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Foot (unit)
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For the unit of weight, see fotmal.
foot
Unit system
imperial/US units
Unit of
length
Symbol
ft
Unit conversions
1 ft in ... ... is equal to ...
imperial/US units
1/3 yd
12 in
metric (SI) units
0.3048 m
The foot (pl. feet; abbreviation: ft; symbol: ′, the prime symbol) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. Since 1959, both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048 meters exactly. In both systems, the foot comprises 12 inches and three feet compose a yard.
Historically the "foot" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek, Roman, Chinese, French, and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12 inches or 16 digits.
The United States is the only industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the survey foot (a customary unit of length) in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering, and standards activities.[1] The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom; road signs must use imperial units (however distances on road signs are always marked in miles or yards, not feet), while its usage is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height.[2][3] The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada[4] officially defined as a unit derived from the meter[5] although both the U.K. and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement. The measurement of altitude in international aviation is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English-speaking world.
The length of the international foot corresponds to a human foot with shoe size of 13 (UK), 14 (US male), 15.5 (US female) or 46 (EU sizing).
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical origin
1.1 England
2 Definition
2.1 International foot
2.2 Pre-1959
2.3 Survey foot
2.3.1 US survey foot
2.3.2 Indian survey foot
3 Historical use
3.1 Metric foot
3.1.1 France
3.1.2 Germany
3.2 Other obsolete feet
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Historical origin[edit]
See also: pous
Determination of the rod, using the length of the left foot of 16 randomly chosen people coming from church service. Woodcut published in the book Geometrei by Jakob Köbel (Frankfurt, c. 1536).
Historically the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length.[6] The foot of a white male is typically about 15.3% of his height,[7] giving a person of 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) a foot of 245 mm (9.6in) and one of 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) a foot of 275 mm (10.8in). These figures are less than the foot used in most cities over time, suggesting that the "foot" was actually a synonym for a "shoe".[original research?]
Archeologists believe that the Egyptians, Ancient Indians and Mesopotamians preferred the cubit while the Romans and the Greeks preferred the foot. Under the Harappan linear measures, Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches (333.5 mm) and a cubit of 20.8 inches (528.3 mm).[8] The Egyptian equivalent of the foot—a measure of four palms or 16 digits—was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm (12 in).
The Greek foot (πούς, pous) had a length of 1⁄600 of a stadion,[9] one stadion being about 181.2 m,[10] therefore a foot being at the time about 302 mm. Its exact size varied from city to city and could range as much as between 270 mm and 350 mm, but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about 295 mm to 325 mm, the former being close to the size of the Roman foot.
The standard Roman foot (pes) was normally about 295.7 mm (97% of today's measurement), but in the provinces, the pes Drusianus (foot of Nero Claudius Drusus) was used, with a length of about 334 mm. (In reality, this foot predated Drusus.)[11]
Originally both the Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits, but in later years, the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 unciae (from which both the English words "inch" and "ounce" are derived).
After the fall of the Roman Empire, some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse. In AD 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains. His units of length were based on the toise and in particular the toise de l'Écritoire, the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man.[12] The toise has 6 pieds (feet) each of 326.6 mm (12.86 in).
He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm: an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of 296.1 mm was used; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century, a foot of about 320 mm[Note 1] was used. At the same time, monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm.[Note 1][13]
The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century by Jacob Koebel in his book Geometrei. Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen is:[14]
Stand at the door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop, tall ones and small ones, as they happen to pass out when the service is finished; then make them put their left feet one behind the other, and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with, and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot.
England[edit]
The unofficial public imperial measurement standards erected at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich in the 19th century
See also: yard
The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial. Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units, including a foot of 9 inches. The Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm (13.2 inches) was introduced to England either by the Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th & 6th century.
Roman units were introduced following their invasion in AD 43. The Roman foot had been previously standardized by Agrippa at around 296 mm or 11.65 inches. Following the Roman withdrawal and Saxon invasions, the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement. Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of the barleycorn, but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have (ineffectually) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London. Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon his own arm and, by the c. 1300 Act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches[15] traditionally credited to Edward I or II, the statute foot was a different measure exactly 10⁄11 of the old foot. The barleycorn, inch, ell, and yard were likewise shrunk, while rods and furlongs remained the same.[16] The ambiguity over the state of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about the City of London and Westminster, which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet. The differences among the various physical standard yards around the world, revealed by increasingly powerful microscopes, eventually led to the 1959 adoption of the international foot defined in terms of the meter.
Definition[edit]
International foot[edit]
The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of the international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters. Consequently, the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. This was 2 ppm shorter than the previous U.S. definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition.[17]
The international standard symbol for a foot is "ft" (see ISO 31-1, Annex A). In some cases, the foot is denoted by a prime, which is often marked by an apostrophe, and the inch by a double prime; for example, 2 feet 4 inches is sometimes denoted as 2′−4″, 2′ 4″ or 2′4″. (See 'minute' for another case where prime and double prime symbols are used to denote first and second cuts in refining measurement.)
Pre-1959[edit]
In the United States, the foot was defined as 12 inches, with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 by 39.37 inches = 1 m. In Imperial units, the foot was defined as 1⁄3 yard, with the yard being realized as a physical standard (separate from the standard meter).
The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another.[18] The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 as 6999914396900000000♠0.9143969 m,[19] implying a pre-1959 foot in the UK of approximately 6999304798966667000♠0.304798966667 m.
Survey foot[edit]
When the international foot was defined in 1959, a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions, especially in the United States and in India. The small difference between the survey and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of a small parcel, but becomes significant for mapping, or when the state plane coordinate system (SPCS) is used in the US, because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet (hundreds of miles) from the point of interest. Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years, and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from the international foot. The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem, as the retriangulation of Great Britain (1936–62) had been done in meters.
US survey foot[edit]
The United States survey foot is defined as exactly 1200⁄3937 meters, approximately 6999304800609601000♠0.304800609601 m.[20] Out of the 50 states, 24 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot, eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and 18 have not specified the conversion factor from metric units.[21]
In 1986 the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) released the North American Datum of 1983, which underlies the state plane coordinate systems and is entirely defined in meters. An NGS policy from 1991 has this to say about the units used with the new datum to define the SPCS 83:
In preparation for the adjustment of the North American Datum of 1983, 31 states enacted legislation for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 (SPCS 83). All states defined SPCS 83 with metric parameters. Within the legislation, the U.S. Survey Foot was specified in 11 states and the International Foot was specified in 6 states. In all other states the meter is the only referenced unit of measure in the SPCS 83 legislation. The remaining 19 states do not yet have any legislation concerning SPCS 83.[22]
Since then, 42 states have abandoned the non-metric versions of SPCS 83: seven states continue to keep location data in survey feet as well as in meters, while one state keeps data in international feet as well as in meters.[21] State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (2 ppm) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile).
Indian survey foot[edit]
The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly 6999304799600000000♠0.3047996 m,[23] presumably derived from a measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard. The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum,[24] which is also used by the Global Positioning System.
Historical use[edit]
Page from Austrian Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten – 1848[25]
Metric foot[edit]
An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules (30 cm) is called a "metric foot", but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany.
France[edit]
In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France. This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or pied métrique, was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837.[26]
Germany[edit]
In southwestern Germany in 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined, all of which were based on the metric system:[27]
In Hesse, the Fuß (foot) was redefined as 25 cm.
In Baden, the Fuß was redefined as 30 cm.
In the Palatinate, the Fuß was redefined as being 33 1⁄3 cm (as in France).
Other obsolete feet[edit]
Prior to the introduction of the metric system, many European cities and countries used the foot, but it varied considerably in length: the voet in Ieper, Belgium, was 273.8 millimetres (10.78 in) while the piede in Venice was 347.73 millimetres (13.690 in). Lists of conversion factors between the various units of measure were given in many European reference works including:
Traité, Paris – 1769[28]
Palaiseau – Bordeaux: 1816 [29]
de Gelder, Amsterdam and The Hague – 1824[30]
Horace, Brussels – 1840[31]
Noback & Noback (2 volumes), Leipzig – 1851[32][33]
Bruhns, Leipzig – 1881[34]
Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city, especially in Germany (which, before German Unification in 1871, consisted of many kingdoms, principalities, free cities and so on). In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed: for example, the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes (French inches and lines) by Picard, 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert.[35]
Most of the various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system. The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817, having used the mesures usuelles under Napoleon[36] and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871.[37]
The palm (typically 200 mm to 280 mm) was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot. Horace Doursther, whose reference was published[clarification needed] in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements, grouped both units together, while J.F.G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length: one for linear measures (palms and feet), one for cloth measures (ells) and one for distances traveled (miles and leagues). In the table below, arbitrary cut-off points of 270 mm and 350 mm have been chosen.
Location
Modern Country
Local name
Metric
equivalent
(mm)
Comments
Vienna Austria Wiener Fuß 316.102[34][38]
Tyrol Austria Fuß 334.12[27]
Ieper/Ypres Belgium voet 273.8[39]
Bruges/Brugge Belgium voet 274.3[39]
Brussels Belgium voet 275.75[39]
Hainaut Belgium pied 293.39[31]
Liège Belgium pied 294.70[31]
Kortrijk Belgium voet 297.6[39]
Aalst Belgium voet 277.2[39]
Mechelen Belgium voet 278.0[39]
Leuven Belgium voet 285.5[39]
Tournai Belgium pied 297.77[31]
Antwerp Belgium voet 286.8[39]
China China tradesman's foot 338.3[40]
China China mathematician's foot 333.2[40]
China China builder's foot 322.8[40]
China China surveyor's foot 319.5[40]
Moravia Czech Republic stopa 295.95[27]
Prague Czech Republic stopa 296.4[33] (1851) Bohemian foot or shoe
301.7[28] (1759) Quoted as "11 pouces 1 3⁄4 lignes"[Notes 1]
Denmark Denmark Fod 313.85[34] Until 1835, thereafter the Prussian foot
330.5[28] (1759) Quoted as "2 1⁄2 lignes larger than the pied [of Paris]"[Notes 1]
France France pied du roi 324.84[41] [Notes 2]
Angoulême France pied d'Angoulême 347.008[42]
Bordeaux (urban) France pied de ville de Bordeaux 343.606[42]
Bordeaux (rural) France pied de terre de Bordeaux 357.214[42]
Strasbourg France pied de Strasbourg 294.95[42]
Württemberg Germany Fuß 286.49[27]
Hanover Germany Fuß 292.10[27]
Augsburg Germany Römischer Fuß 296.17[32]
Nuremberg Germany Fuß 303.75[32]
Meiningen-Hildburghausen Germany Fuß 303.95[27]
Oldenburg Germany Römischer Fuß 296.41[27]
Weimar Germany Fuß 281.98[27]
Lübeck Germany Fuß 287.62[34]
Aschaffenburg Germany Fuß 287.5[31]
Darmstadt Germany Fuß 287.6[31] Until 1818, thereafter the Hessen "metric foot"
Bremen Germany Fuß 289.35[34]
Rhineland Germany Fuß 313.7[40]
Berlin Germany Fuß 309.6[40]
Hamburg Germany Fuß 286.8[40]
Bavaria Germany Fuß 291.86[27]
Aachen Germany Fuß 282.1[32]
Leipzig Germany Fuß 282.67[27]
Dresden Germany Fuß 283.11[27]
Saxony Germany Fuß 283.19[34]
Prussia Germany, Poland, Russia etc. Rheinfuß 313.85[34]
Frankfurt am Main Germany Fuß 284.61[27]
Venice & Lombardy Italy 347.73[27]
Turin Italy 323.1[40]
Rome Italy piede romano 297.896[42]
Malta Malta 283.7[40]
Utrecht Netherlands voet 272.8[40]
Amsterdam Netherlands voet 283.133[30] Divided into 11 duimen (inches)
Honsbossche en Rijpse Netherlands voet 285.0[30]
’s Hertogenbosch Netherlands voet 287.0[30]
Gelderland Netherlands voet 292.0[30]
Bloois (Zeeland) Netherlands voet 301.0[30]
Schouw Netherlands voet 311.0[30]
Rotterdam Netherlands voet 312.43[31]
Rijnland Netherlands voet 314.858[30]
Norway Norway fot 313.75[43] (1824–1835)[Notes 3] Thereafter as for Sweden
Warsaw Poland stopa 297.8[44] until 1819
288.0[31] (From 1819) Polish stopa
Lisbon Portugal Pé 330.0[32] (From 1835)[Notes 4]
Riga Latvia pēda 274.1[40]
South Africa South Africa Cape foot 314.858[45] Originally equal to the Rijnland foot; redefined as 1.033 English feet in 1859.
Burgos and Castile Spain Pie de Burgos/
Castellano 278.6[28] (1759) Quoted as "122.43 lignes"[Notes 1]
Toledo Spain Pie 279.0[28] (1759) Quoted as "10 pouces 3.7 lignes"[Notes 1]
Sweden Sweden fot 296.9[34] = 12 tum (inches). The Swedish fot was also used in Finland ("jalka").
Zürich Switzerland 300.0[40]
Galicia Ukraine, Poland stopa galicyjska 296.96[31] Part of Austria before World War I
Scotland United Kingdom fuit, fit, troigh 305.287[46] [Notes 5]
(In Belgium, the words pied (French) and voet (Dutch) would have been used interchangeably.)
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d The source document used pre-metric French units (pied, pouce and lignes)
Jump up ^ The original meter was computed using pre-metric French Units
Jump up ^ The Norwegian fot was defined in 1824 as the length of a (theoretical) pendulum that would have a period of 12⁄38 seconds at 45° from the equator
Jump up ^ Prior to 1835, the pé or foot was not used in Portugal – instead a palm was used. In 1835 the size of the palm was increased from 217.37 mm (according to Palaiseau) to 220 mm
Jump up ^ The Scots foot ceased to be legal after the Act of Union in 1707
See also[edit]
Anthropic units
English units
Mermin's foot
Metric foot
History of measurement
Imperial units
International System of Units
Pous
Systems of measurement
United States customary units
Units of measurement
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The original reference was given in a round number of centimeters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Appendix G – Weights and Measures". The World Factbook. Washington: Central Intelligence Agency. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Jon (December 21, 2011). "Will British people ever think in metric?". BBC. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus.
Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act Archived December 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., accessed January 2012, Act current to 2012-01-18. Basis for units of measurement 4.(1) All units of measurement used in Canada shall be determined on the basis of the International System of Units established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. (...) Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
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Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke (May 22, 1987). Mathematics and measurement. University of California Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-520-06072-2. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fessler, Daniel M; Haley, Kevin J; Lal, Roshni D (January–February 2005). "Sexual dimorphism in foot length proportionate to stature" (PDF). Annals of Human Biology. 32 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1080/03014460400027581. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kenoyer JM (2010) "Measuring the Harappan world," in Morley I & Renfrew C (edd) The Archaeology of Measurement, 117; "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Epidauros, Stadium (Building)". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke (May 22, 1987). Mathematics and measurement. University of California Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-520-06072-2. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "On what basis is one inch exactly equal to 25.4 mm? Has the imperial inch been adjusted to give this exact fit and if so when?". National Physical Laboratory. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ See, for example, Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with the Imperial Standard Yard and the Imperial Standard Pound and with each other during the Years 1947 to 1948 (H.M.S.O., London, 1950). Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with each other during the Year 1957 (H.M.S.O., London, 1958).
Jump up ^ Bigg, P. H.; Anderton, Pamela (March 1964), "The United Kingdom standards of the yard in terms of the meter", British Journal of Applied Physics, 15 (3): 291–300, Bibcode:1964BJAP...15..291B, doi:10.1088/0508-3443/15/3/308 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), Refinement of values for the yard and the pound Archived August 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine., Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, June 30, 1959, 8:45 am)
^ Jump up to: a b National Geodetic Survey (n.d.), "What are the "official" conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) meters to inches, and 2) meters to feet?", Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey, archived from the original on October 19, 2011, retrieved May 16, 2009
Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey (January 1991), Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 Archived December 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976[permanent dead link].
Jump up ^ Survey of India, "National Map Policy – 2005" Archived March 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Dr. Franz Mozhnik: Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten. Im Verlage der k.k. Schulbücher Verschleiß-Administration bey St. Anna in der Johannisgasse – Wien 1848
Jump up ^ Denis Février. "Un historique du mètre" (in French). Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842" [Official measures in Europe 1842] (in German). Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e d'Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon (1769). Traité des mesures itinéraires anciennes et modernes [Treatise of ancient and modern measures of distance] (in French). Paris: de l'Imprimerie Royale. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Palaiseau, JFG (October 1816). Métrologie universelle, ancienne et moderne: ou rapport des poids et mesures des empires, royaumes, duchés et principautés des quatre parties du monde. Bordeaux. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 163–176. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Doursther, Horace (1840). Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes. Brussels: M. Hayez. pp. 402–418. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Noback, Christian; Noback, Friedrich Eduard (1851). Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichts-Verhältnisse etc. aller Länder und Handelsplätze [Comprehensive pocketbook of money, weights and measures for all counties and trading centres] (in German). I. Leipzig: F. А. Brockhaus. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Noback, Christian; Noback, Friedrich Eduard (1851). Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichts-Verhältnisse etc. aller Länder und Handelsplätze [Comprehensive pocketbook of money, weights and measures for all counties and trading centres] (in German). II. Leipzig: F. А. Brockhaus. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bruhns, Carl (1881). new manual of logarithms to seven places of decimals. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz. p. 610. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson (July 13, 1790). "Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). The Hague and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 155–157. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Andreas Dreizler; et al. (April 20, 2009). "Metrologie" (PDF) (in German). Technische Universität Darmstadt. Retrieved March 28, 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ File
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Maten en gewichten" [Weights and measures] (in Dutch). Vlaamse Vereniging voor Familiekunde (Flemish Association for Family History). 2011. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rose, Joshua (1900). Pattern Makers Assistant (9th ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Co. p. 264.
Jump up ^ "Les anciennes unités et leurs équivalences" [Old units and their equivalences] (in French). Le Cybergroupe Généalogique de Charente Poitevine. 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Guilhiermoz, P (1913). "De l'équivalence des anciennes mesures. A propos d'une publication récente" [Values of ancient measures quoted in recent publications]. Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes (in French). 74: 267–328. doi:10.3406/bec.1913.448498.
Jump up ^ halbo, leif (July 21, 2005). "Mål, vekt og norsk selvstendighet" [Dimensions, weight and Norwegian independence]. Aftenposten.
Jump up ^ [citation needed] – Information copied from pl:Stopa polska
Jump up ^ Tomasz Zakiewicz (April 2005). "The Cape Geodetic Standards and Their Impact on Africa" (PDF). FIG, Cairo. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scottish Weights and Measures: Distance and Area". Scottish Archive Network. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
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text:
East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
East Coast–West Coast hip hop war
Date
1991–1997
Status
Dissolved
Parties to the civil conflict
East Coast hip hop scene
West Coast hip hop scene
Southern and Midwest hip hop scenes
Lead figures
Various
Various
Various
Casualties
Death(s)
Tupac Shakur (West Coast)
The Notorious B.I.G. (East Coast)
The East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was a feud between artists and fans of the East Coast hip hop and West Coast hip hop scenes in the United States, especially from the mid to late 1990s. Focal points of the feud were West Coast-based rapper Tupac Shakur (and his Los Angeles-based label, Death Row Records), and East Coast-based rapper The Notorious B.I.G. (and his New York-based label, Bad Boy Records), who were both fatally shot following drive-by shootings by unknown assailants in 1996 and 1997, respectively.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of Hip-Hop
1.1 Emergence of the West Coast
1.2 Revival of the East
2 Rivalry
2.1 Tim Dog
2.2 Bad Boy vs. Death Row
2.3 2Pac vs. The Notorious B.I.G.
3 Hip-Hop Peace Summits
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origins of Hip-Hop[edit]
Hip hop emerged in the 1970s on the streets of South Bronx. Powered by DJs such as Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa, the new genre became popular throughout the city's neighborhoods. The New York City area remained the forefront for rap music throughout the mid-'80s, becoming home to numerous stars like Run-DMC, A Tribe Called Quest, LL Cool J, KRS-One, Doug E. Fresh, Rakim, Big Daddy Kane, Biz Markie, Slick Rick, The Beastie Boys, Salt-n-Pepa, and others. In the early 1990s hip hop functioned to give the black community a voice in the public sphere.[1] Hip hop gained appeal among African-Americans because of the "authentic" nature of the lyrical content to which they could relate. Over time, hip hop and gangsta rap became tools for competing record labels and their sometimes-associated gangs, as a way to build up reputations and increase commercial sales.
Emergence of the West Coast[edit]
In 1986, Crenshaw-based Ice-T released the song "6 in the Mornin'." It is considered by many critics as the very first gangsta rap song.[citation needed] The LA gangsta rap scene exploded afterward.
With the help of friend Jerry Heller, Eazy-E founded Ruthless Records on March 3, 1986. Shortly afterwards, his group N.W.A released the Panic Zone EP. It contained the title track (Arabian Prince), "8 Ball" (Eazy-E), and the well-known "Dope Man" (Ice Cube). Despite its popularity, "Dope Man" was never released as a proper single. In a way, the song set the bar for later hits with its profanity-driven lyrics.
The group's debut album was released later in the year. It featured the Fila Fresh Crew and a young The D.O.C. The most popular song on the release was the famous track "Boyz-n-the-Hood". Although the track was written by Ice Cube, Eazy-E handled the vocals.
A disagreement over money saw Arabian Prince leave N.W.A just before the release of their ground-breaking Straight Outta Compton. Eazy-E's friend MC Ren filled his place. Backed by hit singles such as the title track, "Fuck tha Police", and "Gangsta Gangsta", the album redefined hip hop genre and cemented the West Coast's presence in the nation's rap scene.
Financial issues led to the break up of the group. Eazy-E remained the wealthy owner/manager of his Ruthless label. Ice Cube released a string of successful albums that included AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted and Death Certificate. Dr. Dre would go on to co-own Death Row Records with Suge Knight.
At Death Row, Dr. Dre released one of the most influential hip hop albums of all time in The Chronic. It revolutionized the G-Funk movement. Other successful stars on the label included Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tupac Shakur, Warren G, The Lady of Rage, Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger and Kurupt of Tha Dogg Pound. By the mid 1990s the West Coast had separated itself as the dominant region in hip hop.
Revival of the East[edit]
On November 9, 1993, New York group Wu-Tang Clan released their debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), which not only put East coast back on the radar, but was revolutionary. The album was not like the older New York rap as it was dark, rugged and technical in lyricism. Later in April 1994, 20-year-old, Queens-based MC Nas released Illmatic. Five of the album's ten tracks reached single status, in addition to receiving a coveted five-mic rating from The Source magazine. It also featured simple, menacing beats and dark street narratives marking a new sound to east coast hip hop. The release of these two albums was vital in flipping the spotlight back to the east coast, facilitating the so-called East Coast Renaissance.
A few months later, the then 22-year-old Notorious B.I.G. released Ready to Die, considered by many to be a hip-hop classic. The album was certified gold within two months of release and helped put Bad Boy Records on the map. On June 25, 1996, Brooklyn native Jay-Z debuted with Reasonable Doubt and continued the legacy of the East Coast Hip-Hop scene.
Rivalry[edit]
Tim Dog[edit]
In 1991, angry at record companies' rejections of East Coast artists and the growing popularity of West Coast hip hop, Bronx rapper Tim Dog decided to voice his anger on the notorious diss track "Fuck Compton". It contained shots at the entire LA rap scene, particularly the members of NWA. The music video featured violent threats aimed at Eazy-E, Dr. Dre and Michel'le look-a-likes, as well as DJ Quik and Ice Cube.
There were several responses from numerous West Coast artists. One of the most notable was the hit "Fuck wit Dre Day (And Everybody's Celebratin')" which featured Snoop Doggy Dogg dissing Tim Dog (as well as Eazy E and others), and a separate skit called the "$20 Sack Pyramid", both featured on Dr. Dre's The Chronic album.
Bad Boy vs. Death Row[edit]
"Puff Daddy" Sean Combs
In 1993, fledgling A&R executive and record producer "Puff Daddy" Sean Combs founded the New York-centered hip-hop label, Bad Boy Records.[2][3] The next year, the label’s debut releases by Brooklyn-based rapper "The Notorious B.I.G." (also known as Biggie Smalls; born Christopher Wallace)[4] and Long Island-based rapper Craig Mack became immediate critical and commercial successes, and seemed to revitalize the East Coast hip-hop scene by 1995.[5] New York born and California-based rapper Tupac Shakur publicly accused The Notorious B.I.G, Andre Harrell, and Sean Combs of involvement in his shooting (and robbery) in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan on November 30, 1994.[6][7][8][9][9][10] Shortly after 2Pac’s shooting, “Who Shot Ya?,” a B-side track from BIG’s “Big Poppa” single was released. Although Combs and Wallace denied having anything to do with the shooting and stated that “Who Shot Ya?” had been recorded before the shooting,[11] 2Pac and the majority of the hip hop community interpreted it as B.I.G.’s way of taunting him.[12][13]
In August 1995, Death Row CEO Suge Knight took a dig at Bad Boy and Combs at that year's Source Awards; announcing to the assembly of artists and industry figures:
“Any artist out there that want to be an artist and stay a star, and don’t have to worry about the executive producer trying to be all in the videos ... All on the records ... dancing, come to Death Row!”[14]
It was a direct reference to Combs’ tendency of ad-libbing on his artists’ songs and dancing in their videos.[15] With the ceremony being held in New York, to the audience, Knight’s comments seemed a slight to the entire East Coast hip-hop scene, and resulted in boos from the crowd.[16]
Problems continued when Knight later attended a party for producer Jermaine Dupri in Atlanta. During the bash, a close friend of Knight's (Jake Robles) was fatally shot.[17] Knight accused Combs (also in attendance) of having something to do with the shooting.[8][18][19] The same year, Knight posted the $1.4 million bail of the then-incarcerated 2Pac, in exchange for his signing with Death Row Records.[20] Shortly after the rapper’s release for five counts of sex abuse in October 1995, he proceeded to join Knight in furthering Death Row’s feud with Bad Boy Records.[21]
Tha Dogg Pound's single "New York, New York", supported by a music video featuring a gigantic Snoop Dogg destroying various NYC buildings, interpreted as a direct insult towards New York and the East Coast. Tha Dogg Pound were allegedly even shot at while making the video in New York City. In response to the song, East Coast hip hop duo Capone-N-Noreaga, released the single "L.A L.A".
2Pac vs. The Notorious B.I.G.[edit]
“Who Shot Ya?”[21]
"C'mere c'mere...open your fucking mouth...Didn't I tell you not to fuck with me?...Can't talk with a gun in your mouth huh?...Bitch-ass nigga, what?"
-The Notorious B.I.G.
“Hit 'Em Up”
Who shot me? But ya punks didn't finish now you 'bout to feel the wrath of a menace nigga, I hit ‘em up!
-2Pac
After the release of "Who Shot Ya?", which Shakur interpreted as a diss song mocking about his robbery/shooting,[22] 2Pac appeared on numerous tracks aiming threatening and/or antagonistic insults at Biggie, Bad Boy as a label, and anyone affiliated with them from late 1995 to 1996. Examples include the songs "Against All Odds", "Bomb First (My Second Reply)" and "Hit 'Em Up".[23][24] During this time the media became heavily involved and dubbed the rivalry a coastal rap war, reporting on it continually.[25][26] This caused fans from both scenes to take sides.[5]
Although an official retaliation record was never released by the Brooklyn MC in response to Shakur's slurs, a certain number of Biggie's lyrics were interpreted by listeners as subliminal shots aimed at Shakur, in particular the track "Long Kiss Goodnight", which Lil' Cease claimed was about 2Pac in an XXL interview. Puffy, however, steadfastly denied this theory, affirming that if Biggie were to diss 2Pac, he would have called him out by name.[27]
On September 7, 1996, Tupac Shakur was fatally shot in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada.[28] He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, where he died six days later. In 2002, Chuck Phillips wrote the article "Who Killed Tupac Shakur?"[29] reporting that, "the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang called the Southside Crips to avenge the beating of one of its members by Shakur a few hours earlier.... Orlando Anderson, the Crip whom Shakur had attacked, fired the fatal shots. Las Vegas police discounted Anderson as a suspect and interviewed him only once, briefly. He was later killed in an unrelated gang shooting" nearly 2 years later on May 29, 1998. The Phillips article and its follow-up, "How Vegas Police Probe Floundered in Tupac Shakur Case"[30] also implicated East Coast rappers including Biggie Smalls.
Six months after Tupac's death, on March 9, 1997, The Notorious B.I.G. was killed in a drive-by shooting by an unknown assailant in Los Angeles, California.
Hip-Hop Peace Summits[edit]
On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened at Mosque Maryam by Louis Farrakhan in the wake of the murder of Tupac Shakur,[31] and another after the shooting of Biggie Smalls.[32][33] Minister Farrakhan continues these summits, which have been held since the 1980s,[34] where he calls for peace.[35][36][37]
See also[edit]
It Was Written, a 1996 album by East Coast rapper, Nas, that was produced by West Coast producer Dr. Dre during the period of the rivalry.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Iton, Richard (2008). In Search of the Black Fantastic. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Mark Pitts". HitQuarters. April 26, 2006. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Alumni Bulletin - Alumni - Harvard Business School". Alumni.hbs.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Slain rapper Notorious B.I.G. was 'ready to die'". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 10, 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why the West is Winning: Milwaukee players talk about the rap wars between the coasts". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. May 10, 1995. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Hollywood or bust-up". The Observer. July 7, 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Homeboy as Mogul, And the Mogul as Rapper". NY Times. July 20, 1997. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "A History of Modern Music: Part three: Hip-hop and R&B: 35. The death of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls, 1996 – 1997". The Guardian. June 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ex-LAPD detective: 'Suge Knight and P Diddy were behind hits on Biggie and Tupac'". NME. October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Big Life: The rise and fall of Biggie Smalls". The Guardian. January 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gangsta rap: East Coast vs West Coast". New Straits Times. May 21, 1997. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Gangsta". Newsweek. March 24, 1997. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Source Of Trouble Shots, suits & shaky circulation threaten to rip apart hip-hop mag". New York Daily News. August 3, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Turbulent Life and Times Of a Rap Mogul". The Washington Post. June 17, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Rap Column: Notorious Wins B.I.G., Minor Regional Fracas Among Highlights Of Awards". Billboard. August 26, 1995. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Gamble, Ronnie (August 25, 2010). "Dangerous Crew's Shorty B Preps Book About His Life In The Music Biz". Baller Status. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "MTV party shooting revives rap wars". The Times. August 29, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Police probe Puff Daddy on Atlanta killing". The Sunday Times. January 28, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Tupac Shakur out on $ 1.4-million bail". St. Petersburg Times. October 14, 1995.
^ Jump up to: a b "Notorious B.I.G. Lyrics- "Who Shot Ya"". AZ Lyrics.
Jump up ^ "L.a. times links diddy to 1994 shooting of tupac". The Boom Box. March 17, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Man Says He Shot Tupac at Quad Studio". The Root. June 16, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Biggie Smalls was murdered 12 years ago. Now Jamal Woolard's portrayal of the rapper in Notorious is bringing pain among the plaudits, such is his uncanny likeness to him". The Scotsman. January 13, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "THE RAP WARS / EAST COAST VS. WEST COAST". Newsday. September 23, 1996.
Jump up ^ "Gangsta Life And Death; For Tupac Shakur, Violence Was Part of the Act". The Washington Post. September 16, 1996. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "8 Subliminal Diss Records That No One Claims". XXL. November 5, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Planas, Antonio Planas (2011-04-07). "FBI outlines parallels in Notorious B.I.G., Tupac slayings". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ PHILIPS, CHUCK (2002-09-06). "Who Killed Tupac Shakur?". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "How Vegas police probe floundered in Tupac Shakur case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Chrisena (1996-09-18). "Rappers In Peace Summit". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ Loose, Cindy (1970-01-01). "Farrakhan To Sponsor Anti-Violence Rap Concert In D.C.". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ Muwakkil, Salim (2003-12-15). "Farrakhan and the Beefs of Rap". In These Times. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Farrakhan to Speak to 900 Gang Leaders to 'Stop the Killing' - latimes". Articles.latimes.com. 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
Jump up ^ Muhammad, Jehron (2015-09-17). "Jehron Muhammad: Islam’s influence on hip-hop". Philly.com. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Farrakhan Preaches Responsibility At Hip-Hop Summit". Billboard. 2002-02-18. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
External links[edit]
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List of Gavin & Stacey characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gavin & Stacey main characters, left to right: Bryn (Rob Brydon), Gwen (Melanie Walters), Nessa (Ruth Jones), Stacey (Joanna Page), Gavin (Mathew Horne), Smithy (James Corden), Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick (Larry Lamb)
Gavin & Stacey is an award winning British television comedy series, following the lives of the title characters Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey (Joanna Page), who, before marrying, live on opposite sides of the country, Gavin in Billericay, Essex, and Stacey in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan. During the first two series Gavin lives with his parents Mick (Larry Lamb) and Pam (Alison Steadman) but in the third series he has moved, with Stacey, to Barry and lives with Stacey's mum. He has a best friend Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden). For most of the episodes Stacey lives in Barry with her mum Gwen (Melanie Walters), with an extended family of Uncle Bryn (Rob Brydon) across the street, and best friend Vanessa Shanessa "Nessa" Jenkins (Ruth Jones), but for a short while during series two she lived with Gavin, Pam and Mick in Essex.
Contents
1 Characters
1.1 Main characters
1.2 Other characters
1.2.1 Gavin and Smithy's Friends
1.3 Minor and unseen characters
2 References
3 External links
Characters[edit]
Actor/Actress
Character
First Appearance
Last Appearance
Duration
Total
Mathew Horne Gavin Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Joanna Page Stacey Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
James Corden Neil "Smithy" Smith 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Ruth Jones Nessa Jenkins 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Rob Brydon Bryn West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Larry Lamb Mick Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Alison Steadman Pam Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Melanie Walters Gwen West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 20
Steffan Rhodri Dave Coaches 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 11
Margaret John Doris O'Neill 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 8
Adrian Scarborough Pete Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007–2009 7
Julia Davis Dawn Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007–2009 7
Sheridan Smith Ruth "Rudi" Smith 16 March 2008 1 January 2010 2008–2010 7
Robert Wilfort Jason West 3 June 2007 1 January 2010 2007–2010 6
Mathew Baynton Deano 11 November 2008 10 December 2009 2008–2009 4
Russell Tovey Budgie 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007–2009 4
Andrew Knott Dirtbox 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007–2009 4
Samuel Anderson Fingers 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007–2009 3
Ifan Huw Dafydd Neil Jenkins 26 November 2009 1 January 2010 2009–2010 3
Pam Ferris Cath Smith 26 November 2009 17 December 2009 2009 2
Main characters[edit]
Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) - Gavin is 28 when the series starts. He is an only child, and when the series starts he still lives with his loving mother and father in Billericay, Essex. He works for a company called ICB and spends his spare time with his best friend Smithy (James Corden) along with his other friends Gary & Simon, Dirtbox, Fingers, Budgie, Swede, Chinese Alan and Jesus. He is a big fan of Tottenham Hotspur (as is Mathew Horne) and is often seen wearing his Spurs shirt. In the course of his job, he had to deal with a company called Bedmores, based in Barry. The Bedmores representative he had to correspond with was a woman called Stacey West (Joanna Page). The pair found they got on very well and after months of talking and flirting, they decided to meet in London. They agreed that Gavin would bring his best friend Smithy, and Stacey would bring her best friend Nessa (Ruth Jones). They met up, went clubbing and had sex. When Stacey and Nessa boarded the coach back to Wales, Gavin took a taxi home, jumped in his car and drove all the way to Barry, and met Stacey when her coach arrived in Barry. The two quickly told each other they were in love, and within 9 weeks, they had got engaged and married. Gavin, and his father Mick (Larry Lamb), often play the "straight men" in the series, baffled and frustated by the antics of their family and friends. Gavin's main personality flaw is that he is slightly spoiled, possibly due to being an only child, and gets irritated when he does not get his way. He is not always very sensitive; when Stacey, who is very attached to her hometown, gets depressed and homesick upon moving to Billericay, Gavin is more confused than concerned. Gavin is also less willing to discuss his private life than his wife. He finds it odd that Stacey is so eager and ready to spill intimate details to Nessa, Bryn, her mother and her brother. Despite these differences, Gavin loves Stacey enormously, demonstrating this by finding a job in Wales so he can move to Barry, despite previously expressing a dislike for it. In Series 3, he agrees with Stacey to try to have a baby, only to discover she had not been on the pill for a year. Although he is very angry about Stacey not telling him the truth, he becomes much more depressed when he learns that he has fertility problems. Eventually he comes round, and has a serious discussion with Stacey, deciding they will carry on trying to conceive for a few months, and they should start looking at alternatives afterwards. However, in the final episode, Stacey discovers she is pregnant, and Gavin is just as thrilled as she is.
Stacey Shipman (née West) (Joanna Page) - Stacey is 26 and is from Barry, near Cardiff. Her father, Trevor, died three years ago, and she lived at home with her mother in Barry until her marriage. Her gay brother, Jason (Robert Wilfort), lives in Spain. She had been engaged five times before meeting Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne), something she preferred to forget and kept from him. She is very bubbly, excitable and full of conversation but also slightly fragile and prone to overreacting. An example is her misreading Gavin's sudden businesslike tone during a call from work when his boss appears over him, immediately thinking he is trying to break up. Gavin then has to drive all the way to Barry to patch things up. She confides frequently in her best friend, Nessa (Ruth Jones). Stacey has never been away from Barry Island before she visits Gavin, and becomes very homesick when she marries him and moves to Essex. After a few months of finding no work, she tells Gavin she can no longer live in Essex and will be moving back home. During the course of their separation, Stacey decides their selfishness about where they live means they are nit meant to be together and is on the verge of giving her wedding ring back when Nessa goes into labour. After Nessa gives birth, they make up and resolve to find a way for both of them to be happy. A few months later, Gavin decides to get a job in Cardiff so he can move to Barry Island to keep Stacey happy. Stacey discovers she is pregnant in the final episode of Series 3, after desperately taking a large number of pregnancy tests.
Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden) - Smithy is 28 and Gavin's (Mathew Horne) best friend, and they've known each other since primary school. He is a self-employed builder and decorator. He is very protective of Gavin - he is disappointed when Gavin gets engaged to Stacey (Joanna Page) and when Gavin and Stacey go on a honeymoon, he calls Gavin every day for the 3 weeks they are there, and gets angry at Gavin for leaving his phone off. He loves Gavin's parents more than his own, and has an unseen girlfriend called Lucy, who, according to Smithy, is seventeen years and three quarters old. He loves unusual beer, paintball and West Ham United. When Nessa (Ruth Jones) gives birth to their son, they name him Neil after himself and Nessa's father. In the series finale, Smithy stops Nessa's wedding declaring his feelings for her, thus causing Nessa and Dave (Steffan Rhodri) not to get married. He is shown to have obvious similarities to Nessa, such as: refusing to share food, being very upfront, protective of their best friends, and they like most of the same food and drink, such as KFC, corn on the cob, and Irn-Bru. Smithy wears his heart on his sleeve and is given to intense public displays of emotion, and will cry or sulk with little provocation. Smithy eats, drinks and smokes to excess and is overweight.
Vanessa Shanessa "Nessa" Jenkins (Ruth Jones) - Nessa is Stacey's (Joanna Page) best friend, also from Barry. She discovers she is pregnant in the fourth episode of Series 1 and it is later revealed that Smithy (James Corden) became the father the second time they were intimate at Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick's (Larry Lamb) house. She speaks fluent Italian and Welsh, has several tattoos, most notably a large red dragon on her right upper arm. She is a chain smoker (except during her pregnancy) and was one of the original members of All Saints (but didn't get along with Shaznay). She works at the Barry Island Amusement Arcades or "The Slots". Nessa regularly recalls strange and often lewd experiences with celebrities. She gives birth to baby Neil in the series finale of Series 2 and becomes engaged to Dave Coaches (Steffan Rhodri) in the 2008 Christmas special. In the series finale, Smithy declares his feelings for Nessa at her wedding, and Dave accepts that the feelings he and Nessa share are not as strong as hers and Smithy's. Nessa's age is unknown throughout the show even to Stacey. To date she has slept with Gavin's (Mathew Horne) best friend Smithy four times. Her catchphrases include "Ohhhh", "Tidy", "Genuine", "Truth be told", "Immense", "I'm not going to lie to you" and "What's occurring?". In the third series, it was discovered that she is an Aston Villa fan. She has a jet black bob-style hair and wears Gothic style make up. She is serious, ongoing and surprisingly intelligent at times. She has had a number of interesting occupations including being a BBC radio producer, a roadie for a major band, and driving trucks for Eddie Stobart (who gave her two trucks to keep when she left,) and a running feature of the programme is her wide range of impressive occupations, abilities (apart from speaking fluent Italian she is an excellent ten pin bowler) and acquaintance or relationships with various famous people. The reaction of those around her to mention of these invariably suggests that they are factual rather than a fantasy, despite the rather incongruous fact that she now works as a cashier at an amusement arcade in Barry.
Michael "Mick" Shipman (Larry Lamb) - Mick is Gavin's (Mathew Horne) father. He is often mistaken to be 53 and is a down-to-earth bloke, like his son. He's happy with his life — running his own company, playing golf and going to the pub quiz every Tuesday. He is something of a calming influence on his wife, Pam (Alison Steadman).
Pamela Andrea "Pam" Shipman (née Griggell-Eschefska) (Alison Steadman) — Pam is Gavin's (Mathew Horne) proud and doting mother. She is in her fifties, though her exact age is unknown as, according to her husband, she has claimed to be 51 on her past five birthdays. She is a stereotypical Essex wife and is very house-proud. She is also very caring of Smithy (James Corden), Gavin's best friend, and treats him as if he were her own son. Pam adores Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (referring to Princess Diana as a "hussy") and acts out sexual fantasies of Charles and Camilla with her husband, Mick (Larry Lamb). She dotes on Gavin, who she calls her "Little Prince". She is very welcoming of Stacey (Joanna Page) into the family - the first time Stacey meets her, she helps her with a pimple on her face, in a motherly fashion, which allows the two to bond. Although she is initially angry at Stacey when Gavin announces they're moving back to Barry, accusing Stacey of 'stealing' her son, she apologises the next morning for overreacting. Pam is prone to malapropisms, such as saying "ours is not to question while" (instead of "why") or "Barry's Island" instead of "Barry Island". She is often nervous and excitable and this leads her into awkward social situations, such as forcing Mick to go food shopping in response to an attack of paranoia about her guests' dietary requirements, and then falsely claiming to be newly vegetarian (a pretence she is forced to maintain, much to her frustration because she craves meat) in order to explain why he has arrived with several bags of vegetarian food. Her catchphrases include "Oh My Christ", "I panicked (name)" and "Mick! Michael!"
Brynfor "Bryn" West (Rob Brydon) - Bryn is Stacey (Joanna Page) and Jason's (Robert Wilfort) uncle. He is the brother of Stacey's deceased father, Trevor and is a single man in his late forties. He lives across the road from Stacey and his sister-in-law, Gwen (Melanie Walters) and is very protective of them. In Series 1 and 2, he had a strained relationship with his nephew Jason due to an unspecified but clearly disturbing incident on a fishing trip. He leads a very simple life and often gets excited about trivial things such as his Sat Nav or the Internet. He also enjoys typically female-oriented TV shows such as Desperate Housewives and Sex and the City. He is a keen singer and sings with Stacey's best friend, Nessa (Ruth Jones). In Series 2, he puts a home gym in his house that is "the talk of the street". Bryn also displays latent homosexual tendencies but is seemingly too innocent and childlike to address them. For instance, Bryn converted one of the bedrooms in his home into a gym and invites Smithy (James Corden) over where they strip shirtless and have a close workout followed by a "warm down" that involves rubbing each other. Smithy does not see this as a sexual thing at all, even though it makes Gavin (Mathew Horne) uncomfortable. It has been implied a number of times that Bryn was abused by his brother Trevor as a child, such as Trevor leaving him terrified on a ghost train or hanging him by his ankles and swinging him against rocks, resulting in two broken arms. He claims he "rather enjoyed the experience" as it was only "tomfoolery" but it shocks everyone and horrifies Pam (Alison Steadman).
Gwen West (Melanie Walters) - Gwen is Stacey (Joanna Page) and Jason's (Robert Wilfort) mother. She is a widow in her late forties and has two children, Jason and Stacey. She is a housewife and regularly offers to cook omelettes. She's a caring, kind woman who lets herself be taken advantage of by Stacey's best friend, Nessa (Ruth Jones). She's very close to Stacey as they spent many years living together. In Series 3, she lives with Stacey and her husband Gavin (Mathew Horne). On the day of Nessa's wedding, Nessa told Gwen that she was like a mother to her before kissing her on the lips, which gobsmacks Gwen but does not affect Nessa.
Other characters[edit]
David "Dave Coaches" Lloyd Gooch (Steffan Rhodri) - Coach driver in Barry and Nessa's (Ruth Jones) fiancé, after they got engaged in the Christmas special. Aspersions are cast regarding his sexual health in Series 1, although it is revealed in Series 2 that he has been to "the clinic". He is the only person, other than Bryn (Rob Brydon) and Jason (Robert Wilfort), who knows what happened on the fishing trip, after Bryn told him to get the matter off his chest. His relationship with Nessa results in both Bryn and Jason being incredibly nervous about him telling their friends what happened, although he makes it very clear to Bryn he wouldn't tell anyone about it. He also has his own company named Dave Coaches. He often shows jealousy towards Smithy (James Corden) for being the father of Nessa's child. Smithy gets jealous of him for always spending time with his son and treating him like his own, and in the final episode leaves Nessa at the altar as he doesn't believe she loves him. Nessa's father mentions him having "blood on his hands", but says he was joking, knowing that "nothing was proven". Dave often has a strained relationship with the other characters, and has publicly had angry exchanges with Bryn, Smithy and Pete (Adrian Scarborough), who punched him in the face after he made an uncharitable remark about his wife, Dawn (Julia Davis).
Jason West (Robert Wilfort) - Stacey's (Joanna Page) elder brother, son of Gwen (Melanie Walters) and her late husband, Trevor. Lives in Spain with his boyfriend, José. He and Bryn (Rob Brydon) share a rather awkward relationship due to some mysterious goings-on on the fateful fishing trip. Although the events of the fishing trip are never explicitly revealed, it is strongly implied that there was a close and intimate encounter between Jason and Bryn. When they attempt to explain to Dave the reason for what they did that night, Bryn says "It was freezing cold...and when you're that cold you-" before being cut off by Gavin entering the room. He is disappointed in the first series when Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey get married and he is not chosen to take Stacey down the aisle. He and Bryn eventually become friends again, something they are both glad about.
Peter "Pete" Sutcliffe (Adrian Scarborough) and Dawn Sutcliffe (Julia Davis) - Friends of Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick's (Larry Lamb). They have a very strained marriage and regularly insult each other in public. Also part of the ongoing joke that characters share their surnames with serial killers — in this case Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper. He punches Dave in the Christmas special. He also attempts a threesome in the beginning of Series 2 with his wife Dawn and a man named Seth. It didn't work out as Seth said the photo was not representative of them as a couple. The couple renewed their vows in Series 3. They have two children, Fiona and Alex. In the series finale of Series 1, their surname is revealed to be Whitely, but in the 2008 Christmas Special, it is revealed to be Sutcliffe.
Catherina "Cath" Smith (Pam Ferris) - Smithy (James Corden) and Rudi's (Sheridan Smith) mother who first appears in the first episode of Series 3. She is rumoured to have had a lesbian relationship with the headteacher of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's primary school. She claims to suffer from narcolepsy, though Pam (Alison Steadman) attributes this to her excessive drinking. She attends single mother support groups and has been known to perform lewd acts on webcam, having once accidentally exposed herself to Nessa (Ruth Jones) thinking she was a man named John.
Doris "Dor" O'Neill (Margaret John) - Gwen's (Melanie Walters) elderly next door neighbour. She looks like a stereotypical "little old lady", in sharp contrast to her behaviour and blunt, profanity-littered conversational style. Doris regularly dates younger men, even offering herself up to Gavin (Mathew Horne) for "discreet" extramarital relations, and is described by Bryn (Rob Brydon) as "a player". She has a daughter named Moira, whom she loathes and would like to "smother" if she saw her again. Gwen even goes so far as to say "she was a nasty piece of work". It is Doris who spots the unfortunate coincidence of Gavin and Stacey (Joanna Page) sharing the West and Shipman surnames with serial murderers Fred and Rose West and Harold Shipman.
Ruth "Rudi" Smith (Sheridan Smith) - Smithy's (James Corden) sister, also likes to be called "Smithy" in an attempt to imitate her brother, with whom she often fights.
Neil Noel Edmund Smith aka Neil, the Baby - The son of Smithy (James Corden) and Nessa (Ruth Jones), named after both Smithy and Nessa's father. His middle names come from Smithy's uncle Edmund and Nessa's friend Noel from Hear'Say.
Neil Jenkins (Ifan Huw Dafydd)[1][2]- Nessa's (Ruth Jones) father; appears at the Christening but is obviously uncomfortable at being back in Barry due to unknown previous events. He is a part-time actor who has appeared as an extra in Lark Rise to Candleford and as a man in a coma in Holby City.
Dick Powell (Gwynfor Roberts) The only exclusively Welsh-speaking inhabitant of Barry. Sells items on the black market such as satellite navigation systems and meat that his brother steals from the slaughterhouse where he works. He enjoys chicken and Glamorgan sausage sandwiches.
Deano (Mathew Baynton) is a friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He works with Smithy and is known for being gormless and somewhat naïve. He learnt Welsh prior to coming over to Wales with the "Essex Lads". He wasn't at Gavin's stag, but got a T-shirt made afterwards when they went to the foam party. Among his idiosyncrasies is a fondness for drinking a mixture of equal parts tea and coffee, which he calls a "toffee" or a "cea" (pronounced "key").
Owain Hughes (Steven Meo) - one of Gavin's (Mathew Horne) co-workers at his new job in Cardiff in Series 3. Constantly the subject of an unclear joke - "My name is Owain Hughes and before you ask, no I don't!".
Gavin and Smithy's Friends[edit]
Budgie (Russell Tovey) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He is nicknamed as such because he has big ears. He has a brother called Magpie, who works as a DJ.
Chinese Alan (Dominic Gaskell) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). His catchphrase is "Did someone order a Chinese?"
Fingers (Samuel Anderson) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He is so named because of his womanizing attitude. He has an on-off relationship with Stacey's (Joanna Page) friend, Louise.
Dirtbox (Andrew Knott) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He seems to be somewhat short tempered and snappy.
Jesus (Daniel Curtis) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He only appears in the stag episode; most likely owing to the fact that no one in the group really seems to like him.
Swede - (John Grisley) A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He rarely says anything.
Gary (Jason Gregg) - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He has been friends with them since primary school. He is never seen without his best friend Simon; except for in Series 3, where it appears they have had an argument.
'N' Simon - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He has been friends with them since primary school. He is never seen without his best friend Gary (Jason Gregg); but he does not appear in Series 3, as it appears he has had an argument with Gary.
Luggy - A friend of Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Smithy's (James Corden). He has glasses and is quite tall. He is relatively quiet when compared to the rest of Gavin's friends as he is often seen in the background of the conversation and has no dialogue. He is not seen in Series 3 for unknown reasons.
Minor and unseen characters[edit]
Japanese Margaret - A friend of Pam (Alison Steadman) and Dawn's (Julia Davis) whose name came up during the protest over the telephone mast.
No Man Jan - A friend of Pam's (Alison Steadman) who told her about the rumour of Cath's (Pam Ferris) lesbian relationship with Smithy (James Corden) and Gavin's (Mathew Horne) headmistress. Mick (Larry Lamb) claims she can't be trusted - "that's why she's been divorced three times".
Big Fat Sue - Pam's (Alison Steadman) overweight friend. Pam calls her "Susan" to her face; however, other characters such as Dawn (Julia Davis) directly address her as "Big Fat Sue".
Fat No More Pat - Pam's (Alison Steadman) friend from her Fencing class. She was mentioned when Pam asked Stacey (Joanna Page) if she would like to come along in Pat's absence.
Seth - Swinger who responded to Dawn (Julia Davis) and Pete's (Adrian Scarborough) request for a threesome partner, he denied because the picture of Dawn and Pete was 15 years old.
Nigel Havers - Actor, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) ex-boyfriend
Tom Jones - Singer, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) ex-boyfriend
John Prescott - Politician, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) ex-boyfriend
Noel Sullivan - Singer, Nessa's (Ruth Jones) close friend. Nessa's son, Neil's middle name is after him.
Griff (Alan David) - Bryn (Rob Brydon) and Doris' (Margaret John) friend. He attended Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey's (Joanna Page) wedding with Doris in Series 1.
Father Chris (William Thomas) - A vicar in Barry.
José - Jason's (Robert Wilfort) boyfriend, who attends Gavin (Mathew Horne) and Stacey's (Joanna Page) wedding.
Edna Sutcliffe (Edna Doré) - Pete's (Adrian Scarborough) mother, only seen once in the Christmas Special, where Pete forgot her and she stayed behind the bar over night
Betty (Hazel Douglas) - A neighbour of Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick's (Larry Lamb). She is only seen talking to Pam about Mick's short stint on a news broadcast.
Scott - One of Doris' (Margaret John) much younger boyfriends, whom she casually describes as "a bit of a pothead".
Natalie Lewis - Sales assistant whose brother and father once had a fight with Nessa (Ruth Jones)
Lucy - Smithy's (James Corden) much younger girlfriend, who is still in secondary school. She is never seen on-screen, and dumps Smithy in Series 2 when he discovers that she has been seeing somebody else. In a running joke meant to illustrate the age gap between her and Smithy, she is often mentioned to be doing activities that would normally be associated with younger people (such as Brownies or trampolining).
Jean - A character who Bryn (Rob Brydon) invites to Gwen's birthday party, due to guests he'd already invited saying they can't attend. Jean is hated to Gwen however for reasons that weren't really mentioned. Doris (Margaret John) warns Bryn not to invite her and does not like her. Jean is not seen on screen, however Gwen sees her and it is unknown what happened next.
Glenda - In series 3 episode 5, Glenda gets in contact with Bryn (Rob Brydon), Doris (Margaret John) and Gwen (Melanie Walters) almost immediately after Pam (Alison Steadman) and Mick (Larry Lamb) arrive outside Gwen's house all via different forms of contact. It is not mentioned where Glenda lives, though she is within hearing range as she heard that Pam and Mick were going to the beach, nor is she ever mentioned again.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ifan Huw Dafydd's details from the equity wales web site". Equity Oriel. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ifan Huw Dafydd". Digiguide Library. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
External links[edit]
Full Gavin & Stacey Cast List
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gavin & Stacey
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