text:
List of districts in Telangana
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Location of Telangana in India
The state of Telangana, in southern India is divided into 31 districts. A 'district' in the state of Telangana is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a District collector, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service.
Contents
1 Statistics
2 History
2.1 1948
2.2 1953
2.3 1956
2.4 1978
2.5 2014
2.6 2016
3 District statistics
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Statistics[edit]
Telangana new districts created in 2016
In terms of area, Bhadradri Kothagudem is the largest district with an area of 7,483 km2 (2,889 sq mi) and Hyderabad is the smallest with 217 km2 (84 sq mi). Hyderabad district is the most populated district with a population of 3943323 and Kumarambheem Asifabad district is the least populated with 515,805. Telangana consist of 68 Revenue Divisions and 584 Revenue Mandals(Tehsil).[1]
History[edit]
Hyderabad state until 1956
Telangana at the time of formation on June 2, 2014
1948[edit]
Telangana region of Hyderabad State was consist of 8 Districts in 1948 when it inducted in Dominion of India they are Atraf-i-Baldah (Hyderabad), Mahbubnagar district, Medak district, Nalgonda district (Nalgundah), Nizamabad districts, Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts.[2]
1953[edit]
Khamam district was created by bifurcation of Warangal district on 1st October 1953.[3]
1956[edit]
Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telangana region of Hyderabad State and Andhra state on November 1. Bhadrachalam division and Aswaraopet taluka parts was merged in Khammam district from Godavari districts for better Administration.[3]
1978[edit]
Hyderabad district was split into Hyderabad Urban District and Hyderabad Rural District on 15 August 1978.Hyderabad Urban District was made by 4 Talukas are Charminar, Golkonda, Mushirabad and Secunderabad Talukas which consist of only MCH area, Secunderabad cantonment and Osmania University. Hyderabad rural district was later renamed as Ranga Reddy District.[4]
2014[edit]
Telangana curved out from with 10 districts from Andhra Pradesh. Seven mandals of Bhadrachalam division were given back to East Godavari district.[5][6]
2016[edit]
21 New districts were created on 11 October, which lead to 31 districts in Telangana. All districts were divided into minimum 2 to maximum 5 except Hyderabad district which was untouched.[7]
District statistics[edit]
S.No.
Name
Headquarters
Area (km2)
Population
(2011 census)
No.of mandals
Density
(per km2)
Urban (%)
Literacy (%)
Sex Ratio
Map
1 Adilabad Adilabad 4,153 708,972 18 171 23.66 63.46 989
2 Bhadradri Kothagudem Kothagudem 7,483 1,069,261 23 143 31.71 66.40 1008
3 Hyderabad Hyderabad 217 3,943,323 16 18172 100 83.25 954
4 Jagtial Jagtial 2,419 985,417 18 407 22.46 60.26 1036
5 Jangaon Jangaon 2,188 566,376 13 259 12.60 61.44 997
6 Jayashankar Bhupalapally Bhupalpalle 6,175 711,434 20 115 7.57 60.33 1009
7 Jogulamba Gadwal Gadwal 2,928 609,990 12 208 10.36 49.87 972
8 Kamareddy Kamareddy 3,652 972,625 22 266 12.71 56.51 1033
9 Karimnagar Karimnagar 2,128 1,005,711 16 473 30.72 69.16 993
10 Khammam Khammam 4,361 1,401,639 21 321 22.60 65.95 1005
11 Kumarambheem Asifabad Asifabad 4,878 515,812 15 106 16.86 56.72 998
12 Mahabubabad Mahabubabad 2,877 774,549 16 269 9.86 57.13 996
13 Mahabubnagar Mahabubnagar 5,285 1,486,777 26 281 20.73 56.78 995
14 Mancherial Mancherial 4,016 807,037 18 201 43.85 64.35 977
15 Medak Medak 2,786 767,428 20 275 7.67 56.12 1027
16 Medchal–Malkajgiri[8] Shamirpet 1,084 2,440,073 14 2251 91.40 82.49 957
17 Nagarkurnool Nagarkurnool 6,924 861,766 20 124 10.19 54.38 968
18 Nalgonda Nalgonda 7,122 1,618,416 31 227 22.76 63.75 978
19 Nirmal Nirmal 3,845 709,418 19 185 21.38 57.77 1046
20 Nizamabad Nizamabad 4,288 1,571,022 27 366 29.58 64.25 1044
21 Peddapalli Peddapalli 2,236 795,332 14 356 38.22 65.52 992
22 Rajanna Sircilla Sircilla 2,019 552,037 13 273 21.17 62.71 1014
23 Ranga Reddy Shamshabad 5,031 2,446,265 27 486 58.05 71.95 950
24 Sangareddy Sangareddy 4,403 1,527,628 26 347 34.69 64.08 965
25 Siddipet Siddipet 3,632 1,012,065 22 279 13.74 61.61 1008
26 Suryapet Suryapet 3,607 1,099,560 23 305 15.56 64.11 996
27 Vikarabad[9] Vikarabad 3,386 927,140 18 274 13.48 57.91 1001
28 Wanaparthy Wanaparthy 2,152 577,758 14 268 15.97 55.67 960
29 Warangal Rural Warangal 2,175 718,537 15 330 6.99 61.26 994
30 Warangal Urban Warangal 1,309 1,080,858 11 826 68.51 76.17 997
31 Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Bhongir 3,092 739,448 16 239 16.66 65.53 973
Telangana
-
-
112,077
35,003,674
584
312
38.88
66.54
988
-
∀
See also[edit]
List of mandals in Telangana
List of districts in India
New Districts portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Yazdani, Ghulam. "Hyderabad State". Atlantic Publishers & Distri – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Know Your Corporation".
Jump up ^ Law, Gwillim (2011-09-25). "Districts of India". Statoids. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2014" Accessed 13 July 2014 [2]
Jump up ^ "Protests against Centre, Andhra Pradesh in Khammam over Polavaram Bill". Deccan Chronicle, 12 July 2014. Accessed 13 July 2014. [3]
Jump up ^ "New districts". Andhra Jyothy.com. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Medchal-Malkajgiri district" (PDF). Official website of Medchal district. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikarabad district". Official website Vikarabad district. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
External links[edit]
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State of Telangana
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Carnegie Hall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Carnegie Hall (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Carnegie Hill.
Carnegie Hall
Address
Seventh Avenue / 57th Street (Isaac Stern Place)
New York City
United States
Public transit
57th Street–Seventh Avenue
Owner
The City of New York
Operator
Carnegie Hall Corporation
Type
Concert hall
Capacity
Stern Auditorium: 2,804
Zankel Hall: 599
Weill Recital Hall: 268
Construction
Opened
April 1891
Architect
William Tuthill
Carnegie Hall
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
NYC Landmark
Coordinates
40°45′54″N 73°58′48″W / 40.76500°N 73.98000°W / 40.76500; -73.98000Coordinates: 40°45′54″N 73°58′48″W / 40.76500°N 73.98000°W / 40.76500; -73.98000
Architectural style
Renaissance Revival
NRHP reference #
66000535
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHL
December 29, 1962[2]
Designated NYCL
June 20, 1967
Carnegie Hall (/ˈkɑːrnɪɡi/,[3] also frequently /kɑːrˈneɪɡi/[4] or /kɑːrˈnɛɡi/) is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States, located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east side of Seventh Avenue between West 56th Street and West 57th Street, two blocks south of Central Park.
Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own artistic programming, development, and marketing departments, and presents about 250 performances each season. It is also rented out to performing groups. The hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall (renamed Avery Fisher Hall in 1973 and David Geffen Hall in 2015).[5]
Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums.
Contents
[hide]
1 Venues
1.1 Main Hall (Stern Auditorium/Perelman Stage)
1.2 Zankel Hall
1.3 Weill Recital Hall
1.4 Other facilities
2 Architecture
3 History
3.1 Renovations and additions
3.2 Management
3.3 Carnegie Hall Archives
3.4 Carnegie Hall joke
4 Finances
5 World premieres
6 Other buildings named Carnegie Hall
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Venues[edit]
Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces.
Main Hall (Stern Auditorium/Perelman Stage)[edit]
Isaac Stern Auditorium
The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s.[6] The hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator.[7]
The main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U.S., almost all of the leading classical music, and more recently, popular music, performers since 1891 have performed there. After years of heavy wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986 (see below).
The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep. The five levels of seating in the Stern Auditorium begin with the Parquet level, which has twenty-five full rows of thirty-eight seats and four partial rows at stage level, for a total of 1,021 seats. The First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes; the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows; the first two rows form an almost-complete semicircle. At the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns.[8]
Zankel Hall[edit]
Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891. Following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was leased to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1898, converted into a cinema, which opened as the Carnegie Hall Cinema in May 1961 with the film White Nights by Luchino Visconti and was reclaimed for use as an auditorium in 1997. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers. It opened in September 2003.[9][10]
The 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136. Each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes; there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level. The boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep—the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space.[11]
Weill Recital Hall[edit]
The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a former chairman of the board, and his wife Joan. This auditorium, in use since the hall opened in 1891, was originally called Chamber Music Hall (later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall); the name was changed to Carnegie Recital Hall in the late 1940s, and finally became Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall in 1986.
The Weill Recital Hall is the smallest of the three performance spaces, with a total of 268 seats. The Orchestra level contains fourteen rows of fourteen seats, a total of 196, and the Balcony level contains 72 seats in five rows.[12]
Other facilities[edit]
The building also contains the Carnegie Hall Archives, established in 1986, and the Rose Museum, which opened in 1991. Until 2009 studios above the Hall contained working spaces for artists in the performing and graphic arts including music, drama, dance, as well as architects, playwrights, literary agents, photographers and painters. The spaces were unusual in being purpose-designed for artistic work, with very high ceilings, skylights and large windows for natural light. In 2007 the Carnegie Hall Corporation announced plans to evict the 33 remaining studio residents, some of whom had been in the building since the 1950s, including celebrity portrait photographer Editta Sherman and fashion photographer Bill Cunningham. The organization's research showed that Andrew Carnegie had always considered the spaces as a source of income to support the hall and its activities. The space has been re-purposed for music education and corporate offices.[13][14]
Architecture[edit]
Closeup view of Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall is one of the last large buildings in New York built entirely of masonry, without a steel frame; however, when several flights of studio spaces were added to the building near the turn of the 20th century, a steel framework was erected around segments of the building. The exterior is rendered in narrow Roman bricks of a mellow ochre hue, with details in terracotta and brownstone. The foyer avoids typical 19th century Baroque theatrical style with the Florentine Renaissance manner of Filippo Brunelleschi's Pazzi Chapel: white plaster and gray stone form a harmonious system of round-headed arched openings and Corinthian pilasters that support an unbroken cornice, with round-headed lunettes above it, under a vaulted ceiling. The famous white and gold auditorium interior is similarly restrained. The firm of Adler and Sullivan of Chicago, noted for the acoustics of their theaters, were hired as consultant architects though their contributions are not known.
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Andrew Carnegie, 1913
Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie, who funded its construction. It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society, on whose boards Carnegie served. Construction began in 1890, and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company. Although the building was in use from April 1891, the official opening night was May 5, with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.[15][16] Originally known simply as "Music Hall" (the words "Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie" still appear on the façade above the marquee), the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York (the hall's original governing body) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name. Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896, including the addition of two towers of artists' studios, and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building's lower level.
Carnegie Hall in 1895
Carnegie Hall in 1910
The hall was owned by the Carnegie family until 1925, when Carnegie's widow sold it to a real estate developer, Robert E. Simon. When Simon died in 1935, his son, Robert E. Simon, Jr., became owner. By the mid-1950s, changes in the music business prompted Simon to offer Carnegie Hall for sale to the New York Philharmonic, which booked a majority of the hall's concert dates each year. The orchestra declined, since it planned to move to Lincoln Center, then in the early stages of planning. At the time, it was widely believed that New York City could not support two major concert venues. Facing the loss of the hall's primary tenant, Simon was forced to offer the building for sale. A deal with a commercial developer fell through, and by 1960, with the New York Philharmonic on the move to Lincoln Center, the building was slated for demolition to make way for a commercial skyscraper. Under pressure from a group led by violinist Isaac Stern and many of the artist residents, special legislation was passed that allowed the City of New York to buy the site from Simon for $5 million (which he would use to establish Reston, VA), and in May 1960 the nonprofit Carnegie Hall Corporation was created to run the venue. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.[2][17][18]
Most of the greatest performers of classical music since the time Carnegie Hall was built have performed in the Main Hall, and its lobbies are adorned with signed portraits and memorabilia. The NBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Arturo Toscanini, frequently recorded in the Main Hall for RCA Victor. On November 14, 1943, the 25-year old Leonard Bernstein had his major conducting debut when he had to substitute for a suddenly ill Bruno Walter in a concert that was broadcast by CBS,[19] making him instantly famous. In the fall of 1950, the orchestra's weekly broadcast concerts were moved there until the orchestra disbanded in 1954. Several of the concerts were televised by NBC, preserved on kinescopes, and have been released on home video.
Many legendary jazz and popular music performers have also given memorable performances at Carnegie Hall including Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Billie Holiday, the Dave Brubeck Quartet, Violetta Villas, Judy Garland, Harry Belafonte, Charles Aznavour, Ike & Tina Turner, Paul Robeson, Nina Simone, Shirley Bassey, James Gang and Stevie Ray Vaughan, all of whom made celebrated live recordings of their concerts there.
The hall has also been the site of many famous lectures, including the Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture by Booker T. Washington, and the last public lecture by Mark Twain, both in 1906.
Sissieretta Jones became the first African-American to sing at the Music Hall (renamed Carnegie Hall the following year), June 15, 1892.[20][21] The Benny Goodman Orchestra gave a sold-out swing and jazz concert January 16, 1938. The bill also featured, among other guest performers, Count Basie and members of Duke Ellington's orchestra.
Rock and roll music first came to Carnegie Hall when Bill Haley & His Comets appeared in a variety benefit concert on May 6, 1955.[22] Rock acts were not regularly booked at the Hall however, until February 12, 1964, when The Beatles performed two shows[23] during their historic first trip to the United States.[24] Promoter Sid Bernstein convinced Carnegie officials that allowing a Beatles concert at the venue "would further international understanding" between the United States and Great Britain.[25] "Led Zeppelin became the first hard rock act to play Carnegie Hall since the Rolling Stones tore the place up some five years ago." Two concerts were performed October 17, 1969.[26] Since then numerous rock, blues, jazz and country performers have appeared at the hall every season.[27] Jethro Tull released the tapes recorded on its presentation in a 1970 Benefit concert, in the 2010 re-release of the Stand Up album. Ike & Tina Turner performed a concert April 1, 1971, which resulted in their album What You Hear is What You Get. The Beach Boys played concerts in 1971 and 1972, and two songs from the show appeared on their Endless Harmony Soundtrack. Chicago recorded its 4-LP box set Chicago at Carnegie Hall in 1971.
Renovations and additions[edit]
The building was extensively renovated in 1986 and 2003, by James Polshek, who became better known through his post-modern planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History. Polshek and his firm, Polshek Partnership, were involved since 1978 in four phases of the Hall's renovation and expansion including the creation of a Master Plan in 1980; the actual renovation of the main hall, the Stern Auditorium, and the creation of the Weill Recital Hall and Kaplan Rehearsal Space, all in 1986;[28] the creation of the Rose Museum, East Room and Club Room (later renamed Rohatyn Room and Shorin Club Room, respectively), all in 1991; and, most recently, the creation of Zankel Hall in 2003.[9][10]
The renovation was not without controversy. Following completion of work on the main auditorium in 1986, there were complaints that the famous acoustics of the hall had been diminished.[29] Although officials involved in the renovation denied that there was any change, complaints persisted for the next nine years. In 1995, the cause of the problem was discovered to be a slab of concrete under the stage. The slab was subsequently removed.[30]
Carnegie Hall Tower
In 1987–1989, a 60-floor office tower, named Carnegie Hall Tower, designed by César Pelli & Associates, was completed next to the hall on the same block. New backstage space and banquet spaces, contained within the tower, connect with the main Carnegie Hall building.
In June 2003, tentative plans were made for the Philharmonic to return to Carnegie Hall beginning in 2006, and for the orchestra to merge its business operations with those of the venue. However, the two groups abandoned these plans later in 2003.[31]
In 2014, Carnegie Hall opened its Judith and Burton Resnick Education Wing, which houses 24 music rooms, one of which is large enough to hold an orchestra or a chorus. The $230 million project was funded with gifts from Joan and Sanford I. Weill and the Weill Family Fund, Judith and Burton Resnick, Lily Safra and other donors, as well as $52.2 million from the city, $11 million from the state and $56.5 million from bonds issued through the Trust for Cultural Resources of the City of New York.[32]
The 2015–2016 Season celebrates a 125th Anniversary and the launch of an unprecedented commissioning project of at least 125 new works with 'Fifty for the Future" coming from Kronos (25 by female composers and 25 by male composers.)
Management[edit]
Since July 2005, the Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall is Sir Clive Gillinson, formerly managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra.
Carnegie Hall Archives[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Unexpectedly, for most concert-goers, it emerged in 1986 that Carnegie Hall had never consistently maintained an archive. Without a central repository, a significant portion of Carnegie Hall's documented history had been dispersed. In preparation for the celebration of Carnegie Hall's centennial in 1991, the management established the Carnegie Hall Archives.
Carnegie Hall joke[edit]
Rumor is that a pedestrian on Fifty-seventh Street, Manhattan, stopped Jascha Heifetz and inquired, "Could you tell me how to get to Carnegie Hall?" "Yes," said Heifetz. "Practice!"[33]
This old joke has become part of the folklore of the hall, but its origins remain a mystery. According to The New York Times, the main player in the story has been described at various times as either an unnamed man, violinist Jascha Heifetz or the pianist Arthur Rubinstein.[34] On its webpage, Carnegie Hall quotes the wife of violinist Mischa Elman as having perhaps the best story of its origin: "One day, after a rehearsal that hadn’t pleased Elman, the couple was leaving Carnegie Hall by the backstage entrance when they were approached by two tourists looking for the hall’s entrance. Seeing his violin case, they asked, 'How do you get to Carnegie Hall?' Without looking up and continuing on his way, Elman simply replied, 'Practice.'"[35]
Finances[edit]
The hall's operating budget for the 2008–2009 season was $84 million. For 2007–2008, operating costs exceeded revenues from operations by $40.2 million. With funding from donors, investment income and government grants, the hall ended that season with $1.9 million more in total revenues than total costs.
World premieres[edit]
Main article: World premieres at Carnegie Hall
Other buildings named Carnegie Hall[edit]
Several other concert halls also bear the Carnegie name.
Carnegie Hall, a 540-seat venue in Andrew Carnegie's native Dunfermline, Scotland, opened in 1937.
420-seat Carnegie Hall in Lewisburg, West Virginia.
Carnegie Library and Theatre in Covington, Kentucky.
1928-seat Carnegie Music Hall on the main site of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh and the main branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.
Carnegie Hall on the North Side of Pittsburgh, formerly known as Allegheny, Pennsylvania, attached to the Carnegie Library.
Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Braddock, Pennsylvania. This was built as part of an 1893 addition to the Braddock Carnegie Library. As of April 2014, it is undergoing restoration.
1022-seat Carnegie Music Hall annexed to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Homestead, Pennsylvania.
Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Carnegie also built a Library and Music Hall in the suburb of Duquesne, Pennsylvania that was demolished in 1968.
See also[edit]
Carnegie Hall – a 1947 film featuring the venue as the setting for the plot and numerous performances
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
List of concert halls
Judy at Carnegie Hall
Benny Goodman and his Orchestra at Carnegie Hall, January 16, 1938
Chicago at Carnegie Hall 1971 four LP vinyl box set by the rock band Chicago
Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones, first African-American to sing at Carnegie Hall
Alliance for the Arts Advocacy organization for Carnegie Hall
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "Carnegie Hall". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Although Andrew Carnegie pronounced his name with the stress on the second syllable, the building is generally pronounced with the stress on the first syllable.
Jump up ^ Pollack, Michael (June 20, 2004). "F.Y.I.: Tomato, Tomahto". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014. Mr. Carnegie was, of course, born Scottish, and the correct pronunciation of his name is car-NAY-gie,
Jump up ^ Thomasini, Anthony (September 25, 2015). "Music: Lang Lang opens Philharmonic Season as Avery Fisher Hall is Renamed". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The A to Z of Carnegie Hall: S is for Stern". Carnegie Hall. September 23, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Information: Accessibility". Carnegie Hall. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall. "Stern Auditorium-Perelman Stage Rentals". Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Dunlap, David W. (January 30, 2000). "Carnegie Hall Grows the Only Way It Can; Burrowing Into Bedrock, Crews Carve Out a New Auditorium". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Muschamp, Herbert (September 12, 2003). "Architecture Review; Zankel Hall, Carnegie's Buried Treasure". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall. "Zankel Hall Rental". Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall. "Weill Recital Hall". Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Wendy (December 30, 2007). "Great Rooms: Bohemia in Midtown". New York. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pressler, Jessica (October 20, 2008). "Editta Sherman, 96-Year-Old Squatter". New York. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tchaikovsky in America". Carnegie Hall official website. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ 1891 Andrew Carnegie’s new Music Hall opens
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Richard (May 30, 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory: Carnegie Hall" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory: Carnegie Hall—Accompanying Photos" (PDF). National Park Service. May 30, 1975. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Playbill and CBS announcement, concert on November 14, 1943
Jump up ^ Lee, Maureen D. (May 2012). Sissierettta Jones, "The Greatest Singer of Her Race," 1868–1933. University of South Carolina Press.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Rob. "From Opera, Minstrelsy and Ragtime to Social Justice: An Overview of African American Performers at Carnegie Hall, 1892–1943". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Stars assist the blind". The New York Times. May 7, 1955. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles at Carnegie Hall". It All Happened – A Living History of Live Music.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John S. (February 13, 1964). "2,900-Voice Chorus Joins The Beatles". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Schaffner, Nicholas (July 1977). The Beatles Forever. New York: Fine Communications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1567310085.
Jump up ^ "October 17, 1969, New York, NY US". Led Zeppelin Timeline. ledzeppelin.com. October 17, 1969. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "This installment of our A to Z of Carnegie Hall series looks at the letter R—for "Rock '". The A to Z of Carnegie Hall: R is for Rock 'n' Roll. September 22, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "History of the Hall: Timeline—1986 Full interior renovation completed". Carnegie Hall. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Michael (February 16, 1987). "Sounds in the night". Time. 129 (7).
Jump up ^ Kozinn, Alan (September 14, 1995). "A Phantom Exposed: Concrete at Carnegie". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "N.Y. Philharmonic, Carnegie Merger Off". Billboard. Associated Press. October 8, 2003. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Michael (September 12, 2014). "Carnegie Hall Makes Room for Future Stars: Resnick Education Wing Prepares to Open at Carnegie Hall". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cerf, Bennett (1956). The Life of the Party: A New Collection of Stories and Anecdotes. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 335.
Jump up ^ Pollak, Michael (November 29, 2009). "The Origins of That Famous Carnegie Hall Joke". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "History FAQ: Who created the "How do you get to Carnegie Hall?" joke?". Carnegie Hall. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Richard Schickel, The World of Carnegie Hall, 1960.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnegie Hall.
Official website
Carnegie Hall at Google Cultural Institute
Carnegie Hall and its events on NYC-ARTS.org
Honors Performance Series, Carnegie Hall performance opportunity for elite student musicians
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Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India
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Vasco da Gama on his arrival in India, bearing the flag used during the first voyage by sea to this part of the world: the arms of Portugal and the Cross of the Order of Christ, sponsors of the expansion movement initiated by Henry the Navigator, are seen. Painting by Ernesto Casanova
The discovery of the sea route to India is the description sometimes used in Europe and among the Portuguese for the first recorded trip made directly from Europe to India via the Atlantic Ocean. It was undertaken under the command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in 1497 -1499. Considered by Europe to be one of the most remarkable voyages of the Age of Discovery, it consolidated the Portuguese maritime presence in Pacific Ocean and that country's dominance of global trade routes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preparations of the trip
2 The Context
3 The navy
4 The voyage
5 Arrival in Calicut
6 Back in Portugal
7 See also
8 References
Preparations of the trip[edit]
The plan for working on the Cape Route to India was charted by Portuguese King John II as a cost saving measure in the trade with Asia and also an attempt to monopolize the spice trade. Adding to the increasingly influential Portuguese maritime presence, John II craved for trade routes and for the expansion of the kingdom of Portugal which had already been transformed into an Empire. However, the project would not be realized during his reign. It would be his successor, King Manuel I, who would designate Vasco da Gama for this expedition, while maintaining the original plan.
However, this development was not viewed well by the upper classes. In the Cortes de Montemor-o-Novo of 1495 an opposite view was visible over the journey that John II had so painstakingly prepared. This point of view was contented with the trade with Guinea and North Africa and feared the challenges posed by the maintenance of any overseas territories, and the cost involved in the launching and maintenance of sea lanes. This position is embodied in the character of The Old Man of Restelo that appears in Os Lusíadas of the Portuguese epic poet Luís Vaz de Camões, who opposes the boarding of the armada.
King Manuel did not share that opinion. Keeping the D. João II plan, he went ahead to equip the ships and chose Vasco da Gama as the leader of this expedition and the captain of the armada. Interestingly, according to the original plan, John II had appointed his father, Stephen da Gama, to head the armada; but by the time of implementing the plan, both were deceased.
This global expedition was launched on 8 July 1497. It would conclude two years later with the entry of the ships back into the river Tagus, bringing with them the good news that bestowed on Portugal a prestigious maritime position.
The Context[edit]
Preste João (Prester John)
by Diogo Homem, 1558, in the Biblioteca Britânica
Map of the supposed kingdom of Preste João (Prester John), shown as set in the region of Ethiopia.
Spices were always considered the gold of the Indies. Cinnamon, ginger, cloves, pepper and turmeric had long been products which were difficult to obtain in Europe and brought in by caravans and experienced merchants coming from the East.
A merchant of Lisbon describes the overland spice route as follows: Only the markets of Venice and Genoa then scattered these spices all over Europe, great in cost, and without guaranteed arrival. In 1453, with the capture of the city of Constantinople by the Ottomans, the trade of Venice and Genoa reduced to a great degree.[dubious – discuss] The advantage of the Portuguese to establish a sea route therefore virtually free of assault - however, covered in perils in the sea - showed itself rewarding and outlined a large income to the Crown in the future. Portugal would directly link the spice producing regions to their markets in Europe.
Around the year 1481, João Afonso of Aveiro attempted to undertake an exploration of the kingdom of Benin, and gathered information about an almost legendary prince Ogané, whose kingdom was located far to the east of Benin. He was thought to be Christian and one who enjoyed great respect and power. It was said the Benin kingdom where Ogané had his headquarters was twenty moons away in distance, which, according to the account of João de Barros, corresponds to two hundred fifty leagues.
The important trade routes of the silk and spices, blocked by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire, led to the search for a sea route across the Atlantic skirting Africa.
Excited with this news, John II sent, in 1487, Frei António de Lisboa and Pedro de Montarroio to locate in the East new information that could find Prester John, which seemed to correspond, after all, to the description that came about the prince Ogané. But the mission of those sent was merely to Jerusalem, because these two Portuguese were unaware of the Arabic language and hence feared to continue, and instead returned to Portugal.
Very carefully and secretly two young men of trust were prepared. They were: Afonso de Paiva, of Castelo Branco, and Pêro da Covilhã. They began their journey and went through Valencia, Barcelona, Naples, Rhodes, Alexandria, Cairo and Aden. Here their paths separated: Afonso de Paiva headed to Ethiopia and Pêro da Covilhã to India. None of the men returned, but the information needed by D. John was brought back to the kingdom, and with this came the support to serve the possible epic maritime adventure that lay ahead.
The travel plan then would have predicted the safety of the route. For this, it would be necessary to install trading posts along the way, and build fortresses. The mission would be up to the captain of the armada who was provided with many gifts and equipment to brave the seas and diplomatic credentials and perseverance to create links with unknown monarchs who eventually were found along the way.
But it would no longer be in the reign of King John II of Portugal that this project, which was already facing a strong opposition from the court, would be initiated. It would only happen in the time of his successor, King Manuel I who incidentally did not share the general opinion about the sea routes being a good - if not the best - means to dominate trade with the East.
The navy[edit]
Vasco da Gama
By António Manuel da Fonseca, 1838, from the Museu Marítimo Nacional
Among the sailors, were two interpreters Fernão Martins and Martim Afonso de Sousa, and two brothers, João Figueira and Pêro da Covilhã. In all, the crews comprised 170 men.
The sailors had sailing charts marked with the positions of the African coast known until then, quadrants, astrolabes of various sizes, tables with calculations - such as astronomical tables of Abraham Zacuto -, needle and bobs. One of the ships was carrying groceries sufficient for three years: biscuits, beans, dried meats, wine, flour, olive oil, pickles and other items of pharmacy. Also planned were continuous replenishment along the coast of Africa. The trip to India was performed by three ships and another ship that carried supplies. These three ships had a captain and a pilot. The ship of groceries had only a captain. Two ships also had a scribe or writer. The first ship had a master.
The voyage[edit]
Path taken by the expedition (marked in black). In this figure you can also see, for comparison, the path taken by Pêro da Covilhã (in orange) separated from that of Afonso de Paiva (blue) after the long trip together (green).
Thus began the expedition on 8 July 1497. The Lisbon shipping line to Cabo Verde was the usual one and the Indian Ocean is described by Álvaro Velho thus: "The coastal route until Malindi and direct passage from this port to Calicut". During this expedition, the latitudes were determined by solar observation, as stated by João de Barros.
Reports of the Daily Board (Diários de Bordo) of the ships note many unique experiences. Also found were a rich flora and fauna. Contact was made near the bay of St. Helena with tribes who ate sea lions, whales, gazelle meat and herbal roots; They walked covered with fur and their weapons were simple wooden spears of Zambujo and animal horns; They saw tribes who played rustic flutes in a coordinated manner, which was a surprising sight for the Europeans. Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) affected the crew. They crossed into Mozambique with palm trees yielding coconuts.
Despite the adversities of a trip of this scale, the crew retained their curiosity and courage to achieve the feat and get along with people they encountered. To gather pace, they raided ships in search of pilots. With the prisoners, the Captain-General could trade, or put them to work.
It is known, thanks to the Portuguese humanist philosopher Damião de Góis, that during the trip five monuments were set in place. San Rafael, in the Bons Sinais river; São Jorge, in Mozambique; the Holy Spirit in Malindi; Santa Maria, in Ilhéus, and San Gabriel, in Calicut. These monuments were meant to affirm the Portuguese sovereignty in these places so that other explorers who arrived later did not take the land for themselves as discoveries.
Arrival in Calicut[edit]
On May 17, 1498, the fleet reached Kappakadavu, near Calicut, in the current Indian state of Kerala, thus having established the route via the Indian Ocean and managing to open the sea route from Europe to India.
Negotiations with the local governor, Samutiri Manavikraman Raja, Zamorin of Calicut, were difficult. Vasco da Gama's efforts to obtain favorable commercial terms have been hampered by the different cultures and the low value of their gifts—in the West it was customary for kings to offer presents to the foreign envoys; in the East the kings were expected to be impressed with rich offerings. Goods presented by the Portuguese proved insufficient to impress the Zamorin and representatives of the Zamorin mocked their offers, while the Arab merchants established there resisted the possibility of unwanted competition.
Vasco da Gama's perseverance made him nevertheless initiate negotiations between him and the Zamorin, who was pleased with the letters of King Manuel I. Finally, Vasco da Gama managed to get an ambiguous letter of concession rights to trade, supporting the meeting saying:
The Portuguese eventually were able to sell their goods at a low price in order to acquire small amounts of spices and jewels to take to their kingdom. However the fleet eventually departed without warning after the Zamorin and his naval chief Kunjali Marakkar insisted that they left all their assets as collateral. Vasco da Gama kept his goods, but left a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post.
Back in Portugal[edit]
Vasco da Gama presents to D. Manuel the first fruits of India. National Library of Portugal, c.1900
On July 12, 1499, after more than two years since the beginning of this expedition, the caravel Berrio entered into the river Tagus, commanded by Nicolau Coelho, with the news that would thrill Lisbon: the Portuguese had finally reached India by sea. Vasco da Gama had fallen behind on Terceira Island, preferring to stay on with his brother who was seriously ill, thus foreclosing the celebrations and congratulations by the news.
Of the ships involved, only the São Rafael (St. Raphael) did not return. It was burnt due to its inability to maneuver, as a result of the reduced number of the crew as a result of diseases which killed about half the crew, such as scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), which was felt acutely while crossing the Indian Ocean. Only 55 of the 148 men who were part of the armada survived the trip.
Vasco da Gama returned home on 31 August and was received by King Manuel I with contentment. He assigned him the title of Don and great rewards.
Manuel I hastened to break the news to the kings of Spain, both as a display of pride as also to warn that both the routes would now explored by the Portuguese Crown.
There is news of an Italian merchant who spread the good news in Florence.
The merchant refers to Melinde.
With the opening of the sea route to the East Indies, the Venetians, who controlled the trade of the Mediterranean, would buy pepper from the Portuguese, at half the price they paid to the Arabs in Egypt. The fall of the Venetian monopoly on the spice trade in Europe and the resulting drop in prices of spices contributed to the commercial development of the continent.
See also[edit]
Portuguese India
Ascot DA Gama
Armada
References[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India&oldid=811894144"
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1490s in Portuguese India
Portugal in the Age of Discovery
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