text:
EA Sports UFC 2
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EA Sports UFC 2
Cover art featuring Ronda Rousey and Conor McGregor
Developer(s)
EA Canada
Publisher(s)
EA Sports
Director(s)
Brian Hayes
Engine
Ignite
Platform(s)
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
NA: March 15, 2016
EU: March 17, 2016
Genre(s)
Fighting, sports
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
EA Sports UFC 2 is a mixed martial arts fighting video game developed by EA Canada, and published in March 2016 by Electronic Arts for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The sequel to 2014's EA Sports UFC, it is based on the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) brand. The game's cover art features Ronda Rousey and Conor McGregor.
Gameplay heavily resembles real UFC fights. The player can select from over 250 fighters and may customize various aspects of the fight, such as the rules. The fighter can perform an array of attacks, such as kicks, punches, grapples, submissions, and takedowns. The player can fight in a variety of game modes, including the career and ultimate team modes. The player can create customizable fighters and the game features both male and female fighters.
The game was announced in November 2015. When developing the game, EA Canada took into consideration a large amount of fan feedback that was given from the previous game. EA Canada hoped that by listening to fans' criticisms of the first game, EA Sports UFC 2 would be drastically improved over the previous game. Many additions were made in an effort to prove this.
EA Sports UFC 2 received generally positive reviews from critics upon release. Many publications were in agreement that the visuals were the game's strongest aspect. Other features that were praised include the improvements made over the previous game and the large roster of fighters. The main criticisms were concerning the lack of depth in some of the game modes, particularly the career mode, as well as the poor tutorials, and the inconsistent physics and controls.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Development
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Gameplay[edit]
See also: Gameplay of EA Sports UFC
EA Sports UFC 2 is based on the UFC. As such, the game strives to be as realistic as the real UFC as possible. The player may choose to play in a variety of game modes. For a regular UFC match, the player chooses a fighter and may customize several aspects of the fight, such as the opponent, the venue, and the rules. The objectives of the fight closely follow the rules of the real UFC. The player can utilize a variety of attacks, such as kicks, punches, submissions, and takedowns, in order to beat their opponent. Many aesthetical details are also present; for example, fighters will suffer visible damage during a fight. Other details include a crowd, referees, octagon girls, an announcer, and commentary from Joe Rogan and Mike Goldberg.[1][2][3][4]
Aside from regular fights, the game features other modes, such as a career mode, an ultimate team mode, a practice mode, and a knockout mode. In the career mode, the player creates their own fighter and takes them through the ranks of the UFC. The player may customize several aspects of their own fighter, but they may also use one of the real fighters. The knockout mode is similar to regular fights, with the main difference that the player can only win by knockout. The fighters' stamina bars are also removed as the mode focuses on strikes instead of grapples or submissions. When in practice mode, the player can practice their skills against an idle opponent or complete drills. The ultimate team mode centers on building a deck of cards which represent fighters and playing against other players' decks. Players earn coins after each fight, which are used for customizing and upgrading fighters. Several online modes are also present.[4][5]
The game features more than 250 playable characters; males and females are present.[2] The referees are also expanded, with Herb Dean and Dan Miragliotta making their first appearance in this franchise along with Yves Lavigne and Mario Yamasaki. The game's artificial intelligence accommodates for changes in player strategies mid-game to make the gaming experience more realistic than in previous UFC games. The game also simulates "full body deformation" to connect players with their player-character. New features were introduced. The new Knockout Physics System allows players to knock out opponents dynamically based on finishing hits' momentum and strength.[3] The career mode underwent changes, the most significant of which is the addition of female fighters. Grapple Assist, which is a visual tool that serves as a guide for players, was added to the game.[4][5][6] Submission, grappling, parrying, blocking were improved from the first game.[1][7] Other features include Custom Event Creator, Title Chase, and a multiplayer championship mode.[5]
Development[edit]
EA Sports UFC 2 was announced on November 10, 2015 by publisher Electronic Arts.[8] Shortly after the game's announcement, Electronic Arts announced that the first cover fighter would be Ronda Rousey.[9] Afterwards, Electronic Arts announced that the result of UFC 194 would determine the next cover fighter.[10] Conor McGregor defeated his opponent José Aldo at the event and became the second cover fighter.[11]
The game was released on March 15, 2016 in North America and March 17, 2016 in Europe.[12] Players who pre-ordered the game have the ability play as four additional fighters: Bas Rutten, Kazushi Sakuraba, and two different versions of Mike Tyson.[13][14] Additionally, Bruce Lee, who was featured in the previous game, returns as a special unlockable fighter.[15]
Developer EA Canada received feedback and complaints from players who played the original game and found that ground and clinch combat were too challenging, and that the game did not have sufficient modes. As a result, the team decided to improve the grapple mechanic in order to deliver an "on-boarding experience", and added five new modes to the game. According to Brian Hayes, the game's creative director, having impressive graphics is important for the game. They hoped to achieve this by updating and improving the game's lighting, animation and rendering system. The KO mode was designed for players that intend to play the game casually.[4]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PS4) 79/100[16]
(XOne) 76/100[17]
Review scores
Publication
Score
EGM 7.0/10[18]
Eurogamer 80%[20]
Game Informer 8.5/10[19]
Game Revolution [21]
GamesMaster 85%
GameSpot 7/10[22]
GamesRadar [23]
GamesTM 70%[24]
IGN 6.4/10[25]
OPM (AU) 70%
OXM (UK) 70%
Play 80%
Polygon 8/10[26]
Hardcore Gamer 3.5/5[27]
Awards
Publication
Award
Forbes Best Individual Sports Game[28]
Forbes Best Post-Release Support and Content
According to the review aggregation website Metacritic, EA Sports UFC 2 received "generally favorable reviews". Metacritic gives the PlayStation 4 version a score of 79/100 based on 32 reviews, while the Xbox One version holds a score of 76/100 based on 40 reviews.[16][17]
Jeff Landa of Electronic Gaming Monthly scored the game a 7.0 out of 10. He summarized with, "EA Sports UFC 2 delivers the grandeur of MMA in a remarkable and brutal presentation. A traditional fighting game this is not, and the genuine attempts at simulating a dense sport result in clumsy combat that only on occasion captures the drama and nuance of human chess." Landa mostly criticized the "unintuitive" controls but he also disliked the unrealistic physics and the "bland" career mode. Landa's main praise was given to the visuals, which he thought "[Made] something so inherently vicious look outright stunning."[18]
Game Informer's Brian Shea gave the game an 8.5 out of 10. He stated: "UFC 2 improves over its predecessor in the ways it needed to. The improved ground game and deeper career mode are the biggest draws, but Knockout mode is a blast to play with a friend, and Ultimate Team offers a unique twist on the popular mode from other sports games. If 2014’s EA Sports UFC was a promise being made, UFC 2 is its deliverance." Shea also praised the visuals, particularly the design of the fighters, and criticized the repetitive commentary.[19]
Devin Charles from Game Revolution scored the game 4 stars out of 5, saying: "A mix of power and finesse, both in ring and out, there’s no doubt this is a solid pickup for folks interested in handing out beatings like their favorite MMA fighters do." Charles commended the large roster of fighters, the ultimate team mode, and the overall longevity that the game has been designed to have, saying that the game will remain relevant for its lifetime. Charles disliked the replay system, however, calling it "poor", and said that the game had a steep learning curve.[21]
GameSpot's Richard Wakeling gave the game a 7 out of 10 and stated: "EA Sports UFC 2 is a welcome improvement on its predecessor that shows this series is going in the right direction." Wakeling called the visuals "incredible", praised the "robust" fighting mechanics, and commended the improvements made to several of the gameplay systems, such as the grappling. Wakeling criticized the lack of proper tutorials, and disliked the career mode for having enough depth.[22]
GamesRadar's David Meikleham wrote: "Bruising, buggy and beautiful, UFC 2 is a technically triumphant fighter, but its combat can easily flounder and frustrate." Meikleham scored the game a 3 out of 5, complimenting the visuals, ground game, and the knockdowns, but criticizing the lack of content, the career mode, and the power of strikes.[23]
Josh Robertson from IGN gave the game a 6.4 out of 10, writing: "While UFC 2 certainly looks the part, it doesn't feel it. Strikes are razor sharp, kicks are satisfyingly heavy, and each and every fighter is beautifully sculpted and recreated, but each and every element is too robotic and rigid to recreate the dynamism and unpredictability that draws me to real UFC fights. Those fights are often won by finding those spaces between the lines that your opponent hasn't thought to cover, but those spaces simply don't exist here. As a fighting game it's worth your time if you're seeking something other than the usual options, but as a recreation of the UFC it falters before the final bell."[25]
Owen S. Good of Polygon gave the game a positive review, scoring it an 8. He commended the realism, the difficulty balance, and the visuals. Good did find that the controls are uncomfortable at times and disliked the difficulty of the submission system. Good also shared the opinion that the career mode is too basic and that it lacks a personality.[26]
Adam Beck for Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 3 out of 5 and wrote: "EA Sports Canada has improved upon the UFC formula greatly, although plenty of the modes still feel shallow. The career mode has been pushed to the side (literally) and rightfully so as it’s the most lackluster campaign available. [...] It’s more rewarding to play through the online-centric Championship mode despite it relying heavily on card packs and RNG pulls. Fortunately, there are far fewer glitches to be found, especially comparing this to the first game EA Sports released, although the physics still certainly go out of whack more than they should. [...] EA Sports UFC 2 still has some kinks to work out, but the overall experience has improved over its predecessor."[27]
UFC2 reached number 2 in the UK physical sales chart, behind Tom Clancy's The Division.[29] It reached number 2 in Australia, behind the same game.[30] The game reached number 6 in the European PS4 download sales charts.[31] It reached number 2 on the American physical chart,[32] and 10 on the download chart.[33] It was the 28th best selling game of the year in 2016.[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Conditt, Jessica (January 6, 2016). "Play as Ronda Rousey in EA Sports' 'UFC 2' in March". Engadget. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Bhat, Aditya (December 23, 2015). "EA Sports UFC 2: Huge roster of 250 fighters touted for the game; small list of confirmed fighters revealed". International Business Times. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EA SPORTS UFC 2 – A Mode for Every Fighter". Electronic Arts. November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Makuch, Eddie (November 15, 2015). ""Ridiculously Good-Looking" EA Sports UFC 2 Revealed With Ronda Rousey [UPDATE]". GameSpot. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sarker, Samit (November 13, 2015). "EA Sports UFC 2 features Ronda Rousey on the cover, and a deep feature set within". Polygon. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (November 13, 2015). "EA Sports UFC 2 Features Five New Modes, Ronda Rousey On Cover". Game Informer. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (December 7, 2015). "See First EA Sports UFC 2 Gameplay Footage". Game Informer. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (November 10, 2015). "EA announces UFC 2 for spring release on PS4, Xbox One [UPDATE]". VG247. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (November 13, 2015). "EA details UFC 2, cover star revealed as Ronda Rousey". Eurogamer. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Prell, Sam (December 3, 2015). "Whoever wins this fight will be on UFC 2's cover with Ronda Rousey". GamesRadar. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Luke (December 13, 2015). "Coner McGregor Joins Ronda Rousey On EA Sports UFC 2 Cover". IGN. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Brett (January 7, 2016). "First UFC 2 gameplay trailer unveiled by EA Sports". The Independent. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Orry, James (January 5, 2016). "EA Sports UFC 2 release date is March 17". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (January 20, 2016). "EA Sports UFC 2 Adds Two Versions of Mike Tyson As Preorder Bonus". GameSpot. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 5, 2016). "Bruce Lee Confirmed for EA Sports UFC 2, Here's How to Unlock Him". GameSpot. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EA Sports UFC 2 – PlayStation 4". Metacritic. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EA Sports UFC 2 – Xbox One". Metacritic. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Landa, Jeff (March 11, 2016). "EA Sports UFC 2 review: Do your best to keep it standing". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Shea, Brian (March 15, 2016). "EA Sports UFC 2 — Earning Its Place At The Top". Game Informer. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.eurogamer.pl/articles/2016-03-18-ea-sports-ufc-2-recenzja
^ Jump up to: a b Charles, Devin (March 3, 2016). "EA SPORTS UFC 2 Review — Art of War.". Game Revolution. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Wakeling, Richard (March 15, 2016). "EA Sports UFC 2 Review — Round two. Fight!". GameSpot. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Meikleham, David (March 2016). "EA SPORTS UFC 2 REVIEW". GamesRadar. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.gamestm.co.uk/reviews/ea-sports-ufc-2-review/
^ Jump up to: a b Robertson, Josh (March 17, 2016). "EA SPORTS UFC 2: AS MECHANICALLY SOUND AS A CHRIS WEIDMAN TAKEDOWN". IGN. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Good, Owen S. (March 11, 2016). "EA SPORTS UFC 2 REVIEW". Polygon. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Beck, Adam (March 16, 2016). "Review: EA Sports UFC 2". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2016/12/17/the-2016-sports-video-game-awards/#37b8a98438de
Jump up ^ https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fsoftware%2Fuk%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=110042&arch=t&lyr=2016&year=2016&week=12
Jump up ^ http://www.mcvpacific.com/news/read/the-anz-igea-top-ten-charts-powered-by-npd-week-11
Jump up ^ https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2016/04/08/playstation-store-charts-march-tom-clancys-the-division-shoots-its-way-to-the-top-spot/
Jump up ^ https://zhugeex.com/2016/04/march-2016-npd-forecast-a-billion-dollar-month/
Jump up ^ https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/03/08/playstation-store-februarys-top-downloads-2/
Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/01/16/50-best-selling-video-games-of-2016-revealed-6384231/
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Bids for Olympic Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
National Olympic Committees select from within their national territory cities to put forward bids to host an Olympic Games. The staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid.[1] Since the creation of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, which successfully appropriated the name of the Ancient Greek Olympics to create a modern sporting event, interested cities have rivalled for selection as host of the Summer or Winter Olympic Games.
What follows is a list of the cities that have bid to host any of the Summer and Winter Olympics. 50 cities (including repeats) have been chosen to host the Olympics since their "rebirth"; two in Eastern Europe, five in East Asia, one in South America, two in Oceania and the remainder in Western Europe and North America. No African, Central Asian, Middle Eastern, or South Asian city has ever been chosen to host an Olympics.
Typically, the decision is made at an IOC Session approximately seven years prior to the games; for example, the 2016 Summer Olympics were awarded to Rio de Janeiro on 2 October 2009, the 2018 Winter Olympics were awarded to Pyeongchang on 6 July 2011, the 2020 Summer Olympics were awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, and the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 IOC – IPC co-operation
2 Summer Olympics bids
3 Winter Olympics bids
4 Summer Youth Olympics bids
5 Winter Youth Olympics bids
6 All-time Summer Olympics bids
6.1 Total bids by country
7 All-time Winter Olympics bids
7.1 Total bids by country
8 All-time Summer Youth Olympics bids
9 All-time Winter Youth Olympics bids
10 Combined total bids by country
10.1 Olympic Games
10.2 Youth Olympic Games
11 Trivia
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
IOC – IPC co-operation[edit]
In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games.[1] The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver. However, the Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee (SLOC), was chosen to follow the practice of "one bid, one city" already at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, with one Organizing Committee for both Games, which was followed up by the 2004 Games in Athens and Turin in 2006. The agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006.[1]
Summer Olympics bids[edit]
Games
Year
Candidate cities
Non-candidate
applicant cities[note 1]
IOC session
Host city
Others
I 1896 Athens[note 2] Only Bid 1st
Paris
(1894-06-23)
II 1900 Paris[note 2] Only Bid
III 1904 Chicago
( St. Louis)[note 3] Only Bid 4th
Paris
(22-05-1901)
IV 1908
details Rome
( London)[note 4] Berlin
Milan 6th
London
(June, 1904)
V 1912
details Stockholm Only Bid 10th
Berlin
(1909-05-27)
VI 1916
details Berlin[note 5] Alexandria
Amsterdam
Brussels
Budapest
Cleveland 14th
Stockholm
(1912-05-27)
VII 1920
details Antwerp[note 6] Amsterdam
Atlanta
Budapest
Cleveland
Havana
Lyon[note 7]
Philadelphia 17th
Lausanne
(1919-04-05)
VIII 1924
details Paris[note 8] Amsterdam
Barcelona
Los Angeles
Prague
Rome 19th
Lausanne
(1921-06-02)
IX 1928
details Amsterdam Los Angeles
X 1932
details Los Angeles Only Bid 21st
Rome
(April, 1923)
XI 1936
details Berlin Alexandria
Barcelona
Budapest
Buenos Aires
Cologne
Dublin
Frankfurt
Helsinki
Lausanne
Nuremberg
Rio de Janeiro
Rome
30th
Lausanne
(1931-05-13)
XII 1940 Tokyo
Helsinki[note 9] Only Bid 35th
Berlin
(1936-07-31)
XIII 1944 London[note 10] Athens
Budapest
Detroit
Helsinki
Lausanne
Montreal
Rome 38th
London
(1939-06-09)
XIV 1948
details London[note 11] Baltimore
Lausanne
Los Angeles
Minneapolis
Philadelphia 39th
Lausanne
(September, 1946)
XV 1952
details Helsinki Amsterdam
Chicago
Detroit
Los Angeles
Minneapolis
Philadelphia 40th
Stockholm
(1947-06-21)
XVI 1956
details Melbourne
Stockholm[note 12] Buenos Aires
Chicago
Detroit
Los Angeles
Mexico City
Minneapolis
Philadelphia
San Francisco 43rd
Rome
(1949-04-28)
XVII 1960
details Rome Brussels
Budapest
Detroit
Lausanne
Mexico City
Tokyo 50th
Paris
(1955-06-15)
XVIII 1964
details Tokyo Brussels
Detroit
Vienna 55th
Munich
(1959-05-26)
XIX 1968
details Mexico City Buenos Aires
Detroit
Lyon 60th
Baden-Baden
(1963-10-18)
XX 1972
details Munich Detroit
Madrid
Montreal 64th
Rome
(1966-04-26)
XXI 1976
details Montreal Los Angeles
Moscow 69th
Amsterdam
(1970-05-12)
XXII 1980
details Moscow Los Angeles 75th
Vienna
(1974-10-23)
XXIII 1984
details Los Angeles Only Bid 80th
Athens
(1978-05-18)
XXIV 1988
details Seoul Nagoya 84th
Baden-Baden
(1981-09-30)
XXV 1992
details Barcelona Amsterdam
Belgrade
Birmingham
Brisbane
Paris 91st
Lausanne
(1986-10-17)
XXVI 1996
details Atlanta Athens
Belgrade
Manchester
Melbourne
Toronto 96th
Tokyo
(1990-09-18)
XXVII 2000
details Sydney Beijing
Berlin
Istanbul
Manchester Milan[note 13]
Brasilia[note 14]
Tashkent[note 15] 101st
Monte Carlo
(1993-09-23)
XXVIII 2004
details Athens Buenos Aires
Cape Town
Rome
Stockholm Istanbul
Lille
Rio de Janeiro
Saint Petersburg
San Juan
Seville 106th
Lausanne
(1997-09-05)
XXIX 2008
details Beijing Istanbul
Osaka
Paris
Toronto Bangkok
Cairo
Havana
Kuala Lumpur
Seville 112th
Moscow
(2001-07-13)
XXX 2012
details London Madrid
Moscow
New York City
Paris Havana
Istanbul
Leipzig
Rio de Janeiro 117th
Singapore
(2005-07-06)
XXXI 2016
details Rio de Janeiro Chicago
Madrid
Tokyo Baku
Doha
Prague
121st
Copenhagen
(2009-10-02)
XXXII 2020
details Tokyo Istanbul
Madrid Rome[note 16]
Baku
Doha
125th
Buenos Aires
(2013-09-07)
XXXIII 2024
details Paris Los Angeles[note 17] Hamburg[note 18]
Rome[note 19]
Budapest[note 20]
131st
Lima
(2017-09-13)
XXXIV 2028
details Los Angeles Only Bid
Winter Olympics bids[edit]
Games
Year
Candidate cities
Non-candidate
applicant cities[note 1]
IOC Session
Host city
Others
I 1924 Chamonix[note 21] Only Bid 19th
Lausanne
(1921-06-02)
II 1928
details St. Moritz Davos
Engelberg 24th
Lisbon
(1926-05-06)
III 1932
details Lake Placid[note 22] Bear Mountain
Denver
Duluth
Minneapolis
Montreal
Oslo
Yosemite Valley 27th
Lausanne
(1929-04-10)
IV 1936
details Garmisch-Partenkirchen[note 22] Montreal
St. Moritz 31st
Vienna
(1933-06-07)
1940 Sapporo[note 22]
St. Moritz[note 9]
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[note 9] Only Bid 36th
Warsaw
(1937-06-09)
1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo[note 10] Montreal
Oslo 38th
London
(1939-06-09)
V 1948
details St. Moritz[note 11] Lake Placid 39th
Lausanne
(September, 1946)
VI 1952
details Oslo Cortina d'Ampezzo
Lake Placid 40th
Stockholm
(1947-06-21)
VII 1956
details Cortina d'Ampezzo Colorado Springs
Lake Placid
Montreal 43rd
Rome
(1949-04-28)
VIII 1960
details Squaw Valley Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Innsbruck
St. Moritz 50th
Paris
(1955-06-16)
IX 1964
details Innsbruck Calgary
Lahti 55th
Munich
(1959-05-26)
X 1968
details Grenoble Calgary
Lahti
Lake Placid
Oslo
Sapporo 61st
Innsbruck
(1964-01-28)
XI 1972
details Sapporo Banff
Lahti
Salt Lake City 64th
Rome
(1966-04-26)
XII 1976
details Denver
( Innsbruck)[note 23] Sion
Tampere
Vancouver-Garibaldi 69th
Amsterdam
(1970-05-12)
XIII 1980
details Lake Placid Vancouver-Garibaldi[note 24] 75th
Vienna
(1974-10-23)
XIV 1984
details Sarajevo Gothenburg
Sapporo 80th
Athens
(1978-05-18)
XV 1988
details Calgary Cortina d'Ampezzo
Falun 84th
Baden-Baden
(1981-09-30)
XVI 1992
details Albertville Anchorage
Berchtesgaden
Cortina d'Ampezzo
Falun
Lillehammer
Sofia 91st
Lausanne
(1986-10-17)
XVII 1994
details Lillehammer Anchorage
Östersund
Sofia 94th
Seoul
(1988-09-15)
XVIII 1998
details Nagano Aosta
Jaca
Östersund
Salt Lake City 97th
Birmingham
(1991-06-15)
XIX 2002
details Salt Lake City Östersund
Quebec City
Sion Graz
Jaca
Poprad-Tatry
Sochi
Tarvisio 104th
Budapest
(1995-06-16)
XX 2006
details Turin Sion Helsinki
Klagenfurt
Poprad-Tatry
Zakopane 109th
Seoul
(1999-06-19)
XXI 2010
details Vancouver Pyeongchang
Salzburg Bern[note 25]
Andorra la Vella
Harbin
Jaca
Sarajevo 115th
Prague
(2003-07-02)
XXII 2014
details Sochi Pyeongchang
Salzburg Almaty
Borjomi
Jaca
Sofia 119th
Guatemala City
(2007-07-04)
XXIII 2018
details Pyeongchang Annecy
Munich
123rd
Durban
(2011-07-06)
XXIV 2022
details Beijing Almaty Oslo[note 26]
Krakow[note 27]
Lviv[note 28]
Stockholm[note 29]
128th
Kuala Lumpur
(2015-07-31)
XXV 2026
details 133rd
Milan
(2019-07)
Summer Youth Olympics bids[edit]
Games
Year
Candidate cities
Non-candidate
applicant cities[note 1]
IOC Session
Host city
Others
I 2010
details Singapore Moscow Beijing
Bangkok
Debrecen
Guatemala City
Kuala Lumpur
Poznan
Turin postal vote
(2008-02-21)
II 2014
details Nanjing Poznan
Guadalajara[note 30] Jakarta 122nd
Vancouver
(2010-02-10)
III 2018
details Buenos Aires Glasgow
Medellin Guadalajara
Poznan[note 31]
Rotterdam
Extraordinary IOC Session
Lausanne
(2013-07-04)
IV 2023
Winter Youth Olympics bids[edit]
Games
Year
Candidate cities
Non-candidate
applicant cities[note 1]
IOC Session
Host city
Others
I 2012
details Innsbruck Kuopio
Harbin
Lillehammer
postal vote
(2008-12-12)
II 2016
details Lillehammer postal vote
(2011-12-07)
III 2020
details Lausanne Brasov 128th
Kuala Lumpur
(2015-07-31)
All-time Summer Olympics bids[edit]
Country
City
Bids
Host
Greece Athens 4 (1896, 1944, 1996, 2004) 2 (1896, 2004)
France Paris 7 (1900, 1924, 1992, 2008, 2012, 2024) 3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
United States Chicago 4 (1904, 1952, 1956, 2016)
United States St. Louis 1 (1904) 1 (1904)
Germany Berlin 4 (1908, 1916, 1936, 2000) 2 (1916, 1936)
United Kingdom London 4 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012) 4 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
Italy Milan 2 (1908, 2000)
Italy Rome 8 (1908, 1924, 1936, 1944, 1960, 2004, 2020, 2024) 2 (1908, 1960)
Sweden Stockholm 3 (1912, 1956, 2004) 2 (1912, 1956)
Egypt Alexandria 2 (1916, 1936)
Netherlands Amsterdam 6 (1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1952, 1992) 1 (1928)
Belgium Brussels 3 (1916, 1960, 1964)
Hungary Budapest 6 (1916, 1920, 1936, 1944, 1960, 2024)
United States Cleveland 2 (1916, 1920)
United States Atlanta 2 (1920, 1996) 1 (1996)
Belgium Antwerp 1 (1920) 1 (1920)
Cuba Havana 3 (1920, 2008, 2012)
France Lyon 2 (1920, 1968)
United States Philadelphia 4 (1920, 1948, 1952, 1956)
Spain Barcelona 3 (1924, 1936, 1992) 1 (1992)
United States Los Angeles 11 (1924, 1928, 1932, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1976, 1980, 1984, 2028) 3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
Czech Republic Prague 2 (1924, 2016)
Argentina Buenos Aires 4 (1936, 1956, 1968, 2004)
Germany Cologne 1 (1936)
Germany Nuremberg 1 (1936)
Switzerland Lausanne 4 (1936, 1944, 1948, 1960)
Brazil Rio de Janeiro 4 (1936, 2004, 2012, 2016) 1 (2016)
Finland Helsinki 4 (1936, 1940, 1944, 1952) 2 (1940, 1952)
Ireland Dublin 1 (1936)
Germany Frankfurt 1 (1936)
Japan Tokyo 5 (1940, 1960, 1964, 2016, 2020) 3 (1940, 1964, 2020)
United States Detroit 7 (1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972)
Canada Montreal 3 (1944, 1972, 1976) 1 (1976)
United States Minneapolis 3 (1948, 1952, 1956)
United States Baltimore 1 (1948)
Mexico Mexico City 3 (1956, 1960, 1968) 1 (1968)
Australia Melbourne 2 (1956, 1996) 1 (1956)
United States San Francisco 1 (1956)
Austria Vienna 1 (1964)
Germany Munich 1 (1972) 1 (1972)
Spain Madrid 4 (1972, 2012, 2016, 2020)
Russia Moscow 3 (1976, 1980, 2012) 1 (1980)
South Korea Seoul 1 (1988) 1 (1988)
Japan Nagoya 1 (1988)
United Kingdom Birmingham 1 (1992)
Serbia Belgrade 2 (1992, 1996)
Australia Brisbane 1 (1992)
United Kingdom Manchester 2 (1996, 2000)
Canada Toronto 2 (1996, 2008)
China Beijing 2 (2000, 2008) 1 (2008)
Turkey Istanbul 5 (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2020)
Australia Sydney 1 (2000) 1 (2000)
Brazil Brasília 1 (2000)
Uzbekistan Tashkent 1 (2000)
South Africa Cape Town 1 (2004)
France Lille 1 (2004)
Russia Saint Petersburg 1 (2004)
Puerto Rico San Juan 1 (2004)
Spain Seville 2 (2004, 2008)
Japan Osaka 1 (2008)
Thailand Bangkok 1 (2008)
Egypt Cairo 1 (2008)
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 1 (2008)
United States New York City 1 (2012)
Germany Leipzig 1 (2012)
Azerbaijan Baku 2 (2016, 2020)
Qatar Doha 2 (2016, 2020)
Germany Hamburg 1 (2024)
Total bids by country[edit]
Country
Bids
Years
Argentina 4 (1936, 1956, 1968, 2004)
Australia 4 (1956, 1992, 1996, 2000)
Austria 1 (1964)
Azerbaijan 2 (2016, 2020)
Belgium 4 (1916, 1920, 1960, 1964)
Brazil 5 (1936, 2000, 2004, 2012, 2016)
Canada 5 (1944, 1972, 1976, 1996, 2008)
Cuba 3 (1920, 2008, 2012)
China 2 (2000, 2008)
Czech Republic 2 (1924, 2016)
Egypt 3 (1916, 1936, 2008)
Finland 4 (1936, 1940, 1944, 1952)
France 9 (1900, 1920, 1924, 1968, 1992, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2024)
Germany 10 (1908, 1916, 1936 (x4), 1972, 2000, 2012, 2024)
Greece 4 (1896, 1944, 1996, 2004)
Hungary 6 (1916, 1920, 1936, 1944, 1960, 2024)
Ireland 1 (1936)
Italy 10 (1908 (x2), 1924, 1936, 1944, 1960, 2000, 2004, 2020, 2024)
Japan 7 (1940, 1960, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2016, 2020)
Malaysia 1 (2008)
Mexico 3 (1956, 1960, 1968)
Netherlands 6 (1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1952, 1992)
Puerto Rico 1 (2004)
Qatar 2 (2016, 2020)
Russia 4 (1976, 1980, 2004, 2012)
Serbia 2 (1992, 1996)
South Africa 1 (2004)
South Korea 1 (1988)
Spain 9 (1924, 1936, 1972, 1992, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020)
Sweden 3 (1912, 1956, 2004)
Switzerland 4 (1936, 1944, 1948, 1960)
Thailand 1 (2008)
Turkey 5 (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2020)
United Kingdom 7 (1908, 1944, 1948, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2012)
United States 35 (1904 (x2), 1916, 1920 (x3), 1924, 1928, 1932, 1944 (x4), 1952 (x5), 1956 (x6),
1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1996, 2012, 2016, 2028)
Uzbekistan 1 (2000)
All-time Winter Olympics bids[edit]
Country
City
Bids
France Chamonix 1 (1924)
Switzerland St. Moritz 5 (1928, 1936, 1940, 1948, 1960)
Switzerland Davos 1 (1928)
Switzerland Engelberg 1 (1928)
United States Lake Placid 6 (1932, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1968, 1980)
United States Bear Mountain 1 (1932)
United States Denver 2 (1932, 1976)
United States Duluth 1 (1932)
United States Minneapolis 1 (1932)
Canada Montreal 4 (1932, 1936, 1944, 1956)
Norway Oslo 5 (1932, 1944, 1952, 1968, 2022)
United States Yosemite Valley 1 (1932)
Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen 3 (1936, 1940, 1960)
Japan Sapporo 5 (1940, 1968, 1972, 1984)
Italy Cortina d'Ampezzo 5 (1944, 1952, 1956, 1988, 1992)
United States Colorado Springs 1 (1956)
United States Squaw Valley 1 (1960)
Austria Innsbruck 4 (1960, 1964, 1976)
Canada Calgary 4 (1964, 1968, 1988)
Finland Lahti 3 (1964, 1968, 1972)
France Grenoble 1 (1968)
Canada Banff 1 (1972)
United States Salt Lake City 3 (1972, 1998, 2002)
Switzerland Sion 4 (1976, 2002, 2006)
Finland Tampere 1 (1976)
Canada Vancouver 3 (1976, 1980, 2010)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 2 (1984, 2010)
Sweden Gothenburg 1 (1984)
Sweden Falun 2 (1988, 1992)
France Albertville 1 (1992)
United States Anchorage 2 (1992, 1994)
Germany Berchtesgaden 1 (1992)
Norway Lillehammer 2 (1992, 1994)
Bulgaria Sofia 3 (1992, 1994, 2014)
Sweden Östersund 3 (1994, 1998, 2002)
Japan Nagano 1 (1998)
Italy Aosta 1 (1998)
Spain Jaca 4 (1998, 2002, 2010, 2014)
Canada Quebec City 1 (2002)
Austria Graz 1 (2002)
Slovakia Poprad 2 (2002, 2006)
Russia Sochi 2 (2002, 2014)
Italy Tarvisio 1 (2002)
Italy Turin 1 (2006)
Finland Helsinki 1 (2006)
Austria Klagenfurt 1 (2006)
Poland Zakopane 1 (2006)
Switzerland Bern 1 (2010)
South Korea Pyeongchang 3 (2010, 2014, 2018)
Austria Salzburg 2 (2010, 2014)
Andorra Andorra la Vella 1 (2010)
China Harbin 1 (2010)
Kazakhstan Almaty 2 (2014, 2022)
Georgia Borjomi 1 (2014)
France Annecy 1 (2018)
Germany Munich 1 (2018)
Ukraine Lviv 1 (2022)
China Beijing 1 (2022)
Poland Kraków 1 (2022)
Sweden Stockholm 1 (2022)
Total bids by country[edit]
Country
Bids
Years
Andorra 1 (2010)
Austria 8 (1960, 1964, 1976, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 (1984, 2010)
Bulgaria 3 (1992, 1994, 2014)
Canada 13 (1932, 1936, 1944, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2008, 2010)
China 2 (2010, 2022)
Finland 5 (1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 2006)
France 4 (1924, 1968, 1992, 2018)
Georgia 1 (2014)
Germany 5 (1936, 1940, 1960, 1992, 2018)
Italy 8 (1944, 1952, 1956, 1988, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2006)
Japan 6 (1940, 1968, 1972, 1984, 1998)
Kazakhstan 3 (2014, 2022)
Norway 7 (1932, 1944, 1952, 1968, 1992, 1994, 2022)
Poland 2 (2006, 2022)
Russia 2 (2002, 2014)
Slovakia 2 (2002, 2006)
South Korea 3 (2010, 2014, 2018)
Spain 4 (1998, 2002, 2010, 2014)
Sweden 7 (1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2022)
Switzerland 12 (1928 (x3), 1936, 1940, 1948, 1960, 1976, 2002, 2006, 2010)
Ukraine 1 (2022)
United States 19 (1932 (x6), 1948, 1952, 1956 (x2), 1960, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002)
All-time Summer Youth Olympics bids[edit]
Country
City
Bids
Singapore Singapore 1 (2010)
Russia Moscow 1 (2010)
Greece Athens 1 (2010)
Thailand Bangkok 1 (2010)
Italy Turin 1 (2010)
Hungary Debrecen 1 (2010)
Guatemala Guatemala City 1 (2010)
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 1 (2010)
Poland Poznań 3 (2010, 2014, 2018)
China Nanjing 1 (2014)
Mexico Guadalajara 2 (2014, 2018)
Argentina Buenos Aires 1 (2018)
Great Britain Glasgow 1 (2018)
Colombia Medellín 1 (2018)
Netherlands Rotterdam 1 (2018)
Indonesia Jakarta 1 (2014)
All-time Winter Youth Olympics bids[edit]
Country
City
Bids
Austria Innsbruck 1 (2012)
Finland Kuopio 1 (2012)
China Harbin 1 (2012)
Norway Lillehammer 2 (2012, 2016)
Switzerland Lausanne 1 (2020)
Romania Brasov 1 (2020)
Combined total bids by country[edit]
Olympic Games[edit]
Country
Bids
Breakdown
Andorra 1 (1 Winter)
Argentina 5 (4 Summer, 1 Winter)
Australia 4 (4 Summer)
Austria 9 (1 Summer, 8 Winter)
Azerbaijan 2 (2 Summer)
Belgium 4 (4 Summer)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 (2 Winter)
Brazil 5 (5 Summer)
Bulgaria 3 (3 Winter)
Canada 18 (5 Summer, 13 Winter)
China 4 (2 Summer, 2 Winter)
Cuba 3 (3 Summer)
Czech Republic 2 (2 Summer)
Egypt 3 (3 Summer)
Finland 9 (4 Summer, 5 Winter)
France 12 (8 Summer, 4 Winter)
Georgia 1 (1 Winter)
Germany 14 (9 Summer, 5 Winter)
Greece 4 (4 Summer)
Hungary 5 (5 Summer)
Ireland 1 (1 Summer)
Italy 17 (9 Summer, 8 Winter)
Japan 13 (7 Summer, 6 Winter)
Kazakhstan 3 (3 Winter)
Malaysia 1 (1 Summer)
Mexico 3 (3 Summer)
Netherlands 6 (6 Summer)
Norway 6 (6 Winter)
Poland 2 (2 Winter)
Puerto Rico 1 (1 Summer)
Qatar 2 (2 Summer)
Russia 6 (4 Summer, 2 Winter)
Serbia 2 (2 Summer)
Slovakia 2 (2 Winter)
South Africa 1 (1 Summer)
South Korea 4 (1 Summer, 3 Winter)
Spain 13 (9 Summer, 4 Winter)
Sweden 10 (3 Summer, 7 Winter)
Switzerland 16 (4 Summer, 12 Winter)
Thailand 1 (1 Summer)
Turkey 6 (5 Summer, 1 Winter)
Ukraine 1 (1 Winter)
United Kingdom 7 (7 Summer)
United States 56 (37 Summer, 19 Winter)
Uzbekistan 1 (1 Summer)
Youth Olympic Games[edit]
Country
Bids
Argentina 1 (1 Summer)
Austria 1 (1 Winter)
China 2 (1 Summer, 1 Winter)
Colombia 1 (1 Summer)
Finland 1 (1 Winter)
Greece 1 (1 Summer)
Guatemala 1 (1 Summer)
Hungary 1 (1 Summer)
Indonesia 1 (1 Summer)
Italy 1 (1 Summer)
Malaysia 1 (1 Summer)
Mexico 2 (2 Summer)
Netherlands 1 (1 Summer)
Norway 1 (1 Winter)
Poland 3 (3 Summer)
Romania 1 (1 Winter)
Russia 1 (1 Summer)
Singapore 1 (1 Summer)
Switzerland 1 (1 Winter)
Thailand 1 (1 Summer)
United Kingdom 1 (1 Summer)
Trivia[edit]
London is the only city to have bid more than once and still hold a 100% record.
Detroit has had the most bids whilst failing to win the rights to host the games once.
Hungary has had the most bids in the Summer Games that have failed to win the rights to host the games at least once.
Sweden has had the most bids in the Winter Games that have failed to win the rights to host the games at least once.
Beijing is the only city to host both the Summer and Winter Games.
Los Angeles is the only city to host the Games more than once and not face a competitive bidding process.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Those bids which were not shortlisted for the second and final bidding phase.
^ Jump up to: a b At the first Session of the International Olympic Committee, in 1894, Athens was chosen to stage the first Olympic Games of the Modern Era, in 1896, as an honour to the birthplace of the Ancient Olympics. Paris was chosen as the site for the II Olympiad, in 1900, despite Pierre de Coubertin's wish that Paris would celebrate the first Games. [ Athens 1896. Games. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ][ Factsheet – The Olympic Movement (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 2007-02-07. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
Jump up ^ Chicago was voted the host city of the III Olympiad, but due to pressure from the city of St. Louis, which was staging the World's Fair on the same year, the Games were transferred to this city. [ "1904 Summer Olympics: St. Louis, Missouri". Hickok Sports. Archived from the original on 2002-02-22. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
Jump up ^ Rome was the choice of the IOC, but the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius forced the Italians to return the Games to the IOC, which reattributed them to London. [ "1908 Olympics: London, England". Hickok Sports. Archived from the original on 22 February 2002. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
Jump up ^ The Games were cancelled due to the ongoing World War I.
Jump up ^ Antwerp was awarded with the Olympic Games as a compensation and to honour the Belgians who fought, suffered and died during the war. [ "Antwerp 1920". Games. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 17 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
Jump up ^ Lyon withdrew before the final vote.
Jump up ^ Paris got the Games for the second time to fulfill Pierre de Coubertin's wish to see a successful Olympics in his country, erasing the flaws of the 1900 Olympics, before he retired from the IOC. [ "1924 Olympics: Paris, France". Hickok Sports. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
^ Jump up to: a b c Due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japan relinquished its hosting rights to both the Summer and Winter Games. On 1938-07-15, the IOC relocated the Summer Games to Helsinki and the Winter Games to St. Moritz. Finland's invasion by the Soviet Union, in 1939, and the ensuing World War II forced the IOC to cancel the 1940 Summer Games. [ "1948 Olympics: London, England". Hickok Sports. Archived from the original on 14 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-10. ] Disagreements with the Swiss officials, concerning the entry of professional skiers in the Games, prompted the IOC to reattribute them for the second consecutive time to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, on 1939-06-09. They were cancelled as well because of the war. [ "St. Moritz 1948". Games. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
^ Jump up to: a b The Games were cancelled because of the ongoing World War II.
^ Jump up to: a b Selected without election, after the end of the World War II.
Jump up ^ Australian's strict quarantine laws concerning the entry of foreign horses made it impossible for the equestrian events to be held within the Games period. In May, 1954, during the 49th IOC Session in Athens, Stockholm was chosen to stage what would be known as "Equestrian Games of the XVIth Olympiad". [ "Melbourne 1956". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-10. ][ The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Equestrian Games of the XVIth Olympiad (PDF) (in Swedish and English). Organizing Committee for the Equestrian Games of the XVIth Olympiad. Retrieved 2007-04-10. ]
Jump up ^ bid cancelled
Jump up ^ bid cancelled following IOC inspection
Jump up ^ bid cancelled
Jump up ^ bid cancelled due to lack of Support from Italian Government
Jump up ^ Los Angeles' bid was withdrawn on 2017-07-31, as a prerequisite to being awarded 2028, leaving Paris as the only bidder. The USOC initially picked Boston as the US candidate but later withdrew their bid in favor of Los Angeles
Jump up ^ bid withdrawn
Jump up ^ bid withdrawn
Jump up ^ bid withdrawn
Jump up ^ Chamonix was chosen by the IOC to stage the "International Sports Week 1924", which would later be considered the First Olympic Winter Games. [ "Chamonix 1924". Games. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-08. ]
^ Jump up to: a b c Until the 1938 revision of the Olympic Charter, the IOC rules stated that the host country of the Summer Olympics took priority if it wished to host the Winter Olympics.
Jump up ^ Denver gave up its hosting rights because a state referendum prohibited allocation of public funds to support the Games. The Austrian city of Innsbruck, which had hosted the Games twelve years earlier, stepped in to replace Denver. [ "Innsbruck 1976". Games. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-23. ]
Jump up ^ Vancouver-Garibaldi bid was withdrawn on 1974-10-04, leaving Lake Placid as the only bidder.
Jump up ^ Bern withdrew its bid on 2002-09-27, following a negative referendum outcome over the cost of staging an Olympic Games. [ "Bern Officially Withdraws Bid". GamesBids. 2002-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-09. ]
Jump up ^ Oslo withdrew its bid on 1 October 2014
Jump up ^ Krakow withdrew its bid on May 2014, following a negative referendum outcome
Jump up ^ Lviv withdrew its bid on June 30, 2014
Jump up ^ Stockholm withdrew its bid on 17 January 2014
Jump up ^ bid withdrawn for limited time and financial reasons
Jump up ^ bid withdrawn for financial reasons
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c IPC-IOC Co-operation, The official website of the International Paralympic Committee
International Olympic Committee (IOC) — Olympic Games
IOC Vote History
Olympic Games Museum
Olympic Bid Election History
External links[edit]
GamesBids.com
TheBidLibrary.com
[show]
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1 – Games handed without bids submitted; 2 – Only one bid submitted; 3 – Bids submitted but no Games celebration; 4 – No bids submitted and no Games celebration
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Bye (sports)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For another use of the term in the sport of cricket, see Bye (cricket).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A bye is a special privilege given to a team in the initial rounds because of which it gets exempted from playing in the first round and directly enters the second round. In knock-out (single-elimination) tournaments, if the number of participants is not a power of two (e.g. 16 or 32), one of the methods used to make a working bracket are byes which automatically move certain participants into a later round without requiring them to compete in an earlier one. Although it may not be necessary based on the format of the tournament, other types of eliminator tournaments may also include a bye for other reasons, such as to reward the best ranked participant(s).
In round-robin tournaments where there are an odd number of competitors, usually one competitor gets a bye in each round, as it is impossible for all competitors to play in the same round. However, over the whole tournament, each team plays the same number of games as well as sitting out for the same number of rounds during the tournament.
Similar to the round-robin context, in leagues where almost all teams play on the same days in regular-season play, a team that does not play on a given day is said to be on bye. In sports that are played weekly, especially football, a team that does not play at all during a given week is said to be on its "bye week".[1] (This definition is chiefly U.S.)
Contents
[hide]
1 Elimination tournaments
1.1 Number of byes
2 Bye weeks
3 Australian football codes
4 Gaelic football
5 Swiss system tournaments
6 References
Elimination tournaments[edit]
In a standard single-elimination tournament, each round has half the number of teams as the preceding round. Thus the finals will have two, the semi-finals will have four, the quarter finals will have eight, etc. Thus tournaments with competitors numbering a power of two can have a standard bracket in which all teams are paired up with the loser of each match eliminated and the winner moving on to the next round until only one champion remains.
However, if the number of teams is not a power of two, a simple elimination tournament will eventually produce a round with an odd number of teams (if the number is not odd to start with). For example, a tournament of nine teams could only have four matches in the first round, while a simple tournament of ten teams would produce a second round with five teams, meaning only two matches could occur.
One method of allowing more teams to compete in tournaments is to give one or more teams a bye which allows them to automatically pass to a subsequent round without competing. Most commonly the teams with the highest ranking going into the tournament are given a bye to the second round, as it is generally seen as an advantage to be assured entry into a later round. In the NFL playoffs, for example, the top two division-leaders in each conference are given byes to the second round.[2] The Canadian Football League (CFL) also grants a bye to its two division winners, directly to the division finals as four other teams compete in a semi-final week. In other tournaments where teams are unranked, random draw may be used to determine the byes.
The number of teams offered a bye is generally designed to ensure that the next round consists of a power-of-two number of teams so the tournament can proceed as a simple single-elimination tournament from that round onward. While less common, byes can be offered for multiple rounds (e.g. giving a bye directly into the third round), or starting in a later round (e.g. the top-ranked team in the first round is given a bye straight to the third round). In the English FA Cup, the football clubs in the top two league divisions receive two-round byes and enter in the third round "proper" (of eight); the two next-highest divisions' teams will have entered in the first round. Another example is the UEFA Europa League. The WNBA also grants double byes to the league's top two seeds, while the next two seeds get first-round byes for their playoffs.
Number of byes[edit]
If the byes are all single-round byes into the second round of a tournament, the number of byes required is the difference between the number of teams and the next-highest power of two. For example, a 12-team tournament will require four byes (16−12) to ensure that instead of six teams in the second round, eight advance (as the four byes avoid two of the four teams being eliminated).
A bye granted in a later round of the tournament eliminates the need for two byes in the previous round. For example, the same 12-team tournament could grant two byes in the second round instead of four in the first. This would result in six teams in the second round with two advancing automatically to the third. It could also grant a single bye in the third round.
In certain tournaments, the byes are somewhat disguised. Since 2012, the Major League Baseball playoffs has included ten teams consisting of six division winners and four wildcard teams (the top-ranked non-division-winners). The first round of the playoffs consists two wild-card games: single-game matches in which the four wild-card teams are reduced to two. The winners move on to the Divisional series with the six division winners for an eight-team, three-round tournament. Although this is billed as adding two extra "one-game showdowns" to the post-season, it could also be viewed as adding a fourth round to the ten-team tournament with six byes for the division winners. The FA Cup also has certain teams compete in up to 6 preliminary rounds to qualify for the first round "proper". Another example is the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which effectively grants 60 byes for its "play-in" round, as eight teams compete for the final four spots in the tournament, though the play-in round and all eight of those teams are officially part of the tournament.
Bye weeks[edit]
"Bye" has a second meaning in sports like gridiron football, as both Canadian and American professional football leagues use the term "bye week" for any week during the regular season in which a team does not play a game. Each NFL team has one "bye week" during a normal season; this is placed on the team's schedule, usually falling between Week 5 and Week 11 inclusive.[3] The NFL has used the bye week since 1990 so as to extend the 16-game regular season schedule to span 17 weeks. The 1993 NFL season spanned 18 weeks with each team having 2 bye weeks. In the rare case of a game postponement that cannot be made up within the week,[4] a bye week may act as an available date to reschedule the delayed game, with the day of postponement acting as the new "bye week"; although both teams would have to be available on the same bye week; this was done during the 2008 NFL season when the Baltimore Ravens and the Houston Texans had to reschedule their Week 2 matchup in Houston due to Hurricane Ike, which also impacted the Cincinnati Bengals' schedule.[5] Similarly, the Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers were given a Week 1 bye week due to Hurricane Irma in the 2017 season.[6]
During the 1960 and 1966 NFL seasons, the league had an odd number of teams due to expansion. Each week during those seasons, one team had a bye, including one team each in the first and last week of the season. (Thus, because they had to play all their games with no break in the middle, those two teams effectively had no byes.) The American Football League (at the time a completely separate league, but later became the American Football Conference) also had an odd number of teams in 1966 and 1967 following the addition of the Miami Dolphins, leaving each team with two bye weeks.
In the 1999 through 2001 seasons, the NFL had an odd number of teams, 31, as a result of the Cleveland Browns re-entering the league. Each week during these three seasons featured at least one team with its bye week (the 2001 season also added an additional impromptu league-wide bye the weekend after the September 11 attacks). The league returned to having an even number of teams (32) in the 2002 season with the addition of the Houston Texans, and implemented the current bye week system.
Sarcastically, the media may refer to a team having a "bye week" if that team is playing an especially bad team and is all but assured of a win, such as the 2008 Detroit Lions or just about any post-1999 Cleveland Browns game.
Traditionally, the CFL has had nine teams and required bye weeks. Each team has two bye weeks during the 20 week 18-game regular season. When the league had only 8 teams, the league usually had no bye weeks. However between 2007 and 2013, the league had one bye per team over in two weeks in August (4 teams would have a bye during week 6 and the other 4 teams would have a bye on week 7).
The Arena Football League has historically not used bye weeks. Other indoor American football leagues have typically been forced to incorporate irregular byes into their schedule due to the often unstable franchises in those leagues.
Australian football codes[edit]
In Australia's National Rugby League (NRL), each team has two byes each season. During the representative period of the season (such as the State of Origin), byes are generally scheduled to the clubs that are expected to have the most players involved in the representative match, in the round preceding (or following) the representative fixture, to allow those clubs to sufficiently rest those players and prevent them from fielding a weakened side. On the competition ladder, teams are awarded two points (equivalent to a win) during their bye week except for the Melbourne Storm in 2010, who were barred from receiving premiership points for the remainder of the season as a punishment for gross long-term breaches of the salary cap.[7]
The Australian Football League, which comprises an even number of clubs, gives each club a bye week in mid-season. In 1915, 1919 to 1924, 1942 and 1943, 1991 to 1994 and 2011, when there were an odd number of clubs competing, each club was given two byes.
In both leagues, and under many other professional and amateur sports leagues in Australia, higher placed teams don't earn byes during finals, but instead the opportunity not to be eliminated by losing their first-round match (also called a double chance). This practice is common in Australia, but it is not used in most other countries, to earn an easier passage to the Grand Final as reward for finishing higher on the ladder. This is different from a double elimination format, in which a team has to lose both in the tournament and the repechage to be eliminated.
Gaelic football[edit]
In the Provincial Championships, a team may receive a bye. This is due to the irregular number of teams competing in each Championship. Thus the method used differs in each Provincial Championship.
For example, below is an assessment of the 2012 Provincial Championships, and their use of the "bye".
In the 2012 Connacht Senior Football Championship, a quarter-final was not played by Mayo. Mayo therefore advanced directly to the semi-final to await the winner of the game between Leitrim and London.
In the 2012 Leinster Senior Football Championship, three teams (Carlow, Dublin and Wexford) were permitted to advance to the quarter-finals without playing a game in the preliminary round.
In the 2012 Munster Senior Football Championship, two teams (Clare and Cork) were permitted to advance to the semi-finals without playing a game in the quarter-finals.
In the 2012 Ulster Senior Football Championship, all teams except Cavan and Donegal were permitted to advance to the quarter-finals without playing a game in the preliminary round. Cavan and Donegal played each other to determine which would join the other seven teams in the quarter-finals.
Connacht and Munster did not make use of a preliminary round, while Leinster and Ulster did.
Swiss system tournaments[edit]
In a Swiss-system tournament with an odd number of players, one player gets a bye in each round, but not all players will get a bye (as there are fewer rounds than there are players). However, as with the case of NFL "bye weeks", these "byes" do not confer any advantage, or in the case of a seeded tournament, that any player/team receiving one is perceived as any better than one that does not, as all of the participants receive one, whereas the awarding of a bye in a single-elimination tournament most definitely does, in both cases.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fantasy Football Terms You Need to Know". Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "NFL PLayoff Seeding & Tie Breaker Rules". Home.earthlink.net. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Creating the NFL Schedule". NFL Operations. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Texans game postponed due to storm". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Ravens-Texans game postponed; Bengals also affected". NFL.com. September 13, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ https://www.thephinsider.com/2017/9/6/16262418/2017-miami-dolphins-hurricane-irma-schedule-adjusted-week-1-tampa-bay-buccaneers-week-11-bye-week
Jump up ^ Melbourne Storm breach NRL salary cap, NRL.com official website, 22 April 2010
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