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Chromosomal crossover
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Crossing over occurs between prophase 1 and metaphase 1 and is the process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes. It can also happen during mitotic division,[1] which may result in loss of heterozygosity. Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis.[citation needed] Crossing over also accounts for genetic variation, because due to the swapping of genetic material during crossing over, the chromatids held together by the centromere are no longer identical. So, when the chromosomes go on to meiosis II and separate, some of the daughter cells receive daughter chromosomes with recombined alleles. Due to this genetic recombination, the offspring have a different set of alleles and genes than their parents do. In the diagram, genes B and b are crossed over with each other, making the resulting recombinants after meiosis Ab, AB, ab, and aB.
Thomas Hunt Morgan's illustration of crossing over (1916)
A double crossing over
Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis. Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome.
Crossing over was described, in theory, by Thomas Hunt Morgan. He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it "chiasmatypie". The term chiasma is linked, if not identical, to chromosomal crossover. Morgan immediately saw the great importance of Janssens' cytological interpretation of chiasmata to the experimental results of his research on the heredity of Drosophila. The physical basis of crossing over was first demonstrated by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931.[2]
The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci (markers) is the crossing-over value . For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions, recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure (chromosome) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing-over value which is used in the production of genetic maps.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 DNA repair theory
1.2 Links to bacterial transformation
2 Chemistry
2.1 MSH4 and MSH5
2.2 Chiasma
3 Consequences
4 Non-homologous crossover
5 See also
6 References
Origins[edit]
There are two popular and overlapping theories that explain the origins of crossing-over, coming from the different theories on the origin of meiosis. The first theory rests upon the idea that meiosis evolved as another method of DNA repair, and thus crossing-over is a novel way to replace possibly damaged sections of DNA.[5] The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation, with the function of propagating diversity.[6]
DNA repair theory[edit]
Crossing over and DNA repair are very similar processes, which utilize many of the same protein complexes.[5][7][8] Recombinases and primases lay a foundation of nucleotides along the DNA sequence. One such particular protein complex that is conserved between processes is RAD51, a well conserved recombinase protein that has been shown to be crucial in DNA repair as well as cross over.[9] Several other genes in D. melanogaster have been linked as well to both processes, by showing that mutants at these specific loci cannot undergo DNA repair or crossing over. Such genes include mei-41, mei-9, hdm, spnA, and brca2.[5] This large group of conserved genes between processes supports the theory of a close evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, DNA repair and crossover have been found to favor similar regions on chromosomes. In an experiment using radiation hybrid mapping on wheat’s (Triticum aestivum L.) 3B chromosome, crossing over and DNA repair were found to occur predominantly in the same regions.[10] Furthermore, crossing over has been correlated to occur in response to stressful, and likely DNA damaging, conditions [11][12]
Links to bacterial transformation[edit]
The process of bacterial transformation also shares many similarities with chromosomal cross over, particularly in the formation of overhangs on the sides of the broken DNA strand, allowing for the annealing of a new strand. Bacterial transformation itself has been linked to DNA repair many times.[5] The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation, with the function of propagating genetic diversity.[6] .[13] Thus, this evidence suggests that it is a question of whether cross over is linked to DNA repair or bacterial transformation, as the two do not appear to be mutually exclusive. It is likely that crossing over may have evolved from bacterial transformation, which in turn developed from DNA repair, thus explaining the links between all three processes.
Chemistry[edit]
A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.
Meiotic recombination may be initiated by double-stranded breaks that are introduced into the DNA by exposure to DNA damaging agents[5] or the Spo11 protein.[14] One or more exonucleases then digest the 5’ ends generated by the double-stranded breaks to produce 3’ single-stranded DNA tails (see diagram). The meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1 and the general recombinase Rad51 coat the single-stranded DNA to form nucleoprotein filaments.[15] The recombinases catalyze invasion of the opposite chromatid by the single-stranded DNA from one end of the break. Next, the 3’ end of the invading DNA primes DNA synthesis, causing displacement of the complementary strand, which subsequently anneals to the single-stranded DNA generated from the other end of the initial double-stranded break. The structure that results is a cross-strand exchange, also known as a Holliday junction. The contact between two chromatids that will soon undergo crossing-over is known as a chiasma. The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral structure which can be 'pulled' by other recombinases, moving it along the four-stranded structure.
Holliday Junction
Molecular structure of a Holliday junction.
Molecular structure of a Holliday junction. From PDB: 3CRX.
MSH4 and MSH5[edit]
The MSH4 and MSH5 proteins form a hetero-oligomeric structure (heterodimer) in yeast and humans.[16][17][18] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH4 and MSH5 act specifically to facilitate crossovers between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.[16] The MSH4/MSH5 complex binds and stabilizes double Holliday junctions and promotes their resolution into crossover products. An MSH4 hypomorphic (partially functional) mutant of S. cerevisiae showed a 30% genome wide reduction in crossover numbers, and a large number of meioses with non exchange chromosomes.[19] Nevertheless, this mutant gave rise to spore viability patterns suggesting that segregation of non-exchange chromosomes occurred efficiently. Thus in S. cerevisiae proper segregation apparently does not entirely depend on crossovers between homologous pairs.
Chiasma[edit]
The grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum was exposed to an acute dose of X-rays during each individual stage of meiosis, and chiasma frequency was measured.[20] Irradiation during the leptotene-zygotene stages of meiosis (that is, prior to the pachytene period in which crossover recombination occurs) was found to increase subsequent chiasma frequency. Similarly, in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus, exposure to X-irradiation during the zygotene-early pachytene stages caused a significant increase in mean cell chiasma frequency.[21] Chiasma frequency was scored at the later diplotene-diakinesis stages of meiosis. These results suggest that X-rays induce DNA damages that are repaired by a crossover pathway leading to chiasma formation.
Consequences[edit]
The difference between gene conversion and chromosomal crossover.
In most eukaryotes, a cell carries two versions of each gene, each referred to as an allele. Each parent passes on one allele to each offspring. An individual gamete inherits a complete haploid complement of alleles on chromosomes that are independently selected from each pair of chromatids lined up on the metaphase plate. Without recombination, all alleles for those genes linked together on the same chromosome would be inherited together. Meiotic recombination allows a more independent segregation between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes, as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes.
Recombination results in a new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome. Although the same genes appear in the same order, some alleles are different. In this way, it is theoretically possible to have any combination of parental alleles in an offspring, and the fact that two alleles appear together in one offspring does not have any influence on the statistical probability that another offspring will have the same combination. This principle of "independent assortment" of genes is fundamental to genetic inheritance.[22] However, the frequency of recombination is actually not the same for all gene combinations. This leads to the notion of "genetic distance", which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a (suitably large) sample of pedigrees. Loosely speaking, one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another. If two genes are located close together on a chromosome, the likelihood that a recombination event will separate these two genes is less than if they were farther apart. Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome. Linkage disequilibrium describes a situation in which some combinations of genes or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from their distances apart. This concept is applied when searching for a gene that may cause a particular disease. This is done by comparing the occurrence of a specific DNA sequence with the appearance of a disease. When a high correlation between the two is found, it is likely that the appropriate gene sequence is really closer.[23]
Non-homologous crossover[edit]
Crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes, but similarities in sequence and other factors can result in mismatched alignments. Most DNA is composed of base pair sequences repeated very large numbers of times.[24] These repetitious segments, often referred to as satellites, are fairly homogenous among a species.[24] During DNA replication, each strand of DNA is used as a template for the creation of new strands using a partially-conserved mechanism; proper functioning of this process results in two identical, paired chromosomes, often called sisters. Sister chromatid crossover events are known to occur at a rate of several crossover events per cell per division in eukaryotes. [24] Most of these events involve an exchange of equal amounts of genetic information, but unequal exchanges may occur due to sequence mismatch. These are referred to by a variety of names, including non-homologous crossover, unequal crossover, and unbalanced recombination, and result in an insertion or deletion of genetic information into the chromosome. While rare compared to homologous crossover events, these mutations are drastic, affecting many loci at the same time. They are considered the main driver behind the generation of gene duplications and are a general source of mutation within the genome.[25]
Many proteins are implicated in DSB repair; this figure shows a probable, simplified mechanism.
The specific causes of non-homologous crossover events are unknown, but several influential factors are known to increase the likelihood of an unequal crossover. One common vector leading to unbalanced recombination is the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs).[26] DSBs are often repaired using non-homologous end joining, a process which involves invasion of a template strand by the DSB strand (see figure below). Nearby homologous regions of the template strand are often used for repair, which can give rise to either insertions or deletions in the genome if a non-homologous but complementary part of the template strand is used.[26] Sequence similarity is a major player in crossover – crossover events are more likely to occur in long regions of close identity on a gene.[27] This means that any section of the genome with long sections of repetitive DNA is prone to crossover events.
The presence of transposable elements is another influential element of non-homologous crossover. Repetitive regions of code characterize transposable elements; complementary but non-homologous regions are ubiquitous within transposons. Because chromosomal regions composed of transposons have large quantities of identical, repetitious code in a condensed space, it is thought that transposon regions undergoing a crossover event are more prone to erroneous complementary match-up;[28] that is to say, a section of a chromosome containing a lot of identical sequences, should it undergo a crossover event, is less certain to match up with a perfectly homologous section of complementary code and more prone to binding with a section of code on a slightly different part of the chromosome. This results in unbalanced recombination, as genetic information may be either inserted or deleted into the new chromosome, depending on where the recombination occurred.
While the motivating factors behind unequal recombination remain obscure, elements of the physical mechanism have been elucidated. Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, for instance, are a well-known regulatory family of proteins, responsible for regulating mismatched sequences of DNA during replication and escape regulation.[29] The operative goal of MMRs is the restoration of the parental genotype. One class of MMR in particular, MutSβ, is known to initiate the correction of insertion-deletion mismatches of up to 16 nucleotides.[29] Little is known about the excision process in eukaryotes, but E. coli excisions involve the cleaving of a nick on either the 5’ or 3’ strand, after which DNA helicase and DNA polymerase III bind and generate single-stranded proteins, which are digested by exonucleases and attached to the strand by ligase.[29] Multiple MMR pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of complex organism genome stability, and any of many possible malfunctions in the MMR pathway result in DNA editing and correction errors.[30] Therefore, while it is not certain precisely what mechanisms lead to errors of non-homologous crossover, it is extremely likely that the MMR pathway is involved.
See also[edit]
Unequal crossing over
Coefficient of coincidence
Genetic distance
Independent assortment
Mitotic crossover
Recombinant frequency
References[edit]
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[hide]
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Genetics: homologous recombination / mobile genetic elements
Primarily prokaryotic
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Occurs in eukaryotes
Transfection
Chromosomal crossover
Gene conversion
Fusion gene
Horizontal gene transfer
Sister chromatid exchange
Transposon
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Ich bin ein Berliner
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Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) speech
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Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy, June 26, 1963. Duration 9:01; "Ich bin ein Berliner" first appears at 1:37, then again at 8:43.
Ich bin ein Berliner ("I am a Berliner") speech (audio)
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Coordinates: 52°29′06″N 13°20′40″E / 52.484932°N 13.344395°E / 52.484932; 13.344395
"Ich bin ein Berliner" (German pronunciation: [ˈʔɪç ˈbɪn ʔaɪn bɛɐ̯ˈliːnɐ], "I am a Berliner") is a quotation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in a speech given on June 26, 1963, in West Berlin. It is widely regarded as the best-known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German, "Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen" ("Let them come to Berlin"), addressed at those who claimed "we can work with the Communists", a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later.
The speech is considered one of Kennedy's best, both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation. Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000, Kennedy said,
Two thousand years ago, the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ["I am a Roman citizen"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is "Ich bin ein Berliner!"... All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words "Ich bin ein Berliner!"
Kennedy used the phrase twice in his speech, including at the end, pronouncing the sentence with his Boston accent and reading from his note "ish bin ein Bearleener", which he had written out using English orthography to approximate the German pronunciation. He also used classical Latin pronunciation of civis romanus sum, with the c pronounced /k/ and the v as /w/.
There is a widespread misconception (outside German-speaking countries) that the phrase is incorrect German and in fact means "I'm a doughnut". It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase.
Contents
1 Background
2 Genesis and execution of the speech
2.1 Origins
2.2 Delivery
3 Consequences and legacy
4 "I'm a doughnut" urban legend
5 Cultural references
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: History of Berlin
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The four sectors of Berlin
Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union. Initially governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War escalated until the Soviet forces implemented the Berlin Blockade, which the Western allies relieved with the dramatic airlift. Afterward, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany, completely surrounded by East Germany. From 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin. Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected to the West via West Berlin, a labour drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse.
In 1961, the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barbed-wire barrier around West Berlin, officially called the antifaschistischer Schutzwall (anti-fascist protective barrier). The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies and agents of West Germany from crossing into the East. However, it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was to keep East German citizens from escaping to the West. Over a period of months the wall was rebuilt using concrete, and buildings were demolished to create a "death zone" in view of East German guards armed with machine guns. The Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain, and Berlin went from being one of the easiest places to cross from East Europe to West Europe to being one of the most difficult.[1]
The West, including the U.S., was accused of failing to respond forcefully to the erection of the Wall. Officially, Berlin was under joint occupation by the four allied powers, each with primary responsibility for a certain zone. Kennedy's speech marked the first instance where the U.S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany. On July 25, 1961, Kennedy insisted in a presidential address that the U.S. would defend West Berlin, asserting its Four-Power rights, while making it clear that challenging the Soviet presence in Germany was not possible.
Genesis and execution of the speech[edit]
Origins[edit]
John F. Kennedy's phonetic transcription of the German and Latin phrases in the Ich bin ein Berliner speech
The Ich bin ein Berliner speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4, 1962, in New Orleans; there also he used the phrase civis Romanus sum by saying "Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say, "I am a citizen of Rome." Today, I believe, in 1962 the proudest boast is to say, "I am a citizen of the United States." And it is not enough to merely say it; we must live it. Anyone can say it. But Americans who serve today in West Berlin—your sons and brothers --[...] are the Americans who are bearing the great burden."[2] The phrases "I am a Berliner" and "I am proud to be in Berlin" were typed already a week before the speech on a list of expressions to be used, including a phonetic transcription of the German translation. Such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech (in Kennedy's own handwriting), from June 25. The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions, which are added by hand by Kennedy himself.[3]
In practice sessions before the trip, Kennedy had run through a number of sentences, even paragraphs, to recite in German; in these sessions, he was helped by Margaret Plischke, a translator working for the US State Department; by Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's counsel and habitual speechwriter; and by an interpreter, Robert Lochner, who had grown up in Berlin. It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length.[3]
But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner. Plischke wrote a 1997 account[4] of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside already by the translator scheduled to accompany him on the trip ("a rather unpleasant man who complained bitterly that he had had to interrupt his vacation just to watch the President’s mannerisms").[5] Additionally, Ted Sorensen claimed in his memoir Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (2008) to have had a hand in the speech, and said he had incorrectly inserted the word ein, incorrectly taking responsibility for the "jelly doughnut misconception", below,[6] a claim apparently supported by Berlin mayor Willy Brandt but dismissed by later scholars since the final typed version, which does not contain the words, is the last one Sorensen could have worked on.[3] Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of "I am a Berliner", and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt's office.[3] Daum credited the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above. According to Daum, Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall, so that he "falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before, changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner."[3]
Delivery[edit]
Kennedy delivering his speech in Berlin
Behind the long table set up on the steps of the Rathaus Schöneberg were U.S. and German dignitaries, including Dean Rusk (Kennedy's Secretary of State), Lucius D. Clay (the US administrator of Germany), Konrad Adenauer (the German chancellor), Willy Brandt, and Otto Bach (President of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin). The crowd was estimated at 450,000 people.[7] Bach spoke first, of the recent developments in Berlin, especially the wall. He was followed by Konrad Adenauer, who spoke briefly and introduced the president.
Kennedy was accompanied not by Robert Lochner, but by Heinz Weber of the Berlin mission; Weber translated the president's speech to the audience. Besides the typescript, Kennedy had a cue card on which he himself had written the phonetic spelling, and he surprised everyone by completely disregarding the speech, which had taken weeks to prepare. Instead, he improvised: "He says more than he should, something different from what his advisers had recommended, and is more provocative than he had intended to be."[3]
The speech culminated with the second use in the speech of the Ich bin ein Berliner phrase: "Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner!" The crowd was quiet while Weber translated and repeated the president's German line; Kennedy was obviously relieved at the crowd's positive response and thanked Weber for his translation. Weber translated this compliment also. According to Daum, after this first successful delivery, "Kennedy, who fiddles a bit with his suit jacket, is grinning like a boy who has just pulled off a coup."[3]
Kennedy's National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy thought the speech had gone "a little too far", and the two revised the text for a softer stance before repeating the speech at the Freie Universität Berlin later that day.[8]
Consequences and legacy[edit]
Plaque commemorating Kennedy's speech next to the front entrance of Rathaus Schöneberg
Liberian $5 coin commemorating the speech
While the immediate response from the West German population was positive, the Soviet authorities were less pleased with the combative Lass sie nach Berlin kommen. Only two weeks before, Kennedy had spoken in a more conciliatory tone, speaking of "improving relations with the Soviet Union": in response to Kennedy's Berlin speech, Nikita Khrushchev, days later, remarked that "one would think that the speeches were made by two different Presidents."[9]
Ronald Reagan would evoke both the sentiment and the legacy of Kennedy's speech 24 years later in his "Tear down this wall!" speech.
There are commemorative sites to Kennedy in Berlin, such as the German-American John F. Kennedy School and the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies of the FU Berlin. The public square in front of the Rathaus Schöneberg was renamed John-F.-Kennedy-Platz. A large plaque dedicated to Kennedy is mounted on a column at the entrance of the building and the room above the entrance and overlooking the square is dedicated to Kennedy and his visit.
The original manuscript of the speech is stored with the National Archives and Records Administration.
"I'm a doughnut" urban legend[edit]
Berliner with plum jam filling
There is a widespread perception that Kennedy made an embarrassing mistake by saying Ich bin ein Berliner. By not leaving out the indefinite article "ein," he supposedly changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a Berliner" (a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly doughnut).
According to some grammar texts,[10] the indefinite article can be omitted in German when speaking of an individual's profession or origin but is in any case used when speaking in a figurative sense.[11][12]
Furthermore, although the word "Berliner"[9][13] is used for a jelly doughnut in the north, west and southwest of Germany, it is not used in Berlin itself or the surrounding region, where the usual word is "Pfannkuchen" (literally "pancake").
A further part of the misconception is that the audience to his speech laughed at his supposed error. They actually cheered and applauded both times the phrase was used. They laughed and cheered a few seconds after the first use of the phrase when Kennedy joked with the interpreter: "I appreciate my interpreter translating my German."[14]
A reference to this misconception appears in Len Deighton's spy novel Berlin Game, published in 1983, which contains the following passage, spoken by Bernard Samson:
'Ich bin ein Berliner,' I said. It was a joke. A Berliner is a doughnut. The day after President Kennedy made his famous proclamation, Berlin cartoonists had a field day with talking doughnuts.[15]
In Deighton's novel, Samson is an unreliable narrator, and his words cannot be taken at face value. However, The New York Times' review of Deighton's novel appeared to treat Samson's remark as factual and added the detail that Kennedy's audience found his remark funny:
Here is where President Kennedy announced, Ich bin ein Berliner, and thereby amused the city's populace because in the local parlance a Berliner is a doughnut.[16]
Four years later, it found its way into a New York Times op-ed:
It's worth recalling, again, President John F. Kennedy's use of a German phrase while standing before the Berlin Wall. It would be great, his wordsmiths thought, for him to declare himself a symbolic citizen of Berlin. Hence, Ich bin ein Berliner. What they did not know, but could easily have found out, was that such citizens never refer to themselves as 'Berliners.' They reserve that term for a favorite confection often munched at breakfast. So, while they understood and appreciated the sentiments behind the President's impassioned declaration, the residents tittered among themselves when he exclaimed, literally, "I am a jelly-filled doughnut."[17]
The doughnut misconception has since been repeated by media such as the BBC (by Alistair Cooke in his Letter from America program),[18] The Guardian,[19] MSNBC,[20] CNN,[21] Time magazine,[22] and The New York Times;[6] mentioned in several books about Germany written by English-speaking authors, including Norman Davies[23] and Kenneth C. Davis;[24] and used in the manual for the Speech Synthesis Markup Language.[25] It is also mentioned in Robert Dallek's biography of Kennedy, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963.[26]
Another reference to this misconception appears in David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest, published in 1996, which contains the following passage:
Few foreigners realize that the German term Berliner is also the vulgate idiom for a common jelly doughnut, and thus that Kennedy's seminal 'Ich bin ein Berliner' was greeted by the Teutonic crowds with a delight only apparently political.[27]
Cultural references[edit]
The phrase and the legend are quoted very often in fiction and popular culture in the United States. Besides a direct quote, there exist many variations starting "Ich bin ein (+ noun, e.g., Frankfurter, Hamburger)" that are supposed to be understood by the primarily English-speaking audience based on the widespread knowledge of this German phrase and its myth. The phrase is perhaps ambiguous, but in context it is clear.
See also[edit]
Tear down this wall!, Ronald Reagan's 1987 Berlin speech
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keeling, Drew (2014), "Berlin Wall and Migration," Migration as a travel business
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy: Remarks in New Orleans at a Civic Reception". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project [online]. May 4, 1962. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Daum, Andreas W. (2008). Kennedy in Berlin. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 147–55. ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
Jump up ^ Her letter to American Heritage is printed anonymously; however, in the first-person story the writer refers to herself as "Mrs. Plischke from the Foreign Service Institute." Additionally, she is named as Margarethe Plischke in Kennedy and the Berlin Wall by W. R. Smyser, p. 217. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ Anonymous (1997). "Teaching The Berliner". American Heritage. 8 (4).
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Jack (May 18, 2008). "Profile in Courage". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ This is the estimate given in Daum, Kennedy in Berlin 137. A BBC article has a much lower number, 120,000. "On This Day: 1963: Kennedy: 'Ich bin ein Berliner'". BBC. June 26, 2005. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert Lochner. "Teaching JFK German". CNN.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan, Halford Ross (1995). U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook. Greenwood. pp. 219–20. ISBN 978-0-313-29059-6.
Jump up ^ Despite widespread claims to the contrary in most German grammars and textbooks, it is not incorrect to use an indefinite article before an indication of a person's origin, profession. As explained in the Duden-Grammatik: "Der indefinite Artikel wird beim prädikativen Nominativ [...] oft weggelassen, wenn damit die Zugehörigkeit zu einer sozial etablierten und anerkannten Gruppe (Nationalität, Herkunft, Beruf, Funktion, Weltanschauung, Religion, gesellschaftlicher Status usw.) angegeben wird (a). Zum Teil bestehen regionale Unterschiede im Gebrauch; ein strikter Standard hat sich nicht herausgebildet (b): (a) Sie wird _ Hochbauzeichnerin. Er bleibt _ Junggeselle. (b) Er ist (ein) Engländer. Sie ist (eine) Heidelbergerin." (Duden-Grammatik, 8. ed. 2009, p. 331.
Jump up ^ The Real Meaning of Ich Bin ein Berliner, The Atlantic
Jump up ^ Eichhoff, Jürgen (1993). "'Ich bin ein Berliner': A History and Linguistic Clarification". Monatshefte für den deutschen Unterricht, deutsche Sprache und Kultur. Monatshefte, University of Wisconsin Press. 85 (1): 71–80. ISSN 0026-9271. , cited in Erb, Scott (2003). German Foreign Policy: Navigating a New Era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. p. 52. ISBN 1-58826-168-9.
Jump up ^ "Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?" [I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?] (in German). Stadtkind. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy: Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a 'Berliner')". American Rhetoric. June 26, 1963.
Jump up ^ Deighton, Len (1985) [1983]. Berlin Game (1st Ballantine Books ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 112. ISBN 0-345-31498-0.
Jump up ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (December 12, 1983). "Books of the Times: Berlin Game, by Len Deighton". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
Jump up ^ Miller, William J (April 30, 1988). "I Am a Jelly-Filled Doughnut". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
Jump up ^ "Programmes | Letter From America | "I am a Jelly Doughnut"". BBC News. 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Richard (September 10, 2005). "How we got the measure of a Berliner". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Bloopers", One good move, Nov 2005 .
Jump up ^ "9", Cold War (special), CNN, archived from the original on December 18, 2008 .
Jump up ^ Purvis, Andrew (2007-01-09). "Wall-To-Wall Kennedy". Time. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
Jump up ^ Davies, Norman (1998), Europe: A History, New York, p. 1113 .
Jump up ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (2007). Don't Know Much about Anything: Everything You Need to Know But Never Learned about People, Places, Events, and More!. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-125146-7.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Daniel C.; Walker, Mark R; Hunt, Andrew (September 7, 2004). "Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML)". Speech Synthesis Markup Language Recommendation (Version 1.0 ed.). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dallek, Robert (2003), An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963, p. 625, In the midst of so tumultuous a reception, no one was ready to complain that Kennedy should have said, ‘Ich bin Berliner’ instead of ‘ein Berliner,’ which was colloquial German for a jelly doughnut.
Jump up ^ Wallace, David Foster (1996). Infinite Jest (1st Little, Brown ed.). New York: Little, Brown. p. 1079. ISBN 0-316-92004-5.
Further reading[edit]
Daum, Andreas W. (2007). Kennedy in Berlin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
Provan, John D. (2013). Ich bin ein Berliner. Berlin: Berlinstory-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86368-112-8.
Heichler, Lucian (June 2002). "I Remember... How Berlin Mourned John F. Kennedy". American Diplomacy.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ich bin ein Berliner
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visit of John F. Kennedy in Berlin, 1963.
Who famously said "Ich bin ein Berliner" on this day in 1963?
Text, audio, video of address
About.com article
JFK Letter On Success of Trip to Europe 1963 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
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2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final
The Oval, London
Event
2017 ICC Champions Trophy
Pakistan
India
338/4
158
50
30.3
Pakistan won by 180 runs
Date
18 June 2017
Venue
The Oval, London, England
Player of the Match
Fakhar Zaman (Pak)
Umpires
Marais Erasmus (SA) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)
Attendance
26,000
← 2013
2021 →
The final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was played on 18 June 2017 between Pakistan and India at The Oval in London, to determine the winner of the eighth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy.[1] Pakistan qualified for the final by defeating the hosts England convincingly by 8 wickets in the first semi-final at Cardiff in Wales on 14 June, and reached their maiden Champions Trophy final.[2] India, the defending champions, came into the final by defeating Bangladesh comfortably by 9 wickets in the second semi-final at Birmingham on 15 June, to reach their fourth Champions Trophy final, a record.[3]
In an unexpected performance, given India were considered favourites, Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy, winning by 180 runs, which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament.[4] Pakistan, who were massive underdogs as they were the lowest-ranked team in the competition,[5] became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy, and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992. Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114.[6] Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament[7] while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan's first ICC tournament title since 2009.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Road to the final
2.1 Pakistan
2.2 India
3 Match officials
4 Match summary
4.1 Pakistani innings
4.2 Indian innings
4.3 Scorecard
5 Aftermath
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
See also: India–Pakistan cricket rivalry
Pakistan and India share a historical rivalry in cricket. Prior to this match, the two sides had played 128 times against each other in ODIs, where Pakistan won 72 matches, India won 52 matches and four matches ended with no result.[9] While Pakistan have had the upper hand bilaterally, India enjoyed an edge in global ICC tournaments where they won 13 times against Pakistan, and Pakistan won twice against India.[10] The two sides met only twice before in the finals of global tournaments: the non-ICC World Championship of Cricket Final in 1985, and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final.[10]
Prior to this match, the teams had met four times in the Champions Trophy and had two victories each. Pakistan's last win was in 2009; since then, India won seven games against Pakistan across ICC tournaments consecutively.[10] Their most recent clash was on 4 June 2017, during the group stages of the ongoing Champions Trophy where India won by 124 runs (D/L method).[11] Much of the pre-match analysis envisioned a strong contest between India's batting lineup and Pakistan's bowling side, both of which were considered the strengths of their respective teams and remained formidable in this tournament.[10]
Road to the final[edit]
Further information: 2017 ICC Champions Trophy § Group B
Pakistan[edit]
Ranked eighth in the ICC ODI Championship at the start of the tournament, Pakistan started poorly, before improving progressively in each game. They lost to India in the first game by 124 runs in a sloppy display,[12] but then defeated top-ranked South Africa by 19 runs by virtue of Duckworth–Lewis method in their next game.[13] They gained momentum and beat Sri Lanka by 3 wickets in their final group game, a thrilling must-win encounter, and qualified for the semi-finals placed second in Group B, behind India on net run rate.[14] In the semi-final, England with their undefeated run and home advantage were tipped firm favourites. However, they were outplayed by Pakistan with both bat and ball, the latter winning comprehensively by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare. This paved the road for Pakistan's first qualification to a Champions Trophy final.[15]
India[edit]
India came into the tournament as defending champions and favourites along with England, and were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship. They beat arch-rivals Pakistan convincingly in their first group face-off, winning by 124 runs.[12] They lost their second match to Sri Lanka by 7 wickets, despite posting a total of 321, in what turned out to be the highest successful run-chase in Champions Trophy history.[16] India won their final group game, a must-win encounter against South Africa, comfortably by 8 wickets.[17] They finished on top of Group B with two wins and a net run rate ahead of Pakistan. In the semi-final, India faced Bangladesh, and put in yet another dominating display, winning comfortably by 9 wickets and sealing a final with Pakistan.[18]
Match officials[edit]
Marais Erasmus of South Africa and Richard Kettleborough of England were named as the on-field umpires for the final. They had both previously officiated in the semi-final matches of the tournament; Erasmus, in the England–Pakistan match, and Kettleborough, in the Bangladesh–India match.[19] Rod Tucker of Australia and Kumar Dharmasena of Sri Lanka, who also officiated in the semi-finals as on-field umpires, were appointed as the TV umpire and reserve umpire respectively. David Boon of Australia was the match referee, completing the five-member match official team.[20]
Match summary[edit]
18 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard
Pakistan
338/4 (50 overs)
v
India
158 (30.3 overs)
Fakhar Zaman 114 (106)
Kedar Jadhav 1/27 (3 overs)
Hardik Pandya 76 (43)
Mohammad Amir 3/16 (6 overs)
Pakistan won by 180 runs
The Oval, London
Umpires: Marais Erasmus (SA) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)
Player of the match: Fakhar Zaman (Pak)
India won the toss and elected to field.
Fakhar Zaman (Pak) scored his maiden ODI century.
Pakistan won the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time.
India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final, while Pakistan brought back their leading pacer Mohammad Amir, who was ruled out of the semi-final against England due to back spasm and replaced Rumman Raees.[21] Indian captain Virat Kohli won the toss and elected his side to field first, sending Pakistan in to bat.[22]
Pakistani innings[edit]
The Pakistani opening pair, Azhar Ali and Fakhar Zaman, put on 128 runs before Ali was run out for 59 runs off the last ball of the 22nd over. Zaman, who seemed to have been out for 3 runs, only for a no ball by Jasprit Bumrah to save him, continued on his way to a 92-ball century – his first at ODI level – eventually falling to Hardik Pandya on the first ball of the 33rd over. He made 114 runs from 106 balls, which included twelve fours and three sixes. After his dismissal, the other Pakistani batsmen kept the score ticking over. Mohammad Hafeez plundered 57 not out from 37 balls, including four fours and three sixes. Pakistan eventually finished on 338/4 – their second-highest ODI score against India – after 50 overs. Bhuvneshwar Kumar was the pick of the Indian bowlers, finishing with 1/44 from 10 overs (including two maidens).[23]
Indian innings[edit]
India started poorly, losing two early wickets to Mohammad Amir.[24] Off the third ball of the game, Rohit Sharma was out leg before wicket for a three-ball duck. In the third over, Virat Kohli was dropped in the slips for just five runs but caught the next ball by Shadab Khan at point.[23] Their poor form continued until, in the middle of the innings, Hardik Pandya and Ravindra Jadeja managed a rapid 80-run partnership prior to Pandya being run-out. However this was India's only batting highlight as the tail was quickly dismissed and India were all out after 30.3 overs, not even managing half of Pakistan's total.[25]
Scorecard[edit]
Pakistan innings
Player
Status
Runs
Balls
4s
6s
Strike rate
Azhar Ali run out (†Dhoni/Bumrah) 59 71 6 1 83.09
Fakhar Zaman c Jadeja b Pandya 114 106 12 3 107.54
Babar Azam c Yuvraj Singh b Jadhav 46 52 4 0 88.46
Shoaib Malik c Jadhav b Kumar 12 16 0 1 75.00
Mohammad Hafeez not out 57 37 4 3 154.05
Imad Wasim not out 25 21 1 1 119.04
Sarfraz Ahmed * did not bat
Mohammad Amir did not bat
Shadab Khan did not bat
Hasan Ali did not bat
Junaid Khan did not bat
Extras (lb 9; w 13; nb 3) 25
Total (4 wickets; 50 overs) 338 27 9
Fall of wickets: 1–128 (Azhar Ali, 22.6 ov), 2–200 (Fakhar Zaman, 33.1 ov), 3–247 (Shoaib Malik, 39.4 ov), 4–267 (Babar Azam, 42.3 ov)
India bowling
Bowler
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Econ
Bhuvneshwar Kumar 10 2 44 1 4.40
Jasprit Bumrah 9 0 68 0 7.55
Ravichandran Ashwin 10 0 70 0 7.00
Hardik Pandya 10 0 53 1 5.30
Ravindra Jadeja 8 0 67 0 8.37
Kedar Jadhav 3 0 27 1 9.00
India innings
Player
Status
Runs
Balls
4s
6s
Strike rate
Rohit Sharma lbw b Mohammad Amir 0 3 0 0 0.00
Shikhar Dhawan c †Sarfraz Ahmed b Mohammad Amir 21 22 4 0 95.45
Virat Kohli * c Shadab Khan b Mohammad Amir 5 9 0 0 55.55
Yuvraj Singh lbw b Shadab Khan 22 31 4 0 70.96
MS Dhoni c Imad Wasim b Hasan Ali 4 16 0 0 25.00
Kedar Jadhav c †Sarfraz Ahmed b Shadab Khan 9 13 2 0 69.23
Hardik Pandya run out (M. Hafeez/Hasan Ali) 76 43 4 6 176.74
Ravindra Jadeja c Babar Azam b Junaid Khan 15 26 0 0 57.69
Ravichandran Ashwin c †Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 1 3 0 0 33.33
Bhuvneshwar Kumar not out 1 8 0 0 12.50
Jasprit Bumrah c †Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 1 9 0 0 11.11
Extras (lb 2; w 1) 3
Total (all out; 30.3 overs) 158 14 6
Fall of wickets: 1–0 (Sharma, 0.3 ov), 2–6 (Kohli, 2.4 ov), 3–33 (Dhawan, 8.6 ov), 4–54 (Yuvraj Singh, 12.6 ov), 5–54 (Dhoni, 13.3 ov), 6–72 (Jadhav, 16.6 ov), 7–152 (Pandya, 26.3 ov), 8–156 (Jadeja, 27.3 ov), 9–156 (Ashwin, 28.1 ov), 10–158 (Bumrah, 30.3 ov)
Pakistan bowling
Bowler
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Econ
Mohammad Amir 6 2 16 3 2.66
Junaid Khan 6 1 20 1 3.33
Mohammad Hafeez 1 0 13 0 13.00
Hasan Ali 6.3 1 19 3 2.92
Shadab Khan 7 0 60 2 8.57
Imad Wasim 0.3 0 3 0 6.00
Fakhar Zaman 3.3 0 25 0 7.14
Match officials
On-field umpires: Marais Erasmus and Richard Kettleborough
Third umpire: Rod Tucker
Match referee: Kumar Dharmasena
Reserve umpire: David Boon
Key
* – Captain
– Wicket-keeper
c Fielder – Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder
b Bowler – Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal
Aftermath[edit]
The Pakistani team were greeted with a heroic welcome by fans upon their return home.[26] Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif posted a congratulatory message on social media,[27] and announced a cash reward of ₨1 crore (US$95,000) for each player.[28] A ceremony was held for the players at the Prime Minister's Secretariat on 4 July.[29] The property developer Bahria Town presented a sum of ₨10 lakh (US$9,500) for every player, and awarded a one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman for his performance.[30]
In India, the loss was met with agitation by several fans.[31] However, many Indians also commended Pakistan's performance and expressed solidarity with the Indian team irrespective of the result.[32] In Kashmir, widespread pro-Pakistan celebrations were reported amongst locals.[33] Twenty-one Indian men who were allegedly celebrating Pakistan's victory were charged under India’s sedition laws, and remanded in custody.[34][35] The charges were dropped a few days later after the complainants accused the police of filing a "false case".[36][37]
Two days after the match, India coach Anil Kumble stepped down from his position, amid reports of a rift between him and some of the players including captain Virat Kohli.[38][39][40]
Pakistan's ICC team ranking for ODIs improved from eighth to sixth position, jumping ahead of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. In the bowlers' rankings, Hasan Ali climbed 12 spots to reach seventh, while Babar Azam rose by three ranks to fifth on the batting rankings.[41]
See also[edit]
2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final
2011 Cricket World Cup Semifinal: India v Pakistan
Cricket portal
India portal
Pakistan portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh (15 June 2017). "India set up blockbuster Pakistan final". IndianExpress. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ David Hopps (14 June 2017). "Hasan Ali the star as Pakistan crush England to reach final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga (15 June 2017). "Dominant India march into yet another final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Openers' dominance, and a new high for Pakistan". ESPN Cricinfo. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Jon Stewart (6 June 2017). "England favourites, Pakistan underdogs:Waqar Younis". ICC Cricket. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Rajdeep Sardesai (18 June 2017). "Former Navy officer, Fakhar Zaman is now the pride of Pakistan". IndianExpress.
Jump up ^ Bikas Jairu (18 June 2017). "Shikhar Dhawan's dazzling run gets him Golden Bat". IndianExpress.
Jump up ^ Mohammad Zumman (18 June 2017). "Hasan Ali bags Golden Ball, Man of the Series for outstanding performances". GEOtv.
Jump up ^ "Statistics/Statsguru/One-Day Internationals/Team records". Cricinfo. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rajesh, S. (17 June 2017). "India's top three v Pakistan's pace". Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICC Champions Trophy, Group B: India v Pakistan at Birmingham, Jun 4, 2017". Cricinfo. 4 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "India thrash sloppy Pakistan by 124 runs". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan trip up South Africa to revive campaign". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sarfraz sees shaky Pakistan into semi-finals". ESPN Cricinfo. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan in final with smashing victory". ESPN Cricinfo. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mendis, Gunathilaka anchor highest Champions Trophy chase to keep SL alive". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dominant India march into yet another final". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cricket: Erasmus, Kettleborough to umpire India-Pakistan final". Agence France-Presse. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Erasmus, Kettleborough to umpire final". supersport.com. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mohammad Amir set to return for final". ESPN Cricinfo. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "India win toss, elect to field". Reuters. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b ESPNcricinfo
Jump up ^ Bose, Soumitra (19 June 2017). "Mohammad Amir times Virat Kohli’s dismissal perfectly in Champions Trophy final". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Fernando, Andrew Fidel (18 June 2017). "New champions: Zaman, Amir and Pakistan raze India for title". Cricinfo. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Farooq, Umar (20 June 2017). "Rapturous Pakistan greets its champions". Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "PM, President felicitate team for Champions Trophy 2017 win". Dunya News. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "PM Nawaz announces Rs10mn for each player of cricket team". The News. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nawaz showers praise on cricket team in ceremony held at PM House". Samaa News. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Champions Trophy final: Bahria Town to give one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman". The Express Tribune. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Agitated fans break TV sets, burn posters at India’s loss to Pakistan". Hindustan Times. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "India vs Pakistan: How Bollywood stars and team India fans reacted to Pakistan’s win". Times of India. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Rashid, Toufiq (19 June 2017). "Widespread celebration in Kashmir after Pakistan beats India". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "India’s raucous democracy is becoming more subdued". The Economist. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Hari; Najar, Nida (21 June 2017). "Police in India Arrest Fans Celebrating Pakistan's Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ghatwai, Milind (21 June 2017). "Madhya Pradesh police drops sedition charges against 15 men held for cheering Pakistan". The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ghatwai, Milind (24 June 2017). "MP: 15 men accused of cheering for Pak were framed, says ‘complainant’". The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
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Jump up ^ Gollapudi, Nagraj (21 June 2017). "Kumble left after giving 'dressing-down' to player". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "After rift, Team India skipper Virat Kohli deletes ‘welcome’ tweet for Anil Kumble". Deccan Chronicle. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Louis (19 June 2017). "Rankings reward for rising Pakistan". Cricket.com.au. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
ICC Champions Trophy 2017 at ESPNCricinfo
[show]
v
t
e
Pakistan squad – 2017 ICC Champions Trophy (1st title)
54 Sarfraz Ahmed (c) (wk)
19 Ahmed Shehzad
79 Azhar Ali
56 Babar Azam
41 Fahim Ashraf
39 Fakhar Zaman
32 Hasan Ali
9 Imad Wasim
83 Junaid Khan
5 Mohammad Amir
8 Mohammad Hafeez
89 Haris Sohail
29 Shadab Khan
18 Shoaib Malik
47 Wahab Riaz
Rumman Raees
Coach: Mickey Arthur
Haris Sohail was not initially in the squad, but was named as replacement for Umar Akmal.
Rumman Raees was not initially in the squad, but was named as replacement for injured Wahab Riaz.
[show]
v
t
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India squad – 2017 ICC Champions Trophy runners-up
18 Kohli (c)
99 Ashwin
93 Bumrah
25 Dhawan
8 Jadeja
9 Dhoni (wk)
81 Jadhav
15 Bhuvneshwar
11 Pandya
27 Rahane
11 Shami
45 Rohit
12 Yuvraj
19 Yadav
9 Karthik
Coach: Kumble
Dinesh Karthik was not initially in the squad, but was named as replacement for Manish Pandey.
[show]
v
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ICC Champions Trophy
Tournaments
Bangladesh 1998
Kenya 2000
Sri Lanka 2002
England 2004
India 2006
South Africa 2009
England / Wales 2013
England / Wales 2017
Finals
1998
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2004
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2013
2017
Squads
1998
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2006
2009
2013
2017
Records
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[show]
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e
International cricket in 2017
Preceding season: International cricket in 2016–17
May 2017
Ireland in England
South Africa Quadrangular Series
Ireland Tri-Nation Series
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South Africa in England
June 2017
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Afghanistan in West Indies
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India in West Indies
Women's World Cup
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Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka
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Pakistan in Bangladesh
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India in Sri Lanka
South Africa A Team Tri-Series
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World Cricket League Division Five
2017 Independence Cup
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Ongoing
Intercontinental Cup
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Following season: International cricket in 2017–18
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