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Fifty Shades of Grey
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This article is about the novel. For its film adaptation, see Fifty Shades of Grey (film). For the novel series, see Fifty Shades trilogy.
Fifty Shades of Grey
2012 paperback cover
Author
E. L. James
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
Fifty Shades trilogy
Genre
Erotic romance
Published
20 June 2011 (Vintage Books)
Media type
Print (Hardcover, paperback)
Pages
514
ISBN
978-1-61213-028-6
OCLC
780307033
Followed by
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James, originally a Twilight fan fiction with Christian Grey as a non-vampire Edward Cullen and Anastasia Steele as a wan, gamine Bella Swan.[1] It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism (BDSM). Originally self-published as an ebook and a print-on-demand, publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012.
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015. It has been translated into 52 languages, and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time. Critical reception of the book, however, has tended towards the negative, with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor. Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced a film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015[2] and also received generally unfavourable reviews.
The second and third volumes of the trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012. Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, a version of Fifty Shades of Grey being told from Christian's point of view, was published in June 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Background and publication
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Controversy
3.3 Censorship
4 Media
4.1 Film adaptation
4.2 Film soundtrack
4.3 Classical album
4.4 Parodies
4.4.1 In print
4.4.2 In film
4.4.3 Online
4.4.4 On stage
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Anastasia "Ana" Steele is a 21-year-old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver, Washington. Her best friend is Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper. Due to an illness, Kate is unable to interview 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur, and asks Ana to take her place. Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating. As a result, she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian's office believing it went poorly. Ana does not expect to meet Christian again, but he appears at the hardware store where she works. While he purchases various items including cable ties, masking tape, and rope, Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him. Christian gives Ana his phone number. Later, Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend, José Rodriguez.
The next day José, Kate, and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the Heathman Hotel, where Christian is staying. Christian asks Ana out for coffee and asks if she is dating anyone, specifically José. Ana replies that she is not dating anyone. During the conversation, Ana learns that Christian is also single, but he says he is not romantic. Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive enough for Christian. Later, Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which stuns her. Later that night, Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian, who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state. Ana goes outside to get some fresh air, and José attempts to kiss her, but he is stopped by Christian's arrival. Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian's brother, Elliot. Later, Ana wakes to find herself in Christian's hotel room, where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself. Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her. He initially says that Ana will first have to fill in paperwork, but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator.
Ana goes on a date with Christian, on which he takes her in his helicopter, Charlie Tango, to his apartment. Once there, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together, which Ana agrees to sign. He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear. There, Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one. The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him. At this point, Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and agrees to take her virginity without making her sign the contract. The two then have sex. The following morning, Ana and Christian again have sex. His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting, having previously thought Christian was homosexual, because he was never seen with a woman. Christian later takes Ana out to eat, and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother's friends, Elena Lincoln, and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility. Christian also reveals that in his first dominant/submissive relationship he was the submissive. Christian and Ana plan to meet again, and he takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex.
Over the next few days, Ana receives several packages from Christian. These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract; to communicate with him, since she has never previously owned a computer; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant/submissive contract. She and Christian email each other, with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract, such as only eating foods from a specific list. Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature. Because of these feelings, Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation, where he is a guest speaker. During this time, Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract. Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract, and they go over Ana's hard and soft limits. Christian spanks Ana for the first time, and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused. This confusion is exacerbated by Christian's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family. The two continue with the arrangement without Ana's having yet signed the contract. After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP), Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian. The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be. Christian fulfils Ana's request, beating her with a belt, and Ana realises they are incompatible. Devastated, she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate.
Background and publication[edit]
E. L. James in 2012
The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen's Icedragon". The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan. After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material, James removed the story from the fan-fiction websites and published it on her own website, FiftyShades.com. Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece, with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele and removed it from her website before publication.[3] Meyer commented on the series, saying "that's really not my genre, not my thing... Good on her—she's doing well. That's great!"[4]
This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts. The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia.[5][6] The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012. The Writers' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity, but sales of the novel were boosted by word-of-mouth recommendation. The book's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed "Mommy Porn" by some news agencies.[7][8] The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women.[8][9][10] By the release of the final volume in January 2012, news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica, attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices.[11][12] Due to the heightened interest in the series, the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012.[13][14] The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature. Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shade's success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand.[15]
On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined, making E. L. James its best-selling author, replacing J. K. Rowling, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies.[16]
Reception[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States.[17][18] The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 and has been translated into 52 languages,[19][20] and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time.[21]
Critical response[edit]
It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work. Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published. It made Twilight look like War and Peace."[22] Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Bronte devoid of talent," and said it was "dull and poorly written."[23] Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke, puny of plot".[24]
Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series."[25] Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself."[26] British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books".[27] The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was "the definition of a page-turner", noting that the book was both "troubling and intriguing".[28] A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, and that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]. And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt."[29] The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions," although it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it."[30] The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page."[31] Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way".[32] Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing".[33]
The book garnered some accolades. In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards.[34][35] In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E. L. James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor.[36] Earlier, in April 2012, when E. L. James was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World",[37] Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy's fan fiction beginnings.[38]
Controversy[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses BDSM with abuse and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques.[39][40]
Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity, injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically. In 2012, the year after the book was published, injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50% from 2010 (the year before the book was published). This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other "kinky" sexual fetishes attempting what they had read in the book.[41]
There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is part of the book. Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter, "The story line is presented as a romance; however, the underlying theme is that bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable."[42] The feminist anti-pornography organisation Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence.[43] By contrast, Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that "film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like 'consent' into a living, breathing, and at times, uncomfortable interpersonal experience," and "dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one's limits and having them respected."[44]
Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple's relationship is not BDSM at all, but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship. In 2013, social scientist Professor Amy E. Bonomi published a study wherein the books were read by multiple professionals and assessed for characteristics of intimate partner violence, or IPV, using the CDC's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence. The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature, including stalking, intimidation, and isolation. The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC's definition, including Christian's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana's ability to consent, and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman, including constant perceived threat, stressful managing, and altered identity.[45][46]
A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series, compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels. The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder, having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and/or engaged in stalking behaviour, engaging in binge drinking in the last month, and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24. The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these "problems" were drawn to the series, or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context.[47] The study's lead researcher contends that the books romanticise dangerous behaviour and "perpetuate dangerous abuse standards."[48] The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied, and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it, having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation.[49]
At the beginning of the media hype, Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show[50] whether the book perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship. Dr. Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it."[51]
Censorship[edit]
In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor. A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches.[52] Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair. In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information."[52] Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand.[53]
In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors.[54] The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them,[55] basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content".[56]
In February 2015, the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaption after permitting them for three years in local bookstores, citing morality-related reasons.[57]
Media[edit]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Fifty Shades of Grey (film)
Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson were cast in the roles of Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, respectively.
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features,[58] Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions,[59] with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012.[60] Universal is also the film's distributor. Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele,[61][62] but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013,[63] with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October.[64]
The film was released on 13 February 2015,[2] and although popular at the box office, critical reactions were mixed to negative.[65]
Film soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
E. L. James announced the film's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015.[66][67] Prior to the soundtrack's release, the first single, "Earned It", by The Weeknd, was released on 24 December 2014.[68] On 7 January 2015, the second single, "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding was released.[69] Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack's third single, "Salted Wound", on 27 January 2015.[70]
Classical album[edit]
An album of songs selected by E. L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album, and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012.[71][72] A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to "those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades".[73]
Parodies[edit]
The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print,[74][75] in film, online, and on stage. In November 2012, Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey: A XXX Adaptation, a pornographic film based on the novel, citing copyright and trademark infringement. Smash Pictures, the porn producer, later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that "much or all" of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight-based form,[76] but later capitulated and stopped production of their film.[77]
In print[edit]
Amazon.com lists over 50 book parodies, e.g.:
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey (2013)[78] by E. L. Jamesbergstein
Fifty Shames of Earl Grey (2012)[79] by Fanny Merkin (a.k.a. Andrew Shaffer)
In film[edit]
Fifty Shades of Black (2016)
Online[edit]
Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey, Ivy league MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction, a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon.[80]
On stage[edit]
Stage productions include:
50 Shades! The Musical Parody[81]
Cuff Me: The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody[82]
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
2010s portal
Novels portal
Pornography portal
Maestra, a 2016 novel frequently compared to Fifty Shades of Grey
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
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Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey Classical Album Coming in August", Billboard.com, 7 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Billboard Charts Top 5 Classical Music Albums". Classicalite. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Goodstein, Jack (15 September 2012). "Music Review: Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album". Seattle PI. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "18 things you don't know about Fifty Shades of Grey: The Parody Books Keep Coming". CBS News. 17 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Rachel Kramer Bussel (22 April 2015). "In the wake of 50 Shades of Grey, what's even better than sex? Ridiculous sex". Salon.com.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (4 March 2013). "'Fifty Shades' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Romano, Aja (12 March 2013). ""Fifty Shades" porn parody lost its lawsuit, but everyone wins". Daily Dot.
Jump up ^ Jamesbergstein, E.L. (2013). Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody.
Jump up ^ Merkin, Fanny; Shaffer, Andrew (2012). Fifty Shames of Earl Grey: A Parody. ISBN 0-306-82199-0.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Peter (17 December 2013). "Business students steam up spreadsheets with 'Fifty Shades of Grey' treatment". The Star. Toronto.
Jump up ^ Webster, Andy (14 March 2014). "If a Book Annoys You, Ridicule It in Song: '50 Shades! The Musical' Parodies That Erotic Best Seller". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cuff Me: The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody. Broadway.com. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
External links[edit]
Official author page
[hide]
v
t
e
Fifty Shades franchise by E. L. James
Novels
Original trilogy
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Retold
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian
Film series
Films
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Music
Fifty Shades of Grey
"Earned It"
"Love Me like You Do"
"Crazy in Love (Remix)"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"Haunted (Michael Diamond Remix)"
"Beast of Burden"
"I'm on Fire"
"Witchcraft"
"I Know You"
Fifty Shades Darker
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Not Afraid Anymore"
"The Scientist"
Fifty Shades Freed
"For You"
"Capital Letters"
"Heaven"
Parodies
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
Fifty Shades of Black
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The Westing Game
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The Westing Game
First edition
Author
Ellen Raskin
Country
United States
Genre
Mystery
Publisher
E. P. Dutton
Publication date
1978
Pages
216 pg
ISBN
0-525-47137-5
OCLC
53292898
LC Class
PZ7.R1817 We 2003
The Westing Game is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin and published by Dutton in 1978. It won the Newbery Medal recognizing the year's most distinguished contribution to American children's literature.[1] The story involves 16 seemingly unrelated heirs of reclusive businessman Sam Westing and his challenge to figure out the secret of his death. The heirs must figure out who killed Mr. Westing by clues in Mr. Westing's will.
The Westing Game was ranked number nine among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal in 2012.[2] It has been adapted as the 1997 feature film Get a Clue (also distributed as The Westing Game).[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Characters
2.1 Pair One
2.2 Pair Two
2.3 Pair Three
2.4 Pair Four
2.5 Pair Five
2.6 Pair Six
2.7 Pair Seven
2.8 Pair Eight
2.9 Other characters
3 Epilogue
4 Other media
5 References
6 External links
Premise[edit]
Sunset Towers is a new apartment building on Lake Michigan, north of Milwaukee and just down the shore from the mansion owned by reclusive self-made millionaire Samuel W. Westing. (Despite the name, Sunset Towers faces east – into the sunrise.)
As the story opens, a man named Barney Northrup is selling apartments to a carefully selected group of tenants. It soon emerges that most of the tenants – regardless of age or occupation – are named as heirs in Westing's will. The will is structured as a puzzle, with the 16 heirs challenged to find the solution. Each of the eight pairs, assigned seemingly at random, is given $10,000 cash and a different set of baffling clues. The pair that solves the mystery will inherit Westing's entire $200 million fortune and control of his company.
Characters[edit]
Windy Windkloppel was an extremely rich businessman who made his fortune in paper products. He was very patriotic and never smoked, drank, or gambled. He was also Barney Northrup, Sam Westing, Sandy McSouthers, and Julian Eastman.
Pair One[edit]
Jacob "Jake" Wexler is a Jewish podiatrist, and a bookie on the side. He is married to Grace Wexler, whom he loves, but he also knows that she might never be happy with their life or financial situation. Jake is the father of Angela Wexler and Turtle Wexler.
Madame Sun Lin Hoo is the much-younger Chinese immigrant wife of James Shin Hoo. She barely speaks English and can usually be found working in Mr. Hoo's restaurant. It is rumored that Mr. Hoo married her for her 100 Year old sauce recipe. Madame Hoo also steals various items throughout the story in order to sell them and buy a trip back to China. Madame Hoo is the step-mother of Doug Hoo. Madame Hoo is not playing the game.
Pair Two[edit]
Judge J.J. Ford, an intelligent and serious African-American woman in her forties, is suspicious of the game created by Sam Westing (who paid for her college education). Instead of winning, her goal is to discover the past of every heir. She prefers to work on her own, but uses her partner's ear for gossip to her advantage. She harbors long-standing guilt over her debt to Mr. Westing.
Alexander "Sandy" McSouthers was a doorman at Sunset Towers. That was his disguise, as he was actually one of the five identities of Sam Westing. His desecription says that he previously worked at Westing Paper Products Corporation and claims to have been fired by Sam Westing himself for attempting to organize the workers. McSouthers is notable for his knowledge of Sunset Towers' gossip.
Pair Three[edit]
Grace Wexler, married to Jake Wexler and mother of Angela and Turtle, is a self-centered woman who is obsessed with her own image. She favors Angela while largely ignoring Turtle. She claims to be Mr. Westing's niece, and she purports her name as Grace Windsor Wexler, although it is actually Gracie Windkloppel Wexler. Grace wants to be an interior designer.
James Shin "Jimmy" Hoo is a middle-aged Chinese man, owner of Shin Hoo's restaurant and former entrepreneur, as well as Madame Hoo's husband and Doug's father. He claims Mr. Westing stole his patent for the disposable diaper and appears bitter and moody for this reason. He suffers from ulcers, and he can often be seen yelling at his son to study.
Pair Four[edit]
Tabitha-Ruth Wexler, known as Turtle or "Alice", is a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. She is very protective of her long, dark braid of hair and kicks anyone who pulls it. She excels at playing the stock market. She is very fond of both Sandy McSouthers and her partner Flora Baumbach, and she also loves her family, even though her sister Angela seems to be favored. She has a slight crush on Doug Hoo.
Flora Baumbach is a shy 60-year-old dressmaker who becomes a maternal figure to her partner, Turtle. Her daughter, Rosalie, had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at age 19. Her husband disappeared, and it is unknown whether he died or if there was a divorce. Flora is kind to everyone, and prefers to see the best in people. Turtle refers to her as "Baba," while she refers to Turtle as "Alice." At the end, she becomes friends with Julian Eastman and therefore Sam Westing himself.
Pair Five[edit]
Christos "Chris" Theodorakis is a 15-year-old paraplegic teenage boy who uses a wheelchair due to a degenerative muscle disease. He is very intelligent and enjoys birdwatching. His brother, Theo, is very protective of him. Chris's disease causes muscle spasms and affects his speech, but he is much more observant than he lets on – in part because he is often dismissed by others. Chris also develops a temporary friendship with Sydelle Pulaski.
Dr. Denton Deere is a 25-year-old medical intern. He is engaged to Angela. Dr. Deere is arrogant and extremely proud of the medical industry. He has an obsession with giving diagnoses to almost everyone. He later becomes a neurologist, gaining fame for his treatment of Chris's condition.
Pair Six[edit]
Berthe Erica Crow, usually referred to as simply Crow, is an extremely religious 57-year-old woman. Tight and introverted, she works as a cleaning woman for Sunset Towers, while also operating a downtown soup kitchen for the homeless. She plays a major role in Westing's plot, as it is revealed that she was formerly Mr. Westing's wife.
Otis J. Amber is a 62-year-old "delivery boy." Even outside of the game, he is often seen with Berthe Erica Crow, in part because he is actually a private investigator whom Sam Westing tasked with watching Crow. He assists Berthe with her soup kitchen. At the beginning of the story, he tells the tale of the bloody bet a boy once made involving the Westing mansion, which becomes an eerie theme throughout the book, using two words: "purple waves."
Pair Seven[edit]
Theo Theodorakis is a smart high school student, and very loyal to his family. He is protective of his brother Chris, and works hard in his parents' coffee shop. He is interested in becoming a writer, and also becomes friends with his partner, Doug Hoo.
Doug Hoo, son of Jimmy Hoo, is a high school track star, one of the best mile-runners in the state. Running is his passion, but his father often criticizes him for not studying. At the end, he wins two Olympic gold medals and sets the 1500m record as well
Pair Eight[edit]
Angela Wexler is a beautiful 20-year-old girl: fair, blonde, and very pretty. She is considered the 'perfect' daughter, often getting more attention than her sister Turtle. However, people only acknowledge her as an attractive object to be married to Dr. Denton Deere, and not an intelligent woman in her own right. Throughout the book, Angela grows in her independence and her distaste for being objectified. Not that many characters realize that she is scared of not obeying Grace's every command. She wants to do more than sitting still and looking pretty.
Sydelle Pulaski is a mysterious character who seems to have no connection to Mr. Westing or the other heirs. No one pays any attention to her, so she tries hard to be noticed. She seems to have an affinity for Chris Theodorakis. Eventually, it is revealed that she truly does not have a connection to Sam Westing, as Westing's lawyer mistakenly recruited her instead of a woman named Sybil Pulaski.
Other characters[edit]
Barney Northrup is a mysterious figure who sells all of the apartments in Sunset Towers to the various heirs. After this, he is rarely seen by any of the tenants.
Julian R. Eastman runs Westing Paper Products in Mr. Westing's absence. He was a witness to Mr. Westing's will.
Dr. Sidney Sikes is a good friend of Samuel Westing, and a witness to his will. Has no role in the game.
Edgar J. Plum is the lawyer in charge of handling Samuel Westing's estate. He is very young and fairly incompetent. Has no role in the game.
Mr. and Mrs. Theodorakis run the Sunset Towers coffee shop and do not take part in the game, though both their sons Chris and Theo do.
Epilogue[edit]
The epilogue of the story is told in the book's last three chapters, which depicts the heirs growing older and more successful, many of them changing their lives as a result of the game.
Crow and Otis Amber fall in love and are married, both leaving their jobs at Sunset Towers to work at Crow's soup kitchen, which many of the heirs leave donations to. Both die within a week of one another after several years of life together.
Flora Baumbach leaves the dressmaking business a few years after the game's conclusion, becoming Turtle's close friend and later Alice's nanny.
Denton Deere and Angela Wexler both question their life choices and ultimately separate. Denton becomes a neurologist due to his success in treating Chris Theodorakis' disease, and Angela returns to medical school to become a surgeon. Five years after the game's conclusion, the two are reunited, marry, and have a daughter named Alice.
Judge Ford agrees to finance Chris' education in homage to her mentor, Sam Westing. She is elected to the US Court of Appeals and later the Supreme Court.
Sunny Hoo ultimately never leaves her husband and adopts the nickname "Sunny." She becomes fluent in English, and becomes James' secretary in his new company. After he dies she finally takes her trip to China, but returns to take up the family business.
James Hoo leaves the restaurant business and gives "Hoo's on First" to Grace. He patents his shoe-sole idea and becomes a multimillionaire, and moves out of Sunset Towers with his family. He dies briefly before the book's conclusion, and is succeeded in the company by his wife.
Doug Hoo wins his first Olympic gold medal and set a new record for the 1500-meter run shortly after the game ends, and goes on to win two more. Retiring from athletics, he becomes a popular sports announcer.
Chris Theodorakis is ultimately able to manage the effects of his disease thanks to Denton's extensive research. However, he remains unable to walk and uses a wheelchair for the rest of his life. His college education is financed by Judge Ford, and he meets a girl named Shirley during his first year. The two later marry and become professors at the local university. Chris discovers and names a new breed of parrot (the "something-Christos parrot") during an expedition in Central America.
Sydelle Pulaski returns to her old job at Schultz Sausages and discovers that Mr. Schultz has a crush on her. She later marries him. The pair move to Hawaii, though Sydelle stays in touch with Angela. She gives up using crutches to get attention but requires the use of them on various occasions near the end of the novel.
Jake Wexler becomes unsatisfied with his job as a podiatrist, quits, and is recommended to a political position by Judge Ford. He becomes the Chairman of the State Gambling Commission and then the Wisconsin State Crime Commissioner, though the jobs give him little time to spend with his wife.
Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo's restaurant, renaming it "Hoo's on First" and giving it a theme of local sports stars. It gets rave reviews. The success of "Hoo's on First" ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants, the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison.
Theo Thedorakis attends a literary college, becoming an assistant to the reporter who writes the article about Doug's first gold medal. He later becomes a novelist. His first novel does not sell well, but at the book's end he has almost finished his second book. Theo marries Turtle, though they agree not to have children lest the children inherit Chris' disease. Theo and Chris' parents move to Florida after retiring from their coffee shop business.
Turtle Wexler, having solved the game by discovering Sam Westing's secret life, is dedicated to becoming his successor – and, ultimately, the president of Westing Paper Products. She takes on the nickname of T.R., attends college early (she is only 18 in her second year of college), and makes over $5 million in the stock market. Turtle marries Theo and begins teaching Angela and Denton's daughter Alice how to play chess.
Sandy McSouthers, who supposedly died after the game's conclusion, is revealed as Samuel Westing, Barney Northrup, and (primarily) Julian Eastman. He becomes Turtle Wexler's mentor, pays for her expensive education, and plays chess with her every Saturday, although she tells people she is "at the library." He dies on the Fourth of July.
Sam Westing, died from old age and was not murdered.
Other media[edit]
The Westing Game, adapted by Darian Lindle and directed by Terry Brino-Dean, was first produced at Prime Stage Theatre in Pittsburgh in 2009. The script is published by Dramatic Publishing.
Get A Clue, adapted by Dylan Kelsey Hadley and directed by Terence H. Winkless was produced for television in 1997.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Newbery Medal & Honor Books, 1922–Present". Association for Library Service to Children. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved 2015-10-28.
External links[edit]
Novels portal
Children's literature portal
The Westing Game manuscript online at UW Madison
The Westing Game on IMDb
The Game learning guide, analysis, quotes, & teacher resources
Awards
Preceded by
Bridge to Terabithia Newbery Medal recipient
1979 Succeeded by
A Gathering of Days: A New England Girl's Journal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Westing_Game&oldid=796754091"
Categories:
Newbery Medal-winning works
1978 American novels
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John Deere Classic
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John Deere Classic
Tournament information
Location
Silvis, Illinois, U.S.
Established
1971
Course(s)
TPC Deere Run
Par
71
Length
7,257 yards (6,636 m)[1]
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
Format
Stroke play
Prize fund
$5.8 million
Month played
July
Tournament record score
Aggregate
257 Michael Kim (2018)
To par
−27 as above
Current champion
Michael Kim
TPC
Deere Run
Location in the United States
TPC
Deere Run
Location in Illinois
The John Deere Classic is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour. It is played annually in July, the week before the British Open, at TPC Deere Run in the Quad Cities community of Silvis, Illinois.
The tournament began as the Quad Cities Open in 1971 and was a "satellite event" on the PGA Tour. It became an official tour event in 1972.[2] Ed McMahon served as tournament host from 1975 to 1979. Title sponsors have included Miller Brewing Company (1982–85), Hardee's (1986–94) and John Deere (since 1999).
From the event's inception in 1971 through 1974, it was played at Crow Valley Country Club in Davenport, Iowa. It then moved to Oakwood Country Club in Coal Valley, Illinois from 1975 to 1999. Beginning in 2000, the event has been at the TPC at Deere Run in Silvis.[3]
In 2005 and 2006, the tournament generated more media coverage because of the sponsor's exemptions given to teenager Michelle Wie. In 2005, the tournament's storyline also revolved around Sean O'Hair, whose win qualified him to play in The Open the following week and was a significant part of his PGA Tour Rookie of the Year season. The 2013 edition saw Jordan Spieth, two weeks shy of his 20th birthday, become the first teenager to win on the PGA Tour since 1931.[4]
In order to help attract players who will compete in the following week's British Open, since 2008 the John Deere Classic has sponsored a charter flight that leaves the Quad Cities on Sunday night and arrives in Britain the next morning.[5][6]
Since the introduction of the Open Qualifying Series, the John Deere Classic is a final chance for a player not already exempt to earn entry into The Open if he finished in the top five.
Contents
1 Sponsor's exemptions for Michelle Wie
2 Winners
3 Multiple winners
4 References
5 External links
Sponsor's exemptions for Michelle Wie[edit]
Michelle Wie first received a sponsor's exemption to play in the John Deere Classic in 2005, part of her effort to make the cut in a men's professional golf event. The tournament attracted thousands of visitors as fans flocked to see the 15-year-old Wie play. She posted a 70 (−1) in the first round and was four-under for the tournament after 32 holes, but then had a double bogey and bogey on successive holes. Wie finished with two pars to shoot 141 (−1) and missed the cut by two strokes.[7]
Wie received a sponsor's exemption again in 2006; it was her first men's event with a cut since making the cut in a men's tournament for the first time earlier that year in Korea. She finished the first round at 77 (+6), well behind the projected cut line of −2. In the moderate afternoon heat (88 °F (31 °C)) of the second day, she fell two strokes further behind after a double bogey at the 9th hole and withdrew from the tournament,[8] citing heat exhaustion. After receiving treatment at the course medical trailer, Wie departed in an ambulance, as required by state law.[9]
Winners[edit]
Year
Player
Country
Score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share ($)
Purse ($)
John Deere Classic
2018 Michael Kim United States 257 −27 8 strokes Bronson Burgoon
Joel Dahmen
Francesco Molinari
Sam Ryder 1,044,000 5,800,000
2017 Bryson DeChambeau United States 266 −18 1 stroke Patrick Rodgers 1,008,000 5,600,000
2016 Ryan Moore United States 262 −22 2 strokes Ben Martin 864,000 4,800,000
2015 Jordan Spieth (2) United States 264 −20 Playoff Tom Gillis 846,000 4,700,000
2014 Brian Harman United States 262 −22 1 stroke Zach Johnson 846,000 4,700,000
2013 Jordan Spieth United States 265 −19 Playoff David Hearn
Zach Johnson 828,000 4,600,000
2012 Zach Johnson United States 264 −20 Playoff Troy Matteson 828,000 4,600,000
2011 Steve Stricker (3) United States 262 −22 1 stroke Kyle Stanley 810,000 4,500,000
2010 Steve Stricker (2) United States 258 −26 2 strokes Paul Goydos 792,000 4,400,000
2009 Steve Stricker United States 264 −20 3 strokes Zach Johnson
Brett Quigley
Brandt Snedeker 774,000 4,300,000
2008 Kenny Perry United States 268 −16 Playoff Brad Adamonis
Jay Williamson 756,000 4,200,000
2007 Jonathan Byrd United States 266 −18 1 stroke Tim Clark 738,000 4,100,000
2006 John Senden Australia 265 −19 1 stroke J. P. Hayes 720,000 4,000,000
2005 Sean O'Hair United States 268 −16 1 stroke Robert Damron
Hank Kuehne 720,000 4,000,000
2004 Mark Hensby Australia 268 −16 Playoff John E. Morgan 684,000 3,800,000
2003 Vijay Singh Fiji 268 −16 4 strokes Jonathan Byrd
J. L. Lewis
Chris Riley 630,000 3,500,000
2002 J. P. Hayes United States 262 −22 4 strokes Robert Gamez 540,000 3,000,000
2001 David Gossett United States 265 −19 1 stroke Briny Baird 504,000 2,800,000
2000 Michael Clark II United States 265 −19 Playoff Kirk Triplett 468,000 2,600,000
1999 J. L. Lewis United States 261 −19 Playoff Mike Brisky 360,000 2,000,000
Quad City Classic
1998 Steve Jones United States 263 −17 1 stroke Scott Gump 279,000 1,550,000
1997 David Toms United States 265 −15 3 strokes Brandel Chamblee
Robert Gamez
Jimmy Johnston 243,000 1,350,000
1996 Ed Fiori United States 268 −12 2 strokes Andrew Magee 216,000 1,200,000
1995 D. A. Weibring (3) United States 197^ −13 1 stroke Jonathan Kaye 180,000 1,000,000
Hardee's Golf Classic
1994 Mark McCumber United States 265 −15 1 stroke Kenny Perry 180,000 1,000,000
1993 David Frost (2) South Africa 259 −21 7 strokes Payne Stewart
D. A. Weibring 180,000 1,000,000
1992 David Frost South Africa 266 −14 3 strokes Tom Lehman
Loren Roberts 180,000 1,000,000
1991 D. A. Weibring (2) United States 267 −13 1 stroke Paul Azinger
Peter Jacobsen 180,000 1,000,000
1990 Joey Sindelar United States 268 −12 Playoff Willie Wood 180,000 1,000,000
1989 Curt Byrum United States 268 −12 1 stroke Bill Britton
Brian Tennyson 126,000 700,000
1988 Blaine McCallister United States 261 −19 3 strokes Dan Forsman 108,000 600,000
1987 Kenny Knox United States 265 −15 1 stroke Gil Morgan 90,000 500,000
1986 Mark Wiebe United States 268 −12 1 stroke Curt Byrum 72,000 400,000
Lite Quad Cities Open
1985 Dan Forsman United States 267 −13 1 stroke Bob Tway 54,000 300,000
Miller High Life QCO
1984 Scott Hoch (2) United States 266 −14 5 strokes George Archer
Vance Heafner
Dave Stockton 36,000 200,000
1983 Danny Edwards United States 266 −14 Playoff Morris Hatalsky 36,000 200,000
1982 Payne Stewart United States 268 −12 2 strokes Brad Bryant
Pat McGowan 36,000 200,000
Quad Cities Open
1981 Dave Barr Canada 270 −10 Playoff Woody Blackburn
Frank Conner
Dan Halldorson
Victor Regalado 36,000 200,000
1980 Scott Hoch United States 266 −14 3 strokes Curtis Strange 36,000 200,000
Ed McMahon-Jaycees Quad Cities Open
1979 D. A. Weibring United States 266 −14 2 strokes Calvin Peete 36,000 200,000
1978 Victor Regalado Mexico 269 −15 1 stroke Fred Marti 30,000 150,000
1977 Mike Morley United States 267 −17 1 stroke Bob Murphy
Victor Regalado 25,000 125,000
1976 John Lister New Zealand 268 −16 2 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 20,000 100,000
1975 Roger Maltbie United States 275 −9 1 stroke Dave Eichelberger 15,000 75,000
Quad Cities Open
1974 Dave Stockton United States 271 −13 1 stroke Bruce Fleisher 20,000 100,000
1973 Sam Adams United States 268 −16 3 strokes Dwight Nevil
Kermit Zarley 20,000 100,000
1972 Deane Beman (2) United States 279 −5 1 stroke Tom Watson 20,000 100,000
As a satellite event[2]
Quad Cities Open
1971 – Deane Beman – United States
^ Indicates weather-shortened to 54 holes
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.
Main sources[10][11]
Multiple winners[edit]
Through 2016, six men have won the John Deere Classic more than once.
3 wins
D. A. Weibring: 1979, 1991, 1995
Steve Stricker: 2009, 2010, 2011
2 wins
Deane Beman: 1971, 1972
Scott Hoch: 1980, 1984
David Frost: 1992, 1993
Jordan Spieth: 2013, 2015
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tournament at a glance". John Deere Classic. 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b History: John Deere Classic
Jump up ^ "Inside the course: TPC Deere Run". PGA Tour. July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jordan Spieth, 19, takes John Deere". ESPN. July 14, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Ed (July 8, 2008). "John Deere Classic finds novel way to attract players". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hoggard, Rex (July 4, 2011). "Air Deere draws Open crowd to John Deere". Golf Channel. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Michelle Wie scorecard: 2005 John Deere Classic". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Michelle Wie scorecard: 2006 John Deere Classic". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wie withdraws due to heat exhaustion at John Deere Classic". PGA Tour. July 14, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ John Deere Classic – Winners – at pgatour.com
Jump up ^ John Deere Classic – Winners Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. – at golfobserver.com (1972–2009)
External links[edit]
Official website
Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
TPC Deere Run
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Coordinates: 41°28′37″N 90°23′31″W / 41.477°N 90.392°W / 41.477; -90.392
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Deere_Classic&oldid=852767348"
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Simplified Instructional Computer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Simplified Instructional Computer (also abbreviated SIC) is a hypothetical computer system introduced in System Software: An Introduction to Systems Programming, by Leland Beck. Due to the fact that most modern microprocessors include subtle, complex functions for the purposes of efficiency, it can be difficult to learn systems programming using a real-world system. The Simplified Instructional Computer solves this by abstracting away these complex behaviors in favor of an architecture that is clear and accessible for those wanting to learn systems programming.
Contents
[hide]
1 SIC Architecture
2 Addressing Modes for SIC and SIC/XE
3 Addressing Modes for SIC/XE
4 SIC Assembly Syntax
5 Sample program
6 Emulating the SIC System
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
SIC Architecture[edit]
The SIC machine has basic addressing, storing most memory addresses hexadecimal integer format. Similar to most modern computing systems, the SIC architecture stores all data in binary and uses the two's complement to represent negative values at the machine level. Memory storage in SIC consists of 8-bit bytes, and all memory addresses in SIC are byte addresses. Any three consecutive bytes form a 24-bit 'word' value, addressed by the location of the lowest numbered byte in the word value. Numeric values are stored as word values, and character values use the 8-bit ASCII system. The SIC machine does not support floating-point hardware and have at most 32,768 bytes of memory. There is also a more complicated machine built on top of SIC called the Simplified Instruction Computer with Extra Equipment (SIC/XE). The XE expansion of SIC adds a 48-bit floating point data type, an additional memory addressing mode, and extra memory (1 megabyte instead of 32,768 bytes) to the original machine. All SIC assembly code is upwards compatible with SIC/XE.
SIC machines have several registers, each 24 bits long and having both a numeric and character representation:
A (0): Used for basic arithmetic operations; known as the accumulator register.
X (1): Stores and calculates addresses; known as the index register.
L (2): Used for jumping to specific memory addresses and storing return addresses; known as the linkage register.
PC (8): Contains the address of the next instruction to execute; known as the program counter register.
SW (9): Contains a variety of information, such as carry or overflow flags; known as the status word register.
In addition to the standard SIC registers, there are also four additional general-purpose registers specific to the SIC/XE machine:
B (3): Used for addressing; known as the base register.
S (4): No special use, general purpose register.
T (5): No special use, general purpose register.
F (6): Floating point accumulator register (This register is 48-bits instead of 24).
These five/nine registers allow the SIC or SIC/XE machine to perform most simple tasks in a customized assembly language. In the System Software book, this is used with a theoretical series of operation codes to aid in the understanding of assemblers and linker-loaders required for the execution of assembly language code.
Addressing Modes for SIC and SIC/XE[edit]
The Simplified Instruction Computer has three instruction formats, and the Extra Equipment add-on includes a fourth. The instruction formats provide a model for memory and data management. Each format has a different representation in memory:
Format 1: Consists of 8 bits of allocated memory to store instructions.
Format 2: Consists of 16 bits of allocated memory to store 8 bits of instructions and two 4-bits segments to store operands.
Format 3: Consists of 6 bits to store an instruction, 6 bits of flag values, and 12 bits of displacement.
Format 4: Only valid on SIC/XE machines, consists of the same elements as format 3, but instead of a 12-bit displacement, stores a 20-bit address.
Both format 3 and format 4 have six-bit flag values in them, consisting of the following flag bits:
n: Indirect addressing flag
i: Immediate addressing flag
x: Indexed addressing flag
b: Base address-relative flag
p: Program counter-relative flag
e: Format 4 instruction flag
Addressing Modes for SIC/XE[edit]
Rule 1:
e = 0 : format 3
e = 1 : format 4
format 3:
b = 1, p = 0 (base relative)
b = 0, p = 1 (pc relative)
b = 0, p = 0 (direct addressing)
format 4:
b = 0, p = 0 (direct addressing)
x = 1 (index)
i = 1, n = 0 (immediate)
i = 0, n = 1 (indirect)
i = 0, n = 0 (SIC)
i = 1, n = 1 (SIC/XE for SIC compatible)
Rule 2:
i = 0, n =0 (SIC)
b, p, e is part of the address.
SIC Assembly Syntax[edit]
SIC uses a special assembly language with its own operation codes that hold the hex values needed to assemble and execute programs. A sample program is provided below to get an idea of what a SIC program might look like. In the code below, there are three columns. The first column represents a forwarded symbol that will store its location in memory. The second column denotes either a SIC instruction (opcode) or a constant value (BYTE or WORD). The third column takes the symbol value obtained by going through the first column and uses it to run the operation specified in the second column. This process creates an object code, and all the object codes are put into an object file to be run by the SIC machine.
COPY START 1000
FIRST STL RETADR
CLOOP JSUB RDREC
LDA LENGTH
COMP ZERO
JEQ ENDFIL
JSUB WRREC
J CLOOP
ENDFIL LDA EOF
STA BUFFER
LDA THREE
STA LENGTH
JSUB WRREC
LDL RETADR
RSUB
EOF BYTE C'EOF'
THREE WORD 3
ZERO WORD 0
RETADR RESW 1
LENGTH RESW 1
BUFFER RESB 4096
.
. SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER
.
RDREC LDX ZERO
LDA ZERO
RLOOP TD INPUT
JEQ RLOOP
RD INPUT
COMP ZERO
JEQ EXIT
STCH BUFFER,X
TIX MAXLEN
JLT RLOOP
EXIT STX LENGTH
RSUB
INPUT BYTE X'F1'
MAXLEN WORD 4096
.
. SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER
.
WRREC LDX ZERO
WLOOP TD OUTPUT
JEQ WLOOP
LDCH BUFFER,X
WD OUTPUT
TIX LENGTH
JLT WLOOP
RSUB
OUTPUT BYTE X'06'
END FIRST

If you were to assemble this program, you would get the object code depicted below. The beginning of each line consists of a record type and hex values for memory locations. For example, the top line is an 'H' record, the first 6 hex digits signify its relative starting location, and the last 6 hex digits represent the program's size. The lines throughout are similar, with each 'T' record consisting of 6 hex digits to signify that line's starting location, 2 hex digits to indicate the size (in bytes) of the line, and the object codes that were created during the assembly process.
HCOPY 00100000107A T0010001E1410334820390010362810303010154820613C100300102A0C103900102D T00101E150C10364820610810334C0000454F46000003000000 T0020391E041030001030E0205D30203FD8205D2810303020575490392C205E38203F T0020571C1010364C0000F1001000041030E02079302064509039DC20792C1036 T002073073820644C000006 E001000

Sample program[edit]
Given below is a program illustrating data movement in SIC.
LDA FIVE
STA ALPHA
LDCH CHARZ
STCH C1

ALPHA RESW 1
FIVE WORD 5
CHARZ BYTE C'Z'
C1 RESB 1
Emulating the SIC System[edit]
Since the SIC and SIC/XE machines are not real machines, the task of actually constructing a SIC emulator is often part of coursework in a systems programming class. The purpose of SIC is to teach introductory-level systems programmers or collegiate students how to write and assemble code below higher-level languages like C and C++. With that being said, there are some sources of SIC-emulating programs across the web, however infrequent they may be.
An assembler and a simulator written by the author, Leland in Pascal is available on his educational home page at ftp://rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/beck
SIC/XE Simulator And Assembler downloadable at https://sites.google.com/site/sarimohsultan/Projects/sic-xe-simulator-and-assembler
SIC Emulator, Assembler and some example programs written for SIC downloadable at http://sicvm.sourceforge.net/home.php
SicTools - virtual machine, simulator, assembler and linker for the SIC/XE computer available at https://jurem.github.io/SicTools/

See also[edit]
Computer
MIX
System software
Assembly language
Processor register
Virtual machine
References[edit]
Beck, Leland (1996), System Software: An Introduction to Systems Programming (3 ed.), Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-42300-6
Information of SIC and SIC/XE systems: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~stremler/2003_CS530/SicArchitecture.html
List of SIC and SIC/XE instructions: http://solomon.ipv6.club.tw/~solomon/Course/SP.941/sic-instruction.html
Brief memory addressing information: http://www.unf.edu/~cwinton/html/cop3601/s10/class.notes/basic4-SICfmts.pdf
SIC/XE Mode Addressing: http://uhost.rmutp.ac.th/wanapun.w/--j--/ch2-2.pdf
External links[edit]
SICvm A Virtual Machine based on a Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simplified_Instructional_Computer&oldid=815002544"
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How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer
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How to Pay for the War, 1940
How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co., Ltd.. It is an application of Keynesian thinking and principles to a practical economic problem and a relatively late text. Keynes died in 1946.
Summary[edit]
In How to Pay for the War, John Maynard Keynes describes a macroeconomic strategy of how Britain, a nation with a population at the time of 40 million people, could conduct a long war against Germany, a nation of 80 millions. At the time How to Pay for the War was written, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union were at war with either Germany or Japan. As a result, the first step for Britain to effectively conduct a war against Germany was to mobilize all its resources for production. Thus, the first two chapters of How to Pay for the War, are an argument for the need for full employment and chapter 3, Our Output Capacity and The National Income, is a manual to achieve full employment.
Keynes maintained, however, that the resources of Britain, even at full employment, would not suffice to conduct a war against Germany. Internally, Britain would need to increase production while reducing consumption and diverting resources to the war effort. Externally, Britain would have to be able to count on more resources than internally available, running as large a deficit as its allies were willing to allow. Chapters IV (4) to X (10) and appendices II (2) to IV (4) are dedicated to measures for allocating resources to the war effort, while controlling prices and reducing wartime consumption.
Keynes outlined a plan for Deferred Pay that would, in part, be legislated in the Budget of Sir Kingsley Wood, Chancellor of the Exchequer. The deferred pay became a system of post-war credits which were progressively repaid after the war,[1] albeit at reduced value.
Keynes devotes much attention to price controls, proposing a number of measures to control (but not planning to eliminate) inflation, measures including deferred pay and forced savings. Most of the book, Chapters IV to X, is dedicated to the problems of resource allocation and price control.
The book is an exercise in Keynesian macroeconomics, a prime example of Keynesian analysis and technique, by John Maynard Keynes himself.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1972/mar/09/post-war-credits
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Pay_for_the_War:_A_Radical_Plan_for_the_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer&oldid=812162533"
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Books by John Maynard Keynes
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