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Germ theory of disease
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Scanning electron microscope image of Vibrio cholerae. This is the bacterium that causes cholera.
The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganism, especially one which causes disease, such as protists, fungi, viruses, prions, or viroids.[1] Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen.
The germ theory was proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546, and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. Such views were held in disdain, however, and Galen's miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors. The nature of this doctrine prevented them from understanding how diseases actually progressed, with predictable consequences. By the early nineteenth century, smallpox vaccination was commonplace in Europe, though doctors were unaware of how it worked or how to extend the principle to other diseases. Similar treatments had been prevalent in India from just before AD 1000.[2] [N 1] A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur. This work was later extended by Robert Koch in the 1880s. By the end of the 1880s the miasma theory was struggling to compete with the germ theory of disease. Eventually, a "golden era" of bacteriology ensued, during which the theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases.[3][4] Viruses were discovered in the 1890s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Miasma theory
2 Development
2.1 Pre-19th century
2.2 Agostino Bassi
2.3 Ignaz Semmelweis
2.4 Gideon Mantell
2.5 John Snow
2.6 Louis Pasteur
2.7 Robert Koch
3 Sanitation
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Miasma theory[edit]
A representation by Robert Seymour of the cholera epidemic depicts the spread of the disease in the form of poisonous air.
Main article: Miasma theory
The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century. It held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia infection, or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air" emanating from rotting organic matter.[5] Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors.[citation needed]
Development[edit]
Pre-19th century[edit]
In Antiquity, the Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was the first person to state, in his account of the plague of Athens, that diseases could spread from an infected person to others.[6][7] One theory of the spread of contagious diseases that were not spread by direct contact was that they were spread by "seeds" (Latin: semina) that were present in the air. In his poem, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things, ca. 56 BC), the Roman poet Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) stated that the world contained various "seeds", some of which could sicken a person if they were inhaled or if they contaminated his food.[8][9] The Roman statesman Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) wrote, in his Rerum rusticarum libri III (Three Books on Agriculture, 36 BC): "Precautions must also be taken in the neighborhood of swamps […] because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases."[10] The Greek physician Galen (AD 129 – ca. 200/ca. 216) speculated in his On Initial Causes (ca. AD 175) that some patients might have "seeds of fever".[11] In his On the Different Types of Fever (ca. AD 175), Galen speculated that plagues were spread by "certain seeds of plague", which were present in the air.[12] And in his Epidemics (ca. AD 176–178), Galen explained that patients might relapse during recovery from a fever because some "seed of the disease" lurked in their bodies, which would cause a recurrence of the disease if the patients didn't follow a physician's therapeutic regimen.[13]
During the Middle Ages, Isidore of Seville (ca. 560 – 636) mentioned "plague-bearing seeds" (pestifera semina) in his On the Nature of Things (ca. AD 613).[14] Later in 1345, Tommaso del Garbo (ca. 1305–1370) of Bologna, Italy mentioned Galen's "seeds of plague" in his work Commentaria non parum utilia in libros Galeni (Helpful commentaries on the books of Galen).[15]
The Italian scholar and physician Girolamo Fracastoro proposed in 1546 in his book De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seed-like entities (seminaria morbi) that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances. The diseases were categorised based on how they were transmitted, and how long they could lie dormant.
Italian physician Francesco Redi provided early evidence against spontaneous generation. He devised an experiment in 1668 in which he used three jars. He placed a meatloaf and egg in each of the three jars. He had one of the jars open, another one tightly sealed, and the last one covered with gauze. After a few days, he observed that the meatloaf in the open jar was covered by maggots, and the jar covered with gauze had maggots on the surface of the gauze. However, the tightly sealed jar had no maggots inside or outside it. He also noticed that the maggots were found only on surfaces that were accessible by flies. From this he concluded that spontaneous generation is not a plausible theory.
Microorganisms are said to have been first directly observed in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, an early pioneer in microbiology. Yet Athanasius Kircher may have done so prior. When Rome was struck by the bubonic plague in 1656, Kircher spent days on end caring for the sick. Searching for a cure, Kircher observed microorganisms under the microscope and invented the germ theory of disease, which he outlined in his Scrutinium pestis physico-medicum (Rome 1658).[16] Building on Leeuwenhoek's work, physician Nicolas Andry argued in 1700 that microorganisms he called "worms" were responsible for smallpox and other diseases.[17]
In 1720, Richard Bradley theorised that the plague and 'all pestilential distempers' were caused by 'poisonous insects', living creatures viewable only with the help of microscopes.[18]
In 1762, the Austrian physician Marcus Antonius von Plenciz (1705-1786) published a book titled Opera medico-physica. It outlined a theory of contagion stating that specific 'animalculae' in the soil and the air were responsible for causing specific diseases. Von Plenciz noted the distinction between diseases which are both epidemic and contagious (like measles and dysentry), and diseases which are contagious but not epidemic (like rabies and leprosy).[19] The book cites Anton van Leeuwenhoek to show how ubitquitous such animalculae are, and was unique for describing the presence of germs in ulcerating wounds. Ultimately, the theory espoused by von Plenciz was not accepted by the scientific community.
Agostino Bassi[edit]
The Italian Agostino Bassi was the first person to prove that a disease was caused by a microorganism when he conducted a series of experiments between 1808 and 1813, demonstrating that a "vegetable parasite" caused a disease in silkworms known as calcinaccio—this disease was devastating the French silk industry at the time. The "vegetable parasite" is now known to be a fungus pathogenic to insects called Beauveria bassiana (named after Bassi).
Ignaz Semmelweis[edit]
Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian obstetrician working at the Vienna General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus) in 1847, noticed the dramatically high maternal mortality from puerperal fever following births assisted by doctors and medical students. However, those attended by midwives were relatively safe. Investigating further, Semmelweis made the connection between puerperal fever and examinations of delivering women by doctors, and further realized that these physicians had usually come directly from autopsies. Asserting that puerperal fever was a contagious disease and that matter from autopsies were implicated in its development, Semmelweis made doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime water before examining pregnant women, thereby reducing the mortality rate from 18% to 2.2% at his hospital. Nevertheless, he and his theories were rejected by most of the contemporary medical establishment.
Gideon Mantell[edit]
Gideon Mantell, the Sussex doctor more famous for discovering dinosaur fossils, spent time with his microscope, and speculated in his Thoughts On Animalcules (1850) that perhaps "many of the most serious maladies which afflict humanity, are produced by peculiar states of invisible animalcular life".[20]
John Snow[edit]
Main article: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854
John Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory. Even though the germ theory of disease pioneered by Girolamo Fracastoro had not yet achieved full development or widespread currency, Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he correctly suggested that the fecal-oral route was the mode of communication, and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines. He even proposed in his 1855 edition of the work, that the structure of cholera was that of a cell.
Having rejected effluvia and the poisoning of the blood in the first instance, and being led to the conclusion that the disease is something that acts directly on the alimentary canal, the excretions of the sick at once suggest themselves as containing some material which being accidentally swallowed might attach itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines, and there multiply itself by appropriation of surrounding matter, in virtue of molecular changes going on within it, or capable of going on, as soon as it is placed in congenial circumstances.
—  John Snow (1849)
For the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind, must necessarily have some sort of structure, most likely that of a cell. It is no objection to this view that the structure of the cholera poison cannot be recognized by the microscope, for the matter of smallpox and of chancre can only be recognized by their effects, and not by their physical properties.
—  John Snow (1855)
Snow's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of germ theory in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil-water advisory.
In 1855 he published a second edition of his article, documenting his more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the Soho, London epidemic of 1854.
By talking to local residents, he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak, but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline.[21]
Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology.
Later, researchers discovered that this public well had been dug only three feet from an old cesspit, which had begun to leak fecal bacteria.[citation needed] The diapers of a baby, who had contracted cholera from another source, had been washed into this cesspit. Its opening was originally under a nearby house, which had been rebuilt farther away after a fire. The city had widened the street and the cesspit was lost. It was common at the time to have a cesspit under most homes. Most families tried to have their raw sewage collected and dumped in the Thames to prevent their cesspit from filling faster than the sewage could decompose into the soil.
After the cholera epidemic had subsided, government officials replaced the handle on the Broad Street pump. They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population, and afterward they rejected Snow's theory. To accept his proposal would have meant accepting the fecal-oral method transmission of disease, which they dismissed.[22]
Louis Pasteur[edit]
Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of Germ Theory of Disease.
The more formal experiments on the relationship between germ and disease were conducted by Louis Pasteur between 1860 and 1864. He discovered the pathology of the puerperal fever[23] and the pyogenic vibrio in the blood, and suggested using boric acid to kill these microorganisms before and after confinement.
Pasteur further demonstrated between 1860 and 1864 that fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths did not proceed by spontaneous generation. He exposed freshly boiled broth to air in vessels that contained a filter to stop all particles passing through to the growth medium, and even with no filter at all, with air being admitted via a long tortuous tube that would not pass dust particles. Nothing grew in the broths: therefore the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, as spores on dust, rather than being generated within the broth.
Pasteur discovered that another serious disease of silkworms, pébrine, was caused by a small microscopic organism now known as Nosema bombycis (1870). Pasteur saved France's silk industry by developing a method to screen silkworms eggs for those that were not infected, a method that is still used today to control this and other silkworm diseases.
Robert Koch[edit]
Robert Koch is known for developing four basic criteria (known as Koch's postulates) for demonstrating, in a scientifically sound manner, that a disease is caused by a particular organism. These postulates grew out of his seminal work with anthrax using purified cultures of the pathogen that had been isolated from diseased animals.
Koch's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day.[24] Even in Koch's time, it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates.[25][26] Attempts to rigidly apply Koch's postulates to the diagnosis of viral diseases in the late 19th century, at a time when viruses could not be seen or isolated in culture, may have impeded the early development of the field of virology.[27][28] Currently, a number of infectious agents are accepted as the cause of disease despite their not fulfilling all of Koch's postulates.[29] Therefore, while Koch's postulates retain historical importance and continue to inform the approach to microbiologic diagnosis, fulfillment of all four postulates is not required to demonstrate causality.
Koch's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view. In the 1980s, a molecular version of Koch's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors.[30]
Koch's postulates:
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
However, Koch abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera[26] and, later, of typhoid fever. Asymptomatic or subclinical infection carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases, especially viruses such as polio, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis C. As a specific example, all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects, and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent.
The third postulate specifies "should", not "must", because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera,[25] not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection. Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination; or genetic immunity, as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele.
The second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that cannot (at the present time) be grown in pure culture, such as prions responsible for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.[31] In summary, a body of evidence that satisfies Koch's postulates is sufficient but not necessary to establish causation.
Sanitation[edit]
In the 1870s, Joseph Lister was instrumental in developing practical applications of the germ theory of disease with respect to sanitation in medical settings and aseptic surgical techniques—partly through the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic.
See also[edit]
Molecular and Cellular Biology portal
Alexander Fleming
Cell theory
Epidemiology
Germ theory denialism
Robert Hooke
Rudolf Virchow
Zymotic disease
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In a 1767 report to the College of Physicians in London, John Zephaniah Holwell mentions the practice of Smallpox vaccinations by Ayurvedic doctors and their explanations of the cause of the disease.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "germ – definition of germ in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Donald A; Moss, Bernard (1999). Smallpox and Vaccinia, Vaccines. W. B. Saunders Company.
Jump up ^ "BRIEF HISTORY DURING THE SNOW ERA". ucla.edu.
Jump up ^ "Germ Theory". jrank.org.
Jump up ^ John M. Last, ed. (2007), ""miasma theory"", A Dictionary of Public Health, Westminster College, Pennsylvania: Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Singer, Charles and Dorothea (1917) "The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro [1478?–1553] with especial reference to the source, character and influence of his theory of infection," Annals of Medical History, 1 : 1–34 ; see p. 14.
Jump up ^ Thucydides with Richard Crawley, trans., History of the Peloponnesian War (London, England: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1910), Book III, § 51, pp. 131–132. From pp. 131–132: " … there was the awful spectacle of men dying like sheep, through having caught the infection in nursing each other. This caused the greatest mortality. On the one hand, if they were afraid to visit each other, they perished from neglect; indeed many houses were emptied of their inmates for want of a nurse: on the other, if they ventured to do so, death was the consequence."
Jump up ^ Nutton, Vivian (1983) "The seeds of disease: an explanation of contagion and infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance," Medical History, 27 (1) : 1–34 ; see p. 10. Available at: U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
Jump up ^ Lucretius with Rev. John S. Watson, trans., On the Nature of Things (London, England: Henry G. Bohn, 1851), Book VI, lines 1093–1130, pp. 291–292 ; see especially p. 292. From p. 292: "This new malady and pest, therefore, either suddenly falls into the water, or penetrates into the very corn, or into other food of men and cattle. Or even, as may be the case, the infection remains suspended in the air itself; and when, as we breathe, we inhale the air mingled with it, we must necessarily absorb those seeds of disease into our body."
Jump up ^ Varro, Marcus Terentius with Lloyd Storr-Best, trans., Varro On Farming (London, England: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1912), Book 1, Ch. XII, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 4
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 6
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 7
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 20
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 21
Jump up ^ "The Life and Work of Athanaseus Kircher, S.J". mjt.org.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Germ Theory". The British Medical Journal. 1 (1415): 312. 1888.
Jump up ^ Melvin Santer, ‘Richard Bradley: A Unified, Living Agent Theory of the Cause of Infectious Diseases of Plants, Animals, and Humans in the First Decades of the 18th Century’, in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 52, Number 4, Autumn, 2009, pp. 566-578
Jump up ^ Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory (1967). Conquest of Epidemic Disease: A Chapter in the History of Ideas. Hafner Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0028548807.
Jump up ^ Pg. 90 of "The invisible world revealed by the microscope or, thoughts on animalcules.", second edition, 1850 (May have appeared in first edition, too. (Revise date in article to 1846, if so.))
Jump up ^ John Snow (1849). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. London: J. Churchill. There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished, as I said before, by the flight of the population, which commenced soon after the outbreak; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped, that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state, or whether, from some cause, the water had become free from it
Jump up ^ Chapelle, Frank (2005). "Ch. 5: Hidden Life, Hidden Death". Wellsprings. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8135-3614-9.
Jump up ^ Pasteur, Louis (1880) [May 1880]. "(translated from French)" [On the extension of the germ theory to the etiology of certain common diseases]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. XC. Ernst, H.C. (trans). pp. 1033–44.
Jump up ^ Walker L, Levine H, Jucker M (2006). "Koch's postulates and infectious proteins". Acta Neuropathologica. 112 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0072-x. PMID 16703338.
^ Jump up to: a b Koch Robert (1884). "Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose". Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte. 2. pp. 1–88.
^ Jump up to: a b Koch Robert (1893). "Über den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose". Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten (in German). 14: 319–333. doi:10.1007/BF02284324.
Jump up ^ Brock TD (1999). Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology. Washington DC: American Society of Microbiology Press. ISBN 1-55581-143-4.
Jump up ^ Evans AS (May 1976). "Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 49 (2): 175–95. PMC 2595276  . PMID 782050.
Jump up ^ Jacomo V, Kelly P, Raoult D (2002). "Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate)". Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 9 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1128/CDLI.9.1.8-18.2002. PMC 119901  . PMID 11777823.
Jump up ^ Falkow S (1988). "Molecular Koch's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 10 (Suppl 2): S274–6. doi:10.1093/cid/10.Supplement_2.S274. PMID 3055197.
Jump up ^ Inglis TJ (November 2007). "Principia aetiologica: taking causality beyond Koch's postulates". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 56 (Pt 11): 1419–22. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47179-0. PMID 17965339.
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External links[edit]
Stephen T. Abedon [1] Supplemental Lecture (98/03/28 update)
William C. Campbell The Germ Theory Timeline
Science's war on infectious diseases
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Jump up ^ "Germs se bachne ke kuch upae (How to avoid germs)". Bindas Monkeys Blog (in Hinglish). 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-23. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
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text:
Big Mac
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Big Mac (disambiguation).
Big Mac
Nutritional value per 1 sandwich 7.6 oz (215 g)
Energy
550 kcal (2,300 kJ)
Carbohydrates
46 g (15%)
Sugars
9 g
Dietary fiber
3 g (13%)
Fat
29 g (47%)
Saturated
10 g (52%)
Trans
1 g
Protein
25 g
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A
230 IU
Vitamin C
1%
1 mg
Minerals
Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
27%
270 mg
Iron
35%
4.5 mg
Sodium
65%
970 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Salt equivalent
2,425 mg
Energy from fat
260 kcal (1,100 kJ)
Cholesterol
75 mg
Ingredients
See text
Values may be different outside US market.
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: McDonald's USA Product Nutrition
The Big Mac is a hamburger sold by international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was introduced in the Greater Pittsburgh area, United States, in 1967 and nationwide in 1968. It is one of the company's signature products.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Product
2.1 Special sauce
2.2 Packaging
3 Advertising
3.1 Two all-beef patties slogan
3.2 1980s advertising
3.3 2005 advertising
4 Variants
5 McDonaldland character
6 Museum
7 Nutritional values per geographical location
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History
The Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti, an early Ray Kroc franchisee,[1] who was operating several restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. It was invented in the kitchen of Delligatti's first McDonald's franchise, located on McKnight Road in suburban Ross Township.[2] The Big Mac had two previous names, both of which failed in the marketplace: the Aristocrat, which consumers found difficult to pronounce and understand, and Blue Ribbon Burger. The third name, Big Mac, was created by Esther Glickstein Rose, a 21-year-old advertising secretary who worked at McDonald’s corporate headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois.[3] The Big Mac debuted at Delligatti's Uniontown, Pennsylvania restaurant in 1967, selling for 45 cents.[4] It was designed to compete with Big Boy Restaurants' Big Boy hamburger; Eat'n Park was the Pittsburgh area's Big Boy franchisee at the time.[5] The Big Mac proved popular, and it was added to the menu of all U.S. restaurants in 1968.[4]
Product
The Big Mac consists of two 1.6 oz (45.4 g) beef patties, "special sauce" (a variant of Thousand Island dressing), iceberg lettuce, American cheese, pickles, and onions, served in a three-part sesame seed bun.[6]
The Big Mac is known worldwide and is often used as a symbol of American capitalism. The Economist has used it as a reference point for comparing the cost of living in different countries – the Big Mac Index – as it is so widely available and is comparable across markets. This index is sometimes referred to as Burgernomics.[7]
Special sauce
The name was popularized by a 1974 advertising campaign featuring a list of the ingredients in a Big Mac: "Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions – on a sesame seed bun."[8]
Big Mac Sauce is delivered to McDonald's restaurants in sealed canisters designed by Sealright, from which it is meant to be directly dispensed using a special calibrated "sauce gun" that dispenses a specified amount of the sauce for each pull of the trigger.[9] Its design is similar to a caulking gun.
In 2012, McDonald's admitted that "the special sauce ingredients were not really a secret" because the recipe had been available online "for years".[10] It consists of store-bought mayonnaise, sweet pickle relish and yellow mustard whisked together with vinegar, garlic powder, onion powder and paprika.[10]
Packaging
The Big Mac, along with many other McDonald's products, was first served in a "clamshell" styrofoam container that was phased out beginning in 1990 due to environmental concerns.[11] The product is now sold in a collapsible cardboard box.
Advertising
The Big Mac is often sold as part of a combination meal
The earliest instances of McDonald's utilizing advertising for the burger were mainly print ads, and a TV ad in which Hoyt Axton sings "The Ballad of Big Mac" which aired in 1969.
Two all-beef patties slogan
The Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions – on a sesame seed bun concept for the jingle was created by Keith Reinhard, Chairman Emeritus of DDB Worldwide, and his creative group at Needham Harper and Steers. Originally, the ingredients appeared as a one-word heading for a McDonald's ad developed for college newspapers. The words were then set to music created by Mark Vieha, who performed the original jingle. The first run of commercials ran only a year and a half, going off the air in 1976, but its popularity remained beyond its TV life. Subsequent to the jingle, McDonald's followed up with a promotion based on its customers spontaneously having a "Big Mac Attack".
Many franchises in the United States ran promotions during the original campaign that awarded a free burger to customers who could recite the slogan within a specified time (usually two or three seconds). One example of its success was that the McDonald's operators in New York City ran out of Big Mac buns.[citation needed] McDonald's Australia emulated this promotion in the mid-1980s, and some Brazilian McDonald's around the same time (only offering a free glass of Coca-Cola instead), in the Portuguese-language version, which is "Dois hambúrgueres, alface, queijo, molho especial, cebola e picles num pão com gergelim".
In 2003, McDonald's revived the phrase. In an English-language ad from McDonald's international "i'm lovin' it" campaign, a rapper rapidly spouts off the trademark in the background music. Also in 2003, American Greetings and Carlton Cards released a Christmas ornament of a Big Mac, on which the slogan was both printed and played aloud by pulling on a string. Roy Bergold, National Advertising Manager at McDonald's, has a big hand in championing the original campaign and helping to bring it back.
In 2008, the phrase was revived by McDonald's Malaysia. The revival includes the original prize of a free Big Mac if the customer is able to recite the phrase in under four seconds. This was released in May, along with the promotional Mega Mac, which has four beef patties rather than the standard two.[12]
1980s advertising
In the early 1980s, as a promotion, McDonald's staged an in-house rivalry between their two most popular products. Consumers were invited to decide "Which one will be number one? Chicken McNuggets or Big Mac sandwiches?" For each of either item that a customer bought, they received another of the same at half price. Later in the ad campaign, the second was offered for free. It was eventually announced that the Big Mac was "number one".
2005 advertising
In 2005, McDonald's began offering product placement rewards to hip hop artists who namechecked the Big Mac in their music, giving US$5 to the artist for every time a song mentioning the hamburger was played on the radio.[13] This offer quickly spawned a satirical reference from hip hop artist Mad Skillz, who references the marketing ploy in his track "2005 Wrap Up" by stating "And I'm beefin' wit' Mickey D's man, y'all dead wrong, Talkin' 'bout payin' rappers to mention Big Macs in their song, We do rap from the heart, y'all better have some respect, Alright, Big Mac! Big Mac! Big Mac! Now where's my check?"
Variants
A Mega Mac burger with a large Coke and fries in Malaysia
The Mega Mac or Double Big Mac: four 1.6 oz (45.4 g) beef patties and an extra slice of cheese. Available in Australia, Canada, China, Egypt, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia (during promotional periods only), Turkey, Singapore, Pakistan, South Korea, and Thailand.[12] Discontinued in New Zealand. In the United States, buyers can ask to double their Big Mac with two additional patties, although this is limited to only certain states. The Double Big Mac is the biggest regular hamburger produced by the chain and has 680 calories.[14]
Big Big Mac: a Quarter Pounder–like product sold in Europe (Finland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy). Has been sold periodically in Sweden, there called "Grand Big Mac" (where "Grand" was pronounced in British, not American, English, in their advertising[not in citation given]).[15]
The Denali Mac: made with two quarter pound patties. Named after Denali in Alaska, and sold only in that state.[16][17] Also known as the Bigger Big Mac as a limited-time offer product to celebrate the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
In India, where consuming beef is illegal in most states, the Big Mac is known as the Maharaja Mac and was originally made with lamb instead of beef; however, along with the company's other items, it is now made from chicken.[18][19] A vegetarian option is also available, substituting corn patties in the place of beef.
The Chicken Big Mac is a Big Mac with two breaded chicken patties sold in Pakistan, Egypt, UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar.[20][21][22]
The Giga Big Mac is a larger version of the Big Mac with three times the meat of a Big Mac sold in Japan.[23]
A Grand Big Mac (left) and Mac Jr. (right) alongside a regular Big Mac (center), released for a limited time in the UK as part of the 50th anniversary of the burger.[24]
Mac Jr. is a reduction of the standard Big Mac. It uses a two-piece bun and contains only one beef patty. Available in the U.S. beginning in 2017.[25]
Grand Mac uses larger patties, at 1⁄3 pound (150 g) combined. Available in the U.S. beginning in 2017.[25]
Big Mac BLT is a standard Big Mac burger with the addition of bacon and tomato. Released in Australia in late 2017.[26]
McDonaldland character
Main article: McDonaldland
In addition to the McDonald's signature hamburger, Big Mac was the name of a character, Officer Big Mac, in McDonaldland, the fictional world created as an advertising campaign for McDonald's. Officer Big Mac was similar to Mayor McCheese, except he was the chief of police, wearing a constable uniform and sporting a large Big Mac for a head.
Museum
The Big Mac Museum in 2014
On August 22, 2007, McDonald's opened the Big Mac Museum in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania to celebrate the Big Mac’s 40th anniversary. The museum features the world's largest Big Mac statue (measuring 14 feet high and 12 feet wide) and has hundreds of historic artifacts and exhibits that celebrate the Big Mac.[27][28]
Some Uniontown residents were unhappy with the selected location;[29] a McDonald’s spokesperson said that the decision was based on ease of highway access.[30]
Nutritional values per geographical location
The Big Mac is a geographically localized product. In the United States, the Big Mac has 550 kcal (2,300 kJ), 29 grams of fat and 25 grams of protein. In Australia, the burger is slightly smaller with 493 kcal (2,060 kJ) and 26.9 grams of fat, but similar amounts of protein with 25.2 grams,[31] while the Japanese burger tops out the scales at 557 kcal and 30.5 grams of fat. Several Mcdonald's subsidiaries adapt the standard features of the Big Mac (from the USA) to regional requirements.[32]
Comparisons of the Big Mac standard nutritional values in different countries - Sodium values converted to their salt equivalents, rounded and in bold
Country
Energy kcal
Carbohydrates g
Protein g
Fat (total) g
Dietary fiber g
Salt equivalent mg
Serving
size
(weight) g
Reference
Argentina 485 40 24 26 3.3 2005 .ar
Australia 493 35.3 25.2 26.9 2148 201 .au[dead link]
Austria 495 40 27 25 3 2300 219 .at
Belgium 495 40 27 25 2300 .be
Bosnia and Herzegovina 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .ba
Brazil 491 40 26 26 3.8 2033 .br
Canada 520 45 23 28 3 2413 209 .ca
Chile 478 40 26 24 4 2133 .cl[permanent dead link]
China 520 46 26 26 .cn
Croatia 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .hr
Czech Republic 510 41 27 26 2200 .cz
Denmark 510 41 27 26.1 3 2200 .info
Egypt 522 28.235 25.911 .eg
Finland 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .fi
France 508 42 27 26 3.1 2300 221 .info
Germany 510 41 27 26 3 2200 221 .de
Greece 495 40 27 25 3 2300 221 .gr
Hong Kong 497 43.1 26.4 24.2 2003 .hk
Hungary 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .info
Ireland 490 41 28 24 4 2100 .ie
Italy 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .info[dead link]
Japan 557 45.2 25.5 30.5 2800 .jp
Lithuania 509 42 27 26 3.1 2300 219 .lt
Malaysia 484 46 26 23 1825 209 .my
Mexico 486 45 22 26 3 2228 .mx[permanent dead link]
Netherlands 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .info
New Zealand 494 36.8 26.4 25.9 2415 202 .nz[dead link]
Norway 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .no
Poland 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .info
Portugal 509 42 27 26 3.2 2300 219 .pt
Romania 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .info[dead link]
Russia 495 40 27 25 3 2300 .info[dead link]
Serbia 493 40 27 25 3 2300 .rs
South Africa 496 39 24.3 26.4 3.2 2433 .za
South Korea 510 26 2533 213 .kr
Sweden 505 42 26 26 3 2300 219 .se
Switzerland 510 41 27 26 3 2200 .info
Taiwan 530 45 27 26 .tw
Turkey 480 43 28 22 2100 .tr
United Kingdom 508 43 26 25 3.6 2300 .uk
United States 540 47 25 28 3 2426 215 .us
See also
Food portal
Don Gorske, a Big Mac enthusiast
List of sandwiches
Similar products by other restaurant chains:
Big Boy (Big Boy Restaurants and Frisch's Big Boy)
Big Hardee (Hardee's)
Big King (Burger King)
Big Shef (Burger Chef)
Big Wink (Winky's)
Bonus Jack (Jack in the Box)
Superburger (Eat'n Park)
Teen Burger (A&W) is not a double decker like the Big Mac, but its "teen sauce" is similar to "special sauce".
References
Jump up ^ Eldridge, D. (2014). Moon Pittsburgh. Moon Handbooks. Avalon Publishing. p. pt389. ISBN 978-1-61238-846-5. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vancheri, Barbara (May 4, 1993). "Golden Arch Angel". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. C1.
Jump up ^ "Woman Who Named Big Mac Finally Recognized". Associated Press. May 31, 1985. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jim Delligatti Biography" (PDF) (Press release). McDonald's. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: William D. Peters / President of Eat'n Park restaurants". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 20, 2000. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://nutrition.mcdonalds.com/getnutrition/ingredientslist.pdf
Jump up ^ Pakko, Michael R.; Pollard, Patricia S. (November–December 2003). "Burgernomics: A "Big Mac" Guide to Purchasing Power Parity" (PDF). Review. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Beaudoin, N. (2013). A School for Each Student: High Expectations in a Climate of Personalization. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-317-92474-6. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sealright designs sauce system for McDonald's in South Africa, China". Kansas City Business Journal. April 26, 1996. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Make a Big Mac at home! McDonald's top chef explains the secret to chain's burger (but why doesn't it look quite like what you get at the counter?)". Daily Mail. London. July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ McDonald's to Do Away With Foam Packages. Los Angeles Times. 1990-11-02. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Bin, Huai (May 5, 2008). "Mega Mac and Big Mac Chant". SixthSeal.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Return of the Mac – coming soon". BBC News. March 29, 2005. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Double Big Mac®". McDonald's Canada. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ The advertising
Jump up ^ "Alaska Towns: Palmer, Alaska". Hometown Invasion Tour. 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Royale with Cheese". Cynical-C Blog. May 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "G2: McDonald's and the World". The Guardian. London. April 6, 2001. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Arndt, Rachel Z. (February 2, 2009). "The World's Most Original Burgers: Chicken Maharaja Mac". Bloomberg Businessweek. p. 8. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ McDonald's Pakistan Archived June 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-09-04
Jump up ^ A La Carte | McDonald's Kuwait
Jump up ^ http://www.mcdonaldsegypt.com/en/products-product/plain/page/274/cat/16/product/172/subcat/18
Jump up ^ McDonald's Japan Launches Big Mac With 3 Times the Meat | Fortune, April 5, 2016, Retrieved October 16, 2016
Jump up ^ Pemberton, Becky (2017-02-18). "How long are the new McDonald's burgers available for and how many calories do the Grand Big Mac and Big Mac Jr contain?". The Sun. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Aaron (January 18, 2017). "McDonald's just tweaked the Big Mac". CNN Money. Cable News Network. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ McDonald’s brings back their Sweet Mustard Dipping Sauce and people are overjoyed
Jump up ^ "McDonald's Celebrates 40 Years Serving 'Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbun'" PR Newswire. August 22, 2007
Jump up ^ “Big Mac turns 40” Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved November 12, 2012
Jump up ^ Al Owens, The Herald-Standard (September 2007). "The Mystery of the Curry Burger!" republished from Herald-Standard (Uniontown). September 15, 2007
Jump up ^ The museum is located along U.S. 30 just south of its westernmost interchange with the mainline Pennsylvania Turnpike, while the still-incomplete Mon–Fayette Expressway had missing sections near Uniontown at the time.
Jump up ^ "Nutrition Information". Australia: McDonald's. December 19, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ calories big mac
Further reading
Gallagher, Peter B. (March 10, 1975). "Beefed-up old jingle pays off for Big Mac". St. Petersburg Times. p. 1D. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
External links
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text:
Joshua Jackson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Joshua Jackson
Jackson at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012.
Born
Joshua Browning Carter Jackson[citation needed]
(1978-06-11) June 11, 1978 (age 39)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Nationality
Canadian
Citizenship
Canada
United States
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1991–present
Partner(s)
Diane Kruger (2006–2016)
Joshua Browning Carter Jackson (born June 11, 1978) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in primetime television and in over 30 film roles. His well-known roles include Pacey Witter in Dawson's Creek, Charlie Conway in The Mighty Ducks film series, Peter Bishop in Fringe, and Cole Lockhart in The Affair. Jackson won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in the Canadian independent film One Week.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Jackson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, to parents John Carter and Fiona Jackson.[1] His mother is a casting director.[2] Jackson's father is from Texas;[3] and his mother is a native of Ballyfermot, Dublin, Ireland, having immigrated to North America in the late 1960s.[4][5] He has a younger sister, Aisleagh, and two older half brothers, Jonathan and Lyman. [6] He was raised Catholic.[7][8]
Jackson grew up in California until the age of 8. He moved to Vancouver with his mother and younger sister. He attended Ideal Mini School and later switched to Kitsilano Secondary School. In an interview with The New York Times, Jackson said he was kicked out of high school once because of The Jon Stewart Show: "[The show] played, at least where I grew up, at 1:30 in the morning, so I would stay up at night to watch Jon Stewart, but then I'd be too tired—or too lazy—to go to school in the morning. So I'd just take the first couple of classes off, 'cause I wanted to be fresh when I got there."[9] He claims that the first time was because of "attitude" problems and that he "wasn't in the school spirit".
Career[edit]
Jackson started acting in a small role in the film Crooked Hearts in 1991. The next year, he played the role of Charlie in a musical version of Willie Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. At this point, with the help of the play's casting director Laura Kennedy, he joined the William Morris Agency.[10] Soon after, he landed the role of Charlie (#96) in The Mighty Ducks series, playing a young and aspiring hockey player.
Joshua Jackson went on to appear as Pacey Witter on Dawson's Creek, which ran on the WB network from 1998–2003, and also starred James Van Der Beek, Michelle Williams and Katie Holmes. While the show was on hiatus, he appeared in several movies including Cruel Intentions (a New York yuppie adaptation of Les Liaisons dangereuses that also starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and Ryan Phillippe), The Skulls, The Safety of Objects, The Laramie Project and a short cameo in the remake of Ocean's Eleven where he appears as himself in a poker scene with Brad Pitt, George Clooney and Holly Marie Combs, among others. In 2000, he also guest-starred in Season 12 of The Simpsons, voicing the character of Jesse Grass, a "hunky environmentalist" and love interest for Lisa Simpson in the episode "Lisa the Tree Hugger".[11]
Shortly after Dawson's Creek ended in 2003, Jackson played the lead role in films alongside Dennis Hopper (Americano), Harvey Keitel (Shadows in the Sun), and Donald Sutherland (Aurora Borealis). In 2005, Jackson moved to the UK and made his stage debut on the London West End with Patrick Stewart in David Mamet's two-man play, A Life in the Theatre. The play was a critical and popular success, and ran from February to April of that year. Jackson said that he would consider returning to the stage, to try his hand on Broadway. His next film role was in Bobby, directed by Emilio Estevez, Jackson's co-star from The Mighty Ducks. He played a lead role in Shutter, a US remake of a Thai horror film of the same name. He starred and acted as executive producer in the Canadian independent film One Week, which opened on March 6, 2009.[12][13]
From 2008 to 2013, Jackson played the lead role of Peter Bishop in the science-fiction series Fringe,[14] created by JJ Abrams, Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman.[15] The series appeared on the Fox TV network and was the second-highest rated new show of the 2008–2009 season after CBS's The Mentalist. BuddyTV ranked him #9 on its "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010" list,[16] #19 in 2011[17] and #14 in 2012.[18]
Jackson was nominated for Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for the film One Week.[19] He won the award on April 12, 2010.[20] He held and hosted Pacey-Con in 2010, directly across the street from the San Diego Comic-Con, sporting a bowling shirt and giving out fan fiction he wrote himself to those waiting in the Comic-Con entrance line. Footage of the event was recorded for a video, entitled 'Pacey-Con', which he was filming for Will Ferrell's Funny or Die celebrity humor website. In 2013 Jackson appeared in the IFC film Inescapable with Marisa Tomei and Alexander Siddig.[21] Jackson wrote the first story from the comic book trilogy Beyond the Fringe, titled "Peter and the Machine".[22]
Personal life[edit]
Jackson was in a relationship with Dawson's Creek co-star Katie Holmes during the first two seasons of the show's run. Holmes claims Jackson was her first love.[23]
Jackson began dating German actress Diane Kruger in 2006; the couple shared residences in Paris, Los Angeles and Vancouver.[24] Jackson and Kruger ended their relationship in 2016, after 10 years together.[25] He owns his childhood home in Topanga, California.[26] He previously lived in Wilmington, North Carolina, where Dawson's Creek was filmed; and in New York, where Fringe filmed its first season. In 2009, he moved back to Vancouver for the shooting of the four following seasons before the show aired its last episode on January 18, 2013.
Jackson is a fan of the ice hockey team Vancouver Canucks.[27] He was arrested on November 9, 2002 at a Carolina Hurricanes ice hockey game in Raleigh, North Carolina after a quarrel with a security guard. He was charged with assault, affray and being intoxicated and disruptive, having 0.14 blood alcohol content.[28] Prosecutors agreed to dismiss the assault charge, and Jackson agreed to attend an alcohol education program and perform 24 hours of community service in order to have the remaining charge dropped.[29]
Filmography[edit]
Joshua Jackson at the premiere of Bobby, Toronto International Film Festival, 2006
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991 Crooked Hearts Tom (11 years)
1992 The Mighty Ducks Charlie Conway
1993 Digger Billy
1994 D2: The Mighty Ducks Charlie Conway
1994 Andre Mark Baker
1995 Magic in the Water Joshua Black
1996 D3: The Mighty Ducks Charlie Conway
1996 Robin of Locksley John Prince, Jr.
1997 Ronnie and Julie Ronnie
1997 Scream 2 Film Class Guy #1
1998 The Battery Michael Papperman Short film
1998 Apt Pupil Joey
1998 Urban Legend Damon Brooks
1999 Cruel Intentions Blaine Tuttle
1999 Muppets from Space Young Man at Beach Cameo
Uncredited
2000 The Skulls Lucas 'Luke' McNamara
2000 Gossip Beau Edson
2001 The Safety of Objects Paul Gold
2001 Ocean's Eleven Josh Cameo
2002 The Laramie Project Matt Galloway
2002 Lone Star State of Mind Earl Crest Alternative title: Cowboys and Idiots
2003 I Love Your Work John
2005 Cursed Jake Taylor
2005 Racing Stripes Trenton's Pride Voice role
2005 Americano Chris McKinley
2005 Aurora Borealis Duncan Shorter
2005 The Shadow Dancer Jeremy Taylor Alternative title: Shadows in the Sun
2006 Bobby Wade Buckley
2007 Battle in Seattle Randall
2008 Shutter Benjamin Shaw
2008 Gashole Joshua Jackson (himself) Gives commentary for documentary
2008 One Week Ben Tyler
2012 Lay the Favorite Jeremy
2012 Inescapable Paul
2015 Sky Detective Ruther
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991 Payoff Young Mac TV movie
1996 Champs Matt Mazzilli Episodes: "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" and "For Art's Sake"
1996 Robin of Locksley Prince John, Jr. TV movie
1997 Ronnie & Julie Ronnie Monroe TV movie
1997 On the Edge of Innocence Sammy TV movie
1997 The Outer Limits Devon Taylor Episode: "Music of the Spheres"
1998–2003 Dawson's Creek Pacey Witter 124 episodes
2000 The Simpsons Jesse Grass Voice; Episode: "Lisa the Tree Hugger"
2001 Cubix Brian Voice
2006 Capitol Law Mark Clayton Unsold TV pilot
2008–2013 Fringe Peter Bishop 96 episodes
2014–present The Affair Cole Lockhart 20 episodes
2016 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Purvis Episode: "Kimmy Goes to a Hotel!"
2016 Years of Living Dangerously Himself Episode: "Collapse of the Oceans"
Stage
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2016 Smart People Brian New play by Lydia R. Diamond at Second Stage Theater[30]
2005 A Life in The Theatre John David Mamet play with Patrick Stewart
2017 Children of a Lesser God James Leeds/General Asshole Revival at Berkshire Theatre Festival with Kenny Leon[31]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
1993 Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture The Mighty Ducks Nominated
1999 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson's Creek Won
2000 Teen Choice Award Choice Liar in a Film The Skulls Nominated
2000 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson's Creek Won
2000 Young Hollywood Award Male Superstar of Tomorrow N/A Won
2001 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson's Creek Won
2002 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson's Creek Nominated
2003 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson's Creek Nominated
2005 Ft. Lauderdale International Film Festival Best Actor Aurora Borealis Won
2006 Hollywood Film Festival Best Ensemble of the Year Bobby Won
2006 Satellite Award Best Actor – Motion Picture Aurora Borealis Nominated
2007 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Bobby Nominated
2009 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi Fringe Nominated
2010 Genie Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role One Week Won
2010 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi Fringe Nominated
2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi Fringe Nominated
2012 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi Fringe Nominated
2013 Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Fringe Nominated
2016 People's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor The Affair Nominated
2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Series Actor The Affair Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Morton, Eugene (2009-11-04). "G4's Attack of the Show interviews Josh Jackson". G4tv.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Joshua Jackson profile". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ Shires, Sarah (2005-03-11). "I was just six and dad filed for custody of my dog... Yes, I'm still mad; Joshua Jackson on growing up and life after Dawson's Creek". The Evening Standard. Retrieved 2007-12-10. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Tubridy Tonight". Rte.ie. 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Fiona Jackson Coaching". Fiona Jackson Coaching. Archived from the original on 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Joshua Jackson Biography". Movies.yahoo.com. 1978-06-11. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ Rothing, Hilary (September 8, 2009). "Fringe DVD Launch Party: Josh Jackson interview". UGO Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", Joshua Jackson interview May 14, 2002 (Joshua Jackson answers the Conan O'Brien question about fans websites; "Yeah, you know, I'm Irish Catholic, I have a lot of family members, that's a lot of websites.") Retrieved on April 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Screen Test: T Men's Cover Story". Video.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ Mcfadden, Kay (January 19, 1998). "The Kids Are Alright -- Jackson Has Come Far From The `Chocolate Factory'". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lisa the Tree Hugger on IMDb
Jump up ^ One Week on IMDb
Jump up ^ Joshua Jackson on IMDb
Jump up ^ "BBC News". BBC News. 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Fringe Overview". Sky1.sky.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010". BuddyTV. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2011". BuddyTV. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2012". BuddyTV. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CBC News — Polytechnique tops Genie nominations". Cbc.ca. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Polytechnique sweeps Genie Awards". Toronto Star, April 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mintzer, Joshua (September 11, 2012). "Inescapable: Toronto Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Vaneta (September 22, 2011). "Actor / Now-Writer Joshua Jackson Goes Beyond The Fringe". Newsarama. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Katie Holmes:Joshua Jackson Was "My First Love"". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25.
Jump up ^ Jane Gordon (August 21, 2010). "Diane Kruger:Hollywood's most celebrated beauty shakes off her ice-queen image". Daily Mail. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gugliemi, Jodi (July 18, 2016). "Diane Kruger and Joshua Jackson Have Split After 10 Years Together". People. United States: Time Inc. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jenny Cockle (November 11, 2007). "Ben Miller on Los Angeles: I love the glitz, the glamour, the quirks, the beauty". The Independent. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Slotek, Jim (May 28, 2003). "Mighty Canuck". Canoe.ca. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TSG Mug Shot: Joshua Jackson". Thesmokinggun.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Josh Jackson Cops to Drunken Brawl | E! Online UK". Ca.eonline.com. April 10, 2003. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stasio, Marilyn (2016-02-11). "Off Broadway Review: ‘Smart People’ with Joshua Jackson". Variety.
Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2017/07/04/striving-heard-children-lesser-god/77SnY3ytOfUkCW9cLafJOJ/story.html
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joshua Jackson
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Joshua Jackson on IMDb
Joshua Jackson on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos
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