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Venipuncture
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Venipuncture
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Video of a venipuncture
In medicine, venipuncture or venepuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of intravenous therapy or for blood sampling of venous blood. In healthcare, this procedure is performed by medical laboratory scientists, medical practitioners, some EMTs, paramedics, phlebotomists, dialysis technicians, and other nursing staff.[1] In veterinary medicine, the procedure is performed by veterinarians and veterinary technicians.
It is essential to follow a standard procedure for the collection of blood specimen to get the accurate laboratory results. Any kind of error in collection of blood or filing the test tubes may lead erroneous laboratory results.[2]
Venipuncture is one of the most routinely performed invasive procedures and is carried out for any of five reasons:
to obtain blood for diagnostic purposes;
to monitor levels of blood components (Lavery & Ingram 2005);
to administer therapeutic treatments including medications, nutrition, or chemotherapy;
to remove blood due to excess levels of iron or erythrocytes (red blood cells); or
to collect blood for later uses, mainly transfusion either in the donor or in another person.
Blood analysis is an important diagnostic tool available to clinicians within healthcare.
Blood is most commonly obtained from the superficial veins of the upper limb.[1] The median cubital vein, which lies within the cubital fossa anterior to the elbow, is close to the surface of the skin without many large nerves positioned nearby.
Minute quantities of blood may be taken by fingersticks sampling and collected from infants by means of a heel stick or from scalp veins with a winged infusion needle.
Phlebotomy (incision into a vein) is also the treatment of certain diseases such as hemochromatosis and primary and secondary polycythemia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Equipment
1.1 Venipuncture with evacuated or vacuum tubes
1.2 Additives and order of draw
2 Venipuncture in children
3 Venipuncture with needle and syringe
4 Blood cultures
5 Taking blood samples from animals
6 Blood alcohol tests
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Equipment[edit]
There are many ways in which blood can be drawn from a vein. The best method varies with the age of the patient, equipment available and tests required.
Most blood collection in the US, UK, Canada and Hong Kong is done with an evacuated tube system, (two common systems are Vacutainer (Becton, Dickinson and company) and Vacuette (Greiner Bio-One). The equipment consists of a plastic adapter, a.k.a tube or needle holder/ hub, a hypodermic needle and a vacuum tube. Under certain circumstances, a syringe may be used, often with a butterfly needle, which is a plastic catheter attached to a short needle. In the developing world, the evacuated tube system is the preferred method of drawing blood
Venipuncture with evacuated or vacuum tubes[edit]
Vacutainer blood bottles
Greiner Bio-One manufactured the first ever plastic evacuated blood collection tube in 1985 under the VACUETTE brand name. Today, many companies sell vacuum tubes as the patent for this device is now in the public domain. These tubes are manufactured with a specific volume of gas removed from the sealed tube. When a needle from a hub or transfer device is inserted into the stopper, the tube's vacuum automatically pulls in the required volume of blood.
The basic Evacuated Tube System (ETS) consists of a needle, a tube holder, and the evacuated tubes. The needle is attached to the tube holder by the phlebotomist prior to collection, or may come from the manufacturer as one unit. the needle protrudes through the end of the tube holder, and has a needle on each end. After first cleaning the venipuncture site and applying a tourniquet, the phlebotomist uncaps the needle attached to the tube holder, inserts the needle into the vein, then slides evacuated tubes into the tube holder, where the tube's stopper is pierced by the back end of the needle. The vacuum in the tube then automatically draws the needed blood directly from the patient's vein. Multiple vacuum tubes can be attached to and removed in turn from a single needle, allowing multiple samples to be obtained from a single procedure. This is possible due to the multiple sample sleeve, which is a flexible rubber fitting over the posterior end of the needle cannula which seals the needle until it is pushed out of the way. This keeps blood from freely draining out of the back of the needle inserted in the patient's vein, as each test tube is removed and the next impaled. Safety regulations require that needles come equipped with a sheath or safety device to cover the needle after the procedure to prevent accidental needle stick injury.
Fittings and adapters used to fill evacuated tubes from butterfly needle kits and syringes are also available.
There are several needle gauges for a phlebotomist to choose from. The most commonly used are as follows: a 21g (green top) needle, a 22g (black top) needle, a 21g (green label) butterfly needle, a 23g (blue label) butterfly needle, and a 25g (orange label) butterfly needle (however this needle is only used in pediatrics or extreme cases as it is so small that it can often result in hemolizing the blood sample). There are also a variety of tube and bottle sizes and volumes for different test requirements.[3]
Additives and order of draw[edit]
The test tubes in which blood is collected may contain one or more of several additives. In general, tests requiring whole blood call for blood samples collected in test tubes containing some form of the anticoagulant EDTA. EDTA chelates calcium to prevent clotting. EDTA is preferred for hematology tests because it does minimum damage to cell morphology. Sodium Citrate is the anticoagulant used in specimens collected for coagulation tests. The majority of chemistry and immunology tests are performed on serum, which is produced by clotting and then separating the blood specimen via centrifuge. These specimens are collected in either a non-additive tube or one containing a clotting activator. This clotting activator can interfere with some assays, and so a plain tube is recommended in these cases, but will delay testing. Tubes containing lithium heparin or sodium heparin are also commonly used for a variety of chemistry tests, as they do not require clotting and can be centrifuged immediately after collection. A combination of sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate is used for glucose tests, as these additives both prevent clotting and stop glycolosis, so that blood glucose levels are preserved after collection. another specialty tube is an opaque amber colored tube used to collect blood for light sensitive analytes, such as bilirubin.
Test tubes are labeled with the additive they contain, but the stopper on each tube is color coded according to additive as well. While colors vary between manufacturers, stopper colors generally are associated with each additive as listed below. Because the additives from each tube can be left on the needle used to fill the tubes, they must be drawn in a specific order to ensure that cross contamination will not negatively affect testing of the samples if multiple tubes are to be drawn at once. The "order of draw" varies by collection method. Below in the order of draw generally required for the Evacuated Tube System (ETS) collection method are the most common tubes, listing additive and color:
1. Blood cultures and sterile collections (culture bottles)
2. Sodium citrate (light blue)
3. No additive/ Silica clot activator (red and black stripped or gold SST), (red)
4. Lithium Heparin (Light Green PST)
5. Sodium Heparin (green)
6. K2 EDTA, K3 EDTA (Purple/lavender), (pink), (white PPT)
7. Sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate (grey)
8. Tube for testing trace elements containing EDTA or clot activator or no additive (Navy/royal blue)
9. ACD (yellow) and any other tubes
Venipuncture in children[edit]
Further information: Pain management in children
Use of lidocaine iontophoresis is effective for reducing pain and alleviating distress during venipuncture in pediatric patients.[4] A needle-free powder lignocaine delivery system has been shown to decrease the pain of venipuncture in children.[5][6] Rapid dermal anesthesia can be achieved by local anesthetic infiltration, but it may evoke anxiety in children frightened by needles or distort the skin, making vascular access more difficult and increasing the risk of needle exposure to health care workers. Dermal anesthesia can also be achieved without needles by the topical application of local anesthetics or by lidocaine iontophoresis. By contrast, noninvasive dermal anesthesia can be established in 5–15 min without distorting underlying tissues by lidocaine iontophoresis, where a direct electric current facilitates dermal penetration of positively charged lidocaine molecules when placed under the positive electrode.
One study concluded that the iontophoretic administration of lidocaine was safe and effective in providing dermal anesthesia for venipuncture in children 6–17 years old. This technique may not be applicable to all children. Future studies may provide information on the minimum effective iontophoretic dose for dermal anesthesia in children and the comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and satisfaction of lidocaine iontophoresis with topical anesthetic creams and subcutaneous infiltration.[4]
Non-pharmacological treatments for pain associated with venipuncture in children includes hypnosis and distraction. These treatments reduced self reported pain and when combined with cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) the reduction of pain was even greater. Other interventions have not been found to be effective and these are suggestion, blowing out air, and distraction with parent coaching did not differ from control for pain and distress.[7]
Venipuncture with needle and syringe[edit]
Some health care workers prefer to use a syringe-needle technique for venipuncture. Sarstedt manufactures a blood-drawing system S-Monovette that uses this principle. This method can be preferred on elderly patients, oncology patients, severely burned patients, obese patients or patients with unreliable or fragile veins. Because syringes are manually operated, the amount of suction applied may be easily controlled. This is particularly helpful with patients who have small veins that collapse under the suction of an evacuated tube. In children or other circumstances where the quantity of blood gained may be limited it can be helpful to know how much blood can be obtained before distributing it amongst the various additives that the laboratory will require.
Blood cultures[edit]
There are times where a patient may require a blood culture collection. The culture will determine if the patient has pathogens in the blood. Normally blood is sterile. When drawing blood from cultures use a sterile solution such as Betadine rather than alcohol. This is done using sterile gloves, while not wiping away the surgical solution, touching the puncture site, or in any way compromising the sterile process. It is vital that the procedure is performed in as sterile a manner as possible as the persistent presence of skin commensals in blood cultures could indicate endocarditis but they are most often found as contaminants. It is encouraged to use an abrasive method of skin preparation. This removes the upper layers of dead skin cells along with their contaminating bacteria. Povidone-iodine has traditionally been used but in the UK a 2% chlorhexidine in 70% ethanol or isopropyl alcohol solution is preferred and time must be allowed for it to dry. The tops of any containers used when drawing a blood culture should also be disinfected using a similar solution. Some labs will actively discourage iodine use where iodine is thought to degrade the rubber stopper through which blood enters the bottle, thus allowing contaminates to enter the container.
The blood is collected into special transport bottles, which are like vacuum tubes but shaped differently. The blood culture bottle contains transport media to preserve any microorganisms present while they are being transported to the laboratory for cultures. Because it is unknown whether the pathogens are anaerobic (living without oxygen) or aerobic (living with oxygen), blood is collected to test for both. The aerobic bottle is filled first, and then the anaerobic bottle is filled. However, if the collection is performed using a syringe, the anaerobic bottle is filled first. If a butterfly collection kit is used, the aerobic bottle is filled first, so that any air in the tubing is released into the oxygen-containing bottle.
Specially designed blood culture collection bottles eliminate the need for either the syringe or butterfly collection method. These specially designed bottles have long necks that fit into the evacuated tubes holders that are use for regular venipuncture collection. These bottles also allow for collection of other blood specimens via evacuated tubes, to be collected without additional venipuncture.
The amount of blood that is collected is critical for the optimal recovery of microorganisms. Up to 10mL of blood is typical, but can vary according to the recommends of the manufacturer of the collection bottle. Collection from infants and children are 1 to 5 mL. If too little blood is collected, the ratio of blood-to-nutrient broth will inhibit the growth of microorganisms. If too much blood is collected from the patient, the patient risks a hospital-induced anemia and the ratio of blood-to-nutrient broth will tilt in the opposite direction, which also is not conductive to optimal growth.
The bottles are then incubated in specialized units for 24 hours before a lab technician studies and/or tests it. This step allows the very small numbers of bacteria (potentially 1 or 2 organisms) to multiply to a level which is sufficient for identification +/-antibiotic resistance testing. Modern blood culture bottles have an indicator in the base which changes color in the presence of bacterial growth and can be read automatically by machine. (For this reason the barcoded stickers found on these bottles should not be removed as they are used by the laboratorys automated systems.)
Taking blood samples from animals[edit]
Blood samples from living laboratory animals may be collected using following methods:[8][9]
Blood collection not requiring anesthesia:
Saphenous vein (rat, mice, guinea pig)
Dorsal pedal vein (rat, mice)
Blood collection requiring anesthesia (local/general anesthesia):
Tail vein (rat, mice)
Tail snip (mice)
Orbital sinus (rat, mice)[10]
Jugular vein (rat, mice)
Temporary cannula (rat, mice)
Blood vessel cannulation (guinea pig, ferret)
Tarsal vein (guinea pig)
Marginal ear vein or artery (rabbit)
Terminal procedure:
Cardiac puncture (rat, mice, guinea pig, rabbit, ferret)
Orbital sinus (rat, mice)
Posterior vena cava (rat, mice)
The volume of the blood sample collection is very important in experimental animals. All nonterminal blood collection without replacement of fluids is limited up to 10% of total circulating blood volume in healthy, normal, adult animals on a single occasion and collection may be repeated after three to four weeks. In case repeated blood samples are required at short intervals, a maximum of 0.6 ml/kg/day or 1.0% of an animal's total blood volume can be removed every 24 hours. The estimated blood volume in adult animals is 55 to 70 ml/kg body weight. Care should be taken for older and obese animals. If blood collection volume exceeds more than 10% of total blood volume, fluid replacement may be required. Lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) is recommended as the best fluid replacement by National Institutes of Health (NIH). If the volume of blood collection exceeds more than 30% of the total circulatory blood volume, adequate care should be taken so that the animal does not suffer from hypovolemia.[9]
Blood alcohol tests[edit]
It is generally not advisable to use isopropyl alcohol to cleanse the venipuncture site when obtaining a specimen for a blood alcohol test. This has been related largely to the potential legal implications associated with use of alcohol based cleaners that could theoretically impact analysis. Numerous police alcohol collection kits have been marketed that incorporate a sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate preservative and non-alcohol based cleansing agents to ensure proper collection. Using soap and hot water or a povidone iodine swab are advisable alternatives to isopropyl alcohol in this case.
See also[edit]
Arterial blood is taken from an artery instead of a vein.
Blood donation
Fingerstick
Neonatal heel prick
Phlebotomist
Vacutainer
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Higgins, Dan (28 September 2004). "Venepuncture". Nursing Times. 100 (39): 30.
Jump up ^ Dg, Dayyal. "PROCEDURES FOR THE COLLECTION OF BLOOD FOR HEMOTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS". BioScience Pakistan. BioScience Pakistan. ISSN 2521-5760.
Jump up ^ Perry, Sally (2007). "Ask the Lab: Hemolyze blood specimens". Nursing.advanceweb.com. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Rose, John B.; Galinkin, Jeffrey L.; Jantzen, Ellen C.; Chiavacci, Rosetta M. (2002). "A Study of Lidocaine Iontophoresis for Pediatric Venipuncture". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 94 (4): 867. doi:10.1097/00000539-200204000-00017.
Jump up ^ Lacroix, Helene (2008-10-01). "A needle-free powder lignocaine delivery system reduced the pain of venipuncture in childrenCommentary". Evidence-Based Nursing. 11 (4): 106–106. doi:10.1136/ebn.11.4.106. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 18815318.
Jump up ^ Ltd, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and RCN Publishing Company (2006-01-01). "Liposomal lidocaine improved intravenous cannulation success rates in children". Evidence-Based Nursing. 9 (1): 10–10. doi:10.1136/ebn.9.1.10. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 16437788.
Jump up ^ Ltd, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and RCN Publishing Company (2007-07-01). "Review: distraction, hypnosis, and combined cognitive-behavioural interventions reduce needle related pain and distress in children and adolescents". Evidence-Based Nursing. 10 (3): 75–75. doi:10.1136/ebn.10.3.75. ISSN 1367-6539. PMID 17596380.
Jump up ^ Hoff, J. (2000). "Methods of Blood Collection in the Mouse" (PDF). Lab Animal. 29 (10): 47–53.
^ Jump up to: a b Parasuraman, S; Raveendran, R; Kesavan, R (2010). "Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals". Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 1 (2): 87–93. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.72350. PMC 3043327  . PMID 21350616.
Jump up ^ Parasuraman S, Zhen KM, Raveendran R. Retro-orbital Blood Sample Collection in Rats-a Video Article. PTB Reports 1 (2), 37-40|DOI : 10.5530/PTB.1.2.1|Available in http://www.ptbreports.org/article/41
External links[edit]
Phlebotomy details
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v
t
e
Vascular surgery ICD-9-CM V3 38–39, ICD-10-PCS 03–6
Vascular and
Endovascular surgery
Arterial disease
Vascular bypass
Angioplasty
Atherectomy
Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy
Stenting
Carotid stenting
Venous disease
Ambulatory phlebectomy
Laser surgery
Sclerotherapy
Vein stripping
Arterial and venous access
Venous cutdown
Arteriotomy
Phlebotomy
Aortic aneurysm / dissection:
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Open aortic surgery
Other
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardioplegia
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Vascular access
Revascularization
First rib resection
Seldinger technique
Vascular snare
Medical imaging
Angiography
Digital subtraction angiography
Cerebral angiography
Aortography
Fluorescein angiography
Radionuclide angiography
Magnetic resonance angiography
Venography
Portography
Impedance phlebography
Ultrasound
Intravascular ultrasound
Carotid ultrasonography
Other diagnostic
Angioscopy
Ankle brachial pressure index
Toe pressure
Tilt table test
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company
Rooster Teeth
Distributed by
Fullscreen Films
Gunpowder & Sky[1]
YouTube Red
Release date
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13) (United States)
Running time
86 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$19,996[2]
Lazer Team 2 is a 2017 American science fiction action comedy film directed, produced and co-written by Matt Hullum and Daniel Fabelo. The film is a sequel to 2016's Lazer Team, and follows the team travelling through a wormhole to find their missing friend Woody. It was released on YouTube Red in November 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Four years after the events of the previous film, the D.E.T.I.A. has mostly lost it's funding and nearly everyone has been let go. Lazer Team has also been disbanded, as the four heroes do not work well together. Woody (Gavin Free) being the only member to be reassigned. He, along with the assistance of Dr. Maggie Whittington (Nichole Bloom), have been attempting to create a rift in space, after receiving an unknown transmission. Once the rift is perfected, Woody is taken by an alien being. His helmet being the only remains. Four months later, Major Evelyn Kilbourne (Victoria Pratt) is now head of the D.E.T.I.A., and declares that any project associated with Lazer Team is to be shut down. This announcement angers Maggie, who is determined to not leave Woody lost forever. When her lab is getting cleaned out, Maggie steals a device called the translocator and sets out to find the remaining members of Lazer Team.
With the team split, Herman (Colton Dunn) has capitalized on his fame in the form of marketing and commercialism; Zach (Michael Jones) owns and operates a 'lazer' hair removal business in an attempt to win back his ex-girlfriend, Mindy (Allie DeBerry); Hagan (Burnie Burns) suffers from depression, as he feels his life has peaked and actually wants the team to form again. Maggie is able to gather the three at Hagan's house and explains the situation. While Hagan readily agrees, Herman and Zach are less than excited. The team sneaks into the base where, they're able to temporarily re-open the rift. However, Kilbourne intervenes and fights them. They all make it into the portal before it closes and Kilbourne is knocked unconscious. The four find that they're on an alien spacecraft, somewhere deep in space. Maggie also realizes that because too many people went through the rift, the translocator is out of power. Not wasting any time, they crawl through vents to avoid detection. Maggie is immediately taken by the creature that abducted Woody, and the rest of the team escape the other way. Upon exiting the vents, the three are captured and imprisoned by cloaked figures. They reveal themselves to be the Antareans. Their leader, Arklosh, still holds a grudge over Lazer Team's previous victory, so the aliens remove the Champion Armor pieces from them and, along with Woody's helmet, they disintegrate it.
The Antareans transfer them to a white prison, that is one of infinite cells containing previous champions from over the years. Before they can panic, Woody arrives and rescues them. Without his helmet, it appears that his intelligence has decreased. He takes them to a compartment in the ship, where Maggie is held. She wakes, but is upset that Woody is not the one she's known. The creature that had abducted the two reveals himself. Woody introduces him as Doulos, the keeper of the 'Galactic Games' and the only remaining of the Ludon species, who has been enslaved on the ship for many years. He explains that when the team defeated the Antareans, it caused said aliens to wipe out planet after planet, afraid that more champions would rise and rebel against them. Revealing that he brought the team back together to finish what they've started, he leads the five to a control center where an experimental upgraded suit of power resides. The team is unwilling and Doulos urges the team to put on the pieces, however he is killed by Kilbourne before he can convince them. She reveals that she is the sister of the previous champion, Adam, and is now working with the Antareans, as she's always been jealous. Once the team is in a holding cell, she prepares to receive the pieces to destroy Earth.
When the ship finally arrives to Earth, the team realize their wrongdoings with not helping Doulos. They kill two guards before sneaking back to the control center. A battle ensues and Lazer Team acquires the upgraded armor. Back on Earth, Officer Vandenbloom (Kirk Johnson) notices many Antarean ships heading for the planet. With the help of Mindy and 'Mr. Scientist' (Gus Sorola), he is able to fend off the majority of the ships using a turret designed by the D.E.T.I.A. Back on the ship, the five are able to kill Kilbourne, with the help of another champion Woody had let out, and grab the translocator. They board a small ship, and using the device, are able to destroy the Antarean mother-ship and return home.
With the Earth saved once again, the team keeps contact with one another. Having a picnic, Woody and Maggie reveal their feelings for each other. They discover a small button on his helmet that shrinks it, and the two kiss.
Cast[edit]
Burnie Burns as Anthony Hagan, a former traffic cop and a member of Lazer Team. Hagan wears the left arm of the suit, allowing him to generate an energy shield.
Gavin Free as Woodrow "Woody" Johnson, a member of Lazer Team. Woody wears the helmet of the suit, heightening his intelligence and granting him other enhancements such as X-ray vision.
Michael Jones as Zachary "Zach" Spencer, a former six year High School senior and a member of Lazer Team. Zach wears the right arm of the suit, which is an energy cannon.
Colton Dunn as Herman Mendoza, a former football athlete (who played on a team with Hagan) and a member of Lazer Team. Herman wears the boots of the suit, which let him run at superhuman speeds.
Nichole Bloom as Maggie Wittington, a scientist who gets Lazer Team to help her find Woody after he disappears into a wormhole.[3]
Victoria Pratt as Major Evelyn Kilbourne, who strongly opposes Dr. Whittington's plans.
Gus Sorola as 'Mr. Scientist' aka the disheveled scientist from the first film.
Alexandria DeBerry as Mindy Hagan, Anthony Hagan's daughter and Zach's ex-girlfriend.
Kirk Johnson as Officer Vandenbloom
Ashley Jenkins as RTN News Anchor
Joel Heyman as Reporter #1
Barbara Dunkelman as Reporter #2
A. Smith Harrison as TV Announcer
Bryan Brown as Commercial Director
Jack Lee as Channing Rosegood
Lawrence Sonntag as Max
Paul King[disambiguation needed] as Hairy Man
Greg Miller as Ralph
Matt Hullum as Voice of Arklosh
Hailley Lauren as Doulos
Danu Uribe as Receptionist and Voice of Doulos
Tyler Coe as "Football" Player
Production[edit]
On August 5, 2016, Burnie Burns and Gavin Free announced that a sequel to Lazer Team was green-lit by Rooster Teeth in partnership with YouTube Red and they had officially begun pre-production on the film.[4] In December 2016, Matt Hullum confirmed Rooster Teeth was aiming to shoot Lazer Team 2 in late Spring in Texas followed by release in 2017. On August 25, 2017, it was confirmed that the film was written by Burns, Hullum, and Fabelo.[5]
Shooting was completed in only half as many days, 20, as the first film.[6] In April 2017, filming for the sequel concluded.[7] On October 12, 2017, Rooster Teeth released the trailer for the sequel that revealed the film's release date to be November 13, 2017 in theaters and November 22, 2017 on YouTube Red.[8][9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rooster Teeth Teams Up with Gunpowder & Sky Distribution to Deliver Their Feature Film to an Even… - VideoInk
Jump up ^ "Lazer Team 2". The Numbers. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Nichole Bloom to Star in ‘Lazer Team 2’ Sci-Fi Comedy Film on YouTube Red - Variety
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (2016-08-05). "'Lazer Team 2' Coming to YouTube Red". Variety. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
Jump up ^ "'Lazer Team 2' Star Burnie Burns Teases Sci-Fi-Comedy Sequel". 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Gillard, Sam. "RTX London 2017: Saturday Recap". Ten Eighty Magazine. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Hullum, Matt. "Just wrapped filming #LazerTeam2 . It's funny and I'm going to take a 36 hour nap now".
Jump up ^ "LAZER TEAM: LAZER TEAM 2 OFFICIAL TEASER". Rooster Teeth. 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Lazer Team squad reassembles for sci-fi sequel’s first teaser - Entertainment Weekly
External links[edit]
Lazer Team 2 on IMDb
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Thorax
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the anatomy concept. For other uses, see Thorax (disambiguation).
"Chest" redirects here. For the furniture used for storage, see Chest (furniture). For other uses, see Chest (disambiguation).
Thorax
Chest
X-ray image of the chest showing the internal anatomy of the rib cage, lungs and heart as well as the inferior thoracic border–made up of the diaphragm.
Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with the thorax or chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly, but more deeply it its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
thorax
Greek
θώραξ
TA
A01.1.00.014
FMA
9576
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet"[1] via Latin: thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.[2][3] The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Contents
1.2 The chest
1.3 Bones
1.4 Anatomical landmarks
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Injury
2.2 Pain
2.2.1 Non-cardiac causes of chest pain
2.3 Atelectasis
2.4 Pneumothorax
3 Other animals
3.1 In tetrapods
3.2 In arthropods
4 Additional Images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.
Contents[edit]
An X-ray of a human chest area, with some structures labeled
The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles and neck muscle); internal structures such as the diaphragm, esophagus, trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process), as well as the content of the thoracic abdomen (stomach, kidney/adrenal, pancreas, spleen, and lower oesophagus). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum, thoracic portion of the spine, collarbone, and the rib cage and floating ribs).
External structures are the nipples.
The area exposed by open-necked shirts, the 'V of the chest' is sometimes the location of a light-induced skin disease polymorphous light eruption.[4]
The chest[edit]
In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest.
The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs. All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach.
Bones[edit]
The bones of the thorax, called the "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton.
It consists of the ribs and sternum.The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum, as 1-7 are, and therefore are termed "floating". Whereas ribs 8-10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above.
Anatomical landmarks[edit]
The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks. The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast, which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally. The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc, the areola. The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line.
Clinical significance[edit]
High-resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax, taken in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. Click here to scroll through the image stacks. This type of investigation can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma.
Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy, flail chest, atelectasis, and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma. Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition.
Injury[edit]
Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States.[5]
The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents, as in esophageal perforations, also must be considered. Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures). The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult, and this may compromise ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see the image below), are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism.
Pain[edit]
Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems, digestive issues, musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain.[6] While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck and arms, pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious.
Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions. If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If heart attack occurs, the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.
Non-cardiac causes of chest pain[edit]
Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough.
Atelectasis[edit]
Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.[7] It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.
Pneumothorax[edit]
Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space. It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury.[8] The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up, so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle. If it is untreated, blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own. Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath.
Other animals[edit]
The trilobite body is divided into three major sections, a cephalon with eyes, mouthparts and sensory organs such as antennae, a thorax of multiple similar segments (that in some species allowed them to roll up into a ball), and a pygidium, or tail section.
In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma, itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster.
In tetrapods[edit]
In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles.
In arthropods[edit]
Main article: Thorax (insect anatomy)
In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions (or tagmata) of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects, or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites. In most insects, the thorax itself is composed of three segments; the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. In extant insects, the prothorax never has wings, though legs are always present in adults; wings (when present) are restricted to at least the mesothorax, and typically also the metathorax, though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments. In the Apocritan Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax, where it forms a structure known as the propodeum. Accordingly, in these insects, the functional thorax is composed of four segments, and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the "thorax" of other insects.
Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts, the most significant of which are the dorsal portion (the notum), the lateral portion (the pleuron; one on each side), and the ventral portion (the sternum). In some insects, each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them (called sclerites), though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees.
Additional Images[edit]
Volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.
Thorax. Anterior view.
Thorax. Anterior view.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Pectus carinatum
Pectus excavatum
Thoracic cavity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ θώραξ, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ "thorax" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Thorax at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Jump up ^ aocd.org > Dermatology Polymorphous Light Eruption American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Retrieved on Feb 11, 2010
Jump up ^ Shahani, Rohit, MD. (2005). Penetrating Chest Trauma. eMedicine. Retrieved 2005-02-05.
Jump up ^ Chest Diseases Retrieved on 2010-1-26
Jump up ^ Atelectasis Lung and Airway Disorders. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
Jump up ^ Pleurisy Lung Diseases. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
External links[edit]
Look up thorax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chests (human torso).
Sam Gon III. "A guide to the Orders of Trilobites". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
[show]
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Human regional anatomy
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General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs
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Muscles of thorax and back
Back
splenius
capitis
cervicis
erector spinae
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longissimus
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transversospinales
semispinalis thoracis
semispinalis cervicis
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Thorax
Intercostal muscle
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thoracic diaphragm
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pectoralis major
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clavipectoral fascia
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Anatomy of the lymphatic system
Head and neck
Head
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John Doe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see John Doe (disambiguation).
"Jane Doe" redirects here. For other uses, see Jane Doe (disambiguation).
The names "John Doe" or "John Roe" for men, "Jane Doe" or "Jane Roe" for women, "Johnny Doe" and "Janie Doe" for children, or just "Doe" non-gender-specifically are used as placeholder names for a party whose true identity is unknown or must be withheld in a legal action, case, or discussion.[1] The names are also used to refer to a corpse or hospital patient whose identity is unknown. This practice is widely used in the United States and Canada, but is rarely used in other English-speaking countries including the United Kingdom, from which the use of "John Doe" in a legal context originates. The names "Joe Bloggs" or "John Smith" are used in the UK as placeholder names (mainly to mean 'any old person', the classic 'Everyman')[citation needed] as well as in Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
2 Origin
3 Court cases
4 Other variants
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Usage[edit]
John Doe is sometimes used to refer to a typical male in other contexts as well, in a similar manner to John Q. Public in the United States or Joe Public, John Smith or Joe Bloggs in Britain. For example: the first name listed on a form might be John Doe, along with a fictional address or other fictional information to provide an example of how to fill in the form. The name is also used frequently in US popular culture, for example in the Frank Capra film Meet John Doe. John Doe was also the name of a 2002 American television series.
Similarly, a child or baby whose identity is unknown may be referred to as Baby Doe. A notorious murder case in Kansas City, Missouri, referred to the baby victim as Precious Doe.[2] Other unidentified female murder victims have also been nicknamed by the public or investigators as "Cali Doe" and "Princess Doe". Additional persons may be called James Doe, Judy Doe, etc. However, to avoid possible confusion, if two anonymous or unknown parties are cited in a specific case or action, the surnames Doe and Roe may be used simultaneously; for example, "John Doe v. Jane Roe". If several anonymous parties are referenced, they may simply be labelled John Doe #1, John Doe #2, etc. (the U.S. Operation Delego cited 21 (numbered) "John Doe"s) or labelled with other variants of Doe / Roe / Poe / etc. Other early alternatives such as John Stiles and Richard Miles are now rarely used, and Mary Major has been used in some American federal cases.[3]
The Doe names are also used for anonymous or unknown defendants. Another set of names used for anonymous parties, particularly plaintiffs, are Richard Roe for men and Jane Roe for women (as in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court abortion decision Roe v. Wade).
Bearing the actual name John Doe can cause difficulty, such as being stopped by airport security or suspected of being an incognito celebrity.[4]
The term is sometimes used in lawsuits in Ireland and the United States; see, for example McKeogh v. John Doe[5] and Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I.[6]
The term John Doe or Jane Doe is used in US police investigations when the identity of the victim(s) is unknown or incorrect.
Origin[edit]
The names "John Doe" and "Richard Roe," along with "John Roe" or "Doo" were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as the reign of England's King Edward III (1327–1377).[7]
Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation under English law were John-Noakes, or John Noakes/Nokes and John-a-Stiles/John Stiles.[8]
The Oxford English Dictionary states that John Doe is "the name given to the fictitious lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in the UK) mixed action of ejectment, the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe".
This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song "John Doe and Richard Roe":
Two giants live in Britain's land,
John Doe and Richard Roe,
Who always travel hand in hand,
John Doe and Richard Roe.
Their fee-faw-fum's an ancient plan
To smell the purse of an Englishman,
And, 'ecod, they'll suck it all they can,
John Doe and Richard Roe ...[9]
This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852:
As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were (mostly) abolished by the Real Property Limitation Act of 1833; the fictional characters of John Doe and Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852; and the forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873–75."
Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Respondent) v Meier and another(FC) (Appellant) and others and another (FC)(Appellant) and another (2009).[10]
The term 'John Doe Injunction' (or John Doe Order)[11] is used in the UK to describe an injunction sought against someone whose identity is not known at the time it is issued:
"8.02 If an unknown person has possession of the confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a 'John Doe' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction was used since 1852 in the United Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to the media".[12]
Unlike in the United States the name (John) Doe does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example: X & Y v Persons Unknown [2007] HRLR 4.[13]
Court cases[edit]
The landmark 1973 United States Supreme Court abortion cases Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton get half of their names from anonymous plaintiffs Jane Roe and Mary Doe, women later revealed to be named Norma McCorvey and Sandra Cano.
A Toronto woman, publicly known only as Jane Doe, waged an 11-year court battle against the Toronto Police Service after being raped in 1986, alleging that the police had used her as bait to catch the Balcony Rapist. She won the case in 1998, and was named Chatelaine's Woman of the Year that year.[14] She published a book about her experience, The Story of Jane Doe: A Book about Rape, in 2003.
A Doe subpoena is an investigatory tool that a plaintiff may use to seek the identity of an unknown defendant. Doe subpoenas are often served on online service providers and ISPs to obtain the identity of the author of an anonymous post.[15]
Serial killer Richard Laurence Marquette confessed to the murder of an unknown woman identified only as Jane Doe.
File sharing websites were blocked in India on 21 July 2011 on some ISPs including Bharti Airtel, BSNL, and Reliance Communications, because Reliance BIG Pictures got a "John Doe" order from Delhi High Court allowing them to serve cease and desist notices on people illegally redistributing the film Singham.[16] This allegedly brought down copyright infringement of the film by 30%.
On 29 August 2011 Reliance Entertainment procured a 'John Doe' order from the Delhi High Court to prevent the illegal broadcast or streaming of its upcoming film Bodyguard. This order gives protection to the intellectual property owner, Reliance Entertainment, from copyright violation by prospective anonymous offenders.[17]
The use and selection of pseudonyms is not standardized in U.S. courts and the practice itself is opposed on legal grounds by some and was rare prior to 1969.
"...Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure,...are silent on the matter..." "Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a) reads, '...In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties . . . .' The rule contains no guidance as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential."[18]
"Prior to... 1969, only one Supreme Court case, three court of appeals' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter-century featured an anonymous individual as the sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and January 22, 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided Roe and Doe, there were twenty-one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs."[19]
On March 10, 2015, HTG Capital Partners LLC filed a federal lawsuit against unnamed “spoofers,” which the suit referred to as John Doe(s), in the hopes of getting a judge to force the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to reveal the names of the firms. HTG said it had found evidence of thousands of such manipulations over 2013 and 2014."[20]
In November 2016, a woman only identified as "Jane Doe" abandoned plans to go public about allegedly being raped by Donald Trump.[21]
In October 2017, an unidentified minor Jane Doe detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement sued to enjoin the government from obstructing her access to abortion in Garza v. Hargan.
Other variants[edit]
In addition to Doe and Roe, other "_oe" names have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings, e.g., Poe v. Snyder, 834 F.Supp.2d 721 (W. D. Mich. 2011),[22] whose full style is
Jane Poe, John Doe, Richard Roe, Robert Roe, Mark Moe, Larry Loe, Degage Ministries, and Mel Trotter Ministries, Plaintiffs, v. Rick Snyder, Governor of the State of Michigan, Bill Schuette, Attorney General of the State of Michigan, Kriste Etue, Director of the Michigan State Police, William Forsyth, Kent County Prosecutor, in their official capacities, Defendants;
and Friedman v. Ferguson, No. 87-3758, unpublished disposition, 850 F.2d 689 (4th Cir., 29 June 1988),[23] whose full style is
Wilbur H. Friedman, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Thomas B. FERGUSON, Director, Department of Animal Control, a State Actor, In His Official and Individual Capacities; Brett Boe; Carla Coe; Donna Doe; Frank Foe; Grace Goe; Harry Hoe; State Actors, Advisors To Defendant Ferguson, In Their Official and Individual Capacities (identities currently unknown); Marta Moe; Norma Noe; Paula Poe; Ralph Roe; Sammy Soe; Tommy Toe; Private Individuals Who Conspired With the Foregoing State Actors (identities currently unknown); Roger W. Galvin, Chairman, Animal Matters Hearing Board; Vince Voe; William Woe; Xerxes Xoe; Members of the Animal Matters Hearing Board, State Actors, In Their Official and Individual Capacities (identities currently unknown), Defendants-Appellees.[24]
In a lawsuit in the UK about the publication of D.H. Lawrence's novel "Lady Chatterley's Lover" the 'average person' was referred to as "the man on the Clapham omnibus". Parallels in other cultures are in France "Monsieur Brun", in Italy "Signor Rossi", in India "Ashok Kumar".[25]
See also[edit]
Tommy Atkins
Joe Bloggs
Israel Israeli
Average Joe
Rudolf Lingens
John Q. Public
Joe Shmoe
Tom, Dick and Harry
Mr. X
Blackacre
Meet John Doe
Multiple-use name
Nomen nescio
Placeholder names
Planet X
Foo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Twitched Indictment" (PDF). Justice.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldblatt, Jeff (8 August 2002). "Slain Mystery Girl Brings Community Together". FOX News Network. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Quinion M (15 March 2003). "John Doe". World Wide Words. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Alison Leigh Cowan (29 July 2009). "Meet John Doe. No, really!". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
Jump up ^ McKeogh v. John Doe
Jump up ^ "Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I". Justia Dockets & Filings.
Jump up ^ What's In A Name. Merriam-Webster. 1996. ISBN 978-0-87779-613-8. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "World Wide Words – John DoeZ". Worldwidewords.org. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ The Universal Songster: Or, Museum of Mirth: Forming the Most Complete, Extensive, and Valuable Collection of Ancient and Modern Songs in the English Language, with a Copious and Classified Index, Volume 1. London: Jones and Company. 1827. p. 378. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court Decided Cases (pdf)" (PDF). Supremecourt.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Obtaining a John Doe order". PressGazette. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "THE LAW OF PROFESSIONAL-CLIENT CONFIDENTIALITY: Regulating the Disclosure of Confidential Personal Information, Update". Uea.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2003.
Jump up ^ "Uncorrected Evidence 75". Publications.parliament.uk. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Who is JANE DOE?". Walnet.org. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ See, for example, Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe, "775 A.2d 756". (N.J. App. Div. 2001); Krinsky v. Doe 6, "159 Cal. App. 4th 1154 (pdf)" (PDF). [permanent dead link] (2008).
Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa. "Update: Files Sharing Sites Blocked In India Because Reliance BIG Pictures Got A Court Order". MediaNama. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "'John Doe Order' for BODYGUARD to curb its piracy". Bollywoodtrade.com. 29 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Donald P. Balla. "John Doe Is Alive and Well: Designing Pseudonym Use in American Courts" (PDF). Arkansas Law Review. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Milani, Adam A. "DOE V. ROE: AN ARGUMENT FOR DEFENDANT ANONYMITY WHEN A PSEUDONYMOUS PLAINTIFF ALLEGES A STIGMATIZING INTENTIONAL TORT". Lexisnexis.com. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Bradely Hope. "Was ‘John Doe’ Manipulating Treasury Futures? New Lawsuit Says Yes.".
Jump up ^ Carroll, Rory (3 November 2016). "Woman accusing Trump of raping her at 13 cancels her plan to go public". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Poe v. Snyder". www.leagle.com.
Jump up ^ "Friedman v. Ferguson". Law.justia.com.
Jump up ^ Note that the plaintiff-appellant Friedman represented himself, so his use of fictitious names may not reflect legal custom.
Jump up ^ R Balaji (29 March 2012). "'Kolaveri' against piracy". The Hindu Business Line.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FBI Victims Identification Project.
PDF Operation Delego indictment featuring twenty John Does. Accessed 8 January 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Doe&oldid=808488496"
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/wiki/John_Doe_(disambiguation)
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John Doe (disambiguation)

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/wiki/Jane_Doe_(disambiguation)
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Jane Doe (disambiguation)

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Precious Doe

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Landmark decision

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Reliance BIG Pictures

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Mister X (disambiguation)

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http://www.uea.ac.uk/law

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http://pub.bna.com/eclr/277400t3.htm

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http://on.wsj.com/1HKj7CK

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values: جون دو – Arabic

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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Breton
br
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

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https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palleba
Palleba – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Croatian
hr
hr
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Indonesian
id
id
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Italian
it
it
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values: פלוני – Hebrew

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https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

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https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: 名無しの権兵衛 – Japanese

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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Norwegian
no
no
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Джон Доу – Russian

values: Џон Доу – Serbian

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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Swedish
sv
sv
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values: จอห์น โด – Thai

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https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Turkish
tr
tr
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