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The Queen Victoria
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This article is about the fictional public house. For other uses, see Queen Victoria (disambiguation).
"Queen Vic" redirects here. For the market in Melbourne, Australia, see Queen Victoria Market.
The Queen Victoria
The Queen Victoria, as it appeared from November 1992 to September 2010
Series
EastEnders
Type
Public house
First appearance
19 February 1985 (1985-02-19)
Address
46 Albert Square, Walford, London, E20 6PQ
Owners
See list
Employees
See list
The Queen Victoria (more often referred to as The Queen Vic or The Vic) is the Victorian public house in the BBC soap opera, EastEnders. It has the fictional address of 46 Albert Square, Walford, London E20.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearance and development
1.1 2010 fire
2 Storylines
3 Employees
3.1 Current staff
3.2 Previous staff
4 Key events in The Queen Victoria
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Appearance and development[edit]
Exterior of The Queen Victoria as it appeared 2010-2014
In the series' backstory, Albert Square was built around 1860 during the reign of Queen Victoria. Originally the pub was to be called The Balmoral but after the death of Prince Albert it was renamed as a tribute to the mourning Queen. In reality, Albert Square is based on the real Fassett Square in Hackney, but there is no pub there so The Queen Victoria is based on what was once College Park Tavern on Harrow Road in London NW10.[1] Initially, the pub's exterior is first seen painted brown. This is later changed to a green and cream colour scheme before Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) sets alight to the Queen Victoria in 1992, after which it is painted red. Following another blaze in 2010, the pub is painted red, green and cream. On Boxing Day 2013, the new family to the square, the Carters, took over the Queen Vic and since then it has had a refurbishment and has been painted red once again.
During the first months of the show, The Queen Victoria has a partition wall down the middle of the bar which separates it into two sections. The smaller section, known as the 'snug', houses a dart board and fruit machines, whilst the larger section, known as the saloon bar, is used primarily as the customer seating area. Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) gets permission from the brewery to remove the partition in 1985, and hires Tony Carpenter (Oscar James) to do the job. In 2007 the pub has its first refurbishment in 15 years, and another in late 2010.
In reality the pub exterior shell on the outdoor permanent set was built during 1984 for the new series the following year. The exterior shell was made to look as though it had stood for a hundred years. The internal sets are in a studio separate from the building situated in the Square.
Inside Soap said that the pub was the most "haunted" location in EastEnders, considering the number of characters who have died in or outside the building, including Den, Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb), Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements), Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon) and Tom Clements (Donald Tandy) .[2]
2010 fire[edit]
Main article: Queen Vic Fire Week
In a storyline shown during September 2010, The Queen Victoria was severely damaged by a fire. This allowed for a subtle redesign and upgrade of the set; required when high-definition broadcasting commenced.[3] A separate set was built on the George Lucas sound stage at Elstree Studios to enable the pub interior to be set alight safely.
A team of nearly forty-five crew members were involved in the filming of the fire including makeup, stunt team, fire safety officers, cameras, lighting, sound and the costume department.[4] The exterior scenes took five half days to shoot (as it could only be shot at night) and were shot at the BBC studios in Borehamwood. The interior scenes were shot a week after and took three days to film.
Safety necessitated having the set re-created at the Elstree Film Studios stage facility that is designed and equipped to film fire scenes.[4] EastEnders Production Manager Rona McKendrick says "Potentially hazardous scenes like this always require specialist knowledge and we rely on their experience and advice to ensure that everything is achieved as safely as possible. We had a Stunt Team comprising Lee Sheward, our Stunt Co-ordinator and his team of Stunt Doubles. A Visual FX team designed and executed all the fire sequences and we had specialist Fire Officers providing out of vision fire cover / safety."
Of the fire itself, McKendrick said "Everyone was very sad to see The Vic taken out of Stage One and moved to Elstree Film Studios for the burn, I've known the set for 18 years and to see the enormous space it left was as if a piece of history had been removed".[4]
Storylines[edit]
In the EastEnders series spin-off CivvyStreet (1988) life in Albert Square is featured between 1939 and 1945, and The Queen Victoria (The Queen Vic) freehold is owned by the brewery, Luxford & Copley. Ray and Lil Daniels are the landlords. When the series begins, the brewery remain owners and Den (Leslie Grantham) and Angie Watts (Anita Dobson) have been landlords for ten years. Gus and Flo Leonard, and Alf and Polly Barrett are alluded to as landlords prior to the start of the series.
Angie is served with divorce papers by Den on Christmas Day 1986 and two years later he passes control to Frank (Mike Reid) and Pat Butcher (Pam St. Clement). In 1990, Frank and Pat hand over the pub to Eddie Royle. Eddie is murdered by Nick Cotton (John Altman) the following year, and the daughter of Den and Angie, Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean), becomes the first licensee when she buys the freehold of The Queen Vic with the assistance of her husband Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) and his brother Phil (Steve McFadden); the three live there. Grant sets fire to the pub in 1992 in an insurance scam and it is refurbished. Grant and Sharon divorce and their share of The Queen Vic is sold to Grant's mother, Peggy (Barbara Windsor). Peggy marries Frank in 1999 and he again becomes a landlord. When Grant leaves Walford, Peggy's alcoholic son Phil sells his share of pub to Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass) for a mere £5 to spite his domineering mother. However, he subsequently buys back his share and evicts Dan from The Queen Vic. After Frank disappears and leaves her penniless, Peggy is forced to sell the pub in early 2001. The new buyer is revealed to be Sharon, in partnership with Steve Owen (Martin Kemp). Steve has to sell his share to raise ransom money for his wife Mel (Tamzin Outhwaite) and Phil buys back part of The Queen Vic. In 2002, Sharon also sells up to Phil and the pub returns to the control of the Mitchells. Peggy appoints Alfie Moon as manager later that year.
In 2004, Den tricks his way back into ownership of The Queen Vic, and within a few months he is killed by his second wife, Chrissie (Tracy-Ann Oberman), who buries his body in the cellar of pub. Chrissie forges his signature on a deed of transfer and tells the customers that he has left Walford, signing The Queen Vic over to her. Sam Mitchell (Kim Medcalf) digs up Den's body and Chrissie, in a plan to escape, sells the pub to Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and is subsequently arrested for murder. Her confessing to forging his signature nullifies the sale to Ian and ownership reverts to Sharon, Den's heir. Sharon returns The Queen Vic to Peggy and Phil. When Sam (now played by Danniella Westbrook) breaks bail in 2009, the family goes into debt. Phil secures The Queen Vic against a loan from Ian, who is forced to sell it to Peggy's ex-husband Archie (Larry Lamb). The Mitchells initially continue running the pub but Peggy relents and hands over control to Archie and his fiancée Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) after her step daughter Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack) suffers a miscarriage during a confrontation with her father Archie. After Archie is murdered on Christmas Day, his daughter Roxy (Rita Simons) inherits The Queen Vic. When Roxy tries to sell it on, Peggy objects, and Roxy signs over the pub to her. Later in 2010, Phil develops a drug addiction and is locked in a room in the pub by Peggy. After he escapes, he argues with his mother and sets fire to the pub as an act of revenge. The fire traps him and Stacey Branning (Lacey Turner) along with her baby Lily, but they all manage to escape.
Again, fire destroys The Queen Vic and Peggy transfers ownership to Phil before she leaves Walford. Phil renovates the pub and rents it to Alfie Moon and his wife Kat (Jessie Wallace). Kat is away temporarily in 2012 when Roxy again is landlady but upon Kat's return, The Queen Vic is forced to close down due to an outbreak of bed bugs, the source of which was thought to be Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), who has been staying. Instead, it was found that the source was the flat where Kat was meeting her lover Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman). The Queen Vic returns to Phil when Kat and Alfie fail to pay rent and Roxy is again made manager. However, Phil has a change of mind about Kat and Alfie when he finds out from Kat about her affair and subsequent attempt to save her marriage, all the while leaving Roxy as manager. During Christmas 2012, Alfie finds out about the affair, they separate and Roxy and Amy move back to The Queen Vic. Roxy replaces Kat as the joint licensee of the pub with Alfie, but leaves after Alfie reunites with Kat on the day of his and Roxy's wedding. As an act of revenge against the Moons, Phil decides to sell the pub and Alfie and Kat are forced to move out. Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) buys The Queen Victoria on Christmas Day, 2013, and the following day moves into the pub with his wife Linda Carter (Kellie Bright) and son Johnny Carter (Sam Strike). Phil is surprised to discover that Mick is Shirley's brother. When Shirley persuades their estranged father into giving them £10,000 to repair the rising damp in the cellar, Mick and Linda give Shirley a 10% stake in the pub.
In 2016, Mick and Linda's son, Lee Carter (Danny-Boy Hatchard) gets into debt, and Mick pays it off by taking out loans. The family struggle to pay for court fines after Babe Smith (Annette Badland) sells alcohol outside of licensing hours, repairs to a leaking roof, for Sylvie Carter's (Linda Marlowe) funeral, and vets bills for their dog, Lady Di (Hot Lips). While Linda and Mick are away, Linda sends Woody Woodward (Lee Ryan) to look after the pub as a manager. Max Branning (Jake Wood) hears of the Carters' financial problems and suggests to Shirley that they sell the freehold of the pub. Shirley convinces Linda but they do not tell Mick, and Shirley forges his signature. The new freeholders, Grafton Hill, send Fi Browning (Lisa Faulkner), a business consultant, to look at ways to maximise profit at the pub, and concludes that two members of staff need to be made redundant, but insists that the freeholders want Woody to stay, so barmaid Tracey (Jane Slaughter) is made redundant. It then emerges that the company Max works for, Weyland & Co, are involved and they have a mole in the pub, as the company is planning to redevelop the local area and The Queen Vic is their first target. It is soon revealed that Fi is the mole, and Grafton Hill makes them pay for further repairs. Fi tricks the Carters into thinking the debt is less, so when they fail to pay, they are given a month to leave and it is revealed that Fi's father, James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde) is the owner. However, after Fi realises that James is a rapist and he is arrested for fraud, she offers the Carters the chance to buy the Vic back, which they are eventually able to do.
Employees[edit]
Current staff[edit]
Character
Job role
Years
Mick Carter Landlord 2013–
Linda Carter Landlady 2013–
Shirley Carter Landlady 2014-
Whitney Carter Barmaid 2011, 2015–
Tracey Barmaid 1989–
Previous staff[edit]
Job role
Characters
Owners Luxford and Copley, Sharon Watts, Sam Mitchell, Den Watts, Chrissie Watts, Ian Beale, Archie Mitchell, Roxy Mitchell, Peggy Mitchell, Phil Mitchell, Grafton Hill, Fi Browning
Landlords and licensees Ray Sewell, Lil Sewell, Gus Leonard, Flo Leonard, Alf Barratt, Polly Barratt, Den Watts, Angie Watts, Jan Hammond, Pat Butcher, Frank Butcher, Eddie Royle, Sharon Watts, Grant Mitchell, Dan Sullivan, Steve Owen, Chrissie Watts, Phil Mitchell, Archie Mitchell, Peggy Mitchell, Alfie Moon, Kat Moon, Roxy Mitchell
Managing supervisors James Willmott-Brown, Sam Mitchell, Ronnie Mitchell, Sharon Mitchell, Fi Browning
Bar managers Simon Wicks, Sharon Watts, Barry Evans, Alfie Moon, Roxy Mitchell, Woody Woodward
Bartenders Lofty Holloway, Arthur Fowler, Nina Harris, Sam Mitchell, Ricky Butcher, Little Mo Mitchell, Kat Slater, Spencer Moon, Jake Moon, Simon Wicks, Melanie Healy, Trevor Morgan, Donna Ludlow, Kathy Beale, Clyde Tavernier, Michelle Fowler, Cindy Beale, Steve Elliot, Tiffany Mitchell, Debbie Wilkins, Lorraine Wicks, Jan Hammond, Binnie Roberts, Josie McFarlane, Mary Flaherty, Shelley Lewis, Dennis Rickman, Honey Mitchell, Sean Slater, Dawn Swann, Danny Mitchell, Glenda Mitchell, Ronnie Mitchell, Chelsea Fox, Christian Clarke, Pat Butcher, Billy Mitchell, Peggy Mitchell, Janine Butcher, Stacey Slater, Eddie Moon, Tyler Moon, Ryan Malloy, Jodie Gold, Kim Fox, Roxy Mitchell, Mo Harris, Ray Dixon, Jean Slater, Patrick Trueman, Fatboy, Kirsty Branning, Babe Smith, Nancy Carter, Lee Carter, Stacey Fowler, Masood Ahmed, Johnny Carter, Callum Highway
Cleaners Ethel Skinner, Pauline Fowler, Little Mo Mitchell, Rosie Miller, Juley Smith, Danielle Jones, Mo Harris, Julie Perkins, Billy Mitchell, Bianca Jackson, Kat Slater, Lauren Branning, Shirley Carter, Denise Fox
Potmen Tom Clements, Jim Branning, Charlie Slater, Ted Murray, Patrick Trueman
Caterers and cooks Ethel Skinner, Debbie Wilkins, Magda Czajkowski, Cindy Beale, Hattie Tavernier, Ian Beale, Christian Clarke, Jane Beale, Jean Slater, Ray Dixon, Babe Smith, Abi Branning
Events managers Jean Slater, Babe Smith
Key events in The Queen Victoria[edit]
The Queen Victoria's bust of Queen Victoria (pictured on display at the Elstree and Borehamwood Museum) was used from 1993 until 2010, and from 2012 onwards.
1980s
1985: Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) has off-screen sex in the bar with his daughter's best friend, Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), resulting in her pregnancy.
1986: Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement) tells her former husband Pete Beale (Peter Dean) that he is not the father of her son Simon (Nick Berry).
1986: Den serves his wife Angie (Anita Dobson) with divorce papers, on Christmas Day.
1988: Potman Tom Clements (Donald Tandy) dies in the gentlemen's toilets, of a stroke, on 21 April.
1990s
1992: Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) sets fire to the pub to claim money on the insurance, with his wife, Sharon (Letitia Dean), trapped inside.
1994: Michelle is shot by Dougie Briggs (Max Gold).
1994: "Sharongate": Sharon is caught out when Grant plays in the bar a taped confession of her affair with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) during Phil and Kathy Beale's (Gillian Taylforth) engagement party.
1995: Grant and Michelle have sex in the bar, which results in Michelle's pregnancy.
1996: Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) publicly declares he is HIV positive.
1998: Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon) falls down the stairs and falsely accuses Grant of pushing her.
1998: Bianca Butcher (Patsy Palmer) gives birth to her son Liam Butcher in the pub.
1999: Bianca and Dan Sullivan's (Craig Fairbrass) affair is blurted out by Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) which results in Carol having an abortion.
2000s
2000: Pat and Frank Butcher (Mike Reid) are humiliated by Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor) when she exposes their affair by reading out a goodbye letter from Frank.
2001: Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) pays Jamie Mitchell (Jack Ryder) to smash the windows in order to play mind games with Phil
2002: A fight breaks out between the Slaters and the Truemans.
2003: Little Mo Mitchell (Kacey Ainsworth) is raped – and impregnated – by Graham Foster (Alex McSweeney).
2003: Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace) and Alfie Moon (Shane Richie) marry on Christmas Day.
2005: Den is murdered by his wife Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman) with Pauline Fowler's (Wendy Richard) dog-shaped doorstop; she buries his body under concrete in the cellar of the pub.
2005: Den's corpse is uncovered by Sam Mitchell (Kim Medcalf) on the wedding day of Sharon and Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman).
2007: The pub is raided by Terry Bates (Nicholas Bell) and his gang who are looking for Jase Dyer (Stephen Lord); the interior is destroyed.
2008: On Christmas Day, Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky) discovers that he is not the real father of Amy Mitchell.
2009: At the wedding reception of Peggy and Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb), Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack) discovers that Danielle Jones (Lauren Crace) is her daughter.
2009: Archie Mitchell is murdered on Christmas Day when Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner) pushes the bust of Queen Victoria onto his head.
2010s
2010: While resisting arrest for Archie's murder, Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements) falls to his death from the pub roof.
2010: The pub is raided by Billie Jackson (Devon Anderson) and his crew for money.
2010: Phil starts a fire that destroys the entire building to hurt his mother, Peggy.
2010: On Christmas Eve, Janine Malloy (Charlie Brooks) reveals that Stacey killed Archie.
2010: Mo Harris (Laila Morse) delivers Kat's baby Tommy in the barrel store on 30 December.
2011: On New Year's Day, Ronnie swaps her dead baby James with Kat's son Tommy.
2012: Kat begins an affair with a mystery man, later revealed to be Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman).
2012: A huge fight breaks out between members of the pub's football team.
2013: Kat Moon and Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) have a catfight in the pub, with Alfie and Michael Moon (Steve John Shepherd) having to break it up.
2013: Whilst attending Jack Branning's (Scott Maslen) birthday party, Max Branning (Jake Wood) is arrested for attempted murder after supposedly tampering with the brakes of Carl White's (Daniel Coonan) car, leading to the car crash that injured Carl and left Phil fighting for his life.
2014: Stan Carter (Timothy West) accidentally leaves a lit cigarette near the curtains causing a small fire, which is then extinguished by firemen.
2014: Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo) rapes Linda Carter (Kellie Bright) on the kitchen table.
2014: After learning that Linda was raped by Dean, Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) destroys the interior of the pub.
2014: Shirley Carter (Linda Henry) stops Mick killing Dean by revealing they are brothers.
2015: Kim Fox-Hubbard (Tameka Empson) gives birth to her baby girl, Pearl, in the toilets.
2015: Dean threatens to set fire to the pub but is stopped by Mick and Nancy Carter (Maddy Hill).
2015: Linda falls down the stairs whilst pregnant.
2016: Ryan Malloy (Neil McDermott) steals money from the safe.
2016: Nancy and Lee Carter (Danny-Boy Hatchard) fight, causing Ollie Carter to hit his head after his highchair is knocked over. Ollie later stops breathing and suffers a seizure.
2016: Ben Mitchell (Harry Reid) humiliates his girlfriend Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald) by dragging her onto the karaoke stage in her underwear and revealing that she lied about being pregnant and suffering a miscarriage.
2016: It is revealed to a packed pub that Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick) has been dating 14 year old schoolgirl Linzi Bragg (Amy-Leigh Hickman).
2016: During Stacey and Martin Fowler's (James Bye) wedding reception, Bobby Beale (Eliot Carrington) confesses that he murdered his half-sister Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater).
2016: Abi locks Babe Smith (Annette Badland) in the walk-in freezer.
2016: Three armed robbers raid the pub; Johnny Carter (Ted Reilly) is injured.
2017: Babe serves alcohol to an undercover police officer, leading to her, Mick and Shirley being arrested.
2017: Bex Fowler (Jasmine Armfield) confronts Michelle in front of a packed pub over whether she has been having sex with Preston Cooper (Martin Anzor).
2017: Sylvie Carter (Linda Marlowe) dies by electrocuting herself in the bath.
2017: The ceiling collapses in the kitchen as a result of leakage, trapping the Carter family's dog, Lady Di (Hot Lips).
2017: Steven Beale (Aaron Sidwell) proposes to Lauren Branning (Jacqueline Jossa) in a full pub and she accepts.
2017: Hugo Browning (Simon Williams) informs the Carters that The Vic needs £60,000 of building repairs giving them 5 weeks to come up with the money for them or be evicted. This leads to Mick insulting Hugo, whilst Linda throws a drink over Fi Browning (Lisa Faulkner).
2017: Most of Max Branning (Jake Wood)'s scheming is uncovered as he publicly kisses Fi before Carmel Kazemi (Bonnie Langford) is expecting him to propose to her. It is also revealed that Fi wilfully misled the Carters in falling short of raising the £60,000 therefore, ownership falls onto James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde)'s company, Weyland & Co, which owns Grafton Hill, the company that in turn owns the freehold of the pub.
2017: While attempting to prevent their dad Max Branning (Jake Wood) from committing suicide, Lauren and Abi Branning (Jacqueline Jossa and Lorna Fitzgerald) fall from the roof of the pub in the same place as their half-brother Bradley. Lauren survives while Abi later dies of her injuries.
2018: Cal (Jesse Rutherford) starts dealing drugs in the pub under the instruction of Aidan Maguire (Patrick Bergin).
See also[edit]
List of fictional pubs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hassell, Katherine (15 February 2015). "The most memorable moments of EastEnders". Daily Express. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Soap's Most Haunted!". Inside Soap. 2016 (43): 49. 29 October – 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Green, Kris (22 June 2010). "'EastEnders' pub to burn down in blaze". Digital Spy. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Conder, Matt (15 September 2010). "Walford Web – Walford Lite – The Great Fire of Walford – Behind the Scenes". Walford Web. Walford Web. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
External links[edit]
The Queen Victoria BBC EastEnders profile via The Internet Archive
[hide]
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text:
Lever
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This article is about the simple machine. For other uses, see Lever (disambiguation).
Lever
Levers can be used to exert a large force over a small distance at one end by exerting only a small force over a greater distance at the other.
Classification
Simple machine
Industry
Construction
Weight
Mass times gravitational acceleration
Fuel source
potential and kinetic energy (mechanical energy)
Components
fulcrum or pivot, load and effort
Examples
see-saw, bottle opener, etc.
A lever (/ˈliːvər/ or US: /ˈlɛvər/) is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of the location of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the lever.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Early use
3 Force and levers
4 Classes of levers
5 Law of the lever
6 Virtual work and the law of the lever
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word "lever" entered English about 1300 from Old French, in which the word was levier. This sprang from the stem of the verb lever, meaning "to raise". The verb, in turn, goes back to the Latin levare, itself from the adjective levis, meaning "light" (as in "not heavy"). The word's primary origin is the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem legwh-, meaning "light", "easy" or "nimble", among other things. The PIE stem also gave rise to the English word "light".[1]
Early use[edit]
The earliest remaining writings regarding levers date from the 3rd century BCE and were provided by Archimedes. 'Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the Earth with it' is a remark of Archimedes who formally stated the correct mathematical principle of levers (quoted by Pappus of Alexandria).
It is assumed[by whom?] that in ancient Egypt, constructors used the lever to move and uplift obelisks weighing more than 100 tons.
Force and levers[edit]
A lever in balance
A lever is a beam connected to ground by a hinge, or pivot, called a fulcrum. The ideal lever does not dissipate or store energy, which means there is no friction in the hinge or bending in the beam. In this case, the power into the lever equals the power out, and the ratio of output to input force is given by the ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to the points of application of these forces. This is known as the law of the lever.[citation needed]
The mechanical advantage of a lever can be determined by considering the balance of moments or torque, T, about the fulcrum.
T 1 = F 1 a , {\displaystyle T_{1}=F_{1}a,\!} T 2 = F 2 b {\displaystyle T_{2}=F_{2}b\!}
where F1 is the input force to the lever and F2 is the output force. The distances a and b are the perpendicular distances between the forces and the fulcrum.
Since the moments of torque must be balanced, T 1 = T 2 {\displaystyle T_{1}=T_{2}\!} . So, F 1 a = F 2 b {\displaystyle F_{1}a=F_{2}b\!} .
The mechanical advantage of the lever is the ratio of output force to input force,
M A = F 2 F 1 = a b . {\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{2}}{F_{1}}}={\frac {a}{b}}.\!}
This relationship shows that the mechanical advantage can be computed from ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to where the input and output forces are applied to the lever, assuming no losses due to friction, flexibility or wear. This remains true even though the horizontal distance (perpendicular to the pull of gravity) of both a and b change (diminish) as the lever changes to any position away from the horizontal.
Classes of levers[edit]
Three classes of levers
Levers are classified by the relative positions of the fulcrum, effort and resistance (or load). It is common to call the input force the effort and the output force the load or the resistance. This allows the identification of three classes of levers by the relative locations of the fulcrum, the resistance and the effort:[2]
Class 1: Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance (or load) on the other side, for example, a seesaw, a crowbar or a pair of scissors. Mechanical advantage may be greater than, less than, or equal to 1.
Class 2: Resistance (or load) in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the resistance and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a wheelbarrow, a nutcracker, a bottle opener or the brake pedal of a car. Load arm is smaller than the effort arm. Mechanical advantage is always greater than 1. It is also called force multiplier lever.
Class 3: Effort in the middle: the resistance (or load) is on one side of the effort and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a pair of tweezers or the jaw. The effort arm is smaller than the load arm. Mechanical advantage is always less than 1. It is also called speed multiplier lever.
These cases are described by the mnemonic fre 123 where the fulcrum is in the middle for the 1st class lever, the resistance is in the middle for the 2nd class lever, and the effort is in the middle for the 3rd class lever.
Law of the lever[edit]
The lever is a movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum attached to a fixed point. The lever operates by applying forces at different distances from the fulcrum, or a pivot.
Assuming the lever does not dissipate or store energy, the power into the lever must equal the power out of the lever. As the lever rotates around the fulcrum, points farther from this pivot move faster than points closer to the pivot. Therefore, a force applied to a point farther from the pivot must be less than the force located at a point closer in, because power is the product of force and velocity.[3]
If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and the force FA applied to A is the input and the force FB applied at B is the output, the ratio of the velocities of points A and B is given by a/b, so we have the ratio of the output force to the input force, or mechanical advantage, is given by
M A = F B F A = a b . {\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{B}}{F_{A}}}={\frac {a}{b}}.}
This is the law of the lever, which was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning.[4] It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to where the input force is applied (point A) is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to where the output force is applied (point B), then the lever amplifies the input force. On the other hand, if the distance a from the fulcrum to the input force is less than the distance b from the fulcrum to the output force, then the lever reduces the input force.
The use of velocity in the static analysis of a lever is an application of the principle of virtual work.
Virtual work and the law of the lever[edit]
A lever is modeled as a rigid bar connected to a ground frame by a hinged joint called a fulcrum. The lever is operated by applying an input force FA at a point A located by the coordinate vector rA on the bar. The lever then exerts an output force FB at the point B located by rB. The rotation of the lever about the fulcrum P is defined by the rotation angle θ in radians.
This is an engraving from Mechanics Magazine published in London in 1824.
Let the coordinate vector of the point P that defines the fulcrum be rP, and introduce the lengths
a = | r A − r P | , b = | r B − r P | , {\displaystyle a=|\mathbf {r} _{A}-\mathbf {r} _{P}|,\quad b=|\mathbf {r} _{B}-\mathbf {r} _{P}|,}
which are the distances from the fulcrum to the input point A and to the output point B, respectively.
Now introduce the unit vectors eA and eB from the fulcrum to the point A and B, so
r A − r P = a e A , r B − r P = b e B . {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}-\mathbf {r} _{P}=a\mathbf {e} _{A},\quad \mathbf {r} _{B}-\mathbf {r} _{P}=b\mathbf {e} _{B}.}
The velocity of the points A and B are obtained as
v A = θ ˙ a e A ⊥ , v B = θ ˙ b e B ⊥ , {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{A}={\dot {\theta }}a\mathbf {e} _{A}^{\perp },\quad \mathbf {v} _{B}={\dot {\theta }}b\mathbf {e} _{B}^{\perp },}
where eA⊥ and eB⊥ are unit vectors perpendicular to eA and eB, respectively.
The angle θ is the generalized coordinate that defines the configuration of the lever, and the generalized force associated with this coordinate is given by
F θ = F A ⋅ ∂ v A ∂ θ ˙ − F B ⋅ ∂ v B ∂ θ ˙ = a ( F A ⋅ e A ⊥ ) − b ( F B ⋅ e B ⊥ ) = a F A − b F B , {\displaystyle F_{\theta }=\mathbf {F} _{A}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {v} _{A}}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}-\mathbf {F} _{B}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {v} _{B}}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}=a(\mathbf {F} _{A}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{A}^{\perp })-b(\mathbf {F} _{B}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{B}^{\perp })=aF_{A}-bF_{B},}
where FA and FB are components of the forces that are perpendicular to the radial segments PA and PB. The principle of virtual work states that at equilibrium the generalized force is zero, that is
F θ = a F A − b F B = 0. {\displaystyle F_{\theta }=aF_{A}-bF_{B}=0.\,\!}
Thus, the ratio of the output force FB to the input force FA is obtained as
M A = F B F A = a b , {\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{B}}{F_{A}}}={\frac {a}{b}},}
which is the mechanical advantage of the lever.
This equation shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to the point A where the input force is applied is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to the point B where the output force is applied, then the lever amplifies the input force. If the opposite is true that the distance from the fulcrum to the input point A is less than from the fulcrum to the output point B, then the lever reduces the magnitude of the input force.
See also[edit]
Applied mechanics
Linkage (mechanical)
Mechanical advantage
Mechanism (engineering)
Simple machine
Tipping point (physics)
Virtual work
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Etymology of the word "lever" in the Online Etymological
Jump up ^ Davidovits, Paul (2008). "Chapter 1". Physics in Biology and Medicine, Third edition. Academic Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-12-369411-9.
Jump up ^ Uicker, John; Pennock, Gordon; Shigley, Joseph (2010). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms (4th ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-537123-9.
Jump up ^ Usher, A. P. (1929). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Harvard University Press (reprinted by Dover Publications 1988). p. 94. ISBN 978-0-486-14359-0. OCLC 514178. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Levers.
Look up lever in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Lever at Diracdelta science and engineering encyclopedia
A Simple Lever by Stephen Wolfram, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Levers: Simple Machines at EnchantedLearning.com
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Poluga – Serbo-Croatian
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values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipu
Vipu – Finnish
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fi
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values:
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values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalawit
Dalawit – Tagalog
tl
tl
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values: நெம்புகோல் – Tamil

values:
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values: తులాదండము – Telugu

values:
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values: คาน (กลศาสตร์) – Thai

values:
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values:
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values:
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values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leva
Leva – Venetian
vec
vec
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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