text:
Languages of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Languages of the United States
Main languages
English 80%, Spanish 12.4%, other Indo-European languages 3.7%, Asian and Pacific languages 3%, other languages 0.9% (2009 survey by the Census Bureau)
Indigenous languages
Navajo, Cherokee, Dakota, Lakota, Western Apache, Keres, Hopi, Zuni, Ojibwe, O'odham[1][2]
[show]
Others
Abenaki, Achumawi, Adai, Afro-Seminole Creole, Alabama, Aleut, Apalachee, Aranama, Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atsugewi, Awaswas, Barbareño, Bay Miwok, Biloxi, Blackfoot, Buena Vista, Caddo, Cahto, Carolina Algonquian, Catawba, Cayuga, Cayuse, Central Kalapuya, Central Pomo, Central Sierra Miwok, Chalon, Chemakum, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Chico, Chimariko, Chinook Jargon, Chippewa, Chitimacha, Chiwere, Chochenyo, Choctaw, Chukchansi, Coast Miwok, Coast Tsimshian, Coahuilteco, Cocopah, Coeur d'Alene, Colorado River, Columbia-Moses, Comanche, Cotoname, Cowlitz, Cree, Crow, Cruzeño, Cupeño, Eastern Pomo, Esselen, Etchemin, Eyeri, Fox, Garza, Gashowu, Gros Ventre, Gullah, Halchidhoma, Halkomelem, Hanis, Havasupai, Havasupai–Hualapai, Hawaiian Pidgin, Hidatsa, Hitchiti, Hupa, Ipai, Ivilyuat, Jicarilla, Karankawa, Karkin, Karuk, Kashaya, Kathlamet, Kawaiisu, Kings River, Kiowa, Kitanemuk, Kitsai, Klallam, Klamath, Klickitat, Koasati, Konkow, Konomihu, Kumeyaay, Kutenai, Lake Miwok, Lipan, Louisiana Creole, Lower Tanana, Luiseño, Lummi, Lushootseed, Mahican, Maidu, Makah, Malecite-Passamaquoddy, Mandan, Maricopa, Massachusett, Mattole, Mednyj Aleut, Menominee, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Miami-Illinois, Mikasuki, Mi'kmaq, Miluk, Mobilian Jargon, Mohawk, Mohawk Dutch, Mohegan-Pequot, Mojave, Molala, Mono, Munsee, Muscogee, Mutsun, Nanticoke, Nawathinehena, Negerhollands, New River Shasta, Nez Perce, Nicoleño, Nisenan, Nlaka'pamux, Nomlaki, Nooksack, Northeastern Pomo, Northern Kalapuya, Northern Paiute, Northern Pomo, Northern Sierra Miwok, Obispeño, Okanagan, Okwanuchu, Omaha–Ponca, Oneida, Onondaga, Osage, Ottawa, Palewyami, Pawnee, Pennsylvania German, Picuris, Piscataway, Plains Apache, Plains Cree, Plains Miwok Potawatomi, Powhatan, Purisimeño, Qawiaraq, Quechan, Quileute, Quinault, Quiripi, Ramaytush, Rumsen, Saanich, Sahaptin, Salinan, Salish-Spokane-Kalispel, Seneca, Serrano, Shasta, Shawnee, Shoshoni, Siuslaw, Solano, Southeastern Pomo, Southern Pomo, Southern Sierra Miwok, Southern Tiwa, Susquehannock, Takelma, Tamyen, Taos, Tataviam, Tewa, Texas German, Tillamook, Timbisha, Tiipai, Tolowa, Tongva, Tonkawa, Tsetsaut, Tübatulabal, Tuscarora, Tututni, Twana, Umatilla, Unami, Upper Chinook, Ute, Ventureño, Virgin Islands Creole, Wailaki, Wappo, Washo, Whulshootseed, Wichita, Winnebago, Wintu, Wiyot, Woccon, Wukchumni, Wyandot, Yamasee, Yana, Yaqui, Yavapai, Yoncalla, Yuchi, Yuki, Yurok
Regional languages
Ahtna, Alutiiq, Carolinian, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Central Siberian Yupik, Chamorro, Deg Xinag, Dena’ina, Eyak, French, Gwich’in, Haida, Hän, Hawaiian, Holikachuk, Inupiaq, Koyukon, Samoan, Tanacross, Tanana, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Upper Kuskokwim, Upper Tanana
Main immigrant languages
English, Spanish, Chinese, French, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Arabic, Korean,
Sign languages
American Sign Language (BASL),
Hawai'i Sign Language,
Keresan Sign Language,
Navajo Family Sign,
Plains Indian Sign Language,
Puerto Rican Sign Language,
Samoan Sign Language
Common keyboard layouts
QWERTYUIOP

Many languages are used, or historically have been used, in the United States. Over 500 languages are spoken by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French, as does New Mexico in Spanish. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska recognizes English and twenty native languages as official.
Language Spoken at Home
(U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2016)[3][4]
List
[show]
English only – 237,810,023
Spanish – 40,489,813
Chinese – 3,372,930
Tagalog – 1,701,960
Vietnamese – 1,509,994
Arabic – 1,231,098
French – 1,216,668
Korean – 1,088,788
Russian – 909,374
German – 905,691
Haitian Creole – 856,009
Hindi – 810,877
Portuguese – 767,210
Italian – 576,154
Polish – 539,151
Urdu – 474,481
Persian – 438,448
Japanese – 464,535
Gujarati – 407,520
Telugu – 365,566
Bengali – 324,008
Tai–Kadai – 307,442
Greek – 288,255
Punjabi – 287,491
Tamil – 273,332
Armenian – 237,550
Serbo-Croatian – 236,761
Hebrew – 225,147
Hmong – 224,133
Bantu – 223,334
Khmer – 203,115
Navajo – 163,784
other Indo-European languages – 578,492
other Afro-Asiatic languages – 521,932
other Niger–Congo languages – 515,629
other West Germanic languages – 487,675
other Austronesian languages – 467,718
other Indic languages – 409,631
other languages of Asia – 384,154
other Slavic languages – 338,644
other Dravidian languages – 241,678
other languages of North America – 195,550
other and unspecified languages – 258,257
According to the 2016 American Community Survey, a project of the United States Census Bureau, the languages spoken at home by the most people older than five years of age are:
English only – 237.8 million
Spanish – 40.5 million
Chinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) – 3.4 million
Tagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million
Vietnamese – 1.5 million
Arabic – 1.2 million
French – 1.2 million
Korean – 1.1 million
Russian – 0.91 million
German – 0.91 million
Haitian Creole – 0.86 million
Hindi – 0.81 million
Portuguese – 0.77 million
Italian – 0.58 million
Polish – 0.54 million
Urdu – 0.47 million
Japanese – 0.46 million
Persian (including Farsi and Dari) – 0.44 million
Gujarati – 0.41 million
Telugu – 0.37 million
Bengali – 0.32 million
Tai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million
Greek – 0.29 million
Punjabi – 0.29 million
Tamil – 0.27 million
Armenian – 0.24 million
Serbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million
Hebrew – 0.23 million
Hmong – 0.22 million
Bantu (including Swahili) – 0.22 million
Khmer – 0.20 million
Navajo – 0.16 million
While modern estimates indicate that American Sign Language was signed by as many as 500,000 Americans, as of 1972—the last official survey, closer estimates range around 100,000 as of 2011. (Although various cultural factors, such as passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, have resulted in far greater educational opportunities for deaf children, which could double or triple the number of current ASL users.)[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Official language status
1.1 Status of other languages
2 Indigenous languages
2.1 Native American languages
2.1.1 List of Native American Languages
2.1.2 Native American sign languages
2.2 Austronesian languages
2.2.1 Hawaiian
2.2.2 Samoan
2.2.3 Chamorro
2.2.4 Carolinian
3 Main languages
3.1 English
3.2 Spanish
3.3 Chinese
3.4 Tagalog
3.5 Vietnamese
3.6 Korean
3.7 French
3.8 German
3.9 Hindustani
3.10 Arabic
3.11 Cherokee
3.12 Italian
3.13 Dutch
3.14 Finnish
3.15 Russian
3.16 Hebrew
3.17 Ilocano
3.18 South Asian languages
3.19 Telugu
3.20 Irish
3.21 Khmer (Cambodian)
3.22 Polish
3.23 Portuguese
3.24 Swedish
3.25 Welsh
3.26 Yiddish
3.27 Tamil
3.28 Nepali
4 New American languages, dialects, and creoles
4.1 African-American English
4.2 Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon
4.3 Gullah
4.4 Hawai'i Creole English
4.5 Louisiana Creole French
4.6 Outer Banks languages
4.7 Pennsylvania German
4.8 Texas Silesian
4.9 Chesapeake Bay Islander
4.10 Chicano English
5 Sign languages
5.1 American Sign Language
5.1.1 Black American Sign Language
5.2 Hawai'i Sign Language
5.3 Plains Sign Talk
5.3.1 Navajo Sign Language
5.3.2 Plateau Sign Language
5.4 Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5.5 Henniker Sign Language
5.6 Sandy River Valley Sign Language
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
Official language status[edit]
There is no official language at the U.S. federal level. However, 32 states of the United States, in some cases as part of what has been called the English-only movement, have adopted legislation granting official status to English. Out of 50 states, 30 have established English as the only official language, while Hawaii recognizes both English and Hawaiian as official, and Alaska has made some 20 native languages official, along with English.
Moreover, English is one of the official languages in all of the U.S. territories. In Puerto Rico both English and Spanish are official, although Spanish has been declared the principal official language. The school system and the government operate almost entirely in Spanish. Guam recognizes English and Chamorro. In the U.S. Virgin Islands, English is the only official language. In American Samoa, both English and Samoan are officially recognized. In the Northern Mariana Islands, English, Chamorro, and Carolinian are official.[6][7][8][9] The state of Alaska provides voting information in Iñupiaq, Central Yup'ik, Gwich'in, Siberian Yupik, Koyukon, and Tagalog, as well as English.[10]
English is the primary language used for legislation, regulations, executive orders, treaties, federal court rulings, and all other official pronouncements. Nonetheless, laws require documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area. American schools, public as well as private, require English classes at every grade level, even in bilingual or dual-language learning situations. Semesters of English composition are compulsory in virtually all U.S. colleges and universities to satisfy requirements for associate's and bachelor's degrees.
Spanish is spoken by approximately 35 million people.[11] The United States has the world's fifth largest Spanish-speaking population, outnumbered only by Mexico, Colombia, Spain, and Argentina; other estimates put the United States at over 50 million, second only to Mexico. Throughout the Southwestern United States, long-established Spanish-speaking communities coexist with large numbers of more recent Hispanophone immigrants. Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English, nearly all second-generation Hispanic Americans speak English fluently, while only about half still speak Spanish.[12]
Status of other languages[edit]
Percentage of people 5 years and over who speak Spanish at home: 2008.
Second most prevalent language in each US state.
Spanish
French
German
Tagalog
Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe, Asia, or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used; several languages, including creoles and sign languages, have also developed in the United States. Approximately 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population, of which 176 are indigenous to the area. Fifty-two languages formerly spoken in the country's territory are now extinct.[13]
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, people of German ancestry make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States, and the German language ranks fifth.[14][15] Italian, Polish, and French are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century, but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die. Russian is also spoken by immigrant populations.
Tagalog and Vietnamese have over one million speakers each in the United States, almost entirely within recent immigrant populations. Both languages, along with the varieties of Chinese (mostly Cantonese, Taishanese, and Standard Mandarin), Japanese, and Korean, are now used in elections in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington.[16]
Native American languages are spoken in smaller pockets of the country, but these populations are decreasing, and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations. Besides English, Spanish, French, German, Navajo and other Native American languages, all other languages are usually learned from immigrant ancestors that came after the time of independence or learned through some form of education.
American Sign Language is the most common sign language in the United States although there are unrelated sign languages which have been developed in the States and its territories—mostly in the Pacific. No concrete numbers exist for signers but something upwards of 250,000 is common.
California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities. Languages such as Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Tagalog, Persian, Russian, Vietnamese, and Thai appear in official state documents, and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in nine languages.[17]
In New Mexico, although the state constitution does not specify an official language, laws are published in English and Spanish, and government materials and services are legally required (by Act) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages as well as Navajo and various Pueblo languages. New Mexico also has its own dialect of Spanish, which differs from Spanish spoken in the rest of Latin America.
Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the U.S. Indian reservations and pueblos. In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907, territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee, Choctaw, and Muscogee languages as co-official, but the idea never gained ground. Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma.[18]
After New Amsterdam (formerly a Dutch colony) was transferred to English administration (becoming the Province of New York) in the late 17th century, English supplanted Dutch as the official language. However, "Dutch remained the primary language for many civil and ecclesiastical functions and most private affairs for the next century."[19] The Jersey Dutch dialect is now extinct.
The issue of multilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas. While the constitution of Texas has no official language policy, Arizona passed a proposition in 2006 declaring English as the official language.[20] Nonetheless, Arizona law requires the distribution of voting ballots in Spanish, as well as indigenous languages such as Navajo, O'odham, Hopi, etc., in counties where they are spoken.[21]
In 2000, the Census Bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages: English, Spanish, Korean, Chinese (in traditional characters), Vietnamese, and Tagalog.
A popular urban legend called the Muhlenberg legend claims that German was almost made an official language of the United States but lost by one vote. In reality, it was a request by a group of German immigrants to have an official translation of laws into German. House speaker Frederick Muhlenberg has since become associated with the legend.[22][23][24]
Indigenous languages[edit]
Native American languages[edit]
Native American languages predate European settlement of the New World. In a few parts of the U.S. (mostly on Indian reservations), they continue to be spoken fluently. Most of these languages are endangered, although there are efforts to revive them. Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment, but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest (Arizona and New Mexico) which continue to thrive despite their small size. In 1929, speaking of indigenous Native American languages, linguist Edward Sapir observed:[25]
Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages ... than in the whole of Europe. We may go further. We may say, quite literally and safely, that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe.
According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys, the largest Native American language-speaking community by far is the Navajo. Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, with 178,000 speakers, primarily in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Altogether, Navajo speakers make up more than 50% of all Native American language speakers in the United States. Western Apache, with 12,500 speakers, also mostly in Arizona, is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it. Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.
Dakota is a Siouan language with 18,000 speakers in the US alone (22,000 including speakers in Canada), not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota. Most speakers live in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. Other Siouan languages include the closely related Winnebago, and the more distant Crow, among others.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik is an Eskimo-Aleut language with 16,000 speakers, most of whom live in Alaska. The term "Yupik" is applied to its relatives, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Central Alaskan, including Naukan and Central Siberian, among others.
Cherokee belongs to the Iroquoian family and has about 22,000 speakers as of 2005.[26] The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S., but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language. Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band in Oklahoma, and among the Eastern Band in North Carolina, have been productive. More than 1,000 people each also speak the related languages of Mohawk and Seneca.
The O'odham language, spoken by the Pima and the Tohono O'odham, is a Uto-Aztecan language with more than 12,000 speakers, most of whom live in central and southern Arizona and northern Sonora. Other Uto-Aztecan languages include Hopi, Shoshone, and the Pai-Ute languages.
Choctaw has 11,000 speakers. Choctaw is part of the Muskogean family, like Seminole and Alabama.
The Algonquian language family includes languages like Chippewa/Ojibwe, Cheyenne, and Cree.
Keres has 11,000 speakers in New Mexico. A language isolate, the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations. The Keres pueblo of Acoma is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States. Zuni, another isolate, has around 10,000 speakers, most of whom reside within the Zuni pueblo.
Although the languages of the Americas have a history stretching back about 17,000 to 12,000 years, current knowledge of them is limited. There are doubtless a number of undocumented languages that were once spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record.
List of Native American Languages[edit]
Below is an estimate of Native American languages "spoken at home" in the United States (American Community Survey 2006–2008).[27] This is not an exhaustive list of Native American languages in the US. Because the distinction between dialect and language isn't always clear, multiple dialects of varying mutual intelligibility may be classified as a single language, while a group of effectively identical dialects may be classified separately for historical or cultural reasons. Languages included here may be classified as "extinct" (having no living native speakers), but many extinct or moribund Native American languages are the subjects of ongoing language revitalization efforts; other extinct languages undergoing revitalization might not be listed here.
Language
Endonym[28]
Family
Speakers
(% of total)
Speaks English
<"Very Well"[29]
Total — — 373 949 19.22%
Total (excl. Navajo) — — 203 127 (54.32) 15.82%
Navajo Diné bizaad Na-Dené 170 822 (45.68) 23.25%
Dakota Dakȟótiyapi Siouan 18 804 (5.03) 9.86%
Yupik — Eskimo-Aleut 18 626 (4.98) 37.02%
Apache Ndee biyati' Na-Dené 14 012 (3.75) 3.53%
Keres — Isolate 13 073 (3.50) 6.20%
Cherokee Tsalagi (ᏣᎳᎩ) Iroquoian 12 320 (3.29) 16.33%
Choctaw Chahta' Muskogean 10 368 (2.77) 23.44%
Zuni Shiwi'ma Isolate 9 432 (2.52) 14.22%
American Indian (Other) — — 8 888 (2.38) 16.73%
O'odham (Pima) Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ Uto-Aztecan 8 190 (2.19) 14.70%
Ojibwe (Chippewa) Anishinaabemowin Algic 6 986 (1.87) 11.28%
Hopi Hopilàvayi Uto-Aztecan 6 776 (1.81) 18.80%
Inupiat (Inupik) Iñupiatun Eskimo-Aleut 5 580 (1.49) 26.04%
Tewa — Tanoan 5 123 (1.37) 13.80%
Muskogee (Creek) Mvskoke Muskogean 5 072 (1.36) 19.62%
Crow Apsáalooke Siouan 3 962 (1.06) 6.59%
Shoshoni Sosoni' da̲i̲gwape Uto-Aztecan 2 512 (0.67) 7.25%
Cheyenne Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse Algic 2 399 (0.64) 3.21%
Tiwa — Tanoan 2 269 (0.61) 3.22%
Towa (Jemez) — Tanoan 2 192 (0.59) 27.65%
Inuit (Eskimo) — Eskimo-Aleut 2 168 (0.58) 25.46%
Blackfoot Siksiká (ᓱᖽᐧᖿ) Algic 1 970 (0.53) 11.02%
Sahaptin Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit Plateau Penutian 1 654 (0.44) 6.17%
Paiute[disambiguation needed] — Uto-Aztecan 1 638 (0.44) 11.78%
Athapascan — Na-Dené 1 627 (0.44) 19.55%
Ute Núu-'apaghapi Uto-Aztecan 1 625 (0.43) 5.23%
Mohawk Kanien’kéha' Iroquoian 1 423 (0.38) 11.67%
Seneca Onödowága Iroquoian 1 353 (0.36) 11.23%
Winnebago Hocąk Siouan 1 340 (0.36) 6.27%
Kiowa Cáuijògà Tanoan 1 274 (0.34) 9.58%
Aleut Unangam tunuu Eskimo-Aleut 1 236 (0.33) 19.01%
Salish — Salishan 1 233 (0.33) 22.87%
Gwich’in (Kuchin) Gwich’in Na-Dené 1 217 (0.33) 25.82%
Kickapoo Kiwikapawa Algic 1 141 (0.31) 41.72%
Arapaho Hinónoʼeitíít Algic 1 087 (0.29) 1.20%
Tlingit Lingít Na-Dené 1 026 (0.27) 8.19%
Siberian Yupik (SLI Yupik) Sivuqaghmiistun Eskimo-Aleut 993 (0.27) 39.48%
Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat Algic 982 (0.26) 6.11%
Comanche Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ Uto-Aztecan 963 (0.26) 10.59%
Cree Nēhiyawēwin Algic 951 (0.25) 8.73%
Menominee Omāēqnomenew Algic 946 (0.25) 39.64%
Nez Perce Niimiipuutímt Plateau Penutian 942 (0.25) 12.10%
Potawatomi Bodéwadmi Algic 824 (0.22) 9.95%
Hidatsa Hidatsa Siouan 806 (0.22) 4.47%
Mesquakie (Fox) Meshkwahkihaki Algic 727 (0.19) 22.15%
Karok Káruk Isolate 700 (0.19) 5.43%
Pomo — Pomoan 648 (0.17) 14.81%
Chinook Jargon Chinuk wawa Creole 644 (0.17) 17.70%
Oneida Oneyota'aaka Iroquoian 527 (0.14) 58.63%
Yurok Puliklah Algic 491 (0.13) 1.63%
Cocopah Kwikapa Yuman 483 (0.13) 22.77%
Hualapai Hwalbáy Yuman 458 (0.12) 4.80%
Omaha Umoⁿhoⁿ Siouan 457 (0.12) 1.97%
Chiricahua Ndee bizaa Na-Dené 457 (0.12) —
Jicarilla Abáachi mizaa Na-Dené 455 (0.12) 14.51%
Yaqui Yoem noki Uto-Aztecan 425 (0.11) 10.12%
Yokuts — Yokutsan 407 (0.11) 27.27%
Mono Mono Uto-Aztecan 349 (0.09) —
Mohave Hamakhav Yuman 330 (0.09) 6.36%
Luiseño Cham'teela Uto-Aztecan 327 (0.09) 4.28%
Shawnee Sawanwa Algic 321 (0.09) 6.23%
Maidu (NE Maidu) Májdy Maiduan 319 (0.09) 6.90%
Ottawa Nishnaabemwin Algic 312 (0.08) 10.90%
Algonquin Anicinâbemowin Algic 288 (0.08) 19.79%
Okanogan Nsəlxcin Salishan 284 (0.08) 10.92%
Osage Wazhazhe ie Siouan 260 (0.07) 20.38%
Wichita Kirikirʔi:s Caddoan 242 (0.06) 16.12%
Onondaga Onǫda’gegá Iroquoian 239 (0.06) 2.93%
Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Míkmawísimk Algic 230 (0.06) 10.87%
Digueño (Ipai-Kumiai-Tipai) — Yuman 228 (0.06) 60.96%
Washo Wá:šiw ʔítlu Isolate 227 (0.06) 9.69%
Miwok Miwok Utian 216 (0.06) —
Lushootseed (Puget Salish) Xʷəlšucid Salishan 207 (0.06) 47.83%
Kutenai Ktunaxa Isolate 200 (0.05) 32.50%
Miccosukee Mikisúkî Muskogean 188 (0.05) 22.87%
Tuscarora Ska:rù:rę' Iroquoian 179 (0.05) 10.06%
Makah Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq Wakashan 176 (0.05) 30.11%
Coeur d'Alene Snchitsuʼumshtsn Salishan 174 (0.05) —
Hupa Na:tinixwe Na-Dené 174 (0.05) —
Quechan (Yuma) Kwtsaan Yuman 172 (0.05) 31.98%
Miami Myaamia Algic 168 (0.04) 50.60%
Alabama Albaamo innaaɬiilka Muskogean 165 (0.04) 20.00%
Delaware Lënape / Lunaapeew Algic 146 (0.04) 25.34%
Clallam Nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən Salishan 146 (0.04) 1.37%
Penobscot (E Abenaki) Panawahpskek Algic 144 (0.04) 5.56%
Yavapai — Yuman 139 (0.04) —
Cahuilla Ivia Uto-Aztecan 139 (0.04) —
Ponca Paⁿka Siouan 131 (0.04) 6.87%
Quinault Kʷínaył Salishan 128 (0.03) —
Deg Xinag (Ingalit) Degexit’an Na-Dené 127 (0.03) —
Pawnee Paári Caddoan 122 (0.03) 16.39%
Haida X̱aat Kíl Isolate 118 (0.03) 19.49%
Cowlitz Stl'pulimuhkl Salishan 110 (0.03) 82.73%
Mandan Nų́ʔetaːre Siouan 104 (0.03) 38.46%
Arikara Sáhniš Caddoan 103 (0.03) —
Klamath Maqlaqs Plateau Penutian 95 (0.03) 27.37%
Havasupai Havasu’baaja Yuman 90 (0.02) 52.22%
Chitimacha Sitimaxa Isolate 89 (0.02) 21.35%
Abenaki (W Abenaki) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Algic 86 (0.02) —
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl) Kwak'wala Wakashan 85 (0.02) 24.71%
Tututni (Rogue River) Dotodəni Na-Dené 84 (0.02) —
Iroquois — Iroquoian 76 (0.02) —
Michif (French Cree) Michif Creole 75 (0.02) 70.67%
Tsimshian Sm'algyax Tsimshianic 68 (0.02) —
Achumawi — Palaihnihan 68 (0.02) —
Chiwere Jíwere Siouan 60 (0.02) —
Koasati Kowassá:ti Muskogean 59 (0.02) 6.78%
Koyukon Denaakkʼe Na-Dené 58 (0.02) 12.07%
Upper Chinook Kiksht Chinookan 58 (0.02) 10.34%
Caddo Hasí:nay Caddoan 51 (0.01) 23.53%
Kalapuya (Santiam) — Kalapuyan 50 (0.01) —
Gros Ventre (Atsina) Ahahnelin Algic 45 (0.01) —
Tachi — Yokutsan 45 (0.01) 57.78%
Maricopa Piipaash chuukwer Yuman 44 (0.01) 22.73%
Chumash S.hamala Chumashan 39 (0.01) 100.00%
Nomlaki Nomlāqa Wintuan 38 (0.01) —
Konkow (NW Maidu) Koyoom k'awi Maiduan 32 100.00%
Tonkawa Tickanwa•tic Isolate 29 —
Wintu Wintʰu:h Wintuan 24 —
Spokane Npoqínišcn Salishan 20 40.00%
Ahtna Atnakenaege’ Na-Dené 18 —
Columbia (Sinkiuse) Nxaảmxcín Salishan 17 —
Atsugewi Atsugé Palaihnihan 15 —
Chemehuevi Nüwüvi Uto-Aztecan 15 —
Northern Paiute Numu Uto-Aztecan 12 —
Dena'ina (Tanaina) Dena’ina qenaga Na-Dené 11 —
Cupeño Kupangaxwicham Uto-Aztecan 11 —
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) Nuučaan̓uł Wakashan 10 —
Alutiiq (Gulf Yupik) Sugpiaq Eskimo-Aleut 8 —
Kansa Káⁿza Siouan 7 —
Siuslaw Šáayušła Isolate 6 —
Cayuga Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’ Iroquoian 6 —
Serrano Taaqtam Uto-Aztecan 5 —
Yuchi Tsoyaha Isolate 4 —
Native American sign languages[edit]
A sign-language trade pidgin, known as Plains Indian Sign Language, Plains Standard or Plains Sign Talk, arose among the Native Americans of the plains. Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language, that was used by the hearing, and these were not mutually intelligible. Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations. It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north, through the Great Plains, as far as British Columbia. There are still a few users today, especially among the Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages. Through intergenerational transmission, Plains Sign Talk became a working language still in use today in some Deaf First Nations or Native American communities.
As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents, it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella. One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan.
Additionally, Plateau Sign Language existed alongside Plains Sign Talk as either a trade pidgin or another language around the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions.
Austronesian languages[edit]
Hawaiian[edit]
Hawaiian is an official state language of Hawaii as prescribed in the Constitution of Hawaii. Hawaiian has 1,000 native speakers. Formerly considered critically endangered, Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance. The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the Hawaii State Department of Education and the University of Hawaii, as well as efforts by the Hawaii State Legislature and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names. In 1993, about 8,000 could speak and understand it; today estimates range up to 27,000. Hawaiian is related to the Māori language spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders as well as the Tahitian language which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti.
Samoan[edit]
Samoan is an official territorial language of American Samoa. Samoans make up 90% of the population, and most people are bilingual.
Chamorro[edit]
Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands, both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In Guam, the indigenous Chamorro people make up about 60% of the population.
Carolinian[edit]
Carolinian is also co-official in the Northern Marianas, where only 14% of people speak English at home.
Main languages[edit]
This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (July 2016)
Main Languages in the United States[30]
Language percent
English
79.2%
Spanish
12.9%
Other Indo-European
3.8%
Asian and Pacific island
3.3%
Other
0.9%
Cherokee language road signs.
A trash can in Seattle labeled in four languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Spanish. Tagalog also uses the Spanish word.
Some of the first European languages to be spoken in the U.S. are English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and Swedish.
From the mid-19th century on, the nation had large numbers of immigrants who spoke little or no English, and throughout the country state laws, constitutions, and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups. There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Greek, Polish, Swedish, Romanian, Cherokee, Czech, Japanese, Yiddish, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Welsh, Cantonese, Bulgarian, Dutch, Portuguese and others, despite opposing English-only laws that, for example, illegalized church services, telephone conversations, and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English, until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 (Meyer v. Nebraska).
Currently, Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities: Korean, the varieties of Chinese, and various Indian or South Asian languages like Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam, as well as Arabic, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Persian, and others.
Typically, immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations,[citation needed] though there are some groups such as the Cajuns (French), Pennsylvania Dutch (German) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s, and the original settlers of the Southwest (Spanish) who have maintained their languages for centuries.
English[edit]
Main article: American English
English language distribution in the United States.
English was inherited from British colonization, and it is spoken by the majority of the population. It serves as the de facto national language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 80% spoke only English at home and all but approximately 13,600,000 U.S. residents age 5 and over speak English "well" or "very well".[31]
American English is different from British English in terms of spelling (one example being the dropped "u" in words such as color/colour), grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and slang usage. The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an American English and a British English speaker, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences.[citation needed]
Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.[32]
Spanish[edit]
Main article: Spanish language in the United States
Spanish language distribution in the United States
Spanish was also inherited from colonization and is sanctioned as official in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Spanish is also taught in various regions as a second language, especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the Southwestern United States along the border with Mexico, as well as Florida, parts of California, the District of Columbia, Illinois, New Jersey, and New York. In Hispanic communities across the country, bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common. Furthermore, numerous neighborhoods exist (such as Washington Heights in New York City or Little Havana in Miami) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and Spanish-speaking people.
Spanish speakers in the United States
Year
Number of Spanish speakers
Percent of
US population
1980 11 million 5%
1990 17.3 million 7%
2000 28.1 million 10%
2010 37 million 13%
2012 38.3 million 13%
2015 41 million 14%
Sources:[15][33][34][35]

In addition to Spanish-speaking Hispanic populations, younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language. A 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau, showed that Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 35 million people aged 5 or older,[36] making the United States the world's fifth-largest Spanish-speaking community, outnumbered only by Mexico, Colombia, Spain, and Argentina.[37][38]
In northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, Spanish speakers have been isolated for centuries in the southern Rockies, and developed a distinct dialect of Spanish spoken nowhere else: New Mexican Spanish. The dialect features a mix of Castilian, Galician and, more recently, Mexican Spanish, as well as Pueblo loan words. New Mexican Spanish also contains a large proportion of English loan words, particularly for technological words (e.g. bos, troca, and telefón).
Speakers of New Mexican Spanish are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. During this time, contact with the rest of Spanish America was limited, and New Mexican Spanish developed on its own course. In the meantime, Spanish colonists coexisted with and intermarried with Puebloan peoples and Navajos. After the Mexican–American War, New Mexico and all its inhabitants came under the governance of the English-speaking United States, and for the next hundred years, English-speakers increased in number.
Spanglish is a code-switching variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers, such as along the Mexico–United States border (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas), Florida, and New York City.
Chinese[edit]
Main article: Chinese language and varieties in the United States
The population of Chinese speakers was increasing rapidly in the 20th century because the number of Chinese immigrants increased at a rate more than 50% since 1940.[39] 2.8 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese, which combined are counted by the federal census as the third most-spoken language in the country. Until the late 20th century, Yue dialects including Taishanese and Cantonese were the most common among immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California. Since the opening of the People's Republic of China, Mandarin, the official language in PRC and Republic of China (Taiwan) has become increasingly prevalent.[40] Many Americans of all ethnic backgrounds are also learning Mandarin and to a far lesser extent Cantonese.[40]
In New York City in 2002, Mandarin was spoken as a native language among only 10% of Chinese speakers but was predicted to replace Cantonese as the lingua franca among Chinese speakers.[41]
Tagalog[edit]
Tagalog language distribution in the United States.
Tagalog speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the Spanish colonial government. In the eighteenth century, they established settlements in Louisiana, such as Saint Malo. After the American annexation of the Philippines, the number of Tagalog speakers steadily increased, as Filipinos began to migrate to the U.S. as students or contract laborers. Their numbers, however, decreased upon Philippine independence, as many Filipinos were repatriated.
Today, Tagalog, together with its standardized form Filipino, is spoken by over a million and a half Filipino Americans and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates. As Filipinos are the second largest Asian ethnic group in the United States, Tagalog is the second most spoken Asian language in the country. Taglish, a form of code-switching between Tagalog and English, is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans.
Tagalog is also taught at some universities where a significant number of Filipinos exist. As it is the national and most spoken language of the Philippines, most Filipinos in the United States are proficient in Tagalog in addition to their local regional language.
Vietnamese[edit]
Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States
According to the 2010 Census, there are over 1.5 million Americans who identify themselves as Vietnamese in origin, ranking fourth among the Asian American groups and forming the largest Overseas Vietnamese population.
Orange County, California, is home to the largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam, especially in its Little Saigon area. Other significant Vietnamese communities are found in the metropolitan areas of San Jose, Houston, Seattle, Northern Virginia, and New Orleans. Similarly to other overseas Vietnamese communities in Western countries (except France), the Vietnamese population in the United States was established following the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Vietnam War.
Korean[edit]
Speakers of Korean are found in the Koreatowns.[citation needed]
French[edit]
Main article: French language in the United States
French language distribution in the United States. Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6% to 12% of the population speak French at home; brown, 12% to 18%; red, over 18%. Cajun French and French-based creole languages are not included even though the Creole dialects are spoken throughout the U.S. and taught in many U.S. schools.
French, the fourth-most-common language (when all varieties of Chinese are combined and separate yet related languages such as Haitian Creole are counted as French), is spoken mainly by the Louisiana Creole, native French, Cajun, Haitian, and French-Canadian populations. It is widely spoken in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and in Louisiana, with notable Francophone enclaves in St. Clair County, Michigan, many rural areas of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern San Francisco Bay area.

Three varieties of French developed within what is now the United States in colonial times: Louisiana French, Missouri French, and New England French (essentially a variant of Canadian French).[42] French is the second language in the states of Louisiana (where the French dialect of Cajun predominates) and Maine. The largest French-speaking communities in the United States reside in Northeast Maine; Hollywood and Miami, Florida; New York City;[citation needed] certain areas of rural Louisiana; and small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire. Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick. More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage, but only 2 million speak French or a French Creole language at home.
German[edit]
Main article: German language in the United States
See also: Pennsylvania German language, Hutterite German, Plautdietsch, Texas German, and Pennsylvania Dutch English
German language distribution in the United States.
German was a widely spoken language in some of the colonies, especially Pennsylvania, where a number of German-speaking Protestants and other religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe. Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States. A large number of these German immigrants settled in the urban areas, with neighborhoods in many cities being German-speaking and numerous local German language newspapers and periodicals established. German farmers also took up farming around the country, including the Texas Hill Country, at this time. The language was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I.
In the early twentieth century, German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States, and prior to World War I, more than 6%[citation needed] of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German, though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper. Currently, more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry, the largest self-described ethnic group in the U.S., but less than 4% of them speak a language other than English at home, according to the 2005 American Community Survey.[43] The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German. One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War. Unlike earlier waves, they were more concentrated in cities and integrated quickly. Another reason for the decline in German was the lack of first-generation immigrants, as immigration to the United States from Western Europe slowed following the World Wars.
There is a myth (known as the Muhlenberg Vote) that German was to be the official language of the U.S., but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German.[44] The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania; however, Pennsylvania has no official language. Although more than 49 million Americans claim they have German ancestors, only 1.24 million Americans speak German at home. Many of these people are either Amish and Mennonites or Germans having newly immigrated (e.g. for professional reasons).
Hindustani[edit]
Main article: Hindustani language
Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi. The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic.[45][46] It is a pluricentric language, with two official forms, Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu,[47] which are its standardised registers.[48] The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit.[49][50] Before the Partition of the British Indian Empire, the terms Hindustani, Urdu, and Hindi were synonymous; all covered what would be mostly called Urdu and Hindi today.[51] The term Hindustani is still used for the colloquial language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan, for example for the language of Bollywood films, as well as for several quite different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent, such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, and the rest of the Caribbean. Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa.[citation needed]
Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English.[52]
Arabic[edit]
Main article: Arabic in the United States
Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans. The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. Detroit and the surrounding areas of Michigan boast a significant Arabic-speaking population including many Arab Christians of Lebanese, Syrian, and Palestinian descent.
Arabic is used for religious purposes by Muslim Americans and by some Arab Christians (notably Catholics of the Melkite and Maronite Churches as well as Rum Orthodox, i.e. Antiochian Orthodox Christians and Coptic churches.). A significant number of educated Arab professionals who immigrate often already know English quite well, as it is widely used in the Middle East. Lebanese immigrants also have a broader understanding of French as do many Arabic-speaking immigrants from North Africa. /r/
Cherokee[edit]
Main article: Cherokee language
Distribution of the Cherokee language
Cherokee is the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people, and the official language of the Cherokee Nation.[53] Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages[54] still populate the Qualla Boundary in Cherokee, North Carolina and several counties within the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, significantly Cherokee, Sequoyah, Mayes, Adair, and Delaware. Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions, history, and language of their ancestors.[54] Cherokee-speaking communities stand at the forefront of language preservation, and at local schools, all lessons are taught in Cherokee and thus it serves as the medium of instruction from pre-school on up.[53] Also, church services and traditional ceremonial "stomp" dances are held in the language in Oklahoma and on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina.[53]
Cherokee is one of the few, or perhaps the only, Native American language with an increasing population of speakers,[55] and along with Navajo it is the only indigenous language with more than 50,000 speakers,[56] a figure most likely achieved through the tribe's 10-year long language preservation plan involving growing new speakers through immersion schools for children,[57][58] developing new words for modern phrases, teaching the language to non-Cherokee in schools and universities,[59] fostering the language among young adults so their children can use that language at home, developing iPhone and iPad apps for language education, the development of language radio stations including Cherokee Voices, Cherokee Sounds,[60] and promoting the writing system through public signage, products like Apple Inc., internet use through Google including Gmail, and others so the language remains relevant in the 21st century.
Italian[edit]
Main article: Italian language in the United States
Current distribution of the Italian language in the United States.
The Italian language and its various dialects have been widely spoken in the United States for more than one hundred years, primarily due to large-scale immigration from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century.
In addition to Standard Italian learned by most people today, there has been a strong representation of the dialects and languages of Southern Italy amongst the immigrant population (Sicilian and Neapolitan in particular). As of 2009, though 15,638,348 American citizens report themselves as Italian-Americans, only 753,992 of these report speaking the Italian language at home (0.3264% of the US population).
Dutch[edit]
Dutch language distribution in the United States.
There has been a Dutch presence in America since 1602 when the government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies and claiming any uncharted territories for the Dutch republic. In 1664, English troops under the command of the Duke of York (later James II of England) attacked the New Netherland colony. Being greatly outnumbered, director general Peter Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam, with Fort Orange following soon. New Amsterdam was renamed New York, Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany. Dutch city names can still be found in New York's neighbourhoods. Harlem is Haarlem, Staten Island is Staten Eiland and Brooklyn refers to Breukelen.
Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution. For example, Alexander Hamilton's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch-language church during their marriage.
African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth (born 'Isabella Baumfree') was a native speaker of Dutch.
Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English.
In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans.
Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts (Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt), Marlon Brando, Thomas Alva Edison, Martin Van Buren and the Vanderbilts. The Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the New Netherland colony in the 17th century.
Around 136,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language at home today. They are concentrated mainly in California (23,500), Florida (10,900), Pennsylvania (9,900), Ohio (9,600), New York (8,700) and Michigan (6,600; i.e. almost entirely in the city of Holland).[61]
A vernacular dialect of Dutch, known as Jersey Dutch was spoken by a significant number of people in the New Jersey area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century. With the beginning of the 20th century, usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles, with an ever-growing number of people abandoning the language in favor of English. It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century, and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage.
Finnish[edit]
Finnish language distribution in the United States.
The first Finnish settlers in America were amongst the settlers who came from Sweden and Finland to the New Sweden colony. Most colonists were Finnish. However, the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish.
Between the 1890s and the outbreak of the first World War, an estimated quarter million Finnish citizens immigrated to the United States, mainly in rural areas of the Midwest and more specifically in the mining regions of Northeastern Minnesota, Northern Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Hancock, Michigan, as of 2005, still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish.[62] Americans of Finnish origin yield at 800,000 individuals, though only 26,000 speak the language at home. There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula, known as Yooper. Yooper often has a Finnish cadence and uses Finnish sentence structure with modified English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish vocabulary. Notable Finnish Americans include U.S. Communist Party leader Gus Hall, film director Renny Harlin, and the Canadian-born actress Pamela Anderson.
Northern Clark County, Washington (encompassing Yacolt, Amboy, Battle Ground and Chelatchie) contains a large exclave of Old Apostolic Lutherans who originally immigrated from Finland. Many families in this portion of the county speak fluent Finnish at home before learning English. Another noteworthy Finnish community in the United States is found in Lake Worth, Florida, north of Miami.
Russian[edit]
Main article: Russian language in the United States
Russian language distribution in the United States.
The Russian language is frequently spoken in areas of Alaska, Los Angeles, Seattle, Spokane, Miami, San Francisco, New York City, Philadelphia, Vancouver, Washington, Portland, Oregon, Woodburn, Oregon, and Chicago. The Russian-American Company used to own Alaska Territory until selling it after the Crimean War. Russian had always been limited, especially after the assassination of the Romanov dynasty of tsars. Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid-1990s, many people from the Soviet Union and later its constituent republics such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Uzbekistan have immigrated to the United States, increasing the language's usage in America.
The largest Russian-speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island in New York City (specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn); parts of Los Angeles, particularly West Los Angeles and West Hollywood; parts of Philadelphia, particularly the Far Northeast; and parts of Miami like Sunny Isles Beach.
In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, 66.57% of the population speaks Russian at home.[63]
Slavic Voice of America media group serves Russian-speaking Americans out of Dallas.
Hebrew[edit]
Modern Hebrew is used by some immigrants from Israel and Eastern Europe. Liturgical Hebrew is used as a religious or liturgical language[64] by many of the United States' approximately 7 million[65] Jews.
Ilocano[edit]
Like the Tagalogs, the Ilocanos are an Austronesian stock which came from the Philippines. They were the first Filipinos to migrate en masse to the United States. They first entered the State of Hawaii and worked there in the vast plantations.
As they did in the Philippine provinces of Northern Luzon and Mindanao, they quickly gained importance in the areas where they settled. Thus, the state of Hawaii became no less different from the Philippines in terms of percentage of Ilocano speakers.
Like Tagalog, Ilocano is also being taught in universities where most of the Filipinos reside.
South Asian languages[edit]
There are many South Asians in the United States. These include Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, who speak various South Asian languages. Major South Asian languages spoken in the US include Telugu (see paragraph on Telugu below), Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Sinhala, Nepali, and Marathi.
Telugu[edit]
In the second half of the 20th century, Telugu people from India migrated as professionals to the United States, Canada, Europe, and Southeast Asia. The Telugu American population enumerates over 886,988 individuals,[66] and the Federation of Telugu Sangams of North America functions as an NATA & TANA organizations for the growing community.
Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Telugu people. Telugu people have also settled in New York City and the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area, as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley, where there are Telugu associations such as TANA, ATA & NATA. The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Telugu-speakers.
Irish[edit]
About 40 million Americans have Irish ancestry, many of whose ancestors would have spoken Irish. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 22,279 people speak Irish at home. As of 2008[update] it was the 76th most spoken language in the USA.[67]
Khmer (Cambodian)[edit]
Main article: Cambodian Americans
Between 1981 and 1985 about 150,000 Cambodians resettled in the United States.[68] Before 1975 very few Cambodians came to the United States. Those who did were children of upper-class families sent abroad to attend school. After the fall of Phnom Penh to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975, some Cambodians managed to escape. In 2007 the American Community Survey reported that there were approximately 200,000 Cambodians living in the United States, making up about 2% percent of the Asian population. This population is, however, heavily concentrated in two areas: the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California, especially the city of Long Beach; and Greater Boston in New England, especially Lowell, Massachusetts. These two areas hold a majority of the Cambodians living in the US.
Polish[edit]
The Polish language is very common in the Chicago metropolitan area. Chicago's third largest white ethnic groups are those of Polish descent after German, and Irish.[69] The Polish people and the Polish language in Chicago have been very prevalent in the early years of the city, as well as the progression and economical and social development of Chicago. Poles in Chicago make up one of the largest ethnically Polish population (650,000 people) in the world comparable to the city of Wrocław, the fourth largest city in Poland. That makes it one of the most important centres of Polonia and the Polish language in the United States, a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park.[70]
Portuguese[edit]
Further information: Portuguese Americans, Brazilian Americans, and Cape Verdean Americans
The first Portuguese speakers in America were Portuguese Jews who had fled the Portuguese Inquisition. They spoke Judeo-Portuguese and founded the earliest Jewish communities in the Thirteen Colonies, two of which still exist: Congregation Shearith Israel in New York and Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia. However, by the end of the 18th century, their use of Portuguese had been replaced by English.
In the late 19th century, many Portuguese, mainly Azoreans, Madeirans and Cape Verdeans (who prior to independence in 1975 were Portuguese citizens), immigrated to the United States, settling in cities like Providence, Rhode Island, New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Santa Cruz, California. There was also a substantial Portuguese immigration to Hawaii, which at the time was not yet part of the United States.
In the mid-late 20th century there was another wave of Portuguese immigration to the US, mainly the Northeast (New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts), and for a time Portuguese became a major language in Newark, New Jersey. Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Portuguese Africa (known as Portuguese Africans, or, in Portugal, as retornados) and Asia (mostly Macau). There were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000. Portuguese (European Portuguese) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants, mainly in the metropolitan New York City area, like Newark, New Jersey.
The Portuguese language is also spoken widely by Brazilian Americans, concentrated in Miami, New York City, and Boston.
Swedish[edit]
Swedish language distribution in the United States.
There has been a Swedish presence in America since the New Sweden colony came into existence in March 1638.
Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century, bringing in a total of a million Swedes. No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland and Norway. At the beginning of the 20th century, Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of Stockholm.
3.7% of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors, amounting to roughly 11–12 million people. According to SIL's Ethnologue, over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language, though according to the 2007 American Community Survey only 56,715 speak it at home. Cultural assimilation has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US. After the independence of the US from the Kingdom of Great Britain, the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication, and in some cases, imposed it upon them. Subsequent generations of Swedish Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language. Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship. Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away.
There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota, Ohio, Maryland, Philadelphia, and Delaware, along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania, San Francisco, Fort Lauderdale, and New York. Chicago once contained a large Swedish enclave called Andersonville on the city's north side.
John Morton, the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania's support for the United States Declaration of Independence, was of Finnish descent. Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the 18th century.
Welsh[edit]
Welsh language distribution in the United States.
Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry. However, there is very little Welsh being used commonly in the USA. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 2,285 people speak Welsh at home; primarily spoken in California (415), Florida (225), New York (204), Ohio (135), and New Jersey (130).[71] Some place names, such as Bryn Mawr in Chicago and Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (English: Big Hill) are Welsh. Several towns in Pennsylvania, mostly in the Welsh Tract, have Welsh namesakes, including Uwchlan, Bala Cynwyd, Gwynedd, and Tredyffrin.
Yiddish[edit]
Yiddish has a much longer history in the United States than Hebrew.[72] It has been present since at least the late 19th century and continues to have roughly 148,000 speakers as of the 2009 American Community Survey. Though they came from varying geographic backgrounds and nuanced approaches to worship, immigrant Jews of Eastern Europe and Russia were often united under a common understanding of the Yiddish language once they settled in America, and at one point dozens of publications were available in most East Coast cities. Though it has declined by quite a bit since the end of WWII, it has by no means disappeared. Many Israeli immigrants and expatriates have at least some understanding of the language in addition to Hebrew, and many of the descendants of the great migration of Ashkenazi Jews of the past century pepper their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words. Furthermore, it is definitely a lingua franca alive and well among Orthodox Jewry (particularly Hasidic Jewery), particularly in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York.[73]
Tamil[edit]
The Tamil American population enumerates over 190,000 individuals,[74] and the Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America functions as an umbrella organization for the growing community as such.[75]
Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Tamils. New Jersey houses its own Tamil Sangam.[76] Sizeable populations of Indian American Tamils have also settled in New York City and the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area, as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley, where there are Tamil associations such as the Bay Area Tamil Mandram.[77] The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil-speaking Sri Lankan Americans,[78][79][80] with New York City's Staten Island alone estimated to be home to more than 5,000 Sri Lankan Americans,[81] one of the largest Sri Lankan populations outside Sri Lanka itself,[82] and a significant proportion of whom speak Tamil.
Nepali[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The first Nepalese to enter the United States were classified as "other Asian". Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890, 1,910 "other Asians" were admitted to the United States. However, Nepal did not open its borders until 1950, and most Nepalis who left the country during that time went primarily to India to study. Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974 when 56 Nepalese immigrated to the United States. New York City, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Gainesville, Florida; Portland, Oregon; and Saint Paul, Minnesota have largest number of Nepalese. There are some Nepalese community or cultural and event in every state in the United States. The celebration of Nepali culture includes: Dashain, Tihar, Losar, Holi, Teej Special, and Nepali New Year. There are other Nepalese cultural practices. The Nepalese practice many religions but most practice Hinduism.
New American languages, dialects, and creoles[edit]
Several languages have developed on American soil, including creoles and sign languages.
African-American English[edit]
Main article: African-American English
Often simply called AAE and known in North America as Black English, is a variety of American English along a continuum, spoken primarily by urban working-class and (largely bidialectal and codeswitching) middle-class African Americans.[83]. Not all African Americans speak AAE and many European Americans do. It is generally accepted among linguists and many African Americans that Southern American English is closely related to AAE and that AAE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and the language brought by English colonists.
Some educators view AAE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Standard English, as AAE differs grammatically from Standard English. Other educators, however, propose that Standard English should be taught as a "second dialect" in educational contexts where AAE is a strong part of students' culture.
Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon[edit]
Main article: Chinook Jargon
A Creole language of 700–800 words of French, English, Cree and other Native origins. It is the old trade language of the Pacific Northwest. It was used extensively among both European and Native peoples of the old Oregon Territory, even used in place of English at home for many families. It is estimated that around 250,000 people spoke it at its peak and it was last used extensively in Seattle.
Gullah[edit]
Main article: Gullah language
An English-African creole language spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia, retains strong influences of West African languages. The language is sometimes referred to as "Geechee".
Hawai'i Creole English[edit]
Main article: Hawaiian Pidgin
Not to be confused with Hawaiian English.
Commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state.[citation needed]
Louisiana Creole French[edit]
Main article: Louisiana Creole French
A French Creole language spoken by the Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana, close to Haitian Creole, Colonial French, and Cajun French (language of Acadians deported from New France after 1755 and the Grand Dérangement). French Creole languages are spoken by millions of people worldwide, mainly in the United States, Caribbean, and Indian Ocean areas.
Outer Banks languages[edit]
In the islands of the Outer Banks off North Carolina, several unique English dialects have developed. This is evident on Harkers Island and Ocracoke Island. These dialects are sometimes referred to as "high tider".
Pennsylvania German[edit]
Main article: Pennsylvania German language
A language that traditionally was spoken mainly in Pennsylvania, but that since the 19th century has spread to the Midwest (Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and other states), where the majority of speakers live today. It evolved from the German dialect of the Palatinate brought over to America by the Pennsylvania Dutch people before 1800. Originally spoken by adherents of different Christian denominations (Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, German Baptist Brethren, Catholics) today it is mainly spoken by Amish and Old Order Mennonites.
Texas Silesian[edit]
Main article: Texas Silesian
A dialect of Silesian used by Texas Silesians in American settlements from 1852 to the present.
Chesapeake Bay Islander[edit]
Another dialectal isolate is that spoken on Tangier Island, Virginia and Smith Island, Maryland, both located toward the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay. The dialect is partially derived from English as spoken by English pre-Revolutionary settlers, and partially from the present-day Middle-Atlantic American dialect of English. It also contains some words from the Cornish language, the Celtic language spoken in Cornwall in southwest England.[citation needed]
Chicano English[edit]
Main article: Chicano English
See also: English in New Mexico
A mixture of the Spanish and American English languages spoken by many Hispanics in urban areas and predominantly Latino communities.
Sign languages[edit]
Attested historical ranges of sign languages of the US and Canada excluding ASL and LSQ.
Plains Sign Talk
Inuiuuk (ᐃᓄᐃᐆᒃ)
Hawai'i Sign Language
Maritime Sign Language
Plateau Sign Language
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
Henniker Sign Language
Sandy River Valley Sign Language
See also: Native American sign languages
Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages, the United States also boasts several sign languages. Historically, the US was home to some six or more sign languages (that number rising with the probability that Plains Sign Talk is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella) which has fallen with the death of several of these.
As with all sign languages around the world that developed organically, these are full languages distinct from any oral language. American Sign Language (unlike Signed English) is not a derivation of English.[84] Some languages present here were trade pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of the Native Americans, however, they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as a first language.
American Sign Language[edit]
American Sign Language (ASL) is the native language of a number of deaf and hearing people in America (roughly 100,000 to 500,000). While some sources have stated that ASL is the third most frequently used language in the United States, after English and Spanish,[85] recent scholarship has pointed out that most of these estimates are based on numbers conflating deafness with ASL use, and that the last actual study of this (in 1972) seems to indicate an upper bound of 500,000 ASL speakers at the time.[5]
Black American Sign Language[edit]
Black American Sign Language (BASL) developed in the southeastern US, where separate residential schools were maintained for white and black deaf children. BASL shares much of the same vocabulary and grammatical structure as ASL and is generally considered one of its dialects.[84][85][86]
Hawai'i Sign Language[edit]
Hawaii Sign Language is moribund with only a handful of speakers on O'ahu, Lana'i, Kaua'i and possibly Ni'ihau. Some of these speakers may actually be speaking a creolized version of HSL and ASL, however, research is slow-going. The language was once called Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language as many people thought it was a derivation of ASL which was discovered to be false and to be a separate language altogether.[87]
Plains Sign Talk[edit]
Once a trade pidgin and the most far-reaching sign language in North America, Plains Sign Talk or Plains Sign Language is now critically endangered with an unknown number of speakers.
Navajo Sign Language[edit]
Navajo Sign Language has been found to be in use in one clan of Navajo; however, whether it is a dialect of Plains Sign Talk or a separate language remains unknown.[88]
Plateau Sign Language[edit]
Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language, Plateau Sign Language replaced Plains Sign Talk in the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. It is now extinct.
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language[edit]
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct. Along with French Sign Language, it was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language.
Henniker Sign Language[edit]
Henniker Sign Language is now extinct but was once found around the Henniker region of New Hampshire and formed a basis for American Sign Language.
Sandy River Valley Sign Language[edit]
Sandy River Valley Sign Language is now extinct but once could be found around the Sandy River Valley in Maine. It was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language.
See also[edit]
American English
Language education in the United States
Language Spoken at Home (U.S. Census)
List of multilingual presidents of the United States
Muhlenberg legend
List of communities in the United States where English isn't the majority language spoken at home
Modern Language Association
General:
Bilingual education
Culture of the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Siebens, J & T Julian. Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010. United States Census Bureau. December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Census Data Of USA". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by Language: 2011" (PDF), Language use in the United States, August 2013, U.S. Census Bureau, archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2016, retrieved February 19, 2016
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Ross E.; Young, Travas A.; Bachleda, Bellamie; Karchmer, Michael A. (2006), "How Many People Use ASL in the United States? Why Estimates Need Updating" (PDF), Sign Language Studies, 6 (3), archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2011
Jump up ^ "States". Englishfirst.org. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language". Archived from the original on January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alaska's indigenous languages attain official status" Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine., Reuters.com, October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bill History/Action for 28th Legislature HB 216". The Alaska State Legislature. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official Archived January 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. April 21, 2014; Bill Chappell; NPR.org
Jump up ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "English Usage Among Hispanics in the United States". Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Grimes 2000
Jump up ^ Ancestry: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000, archived from the original on August 5, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b "Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Brueau. October 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "EAC Issues Glossaries of Election Terms in Five Asian Languages Translations to Make Voting More Accessible to a Majority of Asian American Citizens". Election Assistance Commission. June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles Website (actual website blocked by Wikipedia)
Jump up ^ James W. Parins (November 4, 2013). Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820–1906. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8061-5122-9.
Jump up ^ David W. Voorhees, "Dutch Political Identity in English New York" in Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations: 1609-2009 (eds. Hans Krabbendam, Cornelis A. van Minnen & Giles Scott-Smith: SUNY Press, 2009), pp. 132-33.
Jump up ^ America Votes 2006: Key Ballot Issues, CNN, archived from the original on February 9, 2008, retrieved February 22, 2008
Jump up ^ "Arizona Voter Empowerment Card, 2010 Elections" (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Heath, Shirley Brice & Frederick Mandabach. Language Status Decisions and the Law in the United States, in Cobarrubias, Juan & Joshua A. Fishman, eds., Progress in Language Planning, p. 94 (1983)
Jump up ^ Sick, Bastian (19 May 2004). German as the official language of the USA? Archived September 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine., Spiegel Online (in English)
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, David (2008). German Almost Became Official Language, Snopes
Jump up ^ Alice N. Nash; Christoph Strobel (2006), "Daily life of Native Americans from post-Columbian through nineteenth-century America", The Greenwood Press "Daily life through history" series, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. IX, ISBN 978-0-313-33515-0
Jump up ^ "A Look at the Cherokee Language" (PDF). North Carolina Museum of History, from Tar Heel Junior Historian 45:1 (fall 2005). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006-2008 : Release Date: April, 2010" (XLS). Census.gov. Archived from the original on September 22, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ A language's endonym may not be available for a variety of possible reasons: The language in question encompasses multiple dialects with unique endonyms; The language in question is actually a language family; The language or community of speakers has a prohibition against writing the language; No documentation is immediately available; etc.
Jump up ^ Respondents who reported speaking English less than "Very Well." The total margin of error for this group was 1.78%; however, margins of error for individual languages, especially those with few total speakers, may exceed 100% in some cases.
Jump up ^ "North America :: UNITED STATES". CIA The World Factbook. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Driver License and Identification Card Information". Dmv.ca.gov. Archived from the original on September 30, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is the future of Spanish in the United States?". Pew Research Center. September 5, 2013. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Future of Spanish in the United States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by Language: 2009", The 2012 Statistical Abstract, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from the original on December 25, 2007, retrieved December 27, 2011
Jump up ^ Instituto Cervantes (Enciclopedia del español en Estados Unidos)
Jump up ^ "Más 'speak spanish' que en España". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Dicker, Susan J. (2003-01-01). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853596513.
^ Jump up to: a b Lai, H. Mark (2004), Becoming Chinese American or Taiwanese American: A History of Communities and Institutions, AltaMira Press, ISBN 0-7591-0458-1
Jump up ^ García, Ofelia; Fishman, Joshua A. (2002), The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017281-X
Jump up ^ Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived November 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Did Hebrew almost become the official U.S. language?, January 21, 1994, archived from the original on February 13, 2008, retrieved February 22, 2008
Jump up ^ Michael Huxley (editor) (1935), The Geographical magazine, Volume 2, Geographical Press CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Great Britain, Royal Society of Arts (1948), Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Volume 97
Jump up ^ Robert E. Nunley; Severin M. Roberts; George W. Wubrick; Daniel L. Roy (1999), The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-080180-1
Jump up ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture An Introduction, Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4051-8896-8.
Jump up ^ Kachru, Yamuna (January 1, 2006). "Hindi". John Benjamins Publishing. Retrieved October 16, 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Students' Britannica: India: Select essays by Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani page 175
Jump up ^ "Hindustani B2". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ "Hindustani". Columbia University press. encyclopedia.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Cherokee Nation & its Language" (PDF). University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Irene (August 6, 2013). "Cherokee". Aboutworldlanguages.com/. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Joyner, Michael (September 30, 2010). Cherokee Lessons - Introductory Edition. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. pp. 16–17. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Native American languages". Infoplease.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Will (April 5, 2012). "Immersion students win trophies at language fair". Cherokeephoenix.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Native Now : Language: Cherokee". We Shall Remain - American Experience - PBS. 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cherokee Language Revitalization Project". Western Carolina University. 2014. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hauk, Alexis. "Radio Free Cherokee: Endangered Languages Take to the Airwaves". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutch : Source: American Community Survey : 5-Year Estimates, Public Use Microdata Sample, 2006–2010". Mla.org. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Street names are in english and in finnish, The Selonen Family Network, archived from the original on September 24, 2006, retrieved 2008-02-22 [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Data Center Results". Web.archive.org. May 25, 2017. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Eric L. Friedland. "Hebrew Liturgical Creativity in Nineteenth-Century America". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brandeis University Study Finds that American-Jewish Population is Significantly Larger than Previously Thought" (PDF). February 2, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ US Census 2006-2008 American Community Survey See Row# 122 Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Language Use in the US 2006–2008 (850k Excel file!)". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ America the diverse: Chicago's Polish neighborhoods, usaweekend.com, May 15, 2005, retrieved July 4, 2008 [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Welsh : Source: Census 2000, Summary File 3". Mla.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Joshua A. Fishman (1991). "Appendix: The Hebrew Language in the United States". Yiddish: turning to life. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 148–159. ISBN 978-90-272-2075-2. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sewell Chan (October 17, 2007), A Yiddish Revival, With New York Leading the Way, The New York Times, archived from the original on September 30, 2008, retrieved August 15, 2008
+ Patricia Ward Biederman (July 7, 2005), Yiddish Program Aims to Get Beyond Schmoozing, Los Angeles Times, archived from the original on February 21, 2009, retrieved August 15, 2008
+ Yiddishkayt Los Angeles, yiddishkaytla.org, archived from the original on July 24, 2008, retrieved 2008-08-15
Jump up ^ US Census 2006-2008 American Community Survey See Row# 125 Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "ABOUT FETNA". Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ New Jersey Tamil Sangam Archived September 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bay Area Tamil Manram Archived October 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kirk Semple (June 8, 2013). "Sri Lankans have gathered on Staten Island,..." The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Why Staten Island?". Little Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Edwards (2004), p. 383.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, M. Paul (2013). Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. "American Sign Language". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. SIL International. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Preston (1995), Mother father deaf: living between sound and silence, Harvard University Press, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-674-58748-9, archived from the original on January 2, 2016
Jump up ^ Clayton Valli; Ceil Lucas (2000), "Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black deaf Community", Linguistics of American Sign Language: an introduction, Gallaudet University Press, pp. 416–428, ISBN 978-1-56368-097-7, archived from the original on January 2, 2016
Jump up ^ Lambrecht, Linda; Earth, Barbara; Woodward, James (March 3, 2013), History and Documentation of Hawaiʻi Sign Language: First Report, University of Hawaiʻi: 3rd International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation, archived from the original on March 22, 2013
Jump up ^ Samuel J. Supalla (1992) The Book of Name Signs, p. 22
Bibliography[edit]
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-106-9. Online edition: http://www.ethnologue.com/, accessed on December 7, 2004.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zededa, Ofelia; Hill, Jane H. (1991). The condition of Native American Languages in the United States. In R. H. Robins & E. M. Uhlenbeck (Eds.), Endangered languages (pp. 135–155). Oxford: Berg.
Further reading[edit]
Blatt, Ben. "Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas." Slate. May 13, 2014.
External links[edit]
Bilingualism in the United States
Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: U.S. Census 2000
Foreign Languages in the U.S. About foreign languages and language learning in the United States
How many indigenous American languages are spoken in the United States? By how many speakers?
Native Languages of the Americas
Ethnologue report for USA
Linguistic map of the United States of America
Modern Language Association Language Map
[show]
Articles Related to Languages of the United States
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of the United States
Languages in italics are extinct.
English
[show]
Dialects of American English
African-American English
Appalachian English
Baltimore English
Boston English
Cajun English
California English
Chicano English
Eastern New England English
General American English
High Tider English
Inland Northern American English
Miami English
Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English
Maine English
Midland American English
New England Englishes
New Mexican Englishes
New Orleans English
New York City English
New York Latino English
Northern American English
North-Central American English
Ozark English
Pacific Northwest English
Pennsylvania Dutch English
Philadelphia English
Puerto Rican English
Southern American English
Texan English
Tidewater English
Transatlantic English
Upper Michigan English
Western American English
Western New England English
Western Pennsylvania English
Yeshiva English
Oral Indigenous
Languages
Families
Algic
Abenaki
Anishinnabemowin
Arapaho
Blackfoot
Cheyenne
Cree
Fox
Gros Ventre
Mahican
Massachusett
Menominee
Mi'kmaq
Mohegan-Pequot
Munsee
Myaamia
Nanticoke
Narragansett
Pamlico
Potawatomi
Powhatan
Quiripi
Shawnee
Unami
Etchemin
Loup
Nawathinehena
Austronesian
Chamorro
Hawaiian
Refaluwasch
Samoan
Tokelauan
Caddoan
Arikara
Caddo
Wichita
Kitsai
Chinookan
Kathlamet
Tsinúk
Upper Chinook
Chumashan
Barbareño
Cruzeño
Obispeño
Purisimeño
Ventureño
Dené–
Yeniseian
Ahtna
Deg Xinag
Dena'ina
Gwich’in
Hän
Hupa
Jicarilla
Koyukon
Lower Tanana
Mescalero-Chiricahua
Navajo
Tanacross
Tolowa
Upper Kuskokwim
Upper Tanana
Western Apache
Cahto
Eyak
Holikachuk
Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
Lipan
Mattole
Plains Apache
Tsetsaut
Tututni
Upper Umpqua
Wailaki
Eskaleut
Inuit
Inupiat
Aleut
Alutiiq
Central Alaskan Yup'ik
Central Siberian Yupik
Chevak Cup’ik
Iroquoian
Cayuga
Cherokee
Mohawk
Oneida
Onondaga
Osage
Seneca
Tuscarora
Wyandot
Erie
Neutral Huron
Nottoway
Susquehannock
Wenrohronon
Kalapuyan
Central Kalapuya
Northern Kalapuya
Yoncalla
Keresan
Cochiti Pueblo
San Felipe–Santo Domingo
Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
Western Keres
Acoma Pueblo
Laguna Pueblo
Maiduan
Konkow
Maidu
Nisenan
Chico
Muskogean
Alabama
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Koasati
Mikasuki
Muscogee
Apalachee
Palaihnihan
Achumawi
Atsugewi
Plateau Penutian
Nez Perce
Sahaptin
Klamath
Molala
Pomoan
Central Pomo
Eastern Pomo
Kashaya
Southeastern Pomo
Southern Pomo
Northeastern Pomo
Northern Pomo
Salishan
Coeur d'Alene
Columbia-Moses
Halkomelem
Klallam
Lushootseed
Nooksack
North Straits Salish
Okanagan
Salish
Thompson
Twana
Cowlitz
Lower Chehalis
Quinault
Tillamook
Upper Chehalis
Siouan
Assiniboine
Crow
Dakota
Hidatsa
Kansa
Lakota
Mandan
Omaha–Ponca
Quapaw
Stoney
Winnebago
Biloxi
Catawba
Chiwere
Mitchigamea
Moneton
Ofo
Tutelo-Saponi
Woccon
Tanoan
Jemez
Kiowa
Picuris
Southern Tiwa
Taos
Tewa
Piro Pueblo
Tsimshianic
Coast Tsimshian
Uto-Aztecan
Comanche
Hopi
Ivilyuat
Kawaiisu
Kitanemuk
Luiseño
Mono
Northern Paiute
O'odham
Serrano
Shoshoni
Timbisha
Tübatulabal
Ute-Chemehuevi
Yaqui
Cupeño
Tongva
Wakashan
Makah
Wintuan
Nomlaki
Patwin
Wintu
Yuk-Utian
Central Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok
Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
Valley Yokuts
Bay Miwok
Buena Vista Yokuts
Coast Miwok
Gashowu Yokuts
Kings River Yokuts
Lake Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok
Palewyami
Plains Miwok
Yuman–
Cochimí
Cocopah
Havasupai–Hualapai
Ipai
Kumeyaay
Maricopa
Mojave
Quechan
Tiipai
Yavapai
Others
Isolates
Haida
Karuk
Kutenai
Siuslaw
Washo
Yuchi
Zuni
Chitimacha
Tonkawa
Mixed or Trade
Languages
Chinook Jargon
Michif
Mohawk Dutch
Manual Indigenous
languages
Hand Talk
Anishinaabe Sign Language
Blackfoot Sign Language
Cheyenne Sign Language
Cree Sign Language
Navajo Sign Language
Plateau Sign Language
Isolates
Hawai'i Sign Language
Inuk Sign Language
Keresan Pueblo
Navajo Family Sign Language
Oral settler
languages
French
Louisiana
Cajun
Colonial
Métis
Missouri
Muskrat
New England
German
Pennsylvania Dutch
Hutterite
Plautdietsch
Bernese
Alsatian
Texas
Spanish
Caló (Chicano)
New Mexican
Puerto Rican
Isleño
Manual settler
languages
Francosign
American Sign Language
Black American Sign Language
Pro-Tactile American Sign Language
Puerto Rican Sign Language
BANZSL
Samoan Sign Language
Kentish
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
Isolates
Sandy River Valley Sign Language
Henniker Sign Language
Immigrant languages
(number of speakers
in 2010 in millions)
Spanish (37)
Varieties of Chinese (3)
French (2)
Tagalog (1.6)
Vietnamese (1.4)
German (1.1)
Korean (1.1)
Arabic (0.9)
Russian (0.9)
Italian (0.7)
Portuguese (0.7)
Polish (0.6)
Hindi (0.6)
Persian (0.4)
Urdu (0.4)
Gujarati (0.4)
Japanese (0.4)
Greek (0.3)
Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian language in the United States (0.3)
Armenian (0.2)
Khmer (0.2)
Hmong (0.2)
Hebrew (0.2)
Laotian (0.2)
Yiddish (0.2)
[show]
v
t
e
United States articles
History
By event
Timeline of U.S. history
Pre-Columbian era
Colonial era
Thirteen Colonies
military history
Continental Congress
American Revolution
War
American frontier
Confederation Period
Drafting and ratification of Constitution
Federalist Era
War of 1812
Territorial acquisitions
Territorial evolution
Mexican–American War
Civil War
Reconstruction Era
Indian Wars
Gilded Age
Progressive Era
African-American civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–1968
Spanish–American War
Imperialism
World War I
Roaring Twenties
Great Depression
World War II
home front
Nazism in the United States
American Century
Cold War
Korean War
Space Race
Feminist Movement
Vietnam War
Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Recent events (2008–present)
By topic
Outline of U.S. history
Demographic
Discoveries
Economic
debt ceiling
Inventions
before 1890
1890–1945
1946–91
after 1991
Military
Postal
Technological and industrial
Geography
Territory
counties
federal district
federal enclaves
Indian reservations
insular zones
minor outlying islands
populated places
states
Earthquakes
Extreme points
Islands
Mountains
peaks
ranges
Appalachian
Rocky
National Park Service
National Parks
Regions
East Coast
West Coast
Great Plains
Gulf
Mid-Atlantic
Midwestern
New England
Pacific
Central
Eastern
Northern
Northeastern
Northwestern
Southern
Southeastern
Southwestern
Western
Rivers
Colorado
Columbia
Mississippi
Missouri
Ohio
Rio Grande
Yukon
Time
Water supply and sanitation
Politics
Federal
Executive
Cabinet
Civil service
Executive departments
Executive Office
Independent agencies
Law enforcement
President of the United States
Public policy
Legislative
House of Representatives
current members
Speaker
Senate
current members
President pro tempore
Vice President
Judicial
Courts of appeals
District courts
Supreme Court
Law
Bill of Rights
civil liberties
Code of Federal Regulations
Constitution
federalism
preemption
separation of powers
Federal Reporter
United States Code
United States Reports
Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Defense Intelligence Agency
Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
National Security Agency
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Uniformed
Armed Forces
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
National Guard
NOAA Corps
Public Health Service Corps
51st state
political status of Puerto Rico
District of Columbia statehood movement
Elections
Electoral College
Foreign relations
Foreign policy
Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Ideologies
anti-Americanism
exceptionalism
nationalism
Local government
Parties
Democratic
Republican
Third parties
Red states and blue states
Purple America
Scandals
State government
governor
state legislature
state court
Uncle Sam
Economy
By sector
Agriculture
Banking
Communications
Energy
Insurance
Manufacturing
Mining
Tourism
Trade
Transportation
Companies
by state
Currency
Exports
Federal budget
Federal Reserve System
Financial position
Labor unions
Public debt
Social welfare programs
Taxation
Unemployment
Wall Street
Society
Culture
Americana
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Demography
Education
Family structure
Fashion
Flag
Folklore
Languages
American English
Indigenous languages
ASL
Black American Sign Language
HSL
Plains Sign Talk
Arabic
Chinese
French
German
Italian
Russian
Spanish
Literature
Media
Journalism
Internet
Newspapers
Radio
Television
Music
Names
People
Philosophy
Public holidays
Religion
Sexuality
Sports
Theater
Visual art
Social class
Affluence
American Dream
Educational attainment
Homelessness
Home-ownership
Household income
Income inequality
Middle class
Personal income
Poverty
Professional and working class conflict
Standard of living
Wealth
Issues
Ages of consent
Capital punishment
Crime
incarceration
Criticism of government
Discrimination
affirmative action
antisemitism
intersex rights
islamophobia
LGBT rights
racism
same-sex marriage
Drug policy
Energy policy
Environmental movement
Gun politics
Health care
abortion
health insurance
hunger
obesity
smoking
Human rights
Immigration
illegal
International rankings
National security
Mass surveillance
Terrorism
Separation of church and state
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Life in the United States
Crime
Culture
Economic issues
affluence
eviction
home-ownership
household income
income inequality
labor unions
middle class
personal income
poverty
standard of living
wealth
Education (attainment)
Family structure
Health
health care
health insurance
Holidays
Homelessness
Human rights
Languages
Passenger vehicle transport
Political ideologies
Race
Religion
Social class
Society
Sports
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of North America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
[show]
Languages of the United States by state
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of Alaska
Indigenous
Aleut
Alutiiq
Central Yup'ik
Siberian Yupik
Inupiaq
Tlingit
Eyak
Ahtna
Dena’ina
Deg Xinag
Holikachuk
Upper Kuskokwim
Koyukon
Lower Tanana
Tanacross
Upper Tanana
Tsetsaut
Hän
Gwich'in
Haida
Tsimshian
Sign languages
American Sign Language
Inuk Sign Language
Non-Indigenous
English
Spanish
Ninilchik
Tagalog
Russian
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of Arizona
Indigenous
Athabaskan
Navajo
Western Apache
Tanoan
Tewa
Uto-Aztecan
Hopi
O'odham
Southern Paiute
Yaqui
Yuman-Cochimí
Cocopah
Havasupai
Hualapai
Maricopa
Mojave
Quechan
Yavapai
Language isolate
Zuni
Non-Indigenous
Indo-European
English
Spanish
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of California
Indigenous
Algic
Wiyot
Yurok
Athabaskan
Tolowa
Hupa
Mattole
Cahto
Wailaki
Chumashan
Obispeño
Island Chumash
Purisimeño
Ineseño
Barbareño
Ventureño
Ohlone
Karkin
Chochenyo
Ramaytush
Tamyen
Awaswas
Mutsun
Rumsen
Chalon
Hokan
Chimariko
Karuk
Achomawi
Atsugewi
Northeastern Pomo
Eastern Pomo
Southeastern Pomo
Northern Pomo
Central Pomo
Southern Pomo
Kashaya
Washo
Mojave
Kumeyaay
Yana
Yahi
Penutian
Klamath-Mudoc
Yokuts
Wintu
Bay Miwok
Coast Miwok
Lake Miwok
Plains Miwok
Central Sierra Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok
Valley Maidu
Northeast Maidu
Northwest Maidu
Nisenan
Shastan
Konomihu
New River Shasta
Okwanuchu
Shasta
Uto Aztecan
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Kawaiisu
Kitanemuk
Luiseño-Juaneño
Mono
Northern Paiute
Panamint
Serrano
Tataviam
Tongva
Ute
Wintuan
Nomlaki
Patwin
Southern Patwin
Wintu
Yokutsan
Buena Vista Yokuts, Chukchansi, Gashowu Yokuts, Kings River Yokuts, Palewyami, Tule-Kaweah Yokuts, Valley Yokuts
Yukian
Yuki, Wappo
Language isolates
and Unclassified
Esselen, Chimariko, Karuk, Salinan, Takelma
Plains Sign Talk
Non-Indigenous
Indo-European
American English
California English
Chicano English
Spanish
Armenian
Punjabi
Russian
Asian
Chinese
Korean
Tagalog
Vietnamese
Francosign
American Sign Language
Italics indicate extinct languages
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of Minnesota
Indigenous
Algonquian
Ojibwe
Western Siouan
Sioux
Dakota
Lakota
Winnebago
Non-Indigenous
Indo-European
American English
Minnesota regional dialect
Danish
French
German
Hutterite
Irish
Norwegian
Spanish
Swedish
Uralic
Finnish
Hmong–Mien
Hmong
Afroasiatic
Arabic
Somali
Sign languages
American Sign Language
Plains Indian Sign Language
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of Montana
Indigenous
Algonquian
Blackfoot
Cheyenne
Gros Ventre
Ojibwe
Plains Cree
Salishan
Montana Salish
Western Siouan
Assiniboine
Stoney
Lakota
Crow
Language isolates
Kutenai
Non-Indigenous
Indo-European
American English
Spanish
German
Swedish
Uralic
Finnish
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of New Mexico
Indigenous
Jemez
Jicarilla
Keresan
Keresan Pueblo Sign Language
Mescalero-Chiricahua
Navajo
Picuris
Plains Sign Talk
Southern Tiwa
Taos
Tewa
Zuni
Non-Indigenous
American Sign Language
English
New Mexican Spanish
[show]
v
t
e
Languages of Oklahoma
Indigenous
Alabama*
Arapaho
Caddo
Cayuga
Cherokee
Cheyenne
Chickasaw
Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
Choctaw
Comanche
Delaware
Hitchiti-Mikasuki
Kansa
Koasati
Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
Muscogee
Osage
Ottawa
Pawnee
Plains Apache
Ponca
Potawatomi
Quapaw
Seneca
Shawnee
Tonkawa
Wichita
Wyandot
Yuchi
Sign languages
American Sign Language
Black American Sign Language
Plains Sign Talk
Non-Indigenous
English
German
Spanish
Vietnamese
Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
[show]
v
t
e
English-speaking world
Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region
[show]
Further links
Articles
English-speaking world
History of the English language
British Empire
English in the Commonwealth of Nations
Anglosphere
Lists
List of countries by English-speaking population
List of countries where English is an official language
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
Africa
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Americas
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Dominica
Falkland Islands
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Montserrat
Saba
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
United States Virgin Islands
Europe
Guernsey
Ireland
Isle of Man
Jersey
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Norfolk Island
Pitcairn Islands
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
Africa
Botswana
Cameroon
The Gambia
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Malawi
Mauritius
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Somaliland
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Puerto Rico
Asia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
India
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Europe
Gibraltar
Malta
Oceania
American Samoa
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Dependencies shown in italics.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&oldid=836934062"
Categories:
Languages of the United States
Languages of North America
Demographics of the United States
American culture
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from February 2008
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from February 2018
Use American English from May 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from May 2015
All articles with links needing disambiguation
Articles with links needing disambiguation from April 2018
Articles needing POV-check from July 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Brezhoneg
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Basa Jawa
Latina
Nederlands
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
தமிழ்
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 18:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Tree map of languages in the United States.png

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Main_language
mw-redirect
Main language

attrs: href title

value: b

value: span

values:
/wiki/Spanish_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Spanish in the United States

values:
/wiki/Keres_language
mw-redirect
Keres language

values:
/wiki/Colorado_River_language
mw-redirect
Colorado River language

values:
/wiki/Havasupai_language
mw-redirect
Havasupai language

values:
/wiki/Klickitat_language
mw-redirect
Klickitat language

values:
/wiki/Plains_Cree_language
mw-redirect
Plains Cree language

values:
/wiki/Qawiaraq_language
mw-redirect
Qawiaraq language

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language
mw-redirect
Central Alaskan Yup'ik language

values:
/wiki/Dena%E2%80%99ina_language
mw-redirect
Dena’ina language

values:
/wiki/Tanana_language
mw-redirect
Tanana language

values:
/wiki/Tsimshian_languages
mw-redirect
Tsimshian languages

values: Chinese language and varieties in the United States

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language
mw-redirect
Puerto Rican Sign Language

values:
/wiki/Native_American_languages
mw-redirect
Native American languages

values: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language
mw-redirect
Haitian Creole language

values:
/wiki/Hindi_language
mw-redirect
Hindi language

values:
/wiki/Urdu_language
mw-redirect
Urdu language

values:
/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages
mw-redirect
Afro-Asiatic languages

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values: background:#f5f5f5; text-align: center; margin-left: 20px;

values: border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 320px; text-align: right;

values:
/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act
mw-redirect
Americans with Disabilities Act

values:
/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands
mw-redirect
U.S. Virgin Islands

values:
/wiki/Gwich%27in_language
mw-redirect
Gwich'in language

values:
/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language
mw-redirect
Siberian Yupik language

values:
/wiki/Hispanic_Americans
mw-redirect
Hispanic Americans

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fc2500; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0433ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #24b250; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #732ba3; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/2000_U.S._Census
mw-redirect
2000 U.S. Census

values:
/wiki/German_American
mw-redirect
German American

values:
/wiki/Standard_Mandarin
mw-redirect
Standard Mandarin

values:
/wiki/Puebloan_peoples
mw-redirect
Puebloan peoples

values:
/wiki/Creek_language
mw-redirect
Creek language

values:
/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau
mw-redirect
U.S. Census Bureau

values:
/wiki/Endangered_languages
mw-redirect
Endangered languages

values:
/wiki/Western_Apache
mw-redirect
Western Apache

values:
/wiki/Eskimo-Aleut_languages
mw-redirect
Eskimo-Aleut languages

values: United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians

values: Edit section: List of Native American Languages

values:
/wiki/Mutually_intelligible
mw-redirect
Mutually intelligible

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Apache_languages
mw-redirect
Apache languages

values:
/wiki/Inupiat_language
mw-redirect
Inupiat language

values:
/wiki/Paiute_language
mw-disambig
Paiute language

values:
/wiki/Lushootseed_language
mw-redirect
Lushootseed language

values:
/wiki/Delaware_language
mw-redirect
Delaware language

values:
/wiki/Penobscot_language
mw-redirect
Penobscot language

values:
/wiki/Cahuilla_language
mw-redirect
Cahuilla language

values:
/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language
mw-redirect
Omaha-Ponca language

values:
/wiki/Havasupai_dialect
mw-redirect
Havasupai dialect

values:
/wiki/Michif_language
mw-redirect
Michif language

values: Edit section: Native American sign languages

values:
/wiki/Crow_Indians
mw-redirect
Crow Indians

values:
/wiki/Cheyenne_Indians
mw-redirect
Cheyenne Indians

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;

values: background:Blue; width:79.2%; overflow: hidden;

values: width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;

values: background:Orange; width:12.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:Yellow; width:3.8%; overflow: hidden;

values:
/wiki/Asian_language
mw-redirect
Asian language

values: background:Green; width:3.3%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:Red; width:0.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: overflow-x: auto; border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;

values:
/wiki/Seattle,_Washington
mw-redirect
Seattle, Washington

values:
/wiki/Yiddish_language
mw-redirect
Yiddish language

values:
/wiki/Malayalam_language
mw-redirect
Malayalam language

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/American_Southwest
mw-redirect
American Southwest

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values:
/wiki/Washington_Heights,_New_York_City
mw-redirect
Washington Heights, New York City

values:
/wiki/Miami,_Florida
mw-redirect
Miami, Florida

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
float:right; margin-left:1em;

values:
/wiki/Castilian_language
mw-redirect
Castilian language

values:
/wiki/Variety_of_Chinese
mw-redirect
Variety of Chinese

values:
/wiki/Yue_dialects
mw-redirect
Yue dialects

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Spanish_colonial_empire
mw-redirect
Spanish colonial empire

values:
/wiki/Filipino_American
mw-redirect
Filipino American

values:
/wiki/Filipino_people
mw-redirect
Filipino people

values:
/wiki/United_States_2010_Census
mw-redirect
United States 2010 Census

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)

values:
/wiki/Varieties_of_Hindi
mw-redirect
Varieties of Hindi

values:
/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent
mw-redirect
Indian Subcontinent

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/Arabic_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Arabic in the United States

values:
/wiki/Muslim_Americans
mw-redirect
Muslim Americans

values:
/wiki/Palestinian_people
mw-redirect
Palestinian people

values:
/wiki/Mayes_County
mw-redirect
Mayes County

values: Republic of the Seven United Netherlands

values:
/wiki/Native_language
mw-redirect
Native language

values:
/wiki/Dutch_American
mw-redirect
Dutch American

values:
/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt
mw-redirect
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison
mw-redirect
Thomas Alva Edison

values:
/wiki/Finnish_citizen
mw-redirect
Finnish citizen

values:
/wiki/Upper_Peninsula
mw-redirect
Upper Peninsula

values:
/wiki/Finnish_American
mw-redirect
Finnish American

values:
/wiki/Yooper_dialect
mw-redirect
Yooper dialect

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/Alaska_Territory
mw-redirect
Alaska Territory

values:
/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn
mw-redirect
Brighton Beach, Brooklyn

values:
/wiki/West_Hollywood
mw-redirect
West Hollywood

values:
/wiki/Sunny_Isles_Beach
mw-redirect
Sunny Isles Beach

values:
/wiki/State_of_Hawaii
mw-redirect
State of Hawaii

values:
/wiki/Ilokano_language
mw-redirect
Ilokano language

values:
/wiki/Indian_American
mw-redirect
Indian American

values:
/wiki/Pakistani_American
mw-redirect
Pakistani American

values:
/wiki/Bangladeshi_American
mw-redirect
Bangladeshi American

values:
/wiki/Kannada_language
mw-redirect
Kannada language

values: Federation of Telugu Sangams of North America (page does not exist)

values: NATA & TANA organizations (page does not exist)

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Polish_American
mw-redirect
Polish American

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_Jews
mw-redirect
Portuguese Jews

values: History of the Lusophone Americans in Newark, New Jersey

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_American
mw-redirect
Portuguese American

values:
/wiki/Andersonville,_Chicago
mw-redirect
Andersonville, Chicago

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Uwchlan_Township,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Uwchlan Township, Pennsylvania

values:
/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania

values: Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America

values:
/wiki/Tamil_Sangam
mw-redirect
Tamil Sangam

values:
/wiki/Sri_Lankan_American
mw-redirect
Sri Lankan American

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: New American languages, dialects, and creoles

values: Edit section: Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon

values:
/wiki/Hawaiian_English
mw-redirect
Hawaiian English

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

values:
/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French
mw-redirect
Louisiana Creole French

values:
/wiki/Nouvelle_France
mw-redirect
Nouvelle France

values:
/wiki/Tangier_Island
mw-redirect
Tangier Island

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #A4486D; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #50C9FF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #80AA48; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Hawaii_Sign_Language
mw-redirect
Hawaii Sign Language

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #316FDE; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #E4CD01; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #7B209F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #553D00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #E22402; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Signed_English
mw-redirect
Signed English

values: Edit section: Black American Sign Language

values:
/wiki/Navajo_people
mw-redirect
Navajo people

values: Edit section: Martha's Vineyard Sign Language

values: Edit section: Sandy River Valley Sign Language

values: List of multilingual presidents of the United States

values:
nofollow
external text
http://englishfirst.org/d/states

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dmv.ca.gov/dl/dl_info.htm

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aboutworldlanguages.com/cherokee

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2008)

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://yiddishkaytla.org/index.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.njtamilsangam.info/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ase

values:
nofollow
http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/icldc/2013/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ethnologue.com/
external free

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.native-languages.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://arcmap.mla.org/mla/default.aspx

values: Template talk:Languages of the United States

values:
/wiki/Baltimore_English
mw-redirect
Baltimore English

values:
/wiki/Boston_English
mw-redirect
Boston English

values:
/wiki/New_Mexican_English
mw-redirect
New Mexican English

values:
/wiki/Ozark_English
mw-redirect
Ozark English

values:
/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
English in Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/Yooper_English
mw-redirect
Yooper English

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Inuit_language
mw-redirect
Inuit language

values:
/wiki/Wenrohronon_language
mw-redirect
Wenrohronon language

values:
/wiki/Moneton_language
mw-redirect
Moneton language

values:
/wiki/Picuris_dialect
mw-redirect
Picuris dialect

values:
/wiki/Taos_dialect
mw-redirect
Taos dialect

values:
/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language
mw-redirect
Southern Sierra Miwok language

values:
/wiki/Metis_French
mw-redirect
Metis French

values: Vietnamese language in the United States

values: Portuguese language in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Hindi language in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Urdu language in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Gujarati language in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Khmer language in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Hebrew language in the United States (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Laotian_language#United_States
mw-redirect
Laotian language

values:
/wiki/Yiddish_language#United_States
mw-redirect
Yiddish language

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values: Territorial evolution of the United States

values:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

values: African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)

values: African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)

values: History of the United States (1865–1918)

values: Military history of the United States during World War II

values: United States home front during World War II

values: History of the United States (1991–2008)

values: History of the United States (2008–present)

values: Demographic history of the United States

values: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)

values: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

values: Technological and industrial history of the United States

values: Lists of populated places in the United States

values: List of earthquakes in the United States

values: List of extreme points of the United States

values: List of mountain peaks of the United States

values: List of areas in the United States National Park System

values:
/wiki/Pacific_States
mw-redirect
Pacific States

values: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States

values: United States federal executive departments

values: Executive Office of the President of the United States

values: Independent agencies of the United States government

values: Federal law enforcement in the United States

values: Current members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

values: Current members of the United States Senate

values: President pro tempore of the United States Senate

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

values: Political ideologies in the United States

values: List of federal political scandals in the United States

values: List of companies of the United States by state

values: Educational attainment in the United States

values: Professional and working class conflict in the United States

values: Criticism of the United States government

values: Federal drug policy of the United States

values: Environmental movement in the United States

values: Illegal immigration to the United States

values: International rankings of the United States

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values:
/wiki/Book:United_States
mw-redirect
Book:United States

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda
mw-redirect
Languages of Antigua and Barbuda

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bahamas
mw-redirect
Languages of the Bahamas

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Barbados
mw-redirect
Languages of Barbados

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Cuba
mw-redirect
Languages of Cuba

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Dominica
mw-redirect
Languages of Dominica

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_El_Salvador
mw-redirect
Languages of El Salvador

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
Languages of Grenada

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti
mw-redirect
Languages of Haiti

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Jamaica
mw-redirect
Languages of Jamaica

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Panama
mw-redirect
Languages of Panama

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Lucia
mw-redirect
Languages of Saint Lucia

values: Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
mw-redirect
Languages of Trinidad and Tobago

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Anguilla
mw-redirect
Languages of Anguilla

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Bermuda
mw-redirect
Languages of Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Bonaire
mw-redirect
Languages of Bonaire

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cayman_Islands
mw-redirect
Languages of the Cayman Islands

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Cura%C3%A7ao
mw-redirect
Languages of Curaçao

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Greenland
mw-redirect
Languages of Greenland

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Guadeloupe
mw-redirect
Languages of Guadeloupe

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Martinique
mw-redirect
Languages of Martinique

values: Languages of Montserrat (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Languages of Puerto Rico

values: Languages of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Saba
mw-redirect
Languages of Saba

values: Languages of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Sint_Maarten
mw-redirect
Languages of Sint Maarten

values: Languages of the Turks and Caicos Islands

values: Languages of the United States Virgin Islands

values:
/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian
mw-redirect
Coast Tsimshian

values:
/wiki/Havasupai-Hualapai_language
mw-redirect
Havasupai-Hualapai language

values:
/wiki/Island_Chumash_language
mw-redirect
Island Chumash language

values:
/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language
mw-redirect
Ineseño language

values:
/wiki/Yahi_language
mw-redirect
Yahi language

values:
/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language
mw-redirect
Klamath-Modoc language

values:
/wiki/Valley_Maidu_language
mw-redirect
Valley Maidu language

values:
/wiki/Panamint_language
mw-redirect
Panamint language

values:
/wiki/Ute_language
mw-redirect
Ute language

values:
/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language
mw-redirect
Southern Patwin language

values:
/wiki/Yukian_languages
mw-redirect
Yukian languages

values:
/wiki/Montana_Salish_language
mw-redirect
Montana Salish language

values:
/wiki/Ottawa_language
mw-redirect
Ottawa language

values: Template:English official language clickable map

values: Template talk:English official language clickable map

values: /wiki/Mauritius#Language circle 357,205,16 Mauritius#Language Mauritius#Language

values: /wiki/Rwanda#Demographics poly 299,161,307,166,303,171,296,168 Rwanda#Demographics Rwanda#Demographics

values: /wiki/Palau#Demographics circle 494,151,7 Palau#Demographics Palau#Demographics

values: Federated States of Micronesia#Languages

values: Demographics of the Cayman Islands#Languages

values: Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
mw-redirect
History of the English language

values: List of countries by English-speaking population

values: List of countries where English is an official language

values: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Demographics of the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2008

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2018

values: Category:Use American English from May 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:All articles with links needing disambiguation

values: Category:Articles with links needing disambiguation from April 2018

values: Category:Articles needing POV-check from July 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: لغات الولايات المتحدة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Езици в САЩ – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Sprachen in den Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Γλώσσες των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: زبان‌های ایالت‌های آمریکا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 미국의 언어 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Dagiti pagsasao ti Estados Unidos – Iloko

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values: Lingue degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: Языки США – Russian

values: Languages of the United States – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் மொழிகள் – Tamil

values: Мови Сполучених Штатів Америки – Ukrainian

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Languages_of_the_United_States rootpage-Languages_of_the_United_States skin-vector action-view