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Sea of Galilee
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Sea of Galilee
Wooden longboat in the Sea of Galilee, Tiberias.
Coordinates
32°50′N 35°35′E / 32.833°N 35.583°E / 32.833; 35.583Coordinates: 32°50′N 35°35′E / 32.833°N 35.583°E / 32.833; 35.583
Lake type
Monomictic
Primary inflows
Upper Jordan River and local runoff[1]
Primary outflows
Lower Jordan River, evaporation
Catchment area
2,730 km2 (1,050 sq mi)[2]
Basin countries
Israel
Max. length
21 km (13 mi)
Max. width
13 km (8.1 mi)
Surface area
166 km2 (64 sq mi)
Average depth
25.6 m (84 ft)
Max. depth
43 m (141 ft)
Water volume
4 km3 (0.96 cu mi)
Residence time
5 years
Shore length1
53 km (33 mi)
Surface elevation
-212.07 m (695.8 ft)
Settlements
Tiberias, Tel Katzir
References
[1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
The Sea of Galilee, also Kinneret or Kinnereth,[3] Lake of Gennesaret, or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew: יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא; גִּנֵּיסַר Arabic: بحيرة طبريا), is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide. Its area is 166.7 km2 (64.4 sq mi) at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately 43 m (141 feet).[4] At levels between 215 metres (705 ft) and 209 metres (686 ft) below sea level,[5] it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake).[6] The lake is fed partly by underground springs although its main source is the Jordan River which flows through it from north to south.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Names and their etymology
3 History
3.1 Prehistory
3.2 Antiquity
3.3 Middle Ages
3.4 Modern era
4 Archaeology
5 Water use
6 Tourism
7 Flora and fauna
8 Panoramic and satellite views
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
12 Further reading
Geography[edit]
Sea of Galilee in relation to the Dead Sea
The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel, between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in the Jordan Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes, and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident by the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of the Galilee.
Names and their etymology[edit]
The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed.
Lake or Sea of Kinneret
The modern Hebrew name, Kinneret, comes from the Hebrew Bible, the main source of the Christian Old Testament, where it appears as the "sea of Kinneret" in Numbers 34:11 and Joshua 13:27, spelled כנרות "Kinnerot" in Hebrew in Joshua 11:2. This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. Kinneret was listed among the "fenced cities" in Joshua 19:35. A persistent, though likely erroneous popular etymology of the name presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor ("harp" or "lyre"), in view of the shape of the lake.[7] The scholarly consensus though is that the origin of the name lies with the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh.[8] However, there is no evidence that the city of Kinneret itself was not named after the body of water rather than vice versa, or for the origin of the town's name.
Lake of Gennesaret
All Old and New Testament writers use the term "sea" (Hebrew יָם yam, Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke who calls it "the Lake of Gennesaret" (Luke 5:1), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ (limnē Gennēsaret), the "Grecized form of Chinnereth" according to Easton (1897).[9]
Sea of Ginosar
The Babylonian Talmud, as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name "Sea of Ginosar" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side.[citation needed] Ginosar is yet another name derived from "Kinneret".[8]
Sea of Galilee, Sea of Tiberias, Lake Tiberias
In the New Testament the term "sea of Galilee" (Greek: θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας, thalassan tēs Galilaias) is used in the gospel of Matthew 4:18; 15:29, the gospel of Mark 1:16; 7:31, and in the gospel of John 6:1 as "the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias" (θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος, thalassēs tēs Galilaias tēs Tiberiados), the late 1st century CE name.[10] Sea of Tiberias is also the name mentioned in Roman texts and in the Jerusalem Talmud, and was adopted into Arabic as Buhairet Tabariyya (help·info) (بحيرة طبريا), "Lake Tiberias".
Sea of Minya
From the Umayyad through the Mamluk period the lake was known in Arabic as "Bahr al-Minya", the "Sea of Minya", after the Umayyad qasr complex whose ruins are still visible at Khirbat al-Minya. This is the name employed by the medieval Persian and Arab scholars Al-Baladhuri, Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir.[11]
History[edit]
Prehistory[edit]
In 1989, remains of a hunter-gatherer site were found under the water at the southern end. Remains of mud huts were found which are the oldest known buildings in the world. See Ohalo. Nahal Ein Gev, located about 3 km east of the lake, contains a village from the late Natufian period. The site is considered one of the first permanent human settlements in the world from a time predating the Neolithic revolution.
Antiquity[edit]
Jesus appears on the shore of Lake Tiberias by James Tissot
Jesus and the miraculous catch of fish, in the Sea of Galilee, by Raphael
The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient Via Maris, which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the land-locked lake including Hippos and Tiberias. The first-century historian Flavius Josephus was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature"; he also reported a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake. Archaeologists discovered one such boat, nicknamed the Jesus Boat, in 1986.
In the Bible, much of the ministry of Jesus occurred on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The Synoptic Gospels of Mark (1:14–20), Matthew (4:18–22), and Luke (5:1–11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the Sermon on the Mount, is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water, calming the storm, the disciples and the miraculous catch of fish, and his feeding five thousand people (in Tabgha). In John's Gospel the sea provides the setting for Jesus' third post-resurrection appearance to his disciples (John 21).
In 135 CE, Bar Kokhba's revolt was put down. The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem. The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of the Galilee and the Kinneret, particularly the city of Tiberias. It was in this region that the Jerusalem Talmud was compiled.[12]
Middle Ages[edit]
The lake's importance declined when the Byzantines lost control and the area was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Islamic empires. Apart from Tiberias, the major towns and cities in the area were gradually abandoned.[citation needed] The palace Khirbat al-Minya was built by the lake during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (705–715 CE). In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.
Modern era[edit]
Duga beach, Kinneret
Southern tip of the lake, seen from Mount Poriya
The lake had little importance within the early Ottoman Empire. Tiberias did see a significant revival of its Jewish community in the 16th century, but had gradually declined, until in 1660 the city was completely destroyed. In the early 18th century, Tiberias was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar, becoming the center of his rule over Galilee, and seeing also a revival of its Jewish community.
In 1909, Jewish pioneers established the first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret in the immediate vicinity of the lake. The settlement trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Later, Kvutzat Kinneret pioneers established Kibbutz Degania Alef. The Kvutzat Kinneret is considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early Zionism and is the birthplace of Naomi Shemer and the burial site of Rachel—two of the most prominent Israeli poets.
In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine, while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine, while France would control Syria. However, the allies had to fix the border between the Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria.[13] The boundary was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.[14] However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Mandatory Palestine during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.[15] The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the River Jordan, Lake Hula, Dan spring, and part of the Yarmouk.[16] The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,[17] cutting the Mandatory Syria (State of Damascus) off from the lake.
The British and French Agreement provided that existing rights over the use of the waters of the Jordan by the inhabitants of Syria would be maintained; the Government of Syria would have the right to erect a new pier at Semakh on Lake Tiberias or jointly use the existing pier; persons or goods passing between the landing-stage on the Lake of Tiberias and Semakh would not be subject to customs regulations, and the Syrian government would have access to the said landing-stage; the inhabitants of Syria and Lebanon would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lakes Huleh, Tiberias and River Jordan, while the Government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of lakes.[18]
On May 15, 1948, Syria invaded the newborn State of Israel,[19] capturing territory along the Sea of Galilee.[20] Under the 1949 armistice agreement between Israel and Syria, Syria occupied the northeast shoreline of the Sea of Galilee. The agreement, though, stated that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." Syria remained in possession of the lake's northeast shoreline until the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
In the 1950s, Israel formulated a plan to link the Kinneret with the rest of the country's water infrastructure via the National Water Carrier, in order to supply the water demand of the growing country. The carrier was completed in 1964. The Israeli plan, to which the Arab League opposed its own plan to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River, sparked political and sometimes even armed confrontations over the Jordan River basin.
After 5 years of drought as of 2018, Sea of Galilee is expected to get to the black line.[21] The black elevation line is the lowest depth from which irreversible damage begin and no water can be pumped out anymore.[22] Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research describe it as "The black line marks -214.87 m, the lowest-ever level reached since 1926 when the water level record began. According to the water authority, the Kinneret water level must not decline below this level."[23]
Archaeology[edit]
During a routine sonar scan in 2003 (finding published in 2013),[24] archaeologists discovered an enormous conical stone structure. The structure, which has a diameter of around 230 feet (70 m), is made of boulders and stones. The ruins are estimated to be between 2,000 and 12,000 years old, and are about 10 metres (33 ft) underwater.[25] The estimated weight of the monument is over 60,000 tons. Researchers explain that the site resembles early burial sites in Europe and was likely built in the early Bronze Age.
Water use[edit]
Sea of Galilee water levels January 2004 – February 2012
Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, transports water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and in the past supplied most of the country's drinking water.[26] Nowadays the lake supplies approximately 10% of Israel's drinking water needs.[27]
In 1964, Syria attempted construction of a Headwater Diversion Plan that would have blocked the flow of water into the Sea of Galilee, sharply reducing the water flow into the lake.[28] This project and Israel's attempt to block these efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in the 1967 Six-Day War. During the war, Israel captured the Golan Heights, which contain some of the sources of water for the Sea of Galilee.
The Israeli government monitors water levels and publishes the results daily at this web page. The level over the past eight years can be retrieved from that site.[29] Increasing water demand in Israel, Lebanon and Jordan, as well as dry winters, have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line to dangerously low levels at times. The Sea of Galilee is at risk of becoming irreversibly salinized by the salt water springs under the lake, which are held in check by the weight of the freshwater on top of them.[30]
Up until the mid-2010s, about 400,000,000 cubic metres (1.4×1010 cu ft) of water was pumped through the National Water Carrier each year.[31] Under the terms of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Israel also supplies 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8×109 cu ft) of water annually from the lake to Jordan.[32] In recent years the Israeli government has made extensive investments in water conservation, reclamation and desalination infrastructure in the country. This has allowed it to significantly reduce the amount of water pumped from the lake annually in an effort to restore and improve its ecological environment, as well as respond to some of the most extreme drought conditions in hundreds of years affecting the lake's intake basin since 1998. Therefore, it is expected that in 2016 only about 25,000,000 cubic metres (880,000,000 cu ft) of water will be drawn from the lake for Israeli domestic consumption, a small fraction of the amount typically drawn from the lake over the previous decades.[27]
Tourism[edit]
Tourists on a boat at Tiberias, 1891
The beach of the Sea of Galilee
Tilapia zilli (redbelly tilapia, "St. Peter's fish"), served in a Tiberias restaurant
Tourism around the Sea of Galilee is an important economic branch. Historical and religious sites in the region draw both local and foreign tourists. The Sea of Galilee is an attraction for Christian pilgrims who visit Israel to see the places where Jesus performed miracles according the New Testament, such as his walking on water, calming the storm and feeding the multitude. Alonzo Ketcham Parker, a nineteenth-century American traveler, called visiting the Sea of Galilee "a 'fifth gospel' which one read devoutly, his heart overflowing with quiet joy".[33]
In April 2011, Israel unveiled a 40-mile (64 km) hiking trail in the Galilee for Christian pilgrims, called the "Jesus Trail". It includes a network of footpaths, roads and bicycle paths linking sites central to the lives of Jesus and his disciples. It ends at Capernaum on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus espoused his teachings.[34]
Another key attraction is the site where the Sea of Galilee's water flows into the Jordan River, to which thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be baptized every year.[citation needed]
Israel's most well-known open water swim race, the Kinneret Crossing, is held every year in September, drawing thousands of open water swimmers to participate in competitive and noncompetitive events.[citation needed]
Tourists also partake in the building of rafts on Lavnun Beach, called Rafsodia. Here many different age groups work together to build a raft with their bare hands and then sail that raft across the sea.[citation needed]
Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, dates, mangoes, grapes and olives in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.[citation needed]
Flora and fauna[edit]
The warm waters of the Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton. Fauna include zooplankton, benthos and a number of fish species such as Acanthobrama terraesanctae. Fish caught commercially include Tristramella simonis and Sarotherodon galilaeus, locally called "St. Peter’s Fish".[4] In 2005, 300 short tons (270 t) of tilapia were caught by local fishermen. This dropped to 8 short tons (7.3 t) in 2009 due to overfishing.[35]
However, low water levels in drought years have stressed the lake's ecology. This may have been aggravated by over-extraction of water for either the National Water Carrier to supply other parts of Israel or, since 1994, for the supply of water to Jordan (see "Water use" section above). Droughts of the early and mid-1990s dried out the marshy northern margin of the lake.[36] A fish species that is unique to the lake, Tristramella sacra, used to spawn in the marsh and has not been seen since the 1990s droughts.[36] Conservationists fear this species may have become extinct.[36] It is hoped that drastic reductions in the amount of water pumped through the National Water Carrier will help restore the lake's ecology over the span of several years. As such, the amount planned to be drawn in 2016 for Israeli domestic water use is expected to be less than 10% of the amount commonly drawn on an annual basis in the decades before the mid-2010s.[27]
Panoramic and satellite views[edit]
Panoramic view of the Sea of Galilee
View of the Sea of Galilee from space
Panoramic view of the south end of the Sea of Galilee, taken from Switzerland Forest near Tiberias
See also[edit]
Water portal
Israel portal
Bible portal
Sea of Galilee Boat
Miracles of Jesus
Tiberias
Galilee
Tourism in Israel
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Aaron T. Wolf, Hydropolitics along the Jordan River, United Nations University Press, 1995
^ Jump up to: a b Exact-me.org
Jump up ^ The Hebrew letter "ת" (Tav) is often transliterated as "Th".
^ Jump up to: a b Data Summary: Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Kinneret – General" (in Hebrew). Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.
Jump up ^ The 1996-discovered subglacial Lake Vostok challenges both records; it is estimated to be 200 m (660 ft) to 600 m (2,000 ft) below sea level.
Jump up ^ Easton's Revised Bible Dictionary, Chinnereth. Another speculation is that the name comes from a fruit called in Biblical Hebrew kinar, which is thought to be the fruit of Ziziphus spina-christi.
^ Jump up to: a b Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson, ed. (2001). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: Continuum. p. 285. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
Jump up ^ Easton, Gennesaret.
Jump up ^ Easton, Tiberias
Jump up ^ "Khirbet Al-Minya". Jalili48. Professor Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's significance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a full-fledged tourist industry, complete with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.
Jump up ^ The Preamble of the League of Nations Mandate Archived 2016-04-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed Dec. 23, 1920. Text available in American Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.
Jump up ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947 (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0, p. 130.
Jump up ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947, p. 150. and 130.
Jump up ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947, p. 145.
Jump up ^ Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the French Government respecting the Boundary Line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hámmé Archived 2008-09-09 at the Wayback Machine., Treaty Series No. 13 (1923), Cmd. 1910. Page 7.
Jump up ^ "Israel and the Palestinians - a history - guardian.co.uk - guardian.co.uk".
Jump up ^ The Year of 1948
Jump up ^ http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/528479
Jump up ^ https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART1/753/814.html
Jump up ^ http://kinneret.ocean.org.il/level_grp.aspx
Jump up ^ Paz, Yitzhak; Moshe, Reshef; Ben-Avraham, Zvie; Shmuel, Marco; Tibor, Gideon; Nadel, Dani (2013). "A Submerged Monumental Structure in the Sea of Galilee, Israel". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 42 (1): 189–193. doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12005.
Jump up ^ "Mysterious structure found at bottom of ancient lake". CNN.com. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Black gold under the Golan". The Economist. 7 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Amit, Hagai (1 June 2016). "הקו האדום של הכנרת נהפך לבעיה של הירדנים" [The Kinneret's Red Line has Turned into Jordan's Problem]. TheMarker. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Fischhendler, Itay (2008). "When Ambiguity in Treaty Design Becomes Destructive: A Study of Transboundary Water". Global Environmental Politics. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
Jump up ^ Kinneret Basin Water Level
Jump up ^ Skynews report, 5 May 2009: Race To Save Sea Of Galilee From Disaster Archived 2009-05-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Shmuel Kantor. "The National Water Carrier".
Jump up ^ "Developments related to the Middle East Peace Process". UN. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
Jump up ^ Parker, A. K., "The Sea of Galilee" in The Biblical World, Vol. 7, No. 4 (April 1896), pages 264–272
Jump up ^ Daniel Estrin, Canadian Press (April 15, 2011). "Israel unveils hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Still Fishers of Men". Vermont Catholic. 1 (12): 3. June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goren, M. (2006). "Tristramella sacra". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea of Galilee.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sea of Galilee.
World Lakes Database entry for Sea of Galilee
Kinneret Data Center // Kinneret Limnological Laboratory
Sea of Galilee (Kinneret) // Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection
Bibleplaces.com: Sea of Galilee
Peace Mural of the Sea of Galilee in the Chapel of the Good Shephard – Ramallah
Updated elevation of the Kinneret's level (Hebrew). Elevation (meters below sea level) is shown on the line following the date line.
Virtual Map of Israel: Kinneret
Sea Of Galilee Water Level Application [Google Store]
Israel Bans Fishing in Sea of Galilee
The Road To The Sea Of Galilee
Further reading[edit]
Tamar Zohary, Assaf Sukenik, Tom Berman (2014). Lake Kinneret: Ecology and Management. Springer. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
C. Serruya (1978). Lake Kinneret. ISBN 90-6193-085-5.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Galilee&oldid=837064381"
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text:
The One with the Prom Video
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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14th episode of the second season of Friends
"The One with the Prom Video"
Friends episode
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 14
Directed by
James Burrows
Written by
Alexa Junge
Production code
457310
Original air date
February 1, 1996
Guest appearance(s)
Elliott Gould as Jack Geller
Christina Pickles as Judy Geller
Patrick Kerr as The Restaurant Manager
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The One After the Superbowl" Next →
"The One Where Ross and Rachel...You Know"
Friends (season 2)
List of Friends episodes
"The One with the Prom Video" is the fourteenth episode of the second season, and the 38th episode overall, of the American television situation comedy Friends, which first aired on NBC on February 1, 1996.[1] The episode focuses on the main characters watching Monica (Courteney Cox) and Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) getting ready for their high school prom in the titular video. A subplot sees Joey, now earning more income, (Matt LeBlanc) buying roommate Chandler (Matthew Perry) an unusual gift.
The episode was directed by James Burrows, written by Alexa Junge and guest-stars Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles as Jack and Judy Geller, respectively; Michael Ray Bower as Monica's date; and Patrick Kerr as the restaurant manager.[1]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Joey, now earning money, gives Chandler a gaudy gold bracelet as thanks for paying for head shots and food. Chandler mocks it when it costs him a date, upsetting Joey when he overhears. Chandler promises to never take it off again but immediately realizes he can't find it. He buys a replacement, but the original is found shortly afterwards. He gives one to Joey, repairing their friendship. Ross (David Schwimmer) continues to seek forgiveness from Rachel after insulting her in a previous episode, but she tells him that they as a couple will never happen. Monica's parents bring boxes of her possessions to her apartment, and she finds a video of her and Rachel getting ready for their senior prom.
The friends decide to watch the video, although Ross objects to everyone seeing the tape. On the video, Rachel's date, Chip Matthews, has not arrived, and Monica refuses to go to the prom without her. Mrs. Geller convinces Ross to wear his father's tuxedo and take Rachel to the prom himself. Ross reluctantly agrees, but by the time he is dressed and ready to go, Chip has arrived and the girls leave. The video ends with Ross looking disappointed and dejected. Rachel, touched by Ross's gesture, gets up and passionately kisses Ross, forgiving him for what happened between them. Monica later watches the video alone which features her and her father, Jack, dancing. The video then shows Monica and Ross's parents in bed, which disgusts her.[1]
Production[edit]
Aniston, Cox and Schwimmer wore additional costumes and make-up for the prom video scenes.
The producers had kept Ross and Rachel from being together throughout the first season, eventually bringing them together in the second-season episode "The One Where Ross Finds Out", only to split them up in the following episode.[2] Writer Alexa Junge incorporated many of her own experiences into the script, in particular Phoebe's line about Ross and Rachel being "lobsters", something Junge's husband once said.[2] Aniston wore a false nose for the scenes in the video while Cox wore a "fat suit". While a previous episode had already established Monica as being overweight as a child,[3] this was the first on-screen appearance of "Fat Monica" (the fat suit made frequent return appearances).[4][5][6] Rachel's large nose was added because Junge believed that the characters "were so good-looking, you wanted to feel they had some realness in their past".[2]
At first, Schwimmer did not want to wear the afro wig and mustache because he thought he would look like Gabe Kaplan in Welcome Back, Kotter (a similarity referenced in the episode). He relented because it enabled him to "tap into a part of himself that was very vulnerable and shy" and incorporate it into his performance.[7] An early script draft featured a scene in the prom video in which an episode of All My Children is on in the background. The scene was intended to feature the character "Bryce", played by Gunther (as revealed in "The One Where Eddie Won't Go").[8]
Reception[edit]
In 1997, TV Guide ranked this episode #100 on their list of the "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time".[9]
Entertainment Weekly rates the episode "A", welcoming the return of Burrows as director and calling the prom video "witty character development disguised as a standard flashback."[10] The authors of Friends like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends write that it is "a watershed in the history of the show" and "It's the sign of a good show that they can switch so effortlessly from comedy to pathos to romance in one short scene." Robert Bianco wrote in USA Today in 2004, "If any one outing can take credit for moving Friends from good to great, it's Prom Video" and describes the resolution as an "ingenious, unexpected twist."[11]
The episode is popular among fans of the series.[2] It appeared on one of the first region 1 "best of" DVD releases[12] and is one of the two episodes to feature an audio commentary on the region 1 DVD release of the complete second season.[13] In a poll conducted shortly before the series finale, "The One with the Prom Video" was voted the best episode of Friends, with 1.6 million people polling on the Internet.[14] The episode is the favorite of Schwimmer, who liked the comedic and emotional origins of the Ross/Rachel relationship, as well as the exchange between Monica and Chandler as she defends her weight on the video.[7]
In 2014, Gawker published a list of every episode of Friends ranked from #236 through #1. "The One With The Prom Video" was ranked as the #1 best episode on the list.[15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Sangster, Jim; David Bailey (2000). Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends (2nd ed.). London: Virgin Publishing Ltd. pp. 103–106. ISBN 0-7535-0439-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Garner, Joe (2004). Made You Laugh!: The Funniest Moments in Radio, Television, Stand-up, and Movie Comedy. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-7407-4695-2.
Jump up ^ Kauffman, Marta; Crane, David (writers); Burrows, James (director) (1994-11-10). "The One Where Nana Dies Twice". Friends. Season 1. Episode 8. NBC.
Jump up ^ Malins, Gregory S. (writer); Bright, Kevin S. (director) (1998-11-19). "The One with All the Thanksgivings". Friends. Season 5. Episode 8. NBC.
Jump up ^ Malins, Gregory S.; Chase, Adam; Kauffman, Marta; Crane, David (writers); Lembeck, Michael (director) (2000-02-17). "The One that Could Have Been". Friends. Season 6. Episode 15/16. NBC.
Jump up ^ Kauffman, Marta; Crane, David (writers); Bright, Kevin S. (director) (2004-02-05). "The One Where the Stripper Cries". Friends. Season 10. Episode 11. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b Snierson, Dan (2004-02-24). "Friends Forever: David Schwimmer". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
Jump up ^ Lee, Allyssa (2004-03-05). "And Now A Word From The Supporting Players' Club..." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". TV Guide (June 28-July 4). 1997.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (2001-09-15). "Review: Season 2 (1995–1996)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (2004-01-28). "Like lobsters that fall in love, 'Prom Video' got its claws in us". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Warner Home Video Brings the Emmy-Winning TV Show FRIENDS To DVD and VHS for the First Time on December 19" (Press release). Time Warner. 2000-11-14. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Friends - The Complete 2nd Season". TVShowsonDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (2004-04-07). "What to watch Thursday". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
Jump up ^ . Gawker. 2014-09-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202143/http://rankings.gawker.com/every-episode-of-friends-ranked-1629809447. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-03. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
"The One with the Prom Video" on IMDb
"The One with the Prom Video" at TV.com
hide
v
t
e
Friends
Characters
Chandler Bing
Phoebe Buffay
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Rachel Green
Joey Tribbiani
Episodes
Season 1
"The Pilot" (1.01)
"The One with the Sonogram at the End" (1.02)
Season 2
"The One with the Lesbian Wedding" (2.11)
"The One After the Superbowl" (2.12–2.13)
"The One with the Prom Video" (2.14)
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies" (2.18)
Season 3
"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" (3.01)
"The One Where No One's Ready" (3.02)
"The One with the Morning After" (3.16)
Season 4
"The One with the Embryos" (4.12)
"The One with Ross's Wedding" (4.23–4.24)
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel" (5.01)
"The One Hundredth" (5.03)
"The One with All the Thanksgivings" (5.08)
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" (5.15)
"The One Where Rachel Smokes" (5.18)
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt" (5.19)
"The One with the Ride-Along" (5.20)
Season 6
"The One After Vegas" (6.01)
"The One with the Apothecary Table" (6.11)
"The One with the Proposal" (6.24–6.25)
Season 7
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding" (7.23–7.24)
Season 8
"The One with Rachel's Date" (8.05)
"The One with the Rumor" (8.09)
Season 9
–
Season 10
"The Last One" (10.17–10.18)
Related articles
Music
"I'll Be There for You"
Joey
Mad About You
Awards and nominations
Friends ... 'Til the End
Hello Friends
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text:
Penalty kick
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Penalty kick may refer to:
Penalty kick (association football), a type of free kick awarded when the foul occurs inside the offending player's penalty box
Penalty kick (rugby)
Penalty kick (Gaelic football)
Penalty kicks may additionally refer to:
Penalty shootout in a sport that has penalty kicks, such as:
Penalty shootout (association football)
Penalty shootout (rugby union)
See also[edit]
Penalty (disambiguation)
Penalty shot, a similar term used in other sports, such as ice hockey
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Penalty kick.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penalty_kick&oldid=783112823"
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text:
Trial court
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A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.
In the United States[edit]
A trial court of general jurisdiction is authorized to hear some type of civil or criminal case that is not committed exclusively to another court. In the United States, the United States district courts are the trial courts of general jurisdiction of the federal judiciary; each U.S. state has a state court system establishing trial courts of general jurisdiction, such as the Florida Circuit Courts in Florida, the Superior Courts of California in California, and the New York Supreme Court in New York.
Not all cases are heard in trial courts of general jurisdiction. A trial court of limited jurisdiction is authorized to hear only specified types of cases. Trial courts of limited jurisdiction may be limited in subject-matter jurisdiction (such as juvenile, probate, and family courts in many U.S. states, or the United States Tax Court in the federal judiciary) or by other means, such as small claims courts in many states for civil cases with a low amount in controversy. Other trials do not take place in courts at all, but in quasi-judicial bodies or in administrative agencies with adjudicatory power created by statute to make binding determinations with simplified procedural practices, such as arbitration.
Because different U.S. states apply different names to their courts, it is often not evident whether a court has general or limited jurisdiction. For instance, the Maine District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction, but the Nevada District Courts are courts of general jurisdiction.
In the trial court, evidence and testimony are admitted under the rules of evidence established by applicable procedural law and determinations called findings of fact are made based on the evidence. The court, presided over by one or more judges, makes findings of law based upon the applicable law. In most common law jurisdictions, the trial court often sits with a jury and one judge; in such jury trials, the jury acting as trier of fact. In some cases, the judge or judges act as triers of both fact and law, by either statute, custom, or agreement of the parties; this is referred to as a bench trials. In the case of most judges hearing cases through the bench trial process, they would prefer that all parties are given an opportunity to offer a vigorous and robust case presentation, such that, errors in testimony, procedures, statutes, etc., do not grow "crab legs" -- meaning compounded errors -- and are remanded or returned to their court on appeal.
Appeals from the decisions of trial courts are usually made by higher courts with the power of appellate review (appellate courts). Most trial courts are courts of record, where the record of the presentation of evidence is created and must be maintained or transmitted to the appellate court. The record of the trial court is certified by the clerk of the trial court and transmitted to the appellate body. Most appellate courts do not have the authority to hear testimony or take evidence, but instead rule solely on matters of law.
See also[edit]
Lower court
References[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_court&oldid=859204810"
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