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Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
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For other uses, see Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (disambiguation).
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ang Lee
Produced by
Bill Kong
Hsu Li-kong
Ang Lee
Screenplay by
Wang Hui-ling
James Schamus
Tsai Kuo Jung
Based on
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
by Wang Dulu
Starring
Chow Yun-fat
Michelle Yeoh
Zhang Ziyi
Chang Chen
Sihung Lung
Cheng Pei-pei
Music by
Tan Dun
Cinematography
Peter Pau
Edited by
Tim Squyres
Production
companies
Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia
Good Machine International
Edko Films
Zoom Hunt Productions
China Film Co-Production Corp.
Asian Union Film & Entertainment Ltd.
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Classics
Release date
July 6, 2000 (2000-07-06) (Hong Kong)
July 7, 2000 (2000-07-07) (Taiwan)
December 8, 2000 (2000-12-08) (United States)
Running time
120 minutes[1]
Country
China[2]
Hong Kong[2]
Taiwan[2]
United States[2]
Language
Mandarin
Budget
US$17 million[3]
Box office
US$213.5 million[3]
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Traditional Chinese
臥虎藏龍
Simplified Chinese
卧虎藏龙
showTranscriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Wòhǔ Cánglóng
Wade–Giles
Wohu Ts'anglung
Yale Romanization
Wòhhu Tsánglúng
IPA
[wôxù tsʰǎŋlʊ̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Ngohfó Chòhnglùhng
IPA
[ŋɔ̀ːfǔː tsʰɔ̏ːŋlȕːŋ]
Jyutping
Ngo6fu2 Cong4lung4
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (simplified Chinese: 卧虎藏龙; traditional Chinese: 臥虎藏龍) is a 2000 wuxia film, conceived and directed by Ang Lee. It features an international cast of Chinese actors, including Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Zhang Ziyi and Chang Chen. The film is based on a novel of the same name that is part of the Crane Iron Pentalogy, a wuxia series by Wang Dulu.
A multinational venture, the film was made on a US$17 million budget, and was produced by Asian Union Film & Entertainment, China Film Co-Productions Corporation, Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia, Edko Films, Good Machine International, and Zoom Hunt Productions. With dialogue in Mandarin, subtitled for various markets, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon became a surprise international success, grossing $213.5 million worldwide. It grossed US$128 million in the United States, becoming the highest-grossing foreign-language film produced overseas in American history.[4]
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon received universal critical acclaim. The film has won over 40 awards. It was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and won Best Foreign Language Film (Taiwan), Best Art Direction, Best Original Score and Best Cinematography.[5] The film also won four BAFTAs and two Golden Globe Awards, one for Best Foreign Film. Along with its awards success, Crouching Tiger continues to be hailed as one of the greatest and most influential martial arts films.[6][7] The film has been praised for its story, direction, and cinematography, and for its martial arts sequences.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Themes and interpretations
3.1 Title
3.2 Gender roles
3.3 Teacher-student relationship
3.4 Poison
4 Production
4.1 Filming
4.2 Soundtrack
5 Marketing
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Counter-flow
6.3 Box office
6.4 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 Cultural references
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Plot[edit]
The film is set in 18th century Qing Dynasty China. Li Mu Bai (Chow Yun-fat) is an accomplished Wudang swordsman and Yu Shu Lien (Michelle Yeoh) heads a private security company. Yu Shu Lien and Li Mu Bai have feelings for each other, but because Shu Lien had been engaged to Mu Bai's closest friend, Meng Sizhao,[8] before his death, Shu Lien and Mu Bai feel bound by loyalty to Meng Sizhao and have not acted on their feelings for one another. Mu Bai, after choosing to retire, asks Shu Lien to give his sword "Green Destiny" to their benefactor Sir Te (Sihung Lung) in Beijing. Long ago, Mu Bai's master was murdered by Jade Fox (Cheng Pei-pei), a woman who sought to learn Wudang skills. While at Sir Te's place, Shu Lien makes the acquaintance of Jen Yu (Zhang Ziyi), who is the daughter of a rich and powerful Governor Yu and is about to get married.
One evening, a masked thief sneaks into Sir Te's estate and steals the Green Destiny. Mu Bai and Shu Lien trace the theft to Governor Yu's compound, where Jade Fox had been posing as Jen's governess for many years. Mu Bai makes the acquaintance of Inspector Tsai (Wang Deming), a police investigator from the provinces, and his daughter May (Li Li), who have come to Peking in pursuit of Fox. Fox challenges the pair and Sir Te's servant Master Bo (Gao Xi'an) to a showdown that night. Following a protracted battle, the group is on the verge of defeat when Mu Bai arrives and outmaneuvers Fox. Before Mu Bai can kill Fox, the masked thief reappears and helps Fox. Fox kills Tsai before fleeing with the thief (who is revealed to be Jen). After seeing Jen fight Mu Bai, Fox realizes Jen had been secretly studying the Wudang manual and may have surpassed her in combat skills.
At night, a desert bandit named Lo (Chang Chen) breaks into Jen's bedroom and asks her to leave with him. A flashback reveals that in the past, when Governor Yu and his family were traveling in the western deserts, Lo and his bandits had raided Jen's caravan and Lo had stolen her comb. She pursued him to his desert cave to get her comb back. However, the pair soon fell passionately in love. Lo eventually convinced Jen to return to her family, though not before telling her a legend of a man who jumped off a cliff to make his wishes come true. Because the man's heart was pure, he did not die. Lo came to Beijing to persuade Jen not to go through with her arranged marriage. However, Jen refuses to leave with him. Later, Lo interrupts Jen's wedding procession, begging her to leave with him. Nearby, Shu Lien and Mu Bai convince Lo to wait for Jen at Mount Wudang, where he will be safe from Jen's family, who are furious with him. Jen runs away from her husband on their wedding night before the marriage could be consummated. Disguised in male clothing, she is accosted at an inn by a large group of warriors; armed with the Green Destiny and her own superior combat skills, she emerges victorious.
Jen visits Shu Lien, who tells her that Lo is waiting for her at Mount Wudang. After an angry exchange, the two women engage in a duel. Shu Lien is the superior fighter, but Jen wields the Green Destiny: the sword destroys each weapon that Shu Lien wields, until Shu Lien finally manages to defeat Jen with a broken sword. When Shu Lien shows mercy, Jen cuts Shu Lien's arm. Mu Bai arrives and pursues Jen into a bamboo forest. Mu Bai confronts Jen and offers to take her as his student. She arrogantly promises to accept him as her teacher if he can take Green Destiny from her in three moves. Mu Bai is able to take the sword in only one move, but Jen goes back on her word and flees. Mu Bai decides to throw the sword over a waterfall. Jen dives into an adjoining river to retrieve the sword and is then rescued by Fox. Fox puts Jen into a drugged sleep and places her in a cavern; Mu Bai and Shu Lien discover her there. Fox suddenly reappears and attacks the others with poisoned darts. Mu Bai blocks the needles with his sword and avenges his master's death by mortally wounding Fox, only to realize that one of the darts hit him in the neck. Fox dies, confessing that her goal had been to kill Jen because Jen had hidden the secrets of Wudang's best fighting techniques from her.
As Jen leaves to prepare an antidote for the poisoned dart, Mu Bai prepares to die. With his last breaths, he finally confesses his love for Shu Lien. He dies in her arms as Jen returns, too late to save him. The Green Destiny is returned to Sir Te. Jen later goes to Mount Wudang and spends one last night with Lo. The next morning, Lo finds Jen standing on a bridge overlooking the edge of the mountain. In an echo of the legend that they spoke about in the desert, she asks him to make a wish. He wishes for them to be together again, back in the desert. The movie ends with Jen jumping off the bridge.
Cast[edit]
Actor Chow Yun-Fat who portrayed Li Mu Bai
Chow Yun-fat as Li Mu Bai (C: 李慕白, P: Lǐ Mùbái)
Michelle Yeoh as Yu Shu Lien (T: 俞秀蓮, S: 俞秀莲, P: Yú Xiùlián)
Zhang Ziyi as Jen Yu (English subtitled version) / Yu Jiaolong (English dubbed version) (T: 玉嬌龍, S: 玉娇龙, P: Yù Jiāolóng)
Chang Chen as Lo "Dark Cloud" (English subtitled version) / Luo Xiaohu (English dubbed version) (T: 羅小虎, S: 罗小虎, P: Luó Xiǎohǔ)
Cheng Pei-pei as Jade Fox (C: 碧眼狐狸, P: Bìyǎn Húli)
Sihung Lung as Sir Te (T: 貝勒爺, C: 贝勒爷, P: Bèi-lèyé)
Li Fazeng as Governor Yu
Gao Xi'an as Bo
Hai Yan as Madam Yu
Wang Deming as Police inspector Tsai / Prefect Cai Qiu
Li Li as May, Tsai's daughter
Huang Suying as Aunt Wu
Yang Rui as Maid
Li Kai as Gou Jun Pei
Feng Jianhua as Gou Jun Sinung
Ma Zhongxuan as Mi Biao
Li Baocheng as Fung Machete Chang
Yang Yongde as Monk Jing
Zhang Shaocheng as Nightman
Themes and interpretations[edit]
Title[edit]
The name "Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon" is a literal translation of the Chinese idiom "臥虎藏龍" which describes a place or situation that is full of unnoticed masters. It is from a poem of the ancient Chinese poet Yu Xin's (513–581) that reads "暗石疑藏虎，盤根似臥龍", which means "behind the rock in the dark probably hides a tiger, and the coiling giant root resembles a crouching dragon."[9] The last character in Xiaohu and Jiaolong's names mean "Tiger" and "Dragon", respectively.
Gender roles[edit]
Some prominent martial arts styles traditionally were held to have been originated by women, e.g. History of Wing Chun credits a Buddhist nun Ng Mui teaching Yim Wing-Chun the style. The film's title reference to masters one does not notice necessarily includes mostly women, and suggests the advantage of a female bodyguard. Traditional weapons taught in Wing Chun are exactly those easily concealed (butterfly knives) or similar to those taught in Japanese Aikido primarily to women (long pole).[10] The style emphasizes centerline blows to vital areas, as opposed to maiming strikes against limbs, thus seems intended for death blows, knockouts, and tactics generally used by physically weaker opponents seeking to win in a single strike rather than engage in an extended confrontation. Again, the title suggests powerful creatures that strike by surprise.
Teacher-student relationship[edit]
A teacher's desire to have a worthy student, the obligations between a student and a master, and tensions in these relationships are central to the characters' motives, conflicts between the characters, and the unfolding of the film's plot. Li Mu Bai is burdened with the responsibility for avenging his master's death, and turns his back on retirement to live up to this obligation. His fascination with the prospect of having Jen as a disciple also motivates his behavior, and that of Jade Fox.
Regarding conflicts in the student-teacher relationship, the potential for exploitation created by the subordinate position of the student and the tensions that exist when a student surpasses or resists a teacher are explored. Jen hides her mastery of martial arts from her teacher, Jade Fox, which leads both to their parting of ways and to Jade Fox's attempt on Jen's life. At the same time, Jade Fox's own unorthodox relationship with a Wudang master (whom she claims would not teach her, but did take sexual advantage of her) brought her to a life of crime.
Poison[edit]
Poison is also a significant theme in the film. In the world of martial arts, poison is considered the act of one who is too cowardly and dishonorable to fight; and indeed, the only character who explicitly fits these characteristics is Jade Fox. The poison is a weapon of her bitterness,[11] and quest for vengeance: she poisons the master of Wudang, attempts to poison Jen, and succeeds in killing Mu Bai using a poisoned needle.
However, the poison is not only of the physical sort: Jade Fox's tutelage of Jen has left Jen spiritually poisoned, which can be seen in the lying, stealing, and betrayal Jen commits. However, Jen is never seen to use poison herself, even though she was trained by Jade Fox. This indicates that she may yet be reformed and integrated into society. In further play on this theme by the director, Jade Fox, as she dies, refers to the poison from a young child, "the deceit of an eight-year-old girl," obviously referring to what she considers her own spiritual poisoning by her young apprentice Jen. Li Mu Bai himself warns that without guidance, Jen could become a "poison dragon".
Production[edit]
The film was originally written as a novel series by Wang Dulu starting in the late 1930s. The film is loosely adapted from the storyline of the fourth book in the series, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.
Filming[edit]
Mount Cangyan, including the bridge pictured above, was one of many filming locations for the film.
Although its Academy Award was presented to Taiwan, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was in fact an international co-production between companies in four regions: the Chinese company China Film Co-Production Corporation; the American companies Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia,[12] Sony Pictures Classics and Good Machine; the Hong Kong company EDKO Film; and the Taiwanese Zoom Hunt International Productions Company, Ltd; as well as the unspecified United China Vision, and Asia Union Film and Entertainment Ltd., created solely for this film.[13][14]
The film was made in Beijing, with location shooting in the Anhui, Hebei, Jiangsu, and Xinjiang provinces of China.[15] The first phase of shooting was in the Gobi Desert where it consistently rained. Director Ang Lee noted, "I didn't take one break in eight months, not even for half a day. I was miserable -- I just didn't have the extra energy to be happy. Near the end, I could hardly breathe. I thought I was about to have a stroke."[16] The stunt work was mostly performed by the actors themselves and Ang Lee stated in an interview that computers were used "only to remove the safety wires that held the actors." "Most of the time you can see their faces," he added, "That's really them in the trees."[17]
Another compounding issue was the difference between accents of the four lead actors: Chow Yun-fat is from Hong Kong and speaks Cantonese natively, and Michelle Yeoh is from Malaysia and grew up speaking English and Malay;[18] she learned the Mandarin lines phonetically.[19] Only Zhang Ziyi spoke with a native Mandarin accent that Ang Lee wanted.[16] Chow Yun Fat said, on "the first day [of shooting], I had to do 28 takes just because of the language. That's never happened before in my life."[16]
Because the film specifically targeted Western audiences rather than the domestic audiences who were already used to Wuxia films, English subtitles were needed. Ang Lee, who was educated in the West, personally edited the subtitles to ensure they were satisfactory for Western audiences.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (soundtrack)
The score was composed by Tan Dun, originally performed by Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Shanghai National Orchestra, and Shanghai Percussion Ensemble. It also features many solo passages for cello played by Yo-Yo Ma. The "last track" ("A Love Before Time") features Coco Lee, who later performed it at the Academy Awards. The music for the entire film was produced in two weeks.[20]
Marketing[edit]
The film was adapted into a video game, a comics series, and a 34-episode Taiwanese television series based on the original novel. The latter was released in 2004 as New Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon for US and Canadian release.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, which is based on an early 20th century novel by Wang Dulu, unfolds much like a comic book, with the characters and their circumstances being painted using wide brush strokes. Subtlety is not part of Lee's palette; he is going for something grand and melodramatic, and that's what he gets."
—James Berardinelli, writing in ReelViews[21]
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was very well received in the Western world, receiving numerous awards. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 97% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 153 reviews with an average rating of 8.6/10. The website's critical consensus states: "The movie that catapulted Ang Lee into the ranks of upper echelon Hollywood filmmakers, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon features a deft mix of amazing martial arts battles, beautiful scenery, and tasteful drama."[22] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 93 out of 100, based on 31 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[23]
Some Chinese-speaking viewers were bothered by the accents of the leading actors. Neither Chow (a native Cantonese speaker) nor Yeoh (who was born and raised in Malaysia) speaks Mandarin as a mother tongue. All four main actors spoke with different accents: Chow speaks with a Cantonese accent;[24] Yeoh with a Malaysian accent; Chang Chen a Taiwanese accent; and Zhang Ziyi a Beijing accent. Yeoh responded to this complaint in a December 28, 2000, interview with Cinescape. She argued, "My character lived outside of Beijing, and so I didn't have to do the Beijing accent." When the interviewer, Craig Reid, remarked, "My mother-in-law has this strange Sichuan-Mandarin accent that's hard for me to understand.", Yeoh responded: "Yes, provinces all have their very own strong accents. When we first started the movie, Cheng Pei Pei was going to have her accent, and Chang Zhen was going to have his accent, and this person would have that accent. And in the end nobody could understand what they were saying. Forget about us, even the crew from Beijing thought this was all weird."[25]
The film led to a boost in popularity of Chinese wuxia films in the western world, where they were previously little known, and led to films such as House of Flying Daggers and Hero marketed towards Western audiences. The film also provided the breakthrough role for Zhang Ziyi's career, who noted:
Because of movies like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hero, and Memoirs of a Geisha, a lot of people in the United States have become interested not only in me but in Chinese and Asian actors in general. Because of these movies, maybe there will be more opportunities for Asian actors."
The character of Lo, or "Dark Cloud" the desert bandit, influenced the development of the protagonist of the Prince of Persia series of video games.[26]
The film is ranked at number 497 on Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time[27] and at number 66 in the magazine's 100 Best Films of World Cinema, published in 2010.[28]
In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years.[29]
In 2016, it was voted the 35th-best film of the 21st century as picked by 177 film critics from around the world.[30]
Film Journal noted that Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon "pulled off the rare trifecta of critical acclaim, boffo box-office and gestalt shift",[31] in reference to its ground-breaking success for a subtitled film in the American market.
Counter-flow[edit]
Wu and Chan (2007)[32] look at Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon as somewhat of an example of “counter-flow”, a film that has challenged Hollywood’s grip on the film market. They argue that as a product of globalization, the movie did not demonstrate a one-way flow based on Western ideology, but was multidirectional with the ability of local resources to influence the West and gain capital.[32] Despite its international success and perceived ability to change the flow from East to West, however, there were still instances of Western adaptation for the movie, such as putting more emphasis on female characters to better execute a balance between gender roles in the East and West.[32] The script of the film was written between Taiwan and Hollywood and in translating the film to English, many cultural references were lost, which made maintaining the cultural authenticity of the film while still reaching out to the West very difficult.[32] The thematic conflict throughout the movie between societal roles and personal desires attribute to the international reception of the film, which resonates with both the Eastern and Western audiences.[32] Additionally, international and Western networks were used in the production and promotion of the film, which were needed to achieve its global distribution.[32] Additional marketing strategies were needed for the film to attract the Western audience, who were unfamiliar with the cultural products of the East.[32]
Box office[edit]
The film premiered in cinemas on December 8, 2000, in limited release within the US. During its opening weekend, the film opened in 15th place, grossing $663,205 in business, showing at 16 locations.[3] On January 12, 2001, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon premiered in cinemas in wide release throughout the US grossing $8,647,295 in business, ranking in sixth place. The film Save the Last Dance came in first place during that weekend, grossing $23,444,930.[33] The film's revenue dropped by almost 30% in its second week of release, earning $6,080,357. For that particular weekend, the film fell to eighth place screening in 837 theaters. Save the Last Dance remained unchanged in first place, grossing $15,366,047 in box-office revenue.[3] During its final week in release, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon opened in a distant 50th place with $37,233 in revenue.[34] The film went on to top out domestically at $128,078,872 in total ticket sales through a 31-week theatrical run. Internationally, the film took in an additional $85,446,864 in box-office business for a combined worldwide total of $213,525,736.[3] For 2000 as a whole, the film cumulatively ranked at a worldwide box-office performance position of 19.[35]
Accolades[edit]
Gathering widespread critical acclaim at the Toronto and New York film festivals, the film also became a favorite when Academy Awards nominations were announced in 2001. The film was, however, screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.[36]
Award[37][38]
Category
Nominee
Result
73rd Academy Awards[39] Best Foreign Language Film Ang Lee Won
Best Picture Hsu-Li Kong, Bill Kong and Ang Lee Nominated
Best Director Ang Lee Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Tsai Kuo-Jung, Hui-Ling Wang and James Schamus Nominated
Best Original Song Jorge Calandrelli, Tan Dun and James Schamus for "A Love Before Time" Nominated
Best Costume Design Tim Yip Nominated
Best Art Direction Art Direction and Set Decoration: Tim Yip Won
Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Nominated
Best Original Score Tan Dun Won
Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won
2000 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Best Cinematography Peter Pau Nominated
54th British Academy Film Awards[40] Best Film Nominated
Best Foreign Language Film Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Michelle Yeoh Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated
Best Cinematography Peter Pau Nominated
Best Makeup and Hair Nominated
Best Editing Tim Squyres Nominated
Best Costume Design Tim Yip Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Best Music Tan Dun Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Tsai Kuo-Jung, Wang Hui-Ling, James Schamus Nominated
Best Production Design Tim Yip Nominated
Best Sound Nominated
Best Visual Effects Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2000[41] Best Foreign Film Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2000[42] Most Promising Actress Zhang Ziyi Won
Best Original Score Tan Dun Won
Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won
Best Foreign Film Won
2000 Directors Guild of America Awards[43] Best Director Ang Lee Won
2000 Film Fest Gent festival Georges Delerue Award Tan Dun Won
58th Golden Globe Awards[44] Best Foreign Language Film Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Best Original Score Tan Dun Nominated
20th Hong Kong Film Awards[45] Best Film Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Best Screenplay Wang Hui-Ling, James Schamus, Tsai Kuo-Jung Nominated
Best Actor Chow Yun-fat Nominated
Best Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated
Best Actress Michelle Yeoh Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Chang Chen Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Cheng Pei-pei Won
Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won
Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Nominated
Best Art Direction Tim Yip Nominated
Best Costume Make Up Design Tim Yip Nominated
Best Action Choreography Yuen Wo Ping Won
Best Original Film Score Tan Dun Won
Best Original Film Song Tan Dun, Jorge Calandrelli, Yee Kar-Yeung, Coco Lee Won
Best Sound Design Eugene Gearty Won
Independent Spirit Awards 2000 Best Picture Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2000[46] Best Picture Won
Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won
Best Music Score Tan Dun Won
Best Production Design Tim Yip Won
National Board of Review Awards 2000[47] Best Foreign Language Film Won
Top Foreign Films Shortlisted
2000 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[48] Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won
Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2000[49] Best Picture Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Best Actress Michelle Yeoh Won
Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Won
2000 Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award Ang Lee Won
Writers Guild of America Awards 2000[50] Best Adapted Screenplay Tsai Kuo-Jung, Wang Hui-Ling, James Schamus Nominated
37th Golden Horse Awards – 2000[51] Best Feature Film Won
Best Director Ang Lee Nominated
Best Leading Actress Michelle Yeoh Nominated
Best Leading Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated
Best Screenplay Adaption Tsai Kuo-Jung, Wang Hui-Ling, James Schamus Nominated
Best Cinematography Peter Pau Nominated
Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Won
Best Art Direction Tim Yip Nominated
Best Original Score Tan Dun Won
Best Sound Design Eugene Gearty Won
Best Action Choreography Yuen Wo Ping Won
Best Visual Effects Leo Lo, Rob Hodgson Won
Sequel[edit]
A sequel to the film, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, was released in 2016. It was directed by Yuen Woo-ping, who was the action choreographer for the first film. It is a co-production between Pegasus Media, China Film Group Corporation, and the Weinstein Company.[52] Unlike the original film, the sequel was filmed in English for international release and dubbed to Mandarin for Chinese releases.
Sword of Destiny is based on the book Iron Knight, Silver Vase, the next (and last) novel in the Crane-Iron Pentalogy. It features a mostly new cast, headed by Donnie Yen. Michelle Yeoh reprised her role from the original.[53] Zhang Ziyi was also approached to appear in Sword of Destiny but refused, stating that she would only appear in a sequel if Ang Lee were directing it.[54]
In the United States, the sequel was for the most part not shown in theaters, instead being distributed via the video streaming service Netflix.[55]
Cultural references[edit]
The theme of Janet Jackson's song "China Love" was related to the film by MTV News, in which Jackson sings of the daughter of an emperor in love with a warrior, unable to sustain relations when forced to marry into royalty.[56]
The names of the pterosaur genus Kryptodrakon and the ceratopsian genus Yinlong (both meaning hidden dragon) allude to the film.[57][58]
See also[edit]
Wang Dulu
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wu, Huaiting; Chan, Joseph M. (2007). "Globalizing Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: The Global-Local Alliance and the Production of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon". Media, Culture & Society. 29 (2): 195–217.
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Jump up ^ "Janet Reminisces Over 'All for You,' Slots 'Lover' For Next Single - MTV". MTV News. Reid, Shaheem. 30 April 2001. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
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Further reading[edit]
Kim, L. S. (Winter 2006). "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Making Women Warriors – a Transnational Reading of Asian Female Action Heroes". Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media. 48.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Official website
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon on IMDb
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at Box Office Mojo
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at Metacritic
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Wang Dulu
Crane-Iron Series
Crane Startles Kunlun (1938)
Precious Sword, Golden Hairpin (1939)
Sword Force, Pearl Shine (1940)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (1941)
Iron Knight, Silver Vase (1942)
Adaptations
Rape of the Sword (1967)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000 film)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001 TV)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny (2016)
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Films directed by Ang Lee
Pushing Hands (1992)
The Wedding Banquet (1993)
Eat Drink Man Woman (1994)
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
The Ice Storm (1997)
Ride with the Devil (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Hulk (2003)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Lust, Caution (2007)
Taking Woodstock (2009)
Life of Pi (2012)
Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (2016)
Gemini Man (2019)
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Awards for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
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Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1947–1955
(Honorary)
1947: Shoeshine – Vittorio De Sica
1948: Monsieur Vincent – Maurice Cloche
1949: Bicycle Thieves – Vittorio De Sica
1950: The Walls of Malapaga – René Clément
1951: Rashomon – Akira Kurosawa
1952: Forbidden Games – René Clément
1953: No Award
1954: Gate of Hell – Teinosuke Kinugasa
1955: Samurai, The Legend of Musashi – Hiroshi Inagaki
1956–1975
1956: La Strada – Federico Fellini
1957: Nights of Cabiria – Federico Fellini
1958: My Uncle – Jacques Tati
1959: Black Orpheus – Marcel Camus
1960: The Virgin Spring – Ingmar Bergman
1961: Through a Glass Darkly – Ingmar Bergman
1962: Sundays and Cybele – Serge Bourguignon
1963: 8½ – Federico Fellini
1964: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow – Vittorio De Sica
1965: The Shop on Main Street – Ján Kadár & Elmar Klos
1966: A Man and a Woman – Claude Lelouch
1967: Closely Watched Trains – Jiří Menzel
1968: War and Peace – Sergei Bondarchuk
1969: Z – Costa-Gavras
1970: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion – Elio Petri
1971: The Garden of the Finzi Continis – Vittorio De Sica
1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Luis Buñuel
1973: Day for Night – François Truffaut
1974: Amarcord – Federico Fellini
1975: Dersu Uzala – Akira Kurosawa
1976–2000
1976: Black and White in Color – Jean-Jacques Annaud
1977: Madame Rosa – Moshé Mizrahi
1978: Get Out Your Handkerchiefs – Bertrand Blier
1979: The Tin Drum – Volker Schlöndorff
1980: Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears – Vladimir Menshov
1981: Mephisto – István Szabó
1982: Volver a Empezar ('To Begin Again') – José Luis Garci
1983: Fanny and Alexander – Ingmar Bergman
1984: Dangerous Moves – Richard Dembo
1985: The Official Story – Luis Puenzo
1986: The Assault – Fons Rademakers
1987: Babette's Feast – Gabriel Axel
1988: Pelle the Conqueror – Bille August
1989: Cinema Paradiso – Giuseppe Tornatore
1990: Journey of Hope – Xavier Koller
1991: Mediterraneo – Gabriele Salvatores
1992: Indochine – Régis Wargnier
1993: Belle Epoque – Fernando Trueba
1994: Burnt by the Sun – Nikita Mikhalkov
1995: Antonia's Line – Marleen Gorris
1996: Kolya – Jan Svěrák
1997: Character – Mike van Diem
1998: Life Is Beautiful – Roberto Benigni
1999: All About My Mother – Pedro Almodóvar
2000: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Ang Lee
2001–present
2001: No Man's Land – Danis Tanović
2002: Nowhere in Africa – Caroline Link
2003: The Barbarian Invasions – Denys Arcand
2004: The Sea Inside – Alejandro Amenábar
2005: Tsotsi – Gavin Hood
2006: The Lives of Others – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck
2007: The Counterfeiters – Stefan Ruzowitzky
2008: Departures – Yōjirō Takita
2009: The Secret in Their Eyes – Juan José Campanella
2010: In a Better World – Susanne Bier
2011: A Separation – Asghar Farhadi
2012: Amour – Michael Haneke
2013: The Great Beauty – Paolo Sorrentino
2014: Ida – Paweł Pawlikowski
2015: Son of Saul – László Nemes
2016: The Salesman – Asghar Farhadi
2017: A Fantastic Woman – Sebastián Lelio
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BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language
Best Foreign
Language Film
1982–1987
Christ Stopped at Eboli (1982)
Danton (1983)
Carmen (1984)
Colonel Redl (1985)
Ran (1986)
The Sacrifice (1987)
Best Film Not in the
English Language
1988–present
Babette's Feast (1988)
Life and Nothing But (1989)
Cinema Paradiso (1990)
The Nasty Girl (1991)
Raise the Red Lantern (1992)
Farewell My Concubine (1993)
To Live (1994)
Il Postino: The Postman (1995)
Ridicule (1996)
The Apartment (1997)
Central Station (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Amores perros (2001)
Talk to Her (2002)
In This World (2003)
The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)
The Beat That My Heart Skipped (2005)
Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
The Lives of Others (2007)
I've Loved You So Long (2008)
A Prophet (2009)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)
The Skin I Live In (2011)
Amour (2012)
The Great Beauty (2013)
Ida (2014)
Wild Tales (2015)
Son of Saul (2016)
The Handmaiden (2017)
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Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Il Postino: The Postman (1995)
Ridicule (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
Life Is Beautiful (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Amélie (2001)
Y Tu Mamá También (2002)
The Barbarian Invasions (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Kung Fu Hustle (2005)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
Broken Embraces (2009)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Amour (2012)
Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013)
Force Majeure (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
Elle (2016)
In the Fade (2017)
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Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Foreign Film – Foreign Language
1965–1972
Juliet of the Spirits (1965)
A Man and a Woman (1966)
Live for Life (1967)
War and Peace (1968)
Z (1969)
Rider on the Rain (1970)
The Policeman (1971)
The Emigrants (1972)
The New Land (1972)
Foreign Film
1973–1985
The Pedestrian (1973)
Scenes from a Marriage (1974)
Lies My Father Told Me (1975)
Face to Face (1976)
A Special Day (1977)
Autumn Sonata (1978)
La Cage aux Folles (1979)
Tess (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Gandhi (1982)
Fanny and Alexander (1983)
A Passage to India (1984)
The Official Story (1985)
Foreign Language Film
1986–present
The Assault (1986)
My Life as a Dog (1987)
Pelle the Conqueror (1988)
Cinema Paradiso (1989)
Cyrano de Bergerac (1990)
Europa Europa (1991)
Indochine (1992)
Farewell My Concubine (1993)
Farinelli (1994)
Les Misérables (1995)
Kolya (1996)
Ma vie en rose (1997)
Central Station (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
No Man's Land (2001)
Talk to Her (2002)
Osama (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Paradise Now (2005)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
The White Ribbon (2009)
In a Better World (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Amour (2012)
The Great Beauty (2013)
Leviathan (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
Elle (2016)
In the Fade (2017)
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Golden Horse Award for Best Feature Film
Sun, Moon and Star (1962)
The Love Eterne (1963)
— (1964)
Beautiful Duckling (1965)
Hsi-shih, Beauty of Beauties (1966)
Orchids and My Love (1967)
The Road (1968)
Spring in a Small Town (1969)
Home Sweet Home (1970)
The Story of Ti-Ying (1971)
Execution in Autumn (1972)
The Escape (1973)
— (1974)
Land of the Undaunted (1975)
Victory (1976)
Heroes of the Eastern Skies (1977)
He Never Gives Up (1978)
The Story of a Small Town (1979)
Good Morning, Taipei (1980)
If I Were for Real (1981)
The Battle for the Republic of China (1982)
Growing Up (1983)
Old Mao's Second Spring (1984)
Kuei-Mei, a Woman (1985)
Terrorizers (1986)
Straw Man (1987)
Painted Faces (1988)
Full Moon in New York (1989)
Red Dust (1990)
A Brighter Summer Day (1991)
Hill of No Return (1992)
The Wedding Banquet (1993)
Vive L'Amour (1994)
Summer Snow (1995)
In the Heat of the Sun (1996)
Comrades: Almost a Love Story (1997)
Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl (1998)
Ordinary Heroes (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Durian Durian (2001)
The Best of Times (2002)
Infernal Affairs (2003)
Kekexili: Mountain Patrol (2004)
Kung Fu Hustle (2005)
After This Our Exile (2006)
Lust, Caution (2007)
The Warlords (2008)
Cannot Live Without You (2009)
When Love Comes (2010)
Warriors of the Rainbow: Seediq Bale (2011)
Beijing Blues (2012)
Ilo Ilo (2013)
Blind Massage (2014)
The Assassin (2015)
The Summer Is Gone (2016)
The Bold, the Corrupt, and the Beautiful (2017)
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Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film
Father and Son (1982)
Boat People (1983)
Ah Ying (1984)
Homecoming (1985)
Police Story (1986)
A Better Tomorrow (1987)
An Autumn's Tale (1988)
Rouge (1989)
Beyond the Sunset (1990)
Days of Being Wild (1991)
To Be Number One (1992)
Cageman (1993)
C'est la vie, mon chéri (1994)
Chungking Express (1995)
Summer Snow (1996)
Comrades: Almost a Love Story (1997)
Made in Hong Kong (1998)
Beast Cops (1999)
Ordinary Heroes (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
Shaolin Soccer (2002)
Infernal Affairs (2003)
Running on Karma (2004)
Kung Fu Hustle (2005)
Election (2006)
After This Our Exile (2007)
The Warlords (2008)
Ip Man (2009)
Bodyguards and Assassins (2010)
Gallants (2011)
A Simple Life (2012)
Cold War (2013)
The Grandmaster (2014)
The Golden Era (2015)
Ten Years (2016)
Trivisa (2017)
Our Time Will Come (2018)
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Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation
The Incredible Shrinking Man (1958)
no award (1959)
The Twilight Zone (1960)
The Twilight Zone (1961)
The Twilight Zone (1962)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1965)
"The Menagerie" (Star Trek) (1967)
"The City on the Edge of Forever" (Star Trek) (1968)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1969)
News coverage of Apollo 11 (1970)
A Clockwork Orange (1972)
Slaughterhouse-Five (1973)
Sleeper (1974)
Young Frankenstein (1975)
A Boy and His Dog (1976)
Star Wars (1978)
Superman (1979)
Alien (1980)
The Empire Strikes Back (1981)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1982)
Blade Runner (1983)
Return of the Jedi (1984)
2010 (1985)
Back to the Future (1986)
Aliens (1987)
The Princess Bride (1988)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1990)
Edward Scissorhands (1991)
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)
"The Inner Light" (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (1993)
Jurassic Park (1994)
"All Good Things..." (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (1995)
"The Coming of Shadows" (Babylon 5) (1996)
"Severed Dreams" (Babylon 5) (1997)
Contact (1998)
The Truman Show (1999)
Galaxy Quest (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2002)
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Independent Spirit Award for Best Film
After Hours (1985)
Platoon (1986)
River's Edge (1987)
Stand and Deliver (1988)
Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989)
The Grifters (1990)
Rambling Rose (1991)
The Player (1992)
Short Cuts (1993)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
Leaving Las Vegas (1995)
Fargo (1996)
The Apostle (1997)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
Election (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Memento (2001)
Far from Heaven (2002)
Lost in Translation (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Little Miss Sunshine (2006)
Juno (2007)
The Wrestler (2008)
Precious (2009)
Black Swan (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Silver Linings Playbook (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
Get Out (2017)
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London Film Critics' Circle Foreign Language Film of the Year
The Marriage of Maria Braun and Angi Vera (1980)
Man of Iron (1981)
Mephisto (1982)
Yol (1983)
A Sunday in the Country (1984)
Heimat: A Chronicle of Germany (1985)
Ran (1986)
Jean de Florette (1987)
Babette's Feast (1988)
Au revoir les enfants (1989)
Cinema Paradiso (1990)
Cyrano de Bergerac (1991)
Raise the Red Lantern (1992)
A Heart in Winter (1993)
Farewell My Concubine (1994)
Il Postino: The Postman (1995)
Les Misérables (1996)
Ridicule (1997)
Shall We Dance? (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Amélie (2001)
Y Tu Mamá También (2002)
Good Bye, Lenin! (2003)
The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)
Downfall (2005)
Volver (2006)
The Lives of Others (2007)
N/A (2008)
Let the Right One In (2009)
Of Gods and Men (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Rust and Bone (2012)
Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013)
Leviathan (2014)
The Look of Silence (2015)
Toni Erdmann (2016)
Elle (2017)
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Nebula Award for Best Script/Ray Bradbury Award
Nebula Award
for Best Script
Soylent Green – Stanley R. Greenberg (1973)
Sleeper – Woody Allen (1974)
Young Frankenstein – Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder (1975)
Star Wars – George Lucas (1977)
The Sixth Sense – M. Night Shyamalan (1999)
Galaxy Quest – David Howard and Robert Gordon (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon James Schamus, Kuo Jung Tsai, and Hui-Ling Wang (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Stephen Sinclair, and Peter Jackson (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson (2004)
Serenity – Joss Whedon (2005)
Howl's Moving Castle – Hayao Miyazaki, Cindy Davis Hewitt, and Donald H. Hewitt (2006)
Pan's Labyrinth – Guillermo del Toro (2007)
WALL-E – Andrew Stanton, Jim Reardon, and Pete Docter (2008)
Ray Bradbury Award
for Outstanding
Dramatic Presentation
Terminator 2: Judgment Day – James Cameron (1992)
Babylon 5 – J. Michael Straczynski (1999)
2000X – Tales of the Next Millennia – Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison (2001)
Joss Whedon (2008)
District 9 – Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell (2009)
Inception – Christopher Nolan (2010)
Doctor Who: "The Doctor's Wife" – Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman (2011)
Beasts of the Southern Wild – Benh Zeitlin, Lucy Alibar (2012)
Gravity – Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón (2013)
Guardians of the Galaxy – James Gunn and Nicole Perlman (2014)
Mad Max: Fury Road – George Miller, Brendan McCarthy, and Nico Lathouris (2015)
Arrival – Eric Heisserer (2016)
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Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1996–1999
Breaking the Waves (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
Central Station (1998)
All About My Mother / Three Seasons (1999)
2000–2009
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
No Man's Land (2001)
Talk to Her (2002)
City of God (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Mother of Mine (2005)
Volver (2006)
Lust, Caution (2007)
Gomorrah (2008)
Broken Embraces / The Maid (2009)
2010–present
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)
Mysteries of Lisbon (2011)
The Intouchables / Pietà (2012)
The Broken Circle Breakdown (2013)
Tangerines (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
The Salesman (2016)
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Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film
Pulp Fiction (1994)
The Usual Suspects (1995)
Fargo (1996)
L.A. Confidential (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
The Green Mile (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Memento (2001)
Road to Perdition (2002)
Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003)
Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004)
Sin City (2005)
Casino Royale (2006)
300 (2007)
The Dark Knight (2008)
Inglourious Basterds (2009)
Salt (2010)
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)
Skyfall (2012)
Fast & Furious 6 (2013)
Unbroken (2014)
Furious 7 (2015)
Hidden Figures (2016)
The Greatest Showman (2017)
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Playing time (cricket)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Games in the sport of cricket are played over a number of hours or days, making it one of the sports with the longest playing time, though sailing, yachting, road cycling and rallying are sometimes longer. Typically, Test and first-class cricket matches are played over three to five days with, at least, six hours of cricket being played each day. List A matches last for six hours or more and twenty20 and 100-ball matches lasting just a few hours. Cricket therefore has special rules about intervals for lunch, tea and drinks as well as rules about when play starts and ends. These rules are outlined in Laws 11 (Intervals) and 12 (Start of play; cessation of play) in the Laws of Cricket.
Contents
1 When the game is played
2 Starting and finishing play
3 Intervals
4 Notable games
4.1 The longest Test
5 See also
6 External links
7 Notes
When the game is played[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2017)
The game is only played in dry weather. Additionally, as it is not unusual for balls to be bowled at over 130 km/h (80 mph) in first-class cricket, the game needs to be played in enough light for a batsman to be able to see the ball. Play is therefore halted when it rains (but not usually when it drizzles) and when there is bad light. Some one-day games and Test matches are now played under floodlights. The first day/night Test match was played between Australia and New Zealand in Adelaide, in November 2015, and was deemed a success, leading to further day/night Tests being scheduled. Day/night Test cricket is played with a pink ball as opposed to the traditional red ball to aid visibility. Apart from some experimental One Day International series in Australia's roofed Etihad Stadium, cricket is played outdoors.
These requirements mean that in England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe the game is played in the summer.
In the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh games are played in the winter. In these countries the hurricane and typhoon season coincides with their summers. This has another effect. Games start earlier in these places than in the countries which play cricket as a summer sport. In these countries games start at around 09:30 rather than the 10:30 or 11:00 start time used in England, say, so that play for the day is complete before dusk, which may be as early as 17:30.
A cricket match in progress on 2 January 2004 in Sydney in the Australian summer.
Starting and finishing play[edit]
A game or day starts when the umpire at the bowler's end calls 'Play'. 'Play' is also called to restart the game after an interval or interruption. Before an interval in or interruption of play, and at the end of a match, the umpire at the bowler's end calls 'Time' and removes the bails from both of the wickets. The bowling side cannot make an appeal for a dismissal after 'Time' has been called.
The game finishes when the first of three things happens:
There is a result, so that one of the teams has won or the team batting last has lost all its wickets with both teams having the same score thereby giving a tie;
The later of the minimum number of overs for the last hour are completed and the agreed time for the end of the game has been reached (see notes below);
If the players leave the field, either for adverse conditions of ground, weather or light,[1] or in exceptional circumstances, and no further play is possible.
Notes:
In one-day cricket the second of these is replaced by the requirement that the agreed number of overs has been reached.
The term last hour can be a misnomer. One hour before the scheduled end of the game, the last hour starts. An agreed minimum number of overs (usually 15 in Test match cricket and 20 in other first-class cricket games) is bowled. The last hour therefore lasts either for the longer of 60 minutes, or the time it takes to bowl the agreed minimum number of overs. This rule is there to prevent time wasting by a team that looks likely to lose a game.
Today, Test matches are played under a set of conditions agreed by the boards of the competing countries. These are highly standardised. Days are scheduled as six hours of playing time, but there is a requirement that a minimum of 90 six-ball overs are bowled, and the third session may run overtime if the over rate has been slower than this. If there is a change of innings, two overs are deducted from the requirement.
If there are interruptions to play due to weather or bad light, the scheduled stumps time may be extended by up to one hour to compensate (light permitting). If more than an hour's play is lost, time may be added on subsequent days.
Intervals[edit]
Because of the length of the game, there are a number of intervals that occur in a game of cricket. These are:
The period between close of play on one day and the start of the next day's play.
Intervals between innings.
Intervals for meals (lunch and tea).
Intervals for drinks.
There are special rules setting out the duration of each interval. The interval between innings lasts for 10 minutes. In Test cricket, lunch (or, in the case of day/night Test matches, dinner) will last for 40 minutes and tea for 20 minutes.
Before the coin toss to determine which side bats first, the hours of play, including the timing and duration of intervals for meals or any non-standard interval, is agreed. However, if nine wickets are down when the agreed time for tea is reached (so that the bowling team only needs one more wicket to end the batting team's innings), tea may be delayed until the end of the innings, with a maximum delay of 30 minutes. In a one-day game the teams may agree to take the interval for tea between innings rather than have a separate interval. Also, the teams and umpires sometimes agree to have other intervals. This may be to allow the teams to be presented to an important visitor or to allow time for a presentation or acclamation when a player breaks a significant record. Other intervals may be varied slightly if a wicket falls shortly before the interval is scheduled to be taken.
Drinks intervals are agreed at the start of each day, but are not taken during the last hour of the match. Drinks intervals are particularly important when the game is played in hot climates. Games being played in heat of 40 °C (104 °F) and above are not unknown. Drinks intervals may not last for more than 5 minutes.
Notable games[edit]
A number of games are notable for either their length or because they were played through adverse conditions that would usually see the game called off.
The longest Test[edit]
See also: Timeless Test
Test match cricket is international cricket played over three or more days. Nowadays all men's Test matches are scheduled over five days. In the past some Tests were 'timeless', that is, they were scheduled to be played to their conclusion regardless of how long that took. The longest Test on record was between South Africa and England in Durban, South Africa. The game started on 3rd March 1939 and play continued on the 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th and the 14th. Play was scheduled for the 11th, but none was possible because of rain, giving 9 days of actual play and 10 days of scheduled play. By the evening of 14 March England were 316 & 654–5 chasing South Africa's 530 & 481, needing just 42 more runs for victory. But England needed to leave Durban the following day to catch their boat home, so, despite being a 'timeless' Test, a draw was agreed. England's 654 is the highest ever Test cricket score for teams batting last (beating the next highest by more than 200 runs.
See also[edit]
World's longest cricket marathon
External links[edit]
http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/344781.html Article on Cricinfo using light meters
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The term "bad light" has been broadly used in cricket to refer to low visibility levels.
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The Five Ks
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Part of a series on
Sikh practices and discipline
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Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks
In Sikhism, the Five Ks (Punjabi: ਪੰਜ ਕਕਾਰ Pañj Kakār) are five items that Guru Gobind Singh commanded Khalsa Sikhs to wear at all times in 1699. They are: Kesh (uncut hair), Kangha (a wooden comb for the hair), Kara (an iron bracelet), Kachera (100% cotton tieable undergarment (not an elastic one)) and Kirpan (an iron dagger large enough to defend yourself).
The Five Ks are not just symbols, but articles of faith that collectively form the external identity and the Khalsa devotee's commitment to the Sikh rehni "Sikh way of life".[1] A Sikh who has taken Amrit and keeps all five Ks is known as Khalsa ("pure") or Amritdhari Sikh ("Amrit Sanskar participant"), while a Sikh who has not taken Amrit but follows the teachings of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib is called a Sahajdhari Sikh.
Contents
[hide]
1 Kesh
2 Kangha
3 Kara
4 Kachera
5 Kirpan
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Kesh[edit]
Main article: Kesh
The Kesh, or uncut, long hair, is considered by Sikhs as an indispensable part of the human body. Long known as a sign of spiritual devotion, it also emulates the appearance of Guru Gobind Singh and is one of the primary signs by which a Sikh can be clearly and quickly identified. A Sikh never cuts or trims any hair as a symbol of respect for the perfection of God's creation. The uncut long hair and the beard, in the case of men, form the main kakār for Sikhs.[2]
The turban is a spiritual crown, which is a constant reminder to the Sikh that they are sitting on the throne of consciousness and is committed to living according to Sikh principles. Guru Gobind Singh told his Sikhs:
"Khaalsa mero roop hai khaas. Khaalsa mai ho karo nivaas... The Khalsa is my image. Within the Khalsa I reside."[3] Wearing a turban declares sovereignty, dedication, self-respect, courage and piety.
A noted figure in Sikh history is Bhai Taru Singh, who was martyred when he refused to get his Kesh cut.
Kangha[edit]
Main article: Kangha
Kangha – one of the five articles of faith for the Sikhs
Comb the hair twice a day, covering it with turban that is to be tied from fresh.
—  Tankhanama Bhai Nand Lal Singh[4]
A Kangha is a small wooden comb that Sikhs use twice a day. It is supposed to be worn only in the hair and at all times. Combs help to clean and remove tangles from the hair, and is a symbol of cleanliness. Combing their hair reminds Sikhs that their lives should be tidy and organized.
The comb keeps the hair tidy, a symbol of not just accepting what God has given, but also an injunction to maintain it with grace. The Guru Gobind Singh said hair should be allowed to grow naturally; this excludes any shaving for both men and women. In the Guru's time, some holy men let their hair become tangled and dirty. The Guru said that this was not right; that hair should be allowed to grow but it should be kept clean and combed at least twice a day.
Kara[edit]
Main article: Kara
Kara – one of the five articles of faith for the Sikhs
The Sikhs were commanded by Guru Gobind Singh at the Baisakhi Amrit Sanchar in 1699 to wear an iron bracelet called a Kara at all times. The Kara is a constant reminder to always remember that whatever a person does with their hands has to be in keeping with the advice given by the Guru. The Kara is an iron/steel circle to symbolise God as never ending. It is a symbol of permanent bonding to the community, of being a link in the chain of Khalsa Sikhs (the word for link is "kari").
Kachera[edit]
Main article: Kachera
ਸੀਲ ਜਤ ਕੀ ਕਛ ਪਹਿਰਿ ਪਕਿੜਓ ਹਿਥਆਰਾ ॥ The sign of true chastity is the Kachera, you must wear this and hold weapons in hand.
—  Bhai Gurdas Singh, Var. 41, pauri 15
Originally, the Kachmemeosera was made part of the five Ks as a symbol of a Sikh soldier's willingness to be ready at a moment's notice for battle or for defence. The confirmed Sikh (one who has taken the Amrit) wears a Kachera every day. Some go to the extent of wearing a Kacheraye while bathing, to be ready to at a moment's notice, changing into the new one a single leg at a time, so as to have no moment where they are unprepared. Further, this garment allowed the Sikh soldier to operate in combat freely and without any hindrance or restriction, because it was easy to fabricate, maintain, wash and carry compared to other traditional under-garments of that era, like the dhoti. The Kachera symbolises self-respect, and always reminds the wearer of mental control over lust, one of the Five Evils in Sikh philosophy.
Kachenarsra follow a generally practical and roomy design. It features an embedded string that circles the waist which can be tightened/loosened as desired, and then knotted securely. The Kachera can be classed between underwear and an outer garment, as in appearance it does not reveal private anatomy, and looks and wears like shorts. As with all of the Five Ks, there is equality between men and women, and so women are also expected to wear it. Considering the hot climate in India, the Kachera is often worn by men as an outer garment, keeping the wearer cool and being practical in manual work such as farming, however it is generally not considered respectful for women to wear the Kachera as an outer garment (on its own) as it is considered too revealing.
Kirpan[edit]
Main article: Kirpan
Typical Kirpan worn by modern Sikhs
ਸ਼ਸਤਰ ਹੀਨ ਕਬਹੂ ਨਹਿ ਹੋਈ, ਰਿਹਤਵੰਤ ਖਾਲਸਾ ਸੋਈ ॥Those who never depart his/her arms, they are the Khalsa with excellent rehats.
—  Rehatnama Bhai Desa Singh[citation needed]
The Kirpan is a dagger which symbolizes a Sikh's duty to come to the defence of those in peril. All Sikhs should wear kirpan on their body at all times as a defensive side-arm, just as a police officer is expected to wear a side-arm when on duty. Its use is only allowed in the act of self-defense and the protection of others. It stands for bravery and protecting the weak and innocent.
The kirpan is kept sharp and is actually used to defend others, such as those who are oppressed by harsh rulers, women who are raped in the streets, or a person who was being robbed or beaten. The true Sikh cannot turn a blind eye to such evils, thinking that they are "someone else's concern."[citation needed] It is the duty of the true Sikh to help those who suffer unjustly, by whatever means available, whether that means alerting the police, summoning help, or literally defending those who cannot defend themselves, even if that means putting oneself in harm's way.
See also[edit]
Sikhism
Amrit Sanchar – baptism ceremony
Vaisakhi
Khalsa and Sahajdhari
Gursikh
Amritdhari
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Five K's". Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Five Ks". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ As Khalsa, Wearing the Five K’s; Posted March 30, 2016 by Sikh Dharma International
Jump up ^ Singh, Harjinder (2015). Sikh Code of Conduct. English: Akaal Publishers; 4th Revised edition. p. 26. ISBN 0955458749.
External links[edit]
The Five Sikh Symbols – SikhismGuide.org
The Sikh Symbols – eBook
The Sikh Bangle (Kara) – eBook
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2014.882181
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