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Iranian Embassy siege
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This article is about the siege of the Iranian embassy in London. For the siege of the American embassy in Tehran, see Iran hostage crisis.
Iranian Embassy Siege
Part of Arab separatism in Khuzestan

The Iranian Embassy, severely damaged by fire following the end of the siege
Date
30 April – 5 May 1980
Location
Princes Gate, South Kensington, London
51°30′5.5″N 0°10′19.9″W / 51.501528°N 0.172194°W / 51.501528; -0.172194Coordinates: 51°30′5.5″N 0°10′19.9″W / 51.501528°N 0.172194°W / 51.501528; -0.172194
Result
Embassy recaptured after six-day siege
Belligerents
United Kingdom Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA)
Commanders and leaders
John Dellow
Peter de la Billière
Michael Rose
Oan Ali Mohammed †
Strength
30–35 SAS soldiers, large numbers of Metropolitan Police officers 6 DRFLA members
Casualties and losses
Two hostages killed—one before, one during the assault; two hostages wounded during assault; one SAS soldier wounded Five killed, one captured
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v
t
e
Arab separatism
in Khuzestan
Sheikh Khazal (1924)
Insurgency (1979)
Embassy siege (1980)
Unrest (2005)
2005–06 Ahvaz bombings
Day of Rage (2011)
The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy in South Kensington, London. The gunmen, members of Arabs of KSA group campaigning for Arab national sovereignty in the southern Iranian region of Khuzestan Province, took 26 people hostage—mostly embassy staff, but also several visitors as well as a police officer who had been guarding the embassy. They demanded the release of Arab prisoners from prisons in Khuzestan and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom.[1] Margaret Thatcher's government quickly resolved that safe passage would not be granted, and a siege ensued. Over the following days, police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as the broadcasting of the hostage-takers' demands on British television.
By the sixth day of the siege the gunmen had become increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress in meeting their demands. That evening, they killed one of the hostages and threw his body out of the embassy. As a result, the government ordered the Special Air Service (SAS), a special forces regiment of the British Army, to conduct an assault—Operation Nimrod—to rescue the remaining hostages. Shortly afterwards, SAS soldiers abseiled from the roof of the building and forced entry through the windows. During the 17-minute raid, they rescued all but one of the remaining hostages, and killed five of the six hostage-takers. The soldiers later faced accusations of unnecessarily killing two of the five, but an inquest into the deaths eventually cleared the SAS of any wrongdoing. The sole remaining gunman was prosecuted and served 27 years in British prisons.
The hostage-takers and their cause were largely forgotten after the Iran–Iraq War broke out later that year and the hostage crisis in Tehran continued until January 1981. Nonetheless, the operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of Thatcher. The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments. The building, having suffered major damage from a fire that broke out during the assault, was not reopened as the Iranian embassy until 1993.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Motives
1.2 Arrival in London
1.3 Special Air Service
2 Siege
2.1 Day one: 30 April
2.2 Day two: 1 May
2.3 Day three: 2 May
2.4 Day four: 3 May
2.5 Day five: 4 May
2.6 Day six: 5 May
3 SAS assault
4 Aftermath
5 Long-term impact
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Background[edit]
Motives[edit]
Main article: 1979 Khuzestan uprising
The front of the Iranian embassy in 2008
The hostage-takers were members of the Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA), Iranian Arabs protesting for the establishment of an autonomous Arab state in the southern region of the Iranian province of Khūzestān[2] (also known as Arabistan) which is home to an Arabic-speaking minority. The oil-rich area had become the source of much of Iran's wealth, having been developed by multi-national companies during the reign of the Shah.[2]
According to Oan Ali Mohammed,[note 1] suppression of the Arab sovereignty movement was the spark that led to his desire to attack the Iranian Embassy in London. The plan was inspired by the Iran hostage crisis in which supporters of the revolution held the staff of the American embassy in Tehran hostage.[1][2][4]
Arrival in London[edit]
Using Iraqi passports, Oan and three other members of the DRFLA arrived in London on 31 March 1980 and rented a flat in Earls Court. They claimed they had met by chance on the flight. The men typically returned to the flat drunk, late at night, and sometimes accompanied by prostitutes. Within a week, the housekeeper asked them to leave. They soon found another flat, where they told their new landlord they were moving because they had been joined by other men and required larger accommodation. Over the following days, the group swelled, with up to a dozen men in the flat on one occasion.[5]
Oan was 27 and from Khūzestān; he had studied at the University of Tehran, where he became politically active. He had been imprisoned by SAVAK, the Shah's secret police, and bore scars which he said were from torture in SAVAK custody. The other members of his group were Shakir Abdullah Radhil, known as "Faisal", Oan's second-in-command who also claimed to have been tortured by SAVAK; Shakir Sultan Said, or "Hassan"; Themir Moammed Hussein, or Abbas; Fowzi Badavi Nejad, or "Ali"; and Makki Hanoun Ali, the youngest of the group, who went by the name of "Makki".[6][7]
On 30 April the men informed their landlord that they were going to Bristol for a week and then returning to Iraq, stated that they would no longer require the flat, and arranged for their belongings to be sent to Iraq. They left the building at 09:30 (BST) on 30 April.[8] Their initial destination is unknown, but en route to the Iranian Embassy they collected firearms (including pistols and submachine guns), ammunition and hand grenades. The weapons, predominantly Soviet-made, are believed to have been smuggled into the United Kingdom in a diplomatic bag belonging to Iraq.[9] Shortly before 11:30, and almost two hours after vacating the nearby flat in Lexham Gardens in South Kensington, the six men arrived outside the embassy.[8]
Special Air Service[edit]
The Special Air Service (SAS) is a regiment of the British Army and part of the United Kingdom's special forces. The regiment was formed by Colonel David Stirling in Africa in 1941, at the height of the Second World War. Its original role was to penetrate enemy lines and strike at airfields and supply lines deep in enemy territory, first in North Africa and later around the Mediterranean and in occupied Europe. Stirling established the principle of using small teams, usually of just four men, to carry out raids, having realised that a four-man team could sometimes prove much more effective than a unit of hundreds of soldiers.[10]
Western governments were prompted to form specialist anti-terrorist units following the "Munich massacre". During the 1972 Olympic Games, a firefight between a group of hostage-takers and West German police left a police officer and all the hostages dead. The British government, worried that the country was unprepared for a similar crisis in the United Kingdom, ordered the formation of the Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) Wing of the SAS, which became the UK's primary anti-terrorist and anti-hijacking unit. The SAS had taken part in counter-insurgency operations abroad since 1945, and had trained the bodyguards of influential people whose deaths would be contrary to British interests. Thus, it was believed to be better prepared for the role than any unit in the police or elsewhere in the armed forces. The CRW Wing's first operational experience was the storming of Lufthansa Flight 181 in 1977, when a small detachment of soldiers were sent to assist GSG 9, the elite West German police unit set up after the events of 1972.[11]
Siege[edit]
Day one: 30 April[edit]
At approximately 11:30 on Wednesday 30 April the six heavily armed members of DRFLA stormed the Iranian Embassy building on Princes Gate, South Kensington. The gunmen quickly overpowered Police Constable Trevor Lock of the Metropolitan Police's Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG). Lock was carrying a concealed Smith & Wesson .38-calibre revolver,[12] but was unable to draw it before he was overpowered, although he did manage to press the "panic button" on his radio. Lock was later frisked, but the gunman conducting the search did not find the constable's weapon. He remained in possession of the revolver, and to keep it concealed refused to remove his coat, which he told the gunmen was to "preserve his image" as a police officer.[13] The officer also refused offers of food throughout the siege for fear that the weapon would be seen if he had to use the toilet and a gunman decided to escort him.[14]
Although the majority of the people in the embassy were captured, three managed to escape—two by climbing out of a ground-floor window and the third by climbing across a first-floor (second-floor in American dialect) parapet to the Ethiopian Embassy next door. A fourth person, Gholam-Ali Afrouz—the chargé d'affaires and thus most senior Iranian official present—briefly escaped by jumping out of a first-floor window, but was injured in the process and quickly captured. Afrouz and the 25 other hostages were all taken to a room on the second floor.[15] The majority of the hostages were embassy staff—predominantly Iranian nationals, but several British employees were also captured. The other hostages were all visitors, with the exception of Lock, the British police officer guarding the embassy. Afrouz had been appointed to the position less than a year before, his predecessor having been dismissed after the revolution. Abbas Fallahi, who had been a butler before the revolution, was appointed the doorman by Afrouz. One of the British members of staff was Ron Morris, from Battersea, who had worked for the embassy in various positions since 1947.[16]
During the course of the siege, police and journalists established the identities of several other hostages. Mustapha Karkouti was a journalist covering the crisis at the US Embassy in Tehran and was at the embassy for an interview with Abdul Fazi Ezzati, the cultural attaché.[17] Muhammad Hashir Faruqi was another journalist, at the embassy to interview Afrouz for an article on the Iranian Revolution. Simeon "Sim" Harris and Chris Cramer, both employees of the BBC, were at the embassy attempting to obtain visas to visit Iran—hoping to cover the aftermath of the 1979 revolution—after several unsuccessful attempts. They found themselves sitting next to Moutaba Mehrnavard, who was there to consult Ahmad Dadgar, the embassy's medical adviser, and Ali Asghar Tabatabai, who was collecting a map for use in a presentation he had been asked to give at the end of a course he had been attending.[18]
Hostage
Occupation
Fate[3]
Afrouz ! Gholam-Ali Afrouz
Embassy Chargé d'affaires wounded during assault
Bouroumand ! Shirazeh Bouroumand
Embassy secretary
Cramer ! Chris Cramer
BBC sound organiser released prior to assault
Dadgar ! Ahmad Dadgar
Medical adviser wounded during assault
Ezzati ! Abdul Fazi Ezzati
Iranian cultural attaché
Fallahi ! Abbas Fallahi
Embassy doorman
Farugi ! Muhammad Hashir Faruqi
British-Pakistani editor of Impact International
Ghanzafar ! Ali Guil Ghanzafar
Pakistani tourist released prior to assault
Harris ! Simeon Harris
BBC sound recordist
Hashemenian ! Nooshin Hashemenian
Embassy secretary
Kaghachi ! Roya Kaghachi
Secretary to Dr. Afrouz
Kanji ! Hiyech Sanei Kanji
Embassy secretary released prior to assault
Karkouti, MustaphaMustapha Karkouti
Syrian journalist released prior to assault
Khabaz ! Vahid Khabaz
Iranian student
Lavasani ! Abbas Lavasani
Chief Press Officer killed prior to assault
Lock ! Trevor Lock
Metropolitan Police Constable, Diplomatic Protection Group
Mehrnavard ! Moutaba Mehrnavard
Carpet dealer
Jishverdi-Moghaddam ! Aboutaleb Jishverdi-Moghaddam
Iranian attaché
Moheb ! Muhammad Moheb
Embassy accountant
Morris ! Ronald Morris
Embassy manager and chauffeur
Mozafarian ! Frieda Mozafarian
Press officer released prior to assault
Naghizadeh ! Issa Naghizadeh
First Secretary
Samadzadeh ! Ali Akbar Samadzadeh
Temporary employee at embassy killed during assault
Tabatabal ! Ali Asghar Tabatabai
Banker
Taghi ! Kaujouri Muhammad Taghi
Accountant
Zomorrodian ! Zahra Zomorrodian
Embassy clerk
Police arrived at the embassy almost immediately after the first reports of gunfire, and, within ten minutes, seven DPG officers were on the scene. The officers moved to surround the embassy, but retreated when a gunman appeared at a window and threatened to open fire. Deputy Assistant Commissioner John Dellow arrived nearly 30 minutes later and took command of the operation.[19] Dellow established a temporary headquarters in his car before moving it to the Royal School of Needlework further down Princes Gate and then to 24 Princes Gate, a nursery school.[20] From his various command posts, Dellow coordinated the police response, including the deployment of D11, the Metropolitan Police's marksmen,[note 2] and officers with specialist surveillance equipment. Police negotiators made contact with Oan via a field telephone passed through one of the embassy windows, and were assisted by a negotiator and a psychiatrist. At 15:15 Oan issued the DRFLA's first demand, the release of 91 Arabs held in prisons in Khūzestān, and threatened to blow up the embassy and the hostages if this were not done by noon on 1 May.[22][23]
Large numbers of journalists were on the scene quickly and were moved into a holding area to the west of the front of the embassy,[24] while dozens of Iranian protesters also arrived near the embassy and remained there throughout the siege.[25] Shortly after the beginning of the crisis, the British government's emergency committee COBRA,[note 3] was assembled. COBRA is made up of ministers, civil servants and expert advisers, including representatives from the police and the armed forces. The meeting was chaired by William Whitelaw, the Home Secretary, as Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister, was unavailable. The Iranian government accused the British and American governments of sponsoring the attack as revenge for the ongoing siege of the US Embassy in Tehran. Given the lack of co-operation from Iran, Thatcher, kept apprised of the situation by Whitelaw, determined that British law would be applied to the embassy, despite the Vienna Convention, under which the embassy is considered Iranian soil.[27]
At 16:30, the gunmen released their first hostage, Frieda Mozaffarian. She had been unwell since the siege began, and Oan had asked for a doctor to be sent into the embassy to treat her, but the police refused. The other hostages deceived Oan into believing that Mozaffarian was pregnant, and Oan eventually released Mozaffarian after her condition deteriorated.[23]
Day two: 1 May[edit]
The COBRA meetings continued through the night and into Thursday. Meanwhile, two teams were dispatched from the headquarters of the Special Air Service (SAS) near Hereford, and arrived at a holding area in Regent's Park Barracks. The teams—from B Squadron, complemented by specialists from other squadrons—were equipped with CS gas, stun grenades, and explosives and armed with Browning Hi-Power pistols and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.[note 4][29] Lieutenant Colonel Michael Rose, commander of 22 SAS had travelled ahead of the detachment and introduced himself to Dellow, the commander of the police operation. At approximately 03:30 on 1 May, one of the SAS teams moved into the building next door to the embassy, normally occupied by the Royal College of General Practitioners, where they were briefed on Rose's "immediate action" plan, to be implemented should the SAS be required to storm the building before a more sophisticated plan could be formed.[30]
The front of 14 Prince's Gate, head office of the Royal College of General Practitioners, which was used as a base by the SAS during the siege.
Early in the morning of 1 May, the gunmen ordered one of the hostages to telephone the BBC's news desk. During the call, Oan took the receiver and spoke directly to the BBC journalist. He identified the group to which the gunmen belonged and stated that the non-Iranian hostages would not be harmed, but refused to allow the journalist to speak to any other hostages.[31] At some point during the day, the police disabled the embassy's telephone lines, leaving the hostage-takers just the field telephone for outside communication.[32] As the hostages woke up, Chris Cramer, a sound organiser for the BBC, became seriously ill and his colleague, Sim Harris, was taken to the field telephone to negotiate for a doctor. The police negotiator refused the request, instead telling Harris to persuade Oan to release Cramer. The ensuing negotiations between Harris, Oan, and the police took up most of the morning, and Cramer was eventually released at 11:15. He was rushed to hospital in an ambulance, accompanied by police officers sent to gather information from him.[33]
As the deadline of noon approached, set the previous day for the release of the Arab prisoners, the police became convinced that the gunmen did not have the capability to carry out their threat of blowing up the embassy, and persuaded Oan to agree to a new deadline of 14:00. The police allowed the deadline to pass, to no immediate response from the gunmen. During the afternoon, Oan altered his demands, requesting that the British media broadcast a statement of the group's grievances and for ambassadors of three Arab countries to negotiate the group's safe passage out of the UK once the statement had been broadcast. At approximately 20:00, Oan became agitated by noises coming from the Ethiopian Embassy next door. The noise came from technicians who were drilling holes in the wall to implant listening devices, but PC Trevor Lock, when asked to identify the sound, attributed it to mice.[34] COBRA decided to create ambient noise to cover the sound created by the technicians and instructed British Gas to commence drilling in an adjacent road, supposedly to repair a gas main. The drilling was aborted after it agitated the gunmen, and instead British Airports Authority, owner of London Heathrow Airport, was told to instruct approaching aircraft to fly over the embassy at low altitude.[32]
Day three: 2 May[edit]
At 09:30 on 2 May, Oan appeared at the first-floor window of the embassy to demand access to the telex system, which the police had disabled along with the telephone lines, and threatened to kill Abdul Fazi Ezzati, the cultural attaché. The police refused and Oan pushed Ezzati, who he had been holding at gunpoint at the window, across the room, before demanding to speak to somebody from the BBC who knew Sim Harris. The police, relieved to have a demand to which they could easily agree, produced Tony Crabb, managing director of BBC Television News and Harris's boss. Oan shouted his demands—for safe passage out of the UK, to be negotiated by three ambassadors from Arab countries—to Crabb from the first-floor window, and instructed that they should be broadcast along with a statement of the hostage-takers' aims by the BBC. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office informally approached the embassies of Algeria, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria and Qatar to ask if their ambassadors would be willing to talk to the hostage-takers. The Jordanian ambassador immediately refused and the other five said they would consult their governments.[35] The BBC broadcast the statement that evening, but in a form unsatisfactory to Oan, who considered it to be truncated and incorrect.[36][37]
Meanwhile, the police located the embassy caretaker and took him to their forward headquarters to brief the SAS and senior police officers. He informed them that the embassy's front door was reinforced by a steel security door, and that the windows on the ground floor and first floor were fitted with armoured glass—the result of recommendations made after the SAS had been asked to review security arrangements for the embassy several years earlier. Plans for entering the embassy by battering the front door and ground-floor windows were quickly scrapped and work began on other ideas.[38]
Day four: 3 May[edit]
Oan, angered by the BBC's incorrect reporting of his demands the previous evening, contacted the police negotiators shortly after 06:00 and accused the authorities of deceiving him. He demanded to speak with an Arab ambassador, but the negotiator on duty claimed that talks were still being arranged by the Foreign Office. Recognising the delaying tactic, Oan told the negotiator that the British hostages would be the last to be released because of the British authorities' deceit. He added that a hostage would be killed unless Tony Crabb was brought back to the embassy. Crabb did not arrive at the embassy until 15:30, nearly ten hours after Oan demanded his presence, to the frustration of both Oan and Sim Harris. Oan then relayed another statement to Crabb via Mustapha Karkouti, a journalist also being held hostage in the embassy. The police guaranteed that the statement would be broadcast on the BBC's next news bulletin, in exchange for the release of two hostages. The hostages decided amongst themselves that the two to be released would be Hiyech Kanji and Ali-Guil Ghanzafar; the former as she was pregnant and the latter for no other reason than his loud snoring, which kept the other hostages awake at night and irritated the terrorists.[39][40]
Later in the evening, at approximately 23:00, an SAS team reconnoitred the roof of the embassy. They discovered a skylight, and succeeded in unlocking it for potential use as an access point, should they later be required to storm the building. They also attached ropes to the chimneys to allow soldiers to abseil down the building and gain access through the windows if necessary.[41]
Day five: 4 May[edit]
During the day, the Foreign Office held further talks with diplomats from Arabian countries in the hope of persuading them to go to the embassy and talk to the hostage-takers. The talks, hosted by Douglas Hurd, ended in stalemate. The diplomats insisted they must be able to offer safe passage out of the UK for the gunmen, believing this to be the only way to guarantee a peaceful outcome, but the British government was adamant that safe passage would not be considered under any circumstances.[42] Karkhouti, through whom Oan had issued his revised demands the previous day, became increasingly ill throughout the day and by the evening was feverish, which led to suggestions that the police had spiked the food that had been sent into the embassy. John Dellow, the commander of the police operation, had apparently considered the idea and even consulted a doctor about its viability, but eventually dismissed it as "impracticable".[43]
The SAS officers involved in the operation—including Brigadier Peter de la Billière, Director Special Forces; Lieutenant Colonel Mike Rose, Commander of 22 SAS; and Major Hector Gullan, commander of the team that would undertake any raid—spent the day refining their plans for an assault.[43]
Day six: 5 May[edit]
Oan woke Lock at dawn, convinced that an intruder was in the embassy. Lock was sent to investigate, but no intruder was found. Later in the morning, Oan called Lock to examine a bulge in the wall separating the Iranian embassy from the Ethiopian embassy next door. The bulge had, in fact, been caused by the removal of bricks to allow an assault team to break through the wall and to implant listening devices, resulting in a weakening of the wall. Although Lock assured him that he did not believe the police were about to storm the building, Oan remained convinced that they were "up to something" and moved the male hostages from the room in which they had spent the last four days to another down the hall.[44] Tensions rose throughout the morning and, at 13:00, Oan told the police that he would kill a hostage unless he was able to speak to an Arab ambassador within 45 minutes. At 13:40, Lock informed the negotiator that the gunmen had taken Abbas Lavasani, the embassy's chief press officer, downstairs and were preparing to execute him. Lavasani, a devout believer in the Iranian Revolution, had repeatedly provoked his captors during the siege. According to Lock, Lavasani stated that "if they were going to kill a hostage, [Lavasani] wanted it to be him."[45] At exactly 13:45, 45 minutes after Oan's demand to speak to an ambassador, three shots were heard from inside the embassy.[46]
Home Secretary Willie Whitelaw, who had been chairing COBRA during the siege, was rushed back to Whitehall from a function he had been attending in Slough, roughly 20 miles (30 km) away, arriving 19 minutes after the shots had been reported. He was briefed on the SAS plan by de la Billière, who told him to expect that up to 40 percent of the hostages would be killed in an assault. After deliberations, Whitelaw instructed the SAS to prepare to assault the building at short notice, an order that was received by Mike Rose at 15:50. By 17:00, the SAS were in a position to assault the embassy at ten minutes' notice. The police negotiators recruited the imam from a local mosque at 18:20, fearing that a "crisis point" had been reached, and asked him to talk to the gunmen. Three further shots were fired during the course of the imam's conversation with Oan. Oan announced that a hostage had been killed, and the rest would die in 30 minutes unless his demands were met. A few minutes later, Lavasani's body was dumped out of the front door. Upon a preliminary examination, conducted at the scene, a forensic pathologist estimated that Lavasani had been dead for at least an hour, meaning he could not have been killed by the three most recent shots, and leading the police to believe that two hostages had been killed. In fact, only Lavasani had been shot.[47]
After Lavasani's body had been recovered, Sir David McNee, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, contacted the Home Secretary to request approval to hand control of the operation over to the British Army, under the provisions of Military Aid to the Civil Power.[48] Whitelaw relayed the request to Thatcher, and the prime minister agreed immediately. Thus John Dellow, the ranking police officer at the embassy, signed over control of the operation to Lieutenant Colonel Mike Rose at 19:07, authorising Rose to order an assault at his discretion. Meanwhile, the police negotiators began stalling Oan. They offered concessions in order to distract him and prevent him killing further hostages, buying time for the SAS to make its final preparations for the now-inevitable assault.[49]
SAS assault[edit]
The two SAS teams on-scene, Red Team and Blue Team, were ordered to begin their simultaneous assaults, under the codename Operation Nimrod, at 19:23. One group of four men from Red Team abseiled from the roof down the rear of the building, while another four-man team lowered a stun grenade through the skylight. The detonation of the stun grenade was supposed to coincide with the abseiling teams detonating explosives to gain entry to the building through the second-floor windows. Their descent had not gone according to plan and the staff sergeant leading the abseilers became entangled in his rope. While trying to assist him, one of the other soldiers had accidentally smashed a window with his foot. The noise of the breaking window alerted Oan, who was on the first floor communicating with the police negotiators, and he went to investigate. The soldiers were unable to use explosives for fear of injuring their stranded staff sergeant, but managed to smash their way into the embassy.[50][51]
Sim Harris making his escape across the first-floor balcony, as ordered by the masked SAS trooper (John T. McAleese) (far right)
After the first three soldiers entered, a fire started and travelled up the curtains and out of the second-floor window, severely burning the staff sergeant. A second wave of abseilers cut him free, and he fell to the balcony below before entering the embassy behind the rest of his team. Slightly behind Red Team, Blue Team detonated explosives on a first-floor window, forcing Sim Harris, who had just run into the room, to take cover.[52] Much of the operation at the front of the embassy took place in full view of the assembled journalists and was broadcast on live television, thus Harris's escape across the parapet of a first-floor balcony was famously captured on video.[53] As the soldiers emerged onto the first-floor landing, Lock tackled Oan to prevent him attacking the SAS men. Oan, still armed, was subsequently shot dead by one of the soldiers. Meanwhile, further teams entered the embassy through the back door and cleared the ground floor and cellar.[54] The SAS then began evacuating hostages, manhandling them down the stairs towards the back door of the embassy. Two of the terrorists were hiding amongst the hostages; one of them produced a hand grenade when he was identified. An SAS soldier, who was unable to shoot for fear of hitting a hostage or another soldier, pushed the grenade-wielding terrorist to the bottom of the stairs, where two other soldiers shot him dead.[51][55]
The raid lasted seventeen minutes and involved 30–35 soldiers. The terrorists killed one hostage and seriously wounded two others during the raid while the SAS killed all but one of the terrorists. The rescued hostages and the remaining terrorist, who was still concealed amongst them, were taken into the embassy's back garden and restrained on the ground while they were identified. The last terrorist was identified by Sim Harris and led away by the SAS.[55][56]
Aftermath[edit]
The ribbon of the George Medal, which was awarded to PC Trevor Lock
After the end of the siege, PC Trevor Lock was widely considered a hero. He was awarded the George Medal, the United Kingdom's second-highest civil honour, for his conduct during the siege and for tackling Oan during the SAS raid, the only time during the siege that he drew his concealed side arm. In addition, he was honoured with the Freedom of the City of London and in a motion in the House of Commons.[57][58][59] Police historian Michael J. Waldren, referring to the television series Dixon of Dock Green, suggested that Lock's restraint in the use of his revolver was "a defining example of the power of the Dixon image",[60] and Maurice Punch noted the contrast between Lock's actions and the highly aggressive tactics of the SAS.[61] Sergeant Tommy Palmer was awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal for his part in the assault, in which he shot dead a terrorist who was apparently about to throw a grenade amongst the hostages.[62] After the operation concluded, the staff sergeant who was caught in his abseil rope was treated at St Stephen's Hospital in Fulham. He suffered serious burns to his legs, but went on to make a full recovery.[63]
The Iranian government welcomed the end of the siege, and declared that the two hostages killed were martyrs for the Iranian Revolution.[3] They also thanked the British government for "the persevering action of your police force during the unjust hostage-taking event at the Embassy".[1]
After the assault concluded, the police conducted an investigation into the siege and the deaths of the two hostages and five terrorists, including the actions of the SAS. The soldiers' weapons were taken away for examination and, the following day, the soldiers themselves were interviewed at length by the police at the regiment's base in Hereford.[62] There was controversy over the deaths of two terrorists in the telex room, where the male hostages were held. Hostages later said in interviews that they had persuaded their captors to surrender and television footage appeared to show them throwing weapons out of the window and holding a white flag. The two SAS soldiers who killed the men both stated at the inquest into the terrorists' deaths that they believed the men had been reaching for weapons before they were shot. The inquest jury reached the verdict that the soldiers' actions were justifiable homicide (later known as "lawful killing").[64]
Fowzi Nejad was the only gunman to survive the SAS assault. After being identified, he was dragged away by an SAS trooper, who allegedly intended to take him back into the building and shoot him. The soldier reportedly changed his mind when it was pointed out to him that the raid was being broadcast on live television.[64] It later emerged that the footage from the back of the embassy was coming from a wireless camera placed in the window of a flat overlooking the embassy. The camera had been installed by ITN technicians, who had posed as guests of a local resident in order to get past the police cordon, which had been in place since the beginning of the siege.[65] Nejad was arrested, and was eventually tried, convicted, and sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the siege.[64][66] He became eligible for parole in 2005. As a foreign national, he would normally have been immediately deported to his home country but Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into British law by the Human Rights Act 1998, has been held by the European Court of Human Rights to prohibit deportation in cases where the person concerned would be likely to be tortured or executed in his home country.[67][68][69] Nejad was eventually paroled in 2008 and granted leave to remain in the UK, but was not given political asylum.[69][70] The Home Office released a statement, saying "We do not give refugee status to convicted terrorists. Our aim is to deport people as quickly as possible but the law requires us to first obtain assurances that the person being returned will not face certain death".[69] After 27 years in prison, Nejad was deemed no longer to be a threat to society, but Trevor Lock wrote to the Home Office to oppose his release.[69] Because it is accepted by the British government that he would be executed or tortured, he cannot be deported to Iran under the Human Rights Act 1998. He now lives in Peckham, south London, having assumed another identity.[71]
Long-term impact[edit]
The SAS raid, codenamed "Operation Nimrod", was broadcast live at peak time on a bank holiday Monday evening and was viewed by millions of people, mostly in the UK, making it a defining moment in British history.[64][72] Both the BBC and ITV interrupted their scheduled programming to show the end of the siege,[59] which proved to be a major career break for several journalists. Kate Adie, the BBC's duty reporter at the embassy when the SAS assault began, went on to report from war zones across the world and eventually to become chief news correspondent for BBC News,[73] while David Goldsmith and his team, responsible for the hidden camera at the back of the embassy, were awarded a BAFTA for their coverage.[74] The success of the operation, combined with the high-profile it was given by the media, invoked a sense of national pride compared to Victory in Europe Day, the end of the Second World War in Europe.[75] The operation was declared "an almost unqualified success".[76] Margaret Thatcher recalled that she was congratulated wherever she went over the following days, and received messages of support and congratulation from other world leaders.[75] However, the incident strained already-tense relations between the UK and Iran following the Iranian Revolution. The Iranian government declared that the siege of the embassy was planned by the British and American governments, and that the hostages who had been killed were martyrs for the Revolution.[3][75]
Operation Nimrod brought the SAS, a regiment that was largely unknown at the time owing to the covert nature of its operations, into the public eye.[3][77] The regiment was not pleased with its new high profile, having enjoyed its previous obscurity. Nonetheless, the operation vindicated the SAS, which had been threatened with disbandment and whose use of resources had previously been considered a waste.[3] The regiment was quickly overwhelmed by new applicants. Membership of 22 SAS is open only to individuals currently serving in the Armed Forces (allowing applications from any individual in any service), but the unit also has two regiments from the volunteer Territorial Army (TA): 21 SAS and 23 SAS. Both the TA regiments received hundreds more applications than in previous years, prompting de la Billière to remark that the applicants seemed "convinced that a balaclava helmet and a Heckler & Koch sub-machine gun would be handed to them over the counter, so that they could go off and conduct embassy-style sieges of their own".[62] All three units were forced to introduce additional fitness tests at the start of the application process.[62] The SAS also experienced an increased demand for their expertise in training the forces of friendly countries and those whose collapse was considered not to be in Britain's interest.[72][75]
The British government's response to the crisis, and the successful use of force to end it, strengthened the Conservative government of the day and boosted Thatcher's personal credibility.[75] McNee believed that the conclusion of the siege exemplified the British government's policy of refusing to give in to terrorist demands, "nowhere was the effectiveness of this response to terrorism more effectively demonstrated".[78]
The embassy building was severely damaged by fire. It was more than a decade before the British and Iranian governments came to an agreement whereby the United Kingdom would repair the damage to the embassy in London and Iran would pay for repairs to the British embassy in Tehran, which had been damaged during the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Iranian diplomats began working from 16 Princes Gate again in December 1993.[1]
The DRFLA was undermined by its links with the Iraqi government after it emerged that Iraq had sponsored the training and equipping of the hostage-takers. The Iran–Iraq War started five months after the end of the siege and continued for eight years. The campaign for autonomy of Khūzestān was largely forgotten in the wake of the hostilities, as was the DRFLA.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
Who Dares Wins (film)
6 Days (film)
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, a 2015 tactical shooter video game focusing on counter-terrorism, used the Iranian Embassy Siege, along with other historical hostage extraction operations, as inspiration for the game and as research for making the game more accurate.[79]
See also[edit]
Iran portal
United Kingdom portal
List of hostage crises
History of the Special Air Service
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Also spelt "Awn", codenamed "Salim" by the police.[3]
Jump up ^ British police officers do not routinely carry firearms.[21]
Jump up ^ The committee is named after the room in which it meets—the Cabinet Office Briefing Room – but is almost invariably abbreviated to "COBRA".[26]
Jump up ^ Most team members were issued with standard model MP5s, but there were not enough available at such short notice, so several members were issued with the shorter MP5K variant and two were armed with the MP5SD, with built-in suppressor.[28]
References[edit]
Bibliography
Firmin, Rusty; Pearson, Will (2011). Go! Go! Go! (paperback ed.). London: Phoenix Books. ISBN 978-0-7538-2854-0.
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009). Who Dares Wins: The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-395-7.
Sunday Times "Insight" Team (1980). Siege! Princes Gate, London – The Great Embassy Rescue. London: Times Newspapers Ltd (The Sunday Times). ISBN 0-600-20337-9.
McNee, Sir David (1983). McNee's Law. Glasgow: William Collins, Sons. ISBN 978-0-00-217007-9.
Punch, Maurice (2011). Shoot to Kill: Police Accountability, Firearms, and Fatal Force. Bristol: The Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-84742-472-3.
Waldren, Michael J. (2007). Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms Since 1945. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4637-7.
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "In Depth: Iran and the hostage-takers". BBC News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fremont-Barnes, p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Six days of fear". BBC News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 1–4.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 7–8.
Jump up ^ Firm & Pearson, p. VIII.
^ Jump up to: a b Siege, pp. 10–13.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 6–7
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 8–10
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p68.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 14–18.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 5–7.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 12–14.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson p. 27.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, pp. 31–32.
Jump up ^ "Q&A: Armed police in the UK". BBC News. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 21–22.
^ Jump up to: a b Siege!, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 19–20.
Jump up ^ McNee, p. 152.
Jump up ^ Waldren, pp. 77–78.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b Fremont-Barnes, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Siege!, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 25–26.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 26–27.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 27.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 72–74.
^ Jump up to: a b Fremont-Barnes, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 76–78.
Jump up ^ Halfpenny, Martin (2 May 2010). "The private trauma of Constable Lock, quiet hero of the Iranian embassy siege". The Independent. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 29–30.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 31.
Jump up ^ McNee, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, pp. 37–40.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iranian Embassy Siege". BBC News. 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Banres, pp. 40–42.
Jump up ^ "Lucky to be alive". BBC News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b Fremont-Barnes, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, p. 211.
Jump up ^ "No. 48584". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 April 1981. p. 5531.
Jump up ^ McNee, p. 167.
^ Jump up to: a b Waldren, p. 84.
Jump up ^ Waldren, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Punch, p. 156.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fremont-Barnes, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Taylor, Peter (24 July 2002). "Six days that shook Britain". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Siege!, pp. 114–16.
Jump up ^ Waldren, p. 85.
Jump up ^ "Embassy gunman could get asylum". BBC News. 21 February 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Addison, Adrian (20 February 2005). "Dilemma for Clarke over Iranian embassy siege survivor". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ford, Richard (9 October 2008). "Iranian embassy siege terrorist Fowzi Badavi Nejad is to be freed". The Times. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Khan, Urmee (3 November 2008). "Iranian Embassy terrorist pictured in London days after jail release". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Only surviving terrorist behind Iranian Embassy siege lives on welfare in south London". RT International. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "The cult of the SAS". BBC News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kate Adie". On This Day. BBC. 3 January 2003. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Firmin & Pearson, p. 199.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fremont-Barnes, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 50.
Jump up ^ Punch, pp. 155–56.
Jump up ^ McNee, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Colin (2014-10-21). "How Rainbow Six: Siege takes inspiration from real life hostage rescues". Polygon. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
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Warm front
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Illustration of a warm front. The warm air behind the front is slowly overtaking the cold air ahead of the front, which is moving more slowly in the same direction. The warmer air, due to lower density, climbs over the colder air as it moves. As a result of its increased altitude, it cools off and its moisture condenses, forming clouds and possibly precipitation.
A warm front is a density discontinuity located at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, and is typically located on the equator-facing edge of an isotherm gradient. Warm fronts lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts, and move more slowly than the cold fronts which usually follow because cold air is denser and less easy to remove from the Earth's surface.[1] This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Characteristics
3 Warm sector
4 Depiction
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Development[edit]
Different air masses that affect North America, as well as other continents, tend to be separated by frontal boundaries.
Air masses are large bodies of air with similar properties of temperature and humidity that form over source regions. The warm air mass behind a warm front is not only warmer, but often (but not always) also higher in humidity than the colder air preceding it. Because of a warm air mass’s higher temperature and thus lesser density, mixing between the two air masses is unlikely. Being light, the warm air mass is unable to displace the cooler air mass and instead is forced upward along the upper boundary of the colder air in a process known as overrunning. The boundary between the two air masses has a gradual slope of 1:200 and lifting is slow but persistent.
As the air mass rises into regions of lower pressure, it expands and cools. As it cools, any water vapor that is present will condense and form extensive cloud cover. The first clouds that indicate an approaching warm front tend to be mostly high cirrus at first, changing to cirrostratus as the front approaches. However, if cirrocumulus also appears, there is greater airmass instability approaching ahead of the front. When these high clouds progressively invade the sky and the barometric pressure begins to fall, precipitation associated with the disturbance is likely about 6 to 8 hours away.[2] A thickening and lowering of these high clouds into middle-étage altostratus or altocumulus is a good sign the warm front or low has moved closer and precipitation may begin within less than six hours. Once the clouds have thickened to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) from the earth’s surface, precipitation can begin to fall from heavy nimbostratus. If unstable altocumulus castellanus accompanies or takes the place of the main altostratus layer, cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus producing showers or thunderstorms may follow. Low stratus and stratocumulus commonly form underneath the main precipitating clouds.
A warm front is also defined as the transition zone where a warmer air mass is replacing a cooler air mass. Warm fronts generally move from southwest to northeast. If the warmer air originates over the ocean, it is not only warmer but also more moist than the air ahead of it.
Characteristics[edit]
If the air mass is relatively stable, rainfall will increase until the front reaches the location, at which time the clouds can extend all the way to the earth’s surface as fog. Once the front passes, the location experiences some warming and clearing. If the air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may precede and follow the front and temperature changes will be larger.[3]
In the northern hemisphere, a warm front causes a shift of wind blowing from southeast to southwest, and in the southern hemisphere a shift from winds blowing from northeast to northwest. Common characteristics associated with warm fronts include:
Weather phenomenon
Prior to the passing of the front
While the front is passing
After the passing of the front
Temperature Cool Warming suddenly Warmer, then leveling off
Atmospheric pressure Decreasing steadily Leveling off Slight rise followed by a decrease
Winds
South to southeast (backing) (northern hemisphere)
North to northeast (veering) (southern hemisphere)
Variable
South to southwest (veering) (northern hemisphere)
North to northwest (backing) (southern hemisphere)
Precipitation Usually none, but in summer or warm temperatures, cumulus congestus may continue to exist under cirrostratus and altostratus creating light to moderate showers. Persistent rain, usually moderate with some lighter periods and some heavier bursts. Light drizzle, gradually ceasing.
Clouds Cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus, then stratus (pilots use the acronym CCANS). Other clouds can also often be seen, including cirrocumulus amongst the approaching cirrus, altocumulus with or instead of altostratus (particularly if the front is weak), and occasionally cumulonimbus along with or instead of nimbostratus in summer. Additionally, stratocumulus often appears underneath the main altostratus deck and stratus fractus typically forms in precipitation falling from the thick nimbostratus layer. Often in warm temperatures, rain bearing cumulus congestus clouds can appear under the cirrostratus, and more rarely altocumulus castellanus clouds if convection is sufficient. In cold humid conditions, low airmass stratus or fog may obscure the main frontal clouds. Nimbostratus, sometimes cumulonimbus Clearing with scattered stratus and stratocumulus. If the warm front is part of a depression, there is often a sheet of altostratus (often broken in places to altocumulus) above this which thickens when the cold front approaches.
Visibility Poor Poor, but improving Sunny
Dew point Steady rise Steady Rise, then steady
Warm sector[edit]
The warm sector is the area of warmer air behind a warm front, usually between the warm and cold fronts in a depression. Temperatures are often warmer than they are before the warm front or after the cold front. Cloud types can be mixed, but usually consist of stratocumulus, which can range to being broken to covering the entire sky depending on distance from the centre of low pressure. Temperature rises and the dew point remains steady. Wind direction and speed remains steady.
Depiction[edit]
A surface weather analysis for the United States on October 21, 2006. Note the warm front in the northwest Gulf of Mexico.
On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of half circles pointing in the direction of the front. On colored weather maps, warm fronts are illustrated with a solid red line.
See also[edit]
Cold front
Pseudo-warm front
Weather front
Occluded front
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b David Roth (2006-12-14). "Unified Surface Analysis Manual" (PDF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Mackerel sky". Weather Online. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Chris C. Park (2001). The environment: principles and applications. Psychology Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-415-21771-2. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
External links[edit]
Warm Front: transition zone from cold air to warm air
Warm Fronts
A film clip AIR MASSES AND FRONTS - THE WARM FRONT (1962) is available at the Internet Archive
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warm_front&oldid=791765919"
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Suits (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Suits (season 2)
DVD cover
Starring
Gabriel Macht
Patrick J. Adams
Rick Hoffman
Meghan Markle
Sarah Rafferty
Gina Torres
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
16
Release
Original network
USA Network
Original release
June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) – February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Suits episodes
The second season of the American legal comedy-drama Suits was ordered on August 11, 2011.[1] The season originally aired on USA Network in the United States between June 14, 2012 and February 21, 2013. The season was produced by Hypnotic Films & Television and Universal Cable Productions, and the executive producers were Doug Liman, David Bartis and series creator Aaron Korsh. The season had six series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Hardman law firm in Manhattan: Gabriel Macht, Patrick J. Adams, Rick Hoffman, Meghan Markle, Sarah Rafferty, and Gina Torres.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Cast
2.1 Regular cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
3 Episodes
4 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Overview[edit]
The series revolves around corporate lawyer Harvey Specter and his associate attorney Mike Ross who, between the two of them, have only one law degree.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Suits characters
Regular cast[edit]
Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter
Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross
Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt
Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane
Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen
Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson
Recurring cast[edit]
Abigail Spencer as Dana Scott
David Costabile as Daniel Hardman
Eric Close as Travis Tanner
Guest cast[edit]
Rebecca Schull as Edith Ross
Six actors received star billing in the show's first season. Each character works at the fictional Pearson Hardman law firm in Manhattan. Gabriel Macht plays corporate lawyer Harvey Specter, who is promoted to senior partner and is forced to hire an associate attorney. Patrick J. Adams plays college dropout Mike Ross, who wins the associate position with his eidetic memory and genuine desire to be a good lawyer. Rick Hoffman plays Louis Litt, Harvey's jealous rival and the direct supervisor of the firm's first-year associates. Meghan Markle plays Rachel Zane, a paralegal who aspires to be an attorney but her test anxiety prevents her from attending Harvard Law School. Sarah Rafferty plays Donna Paulsen, Harvey's long-time legal secretary, confidant, and the only one at the firm who knows Mike never attended law school. Gina Torres plays Jessica Pearson, the co-founder and managing partner of the firm.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Suits episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
13
1 "She Knows" Michael Smith Aaron Korsh June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) 3.47[2]
Mike is trusted to close a major lawsuit. Harvey must decide whether or not to keep Mike on staff after Jessica reveals that she knows Mike's secret. Meanwhile, the firm's co-founder Daniel Hardman (David Costabile) returns after a five-year absence, a self-professed "changed man" following the death of his wife.
14
2 "The Choice" Kevin Bray Jon Cowan June 21, 2012 (2012-06-21) 3.80[3]
Mike confronts Rachel about the cell phone message she left him, while Jessica approaches Harvey looking for support regarding Daniel Hardman's impending return. Harvey goes to a junior partner, Paul Porter (Michael Cristofer), to provide assistance in a bankruptcy case with the hope of winning over Porter's department to Jessica's side. Harvey ultimately goes against Porter's and Jessica's instructions, angering both, in order to win the case his own way. Meanwhile, Louis is "seduced" by gifts and promises from Hardman.
15
3 "Meet the New Boss" Michael Smith Erica Lipez June 28, 2012 (2012-06-28) 3.88[4]
Harvey and Daniel start a feud, carrying out different plans of attack while representing a hospital against nurse union head Nell (Margo Martindale), and Mike is caught in the middle of it. When Jessica informs Louis that a trade publication has listed Pearson Hardman next-to-last in a survey about associates' quality of life, he is assigned a consultant from Harvard Law named Sheila (Rachael Harris), who appears to be Louis' female equivalent. Meanwhile, Donna takes Rachel to a bar and convinces her to complete an online dating profile to move on from Mike. But when Mike helps Rachel with her bio, it sends her back to him and convinces her that Mike has a secret he's not sharing. Rachel is seen taking the LSATs. Harvey tells Mike the story behind Hardman's past.
16
4 "Discovery" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin July 12, 2012 (2012-07-12) 3.70[5]
Travis Tanner is back in town, and has his sights set firmly on Harvey. His accusations that Pearson Hardman withheld evidence in a case where they represented Coastal Motors motivate Jessica and Harvey to be less than transparent with Hardman. Donna is shocked to discover that she actually received and signed for the damning document. Meanwhile, Louis and Mike find common ground in a case where they defend a bottled water giant, but Louis’ paranoia might derail a budding friendship and his own standing at the firm.
17
5 "Break Point" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19) 3.72[6]
Harvey feels undermined when Jessica makes him second chair to Allison Holt (Diane Neal) on a lawsuit that could make or break the firm — and his back-seat driving might have far-reaching consequences. Mike represents a tennis prodigy (Julian Alcaraz) who wants to be emancipated from his coach-father (Conrad Dunn), who opposes the 16-year-old turning pro. Donna deals with the fallout from the Coastal Motors case and is fired when she panics and destroys the document.
18
6 "All In" John Scott Karla Nappi July 26, 2012 (2012-07-26) 3.89[8]
While in Atlantic City, Harvey and Mike decide to pursue the case of a man who gambled away his company, due to Harvey's history with the client, Keith Hoyt (Peter Outerbridge). Meanwhile, Louis and Rachel work together to protect an admired institution, and Jessica struggles as she tries to defend the firm. Scott Grimes appears as an entrepreneur who enjoys high-stakes gambling,[7] and Matthew Glave as an attorney.[7]
19
7 "Sucker Punch" Adam Davidson Genevieve Sparling August 2, 2012 (2012-08-02) 3.41[9]
The pending lawsuit against the firm sees Harvey turn to Zoe Lawford (Jacinda Barrett), an old colleague with whom he has a past, for assistance in proving Pearson Hardman’s case. Zoe has the team prepare a mock trial as a warm-up for the real thing, and Louis is asked to take the role of Travis Tanner. Harvey asks Donna to testify that she destroyed the Coastal Motors memo, but she has retained a lawyer of her own and plans to plead the Fifth.
20
8 "Rewind" Félix Alcalá Rick Muirragui August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09) 3.42[10]
Harvey and Mike look back five years into their pasts to see how it affects them today. The episode reveals Harvey's rise from senior associate to junior partner very shortly after his father's death, Mike's initial motivation for getting into the illegal LSAT-proxy business, details surrounding Hardman's original dismissal from the firm, and a person of interest surrounding that dismissal who can help Jessica battle Hardman for managing control in the present day.
21
9 "Asterisk" Jennifer Getzinger Justin Peacock August 16, 2012 (2012-08-16) 4.00[11]
When Louis is promoted to senior partner and has the deciding vote in the firm's future, Harvey must convince him to support Jessica. After Louis discovers that Hardman intended to make him the fall guy for his embezzlement schemes five years ago, Hardman admits his indiscretion, then tries to convince Louis that he is "not that person" anymore. Meanwhile, Harvey defends a brash sportscaster (Jeff B. Davis) who accuses a star baseball player of using performance-enhancing drugs, with no apparent evidence to back up his claims. Donna returns to the firm. Rachel learns that she did well on the LSAT. Mike uses his end-of-year bonus to buy an apartment for his grandmother in Manhattan. While waiting at the apartment for his grandmother so he can surprise her, Rachel arrives and informs Mike that his grandmother died.
22
10 "High Noon" Kevin Bray Erica Lipez August 23, 2012 (2012-08-23) 4.48[12]
Hardman wins the partners' vote, including the vote from Louis, and replaces Jessica as managing partner. He and Louis begin making Harvey and Mike's work lives miserable. Harvey smokes marijuana with Mike, and when Louis observes Harvey high, he has Hardman order him to take a drug test. Harvey refuses and a partners meeting is held to determine if he will be fired. At that meeting, Harvey and Mike reveal evidence (not all valid) of Hardman's past treachery, including his setting up Donna, Harvey and ultimately Jessica for the fall in the Coastal Motors case, and it is Hardman who is fired. Mike meets his childhood friend Tess (Elisabeth Hower) at his grandmother's funeral, where Tess and Rachel support him in making a speech. Mike wants to act on the mutual attraction with Rachel, but she asks him to wait. Rachel changes her mind and goes to Mike's apartment, only to discover him in bed with Tess.
23
11 "Blind-Sided" David Platt Ethan Drogin January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17) 3.57[13]
Mike is still having sex and getting high with Tess, even after the interruption from Rachel. Mike is assigned the case of a young man named Liam (Reiley McClendon) who was involved in a hit and run while driving home from a party. The memory of his own parents being killed by a drunk driver compromises Mike's ability to act in the best interest of his client. Harvey wants to celebrate Hardman's dismissal with Zoe Lawford, but finds out that Zoe's brother has just dropped off his daughter, Olivia, on short notice. Meanwhile, Louis meets with Sheila (Rachael Harris), who already knows that he made senior partner and appears to be turned on by that fact. Louis asks for Sheila's help in landing a top-notch new associate from Harvard named Maria (Aarti Mann), but it's all for naught when Jessica makes up a "hiring freeze". Louis thinks it's a punishment, but Jessica does it to prevent him from hiring someone who could inadvertently reveal Mike's Harvard secret.
24
12 "Blood in the Water" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24) 3.75[15]
Harvey is suspicious when a client, Trent Devon (Jon Foster), suddenly decides to not let his company go public, while also expressing reservations about retaining Pearson Hardman. Allison Holt, who is working for the rival firm Bratton-Gould, makes a professional attack on Pearson Hardman, and begins to lure away the firm's best associates. Louis has to face Harvey's wrath for his previous actions when he voted for Hardman. Louis takes his frustrations out on Harold, and when the firm loses a client on a case assigned to Harold, Louis fires him in front of everyone. Louis considers leaving Pearson Hardman altogether, and meets with Allison.[14]
25
13 "Zane vs. Zane" Nicole Kassell Rick Muirragui January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31) 3.36[16]
A settlement that Harvey negotiated is in jeopardy of falling apart, as high-profile lawyer Robert Zane (Wendell Pierce) steps in as opposing counsel and drastically reduces the settlement offer. Robert Zane is Rachel's father, and Harvey attempts to gain leverage from Rachel and Robert's contentious relationship by adding Rachel to the case as a paralegal. Meanwhile, Louis engages in an escalating prank war with Katrina Bennett (Amanda Schull), Harvey's newly hired senior associate.
26
14 "He's Back" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07) 3.07[17]
Daniel Hardman returns, bringing a sexual harassment lawsuit against Pearson Hardman on behalf of a former employee. Harvey and Jessica are tactically limited because of a non-disclosure agreement that Jessica signed when Hardman left. Mike attempts to convince the former employee to settle so that the firm can focus on the Folsom Foods litigation.
27
15 "Normandy" Terry McDonough Jon Cowan February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14) 2.90[18]
Battling too many cases on depleted resources, Pearson Hardman takes an "all in" approach on one location, while mulling over a deal to merge with a British firm that employs one of Harvey's old flames, Dana "Scottie" Scott (Abigail Spencer). Mike develops a less than desirable working relationship with Katrina. Meanwhile, Rachel finds out she was not accepted at Harvard.
28
16 "War" John Scott Aaron Korsh February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21) 3.20[19]
A British firm headed by Edward Darby (Conleth Hill) decides to sneak in with a tempting offer for Jessica's firm, clashing with Harvey's plans for the future and Jessica's own vision, and leaving them both to make up their minds on what direction to take with their careers. Louis meets his match in the form of Darby's quartermaster, Nigel (Adam Godley), as the two try to find a way to keep both their jobs viable in the new combined firm. Harvey makes a wager with Edward, which would stop the merger should Harvey win, on a case that is later handed over to Mike. However, Jessica threatens Mike with exposing his secret if he wins the case. Mike loses the case and faces Harvey's wrath for his disloyalty. Mike finally tells Rachel that he never went to Harvard Law, then ends up having sex with her.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date
Time slot (EST)
Viewers
(in millions)
Rating
(Adults 18–49)
18-49 Rank
on Cable
Note
1 "She Knows" June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) Thursdays
9:00 p.m. 3.47 1.1 #4 [2]
2 "The Choice" June 21, 2012 (2012-06-21) 3.80 1.2 #2 [3]
3 "Meet the New Boss" June 28, 2012 (2012-06-28) 3.88 1.3 #5 [4]
4 "Discovery" July 12, 2012 (2012-07-12) 3.70 1.2 #5 [5]
5 "Break Point" July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19) 3.72 1.2 #5 [6]
6 "All In" July 26, 2012 (2012-07-26) 3.89 1.3 #3 [8]
7 "Sucker Punch" August 2, 2012 (2012-08-02) 3.41 1.2 #2 [9]
8 "Rewind" August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09) 3.42 1.1 #5 [10]
9 "Asterisk" August 16, 2012 (2012-08-16) 4.00 1.4 #1 [11]
10 "High Noon" August 23, 2012 (2012-08-23) 4.49 1.9 #1 [12]
11 "Blind-Sided" January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17) 3.57 1.2 #6 [13]
12 "Blood in the Water" January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24) 3.75 1.1 #7 [15]
13 "Zane vs. Zane" January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31) 3.36 1.0 #8 [16]
14 "He's Back" February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07) 3.07 1.0 #11 [17]
15 "Normandy" February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14) 2.90 1.0 #9 [18]
16 "War" February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21) 3.10 1.0 #7 [19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 11, 2011). "USA Network Renews 'Suits' For Season 2". Deadline. PMC. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (June 15, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Suits', 'Men at Work', 'Mountain Men', 'Don't Be Tardy For The Wedding' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (June 22, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' + 'Suits', 'Burn Notice', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Mountain Men', 'Men at Work', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (June 29, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Anger Management' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Burn Notice', 'Wilfred', 'Awkward', 'Men at Work' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Burn Notice', 'Awkward', 'Wilfred' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 13, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Wins Night, + 'Mountain Men', 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Sullivan & Son' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 20, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ng, Philiana (May 21, 2012). "'ER,' 'Army Wives' Actors to Guest Star on USA's 'Suits' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (July 27, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Wins Night, + 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Sullivan & Son', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Awkward', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (August 3, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Tops 'Suits', + 'Sullivan & Son', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Awkward', 'Project Runway', 'Anger Management' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (August 10, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings:NFL Pre-Season Football wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Suits', 'Awkward', 'Anger Management','Project Runway' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (August 17, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Wins Night + 'Burn Notice', 'Great White Highway', 'Sullivan & Son', 'Anger Management' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (August 24, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Finale Wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Awkward', 'Project Runway', 'Anger Management', 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda. "Thursday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Wins Night + 'Buckwild', 'Suits', 'Oprah's Next Chapter', 'Archer' & More". Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (August 28, 2012). "'Suits' Casts 'Accidentally on Purpose' Star as Social Media Wiz (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara. "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Buckwild' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Archer', 'Beyond Scared Straight', 'King of the Nerds' & More". Retrieved January 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Buckwild' Wins Again, + 'Archer', 'Suits', 'The Daily Show', 'King of the Nerds' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thursday Cable Ratings:'Buckwild' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Archer', 'Impractical Jokers', 'King of the Nerds' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 8, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Beats NBA Basketball + 'Suits', 'Big Rig Bounty Hunters', 'Impractical Jokers' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 15, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Wins Night, 'Archer', 'Suits', 'Impractical Jokers','King of the Nerds', 'Project Runway' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 22, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
External links[edit]
Suits episodes at USA Network
List of Suits season 1 episodes at Internet Movie Database
List of Suits season 1 episodes at TV.com
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Meghan Markle

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Plead the Fifth

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Internet Movie Database

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