text:
Bank of England £20 note
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Twenty pounds
(United Kingdom)
Value
£20
Width
149 mm
Height
80 mm
Security features
Raised print, metallic thread, watermark, microlettering, UV feature, holographic strip, see-through registration device
Paper type
Cotton
Years of printing
1725–1943; 1970–present
2007–present (current design)
Obverse
Design
Queen Elizabeth II
Design date
13 March 2007
Reverse
Design
Adam Smith
Design date
13 March 2007
The Bank of England £20 note is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current cotton note, first issued in 2007, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the reverse. Starting in 2020, the current note will be phased out, to be replaced by a polymer note featuring a portrait of artist J. M. W. Turner in place of Smith.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Designs
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
£20 note, issued from London in 1934
£20 note, issued from 1970 to 1991
Twenty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued to individuals as needed. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of twenty pounds" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[1]
The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared. The predominantly purple series D notes were two-sided, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side, accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon (all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other. This note also had a security feature in the form of a 'windowed' metal thread. The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991. These notes were multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back. Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards. These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse.[2]
The current £20 note was introduced in 2007. It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory.[3] The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread: these include raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a holographic strip, a see-through register, and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light.[4] In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £20 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[5] This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J. M. W. Turner on the next £20 note, which will enter circulation by 2020.[6] Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a 1799 self-portrait of Turner, a version of Turner's The Fighting Temeraire, the quote "Light is therefore colour" from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will.[7]
Designs[edit]
Note
First issued
Last issued
Ceased to be
legal tender
Colour
Size
Design
Additional information
White 1725 1943 16 April 1945 Monochrome
Printed on one side only 211mm x 133mm
(may vary) Denomination discontinued from 1945 until 1970
Series D 9 July 1970 1991 19 March 1993 Predominantly purple 160mm x 90mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: William Shakespeare First £20 note to carry a portrait of a monarch and used a 'windowed' security thread (July 1984 onward)
Series E 5 June 1991 2000 28 February 2001 Multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) 149mm x 80mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Michael Faraday Those notes issued from September 1993 have an additional denomination symbol £20 on each side
Series E (variant) 22 June 1999 2007 30 June 2010 Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Edward Elgar
Series F 13 March 2007 Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Adam Smith
Series G (polymer) By 2020 139mm x 73mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: J. M. W. Turner
Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]
See also[edit]
Bank of England note issues
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "A brief history of banknotes". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide" (PDF). Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "£20 Note (Adam Smith) – Design Features". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "£20 Note (Adam Smith) – Security Features". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Paper banknotes disappearing fast as £20 turns plastic". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "J.M.W. Turner to appear on the next £20 banknote". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The next £20 note". Bank of England. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
External links[edit]
Bank of England website
[hide]
v
t
e
Banknotes of the pound sterling
England and Wales
Bank of England
Current
£5
£10
£20
£50
Obsolete
10/-
£1
Scotland
Bank of Scotland
£5
£10
£20
£50
£100
The Royal Bank of Scotland
£1
£5
£10
£20
£50
£100
Clydesdale Bank
£5
£10
£20
£50
£100
Northern Ireland
Bank of Ireland
£5
£10
£20
£50
£100
Danske Bank
Current
£10
£20
Obsolete
£50
£100
First Trust Bank
£10
£20
£50
£100
Ulster Bank
£5
£10
£20
£50
£100
British Crown Dependencies
Guernsey pound
Jersey pound
Manx pound
British Overseas Territories
(at parity with Sterling)
Gibraltar pound
Falkland Islands pound
Saint Helena pound
See also
Pound sterling
Coins of the pound sterling
Economy of the United Kingdom
Sterling area
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_£20_note&oldid=799608284"
Categories:
Banknotes of England
Twenty-base-unit banknotes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 September 2017, at 19:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values:
/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II
mw-redirect
Queen Elizabeth II

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Banknotes of the pound sterling

values: Template talk:Banknotes of the pound sterling

values:
/wiki/The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland
mw-redirect
The Royal Bank of Scotland

values: Danske Bank £50 note (page does not exist)

values: Danske Bank £100 note (page does not exist)

values: First Trust Bank £10 note (page does not exist)

values: First Trust Bank £20 note (page does not exist)

values: First Trust Bank £50 note (page does not exist)

values: First Trust Bank £100 note (page does not exist)

values: Ulster Bank £5 note (page does not exist)

values: Ulster Bank £10 note (page does not exist)

values: Ulster Bank £20 note (page does not exist)

values: Ulster Bank £50 note (page does not exist)

values: Ulster Bank £100 note (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bank_of_England_%C2%A320_note
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: 英格蘭銀行20英鎊紙幣 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bank_of_England_£20_note rootpage-Bank_of_England_£20_note skin-vector action-view


text:
Indigenous peoples
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"First peoples" redirects here. For the study of human origins, see Anthropogeny.
A Navajo man on horseback in Monument Valley, Arizona, United States
Inuit on a traditional qamutik (dog sled) in Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada
Indigenous peoples, also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples or native peoples, are ethnic groups who are the original inhabitants of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently. Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share this characteristic, sometimes having adopted substantial elements of a colonising culture, such as dress, religion or language. Indigenous peoples may be settled in a given region (sedentary) or exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory, but they are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they depend. Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world.[1][2]
Since indigenous peoples are often faced with threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being and their access to the resources on which their cultures depend, political rights have been set forth in international law by international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank.[1] The United Nations has issued a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to guide member-state national policies to the collective rights of indigenous people, such as culture, identity, language and access to employment, health, education and natural resources. Estimates put the total population of indigenous peoples from 220 million to 350 million.[3]
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples is celebrated on 9 August each year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
1.1 National definitions
1.2 United Nations
2 History
2.1 Classical antiquity
2.2 European expansion and colonialism
3 Population and distribution
4 Indigenous peoples by region
4.1 Africa
4.2 Americas
4.3 Asia
4.3.1 Western Asia
4.3.2 South Asia
4.3.3 North Asia
4.3.4 Eastern Asia
4.3.5 Southeast Asia
4.4 Europe
4.5 Oceania
5 Indigenous rights and other issues
5.1 Human rights violations
5.2 Health issues
5.3 Non-indigenous viewpoints
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
9.1 Institutions
Definitions[edit]
The adjective indigenous was historically used to describe animals and plant origins. During the late twentieth century, the term Indigenous people began to be used to describe a legal category in indigenous law created in international and national legislations; it refers to culturally distinct groups affected by colonization.[4]It is derived from the Latin word indigena, which is based on the root gen- 'to be born' with an archaic form of the prefix in 'in'.[5] Any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as indigenous in reference to some particular region or location that they see as their traditional tribal land claim.[6] Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are aboriginal, native, original, or first (as in Canada's First Nations).
The use of the term peoples in association with the indigenous is derived from the 19th century anthropological and ethnographic disciplines that Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines as "a body of persons that are united by a common culture, tradition, or sense of kinship, which typically have common language, institutions, and beliefs, and often constitute a politically organized group".[7]
James Anaya, former Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, has defined indigenous peoples as "living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire and conquest".[8][9]
They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system. The International Day of the World's Indigenous People falls on 9 August as this was the date of the first meeting in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group of Indigenous Populations of the Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Commission on Human Rights.
National definitions[edit]
Ainu man of Hokkaidō, Japan in traditional dress
Throughout history, different states designate the groups within their boundaries that are recognized as indigenous peoples according to international or national legislation by different terms. Indigenous people also include people indigenous based on their descent from populations that inhabited the country when non-indigenous religions and cultures arrived—or at the establishment of present state boundaries—who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains.
The status of the indigenous groups in the subjugated relationship can be characterized in most instances as an effectively marginalized, isolated or minimally participative one, in comparison to majority groups or the nation-state as a whole. Their ability to influence and participate in the external policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands and practices is very frequently limited. This situation can persist even in the case where the indigenous population outnumbers that of the other inhabitants of the region or state; the defining notion here is one of separation from decision and regulatory processes that have some, at least titular, influence over aspects of their community and land rights.
In a ground-breaking 1997 decision involving the Ainu people of Japan, the Japanese courts recognised their claim in law, stating that "If one minority group lived in an area prior to being ruled over by a majority group and preserved its distinct ethnic culture even after being ruled over by the majority group, while another came to live in an area ruled over by a majority after consenting to the majority rule, it must be recognised that it is only natural that the distinct ethnic culture of the former group requires greater consideration."[10]
The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to variously constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the indigenous society is regulated largely by its own tradition and custom. They may be purposefully imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction. They may have a measurable effect, even where countered by other external influences and actions deemed beneficial or that promote indigenous rights and interests.
United Nations[edit]
In 1982 the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP) accepted as a preliminary definition a formulation put forward by Mr. José R. Martínez-Cobo, Special Rapporteur on Discrimination against Indigenous Populations. This definition has some limitations, because the definition applies mainly to pre-colonial populations, and would likely exclude other isolated or marginal societies.[11]
Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those that, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop, and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems.
The primary impetus in considering indigenous identity comes from the post-colonial movements and considering the historical impacts on populations by the European imperialism. The first paragraph of the Introduction of a report published in 2009 by the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues published a report,[12] states
For centuries, since the time of their colonization, conquest or occupation, indigenous peoples have documented histories of resistance, interface or cooperation with states, thus demonstrating their conviction and determination to survive with their distinct sovereign identities. Indeed, indigenous peoples were often recognized as sovereign peoples by states, as witnessed by the hundreds of treaties concluded between indigenous peoples and the governments of the United States, Canada, New Zealand and others.[13]
In May 2016, the Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) affirmed that indigenous people (also termed aboriginal people, native people, or autochthonous people) are distinctive groups protected in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their linguistic and historical ties to a particular territory, prior to later settlement, development, and or occupation of a region.[14] The session affirms that since indigenous peoples are vulnerable to exploitation, marginalization, oppression, forced assimilation, and genocide by nation states formed from colonizing populations or by politically dominant, different ethnic groups, special protection of individuals and communities maintaining ways of life indigenous to their regions, are entitled to special protection.
History[edit]
Classical antiquity[edit]
Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge the prior existence of indigenous people(s), whom they referred to as "Pelasgians". These peoples inhabited lands surrounding the Aegean Sea before the subsequent migrations of the Hellenic ancestors claimed by these authors. The disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus give varying, partially mythological accounts. However, it is clear that cultures existed whose indigenous characteristics were distinguished by the subsequent Hellenic cultures (and distinct from non-Greek speaking "foreigners", termed "barbarians" by the historical Greeks).
Greco-Roman society flourished between 250 BC and 480 AD and commanded successive waves of conquests that gripped more than half of the globe. But because already existent populations within other parts of Europe at the time of classical antiquity had more in common culturally speaking with the Greco-Roman world, the intricacies involved in expansion across the European frontier were not so contentious relative to indigenous issues.[15]
Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured Guanche kings of Tenerife to Ferdinand and Isabella
But when it came to expansion in other parts of the world, namely Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, then totally new cultural dynamics had entered into the equation, so to speak, and one sees here of what was to take the Americas, South East Asia, and the Pacific by storm a few hundred years later. The idea that peoples who possessed cultural customs and racial appearances strikingly different from those of the colonizing power is no new idea borne out of the Medieval period or the Enlightenment.
European expansion and colonialism[edit]
The rapid and extensive spread of the various European powers from the early 15th century onwards had a profound impact upon many of the indigenous cultures with whom they came into contact. The exploratory and colonial ventures in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific often resulted in territorial and cultural conflict, and the intentional or unintentional displacement and devastation of the indigenous populations.
The Canary Islands had an indigenous population called the Guanches whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians and linguists.[16]
Population and distribution[edit]
Members of an uncontacted tribe encountered in the Brazilian state of Acre in 2009
A Kawanua tribesman in a parade. Native Indonesians make up about 95% of the 200 million Indonesian population.
Indigenous societies range from those who have been significantly exposed to the colonizing or expansionary activities of other societies (such as the Maya peoples of Mexico and Central America) through to those who as yet remain in comparative isolation from any external influence (such as the Sentinelese and Jarawa of the Andaman Islands).
Precise estimates for the total population of the world's Indigenous peoples are very difficult to compile, given the difficulties in identification and the variances and inadequacies of available census data. The United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries worldwide.[17] This would equate to just fewer than 6% of the total world population. This includes at least 5000 distinct peoples[18] in over 72 countries.
Contemporary distinct indigenous groups survive in populations ranging from only a few dozen to hundreds of thousands and more. Many indigenous populations have undergone a dramatic decline and even extinction, and remain threatened in many parts of the world. Some have also been assimilated by other populations or have undergone many other changes. In other cases, indigenous populations are undergoing a recovery or expansion in numbers.
Certain indigenous societies survive even though they may no longer inhabit their "traditional" lands, owing to migration, relocation, forced resettlement or having been supplanted by other cultural groups. In many other respects, the transformation of culture of indigenous groups is ongoing, and includes permanent loss of language, loss of lands, encroachment on traditional territories, and disruption in traditional lifeways due to contamination and pollution of waters and lands.
Indigenous peoples by region[edit]
See also: List of indigenous peoples
Indigenous populations are distributed in regions throughout the globe. The numbers, condition and experience of indigenous groups may vary widely within a given region. A comprehensive survey is further complicated by sometimes contentious membership and identification.
Africa[edit]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Africa
See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Africa
Tuareg nomads in southern Algeria
Starting fire by hand, San people in Botswana
In the post-colonial period, the concept of specific indigenous peoples within the African continent has gained wider acceptance, although not without controversy. The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups that comprise most modern, independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation, cultures and pastoralist or hunter-gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation. Since the late 20th century these peoples have increasingly sought recognition of their rights as distinct indigenous peoples, in both national and international contexts.
Though the vast majority of African peoples are indigenous in the sense that they originate from that continent and middle and south east Asia—in practice, identity as an indigenous people per the modern definition is more restrictive, and certainly not every African ethnic group claims identification under these terms. Groups and communities who do claim this recognition are those who, by a variety of historical and environmental circumstances, have been placed outside of the dominant state systems, and whose traditional practices and land claims often come into conflict with the objectives and policies implemented by governments, companies and surrounding dominant societies.
Given the extensive and complicated history of human migration within Africa, being the "first peoples in a land" is not a necessary precondition for acceptance as an indigenous people. Rather, indigenous identity relates more to a set of characteristics and practices than priority of arrival. For example, several populations of nomadic peoples such as the Tuareg of the Sahara and Sahel regions now inhabit areas where they arrived comparatively recently; their claim to indigenous status (endorsed by the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights) is based on their marginalization as nomadic peoples in states and territories dominated by sedentary agricultural peoples.
Americas[edit]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Americas
See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Shaman from the Shuar people in the Ecuador Amazonian forest
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Andes, Peru
A Maya family in the hamlet of Patzun, Guatemala, 1993
Indigenous peoples of the American continent are broadly recognized as being those groups and their descendants who inhabited the region before the arrival of European colonizers and settlers (i.e., Pre-Columbian). Indigenous peoples who maintain, or seek to maintain, traditional ways of life are found from the high Arctic north to the southern extremities of Tierra del Fuego.
The impact of European colonization of the Americas on the indigenous communities has been in general quite severe, with many authorities estimating ranges of significant population decline primarily due to disease but also violence. The extent of this impact is the subject of much continuing debate. Several peoples shortly thereafter became extinct, or very nearly so.
All nations in North and South America have populations of indigenous peoples within their borders. In some countries (particularly Latin American), indigenous peoples form a sizable component of the overall national population—in Bolivia they account for an estimated 56–70% of the total nation, and at least half of the population in Guatemala and the Andean and Amazonian nations of Peru. In English, indigenous peoples are collectively referred to by different names that vary by region and include such ethnonyms as Native Americans, Amerindians, and American Indians. In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries one finds the use of terms such as pueblos indígenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indígenas, and in Peru, Comunidades Nativas (Native Communities), particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina[19] and Matsés. In Chile there are indigenous tribes like the Mapuches in the Center-South and the Aymaras in the North, also the Rapa Nui indigenous to Easter Island are a Polynesian tribe.
In Brazil, the term índio (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈĩdʒi.u] or ˈĩdʒju) is used by most of the population, the media, the indigenous peoples themselves and even the government (FUNAI is acronym for the Fundação Nacional do Índio) (National Indio Foundation), although its Hispanic equivalent indio is widely not considered politically correct and falling into disuse.
Raoni Metuktire, Kaye, Kadjor and Panara, leaders of the indigenous Kayapo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Navajo woman and infant, Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, USA
Indigenous peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations,[20] Inuit[21] and Métis.[22] The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse in Canada.[23][24] There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,272,790 2006 peoples spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.[25][26][27] National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginals to the history of Canada
The Inuit have achieved a degree of administrative autonomy with the creation in 1999 of the territories of Nunavik (in Northern Québec), Nunatsiavut (in Northern Labrador) and Nunavut, which was until 1999 a part of the Northwest Territories. The self-ruling Danish territory of Greenland is also home to a majority population of indigenous Inuit (about 85%).
In the United States, the combined populations of Native Americans, Inuit and other indigenous designations totalled 2,786,652 (constituting about 1.5% of 2003 US census figures). Some 563 scheduled tribes are recognized at the federal level, and a number of others recognized at the state level.
In Mexico, approximately 6,000,000 (constituting about 6.7% of 2005 Mexican census figures) identify as Indígenas (Spanish for natives or indigenous peoples). In the southern states of Chiapas, Yucatán and Oaxaca they constitute 26.1%, 33.5% and 35.3%, respectively, of the population. In these states several conflicts and episodes of civil war have been conducted, in which the situation and participation of indigenous societies were notable factors (see for example EZLN).
The Amerindians make up 0.4% of all Brazilian population, or about 700,000 people.[28] Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On 18 January 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.[29]
Asia[edit]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Asia
See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Asia
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Nenets family in their tent, Yamal Peninsula, Russia
Yazidis, who are indigenous to Northern Mesopotamia.
Assyrian people, who are indigenous to Northern Iraq, are seen here in traditional costume and participating in a folk dance.
Dayak man from Indonesia, Southeast Asia
The vast regions of Asia contain the majority of the world's present-day Indigenous populations, about 70% according to IWGIA figures.[30]
Western Asia[edit]
The Yazidis are indigenous to the Sinjar mountain range in northern Iraq.[citation needed]
The indigenous people of Northern Iraq are the Assyrians.[31] They claim descent from the ancient Neo-Assyrian Empire and Akkadians, and lived in what was Assyria, their original homeland. Their homeland is primarily occupied by the Kurdish autonomous region.
The indigenous people of modern Eastern Turkey, parts of the South Caucasus and much of Azerbaijan (Armenian Highlands) are the Armenians, They have a history in the region dating back to at least 2,450 BCE with the story of Hayk told by Movses Khorenatsi, however much like the Assyrians with whom they share several similarities including the Armenian Genocide and Assyrian Genocide, along with the two peoples becoming victims and minorities within their own land.[citation needed]
South Asia[edit]
The indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts are the Buddhist Chakma people (Jumma people).
The most substantial populations are in India, which constitutionally recognizes a range of "Scheduled Castes and Tribes" within its borders. These various peoples (collectively referred to as Dalit, Adivasis, or tribal peoples) number about 68 million (1991 census figures, approximately 8% of the total national population).
There are also indigenous people residing in the hills of Northern, North-eastern and Southern India like the Ladakhi, Kinnaurs, Lepcha, Bhutia (of Sikkim), Naga (of Nagaland), indigenous Assamese communities, Munda people of Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mizo (of Mizoram), Kodava (of Kodagu), Toda, Kurumba, Kota (of the Nilgiris), Irulas and others.
The Jats are indigenous people of ancient India, and can be tracked down to 4th century BC.[32]
North Asia[edit]
The Russians invaded Siberia and conquered the indigenous natives in the 17th-18th centuries.
Nivkh people are an ethnic group indigenous to Sakhalin, having a few speakers of the Nivkh language, but their fisher culture has been endangered due to the development of oil field of Sakhalin from 1990s.[33]
Eastern Asia[edit]
Ainu people are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. As Japanese settlement expanded, the Ainu were pushed northward and fought against the Japanese in Shakushain's Revolt and Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion, until by the Meiji period they were confined by the government to a small area in Hokkaidō, in a manner similar to the placing of Native Americans on reservations.[34]
The Dzungar Oirats are the natives of Dzungaria in Northern Xinjiang.
The Pamiris are the native people of Tashkurgan in Xinjiang.
The Ryukyuan people are indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands.
The languages of Taiwanese aborigines have significance in historical linguistics, since in all likelihood Taiwan was the place of origin of the entire Austronesian language family, which spread across Oceania.[35][36][37]
Southeast Asia[edit]
The Malay Singaporeans are the indigenous people of Singapore, inhabiting it since the Austronesian migration. They have established Kingdom of Singapura back in the 13th century. The name Singapore itself comes from the Malay word Singapura (Singa=Lion, Pura=City) which means the Lion City.
The Cham are the indigenous people of the former state of Champa which was conquered by Vietnam in the Cham–Vietnamese wars during Nam tiến. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region.
The Degar (Montagnards) are the natives of the Central Highlands (Vietnam) and were conquered by the Vietnamese in the Nam tiến.
The Khmer Krom are the native people of the Mekong Delta and Saigon which were acquired by Vietnam from Cambodian King Chey Chettha II in exchange for a Vietnamese princess.
The Javanese, Sundanese, Bantenese, Betawi, Tengger, Osing, Badui, Madurese, Malays, Batak, Minangkabau, Acehnese, Lampung, Kubu, Dayak, Banjar, Makassarese, Buginese, Mandar, Minahasa, Buton, Gorontalo, Toraja, Bajau, Balinese, Sasak, Nuaulu, Manusela, Wemale, Dani, Bauzi, Asmat are indigenous peoples in Indonesia. There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia.[38] 200 million of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry.
The indigenous people of Cordillera Administrative Region in the Philippines are the Igorot people.
The indigenous peoples of Mindanao are the Lumad peoples and the Moro (Tausug, Maguindanao Maranao and others) who also live in the Sulu archipelago.
Europe[edit]
The Circassians are one of the oldest nations in the European North Caucasus.
Ann Mari Thomassen, Norwegian Sami Association
Main article: Ethnic groups in Europe
See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe
In Europe, present-day indigenous populations as recognized by the UN are relatively few, mainly confined to its north and far east. Nevertheless, the ethnic groups traditionally inhabiting most, if not all, European countries are considered to be indigenous to Europe. This includes the majority populations.
Notable minority indigenous populations in Europe include the Basque people of northern Spain and southern France, the Sami people of northern Scandinavia, the Nenets and other Samoyedic peoples of the northern Russian Federation, and the Komi peoples of the western Urals, beside the Circassians in the North Caucasus.
Oceania[edit]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Oceania
See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
Aboriginal Australian dancers
Huli man from the Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea. New Guinea has more than 1,000 indigenous languages.
In Australia the indigenous populations are the Aboriginal Australians, within which are many different nations and tribes, and the Torres Strait Islanders. These groups are often spoken of as Indigenous Australians.
Many of the present-day Pacific Island nations in the Oceania region were originally populated by Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian peoples over the course of thousands of years. European colonial expansion in the Pacific brought many of these under non-indigenous administration. During the 20th century several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states were formed under local control. However, various peoples have put forward claims for Indigenous recognition where their islands are still under external administration; examples include the Chamorros of Guam and the Northern Marianas, and the Marshallese of the Marshall Islands.
The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently found on the islands of Palau in Micronesia.[39]
In most parts of Oceania, indigenous peoples outnumber the descendants of colonists. Exceptions include New Zealand and Hawaii. According to the 2013 census, New Zealand Māori make up 14.9% of the population of New Zealand, with less than half (46.5%) of all Māori residents identifying solely as Māori. The Māori are indigenous to Polynesia and settled New Zealand relatively recently, the migrations were thought to have occurred in the 13th century CE. In New Zealand pre-contact Māori tribes were not a single people, thus the more recent grouping into tribal (iwi) arrangements has become a more formal arrangement in more recent times. Many Māori tribal leaders signed a treaty with the British, the Treaty of Waitangi, which formed the modern geo-political entity that is New Zealand.
The independent state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a majority population of indigenous societies, with more than 700 different tribal groups recognized out of a total population of just over 5 million.[citation needed] The PNG Constitution and other Acts identify traditional or custom-based practices and land tenure, and explicitly set out to promote the viability of these traditional societies within the modern state. However, conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue between indigenous groups, the government, and corporate entities.
Indigenous rights and other issues[edit]
Part of a series on
Indigenous rights
Rights
Ancestral domain
Intellectual property
Land rights
Language
Traditional knowledge
Treaty rights
Governmental organizations
AADNC
ACHPR
Arctic Council
Bureau of Indian Affairs
CDI
Council of Indigenous Peoples
FUNAI
NCIP
UNPFII
NGOs and political groups
AFN
Amazon Watch
CAP
COICA
CONAIE
Cultural Survival
EZLN
fPcN
IPACC
IPCB
IWGIA
NARF
ONIC
Survival International
UNPO
more ...
Issues
Civilizing mission
Manifest Destiny
Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
Discovery doctrine
Indigenism
Legal representation
ILO 107
ILO 169
United Nations Declaration
Category
v
t
e
The New Zealand delegation endorses the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in April 2010.
Indigenous peoples confront a diverse range of concerns associated with their status and interaction with other cultural groups, as well as changes in their inhabited environment. Some challenges are specific to particular groups; however, other challenges are commonly experienced.[40] These issues include cultural and linguistic preservation, land rights, ownership and exploitation of natural resources, political determination and autonomy, environmental degradation and incursion, poverty, health, and discrimination.
The interaction between indigenous and non-indigenous societies throughout history has been complex, ranging from outright conflict and subjugation to some degree of mutual benefit and cultural transfer. A particular aspect of anthropological study involves investigation into the ramifications of what is termed first contact, the study of what occurs when two cultures first encounter one another. The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region, which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources.
Wherever indigenous cultural identity is asserted, common societal issues and concerns arise from the indigenous status. These concerns are often not unique to indigenous groups. Despite the diversity of Indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society. They are generally concerned that the cultures of Indigenous peoples are being lost and that indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into their surrounding societies. This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two of the northern indigenous peoples of Russia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian Inuit, who form a majority of the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999). In Australia, a landmark case, Mabo v Queensland (No 2),[41] saw the High Court of Australia reject the idea of terra nullius. This rejection ended up recognizing that there was a pre-existing system of law practiced by the Meriam people.
It is also sometimes argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve a wide range of cultural diversity as possible, and that the protection of indigenous cultures is vital to this enterprise.
Human rights violations[edit]
The Bangladesh Government has stated that there are "no Indigenous Peoples in Bangladesh".[42] This has angered the Indigenous Peoples of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, collectively known as the Jumma.[43] Experts have protested against this move of the Bangladesh Government and have questioned the Government's definition of the term "Indigenous Peoples".[44][45] This move by the Bangladesh Government is seen by the Indigenous Peoples of Bangladesh as another step by the Government to further erode their already limited rights.[46]
Both Hindu and Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confisticating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.[47] Cham in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalised, with ethnic Vietnamese settling on land previously owned by Cham people with state support.[48]
The French, the Communist North Vietnamese, and the anti-Communist South Vietnamese all exploited and persecuted the Montagnards. North Vietnamese Communists forcibly recruited "comfort girls" from the indigenous Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands and murdered those who didn't comply, inspired by Japan's use of comfort women.[49] The Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the indigenous Montagnards in the CIDG from the Central Highlands as "savages" and this caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese.[50] The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien, while the Vietnamese received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own native culture without adopting external culture and were the true indigenous natives of the region, and to hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois PMSI emerged for the Central Highlands along with the natives being addressed by the name Montagnard.[51] The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.[52] The anti-ethnic minority discriminatory policies by the Vietnamese, environmental degradation, deprivation of lands from the natives, and settlement of native lands by a massive amount of Vietnamese settlers led to massive protests and demonstrations by the Central Highland's indigenous native ethnic minorities against the Vietnamese in January–February 2001 and this event gave a tremendous blow to the claim often published by the Vietnamese government that in Vietnam There has been no ethnic confrontation, no religious war, no ethnic conflict. And no elimination of one culture by another.[53]
Health issues[edit]
In December 1993, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People, and requested UN specialized agencies to consider with governments and indigenous people how they can contribute to the success of the Decade of Indigenous People, commencing in December 1994. As a consequence, the World Health Organization, at its Forty-seventh World Health Assembly, established a core advisory group of indigenous representatives with special knowledge of the health needs and resources of their communities, thus beginning a long-term commitment to the issue of the health of indigenous peoples.[54]
The WHO notes that "Statistical data on the health status of indigenous peoples is scarce. This is especially notable for indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia and eastern Europe", but snapshots from various countries, where such statistics are available, show that indigenous people are in worse health than the general population, in advanced and developing countries alike: higher incidence of diabetes in some regions of Australia;[55] higher prevalence of poor sanitation and lack of safe water among Twa households in Rwanda;[56] a greater prevalence of childbirths without prenatal care among ethnic minorities in Vietnam;[57] suicide rates among Inuit youth in Canada are eleven times higher than the national average;[58] infant mortality rates are higher for indigenous peoples everywhere.[59]
Non-indigenous viewpoints[edit]
"Savages of Mokka and Their House in Formosa", pre-1945, Taiwan under Japanese rule
Indigenous peoples have been denoted primitives, savages[60] or uncivilized. These terms were common during the heights of European colonial expansion, but still continue in certain societies in modern times .[61]
During the 17th century, indigenous peoples were commonly labeled "uncivilized". Some philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes considered indigenous people to be merely 'savages', while others are purported to have considered them to be "noble savages". Those who were close to the Hobbesian view tended to believe themselves to have a duty to "civilize" and "modernize" the indigenous. Although anthropologists, especially from Europe, used to apply these terms to all tribal cultures, it has fallen into disfavor as demeaning and is, according to many anthropologists, not only inaccurate, but dangerous.
Survival International runs a campaign to stamp out media portrayal of indigenous peoples as 'primitive' or 'savages'.[62] Friends of Peoples Close to Nature considers not only that indigenous culture should be respected as not being inferior, but also sees their way of life as a lesson of sustainability and a part of the struggle within the "corrupted" western world, from which the threat stems.[63]
After World War I, however, many Europeans came to doubt the morality of the means used to "civilize" peoples. At the same time, the anti-colonial movement, and advocates of indigenous peoples, argued that words such as "civilized" and "savage" were products and tools of colonialism, and argued that colonialism itself was savagely destructive. In the mid 20th century, European attitudes began to shift to the view that indigenous and tribal peoples should have the right to decide for themselves what should happen to their ancient cultures and ancestral lands.
See also[edit]
Collective rights
Colonialism
Disappeared Indigenous Women
Ethnic minority
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Human rights
The Image Expedition
Indigenism
Indigenous rights
Indigenous intellectual property
Intangible cultural heritage
Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment Initiative
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
Isuma
List of indigenous peoples
List of ethnic groups
List of active NGOs of national minorities
Uncontacted peoples
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Virgin soil epidemic
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sanders, Douglas (1999). "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition". International Journal of Cultural Property. 8: 4–13. doi:10.1017/S0940739199770591.
Jump up ^ Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. p. 440
Jump up ^ Bodley 2008:2
Jump up ^ Robert K. Hitchcock, Diana Vinding, Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa, IWGIA, 2004, p. 8 based on Working Paper by the Chairperson-Rapporteur, Mrs. Erica-Irene A. Daes, on the concept of indigenous people. UN-Dokument E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1996/2 ([1], unhchr.ch)
Jump up ^ "indigene, adj. and n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Web. 22 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Mario Blaser, Harvey A. Feit, Glenn McRae, In the Way: Indigenous Peoples, Life Projects, and Development, IDRC, 2004, p. 53
Jump up ^ Silke Von Lewinski, Indigenous Heritage and Intellectual Property: Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore, Kluwer Law International, 2004, pp.130–31
Jump up ^ S. James Anaya, Indigenous Peoples in International Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University press, 2004, p. 3; Professor Anaya teaches Native American Law, and is the third Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People
Jump up ^ Martínez-Cobo (1986/7), paras. 379–82,
Jump up ^ Judgment of the Sapporo District Court, Civil Division No. 3, 27 March 1997, in (1999) 38 ILM, p. 419
Jump up ^ Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations, p. 10, Paragraph 25, 30 July 1981, UN EASC
Jump up ^ State of the World's Indigenous Peoples, p. 1 Archived 15 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ State of the World's Indigenous Peoples, Secretariat of Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, UN, 2009 Archived 15 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Coates 2004:12
Jump up ^ Hall, Gillette, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, n.d. Google Scholar. Web. 11 Mar. 2013
Jump up ^ Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Ucalgary.ca (22 June 1999). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf
Jump up ^ "Indigenous issues". International Work Group on Indigenous Affairs. Retrieved 5 September 2005.
Jump up ^ Dean, Bartholomew 2009 Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia, Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5 [2]
Jump up ^ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter". Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter. 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada" (PDF). Faculty of Law. University of Manitoba. 2007. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada". Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis" (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". Census > 2006 Census: Data products > Topic-based tabulations >. Statistics Canada, Government of Canada. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Assembly of First Nations - Assembly of First Nations-The Story". Assembly of First Nations. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-object". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Brazil urged to protect Indians. BBC News (30 March 2005). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes. Reuters.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ Dutoit, Yann Picand, Dominique. "Aboriginal Peoples : définition de Aboriginal Peoples et synonymes de Aboriginal Peoples (anglais)". dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey : Assyrians". Refworld.
Jump up ^ Ranjan, Amitav (21 September 2003). "Sahib Singh wanted to visit Serbia to meet fellow Jats". The Indian Express (New Delhi). Retrieved 15 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Natives in Russia's far east worry about vanishing fish". The Economic Times. India. Agence France-Presse. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu, BBC NEWS
Jump up ^ Blust, R. (1999), "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics" in E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li, ed., Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica
Jump up ^ Fox, James J. ""Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies"" (PDF). (105 KB). Paper prepared for Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas Udayana, Bali 19–20 August 2004.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared M. ""Taiwan's gift to the world"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2009. (107 KB). Nature, Volume 403, February 2000, pp. 709–10
Jump up ^ Kuoni – Far East, A world of difference. p. 88. Published 1999 by Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications
Jump up ^ Pygmy human remains found on rock islands, Science | The Guardian
Jump up ^ Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi (eds.) At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity and Postcolonial States University of Michigan Press (2003)[3]
Jump up ^ Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 F.C. 92/014 "http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCATrans/1991/23.pdf"
Jump up ^ No 'indigenous', reiterates Shafique Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. bdnews24.com (18 June 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs. mochta.gov.bd. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ INDIGENOUS PEOPLEChakma Raja decries non-recognition Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. bdnews24.com (28 May 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ 'Define terms minorities, indigenous' Archived 18 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. bdnews24.com (27 May 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ Disregarding the Jumma Archived 19 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Himalmag.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa". Chamtoday.com. 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Philip (December 2006). "Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta" (PDF). The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology. The Australian National University. 7 (3): 238. doi:10.1080/14442210600965174. ISSN 1444-2213. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Conclusions". Montagnard Human Rights Organization (MHRO). 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas. MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967. Government Printing Office. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-16-072367-4.
Jump up ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
Jump up ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
Jump up ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). "7 Becoming Socialist or Becoming Kinh? Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam". In Duncan, Christopher R. Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-9971-69-418-0.
Jump up ^ "Resolutions and Decisions. WHA47.27 International Decade of the World's Indigenous People. The Forty-seventh World Health Assembly," (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Hanley, Anthony J. Diabetes in Indigenous Populations, Medscape Today
Jump up ^ Ohenjo, Nyang'ori; Willis, Ruth; Jackson, Dorothy; Nettleton, Clive; Good, Kenneth; Mugarura, Benon (2006). "Health of Indigenous people in Africa". The Lancet. 367 (9526): 1937. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1.
Jump up ^ Health and Ethnic Minorities in Viet Nam, Technical Series No. 1, June 2003, WHO, p. 10
Jump up ^ Facts on Suicide Rates, First Nations and Inuit Health, Health Canada
Jump up ^ "Health of indigenous peoples". Health Topics A to Z. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Charles Theodore Greve (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1. Biographical Publishing Company. p. 35. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
Jump up ^ See Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978); also see Robert Williams, Like a Loaded Weapon
Jump up ^ Survival International website – About Us/FAQ. Survivalinternational.org. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Friends of Peoples close to Nature website – Our Ethos and statement of principles". Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2010. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link) Retrieved from Internet Archive 13 December 2013.
Further reading[edit]
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (2003). "Report of the African Commission's Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities" (PDF). ACHPR & IWGIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007.
Baviskar, Amita (2007). "Indian Indigeneitites: Adivasi Engagements with Hindu NAtionalism in India". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
Bodley, John H. (2008). Victims of Progress (5th. ed.). Plymouth, England: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-1148-0.
de la Cadena, Marisol; Orin Starn, eds. (2007). Indigenous Experience Today. Oxford: Berg Publishers, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
Clifford, James (2007). "Varieties of Indigenous Experience: Diasporas, Homelands, Sovereignties". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
Coates, Ken S. (2004). A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-92150-X.
Farah, Paolo D.; Tremolada Riccardo (2014). "Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage". Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Issue 2, Part I, Giuffre pp. 21-47. ISSN 0035-614X. SSRN 2472388  .
Farah, Paolo D.; Tremolada Riccardo (2014). "Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs". TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT, Special Issues "The New Frontiers of Cultural Law: Intangible Heritage Disputes", Volume 11, Issue 2. ISSN 1875-4120. SSRN 2472339  .
Henriksen, John B. (2001). "Implementation of the Right of Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). Indigenous Affairs. 3/2001 (PDF ed.). Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. pp. 6–21. ISSN 1024-3283. OCLC 30685615. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
Hughes, Lotte (2003). The no-nonsense guide to indigenous peoples. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-438-3.
Howard, Bradley Reed (2003). Indigenous Peoples and the State: The struggle for Native Rights. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-87580-290-7.
Johansen. Bruce E. (2003). Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues: An Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32398-0.
Martinez Cobo, J. (198). "United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations". Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations. UN Commission on Human Rights. [permanent dead link]
Maybury-Lewis, David (1997). Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Groups and the State. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-19816-3.
Merlan, Francesca (2007). "Indigeneity as Relational Identity: The Construction of Australian Land Rights". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
Pratt, Mary Louise (2007). "Afterword: Indigeneity Today". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
Tsing, Anna (2007). "Indigenous Voice". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Portal:Aboriginals
Look up indigenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indigenous people.
Awareness raising film by Rebecca Sommer for the Secretariat of the UNPFII
"First Peoples" from PBS
Institutions[edit]
IFAD and indigenous peoples (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)
IPS Inter Press Service News on indigenous peoples from around the world
[show]
v
t
e
Indigenous peoples of the world by continent

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America
Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
[show]
v
t
e
Indigenous and minority rights
Rights
Ancestral domain
Free, prior and informed consent
Intellectual property
Land rights
Language
Self-determination
in Australia
in Canada
in the United States
Traditional knowledge
Treaty rights
Governmental
organizations
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
Arctic Council
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Council of Indigenous Peoples(Taiwan)
Fundação Nacional do Índio
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
Non-governmental and
political organizations
Amazon Watch
Assembly of First Nations
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
Cultural Survival
Indigenous Environmental Network
Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
Native American Rights Fund
Survival International
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
(more ...)
Issues
Civilizing mission
Colonialism
Internal colonialism
Settler colonialism
Cultural appropriation
Sports mascots
Redface
Dakota Access Pipeline protests
Discovery doctrine
Homeland
Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
Bantustan
American Indian reservation
Indian reserve
Ranchería
Manifest destiny
Plastic shaman
Rainbow Warriors
Two-Spirit
Legal representation
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007
Historical cases
2009 Peruvian political crisis
Alta controversy
Chiapas conflict
Depopulation of Diego Garcia
High Arctic relocation
Indian removal
Mapuche conflict
Oka Crisis
Residential Schools
Canada
New Zealand
South Africa
United States
Rubber boom
San controversy
Stolen Generations
Human Rights
Indigenous rights • Minority rights
[show]
v
t
e
Ethnicity
Related
concepts
Clan
Ethnic group
Ethnolinguistic group
Ethnoreligious group
Indigenous peoples
Ingroups and outgroups
Meta-ethnicity
Metroethnicity
Minority group
Monoethnicity
Nation
Nationality
Panethnicity
Polyethnicity
Population
Race
Symbolic ethnicity
Tribe
Ethnology
Anthropology
Ethnic studies
Ethnoarchaeology
Ethnobiology
Ethnobotany
Ethnozoology
Ethnoecology
Ethnocinema
Ethnogeology
Ethnography
Autoethnography
Clinical
Critical
Cyber-
Netnography
Online
Person-centered
Salvage
Transidioethnography
Video
Ethnohistory
Ethnolinguistics
Ethnology
Ethnomathematics
Ethnomethodology
Ethnomuseology
Ethnomusicology
Ethnophilosophy
Ethnopoetics
Ethnoscience
Ethnosemiotics
Ethnotaxonomy
Groups
by region
Africa
Arab League
Americas
Indigenous
Canada
Mexico
United States
Central America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
East Asia
Northern Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
West Asia
Australia
Indigenous
Europe
Oceania
Indigenous
European
Identity and
ethnogenesis
Cross-race effect
Cultural assimilation
Cultural identity
Demonym
Development
Endonym
Ethnic flag
Ethnic option
Ethnic origin
Ethnic religion
Ethnicity in census
Ethnofiction
Ethnonym
Folk religion
Historical
Imagined community
Kinship
Legendary progenitor
Lineage-bonded society
Mores
Nation-building
Nation state
National language
National myth
Origin myth
Pantribal sodality
Tribal name
Tribalism
Urheimat
Multiethnic
society
Consociationalism
Diaspora politics
Dominant minority
Ethnic democracy
Ethnic enclave
Ethnic interest group
Ethnic majority
Ethnic media
Ethnic pornography
Ethnic theme park
Ethnoburb
Ethnocracy
Indigenous rights
Middleman minority
Minority rights
Model minority
Multinational state
Ideology and
ethnic conflict
Ethnic bioweapon
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic joke
Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic nepotism
Ethnic penalty
Ethnic slur
Ethnic stereotype
Ethnic violence
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocide
Ethnosymbolism
Indigenism
Separatist movements
Xenophobia
Authority control
GND: 4187207-1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples&oldid=818585234"
Categories:
Indigenous peoples
Ethnic groups
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Unfit url
Articles that may contain original research from November 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Articles needing additional references from October 2017
All articles needing additional references
Use dmy dates from May 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Seeltersk
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 January 2018, at 11:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Navajo_people
mw-redirect
Navajo people

values:
/wiki/Monument_valley
mw-redirect
Monument valley

values:
/wiki/Climate_zone
mw-redirect
Climate zone

values: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

values: International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples

values: Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage

values: International Day of the World's Indigenous People

values:
/wiki/Land_rights
mw-redirect
Land rights

values:
/wiki/Special_Rapporteur_(UN)
mw-redirect
Special Rapporteur (UN)

values: United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

values:
/wiki/Territory_(geographic_region)
mw-redirect
Territory (geographic region)

values:
/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella
mw-redirect
Ferdinand and Isabella

values: Edit section: European expansion and colonialism

values: Edit section: Population and distribution

values:
/wiki/Uncontacted_tribe
mw-redirect
Uncontacted tribe

values:
/wiki/Sentinelese_people
mw-redirect
Sentinelese people

values:
/wiki/Jarawa_people_(Andaman_Islands)
mw-redirect
Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)

values:
/wiki/Transformation_of_culture
mw-redirect
Transformation of culture

values: Edit section: Indigenous peoples by region

values: African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights

values: Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas

values:
/wiki/Amazonian_forest
mw-redirect
Amazonian forest

values: Population history of American indigenous peoples

values:
/wiki/Native_Americans_(Americas)
mw-redirect
Native Americans (Americas)

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Kayapo_people
mw-redirect
Kayapo people

values:
/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)
mw-redirect
Métis people (Canada)

values:
/wiki/National_Aboriginal_Day
mw-redirect
National Aboriginal Day

values:
/wiki/Chiapas_(state)
mw-redirect
Chiapas (state)

values:
/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)
mw-redirect
Yucatán (state)

values:
/wiki/Oaxaca_(state)
mw-redirect
Oaxaca (state)

values:
/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Asia
mw-redirect
Indigenous peoples of Asia

values:
/wiki/Northern_Iraq
mw-redirect
Northern Iraq

values:
/wiki/Sinjar_mountains
mw-redirect
Sinjar mountains

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/South_Caucasus
mw-redirect
South Caucasus

values:
/wiki/Armenian_people
mw-redirect
Armenian people

values:
/wiki/Assyrian_Genocide
mw-redirect
Assyrian Genocide

values:
/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Tribes
mw-redirect
Scheduled Castes and Tribes

values:
/wiki/Shakushain%27s_Revolt
mw-redirect
Shakushain's Revolt

values:
/wiki/Menashi-Kunashir_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion

values:
/wiki/Tajiks_in_China
mw-redirect
Tajiks in China

values:
/wiki/Austronesian_language
mw-redirect
Austronesian language

values:
/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)
mw-redirect
Central Highlands (Vietnam)

values:
/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)
mw-redirect
Batak (Indonesia)

values:
/wiki/Kubu_people
mw-redirect
Kubu people

values:
/wiki/Mandar_people
mw-redirect
Mandar people

values:
/wiki/Dani_(ethnic_group)
mw-redirect
Dani (ethnic group)

values:
/wiki/Native_Indonesian
mw-redirect
Native Indonesian

values:
/wiki/Lumad_peoples
mw-redirect
Lumad peoples

values:
/wiki/Tausug_people
mw-redirect
Tausug people

values:
/wiki/Sulu_archipelago
mw-redirect
Sulu archipelago

values:
/wiki/Basque_people
mw-redirect
Basque people

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Ural_mountains
mw-redirect
Ural mountains

values:
/wiki/Pacific_Island
mw-redirect
Pacific Island

values:
/wiki/Northern_Marianas
mw-redirect
Northern Marianas

values:
/wiki/Marshallese_people
mw-redirect
Marshallese people

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

values: Edit section: Indigenous rights and other issues

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:none; font-size:150%; line-height:0.8em;

values:
/wiki/File:Indalo_symbol.svg
image
Indalo symbol

values: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada

values: National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)

values: Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

values: Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee

values: Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism

values: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs

values: National Indigenous Organization of Colombia

values: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

values:
/wiki/Manifest_Destiny
mw-redirect
Manifest Destiny

values: Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957

values: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;background-color:#FFBA00; border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;padding:0;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border:2px solid #7E3517;

values: endorses Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, 2010

values:
/wiki/Natural_resources
mw-redirect
Natural resources

values:
/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Indigenous peoples of Russia

values:
/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples
mw-redirect
Indigenous Peoples

values:
/wiki/Statistical_data
mw-redirect
Statistical data

values:
/wiki/Developing_countries
mw-redirect
Developing countries

values:
/wiki/Collective_rights
mw-redirect
Collective rights

values:
/wiki/Disappeared_Indigenous_Women
mw-redirect
Disappeared Indigenous Women

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_minority
mw-redirect
Ethnic minority

values: Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment Initiative

values:
/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups
mw-redirect
List of ethnic groups

values: List of active non-governmental organizations of national minorities, indigenous and diasporas

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iwgia.org/sw155.asp

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=DEANXS07

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1444-2213

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-614X

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=2472388

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-4120

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=2472339

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1024-3283

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30685615

values:
nofollow
https://www.pbs.org/first-peoples/home/
external text

values: Template:Indigenous peoples by continent

values: Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;

values: border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;

values: Indigenous peoples by geographic regions

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Self-determination of Australian Aborigines

values:
/wiki/Depopulation_of_Diego_Garcia
mw-redirect
Depopulation of Diego Garcia

values: Canadian Indian residential school system

values:
/wiki/Rubber_boom
mw-redirect
Rubber boom

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Online_ethnography
mw-redirect
Online ethnography

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Africa
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups in Africa

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups in South America

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups of Central Asia

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups of East Asia

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_West_Asia
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups in West Asia

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups in Australia

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187207-1

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from November 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Indigenous_peoples
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: سكان أصليون – Arabic

values: আদিবাসী জনগণ – Bangla

values: Абарыгены – Belarusian

values: Тĕпри халăх – Chuvash

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domorodec
Domorodec – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values: Αυτόχθονες πληθυσμοί – Greek

values: بومیان – Persian

values: Տեղաբնիկ ժողովուրդներ – Armenian

values: आदिवासी – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribumi
Pribumi – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ – Inuktitut

values: ילידים – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribumi
Pribumi – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಜನರು – Kannada

values: აბორიგენი – Georgian

values: Аборигендер – Kazakh

values: Аборигендер – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenae
Indigenae – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autohtons
Autohtons – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values: आदिवासी – Marathi

values: တိုင်းရင်းသား – Burmese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfolk
Urfolk – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfolk
Urfolk – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਮੂਲ ਨਿਵਾਸੀ – Punjabi

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigen
Indigen – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Коренные народы – Russian

values: ආදිවාසීන් – Sinhala

values: Аутохтони народи – Serbian

values: பூர்வ குடிகள் – Tamil

values: మూలవాసులు – Telugu

values: คนพื้นเมือง – Thai

values: Аборигенҳо – Tajik

values: Корінні народи – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indigenous_peoples rootpage-Indigenous_peoples skin-vector action-view