological and ritual importance—displayed on a logarithmic scale.
Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilisation prior to 1500 BCE.[8] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1⁄16 inch (1.6 mm).[8] Ian Whitelaw (2007)—on the subject of a ruler excavated from the Mohenjo-daro site—writes that: 'the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy—to within 0.005 of an inch. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.'[9] The Indus civilisation constructed pan balances made of copper, bronze, and ceramics.[1] One excavated pan balance from Mohenjo-daro (2600–1900 BCE) was constructed using a cord-pivot type fulcrum, a bronze beam, and two pans.[1] A number of excavated surveying instruments and measuring rods have yielded evidence of early cartographic activity.[10]
Weights and measures are mentioned throughout the religious and secular works of the Vedic period in India.[11] Some sources that mention various units of measurement are Satapatha Brahmana, Apastamba Sutra, and the Eight Chapters of the grammarian Pāṇini.[11] Indian astronomers kept a pañcānga for calculations of tithi (lunar day), vāra (weekday), naksatra (asterism), and karan (half lunar day) for social and religious events.[12] Klostermaier (2003) states that: "Indian astronomers calculated the duration of one kalpa (a cycle of the universe during which all the heavenly bodies return to their original positions) to be 432,00,00,000 years."[13]
Post Maha Janapadas period—High Middle Ages (400 BCE–1200 CE)[edit]
Steelyard balances—found in India since the 4th century BCE—have been excavated from the archaeological sites of Gandhara and Amravati.[14] Evidence of a complex system of weights and measures existing in use for multiple purposes under the central control of the Maurya administration (322–185 BCE) is found in the Arthashastra.[2] Archaeologist Frank Raymond Allchin outlines the details of the measurement systems of the Maurya state:
The Arthashastra offers a wealth of evidence for the wide varieties of standardised weights and measures of the time. Officers were appointed to control their use and standardisation. The measurements include those of length, divided into several series, rising from those below the standard aṅgula, defined as the 'middle joint of the middle finger of a man of average size'; to those above, including the span and the cubit, and ending with the rod (danda) or bow (dhanus) of around 180 cm; and above this measurement of longer distance, the goruta or krosa and the yojana. Various special measurements are mentioned, for instance for digging moats, making roads or city walls. Measurements of capacity were set on different standards, for revenue, trade, payments, or palace purposes: these were applicable for both liquids and solids. Weights, too, were in several series: for precious substances there were three, for gold, silver, and diamonds; another series was for weights and general purposes. Weights should be made of iron or of stone from the Mekhala hills. Considerable attention is given to the types of weighing machines employed: one is a balance (tula) with two pans, for which ten different sizes are recommended for weighing different quantities; and another a sort of steelyard, in two sizes. A steelyard is used as a symbol on the negama coins from Taxila, suggesting their clear mercantile connotation. Equal attention is given to the measurement of time, based on the device named the nalika, being the time taken for one adhaka of water to flow out of a pot through a hole of the same diameter as that of a wire 4 angulas long, made from 4 masas of gold.[2]
Depiction of equal arm balances is found in the art of Ajanta cave (No. 17) in the Maharashtra state.[15] Beams of steelyard balances have been unearthed from the 8th century CE archaeological sites at Sirpur and Arang.[15] The research conducted by Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūn, an Islamic scholar who undertook one of the first studies of India's traditions in his Tahriq-e-Hind, also reflect on the regular usage of the steelyard in India.[16]
Late Middle Ages—Republic of India (1200 CE–1947 CE onwards)[edit]
The Chinese merchant Ma Huan (1413–51) outlines the standardised weight and currency system in place at the port city of Cochin.[17] Ma Huan noted that gold coins, known as fanam, or locally known as "panam",[18] were issued in Cochin and weighed a total of one fen and one li according to the Chinese standards.[17] They were of fine quality and could be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-li weight each.[17]
The Mughal empire (1526–1857) undertook central agrarian reforms, under which statistical data was compiled by the local quanungo officials on instructions from then revenue minister Todar Mal.[3] As a part of these reforms, Akbar the Great (1556–1605) enforced practical standardisation in the empire's weight and measure system.[3] The Mughal measurement system measured land in terms of gaz and bigha.[3] The measure of agricultural output was the man.[3] Todar Mal's reforms were resisted by large land holders in India, following which the land of these zamindars was placed under the control of the Mughal treasury.[3] Mughal surveying parties used standardised bamboo rods with iron joints to clearly record land according to the standard imperial land measures.[3] These records were later used to collect land revenue corresponding to the land holdings.[3]
British units of measurement were adopted in India as first the East India Company and later colonial rule gained foothold.[4] The Republic of India adopted the metric system on 1 April 1957.[4] However, the traditional units still prevail in some areas.[19] Chakrabarti (2007) holds that: 'Yet a few areas have still remained untouched by the metric system. In the land-measuring system in India, possibly one of the most complex and archaic systems, we follow different sets of measuring units and systems in different parts of the country. Different State governments have tried to standardise this by introducing a suitable metric system through which official transactions take place and official records are kept. But the land dealings are still done in a number of archaic units. It appears that people are satisfied and comfortable with them.'[19]
See also[edit]
Hindu units of measurement
Indian weights and measures
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Iwata, 2254
^ Jump up to: a b c Allchin, 217
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Richard, 84
^ Jump up to: a b c Chakrabarti, 390
^ Jump up to: a b Kenoyer, 265
Jump up ^ Baber, 23
Jump up ^ In the third millennium BCE the Indus measuring system was further developed in the ancient regions of Iran and Afghanistan -- Iwata, 2254.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitelaw, 14
Jump up ^ Whitelaw, 15
Jump up ^ Schwartzberg, 1301–1302
^ Jump up to: a b Sharma & Bhardwaj, 320
Jump up ^ See Sarma (2008) in Astronomy in India.
Jump up ^ Klostermaier (2003)
Jump up ^ See Sharma & Bhardwaj, pages 332 and 336.
^ Jump up to: a b Sharma & Bhardwaj, 333
Jump up ^ Sharma & Bhardwaj, 334
^ Jump up to: a b c Chaudhuri, 223
Jump up ^ a S. Bartholomaeo, Paulinus (1800). A voyage to the East Indies. printed by J. Davis: and sold by Vernor and Hood; and J. Cuthell. p. 78. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Chakrabarti, 391
Bibliography[edit]
Allchin, F.R. (1995), "The Mauryan State and Empire", The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-37695-5.
Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-2919-9.
Chakrabarti, Bhupati (2007), "Fifty years of the metric system in India and its adoption in our daily life", Current Science, 92 (3): 390–391, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28542-9.
Iwata, Shigeo (2008), "Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 2254–2255, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2006), "Indus Valley Civilization", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2) edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 258–266, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-684-31351-0
Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2003), "Hinduism, History of Science and Religion", Encyclopedia of Science and Religion edited by J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen, pp. 405–410, Macmillan Reference USA, ISBN 0-02-865704-7.
Richards, John F. etc. (1996), The Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56603-7.
Sarma, K.V. (2008), "Astronomy in India", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 317–321, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008), "Maps and Mapmaking in India", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 1301–1303, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
Sharma, V.L. & Bhardwaj, H.C. (1989), "Weighing Devices in Ancient India", Indian Journal of History of Science 24 (4): 329–336, Indian National Science Academy.
Whitelaw, Ian (2007), A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-37026-8.
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Jewel (singer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Jewell (singer), the R&B singer.
Jewel
Jewel at Yahoo Yodel 2009
Background information
Birth name
Jewel Kilcher
Born
(1974-05-23) May 23, 1974 (age 43)
Payson, Utah, U.S.
Origin
Homer, Alaska, U.S.
Genres
Folk
pop rock
pop
country folk
Americana
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter
guitarist
actress
author
poet
Instruments
Vocals
guitar
autoharp
Years active
1994–present
Labels
Atlantic
Valory
Associated acts
The Rugburns
Joseph Brent
Website
www.jeweljk.com
Jewel Kilcher (born May 23, 1974),[1] known mononymously as Jewel, is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, actress, author, and poet. She has received four Grammy Award nominations and, as of 2008, has sold over 30 million albums worldwide.[2] Kilcher was raised in Homer, Alaska, where she grew up singing and yodeling as a duo with her father, a local musician. At age fifteen, she received a partial scholarship at the Interlochen Arts Academy in Michigan, where she studied operatic voice.
After graduating, Kilcher began writing and performing at clubs and coffeehouses in San Diego, California. Based on local media attention, she was offered a recording contract with Atlantic Records, who released her debut album, Pieces of You, in 1995; it went on to become one of the best-selling debut albums of all time, going 12-times platinum. The debut single from the album, "Who Will Save Your Soul", peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100; two others, "You Were Meant for Me" and "Foolish Games", reached number two on the Hot 100, and were listed on Billboard's 1997 year-end singles chart, as well as Billboard's 1998 year-end singles chart.
Her subsequent album, Spirit, was released in 1998, followed by This Way (2001). In 2003, she released 0304, which marked a departure from her previous folk-oriented records, figuring electronic arrangements and elements of dance-pop. In 2008, she released Perfectly Clear, her first country album; it debuted atop Billboard's Top Country Albums chart and featured three singles, "Stronger Woman", "I Do", and "'Til It Feels Like Cheating". Jewel released her first independent album, Lullaby, in 2009.
Jewel has also had endeavors in writing and acting; in 1998 she released a collection of poetry, and the following year appeared in a supporting role in Ang Lee's Western film Ride with the Devil (1999) which earned her critical acclaim.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Music career
2.1 1993–1997: Beginnings and Pieces of You
2.2 1998–2002: Spirit and This Way
2.3 2003–2007: 0304 and Goodbye Alice in Wonderland
2.4 2007–2008: Label shift and Perfectly Clear
2.5 2009–2013: Lullaby and other releases
2.6 2014–present: Picking Up the Pieces
3 Musical equipment and technique
4 Acting and writing
5 Philanthropy
6 Personal life
7 Accolades
8 Discography
8.1 Studio albums
8.2 Videos
8.3 Books
8.4 Filmography
9 Tours
10 References
11 Works cited
12 Further reading
13 External links
Early life[edit]
Jewel was born May 23, 1974 in Payson, Utah, the second child of Attila Kuno "Atz" Kilcher and Lenedra Jewel Kilcher (née Carroll).[3][4] At the time of her birth, her parents had been living in Utah with her elder brother, Shane; her father was attending Brigham Young University.[5] She is a first cousin once removed of actress Q'orianka Kilcher.[6] Her father, originally from Alaska, was a Mormon, though the family stopped attending The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints after her parents' divorce when she was eight years old.[7] Her paternal grandfather, Yule Kilcher, was a delegate to the Alaska Constitutional convention and a state senator of German descent[8][9] who settled in Alaska after emigrating from Switzerland.[10][11] He was also the first recorded person to cross the Harding Icefield.[12]
Shortly after her birth, the family relocated to Anchorage, Alaska, settling on the Kilcher family's 770-acre (310 ha) homestead.[13] There, her younger brother, Atz Jr., was born.[13] She also has a half-brother, Nikos, who was primarily raised in Oregon by his mother, with whom her father had a brief relationship; she would later become close to him in adulthood.[14] After her parents' divorce in 1981, Kilcher lived with her father in Homer, Alaska.[15][16] The house she grew up in lacked indoor plumbing and had only a simple outhouse.[17] The Kilcher family is featured on the Discovery Channel show Alaska: The Last Frontier, which chronicles their day-to-day struggles living in the Alaskan wilderness. Recalling her upbringing, she said:
We lived far from town. We had to walk 2 miles (3.2 km) just to get to the saddle barn I was raised in... No running water, no heat—we had a coal stove and an outhouse and we mainly lived off of what we could kill or can. We picked berries and made jam. We caught fish to freeze and had gardens and cattle to live on. I rode horses every day in the summer beneath the Alaskan midnight sun. I loved it there.[9]
The Hilton Anchorage, where Jewel sometimes performed with her father as a child
Kilcher and her father sometimes earned a living by performing music in roadhouses and taverns as a father-daughter duo; they also often sang at hotels in Anchorage, including the Hotel Captain Cook and the Hilton Anchorage.[9][18] It was during this time that Kilcher learned yodel from her father.[19] She would later credit the time she spent in bars as integral to her formative years: "I saw women who would compromise themselves for compliments, for flattery; or men who would run away from themselves by drinking until they ultimately killed themselves."[20]
At age fifteen, while working at a dance studio in Anchorage, she was referred by the studio instructor to Interlochen Arts Academy in Interlochen, Michigan, where she applied and received a partial scholarship to study operatic voice.[21] Local businesses in her hometown of Homer donated items for auction to help allocate additional funds, and raised a total of $11,000 to pay the remainder of her first year's tuition.[9] She subsequently relocated to Michigan to attend Interlochen, where she received classical training, and also learned to play guitar.[22] She began writing songs on guitar at age sixteen.[23] While in school, she would often perform live in coffeehouses.[24] After graduating, she relocated to San Diego, California, where she worked in a coffee shop and as a phone operator at a computer warehouse.[25]
Music career[edit]
1993–1997: Beginnings and Pieces of You[edit]
For a time, Kilcher lived in her car while traveling around the country doing street performances and small gigs, mainly in Southern California.[23] She gained recognition by singing at The Inner Change Cafe and Java Joe's in San Diego;[26] she would later make her debut record at Java Joe's when it was in Poway, where she had worked as a barista.[27] Her friend Steve Poltz's band, The Rugburns, played the same venues.[28] She later collaborated with Poltz on some of her songs, including "You Were Meant for Me". (He also appeared in the song's second, better-known video.) The Rugburns opened for Jewel on her Tiny Lights tour in 1997. Poltz appeared in Jewel's band on the Spirit World Tour 1999 playing guitar.[29]
Kilcher was discovered by Inga Vainshtein in August 1993 when John Hogan, lead singer from the local San Diego band Rust, whom Vainshtein was managing, called to tell her about a girl surfer who sang at a local coffee shop on Thursdays. Vainshtein drove to The Inner Change with a representative from Atlantic Records, and after the show they called Danny Goldberg, the head of Atlantic Record's West Coast operations, and asked him to pay for her demo, since at the time she was living in a van and lacked the means to record any of her own music.[23] Vainshtein, who at the time was working as a film executive at Paramount, eventually became her manager and was instrumental in creating a major bidding war that led to her deal with Atlantic Records.[30] She continued to manage Jewel until the end of the first album cycle. Her debut album Pieces of You was released the eponym of Jewel, in 1995 when she was 21 years old.[31] Recorded in a studio on singer Neil Young's ranch, it included Young's backing band, The Stray Gators, who played on his Harvest and Harvest Moon albums. Part of the album was recorded live at The Inner Change Cafe in San Diego, where she had risen to local fame. The album stayed on the Billboard 200 for two years, reaching number four at its peak.[32] The album spawned the Top 10 hits "You Were Meant for Me", "Who Will Save Your Soul", and "Foolish Games". The album eventually sold over 12 million copies in the United States alone.[33]
In the late 1990s, Mike Connell created an electronic mailing list for fans, known as "Everyday Angels". Although Jewel herself does not subscribe to this mailing list, she maintained communication with her EA fans. On July 18 and 19, 1996, she gave a two-day concert known as "JewelStock" at the Bearsville Theatre. Jewel allowed the concert to be taped, and fans circulated the concert without profit.[34]
1998–2002: Spirit and This Way[edit]
Jewel performing live for US troops aboard the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman, December 16, 2000
Jewel was chosen to sing the American national anthem at the opening of the Super Bowl XXXII in January 1998 in San Diego. She was introduced as "San Diego's own Jewel!" but criticized for lip syncing the anthem to a digitally-recorded track of her own voice. This was especially noticeable due to her missing her cue and not mouthing the first words. Super Bowl producers have since admitted that they attempt to have all performers pre-record their vocals.[35] She performed the "Star-Spangled Banner" again in the 2003 NBA Finals in one of the New Jersey Nets' home games.
From her second album, Spirit,[36] the song "Hands" hit No. 6 on the Hot 100. Other singles followed, including a new version of "Jupiter (Swallow the Moon)", "What's Simple Is True" (the theme song to her upcoming movie), and the charity single "Life Uncommon".[37]
A year later, in November 1999, Jewel released Joy: A Holiday Collection. The album sold over a million copies and peaked at No. 32 on the Billboard 200. She released a cover of "Joy to the World" from the album as a single.[38]
In November 2001 the album This Way was released. The album peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard 200 and sold over 1.5 million copies in the U.S. A song from the album "Standing Still" hit the Top 30. Other singles released were "Break Me", "This Way", and "Serve the Ego", the latter giving Jewel her first number one club hit.[39]
2003–2007: 0304 and Goodbye Alice in Wonderland[edit]
In 2003 Jewel released the album 0304. Following the limited success of "Serve the Ego", Jewel moved to a more pop-oriented sound with the release of the single "Intuition". The song reached No. 5 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart and No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100.[40]
On May 2, 2006, Jewel released her sixth album Goodbye Alice in Wonderland. The album received mixed reviews, but still managed to debut at No. 8 on the Billboard Albums Chart and sold 82,000 copies in its first week.[41] The lead single "Again and Again" had success on Adult Top 40 Radio, peaking at No. 16.[42] The second single "Good Day" was released to radio in late June and peaked at No. 30 on the Adult Pop Songs charts. A video for "Stephenville, TX", her next single, was seen on Yahoo! Launch.[43] After a photo shoot at her Texas ranch, Jewel spontaneously decided to have photographer Kurt Markus shoot the music video for the song "Goodbye Alice in Wonderland". According to an Atlantic Records press release, "The homegrown clip beautifully reflects both the song's organic, intimate sound and its powerfully autobiographical story."[44]
CMT music critic Timothy Duggan praised the album: "This album showcases Jewel's unique talent as a lyricist, alongside a definite growth in her musicianship. It is what Pieces of You might have been had Jewel had the musical knowledge then that she has now. A very satisfying work, all in all."[45] Rolling Stone, however, called the album "overdone and undercooked" with a rating of 2 stars out of 5.[46]
2007–2008: Label shift and Perfectly Clear[edit]
Jewel performing live in Providence, Rhode Island, September 2008.
Jewel released a video for "Quest for Love", the lead single from the movie Arthur and the Invisibles, recorded in 2006; the song is only available on the soundtrack for the film, which was released in January 2007.[47] In early February 2007 Jewel recorded a duet with Jason Michael Carroll, "No Good in Goodbye", that was featured on Carroll's debut CD, Waitin' in the Country. She also made a promotional appearance on the T in Boston for the Verizon Yellow Pages, playing songs on a moving subway car and then doing an hour-long acoustic concert in South Station.
In a 2007 interview with The Boston Globe, Jewel stated that she was no longer affiliated with a record label, confirming rumors that Atlantic Records had failed to renew her contract after the lackluster sales of her then-latest album. She also hinted that she would like to do a country album next.[48] She worked with John Rich of Big & Rich fame, who said that she was "probably one of the greatest American singer-songwriters we have had." He also said that "every label in Nashville" was talking to her at the time.[49]
In November 2007 Jewel was signed to Valory Records, a newly formed division of the independent Big Machine Records label.[50] Her first country album, Perfectly Clear, was released on June 3, 2008, selling 48,000 units in its first week. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Album Chart and No. 8 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.[51] In its second week on the charts, the album dropped to No. 25 on the Billboard 200 and No. 5 on the Country Albums chart, with estimated second week sales of 75,000 units.[citation needed]
Its lead single, "Stronger Woman", was released to country radio on January 17, 2008, and entered the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. On the April 26, 2008 country charts it peaked at No. 13. The next single, "I Do", was released to radio on June 23, 2008. The video for the single featured her cowboy then-husband, Ty Murray. This song peaked at No. 28. Following it was "'Til It Feels Like Cheating", which peaked at No. 57.[52] Perfectly Clear was released in Australia in late May 2009. It was then released across Europe by Humphead Records in June 2009.
2009–2013: Lullaby and other releases[edit]
Jewel being interviewed at the Yahoo! Yodel event in New York City, October 2009.
In early 2009 it was announced that Jewel would release a new studio album titled Lullaby, a collection of lullabies which she described as "not just for children, but also adults". Its lead single, "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", was released on iTunes on March 17, 2009. The album was released on May 5, 2009. "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" was No. 1 on The Top Children's Songs the week of release. Like 2011's The Merry Goes 'Round, it is sold under the Fisher Price brand[53] which Jewel described as "a great partnership".[54]
She also recorded the "Make It Last" with R&B singer Tyrese in conjunction with the release of his comic book Mayhem!. It was intended to be used for the soundtrack to Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen but did not appear on the final track listing.[55]
In January 2010 Jewel released "Stay Here Forever" from the soundtrack to the film Valentine's Day. It also served as the lead-off single to Jewel's ninth studio album Sweet and Wild released on June 8, 2010.[56] The single debuted at No. 48 on the Hot Country Songs chart and reached No. 34 in May 2010. "Satisfied" was released as the album's second single on May 17, 2010, reaching its highest peak of No. 57. On October 10, 2010, Jewel released the third single from Sweet and Wild, "Ten". It made its debut on the Hot Country Songs Chart at No. 55 on the week of October 15, 2010, and peaked at No. 51 two weeks later.
Jewel's second children's album, The Merry Goes 'Round, was released in August 2011.[57] Like 2009's Lullaby, it is sold under the Fisher-Price brand.[58]
On October 16, 2012, Jewel announced via Twitter a Greatest Hits album would be released in 2013.[59] The album features new duets from Kelly Clarkson and the Pistol Annies. Jewel and Clarkson recorded a fresh rendition of Jewel's song "Foolish Games" while Jewel and the Pistol Annies recut "You Were Meant for Me".[60] The Greatest Hits album was released February 5, 2013.
On August 6, 2013, Jewel announced the release of her second Christmas album, titled Let It Snow: A Holiday Collection, scheduled for release on November 12, 2013. In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Jewel was quoted as saying "I wanted this record to have a resemblance to the first album. It's a continuation of mood and spirit of that record, with the mood and feel of the album artwork with an image and tone that evokes that spirit."[61]
2014–present: Picking Up the Pieces[edit]
In February 2014, Jewel began work on her next album and confirmed that it will not be released by a major record label, and that she will be producing it herself.[62] It will reportedly have a sound similar to Pieces of You. On June 28, Jewel revealed in a Q&A on Facebook that the new album will be released in the second week of September. It will have a folk sound and was recorded with a live band. On July 21, Jewel confirmed the title as Picking Up the Pieces.[63] Picking Up the Pieces was released on September 11, 2015.
In 2015, Jewel appeared on Blues Traveler's album Blow Up the Moon, co-writing the song "Hearts Still Awake."
In July 2016, Jewel appeared on ABC's Greatest Hits performing "You Were Meant For Me" with Tori Kelly.[64]
On November 4, 2017, Jewel sang "Where the Turf Meets the Surf" before the running of the Breeders' Cup Classic at Del Mar racetrack.
Musical equipment and technique[edit]
Owning a wide variety of Taylor Guitars, Jewel uses a Taylor 912-C most often.[65] Acoustic Guitar writer Jeffery Pepper Rodgers called the guitar her "steady companion".[65]
All of her guitars are strung with D'Addario products.[65] To strum, she employs a unique self-created fingerpicking technique or a hard pick.[65]
Acting and writing[edit]
Jewel made her acting debut in 1999 playing the character Sue Lee Shelley in Ang Lee's Western film Ride with the Devil, opposite Tobey Maguire. The film received mixed-positive reviews,[66] though critic Roger Ebert praised her performance, writing: "Jewel deserves praise for, quite simply, performing her character in a convincing and unmannered way. She is an actress here, not a pop star trying out a new hobby."[67]
She later had a cameo as herself in Walk Hard (2007).[68] In June 2012, Jewel was cast in the lead role as June Carter Cash in the Lifetime original movie Ring of Fire.[69] In 2017, she appeared in two television mystery films on the Hallmark Channel: Framed for Murder: A Fixer Upper Mystery, and Concrete Evidence: A Fixer Upper Mystery, both in which she plays the character Shannon Hughes, a contractor and investigator. [70][71][72]
Jewel has also had ventures into writing; she published a book of poetry titled A Night Without Armor in 1998. Although it sold over 1 million copies and was a New York Times best seller, it received mixed reviews.[73] During an MTV interview in 1998, Kurt Loder pointed out the incorrect usage in her book of poetry of the word "casualty" (intended as something to the effect of "of a casual nature") to which Jewel responded, "You're a smartass for pointing that out. Next topic." In the fall of '98, the poet Beau Sia composed a book-length response to "A Night Without Armor" entitled "A Night Without Armor II: the Revenge."[74] The reviewer Edna Gundersen, writing in USA Today, noted, "Hers is flowery and sensitive. His is wry and absurd."[75]
She went on to write an autobiography titled Chasing Down the Dawn in 2000, a collection of diary entries and musings detailing her life growing up in Alaska, her struggle to learn her craft and life on the road.[76] She was scheduled to release a third book called Love Poems, which was supposed to be an extremely intimate portrayal of her relationship with her then-boyfriend, Ty Murray. It was canceled several months before release because Jewel was worried about Murray's mother's reaction to her intimate confessions.[77] On September 15, 2015, Jewel released a new memoir entitled Never Broken: Songs Are Only Half the Story.[78]
Philanthropy[edit]
Jewel formed a nonprofit organization called Higher Ground for Humanity with her mother, Lenedra J. Carroll, and her older brother, Shane Kilcher. The organization's focus is education, sustainable improvements, and building alliances with like-minded organizations.[79] Jewel donates a portion of her income to the organization and often holds events to benefit the organization.[80] The organization tends to parallel Jewel's career since she provides the majority of the organization's funding. As of 2005[update], the activities of the organization were reduced.[citation needed] One early grantee was the Global Youth Action Network, which has become one of the largest youth movements around the United Nations.
In September 2006, as part of Lifetime's "Stop Breast Cancer for Life" campaign, Jewel delivered more than 12 million petition signatures to Capitol Hill, urging Congress to pass the bipartisan Breast Cancer Patient Protection Act of 2005 (S 910/HR1849).[81] The bill would ban the practice of "drive-through" mastectomies, when women are discharged from the hospital just hours after their surgeries.
Jewel served as the honorary chairperson of the 2006 Help the Homeless Walk in Washington, D.C.[82]
In November 2008, Jewel began work on a project with several dozen singer-songwriters to write and auction their lyrics with donations benefiting her "Project Clean Water" charity.[83] Many singers and songwriters besides herself have donated their written lyrics including Patrick Davis, Alabama's Randy Owen, John Mellencamp, Jason Mraz, Gretchen Wilson, and Marv Green. The majority of the lyrics were written on paper and signed by the songwriter, with the exception of Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl". Many of the artists in addition to writing and signing lyrics, drew pictures to illustrate their lyrics.[citation needed] The auction ran from December 1, 2008, to December 18, 2008, promoted by CMT and Virgin Music.[84] Some of the lyrics that were up for auction included hits such as "So Small", "Foolish Games", "I'm Yours", "I Kissed a Girl", "St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)", "Live Like You Were Dying", "I Don't Need a Man", "Superman (It's Not Easy)" and "Redneck Woman".[85] The highest bought lyrics being Jewel's signature song "You Were Meant For Me" sold for US$1,505,[citation needed] and "Who Will Save Your Soul" and "Hands", raising more than $1,005 each.[citation needed] Jewel promised that all items sold by December 18 would be delivered by Christmas.[86] After the majority of the auctions ended on December 18 two new lyrics by Craig Wiseman and Ernie Ashworth were put up for auction ending in January 2009.[87]
In May 2013 Jewel served as ambassador for the ReThink: Why Housing Matters initiative. She was included in the initiative's public service announcement (PSA) which asked Americans to rethink their views on public housing and consider how it benefits people in their own communities.[88]
Personal life[edit]
Jewel was in a relationship with actor Sean Penn in 1995 after he spotted her performing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. He invited her to compose a song for his film The Crossing Guard and followed her on tour.[89]
Jewel married pro rodeo cowboy Ty Murray on August 7, 2008, in the Bahamas after 10 years together.[90] Their son, Kase Townes Murray, was born on July 11, 2011.[91] On July 2, 2014, after nearly 6 years of marriage, Jewel announced on her website that she and Murray were divorcing.[92]
Jewel is the daughter of Atz Kilcher, who stars in the Discovery Channel show Alaska: The Last Frontier.[93] All three of her brothers live in Alaska.[94] Her cousin is actress Q'orianka Kilcher who is best known for her role as Pocahontas opposite Colin Farrell and Christian Bale in director Terrence Malick's Academy Award-nominated motion picture The New World (2005).[95]
Jewel has been estranged from her mother and former business manager Nedra since 2003; the singer has accused her mother of stealing millions of dollars from her.[78]
Jewel identifies as a feminist and has said, "I don't think I started off young as a feminist. I read a lot of books in Alaska, I was pretty isolated where I grew up, and I think that I never thought I was any different than a man; I was raised in a place where pioneer women were very strong still. They'd shoe horses and build their own homes and were very self-sufficient. It wasn't really until I've gotten older that I really became a fan of women. And a fan of what women are capable of balancing and achieving, by just being them."[96]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award-giving Body
Work
Award
Result
1996 MTV Video Music Awards "Who Will Save Your Soul" Best Female Video Nominated
Best New Artist Nominated
1997 Grammy Award Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
Herself Best New Artist Nominated [97]
American Music Award Favorite New Artist Won
Favorite Pop/Rock Artist Nominated
Billboard Music Award Top Artist Nominated
Top Hot 100 Artist Nominated
Top Adult Contemporary Artist Nominated
"You Were Meant for Me" Top Hot 100 Song Nominated
Top Adult Contemporary Single Nominated
MTV Video Music Award Video of the Year Nominated
Viewer's Choice Nominated
Best Female Video Won
VH1 Vogue Fashion Awards "Foolish Games" Most Fashionable Video Nominated
1998 Grammy Award Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
American Music Award Pieces of You Favorite LP Nominated
Herself Favorite Female Pop/Rock Artist Nominated
1999 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Female Artist Won
Governor's Awards Songwriting Award Won
Audie Awards A Night Without Armor Best Spoken Word Album Won
2002 MVPA Awards "Standing Still" Best Adult Contemporary Video Won [98]
2003 Radio Music Awards Herself Favorite Female Artist—Modern Rock Won
Regis & Kelly Awards Favorite Musical Guest Won
2011 American Country Awards Female Artist of the Year Nominated
Grammy Awards "Satisfied" Best Female Country Vocal Performance Nominated [99]
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Main article: Jewel discography
Pieces of You (1995)
Spirit (1998)
Joy: A Holiday Collection (1999)
This Way (2001)
0304 (2003)
Goodbye Alice in Wonderland (2006)
Perfectly Clear (2008)
Lullaby (2009)
Sweet and Wild (2010)
The Merry Goes 'Round (2011)
Let It Snow: A Holiday Collection (2013)
Picking Up the Pieces (2015)
Videos[edit]
Jewel: A Life Uncommon (1999) – An intimate documentary on DVD featuring live performances and candid interviews.
Live at Humphrey's By The Bay (2004) – Shot over two sold-out performances at the San Diego venue. Bonus features include interviews, live footage from her This Way Tour, and a photo gallery.
Jewel: The Essential Live Songbook (2008) – This home video combines two concerts that were broadcast in 2007 for the television program Soundstage (at the Rialto Theatre including some numbers with orchestra, and the Meyerson Symphony Center); and four songs from Red Rocks. Bonus features are an interview and music video. The concerts are also available separately for streaming.
Books[edit]
A Night Without Armor (1998)[100]
Chasing Down the Dawn (2000)[101]
Never Broken: Songs Are Only Half the Story (2015)[102]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999 Ride with the Devil Sue Lee Shelley
2003 The Lyon's Den Jennifer Matthews 1 episode
2006 The Young and the Restless Herself 1 episode
Men in Trees Herself 1 episode
2007 Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story Herself
2013 Ring of Fire June Carter Cash Television film
2014 Dora the Explorer Cheshire Cat 1 episode; voice role
2015 Axe Cop Tear Sparrow 1 episode
2017 Concrete Evidence: A Fixer Upper Mystery Shannon Hughes Television film
Framed for Murder: A Fixer Upper Mystery
Tours[edit]
Jewel performing live in Providence on the Paisley Party Tour
1997: Tiny Lights Tour
1997: Papillion Tour[103]
1999: Spirit World Tour[104]
2002: This Way World Tour[105]
2002: New Wild West Acoustic Tour[106]
2003-04: 0304 Acoustic Tour[107]
2005: Tour For No Reason
2008: Goodbye Alice In Wonderland Tour
2009: Perfectly Clear Acoustic Tour[108]
2009: Lullaby Acoustic Tour[109]
2010: Star Light Café Tour[110]
2013: Greatest Hits Tour[111]
2016: Picking Up the Pieces Tour[112]
2017: Jewel's Handmade Holiday Tour
Co-headlining
1997: Lilith Fair (with various artists)[113]
Opening act
2006: Something to Be Tour (for Rob Thomas)[114]
2008: Paisley Party Tour (for Brad Paisley)[115]
Cancelled
2003: 0304 World Tour[116]
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Jump up ^ Gundersen, Edna, "A rare Jewel of a poetic parody", USA Today, September 16, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Chasing Down The Dawn". Retrieved March 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Jewel Diamond In The Rough". Retrieved March 2, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Varga, George (September 5, 2015). "Jewel bares nearly all in her new memoir". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Website of Jewel – About". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Records – Jewel Photos". Archived from the original on August 31, 2006. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Beth Sanders Moore (n.d.). "A Flower from Jewel to Breast Cancer Survivors". CancerForward. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fannie Mae Walk For The Homeless". Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jewel Gets Cold Shoulder in Alaska". CBS News. August 18, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ernie Ashworth Signed & Dated "Talk Back Trembling Lips" Lyrics". CMT Auctions. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Constantine, Christie (November 21, 2008). "Auction of handwritten lyrics by your favorite artists benefitting Project Clean Water". Virgin United. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jacksonville, Florida". firstcoastnews.com. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Rice, Courtney. "ReThink Housing: Why Housing Matters". Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schillaci, Sophie. "Jewel Reveals Pre-Fame Relationship With Sean Penn: 'I Liked His Mind'". Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Bartolomeo, Joey
Jump up ^ Ulrica Wihlborg (September 23, 2016). "Jewel, Ty Murray Welcome Son Kase". People.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jewel (July 2, 2014). "Dear World". JewelJK.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alaska: The last frontier". Retrieved 2013-12-09.
Jump up ^ Bartolomeo, Joey. "Jewel Gets Married! – Weddings, Jewel". People.com. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "From Promenade to Pocahontas". CBN. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hatch, Holly (March 14, 2014). "Folk Artist Jewel on Feminism and LGBT Courage". Out Front. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "39th Grammy Awards - 1997". RochOnTheNet. 26 February 1997.
Jump up ^ "2002 Music Video Production Assn. (MVPA) Awards". Billboard.com. 23 May 2002.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Awards 2011: Winners and nominees for 53rd Grammy Awards". LATimes. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Jewel (1998). A Night Without Armor. HarperCollins.
Jump up ^ Jewel (2000). Chasing Down the Dawn. HarperEntertainment.
Jump up ^ Jewel (2015). Never Broken: Songs Are Only Half the Story. Blue Rider Press.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Jancee (May 15, 1997). "Jewel: Cosmic Girl". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hiatt, Brian (April 29, 1999). "Jewel Sets Dates For Summer Arena Tour". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on May 8, 1999. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barry A. Jeckell (March 1, 2002). "Jewel Takes Labelmate M2M On The Road". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan; Jeckell, Barry A. (September 25, 2002). "Jewel Extends 'New Wild West' Tour". Billboard. VNU eMedia, Inc. Archived from the original on October 12, 2002. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan; Jeckell, Barry A. (September 11, 2003). "Update: Jewel Cancels Fall Tour". Billboard. VNU eMedia Inc. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jewel plans solo acoustic tour". Country Standard Time. November 5, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Landau, Erica K. (October 30, 2009). "Grrrly Talk: Q&A with Jewel, Playing at the Fillmore Tuesday, November 3". Miami New Times. Voice Media Group. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reitz, Allison (April 10, 2010). "Jewel tour plots acoustic 'Star Light Café' concerts for summer". TicketNews. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Varga, George (May 30, 2013). "Jewel reflects on her career". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Will (January 12, 2016). "Jewel new Picking Up the Pieces tour announced". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kot, Greg (August 11, 1997). "Lilith Fair A Hit". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Madison, T. James (April 14, 2006). "Rob Thomas and Jewel to team for summer tour". LiveDaily. Ticketmaster Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Malachowski, David (July 14, 2008). "SPAC goes country with Paisley, Jewel". Times Union. Hearst Communications. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (September 11, 2003). "Jewel Cancels Tour After Her Bassist Dies". MTV News. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on April 14, 2005. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Works cited[edit]
Atkinson, Brian T. (2011). I'll Be Here in the Morning: The Songwriting Legacy of Townes Van Zandt. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-603-44526-9.
DeMain, Bill (2004). In Their Own Words: Songwriters Talk about the Creative Process. Prager. ISBN 978-0-275-98402-1.
Kilcher, Jewel (2016). Never Broken: Songs Are Only Half the Story. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-399-18572-4.
McFarland, P.J. (1998). Angel Standing By: The Story of Jewel. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-19827-5.
Further reading[edit]
Calhoun, Kenneth; Jensen, Cambria, eds. (2003). Revealing Jewel: An Intimate Portrait from Family and Friends. Atria. ISBN 0-7434-7540-2.
NPR Staff (July 2, 2010). "The Two Sides of Jewel: "Sweet and Wild"". NPR Weekend Edition. NPR. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutJewel (singer)at Wikipedia's sister projects
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[show]
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Jewel
Discography
Studio albums
Pieces of You
Spirit
This Way
0304
Goodbye Alice in Wonderland
Perfectly Clear
Lullaby
Sweet and Wild
The Merry Goes 'Round
Picking Up the Pieces
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
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Joy: A Holiday Collection
Let It Snow: A Holiday Collection
Category
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Jewel singles
Discography
1990s releases
Pieces of You
"Who Will Save Your Soul"
"You Were Meant for Me"
"Foolish Games"
"Morning Song"
Spirit
"Hands"
"Down So Long"
"Jupiter (Swallow the Moon)"
"What's Simple Is True"
"Life Uncommon"
2000s and
2010s releases
This Way
"Standing Still"
"Break Me"
"This Way"
"Serve the Ego"
0304
"Intuition"
"Stand"
"2 Become 1"
Goodbye Alice in Wonderland
"Goodbye Alice in Wonderland"
"Again and Again"
"Good Day"
"Only One Too"
"Stephenville, TX"
Perfectly Clear
"Stronger Woman"
"I Do"
"Till It Feels Like Cheating"
Lullaby
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
Sweet and Wild
"Stay Here Forever"
"Satisfied"
"Ten"
Greatest Hits
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Guest singles
"That's the Way Love Goes"
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"Winter Wonderland"
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"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star"
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
"The Christmas Song"
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 116188327
LCCN: no96042314
ISNI: 0000 0001 2033 0865
GND: 121085058
SUDOC: 07663079X
BNF: cb140072913 (data)
MusicBrainz: abae8575-ec8a-4736-abc3-1ad5093a68aa
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewel_(singer)&oldid=828175719"
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