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Dioptre
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This article is about the unit of measure in optics. For other uses, see Diopter (disambiguation).
A dioptre (uk), or diopter (us), is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres (that is, 1/metres). It is thus a unit of reciprocal length. For example, a 3-dioptre lens brings parallel rays of light to focus at 1⁄3 metre. A flat window has an optical power of zero dioptres, and does not converge or diverge light.
Dioptres are also sometimes used for other reciprocals of distance, particularly radii of curvature and the vergence of optical beams. The usage was proposed by French ophthalmologist Ferdinand Monoyer in 1872, based on earlier use of the term dioptrice by Johannes Kepler.[1][2][3]
The main benefit of using optical power rather than focal length is that the lensmaker's equation has the object distance, image distance, and focal length all as reciprocals. A further benefit is that when relatively thin lenses are placed close together their powers approximately add. Thus, a thin 2-dioptre lens placed close to a thin 0.5-dioptre lens yields almost the same focal length as a 2.5-dioptre lens would have.
Though the dioptre is based on the SI-metric system it has not been included in the standard so that there is no international name or abbreviation for this unit of measurement—within the international system of units, this unit for optical power would need to be specified explicitly as the inverse metre (m−1). However most languages have borrowed the original name and some national standardization bodies like DIN specify a unit name (dioptrie, dioptria, etc.) and derived unit symbol "dpt".
Contents
[hide]
1 In vision correction
2 Curvature
3 Relation to magnifying power
4 See also
5 References
In vision correction[edit]
The fact that optical powers are approximately additive enables an eye care professional to prescribe corrective lenses as a simple correction to the eye's optical power, rather than doing a detailed analysis of the entire optical system (the eye and the lens). Optical power can also be used to adjust a basic prescription for reading. Thus an eye care professional, having determined that a myopic (nearsighted) person requires a basic correction of, say, −2 dioptres to restore normal distance vision, might then make a further prescription of 'add 1' for reading, to make up for lack of accommodation (ability to alter focus). This is the same as saying that −1 dioptre lenses are prescribed for reading.
In humans, the total optical power of the relaxed eye is approximately 60 dioptres.[4][5] The cornea accounts for approximately two-thirds of this refractive power (about 40 dioptres) and the crystalline lens contributes the remaining one-third (about 20 dioptres).[4] In focusing, the ciliary muscle contracts to reduce the tension or stress transferred to the lens by the suspensory ligaments. This results in increased convexity of the lens which in turn increases the optical power of the eye. The amplitude of accommodation is about 15 to 20 dioptres in the very young, decreasing to about 10 dioptres at age 25, and to around 1 dioptre above age 50.
Convex lenses have positive dioptric value and are generally used to correct hyperopia (farsightedness) or to allow people with presbyopia (the limited accommodation of advancing age) to read at close range. Concave lenses have negative dioptric value and generally correct myopia (nearsightedness). Typical glasses for mild myopia will have a power of −1.00 to −3.00 dioptres, while over the counter reading glasses will be rated at +1.00 to +3.00 dioptres. Optometrists usually measure refractive error using lenses graded in steps of 0.25 dioptres.
Curvature[edit]
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The dioptre can also be used as a measurement of curvature equal to the reciprocal of the radius measured in metres. For example, a circle with a radius of 1/2 metre has a curvature of 2 dioptres. If the curvature of a surface of a lens is C and the index of refraction is n, the optical power is φ = (n − 1)C. If both surfaces of the lens are curved, consider their curvatures as positive toward the lens and add them. This will give approximately the right result, as long as the thickness of the lens is much less than the radius of curvature of one of the surfaces. For a mirror the optical power is φ = 2C.
Relation to magnifying power[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Magnification and Magnifying glass § Magnification.
The magnifying power V of a simple magnifying glass is related to its optical power φ by
V = 0.25 m × φ + 1 {\displaystyle V=0.25\ \mathrm {m} \times \varphi +1} .
This is approximately the magnification observed when a person with normal vision holds the magnifying glass close to his or her eye.
See also[edit]
Dioptrics
Astigmatism
Lens clock
Lensmeter
Optics
Optometry
Prism correction#Prism dioptres
Vertometer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monoyer, F. (1872). "Sur l'introduction du système métrique dans le numérotage des verres de lunettes et sur le choix d'une unité de réfraction". Annales d'Oculistiques (in French). Paris. 68: 101.
Jump up ^ Thomas, C. "Monoyer, Ferdinand". La médecine à Nancy depuis 1872 (in French). Retrieved 2011-04-26.
Jump up ^ Colenbrander, August. "Measuring Vision and Vision Loss" (PDF). Smith-Kettlewell Institute. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Najjar, Dany. "Clinical optics and refraction". Eyeweb. Archived from the original on 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
Jump up ^ Palanker, Daniel (October 28, 2013). "Optical Properties of the Eye". American Academy of Ophthalmology. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Greivenkamp, John E (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE. ISBN 978-0-8194-5294-8. OCLC 53896720.
Hecht, Eugene; Alfred, Zając (1987). Optics (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. OCLC 13761389.
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Jaws (soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jaws
Film score by John Williams
Released
April 21, 1992
Recorded
1975
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
35:12
Label
MCA Records
John Williams chronology
Jaws
(1975) Family Plot
(1976)Family Plot1976
Jaws chronology
Jaws
(1975) Jaws1975 Jaws 2
(1978) Jaws 21978
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
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The original soundtrack for Jaws was released on LP by MCA in 1975, and as a CD in 1992, including roughly a half-hour of music that John Williams redid for the album. In 2000, two versions of the score were released: one in a re-recording of the entire Jaws score by Royal Scottish National Orchestra conducted by Joel McNeely, and another to coincide with the release of the 25th anniversary DVD by Decca/Universal, featuring the entire 51 minutes of the original score. In 2005, it was ranked No.6 in AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores, a list which compiles the greatest American film scores.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Track Listing for the 1975 MCA Records album
3 Track Listing for the 2000 Varèse Sarabande re-recording
4 Track Listing for the 2000 Decca Records album
5 References
Overview[edit]
John Williams composed the film's score, which earned him an Academy Award, his second win and first for Original Score,[1] and was later ranked the sixth greatest score by the American Film Institute.[2][3] The main "shark" theme, a simple alternating pattern of two notes—variously identified as "E and F"[4] or "F and F sharp"[5]—became a classic piece of suspense music, synonymous with approaching danger (see leading-tone). Williams described the theme as "grinding away at you, just as a shark would do, instinctual, relentless, unstoppable."[6] The piece was performed by tuba player Tommy Johnson. When asked by Johnson why the melody was written in such a high register and not played by the more appropriate French horn, Williams responded that he wanted it to sound "a little more threatening".[7] When Williams first demonstrated his idea to Spielberg, playing just the two notes on a piano, Spielberg was said to have laughed, thinking that it was a joke. As Williams saw similarities between Jaws and pirate movies, at other points in the score he evoked "pirate music", which he called "primal, but fun and entertaining".The primal opening notes are developed from the opening foreboding tone of Ravel's La Valse. [8] Calling for rapid, percussive string playing, the score contains echoes of La mer by Claude Debussy as well of Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring.[5][9]
There are various interpretations of the meaning and effectiveness of the primary music theme, which is widely described as one of the most recognizable cinematic themes of all time.[10] Music scholar Joseph Cancellaro proposes that the two-note expression mimics the shark's heartbeat.[11] According to Alexandre Tylski, like themes Bernard Herrmann wrote for Taxi Driver, North by Northwest, and particularly Mysterious Island, it suggests human respiration. He further argues that the score's strongest motif is actually "the split, the rupture"—when it dramatically cuts off, as after Chrissie's death.[5] The relationship between sound and silence is also taken advantage of in the way the audience is conditioned to associate the shark with its theme,[6] which is exploited toward the film's climax when the shark suddenly appears with no musical introduction.[10]
Spielberg later said that without Williams's score the film would have been only half as successful, and according to Williams it jumpstarted his career.[8] He had previously scored Spielberg's debut feature, The Sugarland Express, and went on to collaborate with the director on almost all of his films.[6]
Track Listing for the 1975 MCA Records album[edit]
Main Title (Theme From 'Jaws') – 2:18
Chrissie's Death – 1:39
Promenade (Tourists on the Menu) – 2:46
Out to Sea – 2:26
The Indianapolis Story – 2:23
Sea Attack Number One – 5:23
One Barrel Chase – 3:04
Preparing the Cage – 3:23
Night Search – 3:29
The Underwater Siege – 3:31
Hand to Hand Combat – 2:32
End Title (Theme From 'Jaws') – 2:18
Total Time: 35:12
Track Listing for the 2000 Varèse Sarabande re-recording[edit]
Main Title – 1:19
Into the Estuary – 2:49
Out to Sea – 0:56
Man Against Beast – 5:15
Quint's Tale – 2:30
Brody Panics – 1:16
Barrel Off Starboard – 1:38
The Great Chase – 3:02
Three Barrels Under – 2:05
From Bad to Worse – 0:53
Quint Thinks it Over – 1:08
The Shark Cage Fugue – 2:00
The Shark Approaches – 0:42
The Shark Hits the Cage – 1:45
Quint Meets his End – 1:08
Blown to Bits – 3:11
End Title – 1:56
Total Time: 51:08
Track Listing for the 2000 Decca Records album[edit]
Main Title and First Victim ** – 3:27
The Empty Raft * – 1:23
The Pier Incident * – 2:23
The Shark Cage Fugue – 1:59
Shark Attack *† – 1:17
Ben Gardner's Boat – 3:31
Montage – 1:31
Father and Son *† – 3:42
Into the Estuary * – 2:50
Out to Sea – 2:58
Man Against Beast – 5:33
Quint's Tale – 2:40
Brody Panics * – 1:10
Barrel Off Starboard * – 1:30
The Great Shark Chase **† – 3:28
Three Barrels Under *† – 2:05
Between Attacks *† – 2:06
The Shark Approaches ** – 2:40
Blown to Bits – 3:03
End Titles – 1:52
* = Previously unreleased
** = Includes unreleased music
† = Includes music not used in the film
Total Time: 51:12
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Academy Awards Database - Joh Williams - Awards and Nominations"[permanent dead link], AwardsDatabase.oscars.org, Retrieved November 30, 2015
Jump up ^ "The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 YEARS OF FILM SCORES". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
Jump up ^ Matessino, Michael (1999-09-24). "Letter in response to "A Study of Jaws' Incisive Overture To Close Off the Century"". Film Score Monthly. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tylski, Alexandre. "A Study of Jaws' Incisive Overture To Close Off the Century". Film Score Monthly. Archived from the original on 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Friedman 2006, p. 174
Jump up ^ Chaundy, Bob (2006-11-06). "Spies, sports, and sharks". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Bouzereau, Laurent (1995). A Look Inside Jaws ["Music by John Williams"]. Jaws: 30th Anniversary Edition DVD (2005): Universal Home Video.
Jump up ^ Scheurer, Timothy E. (Spring 1997). "John Williams and film music since 1971". Popular Music and Society. Archived from the original on 2005-04-29. Retrieved 2006-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Berardinelli, James (2002). "Jaws". Reelviews. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
Jump up ^ Cancellaro 2006, p. 170
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Jaws (1975)
Star Wars (1977)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
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Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
JFK (1991)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Schindler's List (1993)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
Angela's Ashes (1999)
The Patriot (2000)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
Munich (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)
Compilations
John Williams Greatest Hits 1969–1999
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Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Not to be confused with Book of Chronicles.
The Chronicles of the Kings of Israel is a book that gives a more detailed account of the reigns of the kings of ancient Kingdom of Israel than that presented in the Hebrew Bible, and may have been the source from which parts of the biblical account were drawn. The book was likely compiled by or derived from the kings of Israel's own scribes, and is likely the source for the basic facts presented in the Bible.
The book is referred to a number of times in the Hebrew Bible, but was either not included in the corpus of the biblical text or was removed from it at some stage. The book is counted as one of the Lost books of the Old Testament. This text is sometimes called The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel or The Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel.
A complementary book detailing the reigns of the kings of ancient Judah is the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah, a book which has also been lost. Another lost book dealing with the reigns of the kings of ancient Israel is the Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel. This book is referred to in 2 Chronicles and may be the same as the other two Chronicles named in Kings.
References to the Chronicles[edit]
References to the Chronicles appear in the Books of Kings and imply that the description of the reign of the kings of Israel presented in the Bible is only a brief summary, and that a fuller account is to be found in the Chronicles.
For example, 1 Kings 14:19 refers to the book and reads: "And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, how he warred, and how he reigned, behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel."
Also, 2 Kings 1:18 mentions the book and reads "Now the rest of the acts of Ahaziah which he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?"
Again, 1 Kings 16:14 reads: "Now the rest of the acts of Elah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?"
It is referred to again in 1 Kings 16:20, which reads: "Now the rest of the acts of Zimri, and his treason that he wrought, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?"
It is also mentioned in 2 Kings 14:28 in relation to Jeroboam II, then in 2 Kings 15:21 in relation to Menahem, king of Israel.
See also[edit]
Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Lost work
Chronicles of the Kings of Judah
References[edit]
Are There Lost Books of the Bible? Apologetics Press, December 2003, by A.P. staff
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e
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Old Testament
Book of the Wars of the Lord
Book of Jashar
Manner of the Kingdom
Book of Songs
Acts of Solomon
Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
Chronicles of the Kings of Judah
Annals of King David
Book of Samuel the Seer
Book of Nathan
Book of Gad
Prophecy of Ahijah
Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel
Book of Jehu
Story of the Book of Kings
Acts of Uziah
Ascension of Isaiah
Acts of the Kings of Israel
Sayings of the Seers
Laments for Josiah
New Testament
Book of Enoch
Assumption of Moses
Epistle to the Laodiceans
Deuterocanon
Story of Ahikar
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicles_of_the_Kings_of_Israel&oldid=852513228"
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