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List of football clubs in France
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Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z — Men clubs — Women Clubs

Clubs sorted by name[edit]
A[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
SC Abbeville Sporting Club Abbeville Abbeville (Somme) CFA2 A
RCO Agde Racing Club Olympique Agathois Agde (Hérault) CFA2 D
SU Agen Sporting Union Agen Football Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) CFA2 E
AS Aix-en-Provence Association Sportive Aixoise Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône) Lower
[+] AC Ajaccio Athletic Club Ajaccien Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud) Ligue 2
Gazélec Ajaccio Gazélec Football Club Olympique Ajaccio Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud) CFA C
ASPTT Albi Association Sportive des PTT d'Albi Albi (Tarn) D1
US Albi Union Sportive Albigeoise Albi (Tarn) CFA C
US Alençon Union Sportive Alençonnaise Alençon (Orne) CFA2 G
Olympique Alès Olympique Alès en Cévennes Alès (Gard) Lower
UJA Alfortville Union de la Jeunesse Arménienne d'Alfortville Alfortville (Val-de-Marne) CFA2 H
AS Algrange Association Sportive d'Algrange Algrange (Moselle) D3 C
Amiens AC Amiens Athlétic Club Amiens (Somme) CFA2 A
[+] Amiens SC Amiens Sporting Club Football Amiens (Somme) Ligue 2 CFA2 A
CSO Amnéville Club Sportif Orne 1919 Amnéville-les-Thermes Amnéville (Moselle) CFA2 B
ASF Andrézieux Association Sportive Forézienne Andrézieux-Bouthéon Andrézieux-Bouthéon (Loire) CFA C
CBOSL Angers Croix-Blanche Omni-Sports Loisirs Angers Angers (Maine-et-Loire) D3 B
[+] Angers SCO Angers Sporting Club de l'Ouest Angers (Maine-et-Loire) Ligue 2 CFA2 F
Genêts Anglet Les Genêts d'Anglet Anglet (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) CFA D
[+] Angoulême CFC Angoulême Charente Football Club Angoulême (Charente) CFA2 E
FC Antibes Football Club Antibes Juan-les-Pins Antibes (Alpes Maritimes) Lower
FC Bassin d'Arcachon Football Club Bassin d'Arcachon Arcachon (Gironde) CFA2 E
AC Arles Athlétic Club Arlésien Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône) National
JA Armentières Jeunesse Athlétique Armentiéroise Armentières (Nord) CFA2 A
ES Arpajon Entente Sportive Arpajonnaise Arpajon (Essonne) D3 B
Arras Football Arras Football Association Arras (Pas-de-Calais) CFA2 A D3 A
Aulnat Sportif Aulnat Sportif Aulnat (Puy-de-Dôme) D2 B
Aurillac FCA Aurillac Foot Cantal Auvergne Aurillac (Cantal) CFA D
[+] AJ Auxerre Association de la Jeunesse Auxerroise Auxerre (Yonne) Ligue 1 CFA B CFA2 F
Avignon Foot 84 Avignon Foot 84 Avignon (Vaucluse) Lower
US Avranches Union Sportive Avranches Mont Saint-Michel Avranches (Manche) CFA2 G
B[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
COM Bagneux Club Olympique Multisports de Bagneux Bagneux (Hauts-de-Seine) D2 B
Balma SC Balma Sporting Club Balma (Haute-Garonne) CFA C
FC Bastelicaccia Football Club Bastelicaccia Bastelicaccia (Corse-du-Sud) CFA2 D
CA Bastia Cercle Athlétique Bastiais Bastia (Haute-Corse) CFA C
ÉF Bastia Étoile Filante Bastiaise Bastia (Haute-Corse) CFA2 D
[+] SC Bastia Sporting Club de Bastia Bastia (Haute-Corse) Ligue 2 CFA2 H
Aviron Bayonnais FC Aviron Bayonnais Football Club Bayonne (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) CFA D
AS Beaune Association Sportive Beaune Beaune (Côte-d'Or) CFA2 C
[+] AS Beauvais Oise Association Sportive Beauvais Oise Beauvais (Oise) National
ASM Belfort Association Sportive Municipale Belfortaine Football Club Belfort (Territoire-de-Belfort) CFA B
[+] Racing Besançon Racing Besançon Besançon (Doubs) CFA B CFA2 B D3 C
Avenir Béziers Avenir Sportif de Béziers Béziers (Hérault) CFA2 E
CSM Bischheim Cercle Sportif Mars Bischheim Bischheim (Bas-Rhin) D2 B
Blagnac FC Blagnac Football Club Blagnac (Haute-Garonne) CFA2 E
ES Blanquefort Entente Sportive Blanquefortaise Blanquefort (Gironde) D3 B
Blois Foot 41 Blois Foot 41 Blois (Loir-et-Cher) CFA2 F
FUSC Bois-Guillaume Football Union Sportive et Culturelle Bois-Guillaume Bois-Guillaume (Seine-Maritime) CFA2 H
[+] FC Girondins de Bordeaux Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux Bordeaux (Gironde) Ligue 1 CFA D
Stade Bordelais Stade Bordelais Bordeaux (Gironde) CFA D
[+] US Boulogne Union Sportive Boulogne Côte d'Opale Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) Ligue 2
FC Bourg-Péronnas Football Club Bourg-Péronnas Bourg-Péronnas (Ain) CFA2 C
Stade Brest 29 Stade Brestois 29 Brest (Finistère) Ligue 2 CFA2 G
ESA Brive Étoile Sportive Aiglons Briviste Brive-la-Gaillarde (Corrèze) CFA2 E
C[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
[+] Stade Malherbe Caen Stade Malherbe Caen Calvados Basse-Normandie Caen (Calvados) Ligue 1 CFA A
Calais RUFC Calais Racing Union Football Club Calais (Pas-de-Calais) National
AC Cambrai Athletic Club Cambrésien Cambrai (Nord) Lower
[+] AS Cannes Association Sportive de Cannes Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes) National
USJA Carquefou Union Sportive de la Jeanne d’Arc de Carquefou Carquefou (Loire-Atlantique) CFA2 G
SO Cassis Carnoux Stade Olympique Cassis Carnoux Cassis (Bouches-du-Rhône) CFA C
CO Châlons Club Olympique Châlons-en-Champagne Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne) Defunct
FC Chalon Football Club Chalonnais Chalon-sur-Saône (Saône-et-Loire) CFA2 C
SO Chambéry Stade Olympique Chambérien Chambéry (Savoie) CFA2 D
US Changé Union Sportive Changéenne Changé (Mayenne) CFA2 G
US Chantilly Union Sportive de Chantilly Chantilly (Oise) CFA2 H
OFC Charleville Olympique Football Club de Charleville-Mézières Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) Lower
Chasselay MT Monts d'Or Azergues Foot Chasselay Chasselay (Rhône) Lower
Voltigeurs Châteaubriant Les Voltigeurs de Châteaubriant Châteaubriant (Loire-Atlantique) CFA2 G
[+] LB Châteauroux La Berrichonne de Châteauroux Châteauroux (Indre) Ligue 2 CFA2 F
SO Châtellerault Stade Olympique Châtelleraudais Châtellerault (Vienne) CFA D CFA2 F
AS Châtenoy Association Sportive Châtenoy-le-Royal Châtenoy-le-Royal (Saône-et-Loire) D3 C
AS Cherbourg Football Association Sportive de Cherbourg Football Cherbourg (Manche) National
AS Chèvremont Association Sportive de Chèvremont Chèvremont (Territoire de Belfort) D3 C
Claix Football Claix Football Claix (Isère) D3 D
[+] Clermont Foot Clermont Foot Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Ligue 2 CFA2 C
UA Cognac Union Amicale Cognac Cognac (Charente) CFA2 E
SR Colmar Sports Réunis Colmar Colmar (Haut-Rhin) CFA2 B
US Colomiers Union Sportive Colomiers Colomiers (Haute-Garonne) CFA2 E
AFC Compiègne Association Football Club de Compiègne Compiègne (Oise) CFA A
US Compiègne Union Sportive Compiègne Club Oise Compiègne (Oise) D2 A D3 A
US Concarneau Union Sportive Concarnoise Concarneau (Finistère) CFA2 G
FCF Condé Football Club Féminin Condé-sur-Noireau Condé-sur-Noireau (Calvados) D2 A
ES Cormelles Entente Sportive de Cormelles-le-Royal Cormelles-le-Royal (Calvados) D2 A
USC Corte Union Sportive des Clubs du Cortenais Corte (Haute-Corse) CFA2 C
[+] US Créteil-Lusitanos Union Sportive Créteil-Lusitanos Créteil (Val-de-Marne) National CFA2 F
JS Cugnaux Jeunesse Sportive Cugnalaise Cugnaux (Haute-Garonne) CFA2 E
D[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
FC Dieppe Football Club de Dieppe Dieppe (Seine-Maritime) CFA2 H
[+] Dijon FCO Dijon Football Côte-d'Or Dijon (Côte-d'Or) Ligue 2 CFA2 C
SU Dives Sport Union Divaise Dives-sur-Mer (Calvados) CFA2 H
Jura Dolois Foot Jura Dolois Foot Dole (Jura) CFA2 C
FC Domont Football Club de Domont Domont (Val-d'Oise) D3 C
FC Dreux Football Club Drouais Dreux (Eure-et-Loir) CFA2 H
USL Dunkerque Union Sportive du Littoral de Dunkerque Dunkerque (Nord) CFA A
E[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
FC Échirolles Football Club d'Échirolles Échirolles (Isère) CFA2 C
Écommoy FC Écommoy Football Club Écommoy (Sarthe) CFA2 F
RC Épernay Champagne Racing Club Épernay Champagne Épernay (Marne) CFA B
SAS Épinal Stade Athlétique Spinalien Épinal (Vosges) CFA B
Évreux AC Évreux Athletic Club Évreux (Eure) CFA2 H D1
F[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
SC Feignies Sporting Club de Feignies Feignies (Nord) CFA2 A
Fontenay FV Fontenay Foot Vendée Fontenay-le-Comte (Vendée) CFA D
ES Fréjus Étoile Sportive Fréjusienne Fréjus (Var) CFA C
G[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
Croix de Savoie Gaillard Football Croix de Savoie 74 Gaillard (Haute-Savoie) CFA B
Gap FC Gap Hautes-Alpes Football Club Gap (Hautes-Alpes) CFA C
AS Gardanne Avenir Sportif Gardannais Gardanne (Bouches-du-Rhône) CFA2 D
US Gravelines Union Sportive Gravelines Gravelines (Nord) D2 A
[+] Grenoble Foot 38 Grenoble Foot 38 Grenoble (Isère) Ligue 2 CFA2 D
[+] FC Gueugnon Football Club de Gueugnon Gueugnon (Saône-et-Loire) Ligue 2 CFA2 C
[+] EA Guingamp En Avant de Guingamp Guingamp (Côtes-d'Armor) Ligue 2 CFA A D1
H[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
FCSR Haguenau Football Club Sports Réunis Haguenau Haguenau (Bas-Rhin) CFA2 B
SC Hazebrouck Sporting Club Hazebrouckois Hazebrouck (Nord) CFA2 A
FCF Hénin-Beaumont Football Club Féminin de Hénin-Beaumont Hénin-Beaumont (Pas-de-Calais) D1 D3 A
Hyères FC Hyères Football Club Hyères (Var) CFA C
I[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
AS Ifs Association Sportive Ifs Ifs (Calvados) CFA2 H
AS Illzach Modenheim Association Sportive Illzach Modenheim Illzach (Haut-Rhin) CFA2 B
SN Imphy Decize Sud Nivernais Imphy (Nièvre) CFA2 F
US Montagnarde Inzinzac Union Sportive Montagnarde Inzinzac-Lochrist Inzinzac-Lochrist (Morbihan) CFA2 G
ASOA Issy Association Sportive d'Origine Arménienne d'Issy-les-Moulineaux Issy-les-Moulineaux (Hauts-de-Seine) CFA2 F
FC Istres Football Club Istres Ouest Provence Istres (Bouches-du-Rhône) National
US Ivry Union sportive d'Ivry Football Ivry-sur-Seine (Val-de-Marne) CFA2 H
J[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
Jarville JF Jarville Jeunes Football Jarville-la-Malgrange (Meurthe-et-Moselle) CFA2 B
FCF Juvisy Football Club Feminin de Juvisy-sur-Orge Juvisy-sur-Orge (Essonne) D1 D3 C
K[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
L[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
RCS La Chapelle Réunion des Cheminots et des Sportifs de La Chapelle-Saint-Luc La Chapelle-Saint-Luc (Aube) Lower
RC La Flèche Racing Club Fléchois La Flèche (Sarthe) CFA2 F
US Laon Union Sportive Laonnaise Laon (Aisne) CFA2 A
La Roche VF La Roche Vendée Football La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) D1
FA Laval Francs Archers Laval Laval (Mayenne) D3 A
[+] Stade Lavallois Stade Lavallois Mayenne Football Club Laval (Mayenne) National CFA2 G
UA La Valette Union Athlétique Valettoise Football La Valette-du-Var (Var) CFA2 D
Jura Sud Lavans Jura Sud Foot Lavans-Lès-Saint-Claude Lavans-lès-Saint-Claude (Jura) CFA B
Le Blanc-Mesnil SF Le Blanc-Mesnil Sport Football Le Blanc-Mesnil (Seine-Saint-Denis) D2 B
ES Le Cannet-Rocheville Entente Sportive du Cannet-Rocheville Le Cannet (Alpes-Maritimes) D3 D
Castelnau Le Crès FC Entente Castelnau Le Crès Football Club Le Crès (Hérault) Lower
Leers OS Leers Omnisport Leers (Nord) D3 A
[+] Le Havre AC Le Havre Athletic Club Football Association Le Havre (Seine-Maritime) Ligue 2 CFA A
[+] Le Mans FC Le Mans FC Le Mans (Sarthe) Ligue 1 CFA D D2 A D3 A
[+] RC Lens Racing Club de Lens Lens (Pas-de-Calais) Ligue 1 CFA A
US Le Petit-Quevilly Union Sportive Le Petit-Quevilly Le Petit-Quevilly (Seine-Maritime) CFA A
SJA Le Poiré-sur-Vie Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc Le Poiré-sur-Vie Le Poiré-sur-Vie (Vendée) CFA2 G
US Le Pontet Union Sportive Le Pontet Le Pontet (Vaucluse) CFA2 D
USF Le Puy Union Sportive de Football Le Puy-en-Velay Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) D3 D
Les Herbiers VF Les Herbiers Vendée Football Les Herbiers (Vendée) CFA2 F
FC Les Lilas Football Club Les Lilas Les Lilas (Seine-Saint-Denis) CFA2 A
US Lesquin Union Sportive Lesquin Lesquin (Nord) CFA A
TVEC Les Sables d'Olonne Tigres Vendéens Étoile Chaumoise Les Sables d'Olonne Les Sables-d'Olonne (Vendée) CFA D
ASF Les Verchers Association Sportive Football Les Verchers-Saint-Georges Les Verchers-sur-Layon (Maine-et-Loire) D2 A
Levallois SC Levallois Sporting Club Levallois-Perret (Hauts-de-Seine) CFA2 H
[+] FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin Football Club Libourne-Saint-Seurin Libourne (Gironde) Ligue 2 CFA2 E
FA L'Île-Rousse Monticello Football Association L'Île-Rousse Monticello L'Île-Rousse (Haute-Corse) CFA2 D
[+] Lille OSC Lille Olympique Sporting Club Lille Métropole Villeneuve-d'Ascq (Nord) Ligue 1 CFA A
AC Limoges Landouge Athletic Club de Limoges Landouge Limoges (Haute-Vienne) D3 B
Limoges FC Limoges Football Club Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Lower
CA Lisieux Club Athlétique Lexovien Football Pays-d'Auge Lisieux (Calvados) D3 A
SC Locminé Saint-Colomban Locminé Locminé (Morbihan) CFA2 G
[+] FC Lorient Football Club Lorient-Bretagne Sud Lorient (Morbihan) Ligue 1 CFA2 G
CS Louhans-Cuiseaux Club Sportif Louhans-Cuiseaux Louhans (Saône-et-Loire) National
Vendée Luçon Football Vendée Luçon Football Luçon (Vendée) CFA2 F
US Luzenac Union Sportive de Luzenac Luzenac (Ariège (department)) CFA C
AS Lyon-La Duchère Association Sportive Lyon-La Duchère Lyon (Rhône) CFA2 C
FC Lyon Football Club de Lyon Lyon (Rhône) Lower
[+] Olympique Lyonnais Olympique Lyonnais Décines-Charpieu (Rhône) Ligue 1 CFA B D1 D3 D
M[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
RC Flacé Mâcon Racing Club Flacé Mâcon Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) D3 C
SC Malesherbes Sporting club de Malesherbes Malesherbes (Loiret) CFA2 F
EP Manosque Entente Provençale de Manosque Manosque (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) CFA C
FC Mantes Football Club Mantois 78 Mantes-la-Ville (Yvelines) CFA2 H
AS Marck Association Sportive Marck Marck (Pas-de-Calais) CFA2 A
US Marignane Union Sportive Marignanaise Marignane (Bouches-du-Rhône) CFA C
Consolat Marseille Groupe Sportif Consolat Marseille Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) CFA2 D
[+] Olympique de Marseille Olympique de Marseille Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) Ligue 1 CFA2 C
US Marseille Endoume Union Sportive Marseille Endoume Catalans Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) CFA2 D
[+] FC Martigues Football Club de Martigues Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône) National
CS Meaux Club Sportif Meaux Football Meaux (Seine-et-Marne) Lower
Rapid de Menton Rapid Omnisports de Menton Menton (Alpes-Maritimes) CFA2 D
FCÉ Mérignac Arlac Football Club des Écureuils Mérignac Arlac Mérignac (Gironde) D3 B
[+] FC Metz Football Club de Metz Metz (Moselle) Ligue 1 CFA B
Moissy Cramayel US Moissy Cramayel Union Sportive Moissy-Cramayel (Seine-et-Marne) CFA D
[+] AS Monaco FC Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club1 Monaco (Monaco) Ligue 1 CFA C
USON Mondeville Union Sportive Ouvrière Normande de Mondeville Mondeville (Calvados) CFA2 H
FC Montceau Bourgogne Football Club Montceau Bourgogne Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire) CFA B
FC Monteux Football Club Féminin Monteux Vaucluse Monteux (Vaucluse) D2 B
AS Montigny Association Sportive de Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montigny-le-Bretonneux (Yvelines) D2 B
ÉDS Montluçon Étoile des Sports Montluçonnais Montluçon (Allier) CFA D
Stade Montois Stade Montois Omnisports Mont-de-Marsan (Landes) CFA2 E
[+] Montpellier HSC Montpellier Hérault Sport Club Montpellier (Hérault) Ligue 1 CFA C D1 D3 D
AS Moulins Association Sportive Moulinoise Moulins (Allier) CFA D
[+] FC Mulhouse Football Club Mulhouse Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin) CFA B
AS Muret Association Sportive Muret Muret (Haute-Garonne) D3 D
N[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
[+] AS Nancy Association Sportive Nancy-Lorraine Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Ligue 1 CFA B D3 C
FC Nancy Football Club de Nancy Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Defunct
[+] FC Nantes Football Club Nantes Atlantique Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) Ligue 2 CFA D
[+] OGC Nice Olympique Gymnaste Club Nice Côte d'Azur Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Ligue 1 CFA C
[+] Nîmes Olympique Nîmes Olympique Nîmes (Gard) National CFA2 D
[+] Chamois Niortais F.C. Chamois Niortais Football Club Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Ligue 2 CFA2 E
Olympique Noisy-le-Sec Olympique Noisy-le-Sec Banlieue 93 Noisy-le-Sec (Seine-Saint-Denis) CFA2 A
O[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
FCSR Obernai Football Club des sports réunis d'Obernai Obernai (Bas-Rhin) CFA2 B
CMS Oissel Club Municipal Sportif d'Oissel Oissel (Seine-Maritime) CFA2 H
US Orléans Union Sportive Orléans Orléans (Loiret) CFA D D3 A
P[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
Pacy Vallée-d'Eure Pacy Vallée-d'Eure Football Pacy-sur-Eure (Eure) CFA A
[+] Paris FC Paris Football Club Paris (Paris) National
Maccabi Paris Maccabi Paris Paris (Paris) Lower
[+] RCF Paris Racing Club de France football Colombes 92 Paris (Paris) CFA A
[+] Paris Saint-Germain F.C. Paris Saint-Germain Football Club Paris (Paris) Ligue 1 CFA D D1
Stade Français Paris Stade Français Paris Paris (Paris) Lower
Pau FC Pau Football Club Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) National
Stade Plabennecois Stade Plabennecois Football Plabennec (Finistère) CFA A
AS Poissy Amicale Sportive de Poissy Poissy (Yvelines) CFA D
Poitiers 3 Cités Poitiers 3 Cités Poitiers (Vienne) D3 B
CA Pontarlier Club Athlétique Pontarlier Pontarlier (Doubs) CFA2 C
US Pont de l'Arche Union Sportive Pont de l'Arche Pont-de-l'Arche (Eure) D3 A
US Pont-de-Roide US Pont-de-Roide Vermondans Pont-de-Roide (Doubs) CFA2 B
GSI Pontivy Garde Saint-Ivy Pontivy Pontivy (Morbihan) CFA2 G
Q[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
Stade Quimpérois Stade Quimpérois Quimper (Finistère) CFA2 G
R[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
US Raon-l'Étape Union Sportive Raonnaise Raon-l'Étape (Vosges) CFA B
[+] Red Star F.C. Red Star Football Club 93 Saint-Ouen Saint-Ouen (Seine-Saint-Denis) CFA B
FF Redessan Football Féminin Redessan Nîmes Métropole Redessan (Gard) D3 D
Reims Sainte-Anne École de Sport Reims Sainte-Anne Carnot Châtillons Reims (Marne) Lower
[+] Stade de Reims Stade de Reims Champagne Reims (Marne) Ligue 2 CFA2 A
CPB Rennes Cercle Paul Bert Bréquigny Rennes Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) D2 A
[+] Stade Rennais F.C. Stade Rennais Football Club Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) Ligue 1 CFA A
Riorges FC Riorges Football Club Riorges (Loire) D3 C
Rodez AF Rodez Aveyron Football Rodez (Aveyron) National D3 D
SO Romorantin Stade Olympique Romorantinais Romorantin-Lanthenay (Loir-et-Cher) National
CO Roubaix-Tourcoing Club Olympique de Roubaix Tourcoing Roubaix (Nord) Defunct
Excelsior AC Roubaix Excelsior Athlétic Club de Roubaix Roubaix (Nord) Defunct
RC Roubaix Racing Club de Roubaix Roubaix (Nord) Defunct
[+] FC Rouen Football Club de Rouen 1899 Rouen (Seine-Maritime) CFA A D3 A
US Roye Union Sportive Royenne Roye (Somme Department) CFA2 A
S[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
AS Saint-Apollinaire Association Sportive Saint-Apollinaire Saint-Apollinaire (Côte-d'Or) D2 B
Stade Briochin Stade Briochin Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor) CFA2 G D1
ÉB Saint-Cyr Étoile Bleue Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire (Indre-et-Loire) D3 B
SR Saint-Dié Sports Réunis Déodatiens Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (Vosges) CFA2 B
CO Saint-Dizier Club Olympique Saint-Dizier Saint-Dizier (Haute-Marne) CFA2 B
Sainte-Geneviève Sports Sainte-Geneviève Sports Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (Essonne) CFA D
[+] AS Saint-Étienne Association sportive de Saint-Étienne Loire Saint-Étienne (Loire) Ligue 1 CFA C
RC Saint-Étienne Racing Club de Saint-Étienne Saint-Étienne (Loire) D1 D3 D
US Saint-Georges Union Sportive Saint-Georges Les Ancizes Saint-Georges (Puy-de-Dôme) CFA2 C
Sannois Saint-Gratien Entente Sannois Saint-Gratien Saint-Gratien (Val-d'Oise) National CFA2 H
Saint-Herblain OC Saint-Herblain Olympic Club Saint-Herblain (Loire-Atlantique) D2 A
FC Saint-Lô Manche Football Club Saint-Lô Manche Saint-Lô (Manche) CFA2 G
VGA Saint-Maur Vie au Grand Air de Saint-Maur Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne) D2 B
Saint-Memmie Olympique Saint-Memmie Olympique Saint-Memmie (Marne) D2 A
US Saint-Omer Union Sportive Saint-Omer Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais) Lower
AS Saint-Priest Association Sportive Saint-Priest Saint-Priest (Rhône) CFA B
FC Saint-Pryve Saint-Hilaire Football Club Saint-Pryve Saint-Hilaire Saint-Pryvé-Saint-Mesmin (Loiret) CFA2 F
Olympique Saint-Quentin Olympique Saint-Quentin Saint-Quentin (Aisne) CFA2 A
Stade Saint-Raphaël Stade Raphaëlois Saint-Raphaël (Var) CFA2 D
Olympique Saumur Olympique de Saumur Football Club Saumur (Maine-et-Loire) CFA2 F
SC Schiltigheim Sporting Club de Schiltigheim Schiltigheim (Bas-Rhin) CFA2 B
[+] CS Sedan Ardennes Club Sportif Sedan Ardennes Sedan (Ardennes) Ligue 2 CFA2 A
SC Selongey Sporting Club Selongey Selongey (Côte-d'Or) CFA2 B
FC Sens Football Club Sens Sens (Yonne) CFA2 B
[+] FC Sète 34 Football Club de Sète 34 Sète (Hérault) National CFA2 D
[+] FC Sochaux-Montbéliard Football Club Sochaux-Montbéliard Sochaux (Doubs) Ligue 1 CFA B
ASJ Soyaux Association Sportive Jeunesse de Soyaux Soyaux (Charente) D1 D3 B
AS Strasbourg Association Sportive de Strasbourg Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Lower
ASPV Strasbourg Association Sportive Pierrots Vauban Strasbourg Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) CFA2 B
[+] RC Strasbourg Alsace Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Ligue 1 CFA B
T[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
AS Taissy Association Sportive Taissy Taissy (Marne) CFA2 A
Tarbes Pyrénées Football Tarbes Pyrénées Football Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) CFA2 E
ES Thaon-les-Vosges Entente Sportive Thaon-les-Vosges Thaon-les-Vosges (Vosges) CFA2 B
SA Thiers Sports Athlétiques Thiernois Thiers (Puy-de-Dôme) CFA2 C
Thouars Foot 79 Thouars Foot 79 Thouars (Deux-Sèvres) CFA2 F
[+] Sporting Club Toulon Sporting Club Toulon Toulon (Var) CFA C
Toulouse Fontaines Toulouse Fontaines Club Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) CFA2 E
[+] Toulouse FC Toulouse Football Club Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) Ligue 1 CFA C D1 D3 D
Toulouse FC (1937) Toulouse Football Club Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) Defunct
Toulouse Rodéo FC Toulouse Rodéo Football Club Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) CFA2 E
[+] Tours FC Tours Football Club Tours (Indre-et-Loire) National D2 A D3 B
Trélissac FC Trélissac Football Club Trélissac (Dordogne) CFA2 E
[+] Troyes AC Espérance Sportive Troyes Aube Champagne Troyes (Aube) Ligue 2 CFA2 B
U[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
ES Uzès Entente Sportive Uzès-Pont du Gard Uzès (Gard) CFA2 D
V[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
[+] Valenciennes FC Valenciennes Football Club Valenciennes (Nord) Ligue 1 CFA A
ASPTT Vannes Association Sportive des PTT de Vannes Vannes (Morbihan) D3 B
Vannes OC Vannes Olympique Club Vannes (Morbihan) National
FC Vendenheim Football Club Vendenheim Vendenheim (Bas-Rhin) D1
ASM Vénissieux Association Sportive des Minguettes Vénissieux Vénissieux (Rhône) CFA2 C
Vesoul Haute-Saône Vesoul Haute-Saône Vesoul (Haute-Saône) CFA B
FC Villefranche Football Club Villefranche-sur-Saône Villefranche-sur-Saône (Rhône) CFA2 C
Villemomble Sports Villemomble Sports Villemomble (Seine-Saint-Denis) National
ES Viry-Châtillon Entente Sportive Viry-Châtillon Viry-Châtillon (Essonne) CFA2 H
AS Vitré Amicale Sportive Vitré Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine) CFA A
Vitré FC La Vitréenne Football Club Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine) CFA A
W[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
ES Wasquehal Entente Sportive de Wasquehal Wasquehal (Nord) CFA A
X[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
Y[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
AS Yzeure Association Sportive Yzeurienne Football Yzeure (Allier) CFA D
FCF Nord Allier Yzeure Football Club Féminin Nord Allier Yzeure Yzeure (Allier) D2 B D3 C
Z[edit]
Short name
Full name
Town
Men
Reserve
3rd team
Women
Reserve
Men Clubs[edit]
Ligue 1[edit]
20 clubs
AJ Auxerre
FC Girondins de Bordeaux
SM Caen
Le Mans FC
RC Lens
Lille OSC
FC Lorient
Olympique Lyonnais
Olympique de Marseille
FC Metz
AS Monaco FC 1
AS Nancy
OGC Nice
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.
Stade Rennais F.C.
AS Saint-Étienne
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
RC Strasbourg
Toulouse FC
Valenciennes FC
Ligue 2[edit]
20 clubs
AC Ajaccio
Amiens SC
Angers SCO
SC Bastia
US Boulogne
Stade Brest 29
LB Châteauroux
Clermont Foot
Dijon FCO
Grenoble Foot 38
FC Gueugnon
EA Guingamp
Le Havre AC
FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin
Montpellier HSC
FC Nantes Atlantique
Chamois Niortais F.C.
Stade de Reims
CS Sedan Ardennes
Troyes AC
National[edit]
20 clubs
AC Arles
AS Beauvais Oise
Calais RUFC
AS Cannes
AS Cherbourg Football
US Créteil-Lusitanos
FC Istres
Stade Laval
CS Louhans-Cuiseaux
FC Martigues
Nîmes Olympique
Paris FC
Pau FC
Rodez AF
SO Romorantin
Sannois Saint-Gratien
FC Sète
Tours FC
Vannes OC
Villemomble Sports
Championnat de France Amateurs[edit]
Groupe A[edit]
18 clubs
SM Caen2
AFC Compiègne
USL Dunkerque
EA Guingamp2
Le Havre AC2
RC Lens2
US Le Petit-Quevilly
US Lesquin
Lille OSC2
Pacy Vallée-d'Eure
RCF Paris
Stade Plabennecois
Stade Rennais F.C.2
FC Rouen
Valenciennes FC2
AS Vitré
ES Wasquehal
Vitré FC
Groupe B[edit]
18 clubs
AJ Auxerre2
ASM Belfort
Besançon RC
RC Épernay Champagne
SAS Épinal
Croix de Savoie Gaillard
Jura Sud Lavans
Olympique Lyonnais2
FC Metz2
FC Montceau Bourgogne
FC Mulhouse
AS Nancy2
US Raon-l'Étape
Red Star Saint-Ouen
AS Saint-Priest
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard2
RC Strasbourg2
Vesoul Haute-Saône
Groupe C[edit]
18 clubs
Gazélec Ajaccio
US Albi
ASF Andrézieux
Balma SC
CA Bastia
SO Cassis Carnoux
ES Fréjus
Gap FC
Hyères FC
US Luzenac
EP Manosque
US Marignane
AS Monaco FC1,2
Montpellier HSC2
OGC Nice2
AS Saint-Étienne2
Sporting Toulon Var
Toulouse FC2
Groupe D[edit]
18 clubs
Genêts Anglet
Aurillac FCA
Aviron Bayonnais Football Club
FC Girondins de Bordeaux2
Stade Bordelais
SO Châtellerault
Fontenay FV
Le Mans FC2
TVEC Les Sables
Moissy Cramayel US
ÉDS Montluçon
AS Moulins
FC Nantes Atlantique2
US Orléans
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.2
AS Poissy
Sainte-Geneviève Sports
AS Yzeure
Championnat de France Amateurs 2[edit]
Groupe A[edit]
16 clubs
SC Abbeville
Amiens AC
Amiens SC2
JA Armentières
Arras Football
SC Feignies
SC Hazebrouck
US Laon
FC Les Lilas
AS Marck
Olympique Noisy-le-Sec
Stade de Reims2
US Roye
Olympique Saint-Quentin
CS Sedan Ardennes2
AS Taissy
Groupe B[edit]
16 clubs
CSO Amnéville
Besançon RC2
SR Colmar
FCSR Haguenau
AS Illzach Modenheim
Jarville JF
FCSR Obernai
US Pont-de-Roide
SR Saint-Dié
CO Saint-Dizier
SC Schiltigheim
SC Selongey
FC Sens
ASPV Strasbourg
ES Thaon-les-Vosges
Troyes AC2
Groupe C[edit]
16 clubs
AS Beaune
FC Bourg-Péronnas
FC Chalon
Clermont Foot2
USC Corte
Dijon FCO2
Jura Dolois Foot
FC Échirolles
FC Gueugnon2
AS Lyon-La Duchère
Olympique de Marseille2
CA Pontarlier
US Saint-Georges
SA Thiers
ASM Vénissieux
FC Villefranche
Groupe D[edit]
16 clubs
RCO Agde
FC Bastelicaccia
ÉF Bastia
SO Chambéry
AS Gardanne
Grenoble Foot 382
UA La Valette
US Le Pontet
FA L'Île-Rousse Monticello
Consolat Marseille
US Marseille Endoume
Rapid de Menton
Nîmes Olympique2
Stade Saint-Raphaël
FC Sète2
ES Uzès
Groupe E[edit]
16 clubs
SU Agen
Angoulême CFC
FC Bassin d'Arcachon
Avenir Béziers
Blagnac FC
ESA Brive
UA Cognac
US Colomiers
JS Cugnaux
FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin2
Stade Montois
Chamois Niort FC2
Tarbes Pyrénées Football
Toulouse Fontaines
FC Rodéo Toulouse
Trélissac FC
Groupe F[edit]
16 clubs
Angers SCO2
AJ Auxerre3
Blois Foot 41
LB Châteauroux2
SO Châtellerault2
US Créteil-Lusitanos2
Écommoy FC
SN Imphy Decize
ASOA Issy
RC La Flèche
Les Herbiers VF
Vendée Luçon Football
SC Malesherbes
FC Saint-Pryve Saint-Hilaire
Olympique Saumur
Thouars Foot 79
Groupe G[edit]
16 clubs
US Alençon
US Avranches
Stade Brest 292
USJA Carquefou
US Changé
Voltigeurs Châteaubriant
US Concarneau
US Montagnarde Inzinzac
Stade Laval2
SJA Le Poiré-sur-Vie
SC Locminé
FC Lorient2
GSI Pontivy
Stade Quimpérois
Stade Briochin
FC Saint-Lô Manche
Groupe H[edit]
16 clubs
UJA Alfortville
SC Bastia2
FUSC Bois-Guillaume
US Chantilly
FC Dieppe
SU Dives
FC Dreux
Évreux AC
AS Ifs
US Ivry
Levallois SC
FC Mantes
USON Mondeville
CMS Oissel
Sannois Saint-Gratien2
ES Viry-Châtillon
Lower tiers[edit]
Ligue d'Alsace[edit]
AS Strasbourg

Ligue du Centre-Ouest[edit]
Limoges FC

Ligue de Champagne-Ardenne[edit]
RCS La Chapelle
OFC Charleville
Reims Sainte-Anne
Ligue du Languedoc-Roussillon[edit]
Olympique Alès
Castelnau Le Crès FC
Ligue de la Méditerrannée[edit]
AS Aix-en-Provence
FC Antibes
Avignon Foot 84
Ligue du Nord-Pas de Calais[edit]
AC Cambrai
US Saint-Omer
Ligue de Paris Île-de-France[edit]
Maccabi Paris
Stade Français Paris
Ligue Rhône-Alpes[edit]
Chasselay MT
FC Lyon
Defunct clubs[edit]
CO Châlons
FC Nancy
Excelsior AC Roubaix
RC Roubaix
CO Roubaix-Tourcoing
Toulouse FC (1937)
Women Clubs[edit]
Division 1[edit]
12 clubs
Évreux AC
FCF Hénin-Beaumont
FCF Juvisy
La Roche-sur-Yon
Olympique Lyonnais
Montpellier HSC
Paris Saint-Germain FC
En Avant de Guingamp
AS Saint-Étienne
ASJ Soyaux
Toulouse FC
FC Vendenheim
Division 2[edit]
Groupe A[edit]
10 clubs
US Compiègne
FCF Condé
ES Cormelles
US Gravelines
Le Mans FC
ASF Les Verchers
CPB Rennes
Saint-Herblain OC
Saint-Memmie Olympique
Tours FC
Division 2[edit]
Groupe B[edit]
10 clubs
ASPTT Albi
Aulnat Sportif
COM Bagneux
CSM Bischheim
Le Blanc-Mesnil SF
FC Monteux
AS Montigny-le-Bretonneux
AS Saint-Apollinaire
VGA Saint-Maur
FCF Nord Allier Yzeure
Division 3[edit]
Groupe A[edit]
10 clubs
Arras Football
US Compiègne2
FCF Hénin-Beaumont2
FA Laval
Leers OS
Le Mans FC2
CA Lisieux
US Orléans
US Pont de l'Arche
FC Rouen
Groupe B[edit]
10 clubs
CBOSL Angers
ES Arpajon
ES Blanquefort
AC Limoges Landouge
FCÉ Mérignac Arlac
Poitiers 3 Cités
ÉB Saint-Cyr
ASJ Soyaux2
Tours FC2
ASPTT Vannes
Groupe C[edit]
10 clubs
AS Algrange
Besançon RC
AS Châtenoy
AS Chèvremont
FC Domont
RC Flacé Mâcon
FCF Juvisy2
AS Nancy
Riorges FC
FCF Nord Allier Yzeure2
Groupe D[edit]
10 clubs
ES Le Cannet-Rocheville
Claix Football
USF Le Puy
Olympique Lyonnais2
Montpellier HSC2
AS Muret
FF Redessan
Rodez AF
RC Saint-Étienne2
Toulouse FC2
Notes[edit]
1. AS Monaco FC is not located in France but plays in the French football league system.
2. Reserve team.
3. Third team.
[show]
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List of football clubs in Europe
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recognition
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_football_clubs_in_France&oldid=809126280"
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Red Star Saint-Ouen

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Chamois Niort FC

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Trump (card games)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The drawn trump suit is a club card (2 of clubs). South leads sloughs with a 3 of Hearts, West attempts to trump with a 4 of Clubs, North raises the trump with a King of clubs, and East plays a "Little" Joker for the win.
A trump is a playing card which is elevated above its usual rank in trick-taking games. Typically, an entire suit is nominated as a trump suit; these cards then outrank all cards of plain (non-trump) suits. In other contexts, the term trump card can refer to any sort of action, authority, or policy which automatically prevails over all others.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Trump in card games
3 Metaphorical uses
4 See also
5 References
Etymology[edit]
Main article: Trionfi (cards)
The English word trump derives from trionfi, a type of 15th-century Italian playing cards, from the Latin triumphus "triumph, victory procession", ultimately (via Etruscan) from Greek θρίαμβος, the term for a hymn to Dionysus sung in processions in his honour.
Trionfi was the 15th-century card game for which tarot cards were designed. Trionfi were a fifth suit in the card game which acted as permanent trumps. Still in the 15th century, the French game triomphe (Spanish triunfo) used four suits one of which was randomly selected as trumps. It was this game that became extremely popular in Western Europe in the 16th century and is ancestral to many modern card games.
The English word is first documented in 1529 as the name of a card game which would develop into Ruff and Honours and ultimately Whist.[1] In German, the term is attested as Triumph in 1541; the modern German spelling Trumpf is recorded from 1590.[2] In French, triomphe remained the name of the game, while the trump suit was called atout, from à tout (as it were "all-in").[3] Some European languages (Hungarian, Greek) adopted the French term. Russian козырь kozyr' is of unknown etymology, possibly a loan from a Turkic source.[4] Polish variously uses atut, trumf and kozer adopted from the French, German and Russian respectively.
Trump in card games[edit]
In most games, the relative rank of cards within a suit is the same in trump and plain suits, but they may sometimes differ, for example in Klabberjass, Euchre, or Eighty Points.
The trump suit may be fixed as in Spades, rotate on a fixed schedule or depend on the outcome of the previous hand as in Ninety-nine, be determined by drawing a card at random as in Bezique, by the last card dealt to a designated player as in Whist, by the first card played as in Nine Card Don, be chosen by a designated player as in Barbu, or players may bid for the right to select the trump suit as in Contract Bridge or Skat.
In most games, trump cards cannot be played if the player has any cards of the suit led to the trick; the requirement to "follow suit" is of higher priority. In a few games, trumps can be played at any time. Playing the first trump to an already-started trick is known as trumping or ruffing; if another player were to play a higher trump, that would be an overruff or overtrump.
The tarot deck contains a fifth suit, known in gaming as the atouts or honours and in occult circles as the Major Arcana, which serves as a permanent trump suit in games played with the tarot deck. The suit consists of twenty-two cards, including a Fool which serves as a highest trump (in Central Europe) or excuses the players from following suit elsewhere.[5]
Due primarily to the prevalence of the trump in card games, the term used in Japan for the standard 52-card deck of playing cards is toranpu (トランプ), derived from the English word "trump".[6]
Metaphorical uses[edit]
From this card game use came metaphoric uses, e.g.:
"He (The Penguin) might have played all Aces, but I (Batman) will play my trump card." – 1966-03-24 Episode 22 of Batman & Robin season 1.
"The CEO needs this report in one hour. That trumps anything you're currently working on."
"He trumped my ace" for "I thought that I had a winning advantage, but he brought along something to defeat it."
In general strategy, a trump card is the move one party can use to attain decisive victory. In this sense, a trump card can be a person, a weapon, or the starting of a chain of events.
See also[edit]
Major Arcana
Playing card
Tarot card games
Top Trumps
Triomphe
Trionfi (cards)
Trump card (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Etymonline.com
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Pfeifer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (1997)
Jump up ^ recorded in 1440 in jouer atout "making a risky play", used figuratively in the military context of a siege. cnrtl.fr
Jump up ^ Max Vasmer, "козырь" in Этимологический словарь русского языка(1964–1973).
Jump up ^ Place, Robert Michael (2005). The Tarot: History, Symbolism, and Divination. Penguin. pp. 5–8. ISBN 1-58542-349-1. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ A Japanese website for a playing card manufacturer (Nintendo) selling "Trump" playing cards.
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Food packaging
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Testing modified atmosphere in a plastic bag of carrots
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs. It may bear a nutrition facts label and other information about food being offered for sale.
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 Types
2.1 Gallery
3 Packaging machines
4 Reducing food packaging
5 Recycling of food packaging
6 Trends in food packaging
7 Food safety and public health
7.1 Manufacturing
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Bibliography
Functions[edit]
Packaging and package labeling have several objectives[1]
Physical protection - The food enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, shock, vibration, compression, temperature, bacteria, etc.
Barrier protection - A barrier from oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc., is often required. Permeation is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorbers to help extend shelf life. Modified atmospheres or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, and safe for the intended shelf life is a primary function.
Containment or agglomeration - Small items are typically grouped together in one package to allow efficient handling. Liquids, powders, and granular materials need containment.
Information transmission - Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product. Some types of information are required by governments.
Marketing - The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product. Aesthetically pleasing and eye-appealing food presentations can encourage people to consider the contents. Package design has been an important and constantly evolving phenomenon for several decades. Marketing communications and graphic design are applied to the surface of the package and (in many cases) the point of sale display.
Security - Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage; some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer-indicating seals. Packages may include authentication seals to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags, that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of retail loss prevention.
Convenience - Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use, and reuse.
Portion control - Single-serving packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.
Types[edit]
The above materials are fashioned into different types of food packages and containers such as:[2]
Packaging Type
Aseptic processing Primary Liquid whole eggs or dairy products
Trays Primary Portion of fish or meat
Bags Primary Potato chips, apples, rice
Boxes Secondary Corrugated box of primary packages: box of cereal cartons, frozen pizzas
Cans Primary Can of tomato soup
Cartons, coated paper Primary Carton of eggs, milk or juice cartons
Flexible packaging Primary Bagged salad
Pallets Tertiary A series of boxes on a single pallet used to transport from the manufacturing plant to a distribution center
Wrappers Tertiary Used to wrap the boxes on the pallet for transport
Primary packaging is the main package that holds the food that is being processed. Secondary packaging combines the primary packages into one box being made. Tertiary packaging combines all of the secondary packages into one pallet.
Gallery[edit]
Aseptic packaging of soy milk
Bagged cake mix
Biscuit components: plastic bottles, paper bag
Container for bulk vegetable oil
Frozen processed food freezer in supermarket
Bag in box; box wine
Glass milk bottle and paperboard milk carton
Silk tea bag
Coffee beans in burlap bags, gunny sacks
Bushel baskets of fruit
Tea tin, can with removable cover
Folding cartons of cereal
Drink boxes
Packaged apples
Fresh fish in plastic shrink-wrapped tray
Shrink-wrapped frozen pork
Military MRE, bean and rice burrito in retort pouch
Condiments and spices
Aluminum can with an easy-open, full pull-out end
A Dip & Squeeze ketchup container
Packaging machines[edit]
Automated palletizer of bread with industrial KUKA robots at a bakery in Germany
Shrink-wrapping trays of bakery goods
Pumping slurry ice onto fresh fish
A choice of packaging machinery requires consideration of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, etc.), energy usage, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, and ergonomics, at a minimum.
Packaging machines may be of the following general types:
Autocoding label and date verification
Blister-, skin- and vacuum-packaging machines
Capping, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing machines
Cartoning machines
Case and tray forming, packing, unpacking, closing and sealing Machines
Check weighing machines
Cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines
Conveying and accumulating machines
Feeding, orienting, and placing machines
Filling machines for liquid and powdered products
Package filling and closing Machines
Form, fill and seal machines
Inspecting, detecting and checkweighing machines
Palletizing, depalletizing, and pallet unitizing machines
Labeling, marking, and other product identification machines
Wrapping machines
Converting machines
Reducing food packaging[edit]
Reduced packaging and sustainable packaging are becoming more frequent. The motivations can be government regulations, consumer pressure, retailer pressure, and cost control. Reduced packaging often saves packaging costs.
In the UK, a Local Government Association survey produced by the British Market Research Bureau compared a range of outlets to buy 29 common food items and found that small local retailers and market traders "produced less packaging and more that could be recycled than the larger supermarkets."[3]
Recycling of food packaging[edit]
Main article: Recycling § Rinsing
After use, organic matter that is still in the food packaging needs to be separated from the packaging. This may also require rinsing of the food packaging.[citation needed]
Trends in food packaging[edit]
Main article: Active packaging
Numerous reports industry associations agree that use of smart indicators will increase. There are a number of different indicators with different benefits for food producers, consumers and retailers.[4]
Temperature recorders are used to monitor products shipped in a cold chain and to help validate the cold chain. Digital temperature data loggers measure and record the temperature history of food shipments. They sometimes have temperatures displayed on the indicator or have other output (lights, etc.): The data from a shipment can be downloaded (cable, RFID, etc.) to a computer for further analysis. These help identify if there has been temperature abuse of products and can help determine the remaining shelf life.[5] They can also help determine the time of temperature extremes during shipment so corrective measures can be taken.
Time temperature indicators integrate the time and temperature experienced by the indicator and adjacent foods. Some use chemical reactions that result in a color change while others use the migration of a dye through a filter media. To the degree that these physical changes in the indicator match the degradation rate of the food, the indicator can help indicate probable food degradation.[6]
Radio Frequency Identification is applied to food packages for supply chain control and has shown a significant benefit in allowing food producers and retailers create full real time visibility of their supply chain.
Plastic packaging being used is usually non-biodegradable due to possible interactions with the food. Also, biodegradable polymers often require special composting conditions to properly degrade. Normal sealed landfill conditions do not promote biodegradation. Biodegradable plastics includes biodegradable films and coatings synthesized from organic materials and microbial polymers. Some package materials are edible. For example, pharmaceuticals are sometimes in capsules made of gelatin, starch, potato or other materials. Newer bioplastics, films and products are being developed.[7]
Barcodes have been used for decades in packaging many products. 2D barcodes used in Autocoding are increasingly applied to food packaging to ensure products are correctly packaged and date coded.
The ability of a package to fully empty or dispense a viscous food is somewhat dependent on the surface energy of the inner walls of the container. The use of superhydrophobic surfaces is useful but can be further improved by using new lubricant-impregnated surfaces.[8]
Food safety and public health[edit]
Main article: Food safety
It is critical to maintain food safety during processing[9] , packaging, storage, logistics (including cold chain), sale, and use. Conformance to applicable regulations is mandatory. Some are country specific such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Department of Agriculture; others are regional such as the European Food Safety Authority. Certification programs such as the Global Food Safety Initiative are sometimes used. Food packaging considerations may include: use of hazard analysis and critical control points, verification and validation protocols, Good manufacturing practices, use of an effective quality management system, track and trace systems, and requirements for label content. Special food contact materials are used when the package is in direct contact with the food product. Depending on the packaging operation and the food, packaging machinery often needs specified daily wash-down and cleaning procedures.[10]
Health risks of materials and chemicals used in food packaging need to be carefully controlled. Carcinogens, toxic chemicals, mutagens etc. need to be eliminated from food contact and potential migration into foods.[11][12]
Manufacturing[edit]
All aspects of food production, including packaging, are tightly controlled and have regulatory requirements. Uniformity, cleanliness and other requirements are needed to maintain Good Manufacturing Practices.
Product safety management is vital. A complete Quality Management System must be in place. Hazard analysis and critical control points is one methodology which has been proven useful.[13] Verification and validation involves collecting documentary evidence of all aspects of compliance. Quality assurance extends beyond the packaging operations through distribution and cold chain management.
See also[edit]
Food portal
Dietary supplement
Autocoding
Food and Bioprocess Technology
Calabash
Food fortification
Food grading
Food preservation
Food rheology
Food safety
List of food safety organisations
Food storage
Food storage container
Food waste
Food waste in the United Kingdom
ISO 22000
Nutraceutical
Food labeling regulations
United Kingdom food labeling regulations
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Bix, L; Nora Rifon; Hugh Lockhart; Javier de la Fuente (2003). The Packaging Matrix: Linking Package Design Criteria to the Marketing Mix (PDF). IDS Packaging. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shaw, Randy. "Food Packaging: 9 Types and Differences Explained". Assemblies Unlimited. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Farmer markets better at reducing waste
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Meyers, T (June 2007). "RFID Shelf-life Monitoring Helps Resolve Disputes". RFID Journal.
Jump up ^ Riva, Marco; Piergiovanni, Schiraldi, Luciano; Schiraldi, Alberto (January 2001). "Performances of time-temperature indicators in the study of temperature exposure of packaged fresh foods". Packaging Technology and Science. 14 (1): 1–39. doi:10.1002/pts.521.
Jump up ^ EDIBLE COATINGS TO IMPROVE FOOD QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY AND MINIMIZE PACKAGING COST, USDA, 2011, retrieved 18 March 2013
Jump up ^ Smith, J D; Rajeev Dhiman; Sushant Anand; Ernesto Reza-Garduno; Robert E. Cohen; Gareth H. McKinley; Kripa K. Varanasi (2013). "Droplet mobility on lubricant-impregnated surfaces". Soft Matter. 19 (6): 1972–1980. doi:10.1039/c2sm27032c. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Hron, J; T. Macák; A. Jindrova (2012). "EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PROCESS IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD PACKAGING" (PDF). ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS. LX (2): 115–120. doi:10.11118/actaun201260040115. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Regulation of the U.S. Food Processing Sector". NDSU. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/health-26254989
Jump up ^ Claudio, L (2012). "Our food: packaging & public health". Environ. Health Perspect. 120: A232–7. PMC 3385451  . PMID 22659036. doi:10.1289/ehp.120-a232.
Jump up ^ Goue, A F; Gavriel, Drogui (July 2016), "Optimizing The Effectiveness Of HACCP In Agri- Food SMEs", European Scientific Journal, 12 (24): 18–32, retrieved 29 June 2017
Bibliography[edit]
Hans-Jürgen Bässler und Frank Lehmann : Containment Technology: Progress in the Pharmaceutical and Food Processing Industry. Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3642392917
Heldman, D.R. ed (2003). "Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering". New York: Marcel Dekker
Potter, N.N. and J.H. Hotchkiss. (1995). "Food Science", Fifth Edition.New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 478–513.
Robertson, G. L. (2013). "Food Packaging: Principles & Practice". CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-6241-4
Selke, S, (1994). "Packaging and the Environment". ISBN 1-56676-104-2
Selke, S, (2004) "Plastics Packaging", ISBN 1-56990-372-7
Soroka, W. (2009). "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology". Institute of Packaging Professionals. ISBN 1-930268-28-9
Stillwell, E. J, (1991) "Packaging for the Environment", A. D. Little, 1991, ISBN 0-8144-5074-1
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
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This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 13:39.
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