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Pullman Strike
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Pullman Strike
Part of The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Striking American Railway Union members confront Illinois National Guard troops in Chicago during the Pullman Strike
Date
May 11, 1894–July 20, 1894
Location
Began in Pullman, Chicago; spread throughout the United States
Goals
Recognition
Methods
Strikes, Protest, Demonstrations
Resulted in
Unsuccessful
Parties to the civil conflict
American Railway Union;
Railroad workers
Pullman Company;
General Managers' Association;
United States National Guard
Lead figures
Eugene V. Debs
George Pullman;
Grover Cleveland
Number
250,000
12,000
Casualties
Deaths: 30
Injuries: 57
Arrests:
Deaths:
Injuries:
The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. A total of 30 workers were killed by railroad agents and their allies.
Most of the factory workers who built Pullman cars lived in the "company town" of Pullman on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois.[1] The industrialist George Pullman had designed it ostensibly as a model community.[1] Pullman had a diverse work force. He wanted to hire African-Americans for certain jobs at the company. Pullman used ads and other campaigns to help bring workers into his company.[2]
When his company laid off workers and lowered wages, it did not reduce rents, and the workers called for a strike. Among the reasons for the strike were the absence of democracy within the town of Pullman and its politics, the rigid paternalistic control of the workers by the company, excessive water and gas rates, and a refusal by the company to allow workers to buy and own houses. They had not yet formed a union.[1] Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers. Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers.[1] When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations, ARU called a strike against the factory, but it showed no sign of success. To win the strike, Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads. The over-the-rail Pullman employees (such as conductors and porters) did not go on strike.[1]
Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car. It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states.[3] The Railroad brotherhoods and the American Federation of Labor (AFL) opposed the boycott, and the General Managers' Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition. Thirty people were killed in response to riots and sabotage that caused $80 million in damages.[4][5] The federal government obtained an injunction against the union, Debs, and other boycott leaders, ordering them to stop interfering with trains that carried mail cars. After the strikers refused, President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains. Violence broke out in many cities, and the strike collapsed. Defended by a team including Clarence Darrow, Debs was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison; the ARU then dissolved.
Contents
1 Background
2 Boycott
3 Federal intervention
4 Local responses
5 Public opinion
6 Aftermath
6.1 Politics
6.2 Labor Day
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
9.1 Primary sources
10 External links
Background[edit]
The condition of laboring man at Pullman. The employee is being squeezed by Pullman between high rent and low wages, July 7, 1894.
During a severe recession (the Panic of 1893), the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages as demand for new passenger cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped. A delegation of workers complained that wages had been cut but not rents at their company housing or other costs in the company town. The company owner, George Pullman, refused to lower rents or go to arbitration.[6]
Boycott[edit]
The American Railway Union escalated the Pullman strike beginning with the blockade of the Grand Crossing in Chicago during the night of June 26, 1894.
Many of the Pullman factory workers joined the American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene V. Debs, which supported their strike by launching a boycott in which ARU members refused to run trains containing Pullman cars. At the time of the strike approximately 35% of Pullman workers were members of the ARU.[3] The plan was to force the railroads to bring Pullman to compromise. Debs began the boycott on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had "walked off" the job rather than handle Pullman cars.[7] The railroads coordinated their response through the General Managers' Association, which had been formed in 1886 and included 24 lines linked to Chicago.[8][9] The railroads began hiring replacement workers (strikebreakers), which increased hostilities. Many blacks were recruited as strikebreakers and crossed picket lines, as they feared that the racism expressed by the American Railway Union would lock them out of another labor market. This added racial tension to the union's predicament.[10]
On June 29, 1894, Debs hosted a peaceful meeting to rally support for the strike from railroad workers at Blue Island, Illinois. Afterward, groups within the crowd became enraged and set fire to nearby buildings and derailed a locomotive.[11] Elsewhere in the western states, sympathy strikers prevented transportation of goods by walking off the job, obstructing railroad tracks, or threatening and attacking strikebreakers. This increased national attention and the demand for federal action.
Federal intervention[edit]
Violence erupted on July 7, 1894, with hundreds of boxcars and coal cars looted and burned. State and federal troops used force to quell the mob, as this study by Frederic Remington illustrates.
Under direction from President Grover Cleveland, the US Attorney General Richard Olney dealt with the strike. Olney had been a railroad attorney, and still received a $10,000 retainer from the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, in comparison to his $8,000 salary as Attorney General.[12] Olney obtained an injunction in federal court barring union leaders from supporting the strike and demanding that the strikers cease their activities or face being fired. Debs and other leaders of the ARU ignored the injunction, and federal troops were called up to enforce it.[13] While Debs had been reluctant to start the strike, he threw his energies into organizing it. He called a general strike of all union members in Chicago, but this was opposed by Samuel Gompers, head of the AFL, and other established unions, and it failed.[14]
City by city the federal forces broke the ARU efforts to shut down the national transportation system. Thousands of United States Marshals and some 12,000 United States Army troops, commanded by Brigadier General Nelson Miles, took action. President Cleveland wanted the trains moving again, based on his legal, constitutional responsibility for the mails. His lawyers argued that the boycott violated the Sherman Antitrust Act, and represented a threat to public safety. The arrival of the military and the subsequent deaths of workers in violence led to further outbreaks of violence. During the course of the strike, 30 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. Property damage exceeded $80 million.[4][5][15]
Local responses[edit]
Lurid depiction of Illinois National Guardsmen firing into the mob on July 7, 1894, the day of greatest looting and violence.
The strike affected hundreds of towns and cities across the country. Railroad workers were divided, for the old established Brotherhoods, which included the skilled workers such as engineers, firemen and conductors, did not support the labor action.[citation needed] ARU members did support the action, and often comprised unskilled ground crews.[16][citation needed] In many areas townspeople and businessmen generally supported the railroads while farmers—many affiliated with the Populists—supported the ARU.[citation needed]
In Billings, Montana, an important rail center, a local Methodist minister, J. W. Jennings, supported the ARU. In a sermon he compared the Pullman boycott to the Boston Tea Party, and attacked Montana state officials and President Cleveland for abandoning "the faith of the Jacksonian fathers."[17] Rather than defending "the rights of the people against aggression and oppressive corporations," he said party leaders were "the pliant tools of the codfish monied aristocracy who seek to dominate this country."[17] Billings remained quiet but on July 10, soldiers reached Lockwood, Montana, a small rail center, where the troop train was surrounded by hundreds of angry strikers. Narrowly averting violence, the army opened the lines through Montana. When the strike ended, the railroads fired and blacklisted all the employees who had supported it.[18]
In California the boycott was effective in Sacramento, a labor stronghold, but weak in the Bay Area and minimal in Los Angeles. The strike lingered as strikers expressed longstanding grievances over wage reductions, and indicate how unpopular the Southern Pacific Railroad was. Strikers engaged in violence and sabotage; the companies saw it as civil war while the ARU proclaimed it was a crusade for the rights of unskilled workers.[19]
Public opinion[edit]
American Railway Union President Eugene V. Debs was pilloried in the press for the disruption of food distribution and passenger traffic associated with the 1894 Pullman Strike.
Public opinion was mostly opposed to the strike and supported Cleveland's actions.[20] Republicans and eastern Democrats supported Cleveland (the leader of the northeastern pro-business wing of the party), but southern and western Democrats as well as Populists generally denounced him. Chicago Mayor John Hopkins supported the strikers and stopped the Chicago Police from interfering before the strike turned violent.[21] Governor John Peter Altgeld of Illinois, a Democrat, denounced Cleveland and said he could handle all disturbances in his state without federal intervention.[22]
Media coverage was extensive and generally negative. A common trope in news reports and editorials depicted the boycotters as foreigners who contested the patriotism expressed by the militias and troops involved, as numerous recent immigrants worked in the factories and on the railroads. The editors warned of mobs, aliens, anarchy, and defiance of the law.[23] The New York Times called it "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital."[24] In Chicago the established church leaders denounced the boycott, but some younger Protestant ministers defended it.[25]
Aftermath[edit]
Debs was arrested on federal charges, including conspiracy to obstruct the mail as well as disobeying an order directed to him by the Supreme Court to stop the obstruction of railways and to dissolve the boycott. He was defended by Clarence Darrow, a prominent attorney, as well as Lyman Trumbull. At the conspiracy trial Darrow argued that it was the railways, not Debs and his union, that met in secret and conspired against their opponents. Sensing that Debs would be acquitted, the prosecution dropped the charge when a juror took ill. Although Darrow also represented Debs at the United States Supreme Court for violating the federal injunction, Debs was sentenced to six months in prison.[26]
Early in 1895 General William M. Graham erected a memorial obelisk in the San Francisco National Cemetery at the Presidio, in honor of four soldiers of the 5th Artillery killed in a Sacramento train crash of July 11, 1894, during the strike. The train wrecked crossing a trestle bridge purportedly dynamited by union members.[27] Graham's monument included the inscription, "Murdered by Strikers", a description he hotly defended.[28] The obelisk remains in place.
In the aftermath of the Pullman Strike, the state ordered the company to sell off its residential holdings.[citation needed] In the decades after Pullman died (1897), Pullman became just another South Side neighborhood. It remained the area’s largest employer before closing in the 1950s. The area is both a National Historic Landmark as well as a Chicago Landmark District. Because of the significance of the strike, many state agencies and non-profit groups[when?] are hoping for many revivals of the Pullman neighborhoods starting with Pullman Park, one of the largest projects. It was to be a $350 million mixed used development on the site of an old steel plant. The plan was for 670,000 square feet of new retail space, 125,000 square foot neighborhood recreation center and 1,100 housing units.[29][incomplete short citation]
Politics[edit]
Harper's Weekly labeled Eugene Debs and the strike organizers as "The Vanguard of Anarchy", July 21, 1894.
Following his release from jail in 1895, ARU President Debs became a committed advocate of socialism, helping in 1897 to launch the Social Democracy of America, a forerunner of the Socialist Party of America. He ran for president in 1900 for the first of five times as head of the Socialist Party ticket.[30]
Civil as well as criminal charges were brought against the organizers of the strike and Debs in particular, and the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision, In re Debs, that rejected Debs' actions. The Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld was incensed at Cleveland for putting the federal government at the service of the employers, and for rejecting Altgeld's plan to use his state militia rather than federal troops to keep order.[31]
Cleveland's administration appointed a national commission to study the causes of the 1894 strike; it found George Pullman's paternalism partly to blame and described the operations of his company town to be "un-American". In 1898, the Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, as its company charter did not authorize such operations, and the land was annexed to Chicago.[32] Much of it is now designated as an historic district, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Labor Day[edit]
In 1894, in an effort to conciliate organized labor after the strike, President Grover Cleveland and Congress designated Labor Day as a federal holiday. Legislation for the holiday was pushed through Congress six days after the strike ended. Samuel Gompers, who had sided with the federal government in its effort to end the strike by the American Railway Union, spoke out in favor of the holiday.[33][34]
See also[edit]
Organized labour portal
United States labor law
History of rail transport in the United States
Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Pullman Strike and Boycott," Annals of American History. <http://www.america.eb.com/america/article?articleId=386364&query=pullman+strike> [Accessed January 24, 2014].
Jump up ^ Ayres, Tim, and Susan Eleanor Hirsch. "After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman." Labour History, 2003, 280.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pullman Strike | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Ray Ginger, Eugene V. Debs (1962) p 170
^ Jump up to: a b Papke, David Ray (1999). The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Landmark law cases & American society. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 35–37. ISBN 0-7006-0954-7.
Jump up ^ Joseph C. Bigott (2001). From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Class in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869–1929. U. of Chicago Press. p. 93. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richard Schneirov; Shelton Stromquist; Nick Salvatore (1999). The Pullman Strike and Crisis of 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics. U. of Illinois Press. p. 137. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wish, "The Pullman Strike"
Jump up ^ Donald L. McMurry, "Labor Policies of the General Managers' Association of Chicago, 1886–1894," Journal of Economic History (1953) 13#2 pp. 160–78 in JSTOR Archived June 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ David E. Bernstein, Only One Place of Redress (2001) p. 54
Jump up ^ Harvey Wish, "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#3, pp. 288–312 in JSTOR Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-09. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Eric Arnesen (2004). The Human Tradition in American Labor History. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 96. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Salvatore, Debs pp 134–37
Jump up ^ John R. Commons; et al. (1918). History of Labour in the United States vol 2. Macmillan. p. 502. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brendel, Martina (December 1994). "The Pullman Strike". Illinois History: 8 – via Illinois Periodicals Online.
^ Jump up to: a b Carroll Van West, Capitalism on the Frontier: Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century (1993) p 200
Jump up ^ Van West, Capitalism on the Frontier: Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century, p 200
Jump up ^ William W. Ray, "Crusade or Civil War? The Pullman Strike in California," California History (1979) 58#1 pp 20–37.
Jump up ^ Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1933) pp. 624–27
Jump up ^ Schneirov, Richard. "The Pullman Strike and Boycott". Northern Illinois University Libraries. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ H.W. Brands (2002). The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s. U. of Chicago Press. p. 153. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Troy Rondinone, "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism during the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2009) 8#1 pp 83–109.
Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller (1997). City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. Simon and Schuster. p. 543. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Heath W. Carter, "Scab Ministers, Striking Saints: Christianity and Class Conflict in 1894 Chicago," American Nineteenth Century History (2010) 11#3 pp 321–349
Jump up ^ John A. Farrell (2011). Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 69–72. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Leach, Frank A. "The Great Railroad Strike of 1894". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "General Graham Writes of Treason" (PDF). San Francisco Call via Library of Congress. 22 August 1895. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Historical NY Times
Jump up ^ "Eugene V. Debs | American social and labour leader". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
Jump up ^ Peter Zavodnyik (2011). The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. ABC-CLIO. pp. 233–34. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dennis R. Judd; Paul Kantor (1992). Enduring tensions in urban politics. Macmillan. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996". PBS. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bill Haywood, The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood, 1929, p. 78 ppbk.
Sources[edit]
Cleveland, Grover. The Government and the Chicago Strike of 1894 [1904]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1913.
DeForest, Walter S. The Periodical Press and the Pullman Strike: An Analysis of the Coverage and Interpretation of the Railroad Strike of 1894 by Eight Journals of Opinion and Reportage MA thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1973.
Ginger, Ray. The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene V. Debs. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.
Hirsch, Susan Eleanor. After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
Lindsey, Almont. "Paternalism and the Pullman Strike," American Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan., 1939), pp. 272–89 in JSTOR
Nevins, Allan Nevins. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. (1933) pp. 611–28
Papke, David Ray. The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
Rondinone, Troy. "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2009 8(1): 83–109 27p.
Salvatore, Nick. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
Schneirov, Richard, et al. (eds.) The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Winston, A.P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 9, no. 4 (Sept. 1901), pp. 540–61. In JSTOR
Wish, Harvey. "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#3 pp. 288–312 in JSTOR
Primary sources[edit]
United States Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July, 1894. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pullman Strike.
Pullman Strike Timeline
Chicago Strike
The Pullman Strike, Illinois During the Gilded Age 1866–1894, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries
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Convenience food
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Packaged food" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Food packaging.
"Ready-to-eat food" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Meal, Ready-to-Eat.
See also: Snack and Snacking
Instant ramen noodles
A rack of convenience snack foods, including chips and pretzels
Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is food that is commercially prepared (often through processing) to optimise ease of consumption. Such food is usually ready to eat without further preparation. It may also be easily portable, have a long shelf life, or offer a combination of such convenient traits. Although restaurant meals meet this definition, the term is seldom applied to them. Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products, frozen foods such as TV dinners, shelf-stable foods, prepared mixes such as cake mix, and snack foods.
Bread, cheese, salted food and other prepared foods have been sold for thousands of years. Other kinds were developed with improvements in food technology. Types of convenience foods can vary by country and geographic region. Some convenience foods have received criticism due to concerns about nutritional content and how their packaging may increase solid waste in landfills. Various methods are used to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity.
Convenience food is commercially prepared for ease of consumption.[1] Products designated as convenience food are often sold as hot, ready-to-eat dishes; as room-temperature, shelf-stable products; or as refrigerated or frozen food products that require minimal preparation (typically just heating)[2] Convenience foods have also been described as foods that have been created to "make them more appealing to the consumer."[3] Convenience foods and restaurants are similar in that they save time.[4] They differ in that restaurant food is ready to eat, whilst convenience food usually requires rudimentary preparation. Both typically cost more money and less time compared to home cooking from scratch.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
2.1 Packaged mixes
2.2 By country
2.3 By region
3 Retail
4 Environmental and health concerns
5 Labeling, mitigation, and regulation
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Throughout history, people have bought food from bakeries, creameries, butcher shops and other commercial processors to save time and effort. The Aztec people of Central Mexico utilized several convenience foods that required only adding water for preparation, which were used by travelers.[5] Cornmeal that was ground and dried, referred to as pinolli, was used by travelers as a convenience food in this manner.[5]
Canned food was developed in the 19th century, primarily for military use, and became more popular during World War I. The expansion of canning depended significantly upon the development of a machine for producing large quantities of cans very cheaply. Before the 1850s, making a can for food required a skilled tinsmith; afterwards, an unskilled laborer, operating a can-making machine, could produce 15 times as many cans each day.[6]
One of the earliest industrial-scale processed foods was meatpacking. After the invention of a system of refrigerator cars in 1878, meat could be raised, slaughtered, and butchered hundreds (later thousands) of miles or kilometers away from the consumer.[6]
Experience in World War II contributed to the development of frozen foods and the frozen food industry.[7] Modern convenience food saw its beginnings in the United States during the period that began after World War II.[8] Many of these products had their origins in military-developed foods designed for storage longevity and ease of preparation in the battle field. Following the war, several commercial food companies had leftover manufacturing facilities, and some of these companies created new freeze-dried and canned foods for home use.[9] Like many product introductions, not all were successful—convenience food staples such as fish sticks and canned peaches were counterbalanced by failures such as ham sticks and cheeseburgers-in-a-can.[10]
As of the 2010s due to increased preference for fresh, "natural", whole, and organic food and health concerns the acceptability of processed food to consumers in the United States was dropping and the reputation of major packaged food brands had been damaged. Firms responded by offering "healthier" formulations and acquisition of brands with better reputations.[11]
Types[edit]
Convenience foods can include products such as candy; beverages such as soft drinks, juices and milk; fast food; nuts, fruits and vegetables in fresh or preserved states; processed meats and cheeses; and canned products such as soups and pasta dishes. Additional convenience foods include frozen pizza,[12] chips[3] such as potato chips,[12] pretzels,[3] and cookies.[12]
These products are often sold in portion-controlled, single-serving packaging designed for portability.[13][14]
Packaged mixes[edit]
A cake mix
Gristmills have produced flour for baking for thousands of years. In more recent times flour has been sold with other ingredients mixed in, as have other products ready to cook. Packaged mixes are convenience foods[15] which typically require some preparation and cooking either in the oven or on the stove top.
Packaged baked goods mixes typically use chemical leaveners (commonly referred to as baking powder[16]), for a quick, reliable result, avoiding the requirement for time-consuming skilled labor and the climate control needed for traditional yeast breads. These packaged mixes produce a type of quickbread.
Examples include cake mixes,[17] macaroni and cheese,[18] brownie mixes,[19] and gravy mixes.[20] Some packaged mixes may have a high saturated fat content.[21]
By country[edit]
Onigiri at a convenience store in Kamakura, Japan
In 2007 it was noted in the book Australia's food & nutrition 2012 that a distinct increase in convenience food consumption had been occurring in Australia.[22]
In Japan, onigiri (rice balls) are a popular convenience food[23] that dates for millennia — by the Heian period these were established enough to be mentioned in literature.[24][25] Additional Japanese convenience foods include prepared tofu (bean curd),[26] prepared packages of seafood[27] and instant ramen noodles.[28]
Canned tuna packed in oil is a convenience food in the Solomon Islands.[29]
In Russia, frozen pelmeni, a type of meat dumplings, adopted from the Finno-Ugric Uralian peoples such as Komi, Mansi and Udmurts,[30] are known from at least the 18th century, and industrially produced and prepacked pelmeni are a staple of the supermarket freezer sections.
By region[edit]
In Western Africa, processed cassava flour that has been grated and dried is a popular convenience food.[31]
Retail[edit]
In some instances, retail sales of convenience foods may provide higher profit margins for food retailers compared to the profits attained from sales of the individual ingredients that are present in the convenience foods.[32]
A survey in 1984 attributed over one-third of funds spent by consumers for food in Great Britain to be for convenience food purchases.[33]
Environmental and health concerns[edit]
Several groups have cited the environmental harm of single serve packaging due to the increased usage of plastics that contributes to solid waste in landfills.[34][35] Due to concerns about obesity and other health problems, some health organizations have criticized the high fat, sugar, salt, food preservatives and food additives that are present in some convenience foods.[13]
Frozen dinner, to be heated in microwave oven
In most developed countries, 80% of consumed salt comes from industry-prepared food (5% come from natural salt; 15% comes from salt added during cooking or eating).[36] Health effects of salt concentrate on sodium and depend in part on how much is consumed. A single serving of many convenience foods contains a significant portion of the recommended daily allowance of sodium. Manufacturers are concerned that if the taste of their product is not optimized with salt, it will not sell as well as competing products. Tests have shown that some popular packaged foods depend on significant amounts of salt for their palatability.[37]
Labeling, mitigation, and regulation[edit]
In response to the issues surrounding the healthfulness of convenience and restaurant foods, an initiative in the United States, spearheaded by first lady Michelle Obama and her Let's Move! campaign, to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity, was unveiled by the White House in February 2010. Mrs. Obama has pushed the industry to cut back on sugars and salts found in many convenience foods, encouraging self-regulation over government intervention through laws and regulations.[38] Despite Mrs. Obama's stated preference on self-regulation, the Food and Drug Administration announced that it was looking into quantifying the guidelines into law while other groups and municipalities are seeking to add other preventative measures such as target taxes and levies onto these products.[39][40]
In response to the attention, in April 2010 a coalition of sixteen manufactures all agreed to reduce salt levels in foods sold in the United States under a program based on a similar effort in the United Kingdom.[39] However, the initiative has met with resistance from some manufacturers, who claim that processed foods require the current high levels of salt to remain appetizing and to mask undesirable effects of food processing such as "warmed-over flavor".[37] The coalition expanded its mission in May 2010 by announcing that it intends to reduce the amount of calories in foods. By introducing lower calorie foods, changing product recipes and reducing portion sizes, the coalition stated that it expected to reduce the caloric content of foods by more than 1.5 trillion calories in total by 2012.[40]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Drink portal
Comfort food
Food desert
Food packaging
Food preservation
Food processing
Junk food
List of foods
Snack food
[show]
v
t
e
Fast food
Types
Convenience food
Junk food
Snack food
Street food
Take-out
Points of sale
Fast food restaurant
Food booth
Food cart
Food court
Food truck
Select dishes
Bacon
Breakfast sandwich
Breakfast sausage
Buffalo wings
Cheeseburger
Chicken fingers / Chicken nuggets
Cookie
French fries
French toast
Fried chicken
Grilled cheese
Gyro
Hamburger
Hot dog
Hot pretzel
Ice cream
Kebab
Macaroni and cheese
Onion rings
Pancakes
Pasta
PB&J
Pizza
Salad
Sausage
Spaghetti
Taco
Waffles
Issues
Criticism of fast food
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jean Anderson; Barbara Deskins (October 1995). The Nutrition Bible (1st ed.). William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-11619-1.
Jump up ^ "Convenience Foods". Swiss Association for Nutrition. Health and Age Center. 2003-05-08. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications,Third Edition". p. 376. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Ensminger 1994, p. 463.
^ Jump up to: a b "Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations - Emory Dean Keoke, Kay Marie Porterfield". p. 138. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Kawash, Samira (2013). Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure. Faber and Faber. pp. 46–48. ISBN 9780865477568.
Jump up ^ Ensminger 1994, p. 465.
Jump up ^ "The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America". p. 150. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Diversity in European Marketing: Text and Cases". p. 180. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Laura (March 29, 2005). Something from the Oven: Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-303491-X.
Jump up ^ Hans Taparia and Pamela Koch (November 6, 2015). "A Seismic Shift in How People Eat". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2015. The food movement over the past couple of decades has substantially altered consumer behavior and reshaped the competitive landscape.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Eating Properly - Jonathan Rees". 2005-07-30. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diversity in European Marketing: Text and Cases". p. 181. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Food, People and Society: A European Perspective of Consumers' Food Choices". 2001-09-21. p. 333. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Dimensions of Food, Fifth Edition - Vickie A. Vaclavik, Ph.D., Marcia H. Pimentel, M.S., Marjorie M. Devine, Ph.D". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ John Brodie, John Godber "Bakery Processes, Chemical Leavening Agents" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2001, John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0308051303082114.a01.pub2
Jump up ^ "Food bites [electronic resource]: the science of the foods we eat - Richard W. Hartel, AnnaKate Hartel". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Destination Mexico: Planning a Cruise to Mexico - Carolyn Mehaffy, Bob Mehaffy". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Prevention Magazine's Nutrition Advisor: The Ultimate Guide to the Health-Boosting and Health-Harming Factors in Your Diet". 1994-08-15. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Anti-Inflammation Diet - Christopher Cannon, Elizabeth Vierck". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Australia's food & nutrition 2012". p. 13. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Fast Food, Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Ikeda, Kikan; Shinji Kishigami; Ken Akiyama (1958). Koten Bungaku Taikei 19: Makura no Sōshi, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. p. 455. ISBN 4-00-060019-2.
Jump up ^ Hasegawa, Masaharu; Yūichirō Imanishi (1989). Shin Koten Bungaku Taikei 24: Tosa Nikki, Kagerō Nikki, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki, Sarashina Nikki. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. p. 266. ISBN 4-00-240024-7.
Jump up ^ "The Essence of Japanese Cuisine: An Essay on Food and Culture - Michael Ashkenazi, Jeanne Jacob". p. 55. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Japan's Tuna Fishing Industry: A Setting Sun Or New Dawn? - Anthony Bergin, Marcus G. Haward". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Ramen to the Rescue Cookbook: 120 Creative Recipes for Easy Meals Using Everyone's Favorite Pack of Noodles - Jessica Harlan". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "A Japanese Joint Venture in the Pacific: Foreign bodies in tinned tuna - Kate Barclay". Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Dal Dictionary on-line derives the etymology of pel'men' from pel'=ear and nan'=bread in Komi and Mansi (Vogul) languages. This may be why pelmeni are called uszka ("ears") in Poland.
Jump up ^ "Food Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa - Fran Osseo-Asare". p. 30. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Food: The History of Taste". p. 350. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
Jump up ^ "The Challenge of Affluence: Self-Control and Well-Being in the United States and Britain Since 1950 - Avner Offer". p. 145. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Talking about waste prevention". Waste Watch UK. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Food packaging waste a concern". Reuters. 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2009-07-14. Wasteful food packaging is among the fastest-growing environmental concerns for shoppers worldwide with New Zealanders most willing to cut back, a poll showed on Thursday.
Jump up ^ "Should we eat less salt?". Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 106: 324–332. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2013.01.003.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Moss (29 May 2010). "The hard sell on salt". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Sweet, Lynn (11 May 2010). "Michelle Obama Unveils Anti-Childhood Obesity Action Plan". Politics Daily. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "16 Food Companies Agree to Reduce Salt". CBS News. Associated Press. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Jalonick, Mary Clare (17 May 2010). "Food companies agree to remove 15 trillion calories from foods to reduce childhood obesity". Business News. Associated Pres. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
Ensminger, Audrey H. (1994). Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H. 1. CRC Press. Pages 463-476 ISBN 0849389801
Further reading[edit]
Lawrence, Geoffrey; Lyons, Kristen; Wallington, Tabatha (2012). Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainability. Routledge. Chapter 8, pages (unlisted). ISBN 1136545654
Obenauf, Carl F. (2004). The Building of an Industry: The History of the Convenience Food Industry. C.F. Obenauf.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Convenience food.
Look up convenience food in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
American Women and the Making of Modern Consumer Culture
US Food Facts & History
[show]
v
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Fast culture
Consumerism
Convenience food
Exponential population growth
Fast fashion
Fast food
Instant gratification
Overconsumption
Planned obsolescence
Take-out
Throw-away society
[show]
v
t
e
Fast food
Types
Convenience food
Junk food
Snack food
Street food
Take-out
Points of sale
Fast food restaurant
Food booth
Food cart
Food court
Food truck
Select dishes
Bacon
Breakfast sandwich
Breakfast sausage
Buffalo wings
Cheeseburger
Chicken fingers / Chicken nuggets
Cookie
French fries
French toast
Fried chicken
Grilled cheese
Gyro
Hamburger
Hot dog
Hot pretzel
Ice cream
Kebab
Macaroni and cheese
Onion rings
Pancakes
Pasta
PB&J
Pizza
Salad
Sausage
Spaghetti
Taco
Waffles
Issues
Criticism of fast food
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So Awkward
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
So Awkward
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Julie Bower
Written by
Julie Bower
Mark Oswin
Bede Blake
Matt Brito
Anthony McMurray
Directed by
Rebecca Rycroft
Jordan Hogg
Ian Curtis
Starring
Cleo Demetriou
Sophia Dall'Aglio
Ameerah Falzon-Ojo
Jamie Flatters
Archie Lyndhurst
Carla Mendonça
Clive Rowe
Composer(s)
Samuel Karl Bohn
Country of origin
Britain
No. of series
3
No. of episodes
27
Production
Executive producer(s)
Alan Marke
Jim Reid
Sue Nott
Chris Rose
I
Producer(s)
Sally Martin
Editor(s)
Justin James
Lindsey Dillon-Massey
Running time
28 minutes
Production company(s)
Channel X
Release
Original network
CBBC
Picture format
16:9 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
21 May 2015 (2015-05-21) – Present
External links
www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/so-awkward
So Awkward is a sitcom series on CBBC. It stars Cleo Demetriou as Lily Hampton, Ameerah Falzon-Ojo as Jas (Jasmine) Salford, and Sophia Dall'aglio as Martha Fitzgerald. The thirteen-episode first series began on May 21, 2015, and finished on August 6, 2015. Another thirteen-episode series began on August 25, 2016 and ended on November 17, 2016, followed by a thirteen-episode third series - which began on August 31, 2017, and will end on December 7, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Episodes
3.1 Series 1 (2015)
3.2 Series 2 (2016)
3.3 Series 3 (2017)
4 References
5 External links
Plot
Filmed in Manchester, So Awkward is a TV series with three socially awkward 13 year old girls, Lily Hampton, Jas Salford and Martha Fitzgerald, trying to fit in at school and deal with day-to-day life at school, boys and parental dramas.
Cast
Cleo Demetriou as Lily Hampton
Ameerah Falzon-Ojo as Jasmine Salford[1]
Sophia Dall'aglio as Martha Fitzgerald
Samuel Small as Rob Edwards
Archie Lyndhurst as Ollie Coulton
Jamie Flatters as Matt Furnish[1]
Susan Earl as Mrs Griggs
Kay Purcell as Mrs Rennison
Alex Carter as Mr Jeff Malone
Laura Aikman as Miss Vicky Parfitt
Clive Rowe as Mr Salford
Carla Mendonça as Mrs Fitzgerald
Vicky Hall as Mrs Hampton
Flynn Horne as Jason Hampton
Episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21) August 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)
2 13 August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25) November 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)
3 15 August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31) December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
Series 1 (2015)
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date[2]
1
1 "Parentology" Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 21 May 2015 (2015-05-21)
Martha feels abandoned by her workaholic mother, so she tries to get into trouble at school to be noticed, with the help of Jas. Unfortunately, this is not as easy as it seems. When her mum realises that Martha is feeling abandoned she tries to fix it, but Martha realises that she would rather have her workaholic mother the way she was before. Meanwhile, Lily is tired of her mother knitting her embarrassing jumpers and asking her if she has a boyfriend. She gives up and pretends that Ollie is her boyfriend, with disastrous results
2
2 "Friendundancy" Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 21 May 2015 (2015-05-21)
Mufti Day is arriving, and Lily doesn't want to wear one of Jas' quirky and weird outfits again. She runs into Natasha Jones, and accidentally suggests they all wear yellow, and ends up trying to change between Jas' and Natasha's outfits. She finally gives up when she forgets that Jas had transferred into her Art class the week before. Lily embraces Jas' zombie idea, and they end up setting a cool trend. Meanwhile Martha turns into a Goth, and Ollie decides that due to his fear of clothes he can't take the girls talking about clothes any more. Ollie gives the girls a 'friendundancy' form to sign.
3
3 "A Minus" Jordan Hogg Bede Blake 28 May 2015 (2015-05-28)
Martha is mortified when she gets an A- on her test, so she revises so much that she begins to faint all over the place. Mrs. Griggs gets worried about her, so she decides to make Matt her 'fun' tutor. At first Martha is annoyed, but she soon learns that she can have fun, and she helps get Matt's grades up. Lily is jealous that Martha is spending so much with Matt, and Ollie is jealous that Martha is always with Matt, so Jas comes up with a plan to put them together.
4
4 "The Nox Factor" Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 4 June 2015 (2015-06-04)
Martha's mum buys three tickets to a science talk hosted by a famous scientist, Dr. Nox. Lily and Jas both fancy him, so they compete at being a better friend so Martha will take them. In the end, Martha goes to ask Mrs. Griggs who she should pick. After failing to convince Martha to take her, Mrs. Griggs confiscates the tickets, but accidentally leaves them in a book which she later returns to the library. Meanwhile, Ollie wants to prove to everyone else that he is better than Dr. Nox, with Matt's help.
5
5 "Mr. Sicky Bear" Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 11 June 2015 (2015-06-11)
Jas really wants to be Juliet in the play in assembly, but catches a cold. She accidentally passes the cold on to Martha and they both have to take a few days off. Martha stays at Jas' house. When she gets there though, she discovers Jas' house is a mess and spends ages cleaning. She also washes a teddy that Jas' dad uses to cheer up Jas when she is sick, which deeply upsets Jas and her dad. Meanwhile, because Jas is sick, Ollie really wants Lily to be Juliet in the play. However, she doesn't want to betray Jas even though Romeo is Matt Furnish, her crush.
6
6 "Love Machine" Jordan Hogg Bede Blake 18 June 2015 (2015-06-18)
Lily is worried that she and Matt might not be compatible, so Jas adapts some plant compatibility software, which tells you how compatible you are with someone, or who your perfect match is from the entire school database. When Lily finds out that she and Matt are 97% compatible, she becomes worried and tries to figure out what the 3 percent is. When Jas enters Mrs. Griggs into the software, she is horrified to find out that the perfect match is her own father! She becomes worried when Mrs. Griggs gives her a letter to give to her dad, and hides it thinking that it was a date offer. However, when Lily has the same envelope, Jas finds out that it was just a request to help out at the school fair.
7
7 "Library vs. Tree" Rebecca Ryworth Mark Oswin 25 June 2015 (2015-06-25)
Martha is campaigning to get a new library built, but when campaigning works, they find out that Jas' favourite tree would have to be cut down. A fierce battle between Martha and Jas and their parents ensues. When it is all over they find that plans for the library have been cancelled, but then find out that the tree will still be cut down for a new sports centre.
8
8 "Space Over" Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 2 July 2015 (2015-07-02)
When Lily finds out that Matt is going out with a girl called Greta Masters, she becomes very upset. Jas organises a sleepover to cheer her up, but Martha is upset because a rare comet sighting is on the same night. She attempts to sneak Ollie into the attic of Lily's house so that they can see the comet.
9
9 "Fitzgerald vs Fitzgerald" Jordan Hogg Matt Brito 9 July 2015 (2015-07-09)
When the Careers advisor suggests that Martha cannot become a human rights lawyer and that she should aim lower, she campaigns against her mother to bring back the schools vending machine because Jas cannot focus without the chocolate from it. She is nearly beaten, but proves that her mother didn't sign it. Because Martha's mother used her signature stamp, it wasn't a legal document.
10
10 "Rox My World" Rebbeca Rycroft Bede Blake 16 July 2015 (2015-07-16)
The girls have teamed up to enter a National Young Inventors competition. Lily and Martha fall out when Lily leaves the team to join Matt's team, and Martha replaces Lily with super-geek Roxanne Bunce. Roxanne has recently returned from a science exchange programme in France, and during that time she has undergone a major transformation - the super-geek has become super-cool, now calling herself Roxy. Matt Furnish falls head-over-heels for Roxy and comes to Lily for advice on how to impress her. Lily ends up giving the boy she likes lessons in how to chat up another girl. Meanwhile, Lily doesn't realise Jas in turn has been advising Roxy on how to secure Matt as a boyfriend.
11
11 "Good Girls" Rebecca Rycroft Mark Oswin 30 July 2015 (2015-07-30)
When Lily loses her tie, she is encouraged unwittingly to 'steal' a tie by an older pupil whom she helped earlier. Meanwhile, Martha is called a snitch and denies this.
12
12 "Everyone Loves Clementine" Rebecca Rycroft Matt Brito 30 July 2015 (2015-07-30)
Lily borrows books from the library and leaves them on top of a car while she ties her shoe laces but the trouble starts when the car drives off with them. The books were due back that day and as Lily doesn't want to get banned from the library she makes up Clementine to say that Clementine lost the books so Jas tries to make Clementine as convincing as possible, but even more trouble is about to happen when she get carried away.
13
13 "Pouncing Tigers" Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 6 August 2015 (2015-08-06)
Series 2 (2016)
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
14
1 "Dinner Date" Ian Curtis[3] Anthony McMurray[3] 25 August 2016 (2016-08-25)[4]
Lily invites Matt round for dinner, but things don't go as planned. Meanwhile Martha's obsession with emulating her idol makes Ollie jealous.
15
2 "PSHE Hee Hee" Ian Curtis[5] Anthony McMurray[5] 1 September 2016 (2016-09-01)[6]
Martha fears Mr Malone is not teaching PHSE well enough, so is worried that she will fail, while Lily is worried that she can't make Matt laugh.
16
3 "Locustium Insectium" Ian Curtis[7] Julie Bower[7] 8 September 2016 (2016-09-08)[8]
Jas looks after the school locusts and becomes devoted to them; Lily's attempts to cover up the locusts' escape from her rapidly get out of hand. Meanwhile, Martha and Ollie get preoccupied by their competing phone apps.
17
4 "The Kiss" Ian Curtis[9] Lucy Guy[9] 15 September 2016 (2016-09-15)[10]
Lily is determined to kiss Matt to prove they really are boyfriend and girlfriend, Martha and Ollie do a project on the transfer of germs, and Mr Malone suspects Mrs Griggs is flirting with him.
18
5 "Slang Gang" Ian Curtis[11] Anthony MacMurray[11] 22 September 2016 (2016-09-22)[12]
Martha and Ollie build a slang generator machine to help them come up with a cool slogan for the school graffiti wall. Meanwhile, Jas tries to track down the inventor of a new slang word going round the school and Lily wonders what's in Matt's diary.
19
6 "Girls & Boys" Ian Curtis[13] Adam G Goodwin and Jonathan Parkyn[13] 29 September 2016 (2016-09-29)[14]
The girls are mistaken for boys when dressing up for drama, and Lily keeps up the pretense in order to get closer to Matt. Ollie, without his contact lenses and trying to avoid wearing his old glasses, strikes up a friendship with Lily's alter ego 'Liam'.
20
7 "BFF" Ian Curtis[15] Matt Brito[15] 6 October 2016 (2016-10-06)[16]
When Mrs Hampton volunteers to help out at the upcoming food festival at school Lily worries that her mother is going to embarrass her, but when Jas tries to help it only leads to jealousy. Meanwhile, Martha becomes an accidental rebel and risks her place on the chess team.
21
8 "Race To The Bottom" Jordan Hogg Mark Oswin 13 October 2016 (2016-10-13)
22
9 "Party Clause" Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 20 October 2016 (2016-10-20)
23
10 "What Would Emmeline Do" Jordan Hogg Lucy Guy 27 October 2016 (2016-10-27)
24
11 "The Salford Curse" Jordan Hogg Jonathan Parkyn and Adam G Goodwin 3 November 2016 (2016-11-03)
Ollie and Martha feel that Cassie and Maxwell are trying to replace them as they are copying what Ollie and Martha do but better so they feel as they have to stop Cassie and Maxwell by sabotaging their lemonade stand, meanwhile Keith Salford is coaching the school hockey team and is relying on Jas to not get distracted and stop the other team from scoring but gets nervous when she believes she is under a curse . Lily is not apart of any of these things and feels as if she has just lost her friends so she tries to get them to notice how great friends they were and how it would be great if they were still friends.
25
12 "Eye Contact" Jordan Hogg Holly Phillips 10 November 2016 (2016-11-10)
26
13 "Totes Emosh" Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)
Martha is troubled when she's the only one who hasn't cried in assembly meaning she has to find a way to get the different feelings which make her cry if she wants to change the world, meanwhile Matt wants to audition for a school band with another popular girl which makes lily jealous. Matt doesn't get the place in the band but still wants to perform so he decides to perform in front of the school but when he loses his voice he needs Lily's help. Lily ends up singing the song which leads into Matt and Lily becoming a couple.
Series 3 (2017)
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series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
27
1 "The Two Mrs. Hamptons" Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)
Lily realises she's turning out to be just like her mum. When she discovers her mum's school grades suddenly dropped from straight As to Cs and Ds the year she got her first boyfriend, Lily is desperate to avoid the same thing happening to her now she's officially going out with Rob. She tries different strategies - hanging out with younger kids Cassie and Maxwell to keep herself young and planning an educational Saturday afternoon out with Rob rather than going trainer shopping. None of her strategies work.
Meanwhile Rufus, who has a big crush on Martha, is helping her with her conversational Spanish. When Rufus asks Martha out and she says no he figures she must already have a boyfriend and guesses it's Ollie. Uncomfortable with the situation, yet anxious still to keep Rufus as her tutor, Martha decides to pretend she is actually going out with Ollie.
28
2 "Ms Perfect" Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 7 September 2017 (2017-09-07)
History teacher Mr Malone is jealous when new geography teacher Ms Parfitt arrives on the scene and all the pupils are excited about how brilliant a teacher she is. When it's announced there is not enough money to fund both a geography and history field trip and the most popular trip will be the one that gets the funding, both teachers go head to head in a fierce competition to get their field trip chosen. Dirty tactics are employed by Mr Malone - he steals Ms Parfitt's coffee supply, so she's super-sleepy and unable to teach and tries to find out how she produces real smoke from her model volcano in class - almost getting himself blown up in the process.
Meanwhile, Lily is complaining Rob is too 'boy' - she finds his boisterousness and burping gross and decides to give him a dose of his own medicine. It backfires - she eats disgustingly in his presence intending to shock him, but he doesn't even notice. By contrast, Ollie is sick of being treated by the others as one of the girls and Rob agrees to teach Ollie to be more 'boy'.
29
3 "Science Chic" TBA TBA 14 September 2017 (2017-09-14)
A business studies competition is announced at school, and both Lily and Martha desperately want to be project manager. Lily thinks she would be the best candidate because the task is to organise a fashion show and she is more creative. Martha wants to be project manager so she gets to meet her business hero Sir Adam Salt. It is decided the role will go to the one who can come up with the best outfit design. Lily is confident she will win, but against the odds Martha wins with her 'lab coat' design.
Martha gets carried away and turns into a true fashionista. Lily is upset that Martha has taken over her natural role, and Martha in turn is jealous when she discovers Lily and Ollie happily working on the spreadsheet. To add insult to injury, Martha's mother tries to muscle in and redesign the collection.Meanwhile, when Jas accidentally wrecks the shelves in Mrs Rennison's office, Mr Salford is roped into repairing them. Jas mistakenly thinks her dad is a DIY expert - he is actually hopeless but has never had the heart to tell Jas.
30
4 "A Room of Her Own" TBA TBA 21 September 2017 (2017-09-21)
Lily decides her bedroom is babyish and needs a makeover to reflect the fact she is now a sophisticated teen. So Lily and her mum decide to donate all her old toys to the upcoming school charity auction. Jas and Lily's mum secretly plan to redecorate her room as a surprise when Lily is out. Meanwhile in Life Lessons class Martha and Ollie volunteer to be parents to a new 'baby app', thinking it'll be an easy task. Utterly defeated by the baby app's constant crying and demands they palm 'baby' off on Cassie and Maxwell, who in turn are soon at their wits' end.
31
5 "Never the Bridsemaid, Never the Bride" TBA TBA 28 September 2017 (2017-09-28)
Jas is asked to be a bridesmaid and is worried about being too clumsy to pull it off. Lily suggests staging a mock wedding so Jas can have a rehearsal - with herself and Rob as the bride and groom! Lily goes all Bridezilla. As she plans the big day she gets so carried away that she actually has no time for Rob and snubs him, just when he's ready to take their relationship to the next level and ask Lily on a romantic meal out.
Meanwhile, Mr Salford has been asked to make a presentation to become the area youth hockey rep. Terrified of public speaking, he gets Mrs Griggs to help him. Mrs Griggs declares he must make a speech at the fake wedding.
32
6 "Fly Me to the Moon" TBA TBA 5 October 2017 (2017-10-05)
No-one wants to be Jas' partner for Experiment Friday, as her science projects are always too crazy and ambitious - meaning she gets really low marks. However, first Rufus is roped in to 'Team Jas' and then Ollie and Rob. Jas calls Ollie and Rob to the art room and when they get there it's all in darkness, until the lights suddenly come on and Jas and Rufus announce from the control room next door 'You're going to the moon!'. She has transformed the art room into a spaceship to conduct an experiment into how teenage boys deal with being cooped up together on a long space voyage.
Meanwhile, Lily and Martha have been paired with Cassie and Maxwell for Experiment Friday. Lily is fretting that she and Rob are obviously incompatible as he hates her favourite naturalist Steve Batchelor and Cassie and Maxwell decide to 'study' Lily as part of their science project, researching teen relationship issues.
33
7 "Hormone Horror" TBA TBA 12 October 2017 (2017-10-12)
Martha starts acting oddly, getting emotional and over-reacting to things. She's horrified to realise that her hormones are kicking in. Lily sympathises - she feels the same. Jas isn't feeling any effects from her hormones but, not wanting to feel left out, decides to fake it. Faced with two seemingly hormonal teenagers, Mrs Fitzgerald and Mr Salford join forces to address their problem. Deciding that exercise is a great antidote, they try to encourage Jas and Martha to join the new street dance class Ms Parfitt is running.
Meanwhile, Mrs Griggs wants to be best friends with Ms Parfitt and thinks Ms Parfitt's street dance class is the perfect opportunity to impress her.
34
8 TBA TBA TBA 19 October 2017 (2017-10-19)
Martha and Ollie throw Cassie and Maxwell off the maths team, desperate not to be outshone as they were last year by the lightning-fast buzzer technique of the younger pair. Outraged, Cassie and Maxwell vow to fight for their rightful places on the team.
After what he considers a near-death experience stranded up a ladder, Alfie is determined to compile and complete a 'bucket list' before it's too late. Jas thinks she's helping him by encouraging him to do the scariest things she can think of, but poor Alfie becomes increasingly traumatised. Jas realises that she really needs to help him achieve his own personal goal - spending time with Martha!
Meanwhile, Rob has to attend a History Catch-Up Club run by Mr Malone. Lily is frustrated, as she's hardly getting to see Rob at all and Ms Parfitt is jealous of the club's popularity.
35
9 TBA TBA TBA 26 October 2017 (2017-10-26)
36
10 TBA TBA TBA 2 November 2017 (2017-11-02)
37
11 TBA TBA TBA 9 November 2017 (2017-11-09)
38
12 TBA TBA TBA 16 November 2017 (2017-11-16)
39
13 TBA TBA TBA 23 November 2017 (2017-11-23)
40
14 TBA TBA TBA 30 November 2017 (2017-11-30)
41
15 TBA TBA TBA 7 December 2017 (2017-12-07)
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Forecast students to star in new CBBC Sitcom". Forecast Academy. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Next Step — Episode Guide". Zap2it. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 Dinner Date Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 1. Dinner Date". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 PSHE Hee Hee Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 2. PSHE Hee Hee". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 Locustium Insectium Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 3. Locustium Insectium". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 The Kiss Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 4. The Kiss". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 Slang Gang Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 5. Slang Gang". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 Girls & Boys Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 6. Girls & Boys". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2 BFF Credits". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "So Awkward Series 2: 7. BFF". BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
External links
So Awkward - CBBC Online
So Awkward on IMDb
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Rachel Crow
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This article is about the singer. For her eponymous extended play, see Rachel Crow (EP).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rachel Crow
Crow in 2016
Background information
Birth name
Rachel Kelly Crow
Born
(1998-01-23) January 23, 1998 (age 19)
Mead, Colorado, United States
Genres
Pop
R&B
soul
Occupation(s)
Singer
actress
comedian
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
2011–present
Labels
Syco
Columbia
Nickelodeon
S-Curve
Website
www.rachelcrowofficial.com
Rachel Kelly Crow[1] (born January 23, 1998) is an American singer, comedian, and actress. Born in Mead, Colorado, she participated in the first season of the American version of The X Factor in 2011, where she finished in fifth place.[2] Following her elimination, she contacted Walt Disney for possible roles in future Disney productions.[3] This resulted in her starring in multiple television shows and movies, including BrainSurge, Inside Edition, Big Time Rush, Figure It Out, The Wendy Williams Show and Fred: The Show.[4] Crow released her first and eponymous extended play (EP) in June 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 2011: The X Factor
1.2 2012-present: Music debut
2 Television and acting career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Discography
4.1 Extended plays
4.2 Singles
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
2011: The X Factor[edit]
Crow auditioned for the first first season of the US version of The X Factor in 2011 with the song "Mercy" (2008) by Duffy. She reached the live shows and finished in fifth place overall.[5]
[show]The X Factor performances and results
Episode
Theme
Order
Song
Original artist
Result
Audition
Auditioner's Choice N/A "Mercy" Duffy Through to Bootcamp
Bootcamp 1
Group Performance 1 "Who You Are" Jessie J Advanced
Bootcamp 2
Group Performance 2 "I Have Nothing" Whitney Houston Advanced
Bootcamp 3
Solo Performance "If I Were a Boy" Beyoncé Through to Judges' Houses
Judges' houses
Free Choice "I Want It That Way" Backstreet Boys Through to Live Shows
Week 1
14 "Baby"/"Where Did Our Love Go" Justin Bieber / The Supremes Saved by Simon Cowell
Week 2
Judge's Choice 4 "Walking on Sunshine" Katrina and the Waves Safe (2nd)
Week 3
Songs from movies 11 "I'd Rather Go Blind" Etta James Safe (1st)
Week 4
Rock 2 "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" The Rolling Stones Safe (1st)
Week 5
Giving Thanks 1 "I Believe" Yolanda Adams Safe (3rd)
Week 6
Songs by Michael Jackson 4 "Can You Feel It" The Jacksons Safe (2nd)
Week 7
Dance music hits 3 "Nothin' on You" B.o.B / Bruno Mars Bottom two
Save me songs 8 "Music and Me" Michael Jackson
Final Showdown (Week 7)
Free Choice 2 "I'd Rather Go Blind" Etta James Eliminated by Deadlock (5th)
2012-present: Music debut[edit]
In February 2012, it was announced that Crow signed a music deal with Columbia Records and a television deal with Nickelodeon for her own show.[6] She was also featured on Big Time Rush's Summer Tour 2012 along with Cody Simpson, and starred on a two-part episode of Fred: The Show.
In June, 2012, Crow announced via Twitter that she would be releasing a five-song EP, featuring one song co-written by Crow herself.[7] She later announced via her website that it would be released on June 26, 2012 and would be self-titled. The lead single is "Mean Girls," which Crow co-wrote with Toby Gad. Gad also produced the song. The four other songs are "Rock With You" featuring rapper Mann, "Lemonade," "My Kind of Wonderful" and "What A Song Can Do." She has also worked with producer Jonas Jeberg, who has worked with singers such as The Wanted.[8]
In his review of 'Mean Girls', The Re-View complimented Crow's "intelligence and aspirations" and finished his article saying of the singer: "I don't doubt that her vocal ability to out-diva some of the best singers will lead to even greater things in the future."[9]
In September 2017, she was picked as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month and was featured on NBC's Today show and broadcast nationally where she performed live her single "Dime".
Television and acting career[edit]
Rachel Crow appeared on a few Nickelodeon shows such as Fred: The Show, Figure It Out, and Big Time Rush, she even signed a deal with Nickelodeon for her own Musical-Comedy.[10] "We are in the early stages now," Crow told The New York Post. "I want it to be definitely very 'Rachel.' Something that shows who I am and who I want to be.” she continued, in the aforementioned interview.[11] Crow said that, if she could have any guest star on her show, it would be Eminem; she also said she has also always wanted to duet with him.[10]
Crow had a recurring role as Starr on the Nickelodeon series Fred: The Show. Crow voiced Carla in the film Rio 2, which was released in 2014. Crow also provides the voice of Gratuity "Tip" Tucci on the Netflix cartoon, Home: Adventures of Tip and Oh.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2014 Rio 2 Carla Voice
2015 Invisible Sister Nikki
2017 Deidra & Laney Rob a Train Laney Netflix movie
2018 Bumblebee Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Three Wise Guys Girl Uncredited
2006 In from the Night Little Girl in Doctors Office Uncredited
2010 Pizza & Karaoke Darla TV Movie
2011 BrainSurge Herself Contestant
The X Factor USA Contestant
2012 Arthur Ashe Kids' Day 2012
Big Time Rush Winnie Episode: "Bel Air Rush"
Fred: The Show Starr Recurring role; 8 episodes
2013 The Office Gabriella Episode: "A.A.R.M."
Figure It Out Herself 6 episodes
2016–present Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh Tip (voice) 26 episodes
Discography[edit]
Extended plays[edit]
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
US
Heat
[12]
Rachel Crow
Release date: June 26, 2012
Label: Syco Music/Columbia Records
Formats: Digital download
14
Singles[edit]
"Mean Girls" (2012)
"Dime" (2017)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Twitter / iamrachelcrow: @CassidyCrow kelly". En.twitter.com. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Crow". Buddy TV December 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Benson, Kirstin (December 12, 2011). "Rachel Crow Is ‘Perfect’ For Disney — Casting Director & Talent Manager Agree". hollywoodlife.com. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Silberman, Lindsay (February 22, 2012). "X Factor Finalist Rachel Crow Lands Nickelodeon Series". TV Guide. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Sarah (December 13, 2011). "Touchy subject? X Factor USA judge Paula Abdul storms off Jimmy Kimmel after being grilled over her role in Rachel Crow's elimination". Daily Mail. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Crow Talks Up 'Amazing' Post-'X Factor' Career". MTV. February 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Crow: EP In June « Dream Magazine". Thedreamagazine.com. 2012-05-18. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
Jump up ^ "RACHEL CROW TO RELEASE SELF-TITLED EP ON COLUMBIA RECORDS/SYCO AVAILABLE JUNE 26 | The Official Rachel Crow Site". Rachelcrowofficial.com. 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Crow debuts official music video for 'Mean Girls'".
^ Jump up to: a b 03/09/2012 21:21:12 (2012-03-12). "Rachel Crow Wants Eminem On Her Nickelodeon Show - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV.com. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Crow to Star on Nickelodeon Series". The Hollywood Gossip. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/1493299/rachel-crow/chart
External links[edit]
Rachel Crow on X Factor
Rachel Crow on IMDb
Rachel Crow Discography (in Polish)
Rachel Crow Rachel Crow (in English)
[show]
v
t
e
Notable contestants of The X Factor (U.S.)
Season 1
Melanie Amaro
Josh Krajcik
Chris Rene
Marcus Canty
Rachel Crow
Astro
LeRoy Bell
Hayley Orrantia
Stacy Francis
Simone Battle
Christa Collins
Season 2
Tate Stevens
Carly Rose Sonenclar
Fifth Harmony
Emblem3
Diamond White
Beatrice Miller
Season 3
Alex & Sierra
Jeff Gutt
Carlito Olivero
Ellona Santiago
Josh Levi
Lillie McCloud
Rachel Potter
Forever in Your Mind
Jamie Pineda
[show]
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 308181089
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MusicBrainz: c2dc6936-5d1d-4884-90c7-0c6ccc3058f0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Crow&oldid=807090567"
Categories:
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