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Teton Dam
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Teton Dam
Catastrophic failure on June 5, 1976
Location in eastern Idaho
Official name
Teton Dam
Country
United States
Location
Fremont & Madison counties, Idaho
Coordinates
43°54′35″N 111°32′21″W / 43.90972°N 111.53917°W / 43.90972; -111.53917Coordinates: 43°54′35″N 111°32′21″W / 43.90972°N 111.53917°W / 43.90972; -111.53917
Purpose
Flood control, irrigation
Construction began
1972 (1972)[1]
Opening date
1976 (1976)
Demolition date
June 5, 1976 (1976-06-05) (failure)
Construction cost
$48,825,000
Owner(s)
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Dam and spillways
Type of dam
Embankment dam
Impounds
Teton River
Height
305 ft (93 m)
Length
3,100 ft (940 m)
Width (base)
1,700 ft (520 m)
Reservoir
Creates
Teton Reservoir
Total capacity
288,250 acre feet (355,550,000 m3)[2]
Normal elevation
5,320 ft (1,620 m) AMSL[2]
The Teton Dam was an earthen dam on the Teton River in Idaho, United States. It was built by the Bureau of Reclamation, one of eight federal agencies authorized to construct dams.[3] Located in the eastern part of the state, between Fremont and Madison counties, it suffered a catastrophic failure on June 5, 1976, as it was filling for the first time.
The collapse of the dam resulted in the deaths of 11 people[4] and 13,000 cattle. The dam cost about $100 million to build and the federal government paid over $300 million in claims related to its failure. Total damage estimates have ranged up to $2 billion.[5] The dam has not been rebuilt.
Contents
1 History and geology
2 Filling
3 Collapse and flood
4 Cause
5 Deaths, damage and property claims
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History and geology[edit]
There had been interest in building a dam in the eastern Snake River Plain for many years to control spring runoff and provide a more constant water supply in the summer. The area had suffered a severe drought in 1961, followed by severe flooding in 1962. The Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) proposed the Teton Dam in 1963 and Congress passed without opposition an authorizing bill the following year. The planned dam was to be an earthen structure 310 feet (94 m) high and 0.6 miles (1.0 km) long and create a reservoir 17 miles (27 km) in length. The impounded water would be used to generate hydroelectric power. An environmental impact statement was issued for the dam in 1971, but it did not raise the possibility of a collapse.[3] Lack of funding and of site prep work and questions surrounding the required environmental impact statement stalled the project. Barely 14 pages long, the statement quickly drew the ire of opponents of the project.[6]
On September 27, 1971, several environmental and conservation groups filed a lawsuit in Idaho District Court to stop the construction. Opponents of the dam questioned the project’s justifications. They argued that damming a wild and scenic river and destruction of its trout fishery and other wildlife habitat would “replace a unique resource with a vulgar one.” The suit questioned the economic return on investment, the Bureau’s compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act and the geologic soundness of the dam’s location.[6] Concerns over the seismic conditions of the dam site delayed the bid process pending further review by the Department of the Interior. Pressure from Idaho's congressional delegation stopped the review and in spite of the lawsuit, bids were taken in Idaho Falls on October 29, 1971.[6] The contract was awarded to Morrison-Knudsen Co. of Boise, assisted by Peter Kiewit Sons Co. of Omaha, Nebraska. The $39 million contract was awarded in December 1971. In spite of the lawsuit, work began in February 1972. After various motions, amended complaints, attempted injunctions and appeals, the suit was dismissed on December 23, 1974.[6]
The eastern Snake River Plain is almost entirely underlain by basalt erupted from large shield volcanos on top of rhyolitic ash-flow tuff and ignimbrites.[7] The tuff, a late-Cenozoic volcanic rock is 1.9 million years old. The dam site is composed of basalt and rhyolite, both of which are considered unsuitable for dam construction because of their high permeability. This was confirmed by long term pump-in tests at rates of 165 to 460 US gallons (620 to 1,740 litres) per minute.[8] Test cores, drilled by engineers and geologists employed by the Bureau of Reclamation, showed that the canyon rock at the dam site is highly fissured and unstable, particularly on the right side (as one faces the direction of flow). The widest fissures were determined to be 1.7 inches (4.3 cm) wide. The Bureau planned to seal these fissures by injecting grout into the rock under high pressure to create a grout curtain in the rock.
In addition, an investigation of the area by geologists of the U.S. Geologic Survey indicated that it was seismically active: five earthquakes had occurred within 30 miles (50 km) of the dam site in the previous five years, two of which had been of significant magnitude. This information was provided to the Bureau of Reclamation in a memorandum, but the geologists' concerns were considerably watered down in the six-month re-drafting process before the USGS sent the final version of the memo to the USBR in July 1973.[3]
In 1973, when the dam was only half built, but almost $5 million had already been spent on the project, large open fissures were encountered during excavation of the keyway trench near the right end of the dam, about 700 feet (210 m) from the canyon wall. The two largest, near-vertical fissures trended generally east-west and extended more than 100 feet (30 m) below the bottom of the key trench. Some of the fissures were lined with calcite, and rubble filled others. Several voids, as much as 6 inches (15 cm) wide, were encountered 60 to 85 feet (18 to 26 m) below the ground surface beyond the right end of the dam and grout curtain.[8] The largest fissures were actually caves large enough to enter. One of them was eleven feet (3.4 m) wide and a hundred feet (30 m) long. Another one was nine feet (2.7 m) wide in places and 190 feet (60 m) long. These were not grouted because they were beyond the keyway trench and beyond the area where the Bureau had decided grouting was required.[9] This necessitated using twice as much grouting as had been originally anticipated – 118,000 linear feet were used in total.
Later, the report of a committee of the House of Representatives which investigated the dam's collapse felt that the discovery of the caves should have been sufficient for the Bureau of Reclamation to doubt its ability to fill them in with grout, but this did not happen; even after the dam had failed, the Bureau continued to insist that the grouting was appropriate.[3]
In December 1972, concerned about the geological conditions of the Teton River Canyon, USGS geologist David Schleicher wrote about the Teton Dam, still under construction, “A final point is that flooding in response to seismic or other failure of the dam—probably most likely at the time of highest water—would make the flood of February 1962 look like small potatoes. Since such a flood could be anticipated, we might consider a series of strategically-placed motion-picture cameras to document the process.”[6]
Filling[edit]
The dam was completed in November 1975 and filling the reservoir began at the standard rate of 1 foot (0.30 m) a day. However, snows were heavy that winter and five months later the project's construction engineer requested permission to double the filling rate in order to deal with the additional spring run-off, while continuing to inspect for leaks and monitor the groundwater. A month later, even though monitoring showed that groundwater was flowing a thousand times faster than had been originally anticipated, the filling rate was doubled again, to 4 feet (1.2 m) a day.[3]
On June 3 and 4, 1976, three small springs were discovered downstream of the dam, although the water running through the leaks was clear and such leaks are not unexpected for an earthen dam. At the time, the reservoir was almost at capacity, with a maximum depth of 240 feet (73 m). The only structure that had been initially prepared for releasing water was the emergency outlet works, which could carry just 850 cubic feet per second (24 m3/s). The main outlet works and spillway gates were not yet in service: the gates were cordoned off by steel walls while they were being painted.
Collapse and flood[edit]
Breach of Teton Dam, June 5, 1976
The dark brown streak on the dam face near the gray bedrock in the left half of the photo is a leak that formed on the morning of June 5. The speck above the leak near the top of the dam is a D-9 bulldozer that is heading down to the leak to push dirt into it.
Large amounts of mud are now spilling down the face of the dam, unchecked by the efforts of the bulldozer operators. The outlet works at the foot of the dam are flooding with muddy water.
The dam is now breached and muddy water flows violently over the dam face.
The breach has now widened to nearly its full extent. The outlet works are completely inundated with muddy water.
On Saturday, June 5, 1976, at 7:30 a.m. Mountain Daylight Time (MDT), a muddy leak appeared, suggesting sediment was in the water, but engineers did not believe there was a problem. By 9:30 a.m. the downstream face of the dam had developed a wet spot which began to discharge water at 20 to 30 cubic feet per second (0.57 to 0.85 m3/s) and the embankment material began to wash out. Crews with bulldozers were sent to plug the leak, but were unsuccessful. Local media appeared at the site and at 11:15 officials told the county sheriff's office to evacuate downstream residents. Work crews were forced to flee on foot as the widening gap, now larger than a swimming pool, swallowed their equipment. The operators of two bulldozers caught in the eroding embankment were pulled to safety with ropes.
At 11:55 a.m. MDT (UTC-17:55), the crest of the dam sagged and collapsed into the reservoir; two minutes later the remainder of the right-bank third of the main dam wall disintegrated. Over 2,000,000 cubic feet per second (57,000 m3/s) of sediment-filled water emptied through the breach into the remaining 6 miles (10 km) of the Teton River canyon, after which the flood spread out and shallowed on the Snake River Plain. By 8:00 p.m. that evening, the reservoir had completely emptied, although over two-thirds of the dam wall remained standing.
Cause[edit]
Study of the dam's environment and structure[10] placed blame for the collapse on the permeable loess soil used in the core and on fissured (cracked) rhyolite in the abutments of the dam that allowed water to seep around and through the earth fill dam. The permeable loess was found to be cracked. It is postulated that the combination of these flaws allowed water to seep through the dam and led to internal erosion, called piping, that eventually caused the dam's collapse.
An investigating panel had quickly identified piping as the most probable cause of the failure, then focused its efforts on determining how the piping started. Two mechanisms were possible. The first was the flow of water under highly erodible and unprotected fill, through joints in unsealed rock beneath the grout cap and development of an erosion tunnel. The second was "cracking caused by differential strains or hydraulic fracturing of the core material." The panel was unable to determine whether one or the other mechanism occurred, or a combination:
The fundamental cause of failure may be regarded as a combination of geological factors and design decisions that, taken together, permitted the failure to develop.
A wide-ranging controversy ensued from the dam's collapse. According to the Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau engineers assess all Reclamation dams under strict criteria established by the Safety of Dams program. Each structure is periodically reviewed for resistance to seismic activity, for internal faults, and for physical deterioration.[4] The dam safety program identified two other dangerous dams – Fontenelle, which very nearly failed 11 years earlier, when it was filled, in a manner similar to the Teton Dam,[11] and again in May 1985;[12][13] and the Jackson Lake Dam which would have failed during an earthquake on the nearby Teton Fault.
Deaths, damage and property claims[edit]
Teton Dam ruins in 2004
Teton Canyon ends approximately six miles below the dam site, where the river flows onto the Snake River Plain. When the dam failed, the flood struck several communities immediately downstream, particularly Wilford at the terminus of the canyon, Sugar City, Salem, Hibbard and Rexburg. Thousands of homes and businesses were destroyed. The small agricultural communities of Wilford and Sugar City were wiped from the river bank. Five of the fourteen deaths attributed to the flood occurred in Wilford. The similar community of Teton, on the south bank of the river, is on a modest bench and was largely spared.[14] One Teton resident was fishing on the river at the time of the dam failure and was drowned. An elderly woman living in the city of Teton died as a result of the evacuation.[15]
One estimate placed damage to Hibbard and Rexburg area, with a population of about 10,000, at 80 percent of existing structures. The Teton River flows through the industrial, commercial and residential districts of north Rexburg. A significant reason for the massive damage in the community was the location of a lumber yard directly upstream. When the flood waters hit, thousands of logs were washed into town. Dozens of them hit a bulk gasoline storage tank a few hundred yards away. The gasoline ignited and sent flaming slicks adrift on the racing water.[16] The force of the logs and cut lumber and the subsequent fires practically destroyed the city.
The flood waters traveled west along the route of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, around both sides of the Menan Buttes, significantly damaging the community of Roberts. The city of Idaho Falls, even further down on the flood plain, had time to prepare. At the older American Falls Dam downstream, engineers increased discharge by less than 5% before the flood arrived.[17] That dam held and the flood was effectively over, but tens of thousands of acres of land near the river were stripped of fertile topsoil.[5]
The force of the failure destroyed the lower part of the Teton River, washing away riparian zones and reducing the canyon walls. This seriously damaged the stream's ecology and impacted the native Yellowstone cutthroat trout population. The force of the water and excessive sediment also damaged stream habitat in the Snake River and some tributaries, as far downstream as the Fort Hall bottoms.
After the dam's collapse, debris clean-up began immediately and took the remainder of the summer. Rebuilding of damaged property continued for several years. Within a week after the disaster, President Gerald Ford requested a $200 million appropriation for initial payments for damages, without assigning responsibility for Teton Dam’s failure.[18]
The Bureau of Reclamation set up claims offices in Rexburg, Idaho Falls and Blackfoot. By January 4, 1977, disaster victims filed over 4,800 claims totalling $194 million. By that date, the federal government paid 3,813 of those claims, $93.5 million. Originally scheduled to end in July 1978, the claims program continued into the 1980s. At the end of the claims program in January 1987, the federal government had paid 7,563 claims for a total amount of $322 million.
No plans have been made for rebuilding the Teton Dam, but its reconstruction has been brought up on at least one occasion.[19]
See also[edit]
Great Sheffield Flood
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Associated Press (December 17, 1971). "Crews due at planned dam site". Spokesman-Review. p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teton Basin Project: Development". USBR. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Perrow, Charles. Normal Accidents. New York: Basic Books, 1984. ISBN 0-465-05144-8, pp.233–238
^ Jump up to: a b "The Failure of Teton Dam". Bureau of Reclamation. 2011-04-18. Archived from the original on 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert. p. 407. ISBN 0-14-017824-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dylan J. McDonald (2006). The Teton Dam Disaster. ISBN 978-0-7385-4861-6.
Jump up ^ "The Snake River Plain" Archived 2014-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. on National Atlas.gov (U.S. Department of the Interior)
^ Jump up to: a b Arthur, H. G., 1977. Teton Dam Failure, pp. 61–71, in The Evaluation of Dam Safety (Engineering Foundation Conference Proceedings, Asilomar, Nov. 28 – Dec. 3, 1976), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 523 p.
Jump up ^ Marc Reisner (1993). Cadillac Desert. p. 397. ISBN 0-14-017824-4.
Jump up ^ Smalley, Ian. "The Teton Dam: rhyolite foundation + loess core = disaster" Geology Today v.8, n.1 (January 1992), pp.19–22
Jump up ^ Reisner, p. 380
Jump up ^ Reisner, p. 383
Jump up ^ "Detailed Information on the Bureau of Reclamation – Safety of Dams Program Assessment". Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Marc Reisner (1993). Cadillac Desert. p. 404. ISBN 0-14-017824-4.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Elaine. "Teton Dam Flood, June 5, 1976"
Jump up ^ Marc Reisner (1993). Cadillac Desert. p. 405. ISBN 0-14-017824-4.
Jump up ^ "Data From American Falls Dam". Zeb Palmer (data courtesy Bureau of Reclamation). Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ford, Gerald."Remarks Upon Signing the Teton Dam Disaster Assistance Bill. September 7, 1976" on the American Presidency Project at the University of California Santa Barbara
Jump up ^ Levy, Ken (June 29, 2011). "Teton Dam rebuild still option for water storage | News | tetonvalleynews.net". Teton Valley News. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teton Dam.
Bureau of Reclamation overview with photos and link to final report
The Teton Basin Project, Eric A. Stene, Bureau of Reclamation History Program, 1996
"The Bureau That Changed the West" One That Got Away: Teton Dam
Teton Dam Flood Museum, Rexburg, Idaho
Teton Dam Collection – Oral History reports and newspaper articles, includes more than 50 oral history interviews of those living in the area when the disaster occurred.
Images showing progressive dam erosion damage, taken at the time by Mrs. Eunice Olson
Teton Dam Failure Narrative
Teton River Canyon, ID Teton Dam Collapse and Flooding, Jun 1976 at GenDisasters.com
Johnson, Elaine, "Teton Dam Flood, June 5, 1976" now at http://www.fremont.idgenweb.org/history-flood.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teton_Dam&oldid=846244772"
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Fiddler on the Roof
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1964 musical. For the film, see Fiddler on the Roof (film).
Fiddler on the Roof
Playbill from the Original Broadway Production
Music
Jerry Bock
Lyrics
Sheldon Harnick
Book
Joseph Stein
Basis
Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem
Productions
1964 Broadway
1967 West End
1971 film
1976 Broadway revival
1981 Broadway revival
1983 West End revival
1990 Broadway revival
1994 West End revival
2003 UK tour
2004 Broadway revival
2007 West End revival
2008 UK tour
2009 US Tour
2015 Broadway revival
Awards
Tony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Score
Tony Award for Best Book
Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love – each one's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith – and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village.
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances. Fiddler held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run. It remains the sixteenth longest-running show in Broadway history. The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed. It won nine Tony Awards, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography. It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation and has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Synopsis
2.1 Act I
2.2 Act II
3 Musical numbers
4 Principal characters
5 Productions
5.1 Original productions
5.2 Broadway revivals
5.3 London revivals
5.4 UK tours
5.5 Australian productions
5.6 US tours
5.7 International and amateur productions
6 Film adaptation and recordings
7 Cultural influence
7.1 Parodies
7.2 Covers
7.3 Other song versions
8 Awards
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. It is also influenced by Life Is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog.[2] Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced Off-Broadway by Arnold Perl.[3] Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea.[4]
Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch. For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him. Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America.[3][4] The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry".[3] Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins.[5] The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting".[6] During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public. Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince".[4]
Synopsis[edit]
Act I[edit]
Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition"). At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker"). A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor.
The Fiddler by Marc Chagall, from which the musical takes its name
Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame. He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"? Avram, the bookseller, has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions. A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk. The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters. Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar. Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand. But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages. Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife. The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer."
After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha's inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow. Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything. All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life"). Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town. The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom). The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence.
The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with her young sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story. He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing. To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together. The two begin to fall in love. Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf. Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her. Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry. He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife. Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone. After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde. An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles").
In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare. Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream"). Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf. Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah, rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar. The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel. While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths. One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others. He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins.
The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance"). Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement. Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel. The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration". They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village. Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess.
Act II[edit]
Fiddler On the Roof by Lev Segal in Netanya, Israel
Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution. He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her. She agrees ("Now I Have Everything"). They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving. When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing. After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal"). He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission.
Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. "Love," he says, "it's the new style." Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love").
Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence"). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead. Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages. While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town. In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long.
As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others. Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you." Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money. As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play. Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village.
Musical numbers[edit]
Act I
"Prologue: Tradition" – Tevye and the Company
"Matchmaker, Matchmaker" – Tzeitel, Hodel and Chava
"If I Were a Rich Man" – Tevye
"Sabbath Prayer" – Tevye, Golde and the Company
"To Life" – Tevye, Lazar Wolf and the Company
"Tevye's Monologue" – Tevye
"Miracle of Miracles" – Motel
"Tevye's Dream" – Tevye, Golde, Grandma Tzeitel, Fruma-Sarah, Company
"Sunrise, Sunset" – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel and the Company
"The Bottle Dance" – Instrumental
Act II
"Entr'acte" – Orchestra
"Now I Have Everything" – Perchik and Hodel
"Tevye's Rebuttal" – Tevye
"Do You Love Me?" – Tevye and Golde
"The Rumor/I Just Heard" – Yente and villagers §
"Far From the Home I Love" – Hodel
"Chavaleh (Little Bird)" – Tevye
"Anatevka" – The Company
§ The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village (Rivka and Mirala) titled "Topsy Turvy", discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society. The number replaced "The Rumor/I Just Heard".
Principal characters[edit]
All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters. A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters.
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife.
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen. She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf.
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen. Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia.
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen. A shy book lover, who falls in love with Fyedka.
Shprintze, their daughter, about twelve.
Bielke, their youngest daughter, about nine.
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel.
Perchik, a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel. He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia.
Fyedka, a young Christian man. He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews.
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher. Widower of Fruma-Sarah. Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel.
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar.
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare".
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, also featured in the "nightmare".
Mordcha, the innkeeper.
Rabbi, the wise village rabbi.
Constable, a Christian man; the head of the local Russian police.
Productions[edit]
Original productions[edit]
Zero Mostel as Tevye in the original Broadway production, 1964
Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964,[7] then Washington in August to September,[8] the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances.[9] The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins – his last original Broadway staging.[10] The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson.[11] A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow. Chagall reportedly did not like the musical.[4]
The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (each of whom won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel. Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall."[9] Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run. Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke. Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy. Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals.[12] Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run.[13] The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it.[14] It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova.[9]
The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances.[15] It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde. Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye.[citation needed] Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades.[16] The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium.[citation needed]
Broadway revivals[edit]
The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre. Zero Mostel starred as Tevye. Robbins directed and choreographed. A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater. It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson. Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre. Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival.
A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre. Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde. Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze.[17] It was directed by David Leveaux. This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy". The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any. In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre – Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film.[8]
The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015 at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins. Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed. The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava. Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run.[18] Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting).[19] Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching.[20] The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none. It closed on December 31, 2016 after 463 performances.[21]
London revivals[edit]
Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production.[22]
After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf. The production was directed by Lindsay Posner. Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt.[23]
UK tours[edit]
A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking. The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet. This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann.[24]
The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood.[25]
Australian productions[edit]
The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney. It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde.[26] The production ran for two years.[27] The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye. A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka.[28]
In 2005 and 2007, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in Australian productions, with seasons in Sydney,[29] Brisbane,[30] Melbourne,[31] Perth, Wellington and Auckland.[32] The musical was again revived in Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel.[33]
US tours[edit]
Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein.[34]
International and amateur productions[edit]
2006 production at the Brno City Theatre in the Czech Republic
The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo.[35]
A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s.[36] This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman.[37] A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years. It was directed by Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner.[38][39]
Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde. Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde.[40] The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore. It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye.[41]
The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone.[42]
Film adaptation and recordings[edit]
Main article: Fiddler on the Roof (film)
The film version was released in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay. The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first.[citation needed] The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics[43] and became the highest-grossing film of 1971.[44] Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son). It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams.[45]
In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev. The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.[46][47]
Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast. The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur. Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts.[48]
Cultural influence[edit]
Statue of Tevye, his horse, wagon, and passenger in Birobidzhan, Russia
The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere.[49] The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely:
Parodies[edit]
Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad Magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America.[49] The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which incorporates the works of H. P. Lovecraft.[50] In the film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker".[51]
References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical.[52] A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair". In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler.[53] The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof. "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show. A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody of Fiddler titled, "Fiddler, Please!", with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo". Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical.[54]
Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene.[55] The Producers (2001) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof. Also in 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980's pop songs.[56] The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets.
Covers[edit]
Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists. For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet".[57] That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker".[58] In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents, Negativland, and The Magnetic Fields.[59][60] Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors. Allmusic gave the album a favorable review,[61] and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s.[62] In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof.[63]
Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. in 2004. The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name.[64] Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months.[65] It was certified gold by the RIAA[66] and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[67] It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich.[68] The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships.[69]
Other song versions[edit]
The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings,[citation needed] and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes. For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome".[70]
Awards[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof
Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography. Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress. In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history.
Its revivals have also been honored. At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor. Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor. The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael. "Fiddler on the Roof Gets a Debated Update", The New York Times, December 18, 2015, accessed March 6, 2018; and TIME magazine, May 26, 2008 issue, p. 51 (reporting that Fiddler ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.
Jump up ^ Joselit, Jenna Weissman. "Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem", The New Republic, June 7, 2014, accessed November 3, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Solomon, Alisa. "How Fiddler Became Folklore", The Jewish Daily Forward, September 1, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brustein, Robert. "Fiddle Shtick", The New York Review of Books, December 18, 2014, vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 82–83
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof. Additional Facts, MTI, accessed May 6, 2010
Jump up ^ Wecker, Menachem. "Marc Chagall: The French painter who inspired the title Fiddler on the Roof", The Washington Post, October 24, 2014
Jump up ^ "Show Archive" Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine., Broadway in Detroit, accessed January 15, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Henneberger, Melinda. "50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye's many daughters", The Washington Post, June 14, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Ernio. "Fiddler on the Roof – 1964" Archived 2004-06-03 at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, February 26, 2004, accessed June 17, 2015
Jump up ^ He staged Jerome Robbins' Broadway, a "greatest hits" collection of some of his most famous stagings, at the Imperial Theatre on February 26, 1989, which ran for 633 performances.
Jump up ^ Rich, p. 172
Jump up ^ Gussow, Mel. "Paul Lipson, 82, Who Appeared As Tevye Over 2,000 Times". The New York Times, January 5, 1996, accessed October 19, 2015
Jump up ^ "Florence Stanley", PlaybillValult.com, accessed July 29, 2015
Jump up ^ Kantor, p. 302: "The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long-running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities: ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark, three of them passed the 2,000 mark (Hello, Dolly!, a Merrick smash, grossed $27 million on Broadway), and one, Fiddler on the Roof, passed the 3,000 mark, earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it."
Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof, Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Heller, Aron. "Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career", Haaretz, April 21, 2015, accessed August 4, 2016; and Propst, Andy. "Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour", TheaterMania.com, November 11, 2009, accessed July 24, 2016
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof (2004), IBDB database, accessed July 22, 2012
Jump up ^ Gans. Andrew. "Broadway's Fiddler on the Roof Welcomes Judy Kuhn Tonight", Playbill, November 22, 2016
Jump up ^ Simoes, Monica. "To Life! Watch Danny Burstein, Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof", Playbill, October 15, 2015
Jump up ^ "Review Roundup: L'Chaim! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival", broadwayworld.com, December 20, 2015
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Fiddler on the Roof Ends Broadway Run December 31", playbill.com, December 31, 2016
Jump up ^ Information on the 1994 production Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Information about the 2007 London production of Fiddler on the Roof
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof Archived December 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Thisistheatre.com, April 27, 2015
Jump up ^ "Fiddler on the Roof official UK tour page", Music & Lyrics, accessed December 16, 2014
Jump up ^ "Hayes Gordon OBE AO 1920-1999", Live Performance Australia (2007), accessed January 1, 2016
Jump up ^ "Contrasts for opening of Australian Opera season". The Canberra Times. 58, (17,792). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 15 June 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "'Fiddler' received with enthusiasm". The Canberra Times. 58, (17,799). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 June 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ Nye, Monica (24 August 2005). "Topol's Model Role". The Age. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Munro-Wallis, Nigel (7 April 2006). "Fiddler on the Roof". ABC Radio Brisbane. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chaim Topol". AusStage. 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Manning, Selwyn (10 May 2007). "Topol – Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion". Scoop News. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bennet, Sally. "Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof", Herald-Sun, September 12, 2015
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof", Playbill.com, November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ Whitfield, pp. 107–108
Jump up ^ Nahshon, Edna. "Israeli Theater: The revival of the Hebrew Language" Archived 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., All About Jewish Theatre, accessed January 14, 2011
Jump up ^ Almagor, Dan (translated to English by Jay Shir). "Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage"]. All About Jewish Theater, Ariel 103 (1996), pp. 19–25
Jump up ^ "Cameri Theatre Repertoire: Fiddler on the Roof" Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine., www.cameri.co.il, accessed July 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Kae, Helen. "Theatre Review: Fiddler On The Roof", Jerusalem Post, 2008, accessed July 26, 2015; Izso, Lauren. "L'Chaim! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway", Jerusalem Post, March 10, 2014, accessed July 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Un violon sur le toît, Opérette – Théâtre Musical, accessed September 17, 2016 (in French)
Jump up ^ "Fiddler on the Roof at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival" Archived 2013-07-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 30, 2013
Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 107
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof (1971), Rottentomatoes.com, accessed August 2, 2015
Jump up ^ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry, University of Wisconsin Press (1987), p. 194
Jump up ^ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners", Oscars.org, accessed August 27, 2011
Jump up ^ Huttner, Jan Lisa. "Fiddler: Stage versus Screen", JUF.org, November 14, 2011, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof, AFI.com, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Kenrick, John. "Comparative Cast CD Reviews II: Fiddler on the Roof", Musicals101.com, accessed June 5, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Solomon, Alisa. "Tevye, Today and Beyond", Part 2 of 2, The Jewish Daily Forward, September 8, 2006, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine., H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society, March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Willistein, Paul. "Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best", The Morning Call, November 25, 1993, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "Episode Recap: Gilmore Girls: 'Jews and Chinese Food'", TV.com, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" Archived 2014-08-09 at the Wayback Machine., San Francisco Jewish Film Festival, 2009, accessed April 3, 2012
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Jump up ^ Demers, Ben. "Monty Python’s Spamalot", DCTheatreScene.com, March 15, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris. "Parody hits the Roof", Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2001, accessed January 25, 2012
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References[edit]
Kantor, Michael; Laurence Maslon (2004). Broadway: the American musical. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-2905-2.
Rich, Frank. The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson (1987), Knopf ISBN 0-394-52913-8
Whitfield, Stephen J (2003). "Fiddling with Sholem Aleichem: A History of Fiddler on the Roof". Key texts in American Jewish culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3221-3.
Further reading[edit]
Altman, Richard (1971). The Making of a Musical: Fiddler on the Roof. Crown Publishers.
Isenberg, Barbara (2014). Tradition!: The Highly Improbable, Ultimately Triumphant Broadway-to-Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof, the World’s Most Beloved Musical. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-312-59142-7.
Solomon, Alisa (2013). Wonder of Wonders: A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0805092609.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fiddler on the Roof
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fiddler on the Roof.
Fiddler on the Roof at the Internet Broadway Database
Fiddler on the Roof JR. at the Music Theatre International website
Fiddler on the Roof at Ovrtur
YouTube video: "Sunrise, Sunset," from the Japanese stage production.
Longest-running plays on Broadway, Off-Broadway, London, Toronto, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin
List of longest-running Broadway productions from Playbill.com
Preceded by
Life with Father Longest-running Broadway show
1970–1979 Succeeded by
Grease
[show]
v
t
e
Fiddler on the Roof
Characters
Tevye
Inspiration
Sholem Aleichem's Tevye and his Daughters
Adaptations
Fiddler on the Roof (1964 musical)
Fiddler on the Roof (1971 film)
Songs
Act 1
Tradition
Matchmaker, Matchmaker
If I Were a Rich Man
Sabbath Prayer
To Life
Miracle of Miracles
Tevye's Dream
Sunrise, Sunset
Act 2
Now I Have Everything
Do You Love Me?
The Rumor/I Just Heard
Far From the Home I Love
Chavaleh (Little Bird)
Anatevka
Any Day Now
Miscellaneous
List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof
A Shoggoth on the Roof (parody musical)
[show]
v
t
e
Musicals by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick
The Body Beautiful
Fiorello!
Tenderloin
To Broadway With Love
She Loves Me
Fiddler on the Roof
The Apple Tree
Baker Street
The Rothschilds
[show]
v
t
e
Works of Joseph Stein
Lend an Ear
Mrs. Gibbons' Boys
Alive and Kicking
Plain and Fancy
Mr. Wonderful
The Body Beautiful
Take Me Along
Juno
Enter Laughing
Fiddler on the Roof
Zorba
Irene
The Baker's Wife
King of Hearts
Carmelina
Rags
All About Us
Before the Dawn
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Musical
1949-1975
Kiss Me, Kate (1949)
South Pacific (1950)
Guys and Dolls (1951)
The King and I (1952)
Wonderful Town (1953)
Kismet (1954)
The Pajama Game (1955)
Damn Yankees (1956)
My Fair Lady (1957)
The Music Man (1958)
Redhead (1959)
The Sound of Music / Fiorello! (1960)
Bye Bye Birdie (1961)
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1962)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1963)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof (1965)
Man of La Mancha (1966)
Cabaret (1967)
Hallelujah, Baby! (1968)
1776 (1969)
Applause (1970)
Company (1971)
Two Gentlemen of Verona (1972)
A Little Night Music (1973)
Raisin (1974)
The Wiz (1975)
1976-2000
A Chorus Line (1976)
Annie (1977)
Ain't Misbehavin' (1978)
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1979)
Evita (1980)
42nd Street (1981)
Nine (1982)
Cats (1983)
La Cage aux Folles (1984)
Big River (1985)
Drood (1986)
Les Misérables (1987)
The Phantom of the Opera (1988)
Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989)
City of Angels (1990)
The Will Rogers Follies (1991)
Crazy for You (1992)
Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993)
Passion (1994)
Sunset Boulevard (1995)
Rent (1996)
Titanic (1997)
The Lion King (1998)
Fosse (1999)
Contact (2000)
2001-present
The Producers (2001)
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Hairspray (2003)
Avenue Q (2004)
Monty Python's Spamalot (2005)
Jersey Boys (2006)
Spring Awakening (2007)
In the Heights (2008)
Billy Elliot the Musical (2009)
Memphis (2010)
The Book of Mormon (2011)
Once (2012)
Kinky Boots (2013)
A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder (2014)
Fun Home (2015)
Hamilton (2016)
Dear Evan Hansen (2017)
[show]
v
t
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Tony Award for Best Revival
1970s
Porgy and Bess (1977)
Dracula (1978)
No Award (1979)
1980s
Morning's at Seven (1980)
The Pirates of Penzance (1981)
Othello (1982)
On Your Toes (1983)
Death of a Salesman (1984)
Joe Egg (1985)
Sweet Charity (1986)
All My Sons (1987)
Anything Goes (1988)
Our Town (1989)
1990s
Gypsy (1990)
Fiddler on the Roof (1991)
Guys and Dolls (1992)
Anna Christie (1993)
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical
1950–1975
South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan (1950)
Hello, Dolly! by Michael Stewart (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein (1965)
Company by George Furth (1971)
Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro (1972)
A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler (1973)
Candide by Hugh Wheeler (1974)
Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett, Peter Udell and Philip Rose (1975)
1976–2000
A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante (1976)
Annie by Thomas Meehan (1977)
On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green (1978)
Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler (1979)
Evita by Tim Rice (1980)
Woman of the Year by Peter Stone (1981)
Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen (1982)
Cats by T. S. Eliot (1983)
La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein (1984)
Big River by William Hauptman (1985)
Drood by Rupert Holmes (1986)
Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg (1987)
Into the Woods by James Lapine (1988)
No Award (1989)
City of Angels by Larry Gelbart (1990)
The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman (1991)
Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine (1992)
Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally (1993)
Passion by James Lapine (1994)
Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton (1995)
Rent by Jonathan Larson (1996)
Titanic by Peter Stone (1997)
Ragtime by Terrence McNally (1998)
Parade by Alfred Uhry (1999)
James Joyce's The Dead by Richard Nelson (2000)
2001–present
The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan (2001)
Urinetown by Greg Kotis (2002)
Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell (2003)
Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty (2004)
The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin (2005)
The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar (2006)
Spring Awakening by Steven Sater (2007)
Passing Strange by Stew (2008)
Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall (2009)
Memphis by Joe DiPietro (2010)
The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Once by Enda Walsh (2012)
Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly (2013)
A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman (2014)
Fun Home by Lisa Kron (2015)
Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2016)
Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson (2017)
[show]
v
t
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Tony Award for Best Original Score
1947-1975
Street Scene by Kurt Weill (1947)
Kiss Me, Kate by Cole Porter (1949)
South Pacific by Richard Rodgers (1950)
Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin (1951)
No Strings by Richard Rodgers (1962)
Oliver! by Lionel Bart (1963)
Hello, Dolly! by Jerry Herman (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick (1965)
Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion (1966)
Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1967)
Hallelujah, Baby! by Jule Styne, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1968)
Company by Stephen Sondheim (1971)
Follies by Stephen Sondheim (1972)
A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner (1974)
The Wiz by Charlie Smalls (1975)
1976-2000
A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban (1976)
Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin (1977)
On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1978)
Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice (1980)
Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1981)
Nine by Maury Yeston (1982)
Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T. S. Eliot (1983)
La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman (1984)
Big River by Roger Miller (1985)
Drood by Rupert Holmes (1986)
Les Misérables by Claude-Michel Schönberg, Herbert Kretzmer, and Alain Boublil (1987)
Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim (1988)
City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel (1990)
The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1991)
Falsettos by William Finn (1992)
Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who's Tommy by Pete Townshend (1993)
Passion by Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Christopher Hampton (1995)
Rent by Jonathan Larson (1996)
Titanic by Maury Yeston (1997)
Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens (1998)
Parade by Jason Robert Brown (1999)
Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice (2000)
2001-present
The Producers by Mel Brooks (2001)
Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis (2002)
Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman (2003)
Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx (2004)
The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel (2005)
The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater (2007)
In the Heights by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2008)
Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey (2009)
Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro (2010)
The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman (2012)
Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper (2013)
The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown (2014)
Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron (2015)
Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2016)
Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 180236915
LCCN: n83042589
GND: 300022344
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiddler_on_the_Roof&oldid=835662161"
Categories:
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