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List of aces of aces
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Look up ace of aces in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Ace of aces is a title accorded to the top active ace within a branch of service in a nation's military in time of war. The title is most closely associated with fighter aces, though there are other types, such as tank aces and submarine aces.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fighter aces
2 Submarine aces
3 Submarine hunters
4 References
5 Bibliography
Fighter aces[edit]
Ace of aces is a title accorded to the top flying ace/fighter ace of a nation's air force during time of war.
Persons accorded the title Ace of aces
Person
Country of service
War
Time
Adolphe Pégoud Third Republic (France) World War I 28 April 1915 – 31 August 1915 The first flying ace in aerial warfare history.[1]
Georges Flachaire Third Republic (France) World War I
Jean Navarre Third Republic (France) World War I – 17 June 1916 On 17 June 1916, Navarre is shot down and then grounded for the rest of the war due to injury.[2]
Georges Guynemer Third Republic (France) World War I – 11 September 1917 [2][3]
Charles Nungesser Third Republic (France) World War I 11 September 1917 – Succeeded Guynemer on his death.[3]
René Fonck Third Republic (France) World War I – end of World War I All-time Allied Ace of Aces, with 75 confirmed aerial victories.[4][page needed][5][6][page needed]
Max Immelmann Imperial Germany World War I – 18 June 1916 Before his death, Boelcke and Immelmann swapped the title several times.[7]
Oswald Boelcke Imperial Germany World War I 18 June 1916 – 28 October 1916 Before the death of Immelmann, Boelcke and Immelmann swapped the title several times. Succeeded Immelmann on his death.[8]
Manfred von Richthofen Imperial Germany World War I – 21 April 1918 Known as the Red Baron, his 80 victories made him the highest scoring ace of the First World War.
Erich Loewenhardt Imperial Germany World War I – 10 August 1918 [9][page needed]
Ernst Udet Imperial Germany World War I – end of World War I [10][page needed]
Albert Ball United Kingdom World War I – 7 May 1917 Was also the ace of aces and highest scoring ace for the Western allies.
Keith Park New Zealand
( No. 48 Squadron RAF) World War I 1917 Keith Park's ability as a fighter ace was overshadowed by his later successes as the commander of No. 11 Group RAF during the Battle of Britain and commander of the air defence of Malta. The Luftwaffe nicknamed him the "Defender of London".
Billy Bishop Canada
( No. 85 Squadron RAF) World War I 8 April 1917 – 19 June 1918 Billy Bishop was officially credited with 72 victories, making him Canada's all-time top ace, and according to some sources, the top ace of the British Empire.
Raymond Collishaw Canada
( No. 203 Squadron RAF) World War I 1916–1918 Raymond Collishaw was the highest scoring Royal Naval Air Service flying ace and the second highest scoring Canadian pilot of the First World War. First pilot of the British Empire to claim six victories in one day (6 July 1917).
Edward Mannock United Kingdom World War I 12 August 1917 – 26 July 1918 Edward Mannock may have been the highest-scoring ace within the British Empire of all time and is regarded as one of the greatest fighter pilots of the war.
Raoul Lufbery United States
( Escadrille Lafayette) World War I October 1916 – 15 May 1918 [11][page needed][12][13][page needed][14]
Paul Frank Baer United States
( Escadrille Lafayette) World War I 15 May 1918 – 18 May 1918 Succeeded Lufbery on his death.[12]
Frank Bayliss United States
( L'armee de l'air de France) World War I 18 May 1918 – 12 June 1918 Succeeded Baer on his death.[12]
David E. Putnam United States
( Escadrille Lafayette) World War I 12 June 1918 – 12 September 1918 Succeeded Bayliss on his capture.[12][15]
Frank Luke United States World War I – 29 September 1918
Eddie Rickenbacker United States World War I 29 September 1918 – end of World War I Succeeded Luke on his death. Was the US ace of aces for overall aerial victories[12]
Francesco Baracca Italy World War I 25 August 1915 – 19 June 1918 The most successful Italian ace of World War I, with 34 confirmed victories; decorated with the Gold Medal of Military Valour.
Indra Lal Roy India World War I 1917–1918 India's most successful fighter pilot, with 12 kills (2 shared). He remains the only Indian fighter ace to this day.[16]
Ivan Kozhedub Soviet Union World War II 26 March 1943 – 16 April 1945 Credited with 64 victories, Kozhedub is the top scoring Allied ace of World War II. One of the few pilots to shoot down Messerschmitt Me 262.[17][18]
Alexander Pokryshkin Soviet Union World War II 21 June 1941 – 14 January 1945 Second top scoring Allied ace of World War II.
Grigoriy Rechkalov Soviet Union World War II 21 June 1941 – April 1945 Allied ace of World War II.
Edgar James "Cobber" Kain New Zealand
( No. 53 Squadron RAF) World War II October 1939 – May 1940 First RAF air ace of World War II during the Battle of France.
Josef Frantisek Czechoslovakia
( 303 Squadron) World War II September 1940; Credited as the top scoring RAF ace during the Battle of Britain. He refused to fly in formation but was allowed to fly as a "guest" of RAF 303 (Polish) squadron. In the air he would break off and patrol areas by himself where he knew enemy aircraft would be.
Eric Lock
( No. 41 Squadron RAF) World War II September 1940; The top British ace during the Battle of Britain and along with Brian Carbury credited with the highest number of Bf 109 kills during this period.
Brian Carbury New Zealand
( No. 603 Squadron RAF) World War II September 1940; One of the Ace Of Aces during the Battle of Britain, scored the most kills (along with Eric Lock) against Bf 109s and shot down 5 aircraft in one day to become an Ace in a Day.
Witold Urbanowicz Poland
( No. 303 Squadron RAF) World War II September 1940; The top Polish ace during the Battle of Britain. 303 (Polish) Sqn entered the Battle of Britain later due to language barriers but went on to become one of the top scoring squadrons due to the Polish pilots' previous experience and determination.
Antoni Głowacki Poland
( No. 501 Squadron RAF) World War II September 1940; One of only three RAF pilots (along with Brain Carbury and Archie McKellar) during the Battle of Britain to become an Ace in a Day by shooting down 5 aircraft in one day.
James E. "Johnnie" Johnson United Kingdom World War II September 1941–1945 – Top RAF ace of World War II.
William R. Dunn United States
( Eagle Squadron) World War II August 1941 – First American ace, First American to have a shot down another plane.[19][page needed]
Joe Foss United States World War II 1942–1944 The U.S. Marine Corps' "other" top ace, credited with 26 confirmed downed Japanese aircraft. Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor.[20]
Gregory Boyington United States World War II Aug 1942–Jan 1943 The U.S. Marine Corps' top ace, credited with 28 Japanese aircraft during combat with the Flying Tigers (P40 Warhawk), and later in command of Marine Squadron VMF-214 (F4U Corsair). Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor.
Richard Bong United States World War II 1942–1944 aka "Ace of Aces." U.S. pilot credited with at least 40 confirmed downed Japanese aircraft. Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor.
Hiroyoshi Nishizawa Imperial Japan World War II 1942–1944 Japan's top navy fighter pilot ace, credited with at approximately 80 downed aircraft in the Pacific war.
Ilmari Juutilainen Finland World War II 1939–1944 94 confirmed aerial combat victories.
Hans Wind Finland World War II 1939–1944 Finnish fighter pilot and flying ace in World War II with 75 confirmed air combat victories.
Helmut Wick Third Reich (Germany) World War II 28 November 1940 Credited with 56 aerial victories. Was the leading German fighter pilot for few hours until he was shot down and went missing in action.
Werner Mölders Third Reich (Germany) World War II – 22 November 1941 First pilot to achieve 100 aerial victories on 15 July 1941[21][22]
Gordon Gollob Third Reich (Germany) World War II First pilot to achieve 150 aerial victories[22]
Hermann Graf Third Reich (Germany) World War II First pilot to achieve 200 aerial victories[22]
Hans Philipp Third Reich (Germany) World War II 17 March 1943 With 203 aerial victories surpassed Hermann Graf as the leading German fighter pilot.
Walter Nowotny Third Reich (Germany) World War II First pilot to achieve 250 aerial victories[22] Commanded one of the first Me 262 jet fighter squadrons.
Erich Hartmann Third Reich (Germany) World War II – end of World War II Hartmann is the highest scoring ace, with 352 aerial victories, the first pilot to achieve 300 aerial victories (on 24 August 1944) and first to achieve 350 aerial victories (on 17 April 1945)[23]
Alfred Schreiber Third Reich (Germany) World War II 28 October 1944 First jet ace in aviation history[24]
Kurt Welter Third Reich (Germany) World War II – end of World War II Highest scoring jet ace the Second World War
Lydia Litvyak Soviet Union World War II Highest scoring female ace in aviation history
Marmaduke Pattle South Africa
( No. 80 Squadron RAF) World War II 1914–1941 Pattle was a fighter ace with a high score of >50, and is sometimes noted as being the highest-scoring British and Commonwealth pilot of the Second World War.
Franco Lucchini Italy World War II 1940–1945 Lucchini is reputed the highest scoring Italian ace of World War II with 26 confirmed victories and several unconfirmed kills; he served both in the Regia Aeronautica and in the Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana.
James Jabara United States Korean War 20 May 1951 – First American Jet ace for Jet-vs-Jet combat.[25]
George A. Davis United States Korean War – Friday 13 March 1953 Was the ace of aces for Jet-vs-Jet combat.[26][27]
Royal N. Baker United States Korean War Friday 13 March 1953 – Was the ace of aces for Jet-vs-Jet combat. Succeeded Davis on his death.[26][28]
Joseph C. McConnell United States Korean War – end of Korean War Was the ace of aces for Jet-vs-Jet combat.[29]
Sergei Kramarenko Soviet Union
( Democratic People's Republic of Korea) Korean War 29 July 1951 – First Jet-vs-Jet ace of the Korean War.
Giora Epstein Israel Six Day War, War of Attrition, Yom Kippur War 1956–1998 History's second scoring jet ace, with 17 confirmed kills.
Saiful Azam Bangladesh Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Six-Day War 1958–1980 Saiful Azam remains the only fighter pilot who has flown for four Air forces (Jordan, Iraq, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and three air forces at war (Jordan, Iraq, Pakistan) along with honor of having kills against two different air forces (India and Israel). Minimum 5 claimed aerial victories in two different wars.
M M Alam Pakistan Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1960–1982 M M Alam, also known as the Little Dragon, claimed and is credited to have downed 9 Indian aircraft. In one combat he is credit to have shot down 5 Indian aircraft in 55 seconds first four within 30 seconds-establishing a world record, and thus becoming an ‘ace’ pilot in the 1965 war against India in the shortest possible time.[30]
Randy H. Duke Cunningham United States Vietnam War 1968 – 1972 First American ace of the Vietnam War.[31]
Nguyen Van Coc Democratic Republic of Vietnam Vietnam War 1967-1969 A MiG-21 pilot of the North Vietnamese Air Force during the Vietnam War, he was shot down during Operation Bolo, and over the next year shot down 2 F-4's, 4 F-105's and an F-102.[32]
[33]
Shahram Rostami[34] Iran Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988 Shahram Rostami was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He shot down 6 Iraqi fighters: 1 MiG-21, 3 Mirage F1s and 2 MiG-25s. He was the first fighter pilot in the world, who shot down a MiG-25.[35][36][37]
Jalil Zandi Iran Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988 Iran's most successful fighter pilot ever, with 11 aerial victories (8 confirmed and 3 probable). The most successful F-14 Tomcat pilot.[38][39][40]
Mohommed "Sky Falcon" Rayyan Iraq Iran–Iraq War 1980–1986 Iraq's most successful fighter pilot ever, with 10 (5 confirmed kills and 5 claimed kills) aerial victories. The most successful MiG-25 pilot.[41][42]
Yevgeny Pepelyaev Soviet Union Korean War 1950–1953 World's most successful jet fighter ace, with 23 (19 confirmed victories, 3 given to wingman and 1 claimed kills) aerial victories. The most successful MiG-15 pilot.[43][better source needed]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Submarine aces[edit]
Ace of the Deep is a title accorded[according to whom?] to the top subsea ace/undersea ace/submarine ace of a nation's submarine force during time of war.
Persons accorded the title ace of aces
Person
Country of service
War
Time
Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere Imperial Germany World War I 1915–18 The commander of U-35, de la Periere sank a total of 194 merchant vessels and gunboats totaling 453,716 gross metric tons.[44][page needed]
Dudley W. Morton United States World War II – September 1943 Died
Dick O'Kane United States World War II – 25 October 1944 Was captured and made Prisoner of war.[45][page needed]
Eugene Fluckey United States World War II [46]
Malcolm David Wanklyn United Kingdom World War II – 14 April 1942 Wanklyn was the British Ace of Aces in terms of tonnage, and he was the most successful British U-class submarine commander, with 17 ships sunk, 1 destroyed with charges and another 6 damaged, totaling 132,680 tons during a career of 26 patrols.[46][47][48][page needed]
Benjamin Bryant United Kingdom World War II – end of World War II Bryant was the British Ace of Aces in terms of the number of ships sunk, and he was the most successful British S-class submarine commander, with 27 ships sunk and another 8 damaged, totaling 41,521 tons during a career of 29 patrols.[49][50][page needed]
Takakazu Kinashi Imperial Japan World War II
Otto Kretschmer Third Reich (Germany) World War II – March 1941 Kretschmer was responsible for the sinking of 47 merchant ships totaling 272,043 tons as commander of U-35, German submarine U-23 and U-99. He was captured in March 1941 and spent the rest of the war in the Bowmanville POW camp, Canada.
Reinhard Suhren Third Reich (Germany) World War II A U-boat ace.[51][page needed]
Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia Italy World War II The highest scoring Italian submarine commander, with 11 ships sunk for a total of 90,601 tons.[52]
Carlo Fecia di Cossato Italy World War II With 16 sinkings, he is credited with the most kills in the Regia Marina, as well as the second most successful Italian submarine commander with 86,545 tons.[52]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Submarine hunters[edit]
Persons accorded[according to whom?] the title ace of aces
Person
Country of service
War
Time
John Walker United Kingdom World War II Walker sank more U-boats (12 Confirmed) during the Battle of the Atlantic than any other British or Allied commander.[53]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Aviation History, "World's First Ace", Jon Guttman, Volume 20, Number 3, January 2010, pp.19
^ Jump up to: a b New York Times, "Saw 40 Air Foes After Guynemer", Thursday 27 September 1917
^ Jump up to: a b Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, "Hispano-Suiza Aeronautical Engines", Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, 1918
Jump up ^ Taylor & Francis, "The European Powers in the First World War", Spencer Tucker, Laura Matysek Wood, Justin D. Murphy, ISBN 0-8153-0399-8
Jump up ^ The Lowell Sun, "Record by French "Ace Of Aces" Never Equalled", Associated Press, Friday 21 June 1918
Jump up ^ Doubleday, "Ace of Aces", René Fonck, 1967
Jump up ^ New York Times, "Immelmann Fell 6,000 Feet To Death", 25 June 1916
Jump up ^ New York Times, "A Talk With Boelcke On The Day Of His Death", Sunday 28 January 1917
Jump up ^ Osprey Publishing, "Richthofen's Circus", Greg VanWyngarden, 2005
Jump up ^ University of Nebraska Press, "Impossible missions?: German economic, military, and humanitarian efforts in Africa", Nina Berman, 2004
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society, "Volume XXXIII", National Geographic Magazine, 1918
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stokes, "Fighting the Flying Circus", Eddie Rickenbacker, 1919, (accessed 18 April 2009)
Jump up ^ Osprey Publishing, "American Aces of World War I", Norman Franks, 2001, ISBN 1-84176-375-6
Jump up ^ New York Times, "ALLIES ON SOMME TAKE 1,500 GERMANS; French Alone Captured 1,100 in Saturday's Fighting South of the River. BRITISH IMPROVE LINES Continue to Push Forward North of Thiepval and In the Region of Gucudecourt.", 15 October 1916
Jump up ^ New York Times, "Putnam, American Ace, Killed Near St. Mihiel", Associated Press, 20 September 1918
Jump up ^ http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/india/roy.php
Jump up ^ Polak, Tomas with Christopher Shores. Stalin’s Falcon – The Aces of the Red Star. Brub Street, London, 1999. ISBN 1-902304-01-2, p.189
Jump up ^ Николай Бодрихин. Советские асы. Очерки о советских летчиках
Jump up ^ "Fighter Pilot: The First American Ace of World War II", William R. Dunn
Jump up ^ The Telegraph (London), "Joe Foss", 2 January 2003, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Jump up ^ TIME, No. 1 Ace, 21 December 1942, (accessed 17 April 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Toliver & Constable 1998, p. 385.
Jump up ^ Toliver & Constable 1998, pp. 385, 386. He later served in West Germany's air force, but resigned in protest of the adoption of a "dangerous plane."
Jump up ^ Foreman & Harvey 1995, p. 81.
Jump up ^ National Museum of the USAF, "LT. COL. JAMES JABARA" Archived 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine., (accessed 17 April 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b TIME, "Ace of Aces", Monday 23 March 1953, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Jump up ^ TIME, "Fallen Ace", Monday 18 February 1952, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Jump up ^ The Canberra Times, "Air Ace Ends Task", 16 March 1953, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Jump up ^ TIME, "Ace's End", 6 September 1954, (accessed 17 April 2009)
Jump up ^ Muhammad, Asif (March 20, 2013). "M.M Alam: world record holder". Dawn News. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Texas A&M University Press, "Striving for air superiority: the Tactical Air Command in Vietnam", Craig C. Hannah, 2002, ISBN 978-1-58544-146-4
Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_245.shtml
Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_246.shtml
Jump up ^ simple:Shahram Rostami
Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_210.shtml
Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_211.shtml
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
Jump up ^ Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop, 2004, Osprey Publishing, pp. 23–24
Jump up ^ Imperial Iranian Air Force: Samurai in the skies
Jump up ^ Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982, by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop, Sept. 9, 2003
Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_404.shtml
Jump up ^ Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat, by David Nicolle and Tom Cooper, (2004) Osprey Publishing, p.82
Jump up ^ Yevgeny Pepelyaev
Jump up ^ Challenge Publications, "The U-Boat ACE of ACES", William H Langenberg, 2004
Jump up ^ Sutton Publishing, "The Bravest Man", William Tuohy, 2001
^ Jump up to: a b The Times (London), "Rear-Admiral Eugene Fluckey", 20 July 2007 (accessed 2009 April 20)
Jump up ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Malcolm David Wanklyn VC, DSO, RN". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net.
Jump up ^ Naval Institute Press, "Soldiers Lost at Sea", James E. Wise, Scott Baron, 2003, ISBN 978-1-59114-966-8
Jump up ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Benjamin Bryant DSO, DSC, RN". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net.
Jump up ^ Bantam, "Submarine Commander", Rear Admiral Ben Bryant, 1960
Jump up ^ US Naval Institute Press, "Teddy Suhren: Ace of Aces: Memoirs of a U-boat Rebel", Teddy Suhren, ISBN 978-1-59114-851-7
^ Jump up to: a b Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002). Uomini sul fondo : storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi. Milano: Mondadori. p. 691. ISBN 8804505370.
Jump up ^ http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersW.html#Walker_FJ
Bibliography[edit]
http://www.acesofww2.com/
Foreman, John; Harvey, S.E. (1995), Messerschmitt Combat Diary Me.262, Crecy Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-871187-30-3 .
Toliver, Raymond F. and Trevor J. Constable (1998). Die deutschen Jagdflieger-Asse 1939 – 1945. Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-87943-193-0.
Samuel, Wolfgang W.E. (2004). American Raiders — The Race to Capture the Luftwaffe's Secrets. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-649-2.
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text:
Stolen Valor Act of 2005
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Stolen Valor Act" redirects here. For the 2013 law, see Stolen Valor Act of 2013.
Stolen Valor Act of 2005
Long title
An Act to amend title 18, United States Code, to enhance protections relating to the reputation and meaning of the Medal of Honor and other military decorations and awards, and for other purposes.
Enacted by
the 109th United States Congress
Effective
December 20, 2006, to June 28, 2012
Citations
Public law
Pub.L. 109–437
Statutes at Large
120 Stat. 3266–3267
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1998 by Kent Conrad (D-ND) on November 10, 2005
Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary, House Judiciary
Passed the Senate on September 7, 2006 (Unanimous consent)
Passed the House on December 6, 2006 (Voice vote)
Signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 20, 2006
United States Supreme Court cases
Struck down by United States v. Alvarez in a 6-3 decision on June 28, 2012
The Stolen Valor Act of 2005, signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 20, 2006,[1] was a U.S. law that broadened the provisions of previous U.S. law addressing the unauthorized wear, manufacture, or sale of any military decorations and medals. The law made it a federal misdemeanor to falsely represent oneself as having received any U.S. military decoration or medal. If convicted, defendants might have been imprisoned for up to six months, unless the decoration lied about is the Medal of Honor, in which case imprisonment could have been up to one year. In United States v. Alvarez the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 28, 2012, that the Stolen Valor Act was an unconstitutional abridgment of the freedom of speech under the First Amendment, striking down the law in a 6 to 3 decision.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Legal challenges
2.1 United States v. Strandlof
2.2 United States v. Alvarez
3 Legacy
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
The Act was first introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives on July 19, 2005, by Representative John Salazar, a Democrat from Colorado, as H.R. 3352.[2][3] It was introduced in the Senate by Senator Kent Conrad, a Democrat from North Dakota, on November 10, 2005, as S. 1998.[4][5] The Senate version was passed unanimously on September 7, 2006.[5][6] The House passed the Senate version, S. 1998, on December 6, 2006.[7]
The purpose of the Act was to strengthen the provisions of federal law (18 U.S.C. § 704[8]) by broadening its scope and strengthening penalties. Specific new provisions in the Act included:
granting more authority to federal law enforcement officers;
broadening the law to cover false claims whereas previously an overt act had to be committed;
covering the mailing and shipping of medals; and
protecting the reputation and meaning of military heroism medals.[3][5]
The Act made it illegal for unauthorized persons to wear, buy, sell, barter, trade, or manufacture "any decoration or medal authorized by Congress for the armed forces of the United States, or any of the service medals or badges awarded to the members of such forces." In the 18 months after the act was enacted, the Chicago Tribune estimated there were twenty prosecutions. The number increased as awareness of the law spread.[9]
The Act was passed to address the issue of persons claiming to have been awarded military awards to which they were not entitled and exploiting their deception for personal gain. For example, as of June 2, 2006, there were only 120 living Medal of Honor recipients, but there were far more known imposters.[10][11][12] There were also large numbers of people fraudulently claiming to be Navy SEALS[13][14] and Army Special Forces,[15] among others.
The Orders and Medals Society of America (OMSA), an organization of collectors, opposed the version of the bill that passed. OMSA was concerned about the changes to 18 USC[16] that in its judgment implied that any movement or exchange of medals was illegal.[17][18]
Legal challenges[edit]
United States v. Strandlof[edit]
Rick Strandlof, founder of Colorado Veterans Alliance, was accused of seeking to raise funds for that organization by posing as Marine Captain "Rick Duncan" and claiming to have received a Silver Star and Purple Heart in the Iraq War. In January 2010, he challenged the constitutionality of the Stolen Valor Act in U.S. District Court in Denver, Colorado. Strandlof's attorney believed the law was too vague and that "protecting the reputation of military decorations is insufficient to survive [strict scrutiny]", a level of judicial review that requires the government to justify any limitation it places on free speech.[19] The Rutherford Institute, a Virginia-based civil liberties group, joined in the case on January 20, 2010. "Such expression remains within the presumptive protection afforded pure speech by the First Amendment," the Institute's attorney wrote. "As such, the Stolen Valor Act is an unconstitutional restraint on the freedom of speech."[19]
On July 16, 2010, a federal judge in Denver ruled the Stolen Valor Act is "facially unconstitutional" because it violates free speech and dismissed the criminal case against Strandlof who lied about being an Iraq war veteran.[20] Strandlof, 32, was charged with five misdemeanors related to violating the Act – specifically, making false claims about receiving military decorations.
U.S. District Judge Robert E. Blackburn issued his decision rejecting the prosecution's argument that lying about having military medals dilutes their meaning and significance. "This wholly unsubstantiated assertion is, frankly, shocking and, indeed, unintentionally insulting to the profound sacrifices of military personnel the Stolen Valor Act purports to honor," Blackburn wrote. "To suggest that the battlefield heroism of our servicemen and women is motivated in any way, let alone in a compelling way, by considerations of whether a medal may be awarded simply defies my comprehension."[21] Attorney Chris Beall, who filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of the ACLU of Colorado, said the decision is remarkable. "The First Amendment protects speech we don't like," he said. "We don't need the First Amendment for speech people like. The government cannot criminalize a statement simply because it is false, no matter how important the statement is." Beall points out Strandlof wasn't charged with stealing money meant for the veterans group, adding that laws are already in place for those crimes. "That's plain-old, regular-vanilla everyday fraud, and we do prosecute that every day," he said. "Congress does not need a special statute to prevent people from using false claims of valor in order to prevent fraud."[21] John Wagner, executive director of the Warrior Legacy Foundation, a veterans group that lobbied for Strandlof's prosecution, said he will push for an appeal. A spokesman for the U.S. attorney in Denver said prosecutors are reviewing the decision and haven't decided whether to appeal. The spokesman said that decision would be made by the U.S. Justice Department in Washington and prosecutors in Denver.[22]
On January 27, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit overruled the district court and reinstated the charges against Strandlof. Two judges on the three-judge panel held that false statements are not worthy of constitutional protection. In dissent, Judge Jerome Holmes wrote that the majority was reading language into the act to justify upholding it.[23] On July 2, 2012, the Tenth Circuit vacated its previous opinion, writing, "In light of United States v. Alvarez, we vacate both the opinion and the judgment issued on January 27, 2012."[24]
United States v. Alvarez[edit]
Main article: United States v. Alvarez
Initially the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided Alvarez on August 17, 2010, ruling the Stolen Valor Act unconstitutional.[25] Specifically, in the 2–1 decision, Judge Milan Smith stated for the court that lies not within traditionally unprotected subsets of false facts are subject to First Amendment protection, the Stolen Valor Act is not subject to defamation law precedent, and there's no compelling reason for government interest in banning such lies.[26]
"The right to speak and write whatever one chooses – including, to some degree, worthless, offensive and demonstrable untruths – without cowering in fear of a powerful government is, in our view, an essential component of the protection afforded by the First Amendment," Judge Smith wrote. If lying about a medal can be classified as a crime, Smith said, so many everyday lies could become criminal acts, such as lying about one's age, misrepresenting one's financial status on Facebook, or telling one's mother falsehoods about drinking, smoking or sex.[27]
On March 21, 2011, a majority of judges in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit refused to rehear the Alvarez case en banc. In the order refusing to hear the case en banc, Judge Alex Kozinski issued a lengthy concurrence, responding to critics of the decision and asserting that the First Amendment covers most varieties of lying and misrepresentation, where not otherwise unprotected by the First Amendment under the traditional view.[28] The traditional view holds that only a certain variety of speech are exempt from standard constitutional scrutiny such as fraud, fighting words, defamation, incitement, and speech attendant to the commission of a crime. Judge Diarmuid O'Scannlain dissented from the denial of rehearing arguing that false representations are not per se entitled to First Amendment protection.
On October 17, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to consider the validity of the law.[29] On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court found the law unconstitutional in a 6 to 3 decision, with Justices Scalia, Thomas and Alito dissenting.[30][31] In United States v. Alvarez the majority held that the Stolen Valor Act was an unconstitutional abridgment of the freedom of speech under the First Amendment.[30][31]
Legacy[edit]
Following the Supreme Court decision, the U.S. Department of Defense announced they would unveil a new website, valor.defense.gov, which would provide a public record of medal recipients. That site was unveiled on July 25, 2012.[32] Additionally, in response Representative Joe Heck sponsored the Stolen Valor Act of 2012 to criminalize profiting by falsely claiming to have received a military medal for serving in combat, which passed with a vote of 410 to 3;[33] a companion bill was sponsored by Senator Jim Webb, which passed as an amendment of the defense authorization bill.[34] In the 113th Congress Representative Heck reintroduced the modified act, receiving 65 cosponsors.[35]
The Stolen Valor Act of 2013 was signed by President Barack Obama on June 3, 2013.[36] The Act makes it a federal crime to fraudulently claim to be a recipient of certain military decorations or medals in order to obtain money, property, or other tangible benefit.[37]
See also[edit]
List of Acts of the 109th United States Congress
Military imposter
Mitchell Paige, Medal of Honor recipient who later tracked imposters
Stolen Valor, book by B. G. Burkett and Glenna Whitley chronicling phony Vietnam veterans.
Don Shipley, retired Navy SEAL who exposes fraudulent claims of military service.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anne C. Mulkern (December 20, 2006). "Rep. Salazar's bill on falsely claiming medals now a law". The Denver Post. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 3352: Stolen Valor Act of 2005". 109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006). GovTrak.us. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "H.R. 3352" (PDF). 109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006). GovTrak.us. Retrieved 2006-12-10. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "S. 1998: Stolen Valor Act of 2005". 109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006). GovTrak.us. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "S. 1998" (PDF). 109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006). GovTrak.us. Retrieved 2006-12-10. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "S. 1998 In The House Of Representatives". 109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006). TheOrator.com. Sep 8, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ Sterner, C. Douglas (Dec 7, 2006). "The Stolen Valor Act of 2005". POWnet.org. Archived from the original on 2007-01-21. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 704
Jump up ^ Crewdson, John (May 27, 2008). "Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Living Recipients". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Michael = (May 31, 1999). "Tracking Down False Heroes - Medal of Honor recipients go after impostors". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ Mishalov, Neil (1999). "Men Who Falsely Claim to have Received the Medal of Honor". Mishalov.com. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ Waterman, Steve. "Fake SEALs". stevenlwaterman.com. Archived from the original on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Wannabes Beware!". nightscribe.com. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Hunting the Phonies". specialoperations.com. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ § 704
Jump up ^ "OMSA President's Message on the Stolen Valor Act to all OMSA members and friends". Orders and Medals Society of America. Retrieved 2006-12-13. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Sample Letter to Congressman". Orders and Medals Society of America. Retrieved 2006-12-13. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Cardona, Felisa (January 20, 2010). "Lies from "war vet" are protected speech, civil liberties group says". The Denver Post. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cardona, Felisa (2010-07-16). "Charge dismissed in fake hero's case, Valor Act ruled unconstitutional". The Denver Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Cardona, Felisa (2010-07-17). "Stolen Valor Act unconstitutional, federal judge rules". The Denver Post.
Jump up ^ "Federal judge rules law penalizing fake military heroes is unconstitutional". Fox News. 2010-07-16.
Jump up ^ Ingold, John. "10th Circuit upholds Stolen Valor Act". The Denver Post.
Jump up ^ "United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Rick Glen Stradloff, a/k/a Rick Duncan, Defendant-Appellee, The American Legion; Christopher Guzelian, Amici Curiae: Order" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth District. July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/08/17/08-50345.pdf
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Egelko, Bob (2010-08-26). "Court says lying about Medal of Honor no crime". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ 9th Circuit Opinion
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court to Take Up 'Stolen Valor Act'". Fox News. 2011-10-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Curry, Tom (June 28, 2012). "SCOTUS strikes down Stolen Valor Act". NBC Politics. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes, Robert; Ruane, Michael E. (June 28, 2012). "Supreme Court: Lying about military medals is protected by Constitution". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New Website Honors Service Members' Valor". Washington, D.C.: American Forces Press Service. July 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maze, Rick (September 13, 2012). "House approves new Stolen Valor bill". Army Times. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maze, Rick (3 December 2012). "Senate passes revised Stolen Valor Act". Marine Corps Times. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Maze, Rick (15 January 2013). "New version of Stolen Valor bill introduced". Army Times. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "H.R.258 - Stolen Valor Act of 2013: All Actions". 113th Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "H.R.258 - Stolen Valor Act of 2013: Text". 113th Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
External links[edit]
"Colorado Congressman John Salazar Introduces Stolen Valor Act of 2005". HomeofHeroes.com. July 22, 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
"H. R. 3352 The Stolen Valor Act of 2005". Retrieved 2006-12-10.
"Stolen Valor Act of 2005". POW Network. Archived from the original on 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
John Hoellwarth (December 12, 2006). "Blowhards, beware: Congress passes Stolen Valor Act, targets false military award claims". Army Times. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
The Stolen Valor Act of 2005
Congressional Medal of Honor Society
Stolen Valor web site, the book the Stolen Valor Act was named after
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=804100634"
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text:
Burkholderia pseudomallei
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Burkholderia pseudomallei
B. pseudomallei colonies on Ashdown's agar showing the characteristic cornflower head morphology
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Beta Proteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Burkholderiaceae
Genus: Burkholderia
Species: B. pseudomallei
Binomial name
Burkholderia pseudomallei
(Whitmore 1913)
Yabuuchi et al. 1993[1]
Synonyms
Bacillus pseudomallei Whitmore 1913
Bacterium whitmori Stanton and Fletcher 1921
Malleomyces pseudomallei Breed 1939
Loefflerella pseudomallei Brindle and Cowan 1951
Pfeiferella pseudomallei
Pseudomonas pseudomallei (Whitmore 1913) Haynes 1957
Burkholderia pseudomallei (also known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium.[2] It is a soil-dwelling bacterium endemic in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly in Thailand and northern Australia.[3] It infects humans and animals and causes the disease melioidosis. It is also capable of infecting plants.[4]
B. pseudomallei measures 2–5 μm in length and 0.4–0.8 μm in diameter and is capable of self-propulsion using flagella. The bacteria can grow in a number of artificial nutrient environments, especially betaine- and arginine-containing ones.
In vitro, optimal proliferation temperature is reported around 40 °C in neutral or slightly acidic environments (pH 6.8–7.0). The majority of strains are capable of fermentation of sugars without gas formation (most importantly, glucose and galactose; older cultures are reported to also metabolize maltose and starch). Bacteria produce both exo- and endotoxins. The role of the toxins identified in the process of melioidosis symptom development has not been fully elucidated.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Identification
2 Disinfection
3 Medical importance
4 Antibiotic treatment and sensitivity testing
5 Pathogenicity mechanisms and virulence factors
6 Vaccine candidates
7 References
8 External links
Identification[edit]
B. pseudomallei is not fastidious and grows on a large variety of culture media (blood agar, MacConkey agar, EMB, etc.). Ashdown's medium (or Burkholderia cepacia medium) may be used for selective isolation.[6] Cultures typically become positive in 24 to 48 hours (this rapid growth rate differentiates the organism from B. mallei, which typically takes a minimum of 72 hours to grow). Colonies are wrinkled, have a metallic appearance, and possess an earthy odour. On Gram staining, the organism is a Gram-negative rod with a characteristic "safety pin" appearance (bipolar staining). On sensitivity testing, the organism appears highly resistant (it is innately resistant to a large number of antibiotics including colistin and gentamicin) and that again differentiates it from B. mallei, which is in contrast, exquisitely sensitive to a large number of antibiotics. For environmental specimens only, differentiation from the nonpathogenic B. thailandensis using an arabinose test is necessary (B. thailandensis is never isolated from clinical specimens).[7] The laboratory identification of B. pseudomallei has been described in the literature.[8]
The classic textbook description of B. pseudomallei in clinical samples is of an intracellular, bipolar-staining, Gram-negative rod, but this is of little value in identifying the organism from clinical samples.[8] Some[9] suggest the Wayson stain is useful for this purpose, but this has been shown not to be the case.[10]
Laboratory identification of B. pseudomallei can be difficult, especially in Western countries where it is rarely seen. The large, wrinkled colonies look like environmental contaminants, so are often discarded as being of no clinical significance. Colony morphology is very variable and a single strain may display multiple colony types,[11][12] so inexperienced laboratory staff may mistakenly believe the growth is not pure. The organism grows more slowly than other bacteria that may be present in clinical specimens, and in specimens from nonsterile sites, is easily overgrown. Nonsterile specimens should, therefore, be cultured in selective media (e.g., Ashdown's[13][14] or B. cepacia medium).[6] For heavily contaminated samples, such as faeces, a modified version of Ashdown's that includes norfloxacin, amoxicillin, and polymyxin B has been proposed.[15] In blood culture, the BacT/ALERT MB system (normally used for culturing mycobacteria) by bioMérieux has been shown to have superior yields compared to conventional blood culture media.[16]
Even when the isolate is recognised to be significant, commonly used identification systems may misidentify the organism as Chromobacterium violaceum or other nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacilli such as Burkholderia cepacia or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[17][18] Again, because the disease is rarely seen in Western countries, identification of B. pseudomallei in cultures may not actually trigger alarms in physicians unfamiliar with the disease.[19] Routine biochemical methods for identification of bacteria vary widely in their identification of this organism: the API 20NE system accurately identifies B. pseudomallei in 99% of cases,[20] as does the automated Vitek 1 system, but the automated Vitek 2 system only identifies 19% of isolates.[18]
The pattern of resistance to antimicrobials is distinctive, and helps to differentiate the organism from P. aeruginosa. The majority of B. pseudomallei isolates are intrinsically resistant to all aminoglycosides (via an efflux pump mechanism),[21] but sensitive to co-amoxiclav:[22] this pattern of resistance almost never occurs in P. aeruginosa and is helpful in identification.[23] Unfortunately, the majority of strains in Sarawak, Borneo, are susceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides, which means the conventional recommendations for isolation and identification do not apply there.[24]
Molecular methods (PCR) of diagnosis are possible, but not routinely available for clinical diagnosis.[25][26] Fluorescence in situ hybridisation has also been described, but has not been clinically validated, and it is not commercially available.[27] In Thailand, a latex agglutination assay is widely used,[20] while a rapid immunofluorescence technique is also available in a small number of centres.[28]
Disinfection[edit]
B. pseudomallei is susceptible to numerous disinfectants, including benzalkonium chloride, iodine, mercuric chloride, potassium permanganate, 1% sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol, 2% glutaraldehyde, and to a lesser extent, phenolic preparations.[29] B. pseudomallei is effectively killed by the commercial disinfectants, Perasafe and Virkon.[30] The microorganism can also be destroyed by heating to above 74 °C for 10 min or by ultraviolet irradiation.[31] B. pseudomallei is not reliably disinfected by chlorine.[32][33]
Medical importance[edit]
Main article: Melioidosis
B. pseudomallei infection in humans is called melioidosis; its mortality is 20 to 50% even with treatment.[22]
Antibiotic treatment and sensitivity testing[edit]
Main article: Melioidosis treatment
The antibiotic of choice is ceftazidime.[22] While various antibiotics are active in vitro (e.g., chloramphenicol, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole), they have been proven to be inferior in vivo for the treatment of acute melioidosis.[34] Disc diffusion tests are unreliable when looking for co-trimoxazole resistance in B. pseudomallei (they greatly overestimate resistance) and Etests or agar dilution tests should be used in preference.[35][36] The actions of co-trimoxazole and doxycycline are antagonistic, which suggests these two drugs ought not to be used together.[37]
The organism is intrinsically resistant to gentamicin[38] and colistin, and this fact is helpful in the identification of the organism.[39] Kanamycin is used to kill B. pseudomallei in the laboratory, but the concentrations used are much higher than those achievable in humans.[40]
Pathogenicity mechanisms and virulence factors[edit]
B. pseudomallei is an opportunistic pathogen. An environmental organism, it has no requirement to pass through an animal host to replicate. From the point of view of the bacterium, human infection is a developmental "dead end".[41]
Strains which cause disease in humans differ from those causing disease in other animals, by possessing certain genomic islands.[42] It may have the ability to cause disease in humans because of DNA it has acquired from other microorganisms.[42] Its mutation rate is also high, and the organism continues to evolve even after infecting a host.[43]
B. pseudomallei is able to invade cells (it is an intracellular pathogen).[44] It is able to polymerise actin, and to spread from cell to cell, causing cell fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells.[45] It possesses a uniquely fusogenic type-6 secretion system that is required for cell-cell spread and virulence in mammalian hosts.[46] The bacterium also expresses a toxin called lethal factor 1.[47] B. pseudomallei is one of the first Proteobacteria to be identified as containing an active type-6 secretion system. it is also the only organism identified that contains up to six different type-6 secretion systems.[48]
B. pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to a large number of antimicrobial agents by virtue of its efflux pump mechanism. This mediates resistance to aminoglycosides (AmrAB-OprA), tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides (BpeAB-OprB).[49]
Vaccine candidates[edit]
No vaccine is currently available, but a number of vaccine candidates have been suggested. Aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene deletion mutants are auxotrophic for diaminopimelate (DAP) in rich media and auxotrophic for DAP, lysine, methionine, and threonine in minimal media.[50] The Δasd bacterium (bacterium with the asd gene removed) protects against inhalational melioidosis in mice.[51]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
"Burkholderia pseudomallei genomes and related information". PATRIC. NIAID.
"Getting a Grip on the Great Mimicker: Secrets of a Stealth Organism". Wellcome Trust.
Pathema Burkholderia resource
"Burkholderia pseudomallei". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 28450.
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Ashdown's agar

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