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Jessie (Toy Story)
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Jessie
Toy Story character
Jessie in a promotional image of Toy Story 3
First appearance
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Created by
John Lasseter
Pete Docter
Ash Brannon
Andrew Stanton
Voiced by
Joan Cusack (films, Toy Story Toons, Toy Story of Terror!, Toy Story That Time Forgot, video games, merchandise, attractions)
Mary Kay Bergman (yodeling voice; Toy Story 2)
Kathryn Cressida (Disney Infinity series)
Information
Nickname(s)
Jessie the Yodeling Cowgirl
Jess
Bazooka Jane
Princess of the Prairie
Cowgirl
Species
Humanoid pull-string doll
Gender
Female
Occupation
Toy
Title
Cowgirl
Significant other(s)
Buzz Lightyear
Place of origin
Woody's Roundup
Jessie The Yodeling Cowgirl is a fictional character from the films Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3. At Christmas in 1999, the Wall Street Journal called Jessie toys among the hottest of the season.[1] In the movie, she is a very rare toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show Woody's Roundup, where the characters included Sheriff Woody, Jessie, Stinky Pete the Prospector and Bullseye, Woody's horse. Her hair is formed in a ponytail braid tied with a bow. Jessie the doll has a character very similar to the one portrayed on the television show. She is excitable, brave, and very athletic. The doll, however, carries a great deal of sadness, as she was abandoned by her original owner, which left her somewhat distrustful. Years of being in storage have made her somewhat withdrawn, and noticeably afraid of the dark, to the extent of hyperventilating whenever she is inside dark enclosed spaces, or even at just the thought of being abandoned.
But she longs to again be a source of joy to a child, and this wish comes true at the end of Toy Story 2 when Andy accepted her (and Bullseye) into his toy collection. In Toy Story 3, while she still displays signs of the fear of the dark, storage, and being abandoned in the beginning when she and the toys mistakenly believe that they are being thrown away by Andy, throughout the rest of the film, she appears to be more loyal, confident and helpful to others, in the process developing a romantic relationship with Buzz Lightyear.
She reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation (released with Cars 2) and Small Fry (released with The Muppets).
Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films, while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and "Woody's Roundup" TV-show voice in Toy Story 2. Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released, so the film was dedicated to her.
Jessie also makes a cameo in Monsters, Inc. as one of Boo's toys that she gives to Sulley.[2]
In October 2000, Jessie received the Patsy Montana Entertainer Award from the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame.[3] She is also portrayed by Devon Dawson live on stage as a guest with Riders in the Sky in their concert and plays the guitar.
Jessie is the namesake of version 8 of the Debian operating system. The code names of Debian releases are names of characters from the Toy Story films. This naming tradition came because Bruce Perens was involved in the early development of Debian while working at Pixar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
1.1 Films
1.1.1 Toy Story 2
1.1.2 Toy Story 3
1.2 Other appearances
1.2.1 Television
1.2.2 Attractions
1.2.3 Video games
2 Personality
3 Relationships
4 Merchandising
5 External links
6 References
Appearances[edit]
Films[edit]
Toy Story 2[edit]
When Jessie is introduced, she tackles Woody with excitement about finally meeting a Woody doll. She is happy that she and the other toys are finally going to come out of storage and go to the toy museum in Japan that they are destined for.
It is Jessie who introduced Woody to the facts about the character on which he is based. She shows him a large array of merchandise based on "Woody's Roundup" and Stinky Pete explains how the show was canceled after the launch of Sputnik and the resulting interest in the Space Race and science fiction, diminishing the popularity of westerns.
When Woody indicates that he has no intention of going to Japan, she becomes bitter, and Woody comes to suspect her of attempting to sabotage his escape, including waking Al to prevent Woody from recovering his damaged arm. After Woody is fixed, he learns Jessie's tragic back story about her previous owner by way of her song, "When She Loved Me". Woody tells Jessie that, if only she knew his owner, Andy, she might understand why he wants to return to his home. He attempts to explain his bond with his owner to her, but she interrupts him, guessing that Woody's going to say that Andy's a "real special kid" and that Woody feels like he's alive when Andy's playing with him because, even though he's not moving, that's how Andy sees him. Woody, shocked by the accuracy of her statement, asks how she knows that about him. She says simply: "Emily was just the same. She was my whole world." As the song begins to play, the audience sees that Jessie once had an owner who loved her as much as Andy loves Woody. The flashback shows Emily, her horse-loving young owner, happily playing, laughing, and cuddling with Jessie. The two are clearly inseparable, with Emily even bringing her toy along with her on car rides. Emily's childhood bedroom is designed with a Wild West-equestrian theme of sorts, with figures of horses, toy guitars, cowhide and plaid patterns, and horseshoes decorating the room. Various Jessie memorabilia, like lunchboxes, alarm clocks, and picture frames, also are present in the room; Emily even dresses in plaid shirts, denim shorts, cowgirl boots, and a replica of Jessie's signature cowgirl hat. However, the audience sees that, as the girl grows older into her adolescence, she begins to forget more and more about her childhood interests and begins to explore things like make-up, nail polish, and vinyl records. Jessie, who once always had a spot on the center of Emily's bed, has now fallen through a crevice and lies underneath it, forgotten. While Emily has once loved playing pretend with her toys, now — as the audience sees from Jessie's point of view beneath the bed — she prefers inviting her friends over, painting each other's nails, listening to music. Jessie lies on the ground, ignored and unhappy, until one day, Emily finds her under the bed for the first time in several years. She takes the toy along with her to share a day on a car trip, like they did when Emily was a child. Jessie finally feels loved and happy once more, as if things will go back to the way they were. The car comes to a stop, however, and their relaxing day together is put to an end when Emily places Jessie in a donations box on the side of the road, to be given away to charity. The shocked Jessie looks on as her owner drives away and leaves her, and the song draws to a close. Jessie then states, "You never forget kids like Emily or Andy, but they forget you." Woody, realizing he could easily suffer the same fate with Andy, then chooses to stay, which Jessie finds absolutely thrilling, especially when he begins to anticipate his journey to Japan in excitement.
Ultimately, it is Stinky Pete that is revealed as the attempted saboteur when Woody finally decides to take Jessie and Bullseye with him back to Andy's room. Because of Stinky Pete's sabotage, Al packs the roundup gang into the case and heads for the airport. There, Buzz Lightyear and the toys free Woody and gets rid of the vile Stinky Pete by stuffing him into a backpack belonging to a little girl who loves to decorate her toys. Despite this, Jessie still remains trapped as the case gets loaded into the luggage transporter, while Bullseye manages to escape in time. Buzz and Woody mount Bullseye and chase after the luggage transporter, which Woody climbs onto.
Woody follows the case into the plane's cargo hold and frees Jessie from inside. When Woody offers to take Jessie to Andy's home with him, she is rather uncertain at first, but eagerly accepts when she learns from Woody that Andy has a baby sister named Molly. However, the two toys become trapped in the cargo hold, but Woody locates another escape hatch. Using his pull-string, Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz just before the plane takes off. At the very end of the film, when Andy returns from camp after the toys return home, he is pleased to have the new toys added into his collection, calling Jessie "Bazooka Jane," and Buzz seems to have developed a romantic interest in her, nervously complimenting her hair.
Touched and amused by this comment, Jessie, in return, describes Buzz as "the sweetest space toy she has ever met." Then, Andy's dog, Buster, has to go outside...and Jessie finds the toy racetrack, and rides on top of a toy car, yodeling, to the door. Buzz is impressed by this to the point where his wings suddenly pop open. Shortly after, she and Buzz are seen together with Woody and Bo Peep as they watch Wheezy sing "You've Got a Friend in Me."
Toy Story 3[edit]
In Toy Story 3, after Andy seemingly throws them away, it is Jessie who convinces the other toys to be given to Sunnyside Daycare, refusing to relive the trauma she felt when she was given away by Emily. She fails to realize that Andy intended to put them in the attic and that his mother threw them out by accident, and stubbornly refuses to listen to Woody when he tries to clear up the misunderstanding, arguing that Andy has moved on and that they must do the same.
Jessie is thrilled to learn that the children at Sunnyside are replaced with new children when they grow older, meaning the toys can never be outgrown. She tries to persuade Woody to join the others in beginning their lives anew at the daycare, but Woody reluctantly calls her and the other toys selfish and leaves to return to Andy alone, leaving Jessie hurt and saddened. Shortly after, she and the other toys discover they have been placed in a room with very young children, who roughly yet innocently abuse them, as Jessie gets her hair painted green.
Afterward, Mrs. Potato Head sees Andy searching for his missing toys through her eye that was left in his room, allowing Jessie and the others to realize that they were wrong about Andy. They decide to return home, but are instead imprisoned in the daycare by Lotso, who had also reset Buzz into thinking he is a space ranger again and turned him against them. All the toys have left for company is Woody's hat, which was left behind during his escape. Fearing Lotso had killed Woody, Jessie is left in her cell feeling incredibly guilty.
Following another rough play date with the young children, Andy's toys are reunited with Woody, who had a change of heart and returned to rescue his friends. Jessie apologizes for not listening to Woody, who apologizes in return for leaving. The toys carry out their plan to break out of Sunnyside but matters are further complicated when they accidentally reset Buzz into a Spanish version of his deluded self. Jessie is initially uncomfortable with this change, but is quickly won over by his Spanish lover charms. It is also only through this that Buzz finally notices Jessie's deep romantic feelings for him.
When the toys get stuck in a garbage truck along with Lotso, Jessie is heroically rescued from being buried in trash by Buzz, who is then nearly crushed by a falling television set. Jessie despairs over Buzz's apparent death, but he soon emerges unscathed and with his normal personality restored by the hit. She passionately kisses him on the cheek over and over, happy to see that he is alive and to say thanks for saving her. The toys are then dumped in a landfill and are nearly killed by a trash incinerator because of Lotso's selfishness. However, the Squeeze Toy Aliens rescue them all using a crane. Once they are safe outside the incinerator, Jessie and Buzz's mutual looks indicate the clear understanding of their feelings for each other. While Lotso gets strapped to the grille of a garbage truck as punishment for his deeds, the toys return home to Andy and prepare to be stored in the attic; with Woody's intervention, though, they are instead given to Bonnie, a girl who took Woody to her home while he was away. Andy plays with his toys one last time, giving her the closure to lovingly see her old owner off to college. Jessie quickly adapts to her new life as one of Bonnie's toys and, at one point, decides to take advantage of Buzz's Spanish side so they can dance together to "Hay Un Amigo En Mí" (a Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me").
Other appearances[edit]
Television[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2013)
In Toy Story of Terror, Jessie is forced to confront her nyctophobia and claustrophobia in this half-hour story which features the rest of Bonnie's toys looking for a disappeared Mr. Potato Head. True to classic tropes in thriller and horror narratives, each member of the search party vanishes one at time as they are hunted by an unseen stalker, with Jessie as the sole surviving "final girl".
She returns in Toy Story That Time Forgot
Attractions[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2013)
In Toy Story Midway Mania, Jessie and her friends are featured in the interactive dark ride at Disney California Adventure and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Woody and Jessie are featured in Big Thunder Ranch's outdoor stage and dining area, and Woody's Roundup Village's meet and greet area. They can also be found in the Splash Mountain courtyard in Frontierland at the Magic Kingdom. Woody and Jessie are featured in the North America Room of It's a Small World.
Video games[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2013)
Jessie is featured as a playable character in Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity 3.0, voiced by Kat Cressida.
Personality[edit]
Jessie is depicted as being hyper, hearty, energetic, and outgoing, and noticeably more free-spirited and loose than the orderly and calm Woody. She is slightly tomboyish and her character in the television series 'Woody's Roundup' that spawned merchandising such as dolls like Woody and herself is portrayed as being equally bubbly, rambunctious, and adventurous, aided by woodland creatures represented by obvious string puppets. She's also a talented yodeler.
Despite Jessie's extreme cheerfulness and sunny personality, she is scarred by a bleak and slightly depressing and melancholy background, where she was outgrown and abandoned by her owner Emily over time. She spent years afterward as a collector's item owned by Al packaged in a dark cardboard box along with Stinky Pete and Bull's-Eye, and was permanently scarred with claustrophobia and nyctophobia as a result, thrusting herself into horrible panic attacks when in confined spaces or faced with the threat of being stored away again. For years, she also was marked with a strong sense of feeling unloved, which she masked with her extreme playfulness, which was pacified after having been adopted by Andy: however, she still appears to be haunted by her lonely past at certain times, such as in the third film of the franchise when Andy was preparing for college; in this film, she says "I should have seen this coming! It's Emily all over again!".
She has green eyes, red "yarn" hair with a braided ponytail, fair "plastic" skin, rosy cheeks, pink lips, auburn eyebrows and a small nose. She also has a yellow ribbon that tied to the bottom of her ponytailed hair, white long-sleeved western-style shirt with both yellow blouse and cuffs that have red doodles, blue jeans, a pair of white chaps with cow spots all over, brown "plastic" boots, matching "plastic" belt with gold "plastic" buckle, crimson "plastic" cowgirl hat, and a pull string on her back with a white loop attached to it.
Relationships[edit]
Woody and Jessie share a sibling-like relationship. Since meeting each other in Al's penthouse, the two share a close bond. The two are shown to have pretty heated arguments from time to time, mostly where Andy is concerned, as he's fiercely loyal and she's more reluctant to trust due to her past, but deeply care for each other.
Both Bullseye and Jessie bonded in Woody's Roundup. Since then the two have been inseparable. The two are almost never seen without the other being close behind.
Her relationship with Buzz was only hinted at the end of Toy Story 2 when Buzz became instantly infatuated with her looks and her adventurous personality. In Toy Story 3, their relationship hadn't evolved much since Toy Story 2, but it's shown that Jessie is fond of Buzz, and he is protective of her. After their "Operation: Playtime" plan failed, Buzz gives an exceptionally sad look to Jessie as she climbs out of the box, and he also gives her sympathetic looks when she has panic attacks and when they argue about going to Sunnyside. Before getting taken to Sunnyside, Buzz is shown being a little more concerned over Jessie when she goes into a panic attack and says "We're being abandoned!". Even later, in the demo mode which he is put in by Lotso and his henchmen, he remains attracted to Jessie, calling her a "temptress" with "bewitching good looks." Then again, after being reset into Spanish Mode, Buzz is still shown to be attracted to her, and openly expresses this, calling her (in Spanish) "my desert flower", dancing around her and asking her to join him in his adventures exploring the galaxy, shielding her from Mr. Potato Head when he saw him as a threat, getting jealous when she hugged Woody, showing an obvious desire to impress her, and saving her from not only being pinned under the trash, but from being crushed by a falling TV set. Jessie first shows signs of strong feelings for Buzz during this rescue and when he is first thought to have perished after the TV set falls on him, she is clearly in despair. She even kisses him on the cheek when Buzz woke up. But it is actually during the incinerator scene when they truly realize their feelings for each other, Buzz and Jessie being the first to hold hands, and after the group is rescued, only Buzz and Jessie continue to be holding hands after the claw delivers them all to safety. At the end of Toy Story 3, the two have finally sealed their relationship, with Jessie taking the initiative for the two to dance an exciting paso doble which ends the movie.
Merchandising[edit]
Disney heavily promoted Jessie following the release of Toy Story 2, as she gave them a character that they could market to girls, something the original film did not really provide. Among the items released were:
Several 10" and 12" fashion-style dolls
Several plush and rag doll-type dolls
Action figures in the Toy Story 2 and Toy Story and Beyond lines.
Wallets, purses and other accessories for girls
Nightlights and other bedroom accessories
Costumes and dress-up sets
High-end sculptures and collectibles
External links[edit]
Official character page
Jessie on IMDb
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How Did Stores Do This Season? Just Two Syllables: Ka-Ching!", The Wall Street Journal, December 27, 1999. Accessed October 2, 2008
Jump up ^ Toy Story 2
Jump up ^ Cowgirl Hall of Fame - Special Awards
[hide]
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Toy Story (1995)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Toy Story 4 (2019)
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Jessie
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The Adventure Begins
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Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story
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text:
My Country, 'Tis of Thee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Sheet music version[1]
"My Country, 'Tis of Thee", also known as "America", is an American patriotic song, whose lyrics were written by Samuel Francis Smith.[2] The melody used is the same as that of the national anthem of the United Kingdom, "God Save the Queen", arranged by Thomas Arne. The song served as one of the de facto national anthems of the United States (along with songs like "Hail, Columbia") before the adoption of "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the official U.S. national anthem in 1931.[3]
"My Country, 'Tis of Thee"
Piano and violin arrangement of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Contents
1 History
2 Lyrics
3 Notable performances
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
Samuel Francis Smith wrote the lyrics to "My Country 'Tis of Thee" in 1831,[4] while he was a student at the Andover Theological Seminary in Andover, Massachusetts. His friend Lowell Mason had asked him to translate the lyrics in some German school songbooks or to write new lyrics. A melody in Muzio Clementi's Symphony No. 3 (also called 'The Great National' and contains the melody of 'God Save the Queen' as a tribute to Clementi's adopted country) caught his attention. Rather than translating the lyrics from German, Smith wrote his own American patriotic hymn to the melody, completing the lyrics in thirty minutes.
Smith gave Mason the lyrics he had written and the song was first performed in public on July 4, 1831,[4] at a children's Independence Day celebration at Park Street Church in Boston. First publication of "America" was in 1832.[4]
Lyrics[edit]
1
My country, 'tis of thee,
Sweet land of liberty,
Of thee I sing;
Land where my fathers died,
Land of the pilgrims' pride,
From ev'ry mountainside
Let freedom ring!
2
My native country, thee,
Land of the noble free,
Thy name I love;
I love thy rocks and rills,
Thy woods and templed hills;
My heart with rapture thrills,
Like that above.
3
Let music swell the breeze,
And ring from all the trees
Sweet freedom's song;
Let mortal tongues awake;
Let all that breathe partake;
Let rocks their silence break,
The sound prolong.
4
Our fathers' God to Thee,
Author of liberty,
To Thee we sing.
Long may our land be bright,
With freedom's holy light,
Protect us by Thy might,
Great God our King.

Additional verse to celebrate Washington's Centennial:[5]
5
Our joyful hearts today,
Their grateful tribute pay,
Happy and free,
After our toils and fears,
After our blood and tears,
Strong with our hundred years,
O God, to Thee.

Additional verses by Henry van Dyke:
6
We love thine inland seas,
Thy groves and giant trees,
Thy rolling plains;
Thy rivers' mighty sweep,
Thy mystic canyons deep,
Thy mountains wild and steep,--
All thy domains.
7
Thy silver Eastern strands,
Thy Golden Gate that stands
Fronting the West;
Thy flowery Southland fair,
Thy North's sweet, crystal air:
O Land beyond compare,
We love thee best!

Additional Abolitionist verses by A. G. Duncan, 1843:[6]
8
My country, 'tis of thee,
Stronghold of slavery, of thee I sing;
Land where my fathers died,
Where men man’s rights deride,
From every mountainside thy deeds shall ring!
9
My native country, thee,
Where all men are born free, if white’s their skin;
I love thy hills and dales,
Thy mounts and pleasant vales;
But hate thy negro sales, as foulest sin.
10
Let wailing swell the breeze,
And ring from all the trees the black man’s wrong;
Let every tongue awake;
Let bond and free partake;
Let rocks their silence break, the sound prolong.
11
Our father’s God! to thee,
Author of Liberty, to thee we sing;
Soon may our land be bright,
With holy freedom’s right,
Protect us by thy might, Great God, our King.
12
It comes, the joyful day,
When tyranny’s proud sway, stern as the grave,
Shall to the ground be hurl’d,
And freedom’s flag, unfurl’d,
Shall wave throughout the world, O’er every slave.
13
Trump of glad jubilee!
Echo o’er land and sea freedom for all.
Let the glad tidings fly,
And every tribe reply,
“Glory to God on high,” at Slavery’s fall.
Notable performances[edit]
Aretha Franklin at the first inauguration of Barack Obama
Marian Anderson performed the song at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939.
Martin Luther King, Jr. recited the first verse of the song toward the end of his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963.[7]
Cary Grant and Jim Hutton sang the first verse in the 1966 film Walk, Don't Run, while simultaneously Grant and Samantha Eggar sang "God Save the Queen".
Crosby, Stills & Nash performed the song on the first episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to air after the September 11 attacks in 2001.[8]
On January 20, 2009, Aretha Franklin sang the song at the first inauguration of President Barack Obama.
On January 21, 2013, Kelly Clarkson sang the song at the second inauguration of President Barack Obama.
The Doors used a guitar riff of the song at the beginning of their song "L.A. Woman" on the 40th anniversary editions of L.A. Woman in 2001 and on The Very Best of The Doors 2007 re-release.
Madonna and Steven Klein sing some verses of the song in their Secret Project video.[9]
Dan Berggren updated lyrics in 2004, slanted towards the environment and freedom. It appears as "From Every Mountain Side" on the 2006 Sleeping Giant Records album Fresh Territory.[10]
Alec Benjamin sings the first two lines of the song in his song titled "1994".
It was played at Senator John McCain's funeral service at the Washington National Cathedral on Sep 1, 2018. [11]
See also[edit]
Other anthems set to the same music:
"God Save the Queen"
"Heil dir im Siegerkranz"
"Kongesangen"
"Oben am jungen Rhein"
"The Prayer of Russians"
"Rufst du, mein Vaterland"
And variations:
Variations on "America"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Public domain, taken from here Archived 2009-11-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "My Country, 'Tis of Thee". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garraty, John A. & Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). American National Biography. 20. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 281.
Jump up ^ Andrews, E. Benjamin (1912). History of the United States. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Jump up ^ Jarius Lincoln, [ed.] Antislavery Melodies: for The Friends of Freedom. Prepared for the Hingham Antislavery Society. Words by A. G. Duncan. (Hingham, [Mass.]: Elijah B. Gill, 1843), Hymn 17 6s & 4s (Tune – "America") pp. 28–29.
Some of these verses can be heard in the Arizona State University recording of the Antislavery Ensemble.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Drew D. (2003). The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 83.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (September 19, 2001). "Audience identifies with low-key Leno". USA Today. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Art For Freedom. "Art For Freedom". Art For Freedom.
Jump up ^ Dan Berggren (2004). "From Every Mountainside". soundcloud.com.
Jump up ^ <iframe width="400" height="500" frameborder="0" src="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/embed/p06k21fh/45382485"></iframe>
Bibliography[edit]
Collins, Ace (2003). Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource. ISBN 0060513047.
Music, David M.; Richardson, Paul A. (2008). I Will Sing the Wondrous Story: A History of Baptist Hymnody in North America. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. ISBN 0865549486.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
America (Smith)
Page about the song at the Library of Congress, with scans, etc.
Public Domain version of the sheet music in multiple formats for viewing, printing, editing, etc. – (from the Choral Public Domain Library)
Review of a book about the song from the Journal of American History
CyberHymnal – contains history, lyrics, and infinitely-looping MIDI music.
"America. The American national hymn". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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What I Am
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"What I Am"
7" single cover
Single by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians
from the album Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars
B-side
"I Do"
"Walk on the Wildside"
Released
November 1988 (US) [1]
Format
7" single
12" single
3" CD single
cassette single
Studio
Rockfield Studios, Wales, UK[2]
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
4:54 (album version)
3:40 (single version)
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Edie Brickell
Kenny Withrow
Producer(s)
Pat Moran
Edie Brickell & New Bohemians singles chronology
"What I Am"
(1988) "Circle"
(1988)
"What I Am"
(1988) "Circle"
(1988)
"What I Am" is a song written by Edie Brickell and Kenny Withrow and recorded by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians for their debut album, Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars (1988). It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] It also topped the charts in Canada,[citation needed] but only peaked within the top forty of the charts in the United Kingdom.[4] This version was ranked number 77 on VH1's list of The 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders.[citation needed] The song was featured in a 1989 episode of Miami Vice, an episode of Beavis and Butt-head, as well as an episode of Doogie Howser, M.D. and in the 1989 Patrick Dempsey film Loverboy.[5]
The song is highlighted by a guitar solo that emulates the approach of Jerry Garcia including the use of an envelope filter.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Formats and track listings
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton version
4.1 Format and track listing
4.2 Charts
5 Sampling
6 References
7 External links
Composition[edit]
"What I Am" is written in the key of B minor in 4
4 time with a tempo of 89 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of Bsus2–Dsus2–Asus2, and the vocals span from G3 to B4.[6][7]
Formats and track listings[edit]
7" single / cassette single
Side A:
"What I Am" – 4:54
Side B:
"I Do" – 2:00
12" single / 3" CD single
"What I Am" – 4:54
"I Do" – 2:00
"Walk on the Wildside" – 5:52
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1988–89)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[8] 18
Canadian Singles Chart[citation needed] 1
Irish Singles Chart[9] 23
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[10] 11
UK Singles Chart[4] 31
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 7
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks[11] 4
US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks[12] 9
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1989)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100 84
Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton version[edit]
"What I Am"
Single by Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton
from the album Eleven to Fly and A Girl Like Me
B-side
"Weird (Save Yourself)"
Released
15 November 1999
Format
CD single
Recorded
Sarm West Studios
(London, England)
Genre
Pop rock, electronica, trip hop
Length
4:34 (Album version)
3:54 (Radio version)
Label
VC
Songwriter(s)
Edie Brickell
Kenny Withrow
Producer(s)
Tin Tin Out
Tin Tin Out singles chronology
"Eleven to Fly"
(1999) "What I Am"
(1999) "Anybody's Guess"
(2000)
"Eleven to Fly"
(1999) "What I Am"
(1999) "Anybody's Guess"
(2000)
Emma Bunton singles chronology
"What I Am"
(1999) What I Am1999 "What Took You So Long?"
(2001) What Took You So Long?2001
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"What I Am" on YouTube
The song was covered by the British recording artists Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton. Released in November 1999 as the second single from Tin Tin Out's second studio album, Eleven to Fly (1999). It also appeared on Bunton's debut solo album, A Girl Like Me (2001).
Tin Tin Out and Bunton's version debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, twenty nine places higher than the original version ten years previously, losing the battle against Bunton's fellow Spice Girls member Geri Halliwell's "Lift Me Up". It sold 106,000 copies to get to number two in its first week and around 221,787 copies altogether. "What I Am" was the UK's 88th best-selling single of 1999.
Format and track listing[edit]
This is the format and track listing of the major single release of "What I Am".
UK CD single
"What I Am" (radio version) – 3:54
"What I Am" (Gangstarr Remix) – 4:07
"Weird (Save Yourself)" (Tin Tin Out featuring Wendy Page) – 5:42
Charts[edit]
Chart (1999–2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[13] 65
France (SNEP)[14] 75
Germany (Official German Charts)[15] 81
Ireland (IRMA)[16] 14
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[17] 94
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18] 48
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[19] 10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[20] 52
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21] 2
Sampling[edit]
The song was sampled by New Edition on their song "Something About You", from their 1996 album Home Again.
Portions of the song were resung by Lauryn Hill and sampled into Aretha Franklin's 1998 hit "A Rose Is Still a Rose".
Part of the chorus and guitar riff is sampled by hip-hop group Brand Nubian on their song "Slow Down" from their 1990 debut album, One For All.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Strong, M. C. (1995). The Great Rock Discography. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 0-86241-385-0.
Jump up ^ Discogs
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > The Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Charts > Edie Brickell & The New Bohemians". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ Edie Brickell on IMDb
Jump up ^ Aly, Brandon. "Edie Brickell & New Bohemians "What I Am" Guitar Tab in D Major - Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
Jump up ^ "What I Am - Edie Brickell & New Bohemians - Spot On Track". www.spotontrack.com. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
Jump up ^ "australian-charts.com > Edie Brickell & New Bohemians – What I Am (song)". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for 'Edie Brickell'". Fireball Media. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "charts.org.nz > Edie Brickell & New Bohemians (song)". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > Mainstream Rock Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "ariaNET The Chart! Top 100 Singles – Week Commencing 24th January 2000". ARIA. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Emma Bunton – What I Am" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Emma Bunton – What I Am". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts". IRMA. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Emma Bunton – What I Am" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Emma Bunton – What I Am". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Emma Bunton – What I Am". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Emma Bunton: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Edie Brickell
Brandon Aly
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Kenny Withrow
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Studio albums
It's Like This
Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars
Ghost of a Dog
The Live Montauk Sessions
Stranger Things
Singles
"What I Am"
"Circle"
"Love Like We Do"
"A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"
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"One Last Time"
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A Girl Like Me
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Free Me
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"Maybe"
"I'll Be There"
"Crickets Sing for Anamaria"
Life in Mono
"Downtown"
"All I Need to Know"
Featured singles
"I Know Him So Well"
Related articles
Spice Girls
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text:
Center for Elephant Conservation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
CEC logo
Coordinates: 28°14′05″N 81°45′51″W / 28.2346°N 81.7642°W / 28.2346; -81.7642 The Center for Elephant Conservation (CEC) is a 200-acre (0.81 km2) breeding farm and retirement facility for elephants in Polk City, Florida, opened in 1995. The CEC is solely sponsored by Feld Entertainment, the holding company which operated the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus from the 1960s until 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Role and location
2 Health record
3 Individual elephants
4 References
5 External links
Role and location[edit]
The CEC is the largest Asian elephant gene pool outside of the Indian Subcontinent since traditional zoos usually have, on average, only a handful of elephants. Parent company Feld Entertainment publicizes the facility as a gathering place for researchers of elephant behavior and conservation. The center loans both elephants and semen to zoos and cooperative breeding programs around the world. Between the traveling circuses and the center, the herd consists of more than 70 elephants. When the center opened, it was home to 27 elephants, including four studs and six babies. As of 2010, there were a claimed 23 births at the center, most recently[when?] a female the staff has named April.
Although the facility is a largely undisturbed natural habitat in which some elephants are permitted to graze and stroll, many of the elephants at the facility are kept confined and chained in cement barns. Photos of the facility and staff training newborn elephants became public after the death of a former Conservation Center employee, Sam Haddock.[1] Outsiders are divided on what the center means for elephants, calling it, alternately, “a stark, sterile-looking place, with … little evident enrichment,” “wonderful,” “the leading elephant-breeder in the Americas,” and “elephant puppy mill.”[2]
In 2014, Feld Entertainment won $25.2 million in settlements from a number of animal-rights groups, including the Humane Society of the United States, ending a 14-year legal battle over unproven allegations that Ringling circus employees mistreated elephants.
The initial lawsuit was filed in 2000 by a former Ringling barn helper who was later found to have been paid at least $190,000 by the animal-rights groups that helped bring the lawsuit. The judge called him "essentially a paid plaintiff" who lacked credibility and standing to sue. The judge rejected the abuse claims following a 2009 trial.[3]
Health record[edit]
In 1999, the center failed a USDA inspection under the Animal Welfare Act due to its restraint policy.[4] At least one case of TB was noted at this time.
An action over these issues was stated in a local court against the Center in June 2000.[5] The action was brought by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Animal Protection Institute, the Animal Welfare Institute, the Fund for Animals, and Tom Rider, a former employee of Ringling Bros.[6] In late 2009 the suit was dismissed by the courts because it was ruled that the plaintiffs, ASPCA et al., as private citizens, were not allowed to bring suit against Feld Entertainment under the Endangered Species Act because 'uninjured' by the acts in question. Although citizens' right to file suit under the act is stipulated in the act, the court did not allow it.[7] The court did not rule on the merits of the case, nor the video footage documenting severe hooking of elephants on Ringling show units. Various legal scholars have disputed the legal rigor of this ruling.[8] Ringling Brothers, Barnum & Bailey publicists claim victory and have focused their defense on questioning the motives of whistle-blower Tom Rider and his relationship to animal welfare groups.[9]
In 2003 and 2004, Conservation Center publicists announced that the Center had been given a clean bill of health by USDA inspectors [10][11]
In 2006, the Center was quarantined for a case of TB. Only one animal in the herd appears to have been affected.[12]
Ringling Brothers asserts retired circus elephants living at the center have an average lifespan of up to 70 years, although the oldest elephants to die at the facility Ringling lists as 55 and 62 years of age.[13] A number of juvenile elephants have also died in Ringling possession, although not at the facility but while on tour with a Ringling Brothers show.[14] It is likely elephants at Ringling's Florida Center may live longer than captive elephants in zoos, who live an average of 42 years, although not as long as wild elephants who, if protected from poaching, can typically live up to 65 or 70 years.[15]
Individual elephants[edit]
Piper (born August 13, 2012). Piper is Mable's sister.
Asia is the star elephant of the Red Tour.
April, (born April 3, 2010).
Barack, (born January 19, 2009) is a product of the Center's artificial insemination program.
Hindi, (born November 9, 2008).
Mable (born April 6, 2006). Mable is a rare second-generation offspring as both her mother, Shirley, and her father, Romeo, were also born at the Center in the mid-1990s. Mable's name was picked based on a national naming contest, and is named after Mable Ringling, the wife of one of the founders of Ringling Brothers' Circus.
Irvin (born June 2005), named after Irvin Feld, who bought the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1967 and restored it to profitability. Irvin's parents are Alana and Charlie.
Aree (born April 2005)
P.T. (born May 2002), named after P. T. Barnum
Asha (born March 2002)
Rudy (born January 2002)
Gunther (born November 2001)
Sara (born April 2001)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ “Declaration of Samuel Dewitt Haddock, Jr.,” August 28, 2009, http://www.ringlingbeatsanimals.com/about-whistleblower.asp, accessed May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Shana Alexander, The Astonishing Elephant (New York: Random House, 2000), 175; Scigliano, Love, War, and Circuses: The Age Old Relationship Between Elephants and Humans (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), 263-64.
Jump up ^ http://www.news4jax.com/news/ringling-bros-ending-elephant-acts/31626510
Jump up ^ "Lawsuit Newsflash 24th August 2007". Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Jump up ^ "USDA Documents 1999" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Lawsuit Plaintiffs". Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Jump up ^ "ASPCA vs. Ringling $9.2Bros.," Michigan State University, College of Law, In Dec 2012 the court award of $9.3 million dollars to Ringling Bros from the ASPC was paid. Mr.Feld has other cases pending against the other defendants and intends to recoup the full court cost plus damages of $20 million from the other defendants for their slander. (http://www.animallaw.info/pleadings/pbusfdaspca_ringlingbros.htm, accessed, May 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ See, for instance, David N. Cassuto, ”Transcending Speciesism Since October 2008," Animal Blawg, http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/01/why-its-not-about-the-elephants/, accessed May 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Feld Entertainment, Inc. Victorious in Case Brought by ASPCA and Other Animal Special Interest Groups Federal Court Finds Plaintiff Testimony of Tom Rider Not Truthful," Feld Entertainment Press Release, Dec. 30, 2009; http://www.elephantcenter.com/press/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=39470, accessed May 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "USDA Documents 2003" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Jump up ^ "USDA Documents 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Goliath Business News". Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Jump up ^ http://www.elephantcenter.com/press/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=11860; http://www.elephantcenter.com/press/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=5090[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ringling Will Stand Trial for Elephant Abuse," BornFreeUSA.org Press Release, 2007, http://www.bornfreeusa.org/press.php?more=1&p=1277, accessed May 20, 2010
Jump up ^ Ros Clubb, Marcus Rowcliffe, Phyllis Lee, Khyne U. Mar, Cynthia Moss, Georgia J. Mason, “Compromised Survivorship in Zoo Elephants", Science 322, no. 598 (December 12, 2008): 1649
External links[edit]
Official site
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Elephant_Conservation&oldid=819425902"
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Animal charities based in the United States
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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1995 establishments in Florida
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text:
Wedding reception
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Wedding party" redirects here. For other uses, see The Wedding Party.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wedding reception in 17th century Russia by Konstantin Makovsky
Entertainment at an English wedding reception. The organisers have hired two opera singers to sing arias during the meal for the entertainment of the guests. The mother of the groom is being serenaded.
Wedding dance of an Azerbaijani married couple
A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding, hence the name reception: the couple receives society, in the form of family and friends, for the first time as a married couple. Hosts provide their choice of food and drink, although a wedding cake is popular. Entertaining guests after a wedding ceremony is traditional in most societies, and can last anywhere from half an hour to many hours or even days.
In some cultures, separate wedding celebrations are held for the bride's and groom's families.
Before receptions—a social event that is structured around a receiving line, and usually held in the afternoon, with only light refreshments—became popular, weddings were more typically celebrated with wedding breakfasts (for those whose religious traditions encouraged morning weddings) and wedding balls (for those who were married in the evening). The popularity of receptions, rather than breakfasts, dinners, and balls, during the 20th century led to the name reception being applied to any social event after a wedding, whether it is brunch, tea, dinner, or a dance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Western culture
1.1 Location
1.2 Receiving line
1.3 Grand entrance
1.4 Food
1.5 Toasts
1.6 Dances
1.7 Entertainment
1.8 Departure
1.9 Expense
1.10 Other traditions
2 Chinese culture
2.1 Gifts
2.2 Timing
2.3 Sign-in
2.4 Banquet procedure
2.5 Food
3 Gallery
4 References
Western culture[edit]
Location[edit]
Banquet Hall Wedding Reception
Wedding Venue in Glendale, CA
Until after World War II, wedding celebrations were most commonly held in the bride's home, in whatever style of entertainment was within the means of the family.[1] This might be a grand ball for a wealthy family, a luncheon for middle-class families, or an afternoon tea, featuring cake and lemonade, for working-class families. The choice depended primarily on the family's economic situation, and in some cases, mass weddings were favored as a way to share costs. At the beginning of the 20th century, dance halls became common, and were rented by those planning a celebration beyond what their homes could hold.[2] Typical locations for wedding celebrations now include hotel ballrooms, banquet halls, wedding venues, community halls, social halls at the church or other sacred place where the wedding ceremony took place, and, particularly for smaller weddings, restaurants and garden parties at home. There are also many small businesses that specialize in providing places for wedding ceremonies and celebrations.
Receiving line[edit]
Technically, to be a reception, instead of some other form of entertainment, guests must be greeted with a receiving line. In a receiving line, newly wedded couple, the hosts, and often their parents and any honour attendants, stand in order of precedence and greet every guest in turn. Each guest greets the first (lowest precedence) person in the line and, if necessary, introduces him/herself. The first person then introduces the guest to the next person in the line, and turns to the next guest. As each guest properly speaks little more than his/her name (if necessary) and conventional greetings or congratulations to each person in turn, the line progresses steadily without unnecessary delays. Western etiquette requires at least one of the hosts and the newly married couple, as the guests of honor, to welcome and greet the guests, but the other members of the wedding party, parents who are not hosting the party, siblings, etc., are not required to stand in the receiving line. It is increasingly common to feature only the couple, since more modern couples host and pay for their own weddings rather than their parents.
After formally receiving each guest in this fashion, the receiving line is finished and the people who had been duty-bound to stand in it can mingle with guests, eat, and enjoy more extended conversations.
Grand entrance[edit]
Another option, especially popular on the East and West Coast of the United States, is having a grand entrance instead of a receiving line.[3] The grand entrance might involve presenting some or all of the wedding party, the parents, and/or the bride and groom.
The wedding party is usually introduced by a master of ceremonies, disc jockey, or band leader. It may be done in the same manner as they walked down the aisle during the wedding ceremony. This is generally much faster than a receiving line and guests may be seated before the arrival of the wedding party. In addition, it can be an event in itself and be as entertaining as wished. Introductions may be accompanied by music and information about each person to introduce them to the guests. However, unlike a reception line, it does not give the guests an opportunity to speak to any of the people being presented.
Food[edit]
See also: Wedding breakfast
The wedding cake and other decorations at a wedding reception in Japan
The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs. Food may range from a single non-alcoholic drink with wedding cake to elaborate, multi-course dinners. The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion of the hosts.
Some receptions, especially if the family's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing, focus on dessert. Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs, such as by serving a culturally important cake like croquembouche in France, or featuring thousands of homemade cookies in Pittsburgh.[4]
The bride and groom cut the wedding cake at an American wedding reception in 1955.
The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered layer cake that is elaborately decorated with white frosting. Some couples have a smaller display cake, which is supplemented by sheet cake.
The groom's cake is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States. In the Colonial and Victorian eras, the white-iced bride's cake was considered "too light" for male tastes, and a second cake choice—usually a dark, liquor-soaked fruitcake—was also offered. Today, chocolate is popular, although the groom's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom, such as a favorite hobby or sport.
If a full meal is served, the wedding cake is usually served after the meal. Otherwise, the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests.
Commonly, the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake, and in a nod to an ancient Roman wedding rite, may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms. Then the cake is served to the guests. Like being asked to pour tea at a formal tea party, being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor.[5]
Toasts[edit]
Main article: Toast (honor)
In most Western countries, either before or after food is served, toasts are made by the wedding party, wishing the couple well. Commonly, toasts are proposed by the bride's father, the groom, the best man, and/or the maid of honor, although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts, or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all.[6]
A new trend involves the addition of a DVD slideshow or photo montage video, featuring pictures of the new spouses growing up and meeting. These are created using home movies and photos taken over the couple's life, edited and set to music. The montage is shown either on a large TV or monitor or with an LCD projector[7].
Dances[edit]
Flemish wedding, 17th century
"A Gorals' Wedding" – bride and groom dance
If there is dancing at the celebrations after the wedding, the newly married couple typically open the dancing with their first dance.[6] When waltzing was popular, it was sometimes called a bridal waltz, although other dance styles are more commonly used now. The style of dancing depends on the nature of the music chosen. Fox trot, two-step, or rumba match most four-count pop ballads. While most contemporary Western couples select a romantic song and a relatively formal dance style, some couples choose to perform humorous choreographed dances. Modern chart hits are becoming an increasingly popular option for the first dance – the most popular first dance song at UK weddings in 2016 is Thinking Out Loud, a soft rock ballad co-written by Ed Sheeran and Amy Wadge.[8]
Traditionally, shortly after the dance begins, guests would promptly join in the dancing, in order of precedence, exactly like at any other ball.[6] In very recent times, some families have told guests to not start dancing until after watching a sometimes lengthy sequence of "special" dances.[6] For example, after the first dance, the newly married couple might dance with their parents or new in-laws. However, there is no requirement that any particular people dance at all, much less with any particular person, and no absolutely required order for the bridal couple, their families, or the bridal party to begin dancing in.[9]
Entertainment[edit]
Wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained, and a variety of options such as disc jockeys, live bands, professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or belly dancers, fire artists and even comedians are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out. In America and in other countries, including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury. Wedding DJ's have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures.
Departure[edit]
A ceremony is often made of the newlyweds' departure. Rice or birdseed, signifying abundance, may be thrown at the departing couple, with birdseed preferred by facility managers, since it requires less clean up work than rice, and new, mess-free substitutes, such as blowing soap bubbles or ringing small bells being even more favored by the cleaning staff.[6]
As the newlyweds are the guests of honor, the other guests are expected to remain at the reception until they leave them, and consequently, it is an imposition on the other guests for the newlyweds to stay unreasonably long at the party.[6] On occasion, the newlyweds will stage an official leave-taking, so that guests feel free to leave, and then quietly return through another door.
Expense[edit]
A black tie wedding reception held at the Society Room in Hartford, Connecticut.
The median cost of a wedding, including both the ceremony and reception, in the United States, as of 2012, was about US $18,000, according to a large survey at an online wedding website.[10] Regional differences are significant, with residents of Manhattan paying more than six times as much as residents of Alaska.[10] Additionally, the survey probably overestimates the typical cost because of a biased sample population.[10]
The wedding industry grosses $161 billion annually,[11] according to Rebecca Mead, author of One Perfect Day.[12] Approximately 50% of a couple's entire wedding budget is spent on the reception alone. This is primarily due to the cost of food and alcohol.[13]
Other traditions[edit]
Wedding traditions vary between countries, and between regions of the same country. Some traditions include:
Dancing guests at a wedding party in Mauritania
Ethnic Hakka people in a wedding in East Timor, 2006.
The money dance, or "dollar dance". Guests pay a small amount of money to dance with the bride or groom. In some cultures, the money is pinned to a special apron worn by the bride or groom. In others, the money is collected by friends. This is prevalent among Polish and Italian couples, although many other brides and grooms often incorporate it. There is considerable debate about the propriety of a money dance in English-speaking countries, where the practice is frowned upon because making guests pay for dancing or socializing with the bridal couple seems inhospitable, greedy, or distasteful.[14] It is accepted when the couple and the majority of their guests are of one of the cultures in which it is traditional.
Tossing of the bride's bouquet and garter.[6] The bride tosses her bouquet over her shoulder to a group of all the single women present. Whoever catches it is supposed to be the next to get married. Similarly, the groom tosses the bride's garter to the single men, often after removing it from her leg. On occasion, the bride will "rig" the bouquet toss by tossing the bouquet to a woman who is engaged. The groom then arranges for the fiancé of the bouquet-toss winner to receive the bride's garter. Sometimes, the man who catches the garter is supposed to put it on the leg of the woman who catches the bouquet, or the garter is sold in a raffle instead of being tossed.
Clinking glasses. Guests will often clink their glasses during dinner to ask the newlyweds to stand up and kiss. Some couples pass out wedding favor bells for guests to ring instead of clinking glasses.[6]
Favors. The hosts may provide a small gift for each guest. Favors may include chocolates, candles, picture frames, or other small gifts. Such favors are not required.[6]
Chinese culture[edit]
Gifts[edit]
Unless the wedding couple has a wedding registry, it is best not to give gifts or gift certificates. For Chinese weddings, cash or a cheque is always the best gift. In addition to that, some elder relatives might also give gold jewelry. The cash or cheque should be in a red envelope or red pocket with the givers' names on it, and it is always given when signing in at the restaurant. In choosing the amount of money to give, givers scrupulously avoid unlucky numbers, such as 4 and favor combinations of lucky numbers, such as 8 and 9. Also, white envelopes are never used to wrap gifts for a wedding or other joyful event, as the color white is associated with death.
Timing[edit]
There are two times listed on the invitation: 恭候 (gōnghòu/greeting) and 入席 (rùxí/reception). Typically, they are at least two hours apart (some may be four hours). The first one is the time the groom and bride, along with their family, will be ready to receive guests and greet them; the second one is the time the reception/banquet will start. The gap between those hours is referred to as entertainment time. Very often, the restaurant will provide poker and mahjong (麻將) for gambling; the time can also be used to socialize with other guests and take photos with the bride/groom and their families. Nowadays, for Chinese couples' weddings in the U.S., you are less likely to see mahjong being played before the banquet; it is often replaced by a cocktail party.[citation needed] However, if the wedding reception takes place in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, and even parts of Canada (where there is a large Cantonese population), mahjong might still be played before the dinner.
Sign-in[edit]
Gifts of money may be placed in a special box at the sign-in table.
Two people will be at the sign-in tables (one from the bride’s family and one from the groom’s) to register guests and receive gifts/red envelopes. Often, they will have two separate guest lists, one from the groom’s side and one from the bride’s. Then the best man and the maid of honor will direct ushers to escort guests to their seat.
Banquet procedure[edit]
Typically, the banquet will include a speech from the parents, the best man, the maid of honor, and the guest speaker. There will be cake cutting, toasts, a tea ceremony,[15] some games designed by the DJ, and dancing. The two tables at the center of the room are for the groom’s and bride’s families.
Food[edit]
A Chinese wedding reception typically has nine or ten courses. Expensive dishes such as shark fin, abalone, lobster, jumbo shrimp, squab, sea bass, or sea cucumber are common on a wedding banquet menu. A whole fish, chicken, or pig means luck and completeness in Chinese wedding culture.
Traditionally, after the fifth dish of the dinner, the groom and bride and their families will approach each table to toast the guests. Very often, the bride will change into a traditional Chinese red wedding dress (鳳褂, or qípáo) at that time, if she has been wearing a different style of clothing before.
Gallery[edit]
The decorations vary by culture and budget.
Reception held at a village hall in United Kingdom
Modern reception in Vietnam
An elaborate wedding reception in 1894 in Australia
This wedding reception was held outdoors.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding Feast.
Jump up ^ McBee, Randy D. (2000). Dance hall days: intimacy and leisure among working-class immigrants in the United States. New York: New York University Press. pp. 222–228. ISBN 0-8147-5620-4.
Jump up ^ Ryan A. Brasseaux; Bienvenu, Marcelle; Brasseaux, Carl A. (2005). Stir the pot: the history of Cajun cuisine. [PLACE]: HIPPOCRENE BOOKS. p. 104. ISBN 0-7818-1120-1.
Jump up ^ "Choosing Between A Grand Entrance And Receiving Line". Belvedere. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lieber, Ron (15 December 2009). "The Wedding? I’m Here for the Cookies". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Martin, Judith (2005). Miss Manners' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 428. ISBN 0-393-05874-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Martin, Judith (2005). Miss Manners' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-05874-3.
Jump up ^ Using projectors during wedding receptions, "Wedding Projector Ideas That Aren't At All Cheesy", Brides_(magazine), Retrieved 10 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Southall, Adam (2016). "The 9 most popular wedding first dance songs of 2016". FixTheMusic.
Jump up ^ ^ Martin, Judith (1995). Miss Manners on Painfully Proper Weddings New York: Crown Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 978-0517701874.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oremus, Will (19 March 2015). "The Wedding Industry’s Pricey Little Secret". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
Jump up ^ "http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1". Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2016. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "The wedding-industrial complex". Christian Science Monitor. 8 June 2007. p. 8. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Wedding Receptions. brightweddingideas.com
Jump up ^ Martin, Judith; Jacobina Martin (2010). Miss Manners' Guide to a Surprisingly Dignified Wedding. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 273–274. ISBN 0-393-06914-1.
Jump up ^ Nathan, Sherman (14 January 2007). "גני אירועים בשרון". Odeon (in Hebrew). p. 9. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
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