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List of oxidation states of the elements
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Main article: Oxidation state
This is a list of known oxidation states of the chemical elements, excluding nonintegral values. The most common states appear in bold. The table is based on that of Greenwood and Earnshaw,[1] with additions noted. Oxidation state 0, which occurs for all elements, is implied by the column with the symbol of the element. The format of the table, which was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1889, shows the periodicity of the oxidation states of the elements.[1]
List[edit]
Element
Noble gas
Z
Element
Negative
oxidation
states
Positive
oxidation
states
Group
Notes
−9−5
−9−4
−9−3
−9−2
−9−1
_0
_+1
_+2
_+3
_+4
_+5
_+6
_+7
_+8
_+9
1 hydrogen −1−1 H +1+1+1 1
2 helium He 18
3 lithium Li +1+1+1 1 [2]
4 beryllium Be +1 +2+2 2 [3]
5 boron −5 −1 B +1 +2 +3+3 13 [4][5]
6 carbon −4−4 −3−3 −2−2 −1−1 C +1+1+1 +2+2 +3+3 +4+4 14
7 nitrogen −3−3 −2 −1 N +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15
8 oxygen −2−2 −1 O +1 +2 16
9 fluorine −1−1 F 17
10 neon Ne 18
11 sodium −1 Na +1+1+1 1 [2]
12 magnesium Mg +1 +2+2 2 [6]
13 aluminium −2 −1 Al +1 +2 +3+3 13 [7][8][9]
14 silicon −4−4 −3 −2 −1 Si +1 +2 +3 +4+4 14
15 phosphorus −3−3 −2 −1 P +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15
16 sulfur −2−2 −1 S +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 16
17 chlorine −1−1 Cl +1+1+1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 +6 +7+7 17 [10]
18 argon Ar 18
19 potassium −1 K +1+1+1 1 [2]
20 calcium Ca +1 +2+2 2 [11]
21 scandium Sc +1 +2 +3+3 3 [12][13]
22 titanium −2 −1 Ti +1 +2 +3 +4+4 4 [14][15][16]
23 vanadium −3 −1 V +1 +2 +3 +4 +5+5 5 [15]
24 chromium −4 −2 −1 Cr +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6+6 6 [15]
25 manganese −3 −2 −1 Mn +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7+7 7
26 iron −4 −2 −1 Fe +1 +2+2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6+6 +7 8 [17][18][19]
27 cobalt −3 −1 Co +1 +2+2 +3+3 +4 +5 9 [15]
28 nickel −2 −1 Ni +1 +2+2 +3 +4 10 [20]
29 copper −2 Cu +1 +2+2 +3 +4 11 [19]
30 zinc −2 Zn +1 +2+2 12 [19][21]
31 gallium −5 −4 −2 −1 Ga +1 +2 +3+3 13 [8][22]
32 germanium −4−4 −3 −2 −1 Ge +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 14 [23]
33 arsenic −3−3 −2 −1 As +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15 [8][24][25]
34 selenium −2−2 −1 Se +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 16 [26][27][28][29]
35 bromine −1−1 Br +1+1+1 +3+3 +4 +5+5 +7+7 17
36 krypton Kr +2+2 18
37 rubidium −1 Rb +1+1+1 1 [2]
38 strontium Sr +1 +2+2 2 [30]
39 yttrium Y +1 +2 +3+3 3 [31][32]
40 zirconium −2 Zr +1 +2 +3 +4+4 4 [15][33]
41 niobium −3 −1 Nb +1 +2 +3 +4 +5+5 5 [15][34]
42 molybdenum −4 −2 −1 Mo +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 6 [15]
43 technetium −3 −1 Tc +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7+7 7
44 ruthenium −4 −2 Ru +1 +2 +3+3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 8 [15][19]
45 rhodium −3 −1 Rh +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6 9 [15]
46 palladium Pd +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 10 [35][36]
47 silver −2 −1 Ag +1+1+1 +2 +3 11 [19][37]
48 cadmium −2 Cd +1 +2+2 12 [19][38]
49 indium −5 −2 −1 In +1 +2 +3+3 13 [8][39][40]
50 tin −4−4 −3 −2 −1 Sn +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 14 [8][41][42]
51 antimony −3−3 −2 −1 Sb +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15 [8][43][44][45]
52 tellurium −2−2 −1 Te +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 16 [8][46][47][48]
53 iodine −1−1 I +1+1+1 +3+3 +4 +5+5 +6 +7+7 17 [49][50]
54 xenon Xe +2+2 +4+4 +6+6 +8 18 [51]
55 caesium −1 Cs +1+1+1 1 [2]
56 barium Ba +1 +2+2 2 [52]
57 lanthanum La +1 +2 +3+3 3 [53]
58 cerium Ce +2 +3+3 +4+4
59 praseodymium Pr +2 +3+3 +4 +5 [54]
60 neodymium Nd +2 +3+3 +4 [55]
61 promethium Pm +2 +3+3 [56]
62 samarium Sm +2 +3+3
63 europium Eu +2+2 +3+3
64 gadolinium Gd +1 +2 +3+3
65 terbium Tb +1 +2 +3+3 +4 [56]
66 dysprosium Dy +2 +3+3 +4 [57]
67 holmium Ho +2 +3+3 [56]
68 erbium Er +2 +3+3 [56]
69 thulium Tm +2 +3+3
70 ytterbium Yb +2 +3+3
71 lutetium Lu +2 +3+3 [56]
72 hafnium −2 Hf +1 +2 +3 +4+4 4 [15][58]
73 tantalum −3 −1 Ta +1 +2 +3 +4 +5+5 5 [15][34]
74 tungsten −4 −2 −1 W +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 6 [15]
75 rhenium −3 −1 Re +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 7
76 osmium −4 −2 −1 Os +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 8 [19][59]
77 iridium −3 −1 Ir +1 +2 +3+3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [60][61][62][63]
78 platinum −3 −2 −1 Pt +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 10 [19][64][65]
79 gold −3 −2 −1 Au +1 +2 +3+3 +5 11 [19]
80 mercury −2 Hg +1+1+1 +2+2 12 [19][66]
81 thallium −5 −2 −1 Tl +1+1+1 +2 +3+3 13 [8][67][68][69]
82 lead −4 −2 −1 Pb +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 14 [8][70][71]
83 bismuth −3 −2 −1 Bi +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5 15 [72][73][74][75]
84 polonium −2−2 Po +2+2 +4+4 +5 +6 16 [76]
85 astatine −1−1 At +1+1+1 +3 +5 +7 17
86 radon Rn +2+2 +6 18 [77][78][79]
87 francium Fr +1+1+1 1
88 radium Ra +2+2 2
89 actinium Ac +3+3 3
90 thorium Th +1 +2 +3 +4+4 [80][81]
91 protactinium Pa +3 +4 +5+5
92 uranium U +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6+6 [82][83]
93 neptunium Np +2 +3 +4 +5+5 +6 +7 [84]
94 plutonium Pu +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 [85]
95 americium Am +2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 [86]
96 curium Cm +3+3 +4 +6 [87][88]
97 berkelium Bk +3+3 +4
98 californium Cf +2 +3+3 +4
99 einsteinium Es +2 +3+3 +4 [89]
100 fermium Fm +2 +3+3
101 mendelevium Md +2 +3+3
102 nobelium No +2+2 +3
103 lawrencium Lr +3+3
104 rutherfordium Rf +4+4 4
105 dubnium Db +5+5 5 [90]
106 seaborgium Sg +6+6 6 [91]
107 bohrium Bh +7+7 7 [92]
108 hassium Hs +8+8 8 [93]
109 meitnerium Mt 9
110 darmstadtium Ds 10
111 roentgenium Rg 11
112 copernicium Cn +2 12 [94]
113 nihonium Nh 13
114 flerovium Fl 14
115 moscovium Mc 15
116 livermorium Lv 16
117 tennessine Ts 17
118 oganesson Og 18
A figure with a similar format (shown below) was used by Irving Langmuir in 1919 in one of the early papers about the octet rule.[95] The periodicity of the oxidation states was one of the pieces of evidence that led Langmuir to adopt the rule.
References and notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.
Jump up ^ Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. bernath.uwaterloo.ca. 118 (3): 1158. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
Jump up ^ B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see James Keeler, Peter Wothers (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Melanie Schroeder. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
Jump up ^ Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827.
Jump up ^ Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383–384. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. , and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).
Jump up ^ Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001.
Jump up ^ The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). "Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide". J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9): 3860–3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094. , and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). "Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14): 1482–1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821.
Jump up ^ Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
Jump up ^ Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock & John F. Nixon (1996). "The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32): 7630–7631. doi:10.1021/ja961253o.
Jump up ^ Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). "Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56: 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758.
Jump up ^ Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see Fausto Calderazzo, Isabella Ferri, Guido Pampaloni, Ulli Englert, Malcolm L. H. Green (1997). "Synthesis of [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives". Organometallics. 16 (14): 3100–3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [3], p. 4 (in German); [4], pp. 97–100; [5], p. 239
Jump up ^ Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
Jump up ^ Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO4]−; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18: 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
Jump up ^ Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). "Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)". Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157–158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, its existence has been disputed.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". ZAAC. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
Jump up ^ Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
Jump up ^ Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). "Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond". Science. 305 (5687): 1136–8. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350.
Jump up ^ Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. "Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden" (PDF) (in German). p. 72.
Jump up ^ Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Germanium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–959. ISBN 3-11-012641-9. .
Jump up ^ As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
Jump up ^ As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO−
3; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
Jump up ^ Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se22−).
Jump up ^ Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see "Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
Jump up ^ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2: 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
Jump up ^ Se(V) has been observed in SeO2−
3 and HSeO2−
4; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
Jump up ^ Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175: 158–171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08.
Jump up ^ Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see "Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
Jump up ^ Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
Jump up ^ Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 960. ISBN 0-08-037941-9. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Zirconium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926.
^ Jump up to: a b Nb(I) and Ta(I) occur in CpNb(CO)4 and CpTa(CO)4, see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). "Tantal". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1430. ISBN 3-11-012641-9. and King, R. Bruce (1969). Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction. Academic Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-32-315996-6.
Jump up ^ Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". Science. 295 (5553): 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
Jump up ^ Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). "Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis" (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35: 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Jump up ^ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
Jump up ^ In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
Jump up ^ In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [6], p. 69.
Jump up ^ Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks" (PDF). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Jump up ^ Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds
Jump up ^ Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Jump up ^ Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Jump up ^ Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl
6]2−
, see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
Jump up ^ Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see "Tellurium: tellurium iodide". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Jump up ^ Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). "Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Retrieved 2015-02-23. .
Jump up ^ Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in H
2TeO−
4, TeO−
3, HTeO2−
4, and TeO3−
4; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
Jump up ^ I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Pauling, Linus (1988). "Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements". General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 259. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.
Jump up ^ I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). "Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. 77: 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
Jump up ^ Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 250. ISBN 0-486-65622-5. ), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
Jump up ^ Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10.
Jump up ^ La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 104: 6444. Bibcode:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10.
Jump up ^ Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). "Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273.
Jump up ^ Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
^ Jump up to: a b c d e All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
Jump up ^ Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Jump up ^ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium". Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893.
Jump up ^ Os(−1) has been observed in Na
2[Os
4(CO)
13]; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). "Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454: 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). "Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
Jump up ^ Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1117. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
Jump up ^ Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines.
Jump up ^ Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
Jump up ^ Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+
4; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786.
Jump up ^ Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
Jump up ^ Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). "Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 9: 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
Jump up ^ Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
Jump up ^ Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see King, R. B.; Schleyer, R. (2004). "Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry". In Driess, M.; Nöth, H. Molecular clusters of the main group elements. Wiley-VCH, Chichester. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-527-61437-0.
Jump up ^ Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). "Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811. .
Jump up ^ Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). "Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Jump up ^ Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954. .
Jump up ^ Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). "Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases". Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68.
Jump up ^ Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 0-7514-0389-X.
Jump up ^ Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). "Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30: 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2.
Jump up ^ Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science. 36 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
Jump up ^ Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+
2); see Thayer, John S. (2010). Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements. p. 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
Jump up ^ Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
Jump up ^ Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− and [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). "Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th}1− anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state". Chem. Sci. 6: 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). "Compounds of Thorium and Uranium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-12-023634-6. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Jump up ^ U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). "Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U]". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t.
Jump up ^ Np(II) has been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8: 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K.
Jump up ^ Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). "Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization of {PuII[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706.
Jump up ^ Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5−
6; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
Jump up ^ Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+
2); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. 53 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
Jump up ^ Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4". Radiochemistry. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. Bibcode:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
Jump up ^ Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). "Thermochemistry of the actinides". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
Jump up ^ Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. pp. 26–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20.
Jump up ^ Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Huebener; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide" (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-25. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine., Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
Jump up ^ Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see "Chemistry of Hassium" (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
Jump up ^ Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see Paul Scherrer Institute (2015). "Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. p. 3. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.
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text:
Do Wah Diddy Diddy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
Single by Manfred Mann
from the album The Manfred Mann Album
B-side
"What You Gonna Do?"
Released
10 July 1964
Format
Vinyl record
Recorded
11 June 1964
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:23
Label
HMV POP 1320 (UK)[1]
Ascot (US)
Capitol (Canada)
Songwriter(s)
Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich[1]
Producer(s)
John Burgess[1]
Manfred Mann singles chronology
"Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)"
(1964) "Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
(1964) "Sha La La"
(1964)
"Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)"
(1964) "Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
(1964) "Sha La La"
(1964)
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963, as "Do-Wah-Diddy", by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann.
Contents
[hide]
1 Manfred Mann version
2 Other versions
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Manfred Mann version[edit]
It was soon covered by British R&B, beat and pop band Manfred Mann.[2] Manfred Mann's version, which was more commercially successful, was recorded on 11 June 1964,[citation needed] released on 10 July,[3] and spent two weeks No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in August,[4] and two weeks at the No. 1 spot in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in October.[5]
Other versions[edit]
The song has been covered many times, notably by DJ Ötzi whose version titled "Do Wah Diddy" peaked at #9 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40, as well as charting in Germany, Switzerland, the UK and Ireland. Dutch girl group Dolly Dots recorded the song in 1982.
American hip-hop group 2 Live Crew covers a friendly parody version of that song from the 1988 album Move Somethin'.
In popular culture[edit]
It was used as the theme song for Ang TV, a famous youth-oriented variety show in the Philippines from 1992–1997.
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles from the 1960s (UK)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1964
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 82. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 166. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived May 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "All the Number One Singles: 1964". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (1992). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 158. ISBN 0-8230-8298-9.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"A Hard Day's Night" by the Beatles UK Singles Chart number-one single
13 August 1964 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Have I the Right?" by the Honeycombs
Preceded by
"Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
17 October 1964 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Baby Love" by the Supremes
[hide]
v
t
e
Manfred Mann
Manfred Mann
Mike Hugg
Mike Vickers
Tom McGuinness
Paul Jones
Mike d'Abo
Jack Bruce
Klaus Voormann
Dave Richmond
Studio albums
The Five Faces of Manfred Mann
Mann Made
As Is
Up the Junction
Mighty Garvey!
Extended play
Manfred Mann's Cock-a-Hoop
Groovin' with Manfred Mann
The One in the Middle
No Living Without Loving
Machines
Instrumental Asylum
As Was
Instrumental Assassination
Compilations
Mann Made Hits
Soul of Mann
What A Mann
Chapter Two: The Best of the Fontana Years
Basic: Original Hits
The Best of Manfred Mann: The Definitive Collection
The Best of the EMI Years
Manfred Mann at Abbey Road, 1963-1966
BBC Sessions
Very Best of Manfred Mann
The Story
Classic Masters
The Evolution of Manfred Mann
Complete Greatest Hits
UK singles
"Why Should We Not"
"Cock-a-Hoop"
"5-4-3-2-1"
"Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)"
"Ha! Ha! Said the Clown"
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
"Sha La La"
"Come Tomorrow"
"Oh No, Not My Baby"
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now"
"Pretty Flamingo"
"You Gave Me Somebody to Love"
"Just Like a Woman"
"Semi-Detached Suburban Mr James"
"Ha! Ha! Said the Clown"
"Sweet Pea"
"So Long, Dad"
"Mighty Quinn"
"Theme from "Up The Junction"
"My Name Is Jack"
"Fox on the Run"
"Ragamuffin Man"
Related articles
Discography
Manfred Mann Chapter Three
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
The Manfreds
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Wah_Diddy_Diddy&oldid=797182934"
Categories:
1963 songs
1964 singles
Songs written by Ellie Greenwich
Songs written by Jeff Barry
Manfred Mann songs
The Exciters songs
Jan and Dean songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
His Master's Voice singles
Capitol Records singles
Hidden categories:
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All articles with unsourced statements
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This page was last edited on 25 August 2017, at 12:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Wentworth (season 6)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wentworth (season 6)
Region 4 DVD Cover
Country of origin
Australia
No. of episodes
8
Release
Original network
Showcase
Original release
19 June 2018 (2018-06-19) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 5
List of Wentworth episodes
The sixth season of television drama series Wentworth premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018. It is executive produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season will comprise 12 episodes. The sixth season picks up just days after the escape of Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson. This season will introduce three new characters portrayed by Leah Purcell, Susie Porter and Rarriwuy Hick.[1]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Ratings
5 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Wentworth characters
Main[edit]
Leah Purcell as Rita Connors
Sigrid Thornton as Sonia Stevens
Susie Porter as Marie Winter
Celia Ireland as Liz Birdsworth
Katrina Milosevic as Sue "Boomer" Jenkins
Robbie J Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson
Tammy Macintosh as Kaz Proctor
Kate Jenkinson as Allie Novak
Bernard Curry as Jake Stewart
Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell
Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett
Nicole da Silva as Franky Doyle
Recurring[edit]
Libby Tanner as Bridget Westfall
Jacquie Brennan as Linda Miles
Sally-Anne Upton as Lucy Gambaro
Madeline Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe
Artemis Inannides as Vicky Kosta
Kate Elliot as Spike Baxter
Sun Park as Cherry Li
Emily Havea as Mon Alson
Catherine Larcey as Sharon Gilmour
Bessie Holland as Stella Radic
Sarah Hallam as Jen Hutchins
Katerina Kotsonis as former officer Brenda Murphy
Stefan Dennis as Michael Armstrong QC[2]
Guest[edit]
Pamela Rabe as Joan Ferguson
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Aus. viewers
59
1 "Clean Slate" Kevin Carlin Pete McTighe June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19) 101,000[3]
Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson are still missing. While Ferguson's fate remains unknown, Franky is still on the run and desperately attempts to come up with the evidence that she is innocent of the murder of Mike Pennisi. Liz fears for her safety when news has surfaced that Sonia was poisoned and is to make a full recovery. Vera's career could be in jeopardy when Jake uncovers that Vera let Bea Smith wander into a restricted area of the prison in order to attack Joan. New inmate, Rita Connors, arrives at Wentworth and immediately crosses Kaz when she takes the rap for recently transferred, trouble-making prisoner, Ruby Mitchell, when she violently attacks another prisoner. Vera makes a discovery.
60
2 "The Boxer" Kevin Carlin Marcia Gardner June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26) 87,000[4]
Sonia returns to Wentworth and is determined to take her revenge on Liz. Ruby continues to push Rita away while she sinks deeper into despair as she has constant memories of the past. Ruby is provoked into partaking in secret fist fighting matches organized by several of the other inmates. Vera confides in Bridget about her pregnancy, while Jake's guilt of blackmailing Vera gets the better of him and he decides to back down. Franky stumbles upon crucial evidence that can clear her name.
61
3 "Bleed Out" Fiona Banks John Ridley July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03) 105,000[5]
Franky is seriously wounded and seeks Bridget's help. Sonia convinces Liz to tell her solicitor that she was used by Don. Kaz discovers that Rita took the rap for Ruby for beating up Spike. The fight club continues and Ruby is injured during a match with Spike. Vicky and Kaz agree to a fight before it is interrupted by the officers. Will confronts Kaz on being a secret "lagger". The police discover that Franky is innocent and she is finally set free.
62
4 "Winter Is Here" Fiona Banks Andrew Anastasios July 10, 2018 (2018-07-10) 83,000[6]
Marie Winter arrives at Wentworth and her past is immediately revealed. Rita goes to great lengths to keep Ruby out of trouble and agrees to be Marie's bodyguard. Sonia makes a deal with Vera and the workshop is reopened. Will cracks under pressure as he confesses to Jake that he buried Joan alive.
63
5 "Bitter Pill" Roger Hodgman John Ridley July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17) 71,000[7]
Vera undergoes her first pregnancy scan and is indecisive as to whether or not she is going to keep the baby. Kaz threatens Marie when she and Allie discover that she is having drugs smuggled into the prison. Jake is injured while saving Liz from being electrocuted. Will is struggling with is sanity and begins having nightmares. Rita lands herself in trouble following a violent confrontation with Vicky and her gang. Sonia's workshop becomes a success. Liz fears she is going mad and reveals all to Kaz regarding Sonia.
64
6 "Angel of Wentworth" Roger Hodgman Andrew Anastasios & Marcia Gardner July 24, 2018 (2018-07-24) 82,000[8]
Marie and Zara becomes suspicious of Rita, while Rita comes up with a desperate plan to get Zara out of the way. Boomer takes her exam and anxiously awaits the results. Will becomes frantic and confesses everything to Kaz about what he did to Joan. Vera, Will and Kaz begin to suspect that Sonia was behind Sharon Gilmour's murder, but with no proof. Liz begins to things she is suffering from dementia. During the radio interview, Liz is ambushed by Sonia when she reveals that Liz is 'Witness X', putting her in a dangerous position with the other prisoners for lagging. Sonia is later informed that she will be released within 48 hours due to Liz's confession on air, while Kaz lets Sonia know that she could be dead within a day once Spike is released from solitary confinement.
65
7 "The Edge" Sian Davies Pete McTighe July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31) 77,000[9]
Sonia comes up with a plan to set Kaz up against the other women which eventually backfires. Will begins to have terrifying visions of Joan and turns to Marie for comfort. Liz's condition is finally diagnosed. Sonia begins to realize that her time is running out when she is attacked by Spike, while it is finally discovered that she murdered Sharon Gilmour and is charged thanks to Liz. Liz becomes confused and thinks Don is in the prison and heads to the roof with Sonia close behind which leads to a fight that proves fatal for one of them.
66
8 "Lovers and Fighters" Sian Davies John Ridley and Marcia Gardner August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07) 91,000[10]
Kaz is released from solitary confinement for which she spent two weeks for murdering Sonia. Allie is informed that Ruby could die of a brain aneurysm if she continues to fight, while Kaz decides to let the fight club go on and intends to collect half the profits. Marie discovers that Ruby was with her son the night he was attacked and is intent on getting information from her. Rita reveals to Marie that she is Ruby's sister and Ruby makes a confession to Rita about the death of Marie's son. Vera becomes the target of a stalker and is convinced that it is Jake, however, it is later revealed not to be Jake when Vera discovers that someone has left a pair of leather gloves on her bed.
67
9 "Shallow Grave[11]" TBA TBA August 14, 2018 (2018-08-14) TBD
Production[edit]
On 9 May 2017, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed Wentworth for a sixth season, set to air in 2018.[12]
FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter, said "Getting to a sixth season is something none of us take for granted. Key to this is the unwavering dedication to the show by the incredible Wentworth audience both in Australia and around the world. Like us they are drawn to our exceptional cast who embody the diverse, complex and intriguing characters who populate the intense world of Wentworth and its high stakes and compelling stories.[12]
Foxtel Head of Drama, Penny Win, said "As Foxtel's longest running original drama, Wentworth continues to set a high bar for our local production slate. There is so much yet to unfold with season five premiering now in Australia on Foxtel before any details should be revealed about the sixth season. My lips are sealed other than to say Marcia Gardner and the writers continue to excel in setting up intriguing story arcs and finely crafted scripts for the wonderfully talented Wentworth cast to bring to life."
Ratings[edit]
Episode
Title
Original airdate
Overnight Viewers
Nightly Rank
6-01 "Clean Slate" 19 June 2018 101,000[3] 1[3]
6-02 "The Boxer" 26 June 2018 87,000[4] 2[4]
6-03 "Bleed Out" 3 July 2018 105,000[5] 1[5]
6-04 "Winter Is Here" 10 July 2018 83,000[6] 2[6]
6-05 "Bitter Pill" 17 July 2018 71,000[7] 2[7]
6-06 "Angel of Wentworth" 24 July 2018 82,000[8] 1[8]
6-07 "The Edge" 31 July 2018 77,000[9] 2[9]
6-08 "Lovers and Fighters" 7 August 2018 91,000[13] 2[13]
6-09 "Shallow Grave" 14 August 2018 TBD TBD
Figures are OzTAM Data for the 5 City Metro areas.
Overnight - Live broadcast and recordings viewed the same night.
Consolidated - Live broadcast and recordings viewed.
Home media[edit]
Set title
Release date
Additional
Region 1
Region 2 (UK)[14]
Region 2 (DE)
Region 4/B[15]
Wentworth: The Complete Season 6 (Australia)
Wentworth Prison: Season Six (United Kingdom) TBA 15 October 2018 TBA 3 October 2018
show

Set details
12 episodes
600 minutes
1.78:1 aspect ratio
DVD Audio
TBA
Blu-ray Audio
TBA
Subtitles
TBA
Discs
4-DVD set (region 2 UK)
Rating
ACB: TBA
BBFC: 18
Special Features:
TBA
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Knox, David (5 April 2018). "Returning: Wentworth". TV Tonight. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Dainty, Sophie (1 August 2018). "Neighbours star Stefan Dennis took a break from show to film guest role in Wentworth". Digital Spy. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 19 June 2018". TV Tonight. 21 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 26 June 2018". TV Tonight. 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 3 July 2018". TV Tonight. 4 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 10 July 2018". TV Tonight. 11 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 17 July 2018". TV Tonight. 18 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 24 July 2018". TV Tonight. 25 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuesday 31 July 2018".
Jump up ^ "Tuesday 7 August 2018".
Jump up ^ "Wentworth: episode guide". Australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wentworth Season 6 Confirmed". Showcasechannel.com. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/08/tuesday-7-august-2018.html
Jump up ^ Region 2 (UK):
"Wentworth Prison: Season Six [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Region 4/B:
"Australian release dates for movies & TV". Stack.com.au. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
hide
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e
Wentworth
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Notable episodes
"No Place Like Home"
"Fear Her"
"First Blood"
Characters
Maxine Conway
Franky Doyle
Joan Ferguson
Jacs Holt
Will Jackson
Allie Novak
Kaz Proctor
Bea Smith
Jess Warner
Bridget Westfall
Related
Awards and nominations
Prisoner
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