text:
Calvin Coolidge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For his grandfather, see Calvin Galusha Coolidge.
Calvin Coolidge
30th President of the United States
In office
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
Vice President
None (1923–1925)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Preceded by
Warren G. Harding
Succeeded by
Herbert Hoover
29th Vice President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
President
Warren G. Harding
Preceded by
Thomas R. Marshall
Succeeded by
Charles G. Dawes
48th Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921
Lieutenant
Channing H. Cox
Preceded by
Samuel W. McCall
Succeeded by
Channing H. Cox
46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919
Governor
Samuel W. McCall
Preceded by
Grafton D. Cushing
Succeeded by
Channing H. Cox
President of the Massachusetts Senate
In office
1914–1915
Preceded by
Levi H. Greenwood
Succeeded by
Henry Gordon Wells
Member of the Massachusetts Senate
In office
1912–1915
Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts
In office
1910–1911
Preceded by
James W. O'Brien
Succeeded by
William Feiker
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
In office
1907–1908
Personal details
Born
John Calvin Coolidge Jr.
(1872-07-04)July 4, 1872
Plymouth Notch, Vermont, U.S.
Died
January 5, 1933(1933-01-05) (aged 60)
Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Cause of death
Coronary thrombosis
Resting place
Plymouth Notch Cemetery
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Grace Goodhue (m. 1905)
Children
2, including John Coolidge
Parents
John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
Victoria Josephine Moor
Alma mater
Amherst College
Profession
Lawyer
Signature
John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (/ˈkuːlɪdʒ/; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920 and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor.
Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration and left office with considerable popularity.[1] As a Coolidge biographer wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength".[2] Coolidge's retirement was relatively short as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office.
Although his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Reagan administration, modern assessments of Coolidge's presidency are divided. He is adulated among advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably, though both sides praise his stalwart support of racial equality.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Birth and family history
2 Early career and marriage
2.1 Education and law practice
2.2 Marriage and family
3 Local political office
3.1 City offices
3.2 State legislator and mayor
4 Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts
4.1 1918 election
4.2 Boston Police Strike
4.3 1919 election
4.4 Legislation and vetoes as governor
5 Vice presidency
5.1 1920 election
5.2 "Silent Cal"
6 Presidency
6.1 1924 election
6.2 Industry and trade
6.3 Taxation and government spending
6.4 Opposition to farm subsidies
6.5 Flood control
6.6 Civil rights
6.7 Foreign policy
6.8 1928 election
6.9 Cabinet
6.10 Judicial appointments
7 Retirement and death
8 Radio, film, and commemorations
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Works cited
13 Further reading
14 External links
Birth and family history[edit]
Coolidge as an Amherst College undergraduate
John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4, 1872, the only U.S. president to be born on Independence Day. He was the elder of the two children of John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (1845–1926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846–85). Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations, and developed a statewide reputation as a prosperous farmer, storekeeper and public servant. He held various local offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector and served in the Vermont House of Representatives as well as the Vermont Senate.[4] Coolidge's mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer. She was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, when Coolidge was eighteen. Coolidge's father married a Plymouth schoolteacher in 1891, and lived to the age of eighty.[5]
Coolidge's family had deep roots in New England; his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts.[6] Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638. Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch.[7] His grandfather Calvin Galusha Coolidge served in the Vermont House of Representatives.[8] Coolidge was also a descendant of Samuel Appleton, who settled in Ipswich and led the Colony during King Philip's War.[9] Many of Coolidge's ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics.
Early career and marriage[edit]
Professor Charles Edward Garman
Education and law practice[edit]
Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then St. Johnsbury Academy, before enrolling at Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the debating class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta and graduated cum laude. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, a Congregational mystic, with a neo-Hegelian philosophy.
Coolidge explained Garman's ethics forty years later:
[T]here is a standard of righteousness that might does not make right, that the end does not justify the means, and that expediency as a working principle is bound to fail. The only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry. What they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service...[10]
At his father's urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the common practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field, and reading law with them. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County. In 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the Massachusetts bar, becoming a country lawyer.[11] With his savings and a small inheritance from his grandfather, Coolidge opened his own law office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced commercial law, believing that he served his clients best by staying out of court. As his reputation as a hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services.[12]
Marriage and family[edit]
Grace Coolidge
In 1903, Coolidge met Grace Anna Goodhue, a University of Vermont graduate and teacher at Northampton's Clarke School for the Deaf. They married on October 4, 1905 at 2:30 p.m. in a small ceremony which took place in the parlor of Grace's family's house, following a vain effort at postponement by Grace's mother; she was never enamored with Coolidge, nor he with her.[13] The newlyweds went on a honeymoon trip to Montreal, originally planned for two weeks but cut short by a week at Coolidge's request. After 25 years he wrote of Grace, "for almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities and I have rejoiced in her graces".[14]
The Coolidges had two sons: John (September 7, 1906 – May 31, 2000) and Calvin Jr. (April 13, 1908 – July 7, 1924). Calvin's death at age 16 from blood poisoning brought on by an infected blister "hurt him terribly," according to son John. John became a railroad executive, helped to start the Coolidge Foundation, and was instrumental in creating the President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site.[15]
Coolidge was frugal, and when it came to securing a home, he insisted upon renting. Henry Field had a pew in Edwards Congregational Church, and Grace was a member, but Coolidge never formally joined the congregation.[16]
Local political office[edit]
City offices[edit]
The Republican Party was dominant in New England in Coolidge's time, and he followed Hammond's and Field's example by becoming active in local politics.[17] In 1896, Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley, and the next year he was selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee.[18] In 1898, he won election to the City Council of Northampton, placing second in a ward where the top three candidates were elected.[17] The position offered no salary, but provided Coolidge invaluable political experience.[19] In 1899, he declined renomination, running instead for City Solicitor, a position elected by the City Council. He was elected for a one-year term in 1900, and reelected in 1901.[20] This position gave Coolidge more experience as a lawyer and paid a salary of $600.[20] In 1902, the city council selected a Democrat for city solicitor, and Coolidge returned to private practice.[21] Soon thereafter, however, the clerk of courts for the county died, and Coolidge was chosen to replace him. The position paid well, but it barred him from practicing law, so he remained at the job for only one year.[21] In 1904, Coolidge suffered his sole defeat at the ballot box, losing an election to the Northampton school board. When told that some of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children in the schools he would govern, Coolidge replied, "Might give me time!"[21]
State legislator and mayor[edit]
In 1906, the local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to the state House of Representatives. He won a close victory over the incumbent Democrat, and reported to Boston for the 1907 session of the Massachusetts General Court.[22] In his freshman term, Coolidge served on minor committees and, although he usually voted with the party, was known as a Progressive Republican, voting in favor of such measures as women's suffrage and the direct election of Senators.[23] While in Boston, Coolidge became an ally, and then a liegeman, of then U.S. Senator Winthrop Murray Crane who controlled the western faction of the Massachusetts Republican Party; Crane's party rival in the east of the commonwealth was U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.[24] Another key strategic alliance which Coolidge forged was with Guy Currier, who had served in both state houses and had the social distinction, wealth, personal charm and broad circle of friends which Coolidge lacked, and which would have a lasting impact on his political career.[25] In 1907, he was elected to a second term, and in the 1908 session, Coolidge was more outspoken, though not in a leadership position.[26]
Instead of vying for another term in the State House, Coolidge returned home to his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat retired. He was well liked in the town, and defeated his challenger by a vote of 1,597 to 1,409.[27] During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some of the city's debt while still managing to effect a slight tax decrease.[28] He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin.[29]
In 1911, the State Senator for the Hampshire County area retired and successfully encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin.[30] At the start of that term, he became chairman of a committee to arbitrate the "Bread and Roses" strike by the workers of the American Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.[a] After two tense months, the company agreed to the workers' demands, in a settlement proposed by the committee.[31] A major issue affecting Massachusetts Republicans that year was the party split between the progressive wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, and the conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party.[32] When the new Progressive Party declined to run a candidate in his state senate district, Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent by an increased margin.[32]
Do the day's work. If it be to protect the rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If it be to help a powerful corporation better to serve the people, whatever the opposition, do that. Expect to be called a stand-patter, but don't be a stand-patter. Expect to be called a demagogue, but don't be a demagogue. Don't hesitate to be as revolutionary as science. Don't hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table. Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong. Don't hurry to legislate. Give administration a chance to catch up with legislation.
Have Faith in Massachusetts as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914.[33]
In the 1913 session, Coolidge enjoyed renowned success in arduously navigating to passage the Western Trolley Act which connected Northampton with a dozen similar industrial communities in western Massachusetts.[34] Coolidge intended to retire after his second term as was the custom, but when the President of the State Senate, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running for Lieutenant Governor, Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer.[35] Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated primarily due to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in favor of the women's vote, won his own re-election and with Crane's help, assumed the presidency of a closely divided Senate.[36] After his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a published and frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government.[33]
Coolidge's speech was well received, and he attracted some admirers on its account;[37] towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate.[38] Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor.[39] Stearns, an executive with the Boston department store R. H. Stearns, became another key ally, and began a publicity campaign on Coolidge's behalf before he announced his candidacy at the end of the 1915 legislative session.[40]
Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts[edit]
Calvin and Grace Coolidge, about 1918
Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support.[41] McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one-year terms, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes.[42]
In Massachusetts, the lieutenant governor does not preside over the state Senate, as is the case in many other states; nevertheless, as lieutenant governor, Coolidge was a deputy governor functioning as administrative inspector and was a member of the governor's council. He was also chairman of the finance committee and the pardons committee.[43] As a full-time elected official, Coolidge discontinued his law practice in 1916, though his family continued to live in Northampton.[44] McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and again in 1917. When McCall decided that he would not stand for a fourth term, Coolidge announced his intention to run for governor.[45]
1918 election[edit]
Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1918. He and his running mate, Channing Cox, a Boston lawyer and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, ran on the previous administration's record: fiscal conservatism, a vague opposition to Prohibition, support for women's suffrage, and support for American involvement in World War I.[46] The issue of the war proved divisive, especially among Irish and German Americans.[47] Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the smallest margin of victory of any of his statewide campaigns.[48]
Boston Police Strike[edit]
Main article: Boston Police Strike
In 1919, in reaction to a plan of the policemen of the Boston Police Department to register with a union, Police Commissioner Edwin U. Curtis announced that such an act would not be tolerated. In August of that year, the American Federation of Labor issued a charter to the Boston Police Union.[49] Curtis declared the union's leaders were guilty of insubordination and would be relieved of duty, but indicated he would cancel their suspension if the union was dissolved by September 4.[50] The mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters, convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days, but with no results, and Curtis suspended the union leaders on September 8.[51] The following day, about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike.[52][b] Coolidge, tacitly but fully in support of Curtis' position, closely monitored the situation but initially deferred to the local authorities. He anticipated that only a resulting measure of lawlessness could sufficiently prompt the public to understand and appreciate the controlling principle – that a policeman does not strike. That night and the next, there was sporadic violence and rioting in the unruly city.[53] Peters, concerned about sympathy strikes by the firemen and others, called up some units of the Massachusetts National Guard stationed in the Boston area pursuant to an old and obscure legal authority, and relieved Curtis of duty.[54]
"Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded. That furnished the opportunity; the criminal element furnished the action. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time. ... I am equally determined to defend the sovereignty of Massachusetts and to maintain the authority and jurisdiction over her public officers where it has been placed by the Constitution and laws of her people."
Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers September 14, 1919.[55]
Coolidge, sensing the severity of circumstances were then in need of his intervention, conferred with Crane's operative, William Butler, and then acted.[56] He called up more units of the National Guard, restored Curtis to office, and took personal control of the police force.[57] Curtis proclaimed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, and Coolidge called for a new police force to be recruited.[58] That night Coolidge received a telegram from AFL leader Samuel Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the right of the policemen has been denied…"[59] Coolidge publicly answered Gompers's telegram, denying any justification whatsoever for the strike – and his response launched him into the national consciousness (quoted, above left).[59] Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. In the midst of the First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the spread of communist revolution, like those that had taken place in Russia, Hungary, and Germany. While Coolidge had lost some friends among organized labor, conservatives across the nation had seen a rising star.[60] Although he usually acted with deliberation, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a decisive leader, and as a strict enforcer of law and order.
1919 election[edit]
Coolidge inspects militia in Boston police strike
Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book form.[33] He faced the same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven times his margin of victory from a year earlier.[c] His actions in the police strike, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions that Coolidge run for president in 1920.[62]
Legislation and vetoes as governor[edit]
By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, the First World War had ended, and Coolidge pushed the legislature to give a $100 bonus to Massachusetts veterans. He also signed a bill reducing the work week for women and children from fifty-four hours to forty-eight, saying, "We must humanize the industry, or the system will break down."[63] He signed into law a budget that kept the tax rates the same, while trimming $4 million from expenditures, thus allowing the state to retire some of its debt.[64]
Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as governor. His most publicized veto prevented an increase in legislators' pay by 50%.[65] Although Coolidge was personally opposed to Prohibition, he vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale of beer or wine of 2.75% alcohol or less, in Massachusetts in violation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "Opinions and instructions do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his veto message. "Against it, they are void."[66]
Vice presidency[edit]
1920 election[edit]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1920
At the 1920 Republican National Convention, most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites.[67] Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses running the convention, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously.[68] After ten ballots, the bosses and then the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president.[69] When the time came to select a vice presidential nominee, the bosses also made and announced their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and then prematurely departed after his name was put forth, relying on the rank and file to confirm their decision. A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for vice president instead. The suggestion caught on quickly with the masses starving for an act of independence from the absent bosses, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.[70]
The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James M. Cox, for president and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for vice president. The question of the United States joining the League of Nations was a major issue in the campaign, as was the unfinished legacy of Progressivism.[71] Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from his home in Marion, Ohio, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in the Upper South, New York, and New England – his audiences carefully limited to those familiar with Coolidge and those placing a premium upon concise and short speeches.[72] On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide, winning more than 60 percent of the popular vote, including every state outside the South.[71] They also won in Tennessee, the first time a Republican ticket had won a Southern state since Reconstruction.[71]
"Silent Cal"[edit]
President Harding and Vice President Coolidge and their wives
The U.S. vice presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first vice president to do so.[73] He gave a number of unremarkable speeches around the country.[74]
As the U.S. vice president, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of "Silent Cal" was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate. Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was commonly referred to as "Silent Cal". A possibly apocryphal story has it that a matron, seated next to him at a dinner, said to him, "I made a bet today that I could get more than two words out of you." He replied, "You lose."[75] Dorothy Parker, upon learning that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"[76] Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society; when asked why he continued to attend so many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to eat somewhere."[77] Alice Roosevelt Longworth, a leading Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's silence and his dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed his lips, folded his arms, and said nothing. He looked then precisely as though he had been weaned on a pickle."[78]
As president, Coolidge's reputation as a quiet man continued. "The words of a President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought not to be used indiscriminately."[79] Coolidge was aware of his stiff reputation; indeed, he cultivated it. "I think the American people want a solemn ass as a President," he once told Ethel Barrymore, "and I think I will go along with them."[80] Some historians would later suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic,[81] while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural, deepening after the death of his son in 1924.[82]
Presidency[edit]
Main article: Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death.[83] He dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled.[83] His father, a notary public and justice of the peace, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m. on August 3, 1923; President Coolidge then went back to bed.
Coolidge returned to Washington the next day, and was sworn in again by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, to forestall any questions about the authority of a state official to administer a federal oath.[84] This second oath taking remained a secret until it was revealed by Harry M. Daugherty in 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling.[85] When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's story, he indicated that Daugherty, then serving as United States Attorney General, asked him to administer the oath without fanfare at the Willard Hotel.[86] According to Hoehling, he did not question Daugherty's reason for requesting a second oath taking, but assumed it was to resolve any doubt about whether the first swearing in was valid.[86]
President Coolidge signing appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau on the South Lawn during the garden party for wounded veterans, June 5, 1924. General John J. Pershing is at left. The man at right, looking on, appears to be Veterans Bureau Director Frank T. Hines.
The nation initially did not know what to make of Coolidge, who had maintained a low profile in the Harding administration; many had even expected him to be replaced on the ballot in 1924.[87] Coolidge believed that those of Harding's men under suspicion were entitled to every presumption of innocence, taking a methodical approach to the scandals, principally the Teapot Dome scandal, while others clamored for rapid punishment of those they presumed guilty.[88] Coolidge thought the Senate investigations of the scandals would suffice; this was affirmed by the resulting resignations of those involved. He personally intervened in demanding the resignation of Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty after he refused to cooperate with the congressional probe. He then set about to confirm that no loose ends remained in the administration, arranging for a full briefing on the wrongdoing. Harry A. Slattery reviewed the facts with him, Harlan F. Stone analyzed the legal aspects for him and Senator William E. Borah assessed and presented the political factors.[89]
Coolidge addressed Congress when it reconvened on December 6, 1923, giving a speech that supported many of Harding's policies, including Harding's formal budgeting process, the enforcement of immigration restrictions and arbitration of coal strikes ongoing in Pennsylvania.[90] Coolidge's speech was the first presidential speech to be broadcast over the radio.[91] The Washington Naval Treaty was proclaimed just one month into Coolidge's term, and was generally well received in the country.[92] In May 1924, the World War I veterans' World War Adjusted Compensation Act or "Bonus Bill" was passed over his veto.[93] Coolidge signed the Immigration Act later that year, which was aimed at restricting southern and eastern European immigration, but appended a signing statement expressing his unhappiness with the bill's specific exclusion of Japanese immigrants.[94] Just before the Republican Convention began, Coolidge signed into law the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced the top marginal tax rate from 58% to 46%, as well as personal income tax rates across the board, increased the estate tax and bolstered it with a new gift tax.[95]
On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the act granting citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States. By that time, two-thirds of the people were already citizens, having gained it through marriage, military service (veterans of World War I were granted citizenship in 1919), or the land allotments that had earlier taken place.[96][97][98]
1924 election[edit]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1924
1924 electoral vote results
The Republican Convention was held on June 10–12, 1924, in Cleveland, Ohio; Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot.[99] The convention nominated Frank Lowden of Illinois for vice president on the second ballot, but he declined; former Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes was nominated on the third ballot and accepted.[99]
The Democrats held their convention the next month in New York City. The convention soon deadlocked, and after 103 ballots, the delegates finally agreed on a compromise candidate, John W. Davis, with Charles W. Bryan nominated for vice president. The Democrats' hopes were buoyed when Robert M. La Follette Sr., a Republican senator from Wisconsin, split from the GOP to form a new Progressive Party. Many believed that the split in the Republican party, like the one in 1912, would allow a Democrat to win the presidency.[100]
After the conventions and the death of his younger son Calvin, Coolidge became withdrawn; he later said that "when he [the son] died, the power and glory of the Presidency went with him."[101] Even as he mourned, Coolidge ran his standard campaign, not mentioning his opponents by name or maligning them, and delivering speeches on his theory of government, including several that were broadcast over radio.[102] It was the most subdued campaign since 1896, partly because of Coolidge's grief, but also because of his naturally non-confrontational style.[103] The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion, but despite the split in the Republican party, the results were similar to those of 1920. Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except Wisconsin, La Follette's home state. Coolidge won the election with 382 electoral votes and the popular vote by 2.5 million over his opponents' combined total.[104]
Industry and trade[edit]
it is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences. After all, the chief business of the American people is business. They are profoundly concerned with buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world. (emphasis added)
President Calvin Coolidge's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington D.C., January 25, 1925.[105]
During Coolidge's presidency, the United States experienced a period of rapid economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties." He left the administration's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio.[106] Coolidge disdained regulation, and demonstrated this by appointing commissioners to the Federal Trade Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction.[107] The regulatory state under Coolidge was, as one biographer described it, "thin to the point of invisibility."[108]
Coolidge's economic policy has often been misquoted as "generally speaking, the business of the American people is business" (full quotation at right). Some have criticized Coolidge as an adherent of the laissez-faire ideology, which they claim led to the Great Depression.[109] On the other hand, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments."[110][111]
Taxation and government spending[edit]
Coolidge adopted the taxation policies of his Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon, who advocated "scientific taxation" — the notion that lowering taxes will increase, rather than decrease, government receipts.[112] Congress agreed, and tax rates were reduced in Coolidge's term.[112] In addition to federal tax cuts, Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring of the federal debt.[113] Coolidge's ideas were shared by the Republicans in Congress, and in 1924, Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people.[113] They reduced taxes again by passing the Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1928, all the while continuing to keep spending down so as to reduce the overall federal debt.[114] By 1927, only the wealthiest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax.[114] Federal spending remained flat during Coolidge's administration, allowing one-fourth of the federal debt to be retired in total. State and local governments saw considerable growth, however, surpassing the federal budget in 1927.[115]
Opposition to farm subsidies[edit]
Coolidge with his vice president, Charles G. Dawes
Perhaps the most contentious issue of Coolidge's presidency was relief for farmers. Some in Congress proposed a bill designed to fight falling agricultural prices by allowing the federal government to purchase crops to sell abroad at lower prices.[116] Agriculture Secretary Henry C. Wallace and other administration officials favored the bill when it was introduced in 1924, but rising prices convinced many in Congress that the bill was unnecessary, and it was defeated just before the elections that year.[117] In 1926, with farm prices falling once more, Senator Charles L. McNary and Representative Gilbert N. Haugen—both Republicans—proposed the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill. The bill proposed a federal farm board that would purchase surplus production in high-yield years and hold it (when feasible) for later sale or sell it abroad.[118] Coolidge opposed McNary-Haugen, declaring that agriculture must stand "on an independent business basis," and said that "government control cannot be divorced from political control."[118] Instead of manipulating prices, he favored instead Herbert Hoover's proposal to create profits by modernizing agriculture. Secretary Mellon wrote a letter denouncing the McNary-Haugen measure as unsound and likely to cause inflation, and it was defeated.[119]
After McNary-Haugen's defeat, Coolidge supported a less radical measure, the Curtis-Crisp Act, which would have created a federal board to lend money to farm co-operatives in times of surplus; the bill did not pass.[119] In February 1927, Congress took up the McNary-Haugen bill again, this time narrowly passing it, and Coolidge vetoed it.[120] In his veto message, he expressed the belief that the bill would do nothing to help farmers, benefiting only exporters and expanding the federal bureaucracy.[121] Congress did not override the veto, but it passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority; again, Coolidge vetoed it.[120] "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son. "I do not believe we can do much about it."[122]
Flood control[edit]
Coolidge has often been criticized for his actions during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the worst natural disaster to hit the Gulf Coast until Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[123] Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief, scholars argue that Coolidge overall showed a lack of interest in federal flood control.[123] Coolidge did not believe that personally visiting the region after the floods would accomplish anything, and that it would be seen as mere political grandstanding. He also did not want to incur the federal spending that flood control would require; he believed property owners should bear much of the cost.[124] On the other hand, Congress wanted a bill that would place the federal government completely in charge of flood mitigation.[125] When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928, Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15.[126]
Civil rights[edit]
Osage men with Coolidge after he signed the bill granting Native Americans U.S. citizenship.
According to one biographer, Coolidge was "devoid of racial prejudice," but rarely took the lead on civil rights. Coolidge disliked the Ku Klux Klan and no Klansman is known to have received an appointment from him. In the 1924 presidential election his opponents (Robert La Follette and John Davis), and his running mate Charles Dawes, often attacked the Klan but Coolidge avoided the subject, just as he avoided most controversial topics.[127]
Coolidge spoke in favor of the civil rights of African-Americans, saying in his first State of the Union address that their rights were "just as sacred as those of any other citizen" under the U.S. Constitution and that it was a "public and a private duty to protect those rights."[128][129]
Coolidge repeatedly called for laws to make lynching a federal crime (it was already a state crime). Congress refused to pass any such legislation. On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to all American Indians living on reservations (Indians off reservations had long been citizens). [130] On June 6, 1924, Coolidge delivered a commencement address at historically black, non-segregated Howard University, in which he thanked and commended African-Americans for their rapid advances in education and their contributions to U.S. society over the years, as well as their eagerness to render their services as soldiers in the World War, all while being faced with discrimination and prejudices at home.[131]
In a speech in October 1924, Coolidge stressed tolerance of differences as an American value and thanked immigrants for their contributions to U.S. society, saying that they have "contributed much to making our country what it is." He stated that although the diversity of peoples was a detrimental source of conflict and tension in Europe, it was peculiar for the United States that it was a "harmonious" benefit for the country. Coolidge further stated the United States should assist and help immigrants who come to the country, and urged immigrants to reject "race hatreds" and "prejudices".[132]
Foreign policy[edit]
Official portrait of Calvin Coolidge
Although not an isolationist, Coolidge was reluctant to enter into foreign alliances.[133] He considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations.[134] While not completely opposed to the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate membership.[134] He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions.[135] In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations).[136] The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own.[137] The Senate failed to act; the United States never joined the World Court.[137]
Coolidge's primary initiative was the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928, named for Coolidge's Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The treaty, ratified in 1929, committed signatories—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan—to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another."[138] The treaty did not achieve its intended result—the outlawry of war—but it did provide the founding principle for international law after World War II.[139]
Coolidge continued the previous administration's policy of withholding recognition of the Soviet Union.[140] He also continued the United States' support for the elected government of Mexico against the rebels there, lifting the arms embargo on that country.[141] He sent Dwight Morrow to Mexico as the American ambassador.[142]
The United States' occupation of Nicaragua and Haiti continued under his administration, but Coolidge withdrew American troops from the Dominican Republic in 1924.[143] Coolidge led the U.S. delegation to the Sixth International Conference of American States, January 15–17, 1928, in Havana, Cuba. This was the only international trip Coolidge made during his presidency.[144] There, he extended an olive branch to Latin American leaders embittered over America's interventionist policies in Central America and the Caribbean.[145] For 88 years he was the only sitting president to have visited Cuba, until Barack Obama did so in 2016.[146]
1928 election[edit]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1928
Play media
Collection of video clips of President Coolidge
In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he engaged in horseback riding and fly fishing and attended rodeos. He made Custer State Park his "summer White House." While on vacation, Coolidge surprisingly issued a terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as president: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928."[147] After allowing the reporters to take that in, Coolidge elaborated. "If I take another term, I will be in the White House till 1933 … Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had it—too long!"[148] In his memoirs, Coolidge explained his decision not to run: "The Presidential office takes a heavy toll of those who occupy it and those who are dear to them. While we should not refuse to spend and be spent in the service of our country, it is hazardous to attempt what we feel is beyond our strength to accomplish."[149] After leaving office, he and Grace returned to Northampton, where he wrote his memoirs. The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 in the person of Coolidge's Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover. Coolidge had been reluctant to endorse Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of it bad."[150] Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the nomination of the popular commerce secretary.[151]
Cabinet[edit]
Coolidge's cabinet in 1924, outside the White House
Front row, left to right: Harry Stewart New, John W. Weeks, Charles Evans Hughes, Coolidge, Andrew Mellon, Harlan F. Stone, Curtis D. Wilbur
Back row, left to right, James J. Davis, Henry C. Wallace, Herbert Hoover, Hubert Work
Although a few of Harding's cabinet appointees were scandal-tarred, Coolidge initially retained all of them, out of an ardent conviction that as successor to a deceased elected president he was obligated to retain Harding's counselors and policies until the next election. He kept Harding's able speechwriter Judson T. Welliver; Stuart Crawford replaced Welliver in November 1925.[152] Coolidge appointed C. Bascom Slemp, a Virginia Congressman and experienced federal politician, to work jointly with Edward T. Clark, a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice-presidential staff, as Secretaries to the President (a position equivalent to the modern White House Chief of Staff).[92]
Perhaps the most powerful person in Coolidge's Cabinet was Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, who controlled the administration's financial policies and was regarded by many, including House Minority Leader John Nance Garner, as more powerful than Coolidge himself.[153] Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover also held a prominent place in Coolidge's Cabinet, in part because Coolidge found value in Hoover's ability to win positive publicity with his pro-business proposals.[154] Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes directed Coolidge's foreign policy until he resigned in 1925 following Coolidge's re-election. He was replaced by Frank B. Kellogg, who had previously served as a Senator and as the ambassador to Great Britain. Coolidge made two other appointments following his re-election, with William M. Jardine taking the position of Secretary of Agriculture and John G. Sargent becoming Attorney General.[155] Coolidge did not have a vice president during his first term, but Charles Dawes became vice president during Coolidge's second term, and Dawes and Coolidge clashed over farm policy and other issues.[156]
Judicial appointments[edit]
Main article: Calvin Coolidge judicial appointments
Coolidge appointed Harlan Fiske Stone Attorney General and then Supreme Court Justice
Coolidge appointed one justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Stone was Coolidge's fellow Amherst alumnus, a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican. Stone was serving as dean of Columbia Law School when Coolidge appointed him to be attorney general in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding's Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty.[157] It does not appear that Coolidge considered appointing anyone other than Stone, although Stone himself had urged Coolidge to appoint Benjamin N. Cardozo.[158] Stone proved to be a firm believer in judicial restraint and was regarded as one of the court's three liberal justices who would often vote to uphold New Deal legislation.[159] President Franklin D. Roosevelt later appointed Stone to be chief justice.
Coolidge nominated 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 61 judges to the United States district courts. He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well, including Genevieve R. Cline, who became the first woman named to the federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the United States Customs Court in 1928.[160] Coolidge also signed the Judiciary Act of 1925 into law, allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload.
Retirement and death[edit]
Coolidge addressing a crowd at Arlington National Cemetery's Roman style Memorial Amphitheater in 1924.
After his presidency, Coolidge retired to the modest rented house on residential Massasoit Street in Northampton before moving to a more spacious home, "The Beeches."[161] He kept a Hacker runabout boat on the Connecticut River and was often observed on the water by local boating enthusiasts. During this period, he also served as chairman of the Non-Partisan Railroad Commission, an entity created by several banks and corporations to survey the country's long-term transportation needs and make recommendations for improvements. He was the honorary president of the American Foundation for the Blind, a director of New York Life Insurance Company, president of the American Antiquarian Society, and a trustee of Amherst College.[162]
Coolidge published his autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Calvin Coolidge Says," from 1930 to 1931.[163] Faced with looming defeat in the 1932 presidential election, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run, but the former president made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him, should it come about.[164] Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him. Hoover then lost the general election to Coolidge's 1920 vice presidential Democratic opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt in a landslide.[165]
Coolidge died suddenly from coronary thrombosis at "The Beeches," at 12:45 p.m., January 5, 1933.[166] Shortly before his death, Coolidge confided to an old friend: "I feel I no longer fit in with these times."[167] Coolidge is buried in Plymouth Notch Cemetery, Plymouth Notch, Vermont. The nearby family home is maintained as one of the original buildings on the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District site. The State of Vermont dedicated a new visitors' center nearby to mark Coolidge's 100th birthday on July 4, 1972.
Radio, film, and commemorations[edit]
Coolidge, reporters, and cameramen
Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician, Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president. He made himself available to reporters, giving 520 press conferences, meeting with reporters more regularly than any president before or since.[168] Coolidge's second inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio. On December 6, 1923, he was the first president whose address to Congress was broadcast on radio.[169] Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927, which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created Federal Radio Commission. On August 11, 1924, Theodore W. Case, using the Phonofilm sound-on-film process he developed for Lee DeForest, filmed Coolidge on the White House lawn, making Coolidge the first president to appear in a sound film. The title of the DeForest film was President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Grounds.[170] When Charles Lindbergh arrived in Washington on a U.S. Navy ship after his celebrated 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, President Coolidge welcomed him back to the U.S. and a sound-on-film record of the event exists.
Coolidge was the only president to have his portrait on a coin during his lifetime, the Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar, minted in 1926.
Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp
See also[edit]
SS President Coolidge
Coolidge, Arizona
Coolidge Dam
Coolidge effect
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See also the main article, Lawrence textile strike, for a full description.
Jump up ^ The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544[52]
Jump up ^ The tally was Coolidge 317,774, Long 192,673.[61]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 420–21; Greenberg 2006, pp. 49–53.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 500.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 12–13; Greenberg 2006, pp. 1–7.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 17; McCoy 1967, p. 5; White 1938, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. Ancestors of American Presidents. New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995, p. 199.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 43–44.
Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013, pp. 66–68.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 74–81; McCoy 1967, pp. 22–26.
Jump up ^ Bryson 2013, p. 187.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas (June 4, 2000). "John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013, p. 91.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, pp. 49–51.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 51–53.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 83.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 84–85.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCoy 1967, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 62; Fuess 1940, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 63–66.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 99–102.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 68–69.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 106–07; Sobel 1998, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 110–11; McCoy 1967, pp. 45–46.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, pp. 79–80; Fuess 1940, p. 111.
^ Jump up to: a b c Coolidge 1919, pp. 2–9.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 114–15.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 90–92.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 90; Fuess 1940, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 92–98; Fuess 1940, pp. 133–36.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 117.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 139–42.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 145.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 151–52.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 107–10.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 111; McCoy 1967, pp. 75–76.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 115; McCoy 1967, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Russell 1975, pp. 77–79; Sobel 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Russell 1975, pp. 86–87.
Jump up ^ Russell 1975, pp. 111–13; Sobel 1998, pp. 133–36.
^ Jump up to: a b Russell 1975, p. 113.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 162–64.
Jump up ^ Russell 1975, p. 120.
Jump up ^ Coolidge 1919, pp. 222–24.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 164–65.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Russell 1975, pp. 182–83.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013, pp. 174–79.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 238.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 239–43; McCoy 1967, pp. 102–13.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 117; Fuess 1940, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 186.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 187; McCoy 1967, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 187–88.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 152–53.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 198–99.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 259–60.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 211–13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sobel 1998, pp. 204–12.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 217–219.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 210–11.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 219; McCoy 1967, p. 136.
Jump up ^ Hannaford, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 217.
Jump up ^ Cordery 2008, p. 302.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 243.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Buckley, pp. 593–626.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, pp. 87–109.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 308–09.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 310–15.
Jump up ^ "Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. Associated Press. February 2, 1932. p. 1C. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b "Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath".
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 226–28; Fuess 1940, pp. 303–05; Ferrell 1998, pp. 43–51.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 265.
Jump up ^ White 1938, pp. 272–77.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 328–29; Sobel 1998, pp. 248–49.
Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013, p. 271.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 320–22.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 341.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 342; Sobel 1998, p. 269.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 278–79.
Jump up ^ Madsen, Deborah L., ed. (2015). The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 1317693191.
Jump up ^ Charles Kappler (1929). "Indian affairs: laws and treaties Vol. IV, Treaties". Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ Alysa Landry, "Calvin Coolidge: First Sitting Prez Adopted by Tribe Starts Desecration of Mount Rushmore", Indian Country Today, 26 July 2016; accessed same day
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 345–46.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 300.
Jump up ^ Coolidge 1929, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 300–01.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, pp. 302–03.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 354.
Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013, p. 324.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, pp. 66–72; Sobel 1998, p. 318.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 207.
Jump up ^ Sobel, Robert. "Coolidge and American Business". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, p. 47; Ferrell 1998, p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, pp. 310–11; Greenberg 2006, pp. 127–29.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, pp. 310–11; Fuess 1940, pp. 382–83.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferrell 1998, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 84; McCoy 1967, pp. 234–35.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, p. 235.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 383–84.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, p. 327.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, p. 388; Ferrell 1998, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 331.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 86.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998, p. 315; Barry 1997, pp. 286–87; Greenberg 2006, pp. 132–35.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 330–31.
Jump up ^ Barry 1997, pp. 372–74.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Roberts 2014, p. 209.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 250; McCoy 1967, pp. 328–29.
Jump up ^ s:Calvin Coolidge's First State of the Union Address
Jump up ^ Deloria 1992, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Coolidge 1926, pp. 31–36.
Jump up ^ Coolidge 1926, pp. 159–56.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 342.
^ Jump up to: a b McCoy 1967, pp. 184–85.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, p. 360.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, p. 363.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenberg 2006, pp. 114–16.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 421–23.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 380–81; Greenberg 2006, pp. 123–24.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, p. 181.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 178–79.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 349.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 414–17; Ferrell 1998, pp. 122–23.
Jump up ^ "Travels of President Calvin Coolidge". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
Jump up ^ "Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs". millercenter.org. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kim, Susanna (December 18, 2014). "Here's What Happened the Last Time a US President Visited Cuba". ABC News. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 370.
Jump up ^ White 1938, p. 361.
Jump up ^ Coolidge 1929, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 195.
Jump up ^ McCoy 1967, pp. 390–91; Wilson 1975, pp. 122–23.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, pp. 48–49.
Jump up ^ Rusnak 1983, pp. 270–71.
Jump up ^ Polsky & Tkacheva 2002, pp. 224–27.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, pp. 111–12.
Jump up ^ "Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President (1925–1929)". US Senate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 364.
Jump up ^ Milton C. Handler, "Clerking for Justice Harlan Fiske Stone", Journal of Supreme Court History (December 1995).
Jump up ^ Galston, passim.
Jump up ^ Freeman 2002, p. 216.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 407.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 450–55.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 403; Ferrell 1998, pp. 201–02.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 457–59; Greenberg 2006, p. 153.
Jump up ^ Fuess 1940, p. 460.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, pp. 154–55.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 410.
Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Sobel 1998, p. 252.
Jump up ^ "President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground (1924)". Retrieved February 4, 2007.
Works cited[edit]
Scholarly sources
Barry, John M. (1997). Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84002-4.
Bryson, Bill (2013), One Summer: America, 1927, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-7679-1940-1
Cordery, Stacy A. (2008). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-311427-1.
Deloria, Vincent (1992). American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2424-7.
Ferrell, Robert H. (1998). The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0892-8.
Freeman, Jo (2002). A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9805-9.
Fuess, Claude M. (1940). Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4067-5673-9.
Greenberg, David (2006). Calvin Coolidge. The American Presidents Series. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6957-0.
McCoy, Donald R. (1967). Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President. Macmillan. ISBN 1468017772.
Russell, Francis (1975). A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-5033-0.
Shlaes, Amity (2013). Coolidge. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-196755-9.
Sobel, Robert (1998). Coolidge: An American Enigma. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-410-7.
White, William Allen (1938). A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge. Macmillan.
Wilson, Joan Hoff (1975). Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-94416-8.
Articles and book chapters
Buckley, Kerry W. (December 2003). "'A President for the "Great Silent Majority': Bruce Barton's Construction of Calvin Coolidge". The New England Quarterly. 76 (4): 593–626. doi:10.2307/1559844. JSTOR 1559844.
Galston, Miriam (November 1995). "Activism and Restraint: The Evolution of Harlan Fiske Stone's Judicial Philosophy". Tulane Law Revue. 70: 137.
Gilbert, Robert E. (2005). "Calvin Coolidge's Tragic Presidency: the Political Effects of Bereavement and Depression". Journal of American Studies. 39 (1): 87–109. doi:10.1017/S0021875805009266. JSTOR 27557598.
Polsky, Andrew J.; Tkacheva, Olesya (Winter 2002). "Legacies versus Politics: Herbert Hoover, Partisan Conflict, and the Symbolic Appeal of Associationalism in the 1920s". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 16 (2): 207–235. JSTOR 20020160.
Roberts, Jason (2014). "The Biographical Legacy of Calvin Coolidge and the 1924 Presidential Election". In Katherine A. S. Sibley. A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-83447-3.
Rusnak, Robert J. (Spring 1983). "Andrew W. Mellon: Reluctant Kingmaker". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 13 (2): 269–78. JSTOR 27547924.
Primary sources
Coolidge, Calvin (1919). Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
Coolidge, Calvin (2004) [1926]. Foundations of the Republic: Speeches and Addresses. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1-4102-1598-9.
Coolidge, Calvin (1929). The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge. Cosmopolitan Book Corp. ISBN 0-944951-03-1.
Coolidge, Calvin (2001). Peter Hannaford, ed. The Quotable Calvin Coolidge: Sensible Words for a New Century. Images From The Past, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-884592-33-1.
Further reading[edit]
Coolidge, Calvin (1964). Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell, ed. The Talkative President: The Off-the Record Press Conferences of Calvin Coolidge. University of Massachusetts Press.
Felzenberg, Alvin S. (Fall 1998). "Calvin Coolidge and Race: His Record in Dealing with the Racial Tensions of the 1920s". New England Journal of History. 55 (1): 83–96.
Hatfield, Mark O. (1997). "Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)". Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 347–54.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutCalvin Coolidgeat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Library resources about
Calvin Coolidge
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Calvin Coolidge
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
White House biography
United States Congress. "Calvin Coolidge (id: C000738)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation
Text of a number of Coolidge speeches, Miller Center of Public Affairs
"Calvin Coolidge collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
Calvin Coolidge: A Resource Guide, Library of Congress
Works by or about Calvin Coolidge at Internet Archive
President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground, the first presidential film with sound recording
Calvin Coolidge at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
"Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, September 27, 1999
Calvin Coolidge Personal Manuscripts
Appearances on C-SPAN
Calvin Coolidge on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Calvin Coolidge
30th President of the United States (1923–1929)
29th Vice President of the United States (1921–1923)
48th Governor of Massachusetts (1919–1921)
46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1916–1919)
Life
Birth and family history
Boyhood home and first inauguration site
gravesite
Calvin Coolidge House
Early career and marriage
Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts
Boston Police Strike (1919)
Vice Presidency
Retirement and death
Presidential Library and Museum
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Industry and trade
Taxation (Revenue Act of 1924, Revenue Act of 1926, Revenue Act of 1928)
Allegheny National Forest
Civil rights (Indian Citizenship Act of 1924)
Immigration Act of 1924
World War Adjusted Compensation Act (1924)
Farm subsidies (McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill)
Judiciary Act of 1925
Flood control (Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, Flood Control Act of 1928)
State of the Union Addresses (1926
1927)
"I do not choose to run" (1927)
Brave Little State of Vermont speech (1928)
Foreign policy (Banana Wars, United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933), United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934), United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924), Washington Naval Treaty (1922), Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Elections
1920 Republican National Convention
United States presidential election, 1920
1924 Republican National Convention
United States presidential election, 1924
Books
The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge (1929)
Public image
Sesquicentennial half dollar
U.S. postage stamps
Coolidge effect
SS President Coolidge
Family
Grace Coolidge (wife)
John Coolidge (son)
John Calvin Coolidge, Sr. (father)
Calvin Galusha Coolidge (grandfather)
Arthur Brown, Olympia Brown, Charles A. Coolidge (cousins)
Marcus A. Coolidge, Arthur W. Coolidge, Martha Coolidge (distant relations)
Edmund Rice (ancestor)
Rob Roy (family dog)
← Warren G. Harding
Herbert Hoover →
Category
[show]
Offices and distinctions
Political offices
Preceded by
Grafton D. Cushing Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
1916–1919 Succeeded by
Channing H. Cox
Preceded by
Samuel W. McCall Governor of Massachusetts
1919–1921
Preceded by
Thomas R. Marshall Vice President of the United States
1921–1923 Succeeded by
Charles G. Dawes
Preceded by
Warren G. Harding President of the United States
1923–1929 Succeeded by
Herbert Hoover
Party political offices
Preceded by
Charles W. Fairbanks Republican nominee for
Vice President of the United States
1920 Succeeded by
Charles G. Dawes
Preceded by
Warren G. Harding Republican nominee for
President of the United States
1924 Succeeded by
Herbert Hoover
Honorary titles
Preceded by
William Howard Taft Oldest living President of the United States
1930–1933 Succeeded by
Herbert Hoover
[show]
Articles related to Calvin Coolidge
[show]
v
t
e
Governors of Massachusetts
Colony
(1629–86)
Endecott
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Haynes
Vane
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Bellingham
Winthrop
Endecott
T. Dudley
Winthrop
Endecott
T. Dudley
Endecott
Bellingham
Endecott
Bellingham
Leverett
Bradstreet
Dominion
(1686–89)
J. Dudley
Andros
Bradstreet
Province
(1692–1776)
W. Phips
Stoughton
Bellomont
Stoughton
Governor's Council
J. Dudley
Governor's Council
J. Dudley
Tailer
Shute
Dummer
Burnet
Dummer
Tailer
Belcher
Shirley
S. Phips
Shirley
S. Phips
Governor's Council
Pownall
Hutchinson
Bernard
Hutchinson
Gage
Commonwealth
(since 1776)
Hancock
Cushing
Bowdoin
Hancock
Adams
Sumner
Gill
Governor's Council
Strong
Sullivan
Lincoln Sr.
Gore
Gerry
Strong
Brooks
Eustis
Morton
Lincoln Jr.
Davis
Armstrong
Everett
Morton
Davis
Morton
Briggs
Boutwell
Clifford
E. Washburn
Gardner
Banks
Andrew
Bullock
Claflin
W. Washburn
Talbot
Gaston
Rice
Talbot
Long
Butler
Robinson
Ames
Brackett
Russell
Greenhalge
Wolcott
Crane
Bates
Douglas
Guild
Draper
Foss
Walsh
McCall
Coolidge
Cox
Fuller
Allen
Ely
Curley
Hurley
Saltonstall
Tobin
Bradford
Dever
Herter
Furcolo
Volpe
Peabody
Volpe
Sargent
Dukakis
King
Dukakis
Weld
Cellucci
Swift
Romney
Patrick
Baker
Italics indicate acting officeholders
[show]
v
t
e
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Colony
(1629–86)
Goffe
Humphrey
T. Dudley
Ludlow
Bellingham
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Bellingham
Endecott
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Endecott
T. Dudley
Endecott
Bellingham
Willoughby
Leverett
Symonds
Bradstreet
Danforth
Dominion
(1686–89)
Stoughton
Nicholson
Province
(1692–1776)
Stoughton
Povey
Tailer
Dummer
Tailer
S. Phips
Hutchinson
A. Oliver
T. Oliver
Commonwealth
(since 1776)
T. Cushing
B. Lincoln
Adams
Gill
S. Phillips
Robbins
L. Lincoln
Cobb
Gray
W. Phillips
L. Lincoln Jr.
Morton
Winthrop
Armstrong
Hull
Childs
Reed
Cushman
Huntington
Plunkett
Brown
Benchley
Trask
Goodrich
Nesmith
Hayden
Claflin
Tucker
Talbot
Knight
Long
Weston
Ames
Brackett
Haile
Wolcott
Crane
Bates
Guild
Draper
Frothingham
Luce
Walsh
Barry
G. Cushing
C. Coolidge
Cox
Fuller
Allen
Youngman
Bacon
Hurley
Kelly
Cahill
Bradford
A. Coolidge
Sullivan
Whittier
R. Murphy
McLaughin
Bellotti
Richardson
Sargent
Dwight
O'Neill
Kerry
E. Murphy
Cellucci
Swift
Healey
Murray
Polito
[show]
v
t
e
Cabinet of President Warren G. Harding (1921–23)
Vice President
Calvin Coolidge (1921–23)
Secretary of State
Charles Evans Hughes (1921–23)
Secretary of the Treasury
Andrew W. Mellon (1921–23)
Secretary of War
John W. Weeks (1921–23)
Attorney General
Harry M. Daugherty (1921–23)
Postmaster General
Will H. Hays (1921–22)
Hubert Work (1922–23)
Harry S. New (1923)
Secretary of the Navy
Edwin C. Denby (1921–23)
Secretary of the Interior
Albert B. Fall (1921–23)
Hubert Work (1923)
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry C. Wallace (1921–23)
Secretary of Commerce
Herbert C. Hoover (1921–23)
Secretary of Labor
James J. Davis (1921–23)
[show]
v
t
e
Presidents of the United States (list)
George Washington (1789–1797)
John Adams (1797–1801)
Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
James Madison (1809–1817)
James Monroe (1817–1825)
John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison (1841)
John Tyler (1841–1845)
James K. Polk (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
James Buchanan (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield (1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William H. Taft (1909–1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Barack Obama (2009–2017)
Donald Trump (2017–present)
Presidency timelines
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
F. D. Roosevelt
first 100 days
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
L. B. Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
G. H. W. Bush
Clinton
G. W. Bush
Obama
first 100 days
Trump
first 100 days
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Cabinet of President Calvin Coolidge (1923–29)
Vice President
None (1923–25)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–29)
Secretary of State
Charles Evans Hughes (1923–25)
Frank B. Kellogg (1925–29)
Secretary of the Treasury
Andrew W. Mellon (1923–29)
Secretary of War
John W. Weeks (1923–25)
Dwight F. Davis (1925–29)
Attorney General
Harry M. Daugherty (1923–24)
Harlan F. Stone (1924–25)
John G. Sargent (1925–29)
Postmaster General
Harry S. New (1923–29)
Secretary of the Navy
Edwin C. Denby (1923–24)
Curtis D. Wilbur (1924–29)
Secretary of the Interior
Hubert Work (1923–28)
Roy O. West (1928–29)
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry C. Wallace (1923–24)
Howard M. Gore (1924–25)
William M. Jardine (1925–29)
Secretary of Commerce
Herbert C. Hoover (1923–28)
William Fairfield Whiting (1928–29)
Secretary of Labor
James J. Davis (1923–29)
[show]
v
t
e
United States Republican Party
Chairpersons
of the RNC
Morgan
Raymond
Ward
Claflin
Morgan
Chandler
Cameron
Jewell
Sabin
Jones
Quay
Clarkson
Carter
Hanna
Payne
Cortelyou
New
Hitchcock
Hill
Rosewater
Hilles
Wilcox
Hays
Adams
Butler
Work
Huston
Fess
Sanders
Fletcher
Hamilton
Martin
Walsh
Spangler
Brownell
Reece
Scott
Gabrielson
Summerfield
Roberts
Hall
Alcorn
T. B. Morton
Miller
Burch
Bliss
R. Morton
Dole
Bush
Smith
Brock
Richards
Laxalt/Fahrenkopf
Reagan/Fahrenkopf
Atwater
Yeutter
Bond
Barbour
Nicholson
Gilmore
Racicot
Gillespie
Mehlman
Martínez
Duncan
Steele
Priebus
Romney McDaniel
Presidential tickets
Frémont/Dayton
Lincoln/Hamlin
Lincoln/Johnson
Grant/Colfax
Grant/Wilson
Hayes/Wheeler
Garfield/Arthur
Blaine/Logan
Harrison/Morton
Harrison/Reid
McKinley/Hobart
McKinley/Roosevelt
Roosevelt/Fairbanks
Taft/Sherman
Taft/Sherman/Butler
Hughes/Fairbanks
Harding/Coolidge
Coolidge/Dawes
Hoover/Curtis (twice)
Landon/Knox
Willkie/McNary
Dewey/Bricker
Dewey/Warren
Eisenhower/Nixon (twice)
Nixon/Lodge
Goldwater/Miller
Nixon/Agnew (twice)
Ford/Dole
Reagan/G. H. W. Bush (twice)
G. H. W. Bush/Quayle (twice)
Dole/Kemp
G. W. Bush/Cheney (twice)
McCain/Palin
Romney/Ryan
Trump/Pence
Parties by state
and territory
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Territory
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Conventions
(list)
1856 (Philadelphia)
1860 (Chicago)
1864 (Baltimore)
1868 (Chicago)
1872 (Philadelphia)
1876 (Cincinnati)
1880 (Chicago)
1884 (Chicago)
1888 (Chicago)
1892 (Minneapolis)
1896 (Saint Louis)
1900 (Philadelphia)
1904 (Chicago)
1908 (Chicago)
1912 (Chicago)
1916 (Chicago)
1920 (Chicago)
1924 (Cleveland)
1928 (Kansas City)
1932 (Chicago)
1936 (Cleveland)
1940 (Philadelphia)
1944 (Chicago)
1948 (Philadelphia)
1952 (Chicago)
1956 (San Francisco)
1960 (Chicago)
1964 (San Francisco)
1968 (Miami Beach)
1972 (Miami Beach)
1976 (Kansas City)
1980 (Detroit)
1984 (Dallas)
1988 (New Orleans)
1992 (Houston)
1996 (San Diego)
2000 (Philadelphia)
2004 (New York)
2008 (St. Paul)
2012 (Tampa)
2016 (Cleveland)
Affiliated
organizations
Fundraising groups
National Republican Congressional Committee
National Republican Senatorial Committee
Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Conference of the United States Senate
Republican Governors Association
Sectional groups
College Republicans
Chairmen
Congressional Hispanic Conference
International Democrat Union
Log Cabin Republicans
Republican Jewish Coalition
Republican National Hispanic Assembly
Republicans Abroad
Teen Age Republicans
Young Republicans
Factional groups
Republican Main Street Partnership
Republican Majority for Choice
Republican Liberty Caucus
Republican National Coalition for Life
Republican Study Committee
ConservAmerica
Liberty Caucus
Freedom Caucus
Ripon Society
The Wish List
Related articles
History
Primaries
Debates
2009 chairmanship election
2011 chairmanship election
2013 chairmanship election
2015 chairmanship election
2017 chairmanship election
Bibliography
Timeline of modern American conservatism
Republican Party portal
[show]
v
t
e
Vice Presidents of the United States (list)
John Adams (1789–1797)
Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
George Clinton (1805–1812)
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
John Tyler (1841)
George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
William R. King (1853)
John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865)
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
John N. Garner (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
Al Gore (1993–2001)
Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
Joe Biden (2009–2017)
Mike Pence (2017–present)
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
(1916 ←) United States presidential election, 1920 (→ 1924)
Democratic Party
Convention
Nominee
James M. Cox
VP nominee
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Candidates
William Gibbs McAdoo
A. Mitchell Palmer
Al Smith
John W. Davis
Edward I. Edwards
Woodrow Wilson
Robert Latham Owen
Republican Party
Convention
Nominee
Warren G. Harding
VP nominee
Calvin Coolidge
Candidates
Leonard Wood
Frank Orren Lowden
Hiram Johnson
William Cameron Sproul
Nicholas Murray Butler
Calvin Coolidge
Robert M. La Follette, Sr.
Jeter Connelly Pritchard
Miles Poindexter
Howard Sutherland
Herbert Hoover
[show]
Third party and independent candidates
Socialist Party of America
Nominee
Eugene V. Debs
VP nominee
Seymour Stedman
Farmer–Labor Party
Nominee
Parley P. Christensen
VP nominee
Max S. Hayes
Prohibition Party
Nominee
Aaron S. Watkins
VP nominee
D. Leigh Colvin
American Party
Nominee
James E. Ferguson
VP nominee
William J. Hough
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee
William Wesley Cox
VP nominee
August Gillhaus
Single Tax
Nominee
Robert Colvin Macauley
VP nominee
Richard C. Barnum
Other 1920 elections: House
Senate
[show]
v
t
e
(1920 ←) United States presidential election, 1924 (→ 1928)
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
Nominee
John W. Davis
VP nominee
Charles W. Bryan
Candidates
William Gibbs McAdoo
Al Smith
Oscar Underwood
Republican Party
Convention
Nominee
Calvin Coolidge
VP nominee
Charles G. Dawes
Candidates
Hiram Johnson
Robert M. La Follette, Sr.
Progressive Party
Nominee
Robert M. La Follette, Sr.
VP nominee
Burton K. Wheeler
[show]
Third party and independent candidates
Communist Party
Nominee
William Z. Foster
VP nominee
Benjamin Gitlow
Prohibition Party
Nominee
Herman P. Faris
VP nominee
Marie C. Brehm
American Party
Nominee
Gilbert Nations
VP nominee
Charles Hiram Randall
Other 1924 elections: House
Senate
[show]
v
t
e
(1928 ←) United States presidential election, 1932 (→ 1936)
Democratic Party
Convention
Nominee
Franklin D. Roosevelt
VP nominee
John Nance Garner
Candidates
John Nance Garner
Al Smith
James A. Reed
Republican Party
Convention
Nominee
Herbert Hoover
VP nominee
Charles Curtis
Candidates
John J. Blaine
Calvin Coolidge
Joseph I. France
Albert Ritchie
William H. Murray
James W. Wadsworth
[show]
Third party and independent candidates
Communist Party
Nominee
William Z. Foster
VP nominee
James W. Ford
Prohibition Party
Nominee
William David Upshaw
Socialist Party
Nominee
Norman Thomas
VP nominee
James H. Maurer
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee
Verne L. Reynolds
VP nominee
John W. Aiken
Independents and other candidates:
James Renshaw Cox
William Hope Harvey
Other 1932 elections: House
Senate
Biography portal
Government of the United States portal
Politics portal
Conservatism portal
Radio portal
Massachusetts portal
Vermont portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 54942252
LCCN: n50043492
ISNI: 0000 0001 2363 9948
GND: 118669974
SELIBR: 182870
SUDOC: 031685625
BNF: cb122853652 (data)
MusicBrainz: ad266f1b-1eed-4b5a-bdfc-ee09123ff75b
US Congress: C000738
BNE: XX893821
IATH: w6zg6qdp
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&oldid=819385027"
Categories:
Calvin Coolidge
1872 births
1933 deaths
19th-century Congregationalists
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American writers
20th-century Congregationalists
American Congregationalists
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
American libertarians
American male writers
American people of English descent
Amherst College alumni
Appleton family
Christian libertarians
College Republicans
Conservatism in the United States
Coolidge family
Governors of Massachusetts
Harding administration cabinet members
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Massachusetts city council members
Massachusetts lawyers
Massachusetts Republicans
Massachusetts State Senators
Mayors of places in Massachusetts
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Old Right (United States)
People from Plymouth, Vermont
Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts
Presidents of the United States
Republican Party Presidents of the United States
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees
Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States
St. Johnsbury Academy alumni
Sons of the American Revolution
United States presidential candidates, 1920
United States presidential candidates, 1924
United States presidential candidates, 1932
United States vice-presidential candidates, 1920
Vermont Republicans
Vice Presidents of the United States
Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts
Writers from Vermont
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use mdy dates from November 2012
Articles with Internet Archive links
Articles with DMOZ links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Featured articles
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
پنجابی
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Rumantsch
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 02:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: Calvin Coolidge, bw head and shoulders photo portrait seated, 1919.jpg

attrs: href class

value: td

values:
/wiki/File:C_Coolidge_signature.svg
image
Calvin Coolidge's signature

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: United States presidential election, 1924

values: Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Edmund_Rice_(1638)
mw-redirect
Edmund Rice (1638)

values:
/wiki/Board_of_Selectmen
mw-redirect
Board of Selectmen

values: Edit section: Education and law practice

values:
/wiki/Clarke_School_for_the_Deaf
mw-redirect
Clarke School for the Deaf

values: President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site

values: History of the Republican Party (United States)

values:
/wiki/City_Council
mw-redirect
City Council

values:
/wiki/Board_of_Education
mw-redirect
Board of Education

values: Edit section: State legislator and mayor

values: History of the Democratic Party (United States)

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Winthrop_Murray_Crane
mw-redirect
Winthrop Murray Crane

values: United States presidential election, 1912

values: float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;

values: Edit section: Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Channing_Cox
mw-redirect
Channing Cox

values:
/wiki/Irish_American
mw-redirect
Irish American

values:
/wiki/Edwin_U._Curtis
mw-redirect
Edwin U. Curtis

values:
/wiki/Sympathy_strike
mw-redirect
Sympathy strike

values: float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;

values:
/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917
mw-redirect
Russian Revolution of 1917

values: Edit section: Legislation and vetoes as governor

values:
/wiki/Child_labor
mw-redirect
Child labor

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: United States presidential election, 1920

values:
/wiki/Upper_South
mw-redirect
Upper South

values: United States District Court for the District of Columbia

values:
/wiki/William_E._Borah
mw-redirect
William E. Borah

values:
/wiki/Japanese_American
mw-redirect
Japanese American

values:
/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cleveland, Ohio

values:
/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Sr.
mw-redirect
Robert M. La Follette Sr.

values: Edit section: Taxation and government spending

values:
/wiki/United_States_public_debt
mw-redirect
United States public debt

values: Edit section: Opposition to farm subsidies

values:
/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address
mw-redirect
State of the Union address

values:
/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924
mw-redirect
Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

values: Permanent Court of International Justice

values: 1916 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic

values: United States presidential election, 1928

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/480px--Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:480px;height:360px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="27.527823129252" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="573704" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 480 × 360 (1.22 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="1216462" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="215752" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="321744" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Judson_T._Welliver
mw-redirect
Judson T. Welliver

values: Secretary to the President (United States)

values:
/wiki/William_M._Jardine
mw-redirect
William M. Jardine

values:
/wiki/Charles_Dawes
mw-redirect
Charles Dawes

values:
/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone
mw-redirect
Harlan Fiske Stone

values:
/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals
mw-redirect
United States Courts of Appeals

values:
/wiki/United_States_district_courts
mw-redirect
United States district courts

values:
/wiki/United_States_Customs_Court
mw-redirect
United States Customs Court

values: United States presidential election, 1932

values:
/wiki/Plymouth_Notch
mw-redirect
Plymouth Notch

values: Edit section: Radio, film, and commemorations

values:
/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927
mw-redirect
Radio Act of 1927

values:
/wiki/Theodore_W._Case
mw-redirect
Theodore W. Case

values:
/wiki/Lee_DeForest
mw-redirect
Lee DeForest

values:
/wiki/Lawrence_textile_strike
mw-redirect
Lawrence textile strike

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values: s:Calvin Coolidge's First State of the Union Address

values: -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Robert_H._Ferrell
mw-redirect
Robert H. Ferrell

values:
/wiki/Little,_Brown
mw-redirect
Little, Brown

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1559844

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1559844

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/27557598

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/20020160

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/27547924

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.coolidgefoundation.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0177633/
external text

values: Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum

values: United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)

values: List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values:
/wiki/John_Calvin_Coolidge,_Sr.
mw-redirect
John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(Utah)
mw-redirect
Arthur Brown (Utah)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets

values: Oldest living President of the United States

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/William_Stoughton_(Massachusetts)
mw-redirect
William Stoughton (Massachusetts)

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)
mw-redirect
Benjamin Butler (politician)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts

values: Template talk:Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts

values: Thomas Goffe (Massachusetts) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/File:Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg
image
Seal of Massachusetts

values: Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States

values:
navbox-image
11
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon
mw-redirect
Andrew W. Mellon

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor
mw-redirect
Presidency of Zachary Taylor

values:
/wiki/Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield
mw-redirect
Presidency of James A. Garfield

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;

values: Seal of the President of the United States.svg

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Timeline of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson

values: Timeline of the presidency of Warren G. Harding

values: Timeline of the presidency of Calvin Coolidge

values: Timeline of the presidency of Herbert Hoover

values: Timeline of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt

values: First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency

values: Timeline of the presidency of Harry S. Truman

values: Timeline of the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower

values: Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy

values: Timeline of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson

values: Timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon

values: Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford

values: Timeline of the presidency of Jimmy Carter

values: Timeline of the presidency of Ronald Reagan

values: Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. Bush

values: Timeline of the presidency of Bill Clinton

values: Timeline of the presidency of George W. Bush

values: Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama

values: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency

values: Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump

values: First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency

values: Category:Presidents of the United States

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
font-weight: bold;

values:
navigation
navbox
Presidents_of_the_United_States_(list)
text-align: left;padding:3px

values: Calvin Coolidge, Thirtieth President of the United States

values: Template:Republican Party (United States)

values: Template talk:Republican Party (United States)

values: Mary Louise Smith (Republican Party leader)

values: Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)

values: List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)

values: New Hampshire Republican State Committee

values: Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania

values: Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)

values: Republican Party (United States) organizations

values: National Republican Congressional Committee

values: National Republican Senatorial Committee

values: Republican Conference of the United States Senate

values: List of chairpersons of the College Republicans

values: History of the United States Republican Party

values: Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2009

values: Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2011

values: Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2013

values: Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2015

values: Republican National Committee chairmanship election, 2017

values: Timeline of modern American conservatism

values: Seal of the Vice President of the United States.svg

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Category:Vice Presidents of the United States

values: commons:Category:Vice Presidents of the United States

values: Template:United States presidential election, 1920

values: Template talk:United States presidential election, 1920

values: United States presidential election, 1916

values:
/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Robert M. La Follette, Sr.

values:
/wiki/American_Party_(Texas)
mw-redirect
American Party (Texas)

values: William J. Hough (politician) (page does not exist)

values: Robert Colvin Macauley (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1920

values: Template:United States presidential election, 1924

values: Template talk:United States presidential election, 1924

values: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1924

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1924

values: Template:United States presidential election, 1932

values: Template talk:United States presidential election, 1932

values: United States presidential election, 1936

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1932

values: Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/54942252

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000123639948

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118669974

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/182870

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/031685625

values: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

values: Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

values: Category:American people of English descent

values: Category:Conservatism in the United States

values: Category:Harding administration cabinet members

values: Category:Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts

values: Category:Massachusetts city council members

values: Category:Mayors of places in Massachusetts

values: Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives

values: Category:Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts

values: Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States

values: Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States

values: Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees

values: Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees

values: Category:Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States

values: Category:Sons of the American Revolution

values: Category:United States presidential candidates, 1920

values: Category:United States presidential candidates, 1924

values: Category:United States presidential candidates, 1932

values: Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1920

values: Category:Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2012

values: Category:Articles with Internet Archive links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: ካልቪን ኩሊጅ – Amharic

values: كالفين كوليدج – Arabic

values: ক্যালভিন কুলিজ – Bangla

values: Калвин Кулидж – Bashkir

values: Кальвін Кулідж – Belarusian

values: Кальвін Кулідж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Калвин Кулидж – Bulgarian

values: Калвин Кулидж – Chuvash

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: ކެލްވިން ކޫލިޖް – Divehi

values: Κάλβιν Κούλιτζ – Greek

values: کالوین کولیج – Persian

values: 캘빈 쿨리지 – Korean

values: Քալվին Քուլիջ – Armenian

values: कॉल्विन कूलिज – Hindi

values: קלווין קולידג' – Hebrew

values: კალვინ კულიჯი – Georgian

values: Калвин Кулидж – Kazakh

values: Келвин Кулиџ – Macedonian

values: കാൽവിൻ കൂളിഡ്ജ് – Malayalam

values: कॅल्विन कूलिज – Marathi

values: კალვინ კულიჯი – Mingrelian

values: ကယ်လ်ဗင် ကူးလစ်ဂျ် – Burmese

values: カルビン・クーリッジ – Japanese

values: Кулидж, Калвин – Russian

values: Калвин Кулиџ – Serbian

values: கால்வின் கூலிஜ் – Tamil

values: แคลวิน คูลิดจ์ – Thai

values: Калвін Кулідж – Ukrainian

values: کیلون کولج – Urdu

values: זשאן קעלווין קולידזש – Yiddish

values: 卡尔文·柯立芝 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Calvin_Coolidge rootpage-Calvin_Coolidge skin-vector action-view