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Metal toxicity
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Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life. Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds. Certain metals have no biological role, i.e. are not essential minerals, or are toxic when in a certain form.[1] In the case of lead, any measurable amount may have negative health effects.[2] Often heavy metals are thought as synonymous, but lighter metals may also be toxic in certain circumstances, such as beryllium and lithium. Not all heavy metals are particularly toxic, and some are essential, such as iron. The definition may also include trace elements when in abnormally high doses may be toxic. An option for treatment of metal poisoning may be chelation therapy, which is a technique which involves the administration of chelation agents to remove metals from the body.
Toxic metals sometimes imitate the action of an essential element in the body, interfering with the metabolic process resulting in illness. Many metals, particularly heavy metals are toxic, but some heavy metals are essential, and some, such as bismuth, have a low toxicity. Most often the definition of toxic metals includes at least cadmium, manganese, lead, mercury and the radioactive metals.[citation needed] Metalloids (arsenic, polonium) may be included in the definition. Radioactive metals have both radiological toxicity and chemical toxicity. Metals in an oxidation state abnormal to the body may also become toxic: chromium(III) is an essential trace element, but chromium(VI) is a carcinogen.
Toxicity is a function of solubility. Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity. The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands. In some cases, organometallic forms, such as methylmercury and tetraethyl lead, can be extremely toxic. In other cases, organometallic derivatives are less toxic such as the cobaltocenium cation.
Decontamination for toxic metals is different from organic toxins: because toxic metals are elements, they cannot be destroyed. Toxic metals may be made insoluble or collected, possibly by the aid of chelating agents, or through bioremediation. Alternatively, they can be diluted into a sufficiently large reservoir, such as the sea, because immediate toxicity is a function of concentration rather than amount.
Toxic metals can bioaccumulate in the body and in the food chain.[citation needed] Therefore, a common characteristic of toxic metals is the chronic nature of their toxicity. This is particularly notable with radioactive heavy metals such as radium, which imitates calcium to the point of being incorporated into human bone, although similar health implications are found in lead or mercury poisoning. The exceptions to this are barium and aluminium, which can be removed efficiently by the kidneys.
Contents
[hide]
1 Testing for poisoning
2 Treatment for poisoning
3 Specific types of poisoning
3.1 Aluminium phosphide poisoning
3.2 Arsenic poisoning
3.3 Beryllium poisoning
3.4 Cadmium poisoning
3.5 Copper toxicity
3.6 Iron poisoning
3.7 Lead poisoning
3.8 Lithium poisoning
3.9 Manganese poisoning, or manganism
3.10 Mercury poisoning
3.11 Silver poisoning, or Argyria
3.12 Thallium poisoning
3.13 Tin poisoning
3.14 Zinc toxicity
4 Society and culture
5 References
6 External links
Testing for poisoning[edit]
People are continually exposed to metals in the environment.[3] Medical tests can detect metals often, but this is to be expected and alone is not evidence that a person is poisoned.[3] Metal screening tests should not be used unless there is reason to believe that a person has had excessive exposure to metals.[3] People should seek medical testing for poisoning only if they are concerned for a particular reason, and physicians should consider a patient's history and physical examination before conducting tests to detect metals.
Treatment for poisoning[edit]
Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Chelating agents are molecules that have multiple electron-donating groups, which can form stable coordination complexes with metal ions. Complexation prevents the metal ions from reacting with molecules in the body, and enable them to be dissolved in blood and eliminated in urine. It should only be used in people who have a diagnosis of metal intoxication.[4] That diagnosis should be validated with tests done in appropriate biological samples.[4]
Chelation therapy is administered under very careful medical supervision due to various inherent risks.[5] When the therapy is administered properly, the chelation drugs have significant side effects.[4] Chelation administered inappropriately can cause neurodevelopmental toxicity, increase risk of developing cancer, and cause death;[4] chelation also removes essential metal elements and requires measures to prevent their loss.
Specific types of poisoning[edit]
Aluminium phosphide poisoning[edit]
Main article: Aluminium phosphide poisoning
Aluminium has no known biological role and its classification into toxic metals is controversial.
Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning (AAlPP) is a large, though under-reported, problem in the Indian subcontinent. Aluminium phosphide (AlP), which is readily available as a fumigant for stored cereal grains, sold under various brand names such as QuickPhos and Celphos, is highly toxic, especially when consumed from a freshly opened container.[6][7] Death results from profound shock, myocarditis and multi-organ failure.[8] Aluminium phosphide has a fatal dose of between 0.15 and 0.5 grams (0.0053 and 0.0176 oz).[9] It has been reported to be the most common cause of suicidal death in North India.[10] The very high toxicity of aluminium phosphide is attributed to the phosphine content and is not related to aluminium. Calcium phosphide and zinc phosphide are similar poisons.
Arsenic poisoning[edit]
Main article: arsenic poisoning
Arsenic poisoning is a medical condition caused by elevated levels of arsenic in the body. The dominant basis of arsenic poisoning is from ground water that naturally contains high concentrations of arsenic. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning from drinking water.[11]
Beryllium poisoning[edit]
Main article: Beryllium poisoning
Beryllium poisoning is illness resulting from the toxic effect of beryllium in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds. The toxicity of beryllium depends upon the duration, intensity and frequency of exposure (features of dose), as well as the form of beryllium and the route of exposure (i.e. inhalation, dermal, ingestion). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), beryllium and beryllium compounds are Category 1 carcinogens; they are carcinogenic to both animals and humans.[12]
Cadmium poisoning[edit]
Main article: Cadmium poisoning
Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal commonly found in industrial workplaces. Due to its low permissible exposure limit, overexposures may occur even in situations where trace quantities of cadmium are found. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, although the nature of the operation does not generally lead to overexposures. Cadmium is also found in some industrial paints and may represent a hazard when sprayed. Operations involving removal of cadmium paints by scraping or blasting may pose a significant hazard. Cadmium is also present in the manufacturing of some types of batteries. Exposures to cadmium are addressed in specific standards for the general industry, shipyard employment, construction industry, and the agricultural industry.[13]
Copper toxicity[edit]
Main article: Copper toxicity
Copper toxicity, also called copperiedus, refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body. Copperiedus can occur from eating acid foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water, as a side-effect of estrogen birth control pills, or other environmental sources. It can also result from the genetic condition Wilson's disease.
Iron poisoning[edit]
Main article: Iron poisoning
Iron poisoning is an iron overload caused by a large excess of iron intake and usually refers to an acute overload rather than a gradual one. The term has been primarily associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills, which resemble sweets and are widely used, including by pregnant women—see overnutrition (approximately 3 grams is lethal for a 2 year old).[14] Targeted packaging restrictions in the US for supplement containers with over 250 mg elemental iron have existed since 1978, and recommendations for unit packaging have reduced the several iron poisoning fatalities per year to almost nil since 1998.[15][16] No known cases of iron poisoning have been identified that are associated with iron mining.[citation needed]
Lead poisoning[edit]
Main article: Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning is a medical condition in humans and other vertebrates caused by increased levels of the heavy metal lead in the body. Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive and nervous systems. It interferes with the development of the nervous system and is therefore particularly toxic to children, causing potentially permanent learning and behavior disorders. Symptoms include abdominal pain, confusion, headache, anemia, irritability, and in severe cases seizures, coma, and death.[citation needed]
Lithium poisoning[edit]
Lithium is used in some medications, specifically to treat bipolar disorder. The level of "sufficient" medication is thought by many physicians to be close to toxic tolerance for kidney function. Therefore, the patient is often monitored for this purpose.[17][18]
Manganese poisoning, or manganism[edit]
Main article: Manganism
Manganism or manganese poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to manganese and first identified in 1837 by James Couper.[19]
Mercury poisoning[edit]
Main article: Mercury poisoning
Mercury poisoning is a disease caused by exposure to mercury or its compounds. Mercury (chemical symbol Hg) is a heavy metal occurring in several forms, all of which can produce toxic effects in high enough doses. Its zero oxidation state Hg0 exists as vapor or as liquid metal, its mercurous state Hg22+ exists as inorganic salts, and its mercuric state Hg2+ may form either inorganic salts or organomercury compounds; the three groups vary in effects. Toxic effects include damage to the brain, kidney, and lungs. Mercury poisoning can result in several diseases, including acrodynia (pink disease), Hunter-Russell syndrome, and Minamata disease.[citation needed]
Symptoms typically include sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination. The type and degree of symptoms exhibited depend upon the individual toxin, the dose, and the method and duration of exposure.[citation needed]
Silver poisoning, or Argyria[edit]
A 92-year-old Caucasian man (right) with pigmentary changes had used nose drops containing silver for many years. His skin biopsy showed silver deposits in the dermis, confirming the diagnosis of generalized argyria.[citation needed]
Main article: Argyria
Argyria or argyrosis is a condition caused by inappropriate exposure to chemical compounds of the element silver, or to silver dust.[20] The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin turns blue or bluish-grey. It may take the form of generalized argyria or local argyria. Generalized argyria affects large areas over much of the visible surface of the body. Local argyria shows in limited regions of the body, such as patches of skin, parts of the mucous membrane or the conjunctiva.[citation needed]
Thallium poisoning[edit]
Main article: Thallium poisoning
Thallium and its compounds are often highly toxic.[21] Contact with skin is dangerous, and adequate ventilation should be provided when melting this metal.[22] Many thallium(I) compounds are highly soluble in water and are readily absorbed through the skin.[citation needed] Exposure to them should not exceed 0.1 mg per m2 of skin in an 8-hour time-weighted average (40-hour work week). Thallium is a suspected human carcinogen.[22]
Tin poisoning[edit]
Main article: Tin poisoning
Tin poisoning refers to the toxic effects of tin and its compounds. Cases of poisoning from tin metal, its oxides, and its salts are "almost unknown"; on the other hand certain organotin compounds are almost as toxic as cyanide.[23]
Zinc toxicity[edit]
Main article: Zinc toxicity
Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, excess zinc can be harmful, and cause zinc toxicity. Such toxicity levels have been seen to occur at ingestion of greater than 225 mg of Zinc.[24] Excessive absorption of zinc can suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to bacteria, plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish.[25][26][27]
Society and culture[edit]
It is difficult to differentiate the effects of low level metal poisoning from the environment with other kinds of environmental harms, including nonmetal pollution.[28] Generally, increased exposure to heavy metals in the environment increases risk of developing cancer.[29]
Without a diagnosis of metal toxicity and outside of evidence-based medicine, but perhaps because of worry about metal toxicity, some people seek chelation therapy to treat autism, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, or any sort of neurodegeneration.[4] Chelation therapy does not improve outcomes for those diseases.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Metals Primer". Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program. 2012-05-30. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Announcement: Response to the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Report, Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children: A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-05-25. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c American College of Medical Toxicology; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, archived from the original on 4 December 2013, retrieved 5 December 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f American College of Medical Toxicology; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, archived from the original on 4 December 2013, retrieved 5 December 2013 , which cites
Medical Letter consultants (September 20, 2010). "Nonstandard uses of chelation therapy". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 52 (1347): 75–6. PMID 20847718. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
Kosnett, M J (2010). "Chelation for Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury): Protective or Perilous?". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 88 (3): 412–415. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.132. ISSN 0009-9236.
Jump up ^ Atwood, K.C., IV; Woeckner, E.; Baratz, R.S.; Sampson, W.I. (2008). "Why the NIH Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) should be abandoned". Medscape Journal of Medicine. 10 (5): 115. PMC 2438277  . PMID 18596934.
Jump up ^ Chugh, SN; Dushyant; Ram, S; Arora, B; Malhotra, KC (1991). "Incidence & outcome of aluminium phosphide poisoning in a hospital study". The Indian journal of medical research. 94: 232–5. PMID 1937606.
Jump up ^ Singh S, Singh D, Wig N, Jit I, Sharma BK; Singh; Wig; Jit; Sharma (1996). "Aluminum phosphide ingestion—a clinico-pathologic study". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 34 (6): 703–6. doi:10.3109/15563659609013832. PMID 8941200. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Mathai, Ashu; Bhanu, Madhuritasingh (2010). "Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning: Can we predict mortality?". Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 54 (4): 302–7. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.68372. PMC 2943698  . PMID 20882171.
Jump up ^ A Wahab; MS Zaheer; S Wahab; RA Khan. "Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning: an update" (PDF). Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine: 152. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-31.
Jump up ^ Siwach, SB; Gupta, A (1995). "The profile of acute poisonings in Harayana-Rohtak Study". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 43 (11): 756–9. PMID 8773034.
Jump up ^ See:
"Arsenic in drinking water seen as threat," USAToday.com, August 30, 2007.
See page 6 of: Peter Ravenscroft, "Predicting the global distribution of arsenic pollution in groundwater." Archived 2013-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. Paper presented at: "Arsenic -- The Geography of a Global Problem," Archived 2013-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. Royal Geographic Society Arsenic Conference held at: Royal Geographic Society, London, England, August 29, 2007. This conference is part of The Cambridge Arsenic Project Archived 2012-11-17 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ "IARC Monograph, Volume 58". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1993. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Safety and Health Topics | Cadmium". Osha.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Plants Poisonous to Livestock - Cornell University Department of Animal Science". Ansci.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ Tenenbein, Milton (2005). "Unit-Dose Packaging of Iron Supplements and Reduction of Iron Poisoning in Young Children". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 159 (6): 557–60. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.6.557. PMID 15939855.
Jump up ^ AAPCC Annual Reports, American Association of Poison Control Centers.[not in citation given] Archived May 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Lithium Nephropathy at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Markowitz, Glen S.; Radhakrishnan, Jai; Kambham, Neeraja; Valeri, Anthony M.; Hines, William H.; D'Agati, Vivette D. (2000). "Lithium Nephrotoxicity: A Progressive Combined Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 11 (8): 1439–48. PMID 10906157.
Jump up ^ Couper, J. (1837). "Sur les effets du peroxide de manganèse". Journal de chimie médicale, de pharmacie et de toxicologie. 3: 223–225. Archived from the original on 2014-07-22.
Jump up ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Odom, Richard B. (2006). Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 858. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. OCLC 62736861.
Jump up ^ Thallium Toxicity at eMedicine
^ Jump up to: a b "Biology of Thallium". webelemnts. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Graf, Günter G. (2000). "Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_049. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
Jump up ^ Fosmire, Gary J (1990). "Zinc toxicity". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51 (2): 225–7. PMID 2407097.
Jump up ^ Rout, Gyana Ranjan; Das, Premananda (2009). "Effect of Metal Toxicity on Plant Growth and Metabolism: I. Zinc". In Lichtfouse, Eric; Navarrete, Mireille; Debaeke, Philippe; Véronique, Souchere; Alberola, Caroline. Sustainable Agriculture. pp. 873–84. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_53. ISBN 978-90-481-2666-8. INIST:14709198.
Jump up ^ Smith, SE; Larson, EJ (1946). "Zinc toxicity in rats; antagonistic effects of copper and liver". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 163: 29–38. PMID 21023625.
Jump up ^ Muyssen, Brita T.A.; De Schamphelaere, Karel A.C.; Janssen, Colin R. (2006). "Mechanisms of chronic waterborne Zn toxicity in Daphnia magna". Aquatic Toxicology. 77 (4): 393–401. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.006. PMID 16472524.
Jump up ^ Liu, J; Lewis, G (Jan–Feb 2014). "Environmental toxicity and poor cognitive outcomes in children and adults". Journal of environmental health. 76 (6): 130–8. PMID 24645424.
Jump up ^ Tabrez, Shams; Priyadarshini, Medha; Priyamvada, Shubha; Khan, Mohd Shahnawaz; NA, Arivarasu; Zaidi, Syed Kashif (2014). "Gene–environment interactions in heavy metal and pesticide carcinogenesis". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 760: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.11.002.
External links[edit]
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Toxic Metals (OSHA)
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Ice Age: Collision Course
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Ice Age: Collision Course
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mike Thurmeier
Produced by
Lori Forte[1]
Screenplay by
Michael J. Wilson[2]
Michael Berg[2]
Yoni Brenner[2]
Story by
Aubrey Solomon[2]
Starring
Ray Romano
John Leguizamo
Denis Leary
Josh Peck
Simon Pegg
Seann William Scott
Jennifer Lopez
Queen Latifah
Music by
John Debney[3]
Cinematography
Renato Falcão
Edited by
James Palumbo
Production
company
Blue Sky Studios
20th Century Fox Animation
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19) (Sydney Film Festival)
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22) (United States)
Running time
94 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$105 million[5]
Box office
$408.6 million[5]
Ice Age: Collision Course is a 2016 American computer animated comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios. It is the fifth installment in the Ice Age film series and the sequel to Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012). It was directed by Mike Thurmeier and co-directed by Galen Tan Chu,[6] and written by Michael Wilson, Michael Berg and Yoni Brenner.[2]
Ray Romano, John Leguizamo, Denis Leary, Queen Latifah, Seann William Scott, Josh Peck and Chris Wedge again all reprise their roles from the previous films, with Simon Pegg who reprises his role as Buck from Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) and Keke Palmer, Jennifer Lopez and Wanda Sykes who reprise their roles as Peaches, Shira and Granny in Ice Age: Continental Drift. They are joined by Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Adam DeVine, Nick Offerman, Max Greenfield, Stephanie Beatriz, Melissa Rauch, Michael Strahan, Jessie J and Neil deGrasse Tyson,[1] who voice the new characters introduced in this film.
In this film, while trying to bury his acorn, Scrat discovers a UFO and launches it into space and accidentally sends thousands of deadly meteors to earth, causing problems for The Herd. When Manny and the others meet up with Buck and learn that a very deadly meteor is coming to earth, they must go on a life or death mission to find a way to stop it.
The film premiered at the Sydney Film Festival on June 19, 2016, and was released in the United States on July 22, 2016, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $408 million worldwide on a $105 million budget.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
7 Scrat: Spaced Out
8 Reception
8.1 Box office
8.2 Critical response
9 Sequel
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Scrat, trying to bury his acorn, accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space, where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth. Meanwhile, Manny is worried about the upcoming marriage between Peaches and her fiancé, Julian. Diego and his wife Shira want to start a family, but their fierce appearance tends to scare kids. Sid is dumped by his girlfriend, Francine, just as he is about to propose to her, and he laments his solitude. During Manny and Ellie's wedding anniversary party (which Manny had forgotten prior to the event), some of the asteroids strike the place and The Herd barely escape with their lives. Meanwhile, at the underground cavern, Buck returns a dinosaur egg back to its rightful owner after it was stolen by a trio of dromaeosaurs[7] named Gavin, Gertie, and Roger. Buck discovers an ancient stone pillar and takes it to the surface, where he meets Manny and the others.
Buck explains to The Herd that according to the pillar, the asteroids had caused several extinctions in the past and with a massive one still incoming, he believes that the only place they could find a clue to stop it is on the site of the impact of the previous ones, as according to its engravings, they always fall at the same place. However, the three dromaeosaurs overhear their conversation, and Gavin and Gertie decide to stop them, believing that they could be safe from the impact, as they can fly, thus not only getting their revenge on Buck, but also killing all mammals and securing domination over Earth for their species. Roger is reluctant, but Gavin and Gertie strong-arm him into cooperating.
As The Herd travels to the crash site, they discover that the asteroids have electro-magnetic properties. Buck theorizes that if a huge quantity of smaller asteroids should be gathered and launched into orbit, they could attract the main asteroid as well and prevent it from falling on Earth. After facing several obstacles and the interference of the dromaeosaurs, The Herd arrives at "Geotopia", a community of immortal animals formed inside one of the asteroids that have fallen long ago, where Sid meets Brooke, a female ground sloth who falls in love with him. However, Shangri Llama, the leader of Geotopia, refuses to cooperate with Buck's plan to send the city's crystals into space in order to prevent the imminent impact, as they are the key to the residents' longevity. Sid inadvertently destroys the entire city when he attempts to remove one of the crystals to present Brooke with, immediately aging them to their real ages and revealing their true crone-like appearances.
Once Brooke convinces the Geotopians that preventing the asteroid's fall is more important than their lost youth, they and The Herd help with Buck's plan, which is to fill up a geyser with the crystals so that the pressure launches them into space to draw the asteroid away. The dromaeosaurs attempt to intervene, but Buck convinces Roger that they will not be able to survive the asteroid, and he in turn convinces Gavin and Gertie to help. The plan works, and the asteroid is pulled back into space. The Herd then departs back home, including Sid, who parts ways from Brooke, but just after they leave, an asteroid piece falls inside a hot spring, giving it rejuvenating properties and making the Geotopians and Sid's grandmother, who stayed behind with them, regain their youth. After The Herd returns, Manny reconciles with Julian, Peaches and Julian celebrate their wedding, Diego and Shira become heroes to the kids who were scared of them before, and a rejuvenated Brooke appears during the ceremony to reunite with Sid.
In the film's epilogue, Scrat keeps struggling to control the alien ship until it crashes on Mars, destroying all life on the planet.
In a mid-credits scene, Scrat finds his acorn, but gets beaten by some doors.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Ice Age characters
Main[edit]
Ray Romano as Manny, a woolly mammoth and the leader of The Herd[8]
John Leguizamo as Sid, a ground sloth and the founder of The Herd[8]
Denis Leary as Diego, a saber tooth tiger and the member of The Herd[8]
Adam DeVine as Julian, a woolly mammoth and Peaches's fiancé[1][9]
Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Shangri Llama, a yoga-loving llama and the spiritual leader of Geotopia[1]
Max Greenfield as Roger, a freaky and cowardly dromaeosaur[7] and Gavin's son[1][10]
Jessie J as Brooke, a ground sloth who is a resident of Geotopia and the love interest of Sid[1][11]
Nick Offerman as Gavin, a handsome dromaeosaur[7] and the father of Roger and Gertie[1]
Keke Palmer as Peaches, a young female woolly mammoth – Manny and Ellie's daughter[12]
Josh Peck as Eddie, a opossum and a brother of Ellie
Simon Pegg as Buck, a one-eyed weasel and a dinosaur hunter who reunites with The Herd to warn them of the coming asteroid.
Pegg also voices Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck who exist in his mind alongside with Neil deBuck Weasel[13]
Seann William Scott as Crash, a opossum and the other brother of Ellie
Wanda Sykes as Granny, an aging ground sloth and Sid's grandmother[14]
Jennifer Lopez as Shira, a female saber tooth tiger – Diego's wife and former first mate pirate[8]
Queen Latifah as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth – Manny's wife[8]
Stephanie Beatriz as Gertie, a dromaeosaur[7] and Gavin's daughter[1][15]
Supporting[edit]
Neil deGrasse Tyson as Neil deBuck Weasel, a weasel astronomer who exists in Buck's mind alongside with Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck[1]
Lilly Singh as Bubbles and Misty, a pair of "minicorns" who reside in Geotopia
Michael Strahan as Teddy, a fearless rabbit and a resident of Geotopia[1][16]
Melissa Rauch as Francine, a ground sloth who has a close relationship with Sid as she is his former girlfriend[1][17]
Chris Wedge as Scrat, a saber tooth squirrel[8]
Production[edit]
The concept of Collision Course was deeply rooted in a scene from the first Ice Age film where Manny and his friends are walking through an ice cave and they spot a spaceship that's encased in ice, an item that inspired this film in the series.[18] As with the third film, which was also inspired by the ice cave scene in which The Herd comes across a dinosaur that was incased in ice, the team went back to the first film to search for a possible inspiration for this next installment.[19] The characters were first hand-drawn on animation software, complete with color and animated clips of the characters doing specific actions. They were then sent to be hand-sculpted with clay, and ultimately scanned into CGI software and animated around the model.[18]
The "Figaro's Aria" sequence which involved Buck saving an egg from a trio of dromaeosaurs proved to be one of the most challenging sequences for Blue Sky Studios' animators, as it involved a continuous uninterrupted shot that ran for around two minutes long. It was one of the first scenes put into production but also one of the last to exit production due to its time-consuming and difficult structure, as the team would only be able to produce three or four seconds of footage a week.
The recording session took place in Los Angeles, California since most of the actors live there while the studio is based in New York City. Director Mike and co-director Galen T. Chu would take turns travelling to L.A. to head the recording sessions.[20] In the film, Simon Pegg sang a rendition of "Pigaro".[20] Jesse Tyler Ferguson was offered the role after the producers saw his performance in Modern Family. It is his first time working in an animated film.[21] Ferguson blew out his voice on the first day of the recording session because he did a lot of yelling. He then took a few days off and came back later to finish his part.[21] He admitted that he struggled the first time he heard his voice come out of his character's mouth. As a result, he decided to stop watching interviews of himself on television because he found them to be "too weird".[21]
A promotional poster, shown in June 2015, at the Licensing Expo, revealed the film's full title: Ice Age: Collision Course.[22]
Soundtrack[edit]
Ice Age: Collision Course
Film score by John Debney
Released
July 19, 2016
Recorded
2016
Genre
Score
Label
Varèse Sarabande
John Debney film scores chronology
Mother's Day
(2016)Mother's Day2016 Ice Age: Collision Course
(2016) Hacksaw Ridge
(2016)Hacksaw Ridge2016
Track listing[edit]
The film was composed by John Debney, who replaced John Powell from the previous three films due to Powell being busy with other projects.[6] However, most Powell's score from the third was included in the film, along with David Newman's score from the first film.
Release[edit]
Initially the film was scheduled for release on July 15, 2016.[23] However, the release was delayed to July 22,[24] to avoid competition with the Ghostbusters reboot that was also scheduled for July 15. An extended sneak peek of the movie in the form of a short film called Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe was attached to theatrical showings of Blue Sky Studio's The Peanuts Movie on November 6, 2015.[25] The teaser poster of the film was revealed on November 6, 2015 with the words "Bring Scrat Home" spoofing The Martian.[26] The short film was released later on November 9, 2015, on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page.[27]
Home media[edit]
Ice Age: Collision Course was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Blu-ray and digital download on October 11, 2016. Special features include a new short film titled Scrat: Spaced Out,[28] which is primarily made up of Scrat's scenes from the film, with a few unique scenes at the end.
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe[edit]
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe is a five-minute short film, with the majority of its footage, minus the closing scene, taken from the beginning of Ice Age: Collision Course.[29][30] Directed by Michael Thurmeier and Galen Chu, the short premiered on November 6, 2015, along with the film The Peanuts Movie.[25] In the short, Scrat, trying to bury his acorn, accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space, where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth.
Scrat: Spaced Out[edit]
Scrat: Spaced Out is a 15-minute short film that compiles all Scrat's scenes from Ice Age: Collision Course with a few unique scenes at the end.[31] The short was included on the film's home media releases.[28]
Following the events of Ice Age: Collision Course, Scrat is heading back to Earth in the saucer. An acorn-shaped ship appears and pulls the acorn, with Scrat holding onto it. In the ship, three alien squirrels (A.K.A Scratzons) are surprised by finding Scrat, and blast him away from the acorn. Scrat tries to take it back with a tractor beam in a nearby saucer, but the alien leader pulls it back with another tractor beam. Being pulled to both sides, the nutrogen inside the acorn snaps, creating a massive explosion, which destroys the ship and creates a black hole sucking everything nearby into it. Scrat jumps out of the saucer, knocks the Scratzon alien leader into the black hole while trying to save the acorn, but gets pulled in the hole nonetheless. He emerges in space along with the acorn, only for the black hole appearing again, snatching the acorn and leaving Scrat alone again.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Ice Age: Collision Course grossed $64 million in North America and $344 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $408 million, against a budget of $105 million.[5] In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets outside of North America were China ($66 million) (with the country being also its largest territory overall), France ($26.3 million), Brazil ($25 million), Germany ($24.7 million) and Mexico ($22.2 million).[32]
In the United States and Canada Ice Age: Collision Course opened on July 22, 2016, alongside Star Trek Beyond and Lights Out, and was projected to gross $30–35 million in its opening weekend.[33] It made $850,000 from Thursday night previews and $7.8 million on its first day.[34] It had a $21 million debut in its opening weekend, finishing fourth at the box office. The film finished its theatrical run with a domestic gross of $64 million. Produced on a budget of $105 million, the film became the lowest-grossing film of the franchise as well as Blue Sky's lowest-grossing film.[35]
The film began its international theatrical run two weeks prior to its North American release, earning $18 million from seven markets on about 5,286 screens.[36] In its second weekend, it added $32.2 million from 25 countries. As a result, it only topped the international box office for a non-Chinese film but also helped Fox pass the $2 billion mark internationally, making this the eighth consecutive calendar year Fox has surpassed this milestone, and the 10th time in the studio's history.[37] The film came in third place overall, behind the two Chinese films Cold War 2 and Big Fish & Begonia.[38][39] By its third weekend, after grossing another $53.5 million from 15,132 screens in a total 51 markets, it finally topped the international box office and became the biggest grosser of the weekend.[40]
It recorded the biggest opening of all time for Fox in Argentina ($3.77 million), where its debut is also the third-biggest of all time behind Furious 7 and Captain America: Civil War; Colombia ($2.18 million), Central America ($2.2 million), and Uruguay ($620,618); the second-biggest in Mexico ($8.4 million), behind Ice Age: Continental Drift; Peru, Chile, and Ecuador; the biggest opening among the series in Brazil ($4.5 million) and the biggest non-holiday animated opening ever in India ($1.66 million).[37][40] Elsewhere, it had No. 1 openings in Russia ($5.9 million), Italy ($4.5 million), Germany ($4.2 million), Austria ($893,350), and Switzerland ($514,789) and No. 5 in Australia ($3.1 million).[36][40] In France, it opened amidst the 2016 Nice attack and delivered an opening weekend of $7.1 million. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it debuted in second place with $5.2 million, behind Ghostbusters which also opened the same weekend.[40] In China, it opened on Tuesday, August 23, alongside Jason Bourne and delivered a six-day opening of $42.7 million and a Friday to Sunday debut of $23.1 million. The debut makes it the top non-local animated opening in the country this year and is also the franchise's best debut.[41][42][43] It has so far grossed a total of $63.6 million there.[44]
Critical response[edit]
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 15% based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Unoriginal and unfunny, Ice Age: Collision Course offers further proof that not even the healthiest box office receipts can keep a franchise from slouching toward creative extinction."[45] Rotten Tomatoes also ranks it as the worst-reviewed film in the Ice Age franchise.[46] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[48]
Katie Walsh of Los Angeles Times wrote, "Collision Course is simply a perfunctory, watered-down entry in the series that feels like it should have been released on home video."[49] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "The fifth entry in the Ice Age series is a loud, lazy, laugh-starved cash grab that cynically exploits its target audience (I use the term advisedly) by serving them scraps and calling it yummy."[50]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote, "The long-running series returns to form with an infectious chatterbox comedy about the end of the world as we know it."[2]
Sequel[edit]
On the possibility of a potential sequel, in June 2016, Galen T. Chu, co-director of the film, stated that there were some ideas for the sixth installment.[20]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Truitt, Brian (November 5, 2015). "Jesse Tyler Ferguson is a limber llama in new 'Ice Age'". USA Today. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gleiberman, Owen (June 18, 2016). "Film Review: ‘Ice Age: Collision Course’". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "John Debney to Score ‘Ice Age: Collision Course’". Film Music Reporter. Film Music Reporter. March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course (U)". British Board of Film Classification. July 5, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarto, Dan (July 22, 2016). "Manny, Diego, Sid and Scrat Return in ‘Ice Age: Collision Course’". Animation World Network. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brown, Dwight (July 20, 2016). "Ice Age: Collision Course". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Truitt, Brian (October 22, 2015). "Exclusive: 'Ice Age' squirrel to make Macy's debut". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Devine, Adam (November 5, 2015). "Look at me Mom I'm a walking talking Woolly Mammoth! I'm playing Julian in the new #IceAge movie #CollisionCourse !". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Greenfield, May (November 5, 2015). "IM A DINOSAUR Follow #CollisionCourse to see who’s joining my dino bird family in #IceAge!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ J, Jessie (November 5, 2015). "You 'Herd' it here first! I'm in #IceAge! Follow #CollisionCourse to see who's joining me! So excited!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Keke (November 5, 2015). "Ice, Ice, Baby. Follow #CollisionCourse today to see who’s joining me in the #IceAge". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pegg, Simon (November 5, 2015). "Buck's back in the herd! Follow #collisioncourse and keep an eye out for who else is joining the Ice Age family.". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sykes, Wanda (November 6, 2015). "Granny's back! Follow #CollisionCourse today to see who’s joining me in #IceAge!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "This is #Gertie. She's a dino bird in the next #IceAge movie #CollisionCourse AND IM HER VOICE!!! also in the fam are #maxgreenfield as my bro and #nickofferman as our pops! Can't wait for you to see it: coming July 22, 2016!!". Instagram. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Strahan, Michael (November 5, 2015). "Ready to get this party HOP'n. Lol. Follow #CollisionCourse to see who else is joining the #IceAge cast!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rauch, Melissa (November 6, 2015). "So excited to join the cast of #IceAge #CollisionCourse as Francine...Gotta say, I've never looked better.". Twitter. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Micah Phillips (July 5, 2016). "HeyUGuys visit Blue Sky Studios to go ‘on set’ with Ice Age Collision Course". HeyUGuys. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott J. Davis (July 8, 2016). "Exclusive interview with Galen Chu, co-director of Ice Age: Collision Course, about the new adventure, Simon Pegg’s return and the franchise’s continued popularity". Flickering Myth. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cassam Looch (June 27, 2016). "ICE AGE: COLLISION COURSE INTERVIEW WITH CO-DIRECTOR GALEN T. CHU". Flickreel. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paulette Cohn (July 12, 2016). "Photos: Ice Age: Collision Course: Will a Meteor End Their World?". Parade. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (June 9, 2015). "Exclusive Promo Poster Gallery from Licensing Expo 2015!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (December 20, 2013). "'Ice Age 5' to Hit Theaters Summer 2016". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Kinsey (August 7, 2015). "‘Ice Age 5′ Gets Title, Date Change; Weinstein Co. Adjusts ‘About Ray’". Deadline. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Truitt, Brian (November 6, 2015). "Sneak peek: Scrat heads to space for 'Ice Age' short". USA Today. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Craig (November 6, 2015). "Scrat In Space As First ICE AGE: COLLISION COURSE Poster Riffs THE MARTIAN". Screen Relish. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fox Family Entertainment (November 9, 2015). "Ice Age: Collision Course | "Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe" Animated Short [HD] | FOX Family". YouTube. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘Ice Age: Collision Course’ Lands on Blue-ray October 11". Animation World Network. September 22, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Christopher (2016). "HomeMovies Ice Age: Collision Course Review". Film School Rejects. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Noyes, Mike (March 15, 2017). "DVD Review: Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade". Inside Pulse. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Colin (October 17, 2016). "Ice Age: Collision Course (Blu-Ray 3D) (2016)". DVD Movie Guide. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016) - International Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (July 19, 2016). "‘Star Trek Beyond’ To Blast Off Fueled By Comic-Con World Premiere – Box Office Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dave McNarry (July 22, 2016). "Box Office: ‘Star Trek Beyond’ Blasts Off With $5.5 Million on Thursday". Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Star Trek Beyond' Debuts at #1, 'Lights Out' Opens Strong and 'Ice Age 5' Bombs - Box Office Mojo".
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (July 5, 2016). "‘Tarzan’ Takes $19.3M In First Offshore Swing; ‘Resurgence’ Rises To $175.8M; China Shells Out For ‘TMNT2’ – Intl B.O. Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (July 12, 2016). "‘Ice Age’ Leads Studio Pics; Chinese Summer & ‘Sultan’ Kick Off – Intl B.O. Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski (July 10, 2016). "China Box Office: 'Cold War 2' Leads Weekend Dominated by Local Films". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Frater (July 10, 2016). "China Box Office Weekend: ‘Cold War II’ Heads Trio of Local Winners". Variety. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nancy Tartaglione (July 17, 2016). "‘Ice Age’ Charts $53.5M Course To Lead Frame; ‘Ghostbusters’ Calls Up $19.1M In Offshore Bow – International Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (August 28, 2016). "‘Bourne’ Back At #1; ‘Ice Age’ Skates Across $300M Offshore; ‘Pets’ Prances Past $700M WW – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski (August 29, 2016). "China Box Office: 'Jason Bourne,' 'Ice Age' Neck-and-Neck as Hollywood Releases Return After Blackout Period". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "China Box Office (August 26 – 28, 2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch (September 11, 2016). "Warner Bros.’ Weekend Trifecta With ‘Mil-Jeong,’ ‘Sully’ And ‘Suicide Squad’ – Int’l Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Franchises - Ice Age". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (July 25, 2016). "‘Star Trek Beyond’ Launches To $59M; ‘Lights Out’ Electrifies; ‘Ice Age’ Tepid; ‘Ghostbusters’ No Cinderella Story – Box Office Final". Deadline. Retrieved April 27, 2017. The fifthquel earned a B+,...
Jump up ^ Walsh, Katie. "The fifth 'Ice Age' cometh, but feel free to misseth".
Jump up ^ "'Ice Age: Collision Course' Review: Thaw and Order".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ice Age: Collision Course
Official website
Ice Age: Collision Course on IMDb
Ice Age: Collision Course at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Ice Age: Collision Course at Rotten Tomatoes
Ice Age: Collision Course at Metacritic
Ice Age: Collision Course at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Ice Age
Feature films
Ice Age (2002)
The Meltdown (2006)
Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
Continental Drift (2012)
Collision Course (2016)
Short films
Gone Nutty (2002)
No Time for Nuts (2006)
Surviving Sid (2008)
Video games
Ice Age
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Other
Characters
A Mammoth Christmas (2011)
The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Blue Sky Studios
Feature films
Released
Ice Age (2002)
Robots (2005)
Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
Rio (2011)
Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
Epic (2013)
Rio 2 (2014)
The Peanuts Movie (2015)
Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
Upcoming
Ferdinand (2017)
Spies in Disguise (2019)
Short films
Bunny (1998)
Gone Nutty (2002)
Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty (2005)
No Time for Nuts (2006)
Surviving Sid (2008)
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe (2015)
Scrat: Spaced Out (2016)
Television specials
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (2011)
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)
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