text:
Super Dancer
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Super Dancer
Dance Ka Kal
Genre
Dance
Reality
Created by
Ashish Golwalkar, Ranjeet Thakur, Ujjwal Anand and Arvind Rao
Presented by
Rithvik Dhanjani
Paritosh Tripathi
Judges
Shilpa Shetty Kundra
Geeta Kapoor
Anurag Basu
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
02
Production
Producer(s)
Ranjeet Thakur
Hemant Ruprell
Location(s)
Mumbai, India
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
45 minutes approx.
Production company(s)
Frames Productions
Distributor
Sony Pictures Networks
Release
Original network
Sony Entertainment Television
Sony Entertainment Television Asia
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
10 September 2016 – Present
External links
Website
www.setindia.com/in-hi/shows/super-dancer/3
Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series, which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia.The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande.The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Productions.[1][better source needed]The show was won By Ditya Bhande and choreographer Ruel Dausan.

SUPER DANCER CHAPTER 2
Super dancer chapter 2 was officially aired on Sony entertainment television on September 30th ,2017. Auditions were aired on September 30th and mega auditions were aired on 14 October 2017 . Super 12 contestants were selected on the 14th :
1. Muskan Sharma
2. Mishti Sinha
3. Arushi Saxena
4. Shagun Singh
5. Ritik Diwaker
6. Sayed Yassir Abbir Rehman
7. Bishal Sharma
8. Vivek Jogdande
9. Chandresh Delwar
10. Kunal Jyoti Rabha
11. Akash Thapa
12. Jyoti Ranjan
CHOREOGRAPHERS
1.Muskan Sharma & Paul Marshal
2. Mishti Sinha & Omkar
3. Arushi Saxena & Nishant Bhat
4. Shagun Singh & Aishwarya
5. Ritik Diwaker & Pratik Utekar
6. Sayed Yassir Abbir Rehman & Sonali Kar
7. Bishal Sharma & Vaibhav Ghughe
8. Vivek Jogdande & Ruel Dausan
9. Chandresh Delwar & Khushboo
10. Kunal Jyoti Rabha & Palden Lama Mawroh
11. Akash Thapa & Vivek Chachere
12. Jyoti Ranjan Sahoo & Anuradha Iyengar
Super Dancer 2 Top 12 Contestants[2]
Akash Thapa
Jyoti Ranjan Sahoo
Vivek Vilas
Kunal Jyoti
Misti Sinha
Muskan Sharma
Ritwik Diwakar
Shagun Singh
Bishal Sharma
Abir Rahaman
Arushi Saxena
Chandresh Delwar
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept
2 Season 1
2.1 Participants
2.2 Power Card Entry
3 Season 2
3.1 Participants
4 References
Concept[edit]
The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance. The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age. They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire, Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner, adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality. This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills. [3]
After the initial auditions and mega auditions, 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal (future of dance). They are each paired with one choreographer (Super Guru) who has a unique style similar to theirs. These Super Gurus train them, choreograph acts for them and also perform with them. The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday. The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App. On the basis of the number of votes, one kid is being eliminated every week.
Season 1[edit]
Participants[edit]
Contestant
From
Choreographer
Notes
Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016
Ashis Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016
Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist
Ditya Sagar Bhande Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER
Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016
Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated
Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Eliminated on 23 October 2016; Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Finalist
Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016
Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist
Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016; Power Card entry on 30 October 2016; Eliminated on 26th November, 2016
Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016
Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Finalist
Power Card Entry[edit]
Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar, Siddhanth Damedhar (both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier), Lakshay Sinha (who couldn't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury), Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara (both standby contestants) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition. The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition.
Winner
Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer. Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan.
Season 2[edit]
Participants[edit]
Contestant
From
Choreographer
Notes
Bishal Sharma Jorhat, Assam Vaibhav Ghughe
Muskaan Sharma Indore, Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal
Vivek Jogande Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19th November 2017
Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati, Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29th October 2017
Akash Thapa Dehradun, Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere
Abir Rahman Kolkata, West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12th November 2017
Shagun Singh Bhilai, Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan
Arushi Saxena Ludhiana, Punjab Nishant Bhat
Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar, Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19th November 2017
Misti Sinha Ahmednagar,Maharashtra Omkar Shinde
Palden Lama Mawroh
Eliminated on 12th November 2017
Returned on 26th November 2017
Chandresh Delwar Indore, Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29th October 2017
Ritik Diwakar Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Pratik Ramesh Utekar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sony's four new shows from different genres". Indian Television. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Super Dancer 2 Top 12
Jump up ^ "Super Dancer Official Site". superdancer.sonyliv.com. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
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Power factor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the firearms cartridge ranking system, see Power factor (shooting sports).
In electrical engineering, the power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of −1 to 1. A power factor of less than one means that the voltage and current waveforms are not in phase, reducing the instantaneous product of the two waveforms (V × I). Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power. A negative power factor occurs when the device (which is normally the load) generates power, which then flows back towards the source, which is normally considered the generator.
In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor.
Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-consuming equipment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Linear circuits
1.1 Definition and calculation
1.1.1 Power triangle
1.1.2 Increasing the power factor
1.1.3 Decreasing the power factor
1.1.4 Lagging and leading power factors
1.2 Power factor correction of linear loads
2 Non-linear loads
2.1 Non-sinusoidal components
2.2 Distortion power factor
2.3 Distortion in three-phase networks
2.4 Switched-mode power supplies
2.5 Power factor correction (PFC) in non-linear loads
2.5.1 Passive PFC
2.5.2 Active PFC
2.5.3 Dynamic PFC
3 Importance of power factor in distribution systems
4 Techniques for measuring the power factor
5 Mnemonics
6 References
7 External links
Linear circuits[edit]
Instantaneous and average power calculated from AC voltage and current with a zero power factor ( φ = 90 ∘ {\displaystyle \varphi =90^{\circ }} , cos  φ = 0 {\displaystyle \cos \varphi =0} ). The blue line shows all the power is stored temporarily in the load during the first quarter cycle and returned to the grid during the second quarter cycle, so no real power is consumed.
Instantaneous and average power calculated from AC voltage and current with a lagging power factor ( φ = 45 ∘ {\displaystyle \varphi =45^{\circ }} , cos  φ ≈ 0.71 {\displaystyle \cos \varphi \approx 0.71} ). The blue line shows some of the power is returned to the grid during the part of the cycle labeled φ {\displaystyle \varphi } .
In a purely resistive AC circuit, voltage and current waveforms are in step (or in phase), changing polarity at the same instant in each cycle. All the power entering the load is consumed (or dissipated).
Where reactive loads are present, such as with capacitors or inductors, energy storage in the loads results in a phase difference between the current and voltage waveforms. During each cycle of the AC voltage, extra energy, in addition to any energy consumed in the load, is temporarily stored in the load in electric or magnetic fields, and then returned to the power grid a fraction of the period later.
Because high voltage alternating current distribution systems are essentially quasi-linear circuit systems subject to continuous daily variation, there is a continuous "ebb and flow" of nonproductive power. Non productive power increases the current in the line, potentially to the point of failure.
Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will use higher currents to transfer a given quantity of real power than a circuit with a high power factor. A linear load does not change the shape of the waveform of the current, but may change the relative timing (phase) between voltage and current.
Electrical circuits containing dominantly resistive loads (incandescent lamps, heating elements) have a power factor of almost 1.0, but circuits containing inductive or capacitive loads (electric motors, solenoid valves, transformers, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and others) can have a power factor well below 1.
Definition and calculation[edit]
AC power flow has two components:
Real power or active power ( P {\displaystyle P} ) (sometimes called average power[1]), expressed in watts (W)
Reactive power ( Q {\displaystyle Q} ), usually expressed in reactive volt-amperes (var)[2]
These are combined to the complex power ( S {\displaystyle S} ) expressed volt-amperes (VA). The magnitude of the complex power is the apparent power ( | S | {\displaystyle |S|} ), also expressed in volt-amperes (VA).
The VA and var are non-SI units mathematically identical to the watt, but are used in engineering practice instead of the watt to state what quantity is being expressed. The SI explicitly disallows using units for this purpose or as the only source of information about a physical quantity as used.[3]
The power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. As power is transferred along a transmission line, it does not consist purely of real power that can do work once transferred to the load, but rather consists of a combination of real and reactive power, called apparent power. The power factor describes the amount of real power transmitted along a transmission line relative to the total apparent power flowing in the line.[4][5]
Power triangle[edit]
One can relate the various components of AC power by using the power triangle in vector space. Real power extends horizontally in the î direction as it represents a purely real component of AC power. Reactive power extends in the direction of ĵ as it represents a purely imaginary component of AC power. Complex power (and its magnitude, Apparent power) represents a combination of both real and reactive power, and therefore can be calculated by using the vector sum of these two components. We can conclude that the mathematical relationship between these components is:
S = P + j Q | S | 2 = P 2 + Q 2 | S | = P 2 + Q 2 cos  θ , power factor = P , real power | S | , apparent power {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=P+jQ\\|S|^{2}&=P^{2}+Q^{2}\\[3pt]|S|&={\sqrt {P^{2}+Q^{2}}}\\\cos \theta {\text{, power factor}}&={\frac {P{\text{, real power}}}{|S|{\text{, apparent power}}}}\end{aligned}}}
Increasing the power factor[edit]
As the power factor (i.e. cos θ) increases, the ratio of real power to apparent power (which = cos θ), increases and approaches unity (1), while the angle θ decreases and the reactive power decreases. [As cos θ → 1, its maximum possible value, θ → 0 and so Q → 0, as the load becomes less reactive and more purely resistive].
Decreasing the power factor[edit]
As the power factor decreases, the ratio of real power to apparent power also decreases, as the angle θ increases and reactive power increases.
Lagging and leading power factors[edit]
There is also a difference between a lagging and leading power factor. The terms refer to whether the phase of the current is leading or lagging the phase of the voltage. A lagging power factor signifies that the load is inductive, as the load will “consume” reactive power, and therefore the reactive component Q {\displaystyle Q} is positive as reactive power travels through the circuit and is “consumed” by the inductive load. A leading power factor signifies that the load is capacitive, as the load “supplies” reactive power, and therefore the reactive component Q {\displaystyle Q} is negative as reactive power is being supplied to the circuit.
If θ is the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle, cos  θ {\displaystyle \cos \theta } :
| P | = | S | cos  θ {\displaystyle |P|=|S|\cos \theta }
Since the units are consistent, the power factor is by definition a dimensionless number between −1 and 1. When power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow is entirely reactive and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle. When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load. Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle. Capacitive loads are leading (current leads voltage), and inductive loads are lagging (current lags voltage).
If a purely resistive load is connected to a power supply, current and voltage will change polarity in step, the power factor will be 1, and the electrical energy flows in a single direction across the network in each cycle. Inductive loads such as induction motors (any type of wound coil) consume reactive power with current waveform lagging the voltage. Capacitive loads such as capacitor banks or buried cable generate reactive power with current phase leading the voltage. Both types of loads will absorb energy during part of the AC cycle, which is stored in the device's magnetic or electric field, only to return this energy back to the source during the rest of the cycle.
For example, to get 1 kW of real power, if the power factor is unity, 1 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1 kW ÷ 1 = 1 kVA). At low values of power factor, more apparent power needs to be transferred to get the same real power. To get 1 kW of real power at 0.2 power factor, 5 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1 kW ÷ 0.2 = 5 kVA). This apparent power must be produced and transmitted to the load, and is subject to the losses in the production and transmission processes.
Electrical loads consuming alternating current power consume both real power and reactive power. The vector sum of real and reactive power is the apparent power. The presence of reactive power causes the real power to be less than the apparent power, and so, the electric load has a power factor of less than 1.
A negative power factor (0 to −1) can result from returning power to the source, such as in the case of a building fitted with solar panels when surplus power is fed back into the supply.[6][7][8]
Power factor correction of linear loads[edit]
A high power factor is generally desirable in a power delivery system to reduce losses and improve voltage regulation at the load. Compensating elements near an electrical load will reduce the apparent power demand on the supply system. Power factor correction may be applied by an electric power transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the network. Individual electrical customers who are charged by their utility for low power factor may install correction equipment to increase their power factor so as to reduce costs.
Power factor correction brings the power factor of an AC power circuit closer to 1 by supplying or absorbing reactive power, adding capacitors or inductors that act to cancel the inductive or capacitive effects of the load, respectively. In the case of offsetting the inductive effect of motor loads, capacitors can be locally connected. These capacitors help to generate reactive power to meet the demand of the inductive loads. This will keep that reactive power from having to flow all the way from the utility generator to the load. In the electricity industry, inductors are said to consume reactive power and capacitors are said to supply it, even though reactive power is just energy moving back and forth on each AC cycle.
The reactive elements in power factor correction devices can create voltage fluctuations and harmonic noise when switched on or off. They will supply or sink reactive power regardless of whether there is a corresponding load operating nearby, increasing the system's no-load losses. In the worst case, reactive elements can interact with the system and with each other to create resonant conditions, resulting in system instability and severe overvoltage fluctuations. As such, reactive elements cannot simply be applied without engineering analysis.
1. Reactive Power Control Relay; 2. Network connection points; 3. Slow-blow Fuses; 4. Inrush Limiting Contactors; 5. Capacitors (single-phase or three-phase units, delta-connection); 6. Transformer (for controls and ventilation fans)
An automatic power factor correction unit consists of a number of capacitors that are switched by means of contactors. These contactors are controlled by a regulator that measures power factor in an electrical network. Depending on the load and power factor of the network, the power factor controller will switch the necessary blocks of capacitors in steps to make sure the power factor stays above a selected value.
Instead of using a set of switched capacitors, an unloaded synchronous motor can supply reactive power. The reactive power drawn by the synchronous motor is a function of its field excitation. This is referred to as a synchronous condenser. It is started and connected to the electrical network. It operates at a leading power factor and puts vars onto the network as required to support a system's voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level.
The synchronous condenser's installation and operation are identical to large electric motors. Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like a variable capacitor. Unlike capacitors, the amount of reactive power supplied is proportional to voltage, not the square of voltage; this improves voltage stability on large networks. Synchronous condensers are often used in connection with high-voltage direct-current transmission projects or in large industrial plants such as steel mills.
For power factor correction of high-voltage power systems or large, fluctuating industrial loads, power electronic devices such as the Static VAR compensator or STATCOM are increasingly used. These systems are able to compensate sudden changes of power factor much more rapidly than contactor-switched capacitor banks, and being solid-state require less maintenance than synchronous condensers.
Non-linear loads[edit]
Examples of non-linear loads on a power system are rectifiers (such as used in a power supply), and arc discharge devices such as fluorescent lamps, electric welding machines, or arc furnaces. Because current in these systems is interrupted by a switching action, the current contains frequency components that are multiples of the power system frequency. Distortion power factor is a measure of how much the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load.
Sinusoidal voltage and non-sinusoidal current give a distortion power factor of 0.75 for this computer power supply load.
Non-sinusoidal components[edit]
In linear circuits having only sinusoidal currents and voltages of one frequency, the power factor arises only from the difference in phase between the current and voltage. This is "displacement power factor".[9]
Non-linear loads change the shape of the current waveform from a sine wave to some other form. Non-linear loads create harmonic currents in addition to the original (fundamental frequency) AC current. This is of importance in practical power systems that contain non-linear loads such as rectifiers, some forms of electric lighting, electric arc furnaces, welding equipment, switched-mode power supplies, variable speed drives and other devices. Filters consisting of linear capacitors and inductors can prevent harmonic currents from entering the supplying system.
A typical multimeter will give incorrect results when attempting to measure the AC current in a non-sinusoidal waveform;[10] the instruments sense the average value of the rectified waveform. The average response is then calibrated to the effective RMS value. An RMS sensing multimeter must be used to measure the actual RMS currents and voltages (and therefore apparent power). To measure the real power or reactive power, a wattmeter designed to work properly with non-sinusoidal currents must be used.
Distortion power factor[edit]
The distortion power factor is the distortion component associated with the harmonic voltages and currents present in the system.
distortion power factor = 1 1 + THD i 2 = I 1, rms I rms {\displaystyle {\mbox{distortion power factor}}={1 \over {\sqrt {1+{\mbox{THD}}_{i}^{2}}}}={I_{\mbox{1, rms}} \over I_{\mbox{rms}}}}
THD i {\displaystyle {\mbox{THD}}_{i}} is the total harmonic distortion of the load current. I 1 , rms {\displaystyle I_{1,{\mbox{rms}}}} is the fundamental component of the current and I rms {\displaystyle I_{\mbox{rms}}} is the total current – both are root mean square-values (distortion power factor can also be used to describe individual order harmonics, using the corresponding current in place of total current). This definition with respect to total harmonic distortion assumes that the voltage stays undistorted (sinusoidal, without harmonics). This simplification is often a good approximation for stiff voltage sources (not being affected by changes in load downstream in the distribution network). Total harmonic distortion of typical generators from current distortion in the network is on the order of 1–2%, which can have larger scale implications but can be ignored in common practice.[11]
The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor (DPF) is the overall, true power factor or just power factor (PF):
PF = I 1, rms I rms cos  φ {\displaystyle {\mbox{PF}}={I_{\mbox{1, rms}} \over I_{\mbox{rms}}}\cos \varphi }
Distortion in three-phase networks[edit]
In practice, the local effects of distortion current on devices in a three-phase distribution network rely on the magnitude of certain order harmonics rather than the total harmonic distortion.
For example, the triplen, or zero-sequence, harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.) have the property of being in-phase when compared line-to-line. In a delta-wye transformer, these harmonics can result in circulating currents in the delta windings and result in greater resistive heating. In a wye-configuration of a transformer, triplen harmonics will not create these currents, but they will result in a non-zero current in the neutral wire. This could overload the neutral wire in some cases and create error in kilowatt-hour metering systems and billing revenue.[12][13] The presence of current harmonics in a transformer also result in larger eddy currents in the magnetic core of the transformer. Eddy current losses generally increase as the square of the frequency, lowering the transformer's efficiency, dissipating additional heat, and reducing its service life.[14]
Negative-sequence harmonics (5th, 11th, 17th, etc.) combine 120 degrees out of phase, similarly to the fundamental harmonic but in a reversed sequence. In generators and motors, these currents produce magnetic fields which oppose the rotation of the shaft and sometimes result in damaging mechanical vibrations.[15]
Switched-mode power supplies[edit]
Main article: switched-mode power supply § Power factor
A particularly important class of non-linear loads is the millions of personal computers that typically incorporate switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) with rated output power ranging from a few watts to more than 1 kW. Historically, these very-low-cost power supplies incorporated a simple full-wave rectifier that conducted only when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeded the voltage on the input capacitors. This leads to very high ratios of peak-to-average input current, which also lead to a low distortion power factor and potentially serious phase and neutral loading concerns.
A typical switched-mode power supply first converts the AC mains to a DC bus by means of a bridge rectifier or a similar circuit. The output voltage is then derived from this DC bus. The problem with this is that the rectifier is a non-linear device, so the input current is highly non-linear. That means that the input current has energy at harmonics of the frequency of the voltage.
This presents a particular problem for the power companies, because they cannot compensate for the harmonic current by adding simple capacitors or inductors, as they could for the reactive power drawn by a linear load. Many jurisdictions are beginning to legally require power factor correction for all power supplies above a certain power level.
Regulatory agencies such as the EU have set harmonic limits as a method of improving power factor. Declining component cost has hastened implementation of two different methods. To comply with current EU standard EN61000-3-2, all switched-mode power supplies with output power more than 75 W must include passive power factor correction, at least. 80 Plus power supply certification requires a power factor of 0.9 or more.[16]
Power factor correction (PFC) in non-linear loads[edit]
Passive PFC[edit]
The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter that passes current only at line frequency (50 or 60 Hz). The filter consists of capacitors or inductors, and makes a non-linear device look more like a linear load. An example of passive PFC is a valley-fill circuit.
A disadvantage of passive PFC is that it requires larger inductors or capacitors than an equivalent power active PFC circuit.[17][18][19] Also, in practice, passive PFC is often less effective at improving the power factor.[20][21][22][23][24]
Active PFC[edit]
Specifications taken from the packaging of a 610 W PC power supply showing active PFC rating
Active PFC is the use of power electronics to change the waveform of current drawn by a load to improve the power factor.[25] Some types of the active PFC are buck, boost, buck-boost and synchronous condenser. Active power factor correction can be single-stage or multi-stage.
In the case of a switched-mode power supply, a boost converter is inserted between the bridge rectifier and the main input capacitors. The boost converter attempts to maintain a constant DC bus voltage on its output while drawing a current that is always in phase with and at the same frequency as the line voltage. Another switched-mode converter inside the power supply produces the desired output voltage from the DC bus. This approach requires additional semiconductor switches and control electronics, but permits cheaper and smaller passive components. It is frequently used in practice.
For a three-phase SMPS, the Vienna rectifier configuration may be used to substantially improve the power factor.
SMPSs with passive PFC can achieve power factor of about 0.7–0.75, SMPSs with active PFC, up to 0.99 power factor, while a SMPS without any power factor correction have a power factor of only about 0.55–0.65.[26]
Due to their very wide input voltage range, many power supplies with active PFC can automatically adjust to operate on AC power from about 100 V (Japan) to 240 V (Europe). That feature is particularly welcome in power supplies for laptops.
Dynamic PFC[edit]
Dynamic power factor correction (DPFC), sometimes referred to as "real-time power factor correction," is used for electrical stabilization in cases of rapid load changes (e.g. at large manufacturing sites). DPFC is useful when standard power factor correction would cause over or under correction.[27] DPFC uses semiconductor switches, typically thyristors, to quickly connect and disconnect capacitors or inductors to improve power factor.
Importance of power factor in distribution systems[edit]
75 Mvar capacitor bank in a 150 kV substation
Power factors below 1.0 require a utility to generate more than the minimum volt-amperes necessary to supply the real power (watts). This increases generation and transmission costs. For example, if the load power factor were as low as 0.7, the apparent power would be 1.4 times the real power used by the load. Line current in the circuit would also be 1.4 times the current required at 1.0 power factor, so the losses in the circuit would be doubled (since they are proportional to the square of the current). Alternatively all components of the system such as generators, conductors, transformers, and switchgear would be increased in size (and cost) to carry the extra current.
Utilities typically charge additional costs to commercial customers who have a power factor below some limit, which is typically 0.9 to 0.95. Engineers are often interested in the power factor of a load as one of the factors that affect the efficiency of power transmission.
With the rising cost of energy and concerns over the efficient delivery of power, active PFC has become more common in consumer electronics.[28] Current Energy Star guidelines for computers[29] call for a power factor of ≥ 0.9 at 100% of rated output in the PC's power supply. According to a white paper authored by Intel and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, PCs with internal power supplies will require the use of active power factor correction to meet the ENERGY STAR 5.0 Program Requirements for Computers.[30]
In Europe, EN 61000-3-2 requires power factor correction be incorporated into consumer products.
When households are not charged for the reactive power they consume there is almost no monetary incentive for them to install power factor correction equipment. This is generally the case today, as household electric meters do not measure apparent power but only real power. Adding power factor correction merely affects the reactive power supplied or drawn and not real power, so utility costs are unaffected. However if there are high-resistance lines connected between the utility meter and a relatively high load then the power as measured by the meter can be reduced by a small amount with power factor correction. Any such savings are usually insignificant.
Techniques for measuring the power factor[edit]
The power factor in a single-phase circuit (or balanced three-phase circuit) can be measured with the wattmeter-ammeter-voltmeter method, where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current. The power factor of a balanced polyphase circuit is the same as that of any phase. The power factor of an unbalanced poly phase circuit is not uniquely defined.
A direct reading power factor meter can be made with a moving coil meter of the electrodynamic type, carrying two perpendicular coils on the moving part of the instrument. The field of the instrument is energized by the circuit current flow. The two moving coils, A and B, are connected in parallel with the circuit load. One coil, A, will be connected through a resistor and the second coil, B, through an inductor, so that the current in coil B is delayed with respect to current in A. At unity power factor, the current in A is in phase with the circuit current, and coil A provides maximum torque, driving the instrument pointer toward the 1.0 mark on the scale. At zero power factor, the current in coil B is in phase with circuit current, and coil B provides torque to drive the pointer towards 0. At intermediate values of power factor, the torques provided by the two coils add and the pointer takes up intermediate positions.[31]
Another electromechanical instrument is the polarized-vane type.[32] In this instrument a stationary field coil produces a rotating magnetic field, just like a polyphase motor. The field coils are connected either directly to polyphase voltage sources or to a phase-shifting reactor if a single-phase application. A second stationary field coil, perpendicular to the voltage coils, carries a current proportional to current in one phase of the circuit. The moving system of the instrument consists of two vanes that are magnetized by the current coil. In operation the moving vanes take up a physical angle equivalent to the electrical angle between the voltage source and the current source. This type of instrument can be made to register for currents in both directions, giving a four-quadrant display of power factor or phase angle.
Digital instruments exist that directly measure the time lag between voltage and current waveforms. Low-cost instruments of this type measure the peak of the waveforms. More sophisticated versions measure the peak of the fundamental harmonic only, thus giving a more accurate reading for phase angle on distorted waveforms. Calculating power factor from voltage and current phases is only accurate if both waveforms are sinusoidal.[33]
Power Quality Analyzers, often referred to as Power Analyzers, make a digital recording of the voltage and current waveform (typically either one phase or three phase) and accurately calculate true power (watts), apparent power (VA) power factor, AC voltage, AC current, DC voltage, DC current, frequency, IEC61000-3-2/3-12 Harmonic measurement, IEC61000-3-3/3-11 flicker measurement, individual phase voltages in delta applications where there is no neutral line, total harmonic distortion, phase and amplitude of individual voltage or current harmonics, etc.[34][35]
Mnemonics[edit]
English-language power engineering students are advised to remember: "ELI the ICE man" or "ELI on ICE" – the voltage E leads the current I in an inductor L; the current leads the voltage in a capacitor C.
Another common mnemonic is CIVIL – in a capacitor (C) the current (I) leads voltage (V), voltage (V) leads current (I) in an inductor (L).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boylestad, Robert (2002-03-04). Introductory Circuit Analysis (10th ed.). p. 857. ISBN 978-0130974174.
Jump up ^ "SI Units – Electricity and Magnetism". CH: International Electrotechnical Commission. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ The International System of Units (SI) [SI brochure] (PDF). § 5.3.2 (p. 132, 40 in the PDF file): BIPM. 2006.
Jump up ^ Authoritative Dictionary of Standards Terms (7th ed.), IEEE, ISBN 0-7381-2601-2, Std. 100 .
Jump up ^ Trial-Use Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions, IEEE, 2000, ISBN 0-7381-1963-6, Std. 1459-2000 . Note 1, section 3.1.1.1, when defining the quantities for power factor, asserts that real power only flows to the load and can never be negative. As of 2013, one of the authors acknowledged that this note was incorrect, and is being revised for the next edition. See http://powerstandards.com/Shymanski/draft.pdf
Jump up ^ Duddell, W. (1901), "On the resistance and electromotive forces of the electric arc", Proceedings, The Royal Society of London: 512–15, The fact that the solid arc has, at low frequencies, a negative power factor, indicates that the arc is supplying power to the alternator…
Jump up ^ Zhang, S. (July 2006), "Analysis of some measurement issues in bushing power factor tests in the field", Trans Pwr Del, IEEE, 21 (3): 1350–56, doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2006.874616, …(the measurement) gives both negative power factor and negative resistive current (power loss).
Jump up ^ Almarshoud, A. F. (2004), et al, "Performance of Grid-Connected Induction Generator under Naturally Commutated AC Voltage Controller", Electric Power Components and Systems, 32 (7), Accordingly, the generator will consume active power from the grid, which leads to negative power factor.
Jump up ^ Ewald Fuchs; Mohammad A. S. Masoum (14 July 2015). Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines. Elsevier Science. pp. 432–. ISBN 978-0-12-800988-8. The DPF it the cosine of the angle between these two quantities
Jump up ^ J. B. Dixit; Amit Yadav (1 January 2010). Electrical Power Quality. Laxmi Publications, Ltd. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-93-80386-74-4.
Jump up ^ Sankaran, C. (1999), Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems, Electro-Test, ...and voltage-time relationship deviates from the pure sine function. The distortion at the point of generation is very small (about 1% to 2%), but nonetheless it exists.
Jump up ^ "Single-phase load harmonics vs. three-phase load harmonics", Power System Harmonics (PDF), Pacific Gas and Electric .
Jump up ^ "Harmonic Effects", Harmonics and IEEE 519 (PDF), CA: EnergyLogix Solutions .
Jump up ^ Sankaran, C. (1999), "Transformers", Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems, Electro-Test .
Jump up ^ Sankaran, C. (1999), "Motors", Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems, Electro-Test, The interaction between the positive and negative sequence magnetic fields and currents produces torsional oscillations of the motor shaft. These oscillations result in shaft vibrations.
Jump up ^ "What is an 80 PLUS certified power supply?", Certified Power Supplies and Manufacturers, 80 Plus
Jump up ^ Schramm, Ben (Fall 2006), "Power Supply Design Principles: Techniques and Solutions, Part 3", Newsletter, Nuvation, archived from the original on 2007-03-09
Jump up ^ "Quasi-active power factor correction with a variable inductive filter: theory, design and practice", Xplore, IEEE .
Jump up ^ Wölfle, W. H.; Hurley, W. G., "Quasi-active Power Factor Correction: The Role of Variable Inductance", Power electronics (project), IE: Nuigalway
Jump up ^ ATX Power Supply Units Roundup, xBit labs, archived from the original on 2008-11-20, The power factor is the measure of reactive power. It is the ratio of active power to the total of active and reactive power. It is about 0.65 with an ordinary PSU, but PSUs with active PFC have a power factor of 0.97–0.99. […] hardware reviewers sometimes make no difference between the power factor and the efficiency factor. Although both these terms describe the effectiveness of a power supply, it is a gross mistake to confuse them. […] There is a very small effect from passive PFC – the power factor grows only from 0.65 to 0.7–0.75.
Jump up ^ The Active PFC Market is Expected to Grow at an Annually Rate of 12.3% Till 2011, Find articles, Mar 16, 2006, archived from the original on September 1, 2009, Higher-powered products are also likely to use active PFC, since it would be the most cost effective way to bring products into compliance with the EN standard.
Jump up ^ Power Factor Correction, TECHarp, Passive PFC […] the power factor is low at 60–80%. […] Active PFC ... a power factor of up to 95% .
Jump up ^ Why we need PFC in PSU, Silverstone Technology, archived from the original on 2008-12-22, Normally, the power factor value of electronic device without power factor correction is approximately 0.5. […] Passive PFC […] 70~80% […] Active PFC […] 90~99.9% .
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tom (Mar 2004), "PFC options for power supplies", Taiyo, Electronic products, archived from the original on 2008-12-02, The disadvantages of passive PFC techniques are that they typically yield a power factor of only 0.60 to 0.70 […] Dual-stage active PFC technology [yields] a power factor typically greater than 0.98 .
Jump up ^ Power Factor Correction (PFC) Basics (PDF) (application note) (42047), Fairchild Semiconductor, 2004 .
Jump up ^ Sugawara, I.; Suzuki, Y.; Takeuchi, A.; Teshima, T. (19–23 Oct 1997), "Experimental studies on active and passive PFC circuits", INTELEC 97, 19th International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 571–78, doi:10.1109/INTLEC.1997.646051 .
Jump up ^ Chavez, C.; Houdek, J. A. (9–11 Oct 2007). "Dynamic Harmonic Mitigation and power factor correction". IEE. Electrical Power Quality. doi:10.1109/EPQU.2007.4424144.
Jump up ^ Power Factor Correction Handbook (PDF), ON Semiconductor, 2007 .
Jump up ^ Program Requirements for Computers (PDF) (Version 5.0 ed.), US: Energy Star .
Jump up ^ Bolioli, T.; Duggirala, M.; Haines, E.; Kolappan, R.; Wong, H. (2009), Version 5.0 System Implementation (PDF) (white paper), Energy Star .
Jump up ^ Fink, Donald G.; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (11 ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 3‐29 paragraph 80, ISBN 0-07-020974-X
Jump up ^ Manual of Electric Instruments Construction and Operating Principles, Schenectady, New York: General Electric, Meter and Instrument Department, 1949, pp. 66–68, GET-1087A
Jump up ^ "The Fundamentals of FFT-Based Signal Analysis and Measurement in LabVIEW and LabWindows/CVI". National Instruments Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "WT3000E Series Precision Power Analyzers" (PDF). Yokogawa Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fluke 1760 Three-Phase Power Quality Recorder" (PDF). Fluke Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
External links[edit]
Harmonics and how they relate to power factor (PDF), U Texas .
NIST Team Demystifies Utility of Power Factor Correction Devices, NIST, December 15, 2009 .
Power factor calculation and correction, US .
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The New Legends of Monkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The New Legends of Monkey
Genre
Fantasy
Adventure
Based on
Journey to the West
by Wu Cheng-en
Written by
Jacquelin Perske
Craig Irvin
Samantha Strauss
Directed by
Gerard Johnstone
Starring
Chai Hansen
Luciane Buchanan
Josh Thomson
Emilie Cocquerel
Country of origin
Australia
New Zealand
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Rachael Gardner
Robin Scholes
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
See-Saw Films
Jump Film and TV
Release
Original network
ABC Me
TVNZ
Netflix
Original release
28 January 2018 (2018-01-28) – present (present)
The New Legends of Monkey is a television series inspired by Monkey, a Japanese production from the 1970s and 80s which garnered a cult following in New Zealand, Australia, the U.K. and South Africa. The Japanese production was based on the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West.[1] The show is a co-production between ABC Me, TVNZ, and Netflix, and consists of ten episodes. The New Legends of Monkey premiered on 28 January 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes:
4 Broadcast
5 References
6 External links
Premise[edit]
The new series follows a young monk, escorted by a group of gods, on a journey across an ancient and fantastical land now ruled by evil demons to collect lost scrolls of wisdom.[2]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Chai Hansen as Monkey
Luciane Buchanan as Tripitaka
Josh Thomson as Pigsy
Emilie Cocquerel as Sandy
Recurring[edit]
Jarred Blakiston as Font Demon
Josh McKenzie as Davari
Jordan Mooney as Raxion
Rachel House as Monica
Daniel Watterson as Shaman
Bryony Skillington as Princess Locke
JJ Fong as Lusio
Jayden Daniels as Gaxin
Chelsie Preston Crayford as Gwen
Episodes:[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Hope Must Never Die" Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)
After a demon steals a magical crown from warrior monks, an orphaned girl flees the monastery in a quest to awaken the long-petrified Monkey King.
2
"The Edge Of Nowhere" Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)
Tripitaka learns a troubling legend about Monkey, but the pair gains a surprising new ally before setting out to find the seven sacred scrolls.
3
"The Journey Begins" Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)
A demon jeopardizes the trio's quest before it even begins. Tripitaka makes a startling discovery about Pigsy, who makes a momentous decision.
4
"The Monkey King Returns" Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin & Jacquelin Perske 29 January 2018 (2018-01-29)
An eccentric clan of loyal Monkey King zealots guides the group toward a sacred scroll's hiding place, but booby traps and betrayal await them.
5
"The Breaking Ground" Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 30 January 2018 (2018-01-30)
A shaman uses trance-like mind games to trick the gods into translating divine scrolls, sending Monkey dangerously far into his own subconscious.
6
"A Crown Does Not Make You" Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 31 January 2018 (2018-01-31)
Trapped in the depths of his mind, Monkey relives terrible events of centuries before, when his arrogance led to tragedy and his banishment.
7
"Until I Met You" Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin 1 February 2018 (2018-02-01)
The shaman hires nightmarish forest dwellers to hunt the group down. A foe from Monkey's past sows seeds of doubt in Tripitaka's mind.
8
"A Part Of You That's Missing" Gerard Johnstone Samantha Strauss 2 February 2018 (2018-02-02)
Tripitaka leaves the quest to find her mother but faces even greater peril. Monkey and Pigsy strike a bargain with the demon hounding them.
9
"In Search Of Tripitaka" Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 3 February 2018 (2018-02-03)
With help from an unlikely ally, Monkey and Pigsy infiltrate Jade Mountain to help Tripitaka thwart the fiendish plans of demon master Davari.
10
"A Hero To Save Us All" Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 4 February 2018 (2018-02-04)
As Davari's quest for immortality nears fruition, Tripitaka races to unlock a secret that could destroy the demon's hold on power.
Broadcast[edit]
The first three episodes debuted in Australia on 28 January as a single 90-minute telemovie. Subsequent episodes of the ten-episode series were released daily until 4 February 2018.[3][4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lodderhouse, Diana (20 April 2017). "See-Saw & Jump Team On 'Legend Of The Monkey' For ABC Australia, Netflix". Deadline.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The New Legends of Monkey (2017) - The Screen Guide - Screen Australia". Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Robert (20 April 2017). "See-Saw's 'Legend of the Monkey' Swings Into Production for ABC Australia, Netflix". Variety.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian Television: The New Legends of Monkey: episode guide". www.australiantelevision.net.
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Inverse demand function
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This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In economics, an 'inverse demand function', P = f−1(Q), is a function that maps the quantity of output demanded to the market price (dependent variable) for that output. Quantity demanded, Q, is a function of price; the inverse demand function treats price as a function of quantity demanded, and is also called the price function.[1] Note that the inverse demand function is not the reciprocal of the demand function—the word "inverse" refers to the mathematical concept of an inverse function.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Applications
3 Relation to marginal revenue
4 See also
5 References
Definition[edit]
In mathematical terms, if the demand function is f(P), then the inverse demand function is f−1(Q), whose value is the highest price that could be charged and still generate the quantity demanded Q.[2] This is to say that the inverse demand function is the demand function with the axes switched. This is useful because economists typically place price (P) on the vertical axis and quantity (Q) on the horizontal axis.
The inverse demand function is the same as the average revenue function, since P = AR.[3]
To compute the inverse demand function, simply solve for P from the demand function. For example, if the demand function has the form Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand function would be P = 120 - 0.5Q.[4]
Applications[edit]
The inverse demand function can be used to derive the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function or MR = 120 - Q. Note that in this linear example the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function, the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken.
For example, assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q2. then MC = 60 + 2Q.[5] Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.
The inverse demand function is the form of the demand function that appears in the famous Marshallian Scissors diagram. The function appears in this form because economists place the independent variable on the y-axis and the dependent variable on the x-axis. The slope of the inverse function is ∆P/∆Q. This fact should be kept in mind when calculating elasticity. The formula for elasticity is (∆Q/∆P) × (P/Q).
Relation to marginal revenue[edit]
There is a close relationship between any inverse demand function for a linear demand equation and the marginal revenue function. For any linear demand function with an inverse demand equation of the form P = a - bQ, the marginal revenue function has the form MR = a - 2bQ.[6] The marginal revenue function and inverse linear demand function have the following characteristics:
Both functions are linear.[7]
The marginal revenue function and inverse demand function have the same y interecept.[8]
The x intercept of the marginal revenue function is one-half the x intercept of the inverse demand function.
The marginal revenue function has twice the slope of the inverse demand function.[9]
The marginal revenue function is below the inverse demand function at every positive quantity.[10]
See also[edit]
Supply and demand
Demand
Demand Curve
Law of demand
Profit (economics)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Samuelson, W and Marks, S Managerial Economics 4th ed. page 35. Wiley 2003.
Jump up ^ Varian, H.R (2006) Intermediate Microeconomics, Seventh Edition, W.W Norton & Company: London
Jump up ^ Chiang & Wainwright, Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics 4th ed. Page 172. McGraw-Hill 2005
Jump up ^ Samuelson & Marks, Managerial Economics 4th ed. (Wiley 2003)
Jump up ^ Perloff, Microeconomics, Theory & Applications with Calculus (Pearson 2008) 240.ISBN 0-321-27794-5
Jump up ^ Samuelson, W & Marks, S Managerial Economics 4th ed. Page 47. Wiley 2003.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J: Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 363. Pearson 2008.
Jump up ^ Samuelson, W & Marks, S Managerial Economics 4th ed. Page 47. Wiley 2003.
Jump up ^ Samuelson, W & Marks, S Managerial Economics 4th ed. Page 47. Wiley 2003.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J: Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 362. Pearson 2008.
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