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Judicial independence
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Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government. That is, courts should not be subject to improper influence from the other branches of government, or from private or partisan interests. Judicial Independence is vital and important to the idea of separation of powers.
Different countries deal with the idea of judicial independence through different means of judicial selection, or choosing judges. One way to promote judicial independence is by granting life tenure or long tenure for judges, which ideally frees them to decide cases and make rulings according to the rule of law and judicial discretion, even if those decisions are politically unpopular or opposed by powerful interests. This concept can be traced back to 18th century England.
In some countries, the ability of the judiciary to check the legislature is enhanced by the power of judicial review. This power can be used, for example, by mandating certain action when the judiciary perceives that a branch of government is refusing to perform a constitutional duty, or by declaring laws passed by the legislature unconstitutional.
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic basis
2 Development of the concept
2.1 National and international developments
2.2 International standards
2.3 The justice system
3 Canada
4 Hong Kong
5 United Kingdom
5.1 England and Wales
5.1.1 History
5.1.2 Contemporary usage
6 United States of America
6.1 Federal courts
6.2 State courts
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Economic basis[edit]
Constitutional economics studies issues such as the proper distribution of national wealth including government spending on the judiciary. In transitional and developing countries, spending on the judiciary may be controlled by the executive. This undermines the principle of judicial independence because it creates a financial dependence of the judiciary on the executive. It is important to distinguish between two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and privileges) being the most dangerous, and private. State corruption of the judiciary can impede the ability of businesses to optimally facilitate the growth and development of a market economy.[1]
In some countries, the constitution also prohibits the legislative branch from reducing salaries of sitting judges.
Development of the concept[edit]
National and international developments[edit]
The development of judicial independence has been argued to involve a cycle of national law having an impact on international law, and international law subsequently impacting national law.[2] This is said to occur in three phases: the first phase is characterized by the domestic development of the concept of judicial independence, the second by the spread of these concepts internationally and their implementation in international law, and the third by the implementation in national law of these newly formulated international principles of judicial independence.[2]
A notable example illustrating this cycle is the United Kingdom. The first phase occurred in England with the original conception of judicial independence in the Act of Settlement 1701.[3] The second phase was evident when England’s concepts regarding judicial independence spread internationally, and were adopted into the domestic law of other countries; for instance, England served as the model for Montesquieu’s separation of powers doctrine,[4] and the Founding Fathers of the US Constitution used England as their dominant model in formulating the Constitution’s Article III, which is the foundation of American judicial independence.[5] Other common law countries, including Canada, Australia, and India, also adopted the British model of judicial independence.[6]
In recent decades the third phase of judicial independence has been evident in the UK,[7] as it has been significantly influenced by judicial independence principles developed by international human rights constitutional documents. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has had a significant impact on the conceptual analysis of judicial independence in England and Scotland. This process began in the 1990s with the ECtHR hearing UK cases and, more significantly, in the application of the European Convention on Human Rights in British law through the Human Rights Act 1998, which came into force in the UK in 2000.[8]
Where British national law had previously impacted the international development of judicial independence, the British Constitutional Reform Act 2005[9] marked a shift, with international law now impacting British domestic law. The Constitutional Reform Act dramatically reformed government control over the administration of justice in England and Wales; importantly, it discontinued the position of the Lord Chancellor, one of the country’s oldest constitutional offices, who was entrusted with a combination of legislative, executive, and judicial capacities.[10] The Lord Chancellor served as speaker of the Upper House of Parliament, the House of Lords; as a member of the executive branch and member of the senior cabinet; and as the head of the judiciary. Historically, the appellate function had a connection with the executive branch due to the types of cases typically heard – impeachment and the hearing of felony charges against peers.[11] The Constitutional Reform Act established new lines of demarcation between the Lord Chancellor and the judiciary, transferring all the judicial functions to the judiciary and entrusting the Lord Chancellor only with what are considered administrative and executive matters. In addition, the Constitutional Reform Act replaced the Lord Chancellor by the Lord Chief Justice as head of the judiciary, separated the judicial Appellate Committee of the House of Lords from the legislative parliament, reforming it as the Supreme Court, and creating a Judicial Appointments Commission.[12] The creation of the Supreme Court was important, for it finally separated the highest court of appeal from the House of Lords.[13]
Thus, the United Kingdom, where judicial independence began over three hundred years ago, illustrates the interaction over time of national and international law and jurisprudence in the area of judicial independence. In this process, concepts and ideas have become enriched as they have been implemented in successive judicial and political systems, as each system has enhanced and deepened the concepts and ideas it actualized. In addition to the UK, similar developments of conceptual cross-fertilization can be seen internationally, for example in European Union law,[14] in civil law countries such as Austria, and in other common law jurisdictions including Canada.[15]
International standards[edit]
The International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace produced the Mt. Scopus International Standards of Judicial Independence between 2007 and 2012. These built on the same association's New Delhi Minimum Standards on Judicial independence adopted in 1982 and their Montréal Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice in 1983. Other influences they cite for the standards include the UN Basic Principles of Judicial Independence from 1985, the Burgh House Principles of Judicial Independence in International Law (for the international judiciary), Tokyo Law Asia Principles, Council of Europe Statements on judicial independence (particularly the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the independence, efficiency and role of judges), the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct 2002, and the American Bar Association's revision of its ethical standards for judges.[16]
The justice system[edit]
In recent years, the principle of judicial independence has been described as one of the core values of the justice system.[17]
Canada[edit]
Canada has a level of judicial independence entrenched in its Constitution, awarding superior court justices various guarantees to independence under sections 96 to 100 of the Constitution Act, 1867. These include rights to tenure (although the Constitution has since been amended to introduce mandatory retirement at age 75) and the right to a salary determined by the Parliament of Canada (as opposed to the executive). In 1982 a measure of judicial independence was extended to inferior courts specializing in criminal law (but not civil law) by section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, although in the 1986 case Valente v. The Queen it was found these rights are limited. They do, however, involve tenure, financial security and some administrative control.
The year 1997 saw a major shift towards judicial independence, as the Supreme Court of Canada in the Provincial Judges Reference found an unwritten constitutional norm guaranteeing judicial independence to all judges, including civil law inferior court judges. The unwritten norm is said to be implied by the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867. Consequently, judicial compensation committees such as the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission now recommend judicial salaries in Canada. There are two types of judicial independence: institutional independence and decisional independence. Institutional independence means the judicial branch is independent from the executive and legislative branches. Decisional independence is the idea that judges should be able to decide cases solely based on the law and facts, without letting the media, politics or other concerns sway their decisions, and without fearing penalty in their careers for their decisions.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, independence of the judiciary has been the tradition since the territory became a British crown colony in 1842. After the 1997 transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations, independence of the judiciary, along with continuation of English common law, has been enshrined in the territory's constitutional document, the Basic Law.[18][19] In recent years, this independence has been put into question after a number of interventions from China on several cases which swayed rulings in the Executive's favour, most notably the Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy of 2016.[20]
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of England and Wales
History[edit]
During the middle ages, under the Norman monarchy of the Kingdom of England, the king and his Curia Regis held judicial power. Judicial independence began to emerge during the early modern period; more courts were created and a judicial profession grew. By the fifteenth century, the king's role in this feature of government became small.[21] Nevertheless, kings could still influence courts and dismiss judges. The Stuart dynasty used this power frequently in order to overpower the Parliament of England. After the Stuarts were removed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some advocated guarding against royal manipulation of the judiciary. King William III approved the Act of Settlement 1701, which established tenure for judges unless Parliament removed them.[22][23]
Contemporary usage[edit]
Under the uncodified British Constitution, there are two important conventions which help to preserve judicial independence. The first is that the Parliament of the United Kingdom does not comment on the cases which are before the court. The second is the principle of parliamentary privilege: that Members of Parliament are protected from prosecution in certain circumstances by the courts.[citation needed]
Furthermore, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.[24] In order to try to promote the independence of the judiciary, the selection process is designed to minimize political interference. The process focuses on senior members of the judiciary rather than on politicians. Part 2 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 aims to increase diversity among the judiciary.[citation needed]
The pay of judges is determined by an independent pay review body. It makes recommendations to the government after taking evidence from a variety of sources. The government accepts these recommendations and will traditionally implement them fully. As long as judges hold their positions in "good order," they remain in post until they wish to retire or until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70.[citation needed]
Until 1 January 2010, the legal profession was self-regulating; with responsibility for implementing and enforcing its own professional standards and disciplining its own members. The bodies which performed this function were the Bar Council and the Law Society. However, this self-regulation came to an end when approved regulators came under the regulation of the Legal Services Board, composed of non-lawyers, following the passage of the Legal Services Act 2007. This saw the establishment of the Solicitors Regulation Authority to regular solicitors and the Bar Standards Board to regulate barristers.[25]
United States of America[edit]
Federal courts[edit]
Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the federal courts as part of the federal government.
The Constitution provides that federal judges, including judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, are appointed by the President "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Once appointed, federal judges:
...both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Federal judges vacate office only upon death, resignation, or impeachment and removal from office by Congress; only 13 federal judges have ever been impeached. The phrase "during good behavior" predates the Declaration of Independence. John Adams equated it with quamdiu se bene gesserint in a letter to the Boston Gazette published on 11 January 1773,[26] a phrase that first appeared in section 3 of the Act of Settlement 1701 in England.
The President is free to appoint any person to the federal bench, yet typically he consults with the American Bar Association, whose Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rates each nominee "Well Qualified," "Qualified" or "Not Qualified."
State courts[edit]
State courts deal with independence of the judiciary in many ways, and several forms of judicial selection are used for both trial courts and appellate courts (including state supreme courts), varying between states and sometimes within states. In some states, judges are elected (sometime on a partisan ballot, other times on a nonpartisan one), while in others they are appointed by the governor or state legislature.
The 2000 case of Bush v. Gore, in which a majority of the Supreme Court, including some appointees of President George H. W. Bush, overruled challenges to the election of the George W. Bush then pending in the Florida Supreme Court, whose members had all been appointed by Democratic governors, is seen by many as reinforcing the need for judicial independence, both with regard to the Florida Supreme Court and the US Supreme Court. This case has focused increased attention on judicial outcomes as opposed to the traditional focus on judicial qualifications.
See also[edit]
Judicial reform
Judiciary in Russia
Political corruption § Judiciary corruption
Rule According to Higher Law
Rule of law
Separation of powers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim, Defining the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009
^ Jump up to: a b S Shetreet, ‘The Normative Cycle of Shaping Judicial Independence in Domestic and International Law: The Mutual Impact of National and International Jurisprudence and Contemporary Practical and Conceptual Challenges’ (2009) 10 Chicago Journal of International Law 275-332
Jump up ^ See generally Shimon Shetreet book, Judges on Trial.
Jump up ^ See Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Hafner 1949) (Thomas Nugent, trans).
Jump up ^ Article III of the US Constitution provides that “the judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.”
Jump up ^ Shetreet, Judicial Independence. See also Peter H. Russell, The Judiciary in Canada: The Third Branch of Government (McGraw-Hill Ryerson 1987); John Bell, Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence, 4 Cambridge YB Eur Legal Studies 47 (2001).
Jump up ^ UK Human Rights Act - 1998
Jump up ^ Human Rights Act (1998), ch 42 (UK), available online at < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2013-01-02. > (visited Mar 27, 2009).
Jump up ^ Constitutional Reform Act (2005), ch 4 (UK). For a detailed analysis of the history of this act, see Lord Windlesham, The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: The Politics of Constitutional Reform, 2006 Pub L 35; Lord Windlesham, The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Ministers, Judges and Constitutional Change, 2005 Pub L 806. For accounts of the main players, see Lord Woolf, The Pursuit of Justice 161–74 (Oxford 2008); Lord Phillips, Constitutional Reform: One Year On, The Judicial Studies Board Annual Lecture (Mar 22, 2007); Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution, 2004 Camb L J 317; Tom Bingham, The Business of Judging: Selected Essays and Speeches 55–68 (Oxford 2000). All three authors served as lord chief justice in these formative years. Lord Woolf was active in the shaping of the legislation and Lord Phillips succeeded him
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 294
Jump up ^ Robert Stevens, Law and Politics: The House of Lords as a Judicial Body, 1800-1976 (University of North Carolina Press, 1978), at 6
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 294
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 113
Jump up ^ See Treaty on European Union, art F, 1992 OJ (C 191) 1 (Jul 29, 1992). Paragraph 2 of Article F states, “The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . . . and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, as general principles of Community law.”
Jump up ^ See, for example, Valente v The Queen, [1985] 2 SCR 673 (Canada)
Jump up ^ "Mt. Scopus Approved Revised International Standards of Judicial Independence Approved March 19, 2008". International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace - International Project of judicial independence. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Shimon Shetreet, Fundamental Values of the Justice System, 23 THE EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW REVIEW 61-76, (2012).
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"- Chapter 1, basiclaw.gov.HK, 17 March 2008. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"- Chapter 4, Section 4, basiclaw.gov.HK, 17 March 2008. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds of Hong Kong lawyers in silent march against Beijing oath ruling". South China Morning Post. 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Justice Gerard La Forest, Provincial Judges Reference, Supreme Court of Canada, para. 305.
Jump up ^ "Independence". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Justice Gerard La Forest, Provincial Judges Reference, para. 306.
Jump up ^ "Constitutional reform". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ UK Parliament. Legal Services Act 2007 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Adams, John (1851). The Works of John Adams, Vol 3. Boston: Little and Brown. p. 522.
External links[edit]
Independence of the judicial system Part I. The Independence of Judges Part II - the Prosecution Service Venice Commission, 2010
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text:
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ben Stiller
Produced by
Samuel Goldwyn, Jr.
John Goldwyn
Stuart Cornfeld
Ben Stiller
Screenplay by
Steve Conrad
Based on
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
by James Thurber
Starring
Ben Stiller
Kristen Wiig
Shirley MacLaine
Adam Scott
Kathryn Hahn
Sean Penn
Music by
Theodore Shapiro
Jose Gonzalez
Rogue Wave
Cinematography
Stuart Dryburgh
Edited by
Greg Hayden
Production
company
Samuel Goldwyn Films
Red Hour Productions
New Line Cinema[1]
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Samuel Goldwyn Films
Release date
October 5, 2013 (2013-10-05) (NYFF)
December 25, 2013 (2013-12-25) (United States)
Running time
114 minutes[2]
Country
United States[3]
Language
English
Budget
$90 million[4]
Box office
$188.5 million[5]
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty is a 2013 American adventure comedy-drama film directed, co-produced by and starring Ben Stiller and written by Steve Conrad. The film also stars Kristen Wiig, Shirley MacLaine, Adam Scott, Kathryn Hahn, and Sean Penn.[6][7]
This is the second film adaptation of James Thurber's 1939 short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.[8] The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 5, 2013.[9] The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was theatrically released by 20th Century Fox, Samuel Goldwyn Films and New Line Cinema on December 25, 2013 in North America to generally mixed reception, but was a moderate box office success. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 15, 2014 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Pre-production
3.3 Filming locations
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Accolades
6 Soundtrack
6.1 "Space Oddity"
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Walter Mitty is a negative assets manager at Life magazine who daydreams of adventures and has a crush on a coworker named Cheryl. Mitty works with photojournalist Sean O'Connell, whose images are highly regarded. O'Connell has sent Mitty his latest negatives and a wallet as a gift in appreciation of Mitty's work. O'Connell believes negative #25 captures the "quintessence of life" and that it should be used for the cover of the magazine's final print issue as it converts to online status. The negative is missing, however, and Walter is forced to stall for time with corporate transition manager Ted Hendricks, who is handling the downsizing. While viewing the other negatives outside Life's offices, Cheryl approaches Mitty and suggests that he think of the negatives as clues to Sean's location. They look at three of them, including one of a person's thumb with a unique ring on it, and another of a curved piece of wood. A third picture of a boat leads Mitty to determine that O'Connell is in Greenland. Mitty promptly flies there to find him.
A bartender in Nuuk explains that O'Connell left on a ship. To find him, Mitty would need to go on the postal helicopter, and the pilot is drunk. Mitty recognizes the pilot's thumb with the unique ring and realizes he is on the right track. He at first declines to fly with the intoxicated pilot, but imagines Cheryl singing "Space Oddity", gains a new confidence and boards the helicopter. Nearing the ship, Mitty learns the helicopter cannot land upon it. Misunderstanding the pilot, instead of jumping into a dinghy boat nearing to catch him, Mitty aims for the main vessel and misses and falls in the ocean. He splashes down into ice-cold, shark-infested waters, losing a box of ship-to-shore radio components before being brought aboard.
Mitty learns that O'Connell departed the ship earlier. The crew offers him some clementine cake O'Connell left behind; Mitty discovers O'Connell's destinations in the wrapping paper. The itinerary directs Mitty to Iceland, where O'Connell is photographing the volcano Eyjafjallajökull, and he arrives at the local village of Skógar near the volcano using a longboard, and notices O'Connell on the plane flying near the volcano. An eruption forces Mitty to flee, and as there is nothing left for him to do, he obeys a text message recalling him to New York.
For failing to recover the negative, his first failure in a long career with the magazine, Mitty is fired by Hendricks. He learns that Cheryl, who was let go earlier, seems to have reconciled with her estranged husband. Mitty returns home discouraged and visits his mother, throwing away the wallet he received from O'Connell. To his surprise, Mitty recognizes the curve of the piano in his mother's house while looking at the last photograph. When asked, Mitty's mom mentions having met O'Connell. She had told Mitty before but he was daydreaming and failed to hear her.
Mitty discovers O'Connell is in the Himalayas, and finds him photographing a rare snow leopard. When asked about the negative, O'Connell explains that the message on the gift wrapping to "look inside" was literal; the negative was in the wallet. Unfortunately, Mitty had interpreted this message as a direction to look inside the tissue paper in the box containing the wallet, and it could also be interpreted as referring to the inscription stamped into the leather inside the wallet. When pressed to reveal the image on the negative, O'Connell dismisses the question and joins in a high-altitude football game with some locals. Mitty flies to Los Angeles but is detained by airport security during a misunderstanding (mainly stemming from his having traveled through Yemen to Afghanistan). Mitty calls the only person he knows in Los Angeles: Todd Maher, a representative at eHarmony who has kept in contact during Mitty's adventures.
While helping his mother sell her piano, Mitty recounts his story but mentions he does not have the wallet anymore. His mother says she always keeps his knickknacks and gives him the wallet that she retrieved from the trash. Finding inside the wallet a small manila envelope the size of a single-frame 35mm negative, an emboldened Mitty delivers it to Life magazine, tells management that it was the photograph O'Connell wanted for the final issue, and berates Hendricks for disrespecting the staff that made the magazine so honored before walking away from the office, humiliating him in front of his recently hired staff.
Mitty reunites with Cheryl, emboldens himself enough to tell her outright that he has been thinking about and inspired by her, and learns that Cheryl's ex-husband was only at her house to repair the refrigerator. Mitty tells Cheryl of his adventures and admits that he still does not know what negative #25 shows. Mitty and Cheryl see the final issue of Life at a newsstand, with its cover dedicated to the staff. It is accompanied by the photograph from negative #25, showing Mitty sitting outside of the Life building, examining a contact sheet. Mitty and Cheryl continue their walk down the street holding hands.
Cast[edit]
Ben Stiller as Walter Mitty, a negative asset manager at Life
Kristen Wiig as Cheryl Melhoff, Walter's love interest and co-worker
Shirley MacLaine as Edna Mitty, Walter's mother
Adam Scott as Ted Hendricks, Walter's boss
Kathryn Hahn as Odessa Mitty, Walter's sister
Patton Oswalt as Todd Maher, an eHarmony customer service representative
Adrian Martinez as Hernando, Walter's understudy and co-worker
Ólafur Darri Ólafsson as a Greenlandic helicopter pilot
Sean Penn as Sean O'Connell, a photojournalist
Jon Daly as Tim Naughton, one of Walter's co-workers
Terence Bernie Hines as Gary Mannheim, one of Walter's co-workers
Marcus Antturi as Rich Melhoff, Cheryl's son
Kai Lennox as Phil Melhoff, Cheryl's ex-husband
Conan O'Brien as himself
Andy Richter as himself
Joey Slotnick as a retirement home administrator
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Producer Samuel Goldwyn, Jr., whose father produced the 1947 film adaptation, conceived the idea of doing a remake in 1994 with Jim Carrey in mind for the title role. Walt Disney Pictures was enthusiastic to purchase the remake rights, but Goldwyn instead chose New Line Cinema,[10] which held a positive working relationship with Carrey on Dumb and Dumber and The Mask (both 1994).[11] The studio bought the rights in 1995 with the understanding that The Samuel Goldwyn Company would be involved in creative decisions.[12] Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz turned in the first draft of the screenplay in July 1997. Ron Howard entered negotiations to direct the same month, and to cover producing duties with Brian Grazer and Imagine Entertainment.[13] Howard and Imagine Entertainment eventually left the project in favor of EDtv,[10] and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty languished in development hell over the challenges of using a contemporary storyline.[11]
In May 1999, New Line hired The Mask director Chuck Russell to rewrite the script and serve as Howard's replacement. Filming was set to begin in early 2000, but was pushed back.[11] Around this time, Peter Tolan worked on rewrites.[10] In May 2001, Goldwyn filed a lawsuit against New Line for breach of contract. Goldwyn claimed that the studio extended their 1995 deal until May 2001, but then announced that it wanted to transfer the rights for the remake to another company and have Goldwyn surrender his creative input.[12] In November 2002, New Line was forced to revert the film rights back to Goldwyn, who won his lawsuit and took the property to Paramount Pictures.[12] During pre-production discussions between Paramount and DreamWorks on Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (which starred Carrey), Steven Spielberg, head of DreamWorks, rekindled interest in working with Carrey; the duo previously considered Meet the Parents, but the outing fell apart.[10] In May 2003, Spielberg agreed to direct,[10] and brought in DreamWorks to co-finance The Secret Life of Walter Mitty with Paramount (which would acquire DreamWorks in 2006).[14]
By November, Zach Helm was rewriting the script,[15] but Spielberg and DreamWorks vacated the film in April 2004 in favor of War of the Worlds and Munich. "The goal is to go back to the short story and capture not only the content but the original spirit," producer John Goldwyn (son of Samuel) told The Hollywood Reporter. Screenwriter Richard LaGravenese entered discussion to write a new script following Spielberg's departure.[16] Sam Goldwyn commented that LaGravenese's script had a momentous and unique approach compared to others. "I'd always felt that unless we got a great script, the movie disintegrates into a series of wonderful gags," Goldwyn explained. "Writers always fixated on that. [Richard] worked for 10 months on umpteen drafts, and he solved it."[17] In March 2005, Paramount hired Mark Waters to direct LaGravenese's script for Walter Mitty,[18] but Carrey had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts.[17] He was soon replaced by Owen Wilson.[19]
Despite not having a final budget, Paramount scheduled a December 12, 2005 start date because their option on the remake rights was to end one week later; they would lose the rights if they did not start filming before December 20.[17] Wilson dropped out in October 2005 over creative differences. The Hollywood Reporter also speculated that Walter Mitty began to falter after Paramount failed to cast a female lead to star opposite Wilson. Scarlett Johansson had reportedly emerged as the front-runner after screen testing with Wilson earlier in October, but a deal was never signed with the actress.[20] Paramount executives Brad Grey and Gail Berman decided to put Walter Mitty in turnaround in November 2005.[21] Goldwyn found favor at 20th Century Fox and, in May 2007, it was announced that Mike Myers was attached to star in the title role. Jay Kogen was hired to write a new script that would be specifically tailored for Myers.[22]
In April 2010, Sacha Baron Cohen was offered and accepted the lead role.[23] Later that month, The Pursuit of Happyness writer Steven Conrad was hired to pen the screenplay,[24] with Gore Verbinski announced as director in June 2010.[25][26][27]
In April 2011, it was announced that Ben Stiller had been cast in the lead role, though no director was attached.[28] The following July, it was announced that Stiller was also due to direct the film.[29]
Pre-production[edit]
In January 2012, it was announced that Kristen Wiig would play the female lead,[30] with Shirley MacLaine attached to play the mother of Ben Stiller's character.[31] This was followed by reports in February that Patton Oswalt and Adam Scott joined the film.[32][33] In April 2012, Kathryn Hahn was cast as Odessa, Walter's sister, and Josh Charles was cast as the ex-husband of Kristen Wiig's character,[34] though he was replaced by Kai Lennox. Later that month, Sean Penn was cast in what was described as a "small but pivotal supporting role"[35] as photojournalist Sean O'Connell.
The portions of the film set in Nuuk, Greenland, were in fact shot in Stykkishólmur, a village on the Snæfellsnes peninsula in Iceland, and Höfn, a village in southeast Iceland. Later sequences set in Stykkishólmur were actually filmed in Seyðisfjörður. The sequences where Walter Mitty follows Sean to Afghanistan were also filmed in Iceland, at the Skogafoss waterfall and in Vatnajökull National Park.[36]
During the skateboarding scene in Central Park, skateboarding legend Rodney Mullen served as Ben Stiller's stunt double.[37]
Filming locations[edit]
Vatnajökull National Park, Afghanistan scene
Grundarfjörður, Erkigsnek docking scene
Seyðisfjörður, Longboarding scene
Höfn, Air Greenland landing at Nuuk scene.
Stykkishólmur, bar and helicopter take off scene.
Time-Life Building, Life building scenes
Release[edit]
In April 2013, nearly 20 minutes of footage was presented by Fox at CinemaCon in Las Vegas followed by a theatrical trailer release in July, both of which began to spark awards speculation.[38][39][40] The trailer features a short segment of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". The song is not used in the film.
The film made its world premiere as the Centerpiece Gala presentation at the New York Film Festival on October 5, 2013.[9] It was also selected to serve as the Centerpiece Gala presentation at the 2013 AFI Film Festival.[41]
Marketing[edit]
20th Century Fox hired filmmaker Casey Neistat to make a promotional video based on the theme of "live your dreams" but Neistat suggested instead to spend the budget on bringing disaster relief to the Philippines in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan. Fox agreed and gave him a budget of $25,000.[42][43]
Home media[edit]
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 15, 2014 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received polarized reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 51% based on reviews from 182 critics, with a weighted average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus reads: "It doesn't lack for ambition, but The Secret Life of Walter Mitty fails to back up its grand designs with enough substance to anchor the spectacle."[44] Metacritic gives the film a normalized score of 54/100 based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[45] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a B+ rating.[46] Peter Debruge of Variety magazine criticized the film for lacking the satirical tone of the original story, comparing the film to "a feature-length 'Just Do It' ad" for the middle-aged audience the film is targeting. Debruge notes that the script downplays the comedy, and that a scene inspired by The Curious Case of Benjamin Button shows the film could have been made funnier, but that the more serious emotional dimension ultimately makes the film feel more substantial.[47] The film had its share of admirers, however. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a positive review, saying "In his uniquely funny and unexpectedly tender movie, Stiller takes us on a personal journey of lingering resonance."[48] Joe Neumaier of New York Daily awarded the film five out of five stars, saying "The story Stiller tells manages to float in a most peculiar, satisfying way."[49] Political radio show host and film critic Michael Medved was also positive concerning the film, calling it "one of the feel-good movies of the year." The film was criticized for the product placement of several brands which featured prominently in the storyline, including Papa Johns, eHarmony, Time-Life and Cinnabon.[50][51]
In 2016, Rolling Stone magazine asked readers to choose their top 10 Ben Stiller movies. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty came in at number 3 as his third best film ever.[52]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award/Film festival
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
National Board of Review[53] December 4, 2013 Top Ten Films The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Won
Satellite Awards[54] February 23, 2014 Best Cinematography Stuart Dryburgh Nominated
Best Original Score Theodore Shapiro Nominated
Location Managers Guild Awards[55] March 29, 2014 Outstanding Location Feature Film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Won
Costume Designers Guild Awards[56] February 22, 2014 Excellence In Contemporary Film Sarah Edwards Nominated
Saturn Awards[57] June, 2014 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Nominated
Saturn Award for Best Actor Ben Stiller Nominated
Key Art Awards[58] October, 2013 Best Audio Visual Technique The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Won
Best Trailer Runner-Up
New York Film Festival[58] 2013 Best Film Nominated
Visual Effects Society Awards February 14, 2014 Outstanding Supporting Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Guillaume Rocheron, Kurt Williams, Monette Dubin, and Ivan Moran Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
Maneater - Performed by Grace Mitchell
Escape (The Piña Colada Song) - Written by Rupert Holmes
Wake Up - Performed by Arcade Fire
Don't You Want Me - Written by Phil Oakey, Philip Adrian Wright (as Philip Wright), and Jo Callis
Far Away - Performed by José González
Far Away - Performed by Junip
Space Oddity - Performed by David Bowie and Kristen Wiig (uncredited)
Lake Michigan - Performed by Rogue Wave
Dirty Paws - Performed by Of Monsters and Men
The Wolves and the Ravens - Performed by Rogue Valley
Stay Alive - Performed by José González
Step Out - Performed by José González
Don't Let It Pass - Performed by Junip
Escape (The Piña Colada Song) - Performed by Jack Johnson
Dream - Performed by José González
"Space Oddity"[edit]
The song "Space Oddity" by David Bowie plays a significant role throughout the film. Walter Mitty is referred to mockingly as "Major Tom" by his new boss, Hendricks, in reference to the astronaut Major Tom in "Space Oddity", due to his frequent daydreaming: the boss interprets the line "ground control to Major Tom" as akin to "Earth to Walter; come in Walter". Cheryl later tells Walter that Hendricks misunderstands the song, as "it’s about courage and venturing into the unknown".[59]
The song is featured in a crucial scene in which Mitty decides to leap onto a helicopter after imagining Cheryl singing the song. Director Ben Stiller has talked about the importance of "Space Oddity" in that scene during an interview in which he said that, "I felt like the way it fits into the story, we got to this point and this scene which was sort of how the fantasy and reality come together for Walter, and that was what that came out of. That song, and what he mentioned in his head, and what he imagines and what he does, it all just seemed to come together over that song."[60]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty". Hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (PG)". 20th Century Fox. British Board of Film Classification. November 18, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". British Film Institute. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh,Dave McNary. "Ben Stiller Interview: 'Secret Life of Walter Mitty' Film Long Journey". Variety.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ben Stiller, At Tribeca, Talks 'Secret Life Of Walter Mitty': 'I Don't Sing & Dance'". Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete. "CinemaCon: Fox Unveils Ben Stiller's 'Secret Life Of Walter Mitty' Which Could Be Oscar Bound". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Ben Stiller To Join 'Secret Life of Walter Mitty' Remake". Screenrant.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr., Mike (1 August 2013). "New York Film Fest Locks Ben Stiller's 'Walter Mitty' For Centerpiece Gala". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Michael Fleming (March 11, 2003). "Paramount giddy over 'Mitty'". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Fleming (May 25, 1999). "Russell to make 'Mitty'; Reiser's 'Mad' no more". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Janet Shprintz (November 5, 2002). "Goldwyn settles suit on 'Mitty' NL rights". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Staff (July 11, 1997). "Howard mulls 'Mitty'". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (March 27, 2003). "2 studios split 'Mitty'". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dana Harris (2003-11-19). "Senator meets 'Stranger'". Variety. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ Brian Linder (2004-04-01). "Secret Life Changes". IGN. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Fleming (2005-07-17). "Everyone had mitts on 'Mitty'". Variety. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (2005-03-28). "Waters will man 'Mitty'". Variety. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (2005-07-12). "Wilson's A-O-Kaye as new witty 'Mitty'". Variety. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ Staff (October 31, 2005). "Mitty Moves". IGN. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary; Chris Gardner (November 6, 2005). "Extreme Makeover: The Par edition". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Michael Fleming (May 22, 2007). "Mike Myers to star in 'Mitty' remake". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Russ (April 19, 2010). "Sacha Baron Cohen in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty?". /Film. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Russ (April 23, 2010). "The Pursuit of Happyness Scribe to Write The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". /Film. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gore Verbinski to Direct 'Secret Life of Walter Mitty' Remake". The Wrap. June 29, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bettinger, Brendan (June 30, 2010). "Gore Verbinski Intrigued by THE SECRET LIFE OF WALTER MITTY". Collider.com. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Verbinski's Next Will Be 'Walter Mitty' Remake". Spill.com. June 30, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (April 7, 2011). "Ben Stiller Turns Fox's 'Walter Mitty' Reboot From Daydream To Reality". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Henry (July 20, 2011). "Ben Stiller to direct and star in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (January 19, 2012). "Kristen Wiig in Negotiations to Star With Ben Stiller in 'Walter Mitty' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ White, James (January 14, 2012). "Shirley MacLaine Up For Walter Mitty". Empire. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (February 9, 2013). "Patton Oswalt in talks for Fox's 'Walter Mitty'". Variety. Showblitz. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (February 13, 2012). "Adam Scott Joins 'The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty'". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike (4 April 2012). "Kathryn Hahn And Josh Charles Join 'The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty'". Deadline.com. PMC. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (April 23, 2012). "Sean Penn In Talks To Join Ben Stiller's 'The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty' Remake". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shooting locations for Walter Mitty". filmapia.com.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Alec (November 26, 2012). "Rodney Mullen Skates Central Park" – via www.newyorker.com.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (July 30, 2013). "'Secret Life of Walter Mitty' Trailer: Ben Stiller's Dreamy Awards Contender (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (30 July 2013). "Trailer for Ben Stiller's award-season hopeful 'Walter Mitty' debuts". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Official Trailer (IN CINEMAS 25 DECEMBER)". YouTube. October 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (September 30, 2013). "AFI Fest Selects 'Out of the Furnace' Premiere, 'Walter Mitty' Screening, Bruce Dern Tribute (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Francesca Bacardi (December 16, 2013). "Fox marketing/advertising funds used for Philippines typhoon relief".
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik (December 26, 2013). "'The Wolf of Wall Street:' Is it too polarizing for the mainstream? (2013)". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Peter Debruge (October 6, 2013). "Film Review: 'The Secret Life of Walter Mitty'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Peter Travers (December 24, 2013). "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Joe Nuemaier (December 23, 2013). "'The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,' movie review". New York Daily.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther (December 20, 2013). "The Not-So-Secret Product Placement in 'The Secret Life of Walter Mitty'". The Wire. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Guidry, Ken (March 7, 2014). "'The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty' Declared Worst Offender For Product Placement In Movies In 2013". The Playlist. indiewire.com. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Readers' Poll: The 10 Best Ben Stiller Movies". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "National Board of Review Chooses 'Her' as Best Film, Will Forte and Octavia Spencer Land Wins". The Awards Circuit. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ International Press Academy (December 2, 2013). "The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards™". PR Newswire. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch. "'Game of Thrones', 'Walter Mitty' Lauded At Location Managers Guild Awards". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "News & Events". costumedesignersguild.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" – via www.imdb.com.
Jump up ^ "Ben Stiller's The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty Takes Our Breath Away At CinemaCon".
Jump up ^ "Ben Stiller and Kristen Wiig Talk THE SECRET LIFE OF WALTER MITTY". Collider. April 21, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.
Official website
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The Secret Life of Walter Mitty at Box Office Mojo
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty at Rotten Tomatoes
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty at Metacritic
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty at AllMovie
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Jet black
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Jet black or Jet-black is a shade of black referring to the geological material jet.
Look up jet-black in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Jet black may refer to:
Jet black, the darkest shade of black hair color
Jet Black, English drummer for The Stranglers
"Jet Black", the second single released by The Shadows (known then as The Drifters); released in 1959.
Jet Black (album), an album by Gentleman Reg.
Jet Black (Cowboy Bebop), a character from the anime Cowboy Bebop
Jet Black (Viewtiful Joe), a character from the video game series Viewtiful Joe
"Jet black", a color option available for the iPhone 7, released in 2016
See also[edit]
All pages beginning with "Jet Black"
All pages with a title containing Jet Black
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jet black.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_black&oldid=798409701"
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Jet Black (Cowboy Bebop)

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Jet Black (Viewtiful Joe)

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