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Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America)
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For history regarding merit badge types, see History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America).
Merit badges
Fish and Wildlife Management merit badge
Owner
Boy Scouts of America
Created
1911
Scouting portal
Merit badges are awards earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on activities within the area of study by completing a list of periodically updated requirements.[1] The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to examine subjects to determine if they would like to further pursue them as a career or vocation. Originally, the program also introduced Scouts to the life skills of contacting an adult they hadn't met before, arranging a meeting and then demonstrating their skills, similar to a job or college interview. Increasingly, though, merit badges are earned in a class setting at troop meetings and summer camps.[2] Each merit badge has a pamphlet (booklet) published by the Boy Scouts of America associated with it; the pamphlet contains information on completing the requirements for the badge. Scouts must meet up with their Scoutmaster to receive a signed blue card in order to begin working on a merit badge. The Scout then contacts an adult who is registered as a counselor for that merit badge in order to learn which badge requirements they must complete before meeting up with the counselor. Once these requirements are completed, the Scout meets with the counselor to demonstrate that he's completed the requirements. The counselor then 'signs off' on each requirement. After completing the merit badge, the Scout can then buy his merit badge patch.[3]
The award of a merit badge is represented by circular patch with an image representing the badge's topic. The patches for the Eagle-required merit badges are distinguishable by the silver ring on the outside edge. Merit badges are displayed on a sash which can be worn with the Boy Scout uniform on formal occasions. Every year the National Council reviews and updates a certain number of merit badges. There are over 100 merit badges.
Scouting organizations in other countries issue or have issued merit badges, including Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Spain, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. Austria has a program similar to merit badges for certain age groups.
A sample merit badge sash: From left to right, starting at top; 1 Swimming, Mammal Study, Environmental Science; 2 Basketry, Wood Carving, Dog Care; 3 Wilderness Survival, Emergency Preparedness, Bird Study; 4 Public Speaking, Scholarship, Lawful; 5 Rifle Shooting, Archery, Metalwork; 6 Fish and Wildlife Management, Citizenship in the Nation, Orienteering; 7 Citizenship in the Community, Communications, Personal Management; 8 Soil and Water Conservation, Reptile Study, Lifesaving; 9 Forestry, Citizenship in the World, Safety
Contents
1 Required for Eagle Scout
2 Current badges
3 "Colleges"
4 Workbooks
5 Historical program
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Sources
8 External links
Required for Eagle Scout[edit]
The current requirements for Eagle Scout, the highest rank in Boy Scouting, involve earning 21 merit badges including 13 from this list[4]:
Camping
Citizenship in the Community
Citizenship in the Nation
Citizenship in the World
Communication
Cooking
Lifesaving or Emergency Preparedness
Environmental Science or Sustainability
Family Life
First Aid
Personal Fitness
Personal Management
Swimming, Hiking, or Cycling
Current badges[edit]
The last revision date indicates the date of the latest requirement changes; the copyright or printing dates of merit badge pamphlets may have a different date. The Eagle Scout required merit badges are shaded in gray (see above paragraph for details).[5]
Name
Created
Requirements
revision
Pamphlet
revision
Related subjects
American Business 1967 2002 2008 Business, Economy of the United States
American Cultures 1979 2005 2008 Ethnic groups in the United States
American Heritage 1975 2018 2019, 2020 History of the United States, Historic preservation
American Labor 1987 2006 2008 Trade unions
Animal Science 1975 2006 2008 Animal husbandry
Animation[6] 2015 2015 2015 Animation
Archaeology 1997 2008 2008 Archaeology
Archery 1911 2012 2008 Archery
Architecture 1911 2008 2008 Architecture
Art 1911 2006 2008 Art
Astronomy 1911 2013 2013 Astronomy
Athletics 1911 2006 2008 Track and field athletics
Automotive Maintenance 2008 2008 2012 Auto mechanics
Aviation 1952 2006 2008 Aviation
Backpacking 1982 2007 2008 Backpacking
Basketry 1927 2003 2008 Basket weaving
Bird Study 1914 2005 2008 Ornithology
Bugling 1911 2003 2008 Bugle
Camping 1911 2005 2008 Camping
Canoeing 1927 2004 2008 Canoeing
Chemistry 1911 2004 2008 Chemistry
Chess 2011 2011 2011 Chess
Citizenship in the Community 1952 2005 2013 Citizenship
Citizenship in the Nation 1951 2005 2008 Citizenship
Citizenship in the World 1972 2005 2008 Global citizenship
Climbing 1997 2006 2008 Climbing
Coin Collecting 1938 2008 2008 Coin collecting
Collections 1991 2008 2008 Collecting
Communication 1968 2003 2008 Communication
Composite Materials 2006 2006 2008 Composite materials
Cooking 1911 2016 2014 Cooking
Crime Prevention 1996 2005 2008 Crime prevention
Cycling 1911 2003 2008 Cycling
Dentistry 1975 2006 2008 Dentistry
Digital Technology 2014 2014 2014 Technology
Disabilities Awareness 1993 2005 2008 Disability
Dog Care 1938 2003 2008 Dogs
Drafting 1965 2008 2008 Technical drawing
Electricity 1911 2004 2008 Electricity
Electronics 1963 2004 2008 Electronics
Emergency Preparedness 1972 2008 2016 Emergency management
Energy 1976 2005 2008 Energy
Engineering 1967 2008 2008 Engineering
Entrepreneurship 1997 2006 2008 Entrepreneurship
Environmental Science 1972 2006 2008 Environmental science
Exploration 2017 2017 2017 Exploring
Family Life 1991 2005 2013 Family values
Farm Mechanics 1928 2008 2008 Agricultural machinery
Fingerprinting 1938 2003 2008 Fingerprinting
Fire Safety 1995 2004 2008 Fire safety
First Aid 1911 2007 2008 First aid
Fish and Wildlife Management 1972 2004 2008 Wildlife management
Fishing 1952 2002 2008 Fishing
Fly Fishing 2002 2002 2008 Fly fishing
Forestry 1911 2005 2008 Forestry
Game Design 2013 2013 2013 Game Design
Gardening 1911 2002 2008 Gardening
Genealogy 1972 2005 2008 Genealogy, Family history
Geocaching 2010 2010 2010 Geocaching
Geology 1953 2005 2008 Geology
Golf 1976 2002 2008 Golf
Graphic Arts 1987 2006 2008 Graphic design
Hiking 1921 2007 2008 Hiking
Home Repairs 1943 2002 2008 Home repairs
Horsemanship 1911 2011 2008 Equestrianism
Indian Lore 1931 2008 2008 Native American culture
Insect Study 1985 2008 2008 Entomology
Inventing[7] 2010 2010 2010 Invention
Journalism 1927 2006 2008 Journalism
Kayaking 2012 2012 2016 Kayaking
Landscape Architecture 1967 2008 2008 Landscape architecture
Law 1974 2003 2008 Law
Leatherwork 1951 2002 2008 Leather crafting
Lifesaving 1911 2008 2008 Lifeguarding
Mammal Study 1985 2003 2008 Zoology
Medicine 1991 2002 2008 Medicine
Metalwork 1927 2007 2008 Metalworking
Mining in Society 2014 2014 2014 Mining
Model Design and Building 1963 2003 2008 Scale models
Motorboating 1961 2008 2008 Motorboat
Moviemaking 2013 2013 2013 Filmmaking
Music 1911 2003 2008 Music
Nature 1952 2003 2008 Nature
Nuclear Science 2005 2011 2008 Nuclear physics
Oceanography 1964 2003 2008 Oceanography
Orienteering 1973 2003 2008 Orienteering
Painting 1911 2008 2008 Paint
Personal Fitness 1952 2006 2008 Physical fitness
Personal Management 1972 2003 2008 Personal finances, time management
Pets 1958 2003 2008 Pets
Photography 1911 2016 2015 Photography
Pioneering 1911 2006 2008 Pioneering
Plant Science 1974 2005 2008 Botany
Plumbing 1911 2004 2008 Plumbing
Pottery 1927 2008 2008 Pottery
Programming 2013 2013 2013 Computer programming
Public Health 1911 2005 2008 Public health
Public Speaking 1932 2002 2008 Public speaking
Pulp and Paper 1972 2006 2008 Pulp, Papermaking
Radio 1923 2008 2008 Radio
Railroading 1952 2003 2008 Rail transport
Reading 1929 2003 2008 Reading
Reptile and Amphibian Study 1993 2005 2008 Herpetology
Rifle Shooting 1988 2001 2008 Rifle, Shooting
Robotics 2011 2011 2011 Robotics
Rowing 1933 2006 2008 Rowing
Safety 1927 2006 2008 Safety
Salesmanship 1927 2003 2008 Sales
Scholarship 1911 2004 2008 Scholarship
Scouting Heritage 2010 2010 2010 History of the Boy Scouts of America
Scuba Diving 2009 2009 2009 Scuba Diving
Sculpture 1911 2007 2008 Sculpture
Search and Rescue 2012 2012 2012 Search and rescue
Shotgun Shooting 1988 2005 2008 Shotgun, shooting
Signs, Signals, and Codes 2015 2015 2015 Signs, signals, codes
Skating 1973 2005 2008 Ice skating, Roller skating
Small-Boat Sailing 1964 2004 2008 Sailing
Snow Sports 1999 2007 2008 Skiing, Snowboarding
Soil and Water Conservation 1952 2004 2008 Soil conservation, Water conservation
Space Exploration 1965 2004 2008 Space exploration
Sports 1972 2011 2008 Sports
Stamp Collecting 1932 2007 2008 Stamp collecting
Surveying 1911 2004 2008 Surveying
Sustainability 2013 2013 2013 Sustainability
Swimming 1911 2014 2008 Swimming
Textile 1973 2003 2008 Textiles
Theater 1967 2005 2008 Theatre
Traffic Safety 1975 2006 2008 Road traffic safety
Truck Transportation 1973 2005 2008 Truck driver
Veterinary Medicine 1995 2005 2008 Veterinary medicine
Water Sports 1969 2007 2008 Waterskiing
Weather 1927 2006 2008 Weather
Welding 2012 2012 2012 Welding
Whitewater 1987 2005 2008 Whitewater rafting
Wilderness Survival 1974 2007 2008 Wilderness, Survival skills
Wood Carving 1923 2006 2008 Wood carving
Woodwork 1923 2003 2008 Woodworking
"Colleges"[edit]
Merit badge colleges, which are also called fairs, weekends, midways, or jamborees, are events where several troops and counselors meet and focus on teaching merit badges. Larger events are held on college campuses.
Workbooks[edit]
Into the 1990s, a number of merit badge counselors developed worksheets as a way for Scouts to document their work. Counselors could teach to a group but still verify each Scout's progress. Today, worksheets have given way to workbooks with added graph paper, blank maps and diagrams, logs, charts, checklists, links, and other resources as needed.[8] Merit badge workbooks are used by counselors, summer camps, and merit badge colleges. Workbooks have also been developed for ranks, Cub Scout belt loops, and Webelos activity pins.
Historical program[edit]
Offered only in 2010, The Historical Merit Badge program, part of the Boy Scouts of America centennial, allowed Scouts to earn the discontinued Carpentry, Pathfinding, Signalling, and Tracking (originally called Stalking) merit badges. The patches for these historical merit badges are distinguished by a gold ring on the outside edge. All were based on merit badges that were among the original 57 issued in 1911.[9][10]
See also[edit]
Discontinued merit badges (Boy Scouts of America)
History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America)
Original 57 merit badges (Boy Scouts of America)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Merit Badges – Boy Scouts of America". www.scouting.org.
Jump up ^ "Merit Badge Day - MeritBadgeDotOrg". meritbadge.org.
Jump up ^ "USSSP: Merit Badges". www.usscouts.org.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Rank Requirements" (PDF). scouting.org.
Jump up ^ "Merit Badge Requirements". US Scouts.org Advancement section. Retrieved February 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Boy Scouts of America Introduces Animation Merit Badge". PR Newswire. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boy Scouts and Lemelson-MIT Program introduce Inventing merit badge". Scouting. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Merit Badge Requirements". www.usscouts.org.
Jump up ^ "Historical merit badges help Boy Scouts celebrate Scouting's past". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. January 12, 2010. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Historic Signaling Merit Badge". www.usscouts.org.
Sources[edit]
"Merit Badge Library". Boy Scout Requirements. Boy Scouts of America. June 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
"Current Merit Badge Pamphlet and Merit Badge Requirement Revision Dates". U.S. Scouting Service Project. June 5, 2007. Archived from the original on 2000-10-03. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
Steve Henning (July 20, 1999). "Merit Badges, Past and Present". Henning's Scouters' Pages. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America).
"Introduction to Merit Badges". Boy Scouts of America.
"MeritBadge.org".
"Merit Badges". U.S. Scouting Service Project.
"IEEE emeritbadges.org". IEEE.
"Merit Badge reference". Trail To Eagle.
Badge Program: Boy Scouts of America at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Scouting: Collectibles: Virtual Collections: Badges and Patches at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Yucatán Peninsula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the peninsula. For other uses, see Yucatán (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Yucatán Peninsula
Satellite image of the Yucatán Peninsula
Geography
Location
North America
Coordinates
18°50′42″N 89°07′32″W / 18.84500°N 89.12556°W / 18.84500; -89.12556Coordinates: 18°50′42″N 89°07′32″W / 18.84500°N 89.12556°W / 18.84500; -89.12556
Adjacent bodies of water
Gulf of Mexico
The Yucatán Peninsula (/ˌjuːkəˈtɑːn/; Spanish: Península de Yucatán), in southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern coastline on the Yucatán Channel. The peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic partition separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America. It is approximately 181,000 km2 (70,000 sq mi) in area, and is almost entirely composed of limestone.[1][2]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-human
2.2 Maya
2.3 Spanish conquest
3 Current administration
4 Economy
5 Geology
6 Water resources
7 Flora and fauna
7.1 Vegetation
7.2 Fauna
8 Climate
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
The proper derivation of the word Yucatán is widely debated. Hernán Cortés, in the first of his letters to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, claimed that the name Yucatán comes from a misunderstanding. In this telling, the first Spanish explorers asked what the area was called and the response they received, "Yucatan", was a Yucatec Maya word meaning "I don't understand what you're saying."[3][4] Others claim that the source of the name is the Nahuatl (Aztec) word Yocatlān, "place of richness."[citation needed]
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)
Pre-human[edit]
The Yucatán Peninsula is the site of the Chicxulub crater impact, which was created 66 million years ago by an asteroid of about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 miles) in diameter at the end of the Cretaceous Period.[5]
Maya[edit]
Main article: Maya civilization
Relief map of the Yucatán Peninsula showing major Mayan archeological sites.
The Yucatán Peninsula comprises a significant proportion of the ancient Maya Lowlands (although the Maya culture extended south of the Yucatán Peninsula, through present Guatemala and into Honduras and highland Chiapas), and was the center of the Mayan civilization.[2] There are many Maya archaeological sites throughout the peninsula; some of the better-known are Chichen Itza, Tulum and Uxmal.[6] Indigenous Maya and Mestizos of partial Maya descent make up a sizable portion of the region's population, and Mayan languages are widely spoken there.
Spanish conquest[edit]
Main article: Spanish conquest of Yucatán
Current administration[edit]
The peninsula comprises the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo, as well as large parts of Belize and Guatemala's Petén Department.[7]
Economy[edit]
Cantarell
In the late historic and early modern eras, the Yucatán Peninsula was largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production area. Since the 1970s (and the fall of the world henequen and chicle markets due to the advent of synthetic substitutes), the Yucatán Peninsula has reoriented its economy towards tourism, especially in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Once a small fishing village, Cancún in the northeast of the peninsula has grown into a thriving city. The Riviera Maya, which stretches along the east coast of the peninsula between Cancún and Tulum, houses over 50,000 beds. The best-known locations are the former fishing town of Playa del Carmen, the ecological parks Xcaret and Xel-Há and the Maya ruins of Tulum and Coba.
Geology[edit]
Sediment off the Yucatán Peninsula.
The peninsula is the exposed portion of the larger Yucatán Platform, all of which is composed of carbonate and soluble rocks, being mostly limestone although dolomite and evaporites are also present at various depths. The whole of the Yucatán Peninsula is an unconfined flat lying karst landscape.[2] Sinkholes, known locally as cenotes, are widespread in the northern lowlands.
According to the Alvarez hypothesis, the mass extinction of the dinosaurs at the transition from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene Period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary), 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid impact somewhere in the greater Caribbean Basin. The deeply buried Chicxulub crater is centered off the north coast of the peninsula near the town of Chicxulub. The now-famous "Ring of Cenotes" (visible in NASA imagery) outlines one of the shock-waves from this impact event in the rock of ~66 million years of age, which lies more than 1 km below the modern ground surface near the centre, with the rock above the impact strata all being younger in age. The presence of the crater has been determined first on the surface from the Ring of Cenotes, but also by geophysical methods, and direct drilling with recovery of the drill cores.
The Arrowsmith Bank is a submerged bank located off the northeastern end of the peninsula.[8]
Water resources[edit]
Due to the extreme karst nature of the whole peninsula, the northern half is devoid of rivers. Where lakes and swamps are present, the water is marshy and generally unpotable. Due to its coastal situation, the whole of the peninsula is underlain by an extensive contiguous density stratified coastal aquifer, where a fresh water lens formed from meteoric water floats on top of intruding saline water from the coastal margins. The thousands of sinkholes known as cenotes throughout the region provide access to the groundwater system. The cenotes have long been relied on by ancient and contemporary Maya people.[2][9]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Vegetation[edit]
Short and tall tropical jungles are the predominant natural vegetation types of the Yucatán Peninsula. The boundaries between northern Guatemala (El Petén), Mexico (Campeche and Quintana Roo), and western Belize are still occupied by the largest continuous tracts of tropical rainforest in Central America. However, these forests are suffering extensive deforestation.[2]
Fauna[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016)
Climate[edit]
Like much of the Caribbean, the peninsula lies within the Atlantic Hurricane Belt, and with its almost uniformly flat terrain it is vulnerable to these large storms coming from the east. The 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a particularly bad season for Mexico's tourism industry, with two forceful category 5 storms hitting, Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Wilma. The 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a typical year which left the Yucatán untouched, but in the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane season Yucatán was hit by Hurricane Dean (also a category 5 storm), nevertheless Dean left little damage on the peninsula despite heavy localized flooding.
Strong storms called nortes can quickly descend on the Yucatán Peninsula any time of year. Although these storms pummel the area with heavy rains and high winds, they tend to be short-lived, clearing after about an hour. The average percentage of days with rain per month ranges from a monthly low of 7% in April to a high of 25% in October. Breezes can have a cooling effect, humidity is generally high, particularly in the remaining rainforest areas.[10]
See also[edit]
Jaguar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McColl, R. W. (2005). Encyclopedia of World Geography. New York: Facts On File. pp. 1002–1003. ISBN 0816057869.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 420. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
Jump up ^ Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortés al emperador Carlos V (in Spanish). Paris: A. Chaix y ca. 1866. p. 1 footnote 2. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Ibero-American Electronic Text Series: Primera Carta de Relación, PREÁMBULO" (in Spanish). Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 1945. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ P. R. Renne, 2013 Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous ... - NCBI
Jump up ^ "Yucatan map".
Jump up ^ "Yucatán Peninsula". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Arrowsmith Bank, Undersea Features - Geographical Names
Jump up ^ BBC: Planet Earth, part 4: Caves.
Jump up ^ [1]
Juan Luis Pena Chapa, Manuel Martin Castillo, and Juan Carlos Gonzalez Avila, The Performance of the Economy of the Yucatan Peninsula from 1970–1993 [3]
Marcio L. Teixeira,The Impact of the Geologic History of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Present Day Aquifer,2004 [4]
Angelo Heilprin,Observations on the Flora of Northern Yucatan [5]
External links[edit]
Media related to Yucatán Peninsula at Wikimedia Commons
Yucatán Peninsula travel guide from Wikivoyage
hide
Places adjacent to Yucatán Peninsula
Texas
Tamaulipas
Gulf of Mexico Mississippi • Alabama
Louisiana
Gulf of Mexico Florida
Cuba
Gulf of Mexico
Veracruz
Gulf of Mexico
Yucatán Peninsula
Jamaica
Caribbean Sea
Tabasco
Chiapas Guatemala • Belize Caribbean Sea
Honduras
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4067232-3
VIAF: 244988556
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yucatán_Peninsula&oldid=853836955"
Categories:
Yucatán Peninsula
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