text:
Real Time with Bill Maher (season 16)
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Real Time with Bill Maher (season 16)
Amazon Video purchase image
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
HBO
Original release
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 15
List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes
This is a list of episodes from the sixteenth season of Real Time with Bill Maher.
Contents
1 Episodes
1.1 Special (2018)
2 References
3 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Guests
Original air date [1]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
446
1 Larry Wilmore, Michael Wolff, Andrew Sullivan, Saru Jayaraman January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19) 1.89[2]
447
2 Roger McNamee, Rick Wilson, Ro Khanna, Michelle Goldberg, Zooey Deschanel January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26) 1.85[3]
448
3 Anthony Scaramucci, Donna Brazile, Richard Haass, David Frum February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) 1.91[4]
449
4 Bari Weiss, Adam Schiff, April Ryan, Richard Painter, Johann Hari February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) 1.88[5]
450
5 Salman Rushdie, Vicente Fox, Anna Deavere Smith, Fran Lebowitz February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16) 1.84[6]
451
6 Eric Holder, Jon Meacham, Amy Chua, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) 1.91[7]
452
7 Kathy Griffin, Ana Navarro, Erick Erickson, Bari Weiss, Trae Crowder March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) 1.97[8]
453
8 Beto O'Rourke, Billy Bush, Andrew Ross Sorkin, Pete Dominick, Nayyera Haq March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16) 1.86[9]
454
9 Chris Hayes, Mitch Landrieu, Gina McCarthy, Mona Charen, Malcolm Nance March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23) 1.80[10]
455
10 Geraldo Rivera, Heather McGhee, Max Boot, Eliot Spitzer, Louie Anderson April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06) 1.84[11]
456
11 Brian Schatz, Andy Cohen, Jason Kander, Maya Wiley, Jonathan Chait April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13) 1.56[12]
457
12 Michael Avenatti, Frank Bruni, Alex Wagner, Jordan Peterson, Jay Inslee April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20) 1.75[13]
458
13 Ronan Farrow, Ross Douthat, Ian Bremmer, Ana Marie Cox, John Podhoretz April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27) 1.68[14]
459
14 Jon Meacham, Michael Hayden, Matt Welch, Sally Kohn, Michael Tubbs May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04) 1.50[15]
460
15 Ethan Hawke, Robert Reich, Killer Mike, Duncan D. Hunter May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11) 1.52[16]
461
16 Dan Savage, Bari Weiss, Evan McMullin, Dambisa Moyo, Clint Watts May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18) 1.80[17]
462
17 Bernie Sanders, Charlamagne tha God, Paul Begala, Bret Stephens, Natasha Bertrand June 1, 2018 (2018-06-01) 1.77[18]
463
18 Fareed Zakaria, John Heilemann, Michael Eric Dyson, Linda Chavez, Shermichael Singleton June 8, 2018 (2018-06-08) 1.46[19]
464
19 George Will, Karen Bass, Billy Eichner, Margaret Hoover, Michael Weiss June 15, 2018 (2018-06-15) 1.68[20]
465
20 Michael Smerconish, Michael Pollan, Neera Tanden, Colion Noir, Josh Barro June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22) 1.57[21]
466
21 Michael Moore, Bradley Whitford, Jennifer Rubin, Lawrence Wilkerson, Ben Shapiro June 29, 2018 (2018-06-29) 1.67[22]
467
22 Nancy MacLean, Steve Schmidt, Charles Blow, Malcolm Nance, Kristen Soltis Anderson August 3, 2018 (2018-08-03) 1.44[23]
468
23 D.L. Hughley, Lawrence O'Donnell, Seth Moulton, Steven Pinker, Christina Bellantoni August 10, 2018 (2018-08-10) 1.59[24]
469
24 Preet Bharara, Jennifer Granholm, Charlie Sykes, Jonathan Swan, Adam Conover August 17, 2018 (2018-08-17) 1.69[25]
470
25 John Brennan, David Corn, Rick Wilson, Saru Jayaraman, Kara Swisher August 24, 2018 (2018-08-24) 1.66[26]
471
26 Jim Carrey, David Axelrod, Charlie Dent, Michelle Goldberg, Jack Bryan September 7, 2018 (2018-09-07) 1.68[27]
472
27 John Kerry, Steve Ballmer, S.E. Cupp, Mark Leibovich, Richard Clarke September 14, 2018 (2018-09-14) 1.74[28]
473
28 Michael Moore, Thom Hartmann, P. J. O'Rourke, Catherine Rampell, Steve Hilton September 21, 2018 (2018-09-21) 1.70[29]
474
29 Steve Bannon, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Evelyn Farkas, Max Brooks, April Ryan September 28, 2018 (2018-09-28) 1.76[30]
475
30 Doris Kearns Goodwin, Soledad O'Brien, David Jolly, Andrew Sullivan, Jeff Bridges October 5, 2018 (2018-10-05) 1.73[31]
476
31 Omarosa Manigault Newman, Eddie Glaude, Steve Kornacki, Reihan Salam, Rebecca Traister October 12, 2018 (2018-10-12) 1.74[32]
477
32 Stormy Daniels, Anthony Scaramucci, Betsy Woodruff, Max Boot, Jonathan Haidt October 26, 2018 (2018-10-26) TBD
478
33 Barbra Streisand, Chelsea Handler, Jim VandeHei, Anthony Romero November 2, 2018 (2018-11-02) TBD
479
34 November 9, 2018 (2018-11-09) TBD
480
35 November 16, 2018 (2018-11-16) TBD
Special (2018)[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
–
"Anniversary Special"[33] October 19, 2018 (2018-10-19) 1.51[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Schedule Search Results for "Real Time"". HBO. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 22, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.19.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 29, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.26.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 5, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.2.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 12, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.9.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 20, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.16.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 5, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.2.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 12, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.9.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 19, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.16.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 26, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.23.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 9, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.6.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 16, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.13.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 23, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.20.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 30, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.27.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 7, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.4.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 14, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.11.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 21, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.18.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 4, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.1.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 11, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.8.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 18, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.15.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 25, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.22.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 2, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.29.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 6, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.3.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 13, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.10.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 20, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.17.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 27, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.24.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 10, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.7.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 17, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.14.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 24, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.21.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 1, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.28.2018". ShowBuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 9, 2018). "Friday cable ratings: MLB playoffs win the night, 'Real Time with Bill Maher' ticks back down". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 16, 2018). "Friday cable ratings: 'Gold Rush' premieres down, 'Real Time with Bill Maher' holds steady". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Real Time With Bill Maher: Anniversary Special". HBO. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 22, 2018). "Friday cable ratings: MLB Playoffs lead the night, 'Gold Rush' holds steady". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
External links[edit]
HBO.com Episode List
HBO.com Real Time with Bill Maher Free (audio-only) episodes and Overtime podcast
TV.com Episode Guide
List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes on IMDb
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text:
List of Odd Mom Out episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Odd Mom Out is an American comedy television series that premiered on June 8, 2015, on Bravo.[1] Based on the novel Momzillas, Odd Mom Out was created by and stars Jill Kargman as a fictionalized version of herself named Jill Weber, who is forced to navigate the wealthy mommy clique that resides in New York’s prestigious Upper East Side neighborhood. Andy Buckley, KK Glick, Sean Kleier, Joanna Cassidy, and Abby Elliott also co-star in the series.
On September 22, 2016, the network renewed Odd Mom Out for a 10-episode third season shortly after the second season concluded.[2]
As of September 13, 2017[update], a total of 30 episodes of Odd Mom Out have aired.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2015)
2.2 Season 2 (2016)
2.3 Season 3 (2017)
3 References
4 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08) August 3, 2015 (2015-08-03)
2 10 June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) August 29, 2016 (2016-08-29)
3 10 July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Wheels Up" Andy Fleming Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08) 0.86[4]
Andy, Jill's husband, gets intimidated by his brother's success. Jill tries to find the best school for their children. Brooke, Jill's sister-in-law, asks her to come to her charity event.[3]
2
2 "Vons Have More Fun" Andy Fleming Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08) 0.60[6]
Jill and Andy learn about their ancestors. Jill's best friend, Vanessa, finds a boyfriend. Jill is pressured by Brooke and Candace to take an advantage of having royal antecedents.[5]
3
3 "Dying To Get In" Andy Fleming Jill Kargman June 15, 2015 (2015-06-15) 0.59[7]
Jill gets frustrated about finding the right kindergarten for her children. Andy's mother wants the family to go for an interview to get in a very special and prestigious cemetery.
4
4 "Omakase" John Fortenberry Will Graham June 22, 2015 (2015-06-22) 0.67[8]
Jill invites a new friend to a trendy restaurant, they run into Brooke and Lex.
5
5 "Brooklandia" Jeff Melman Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 29, 2015 (2015-06-29) 0.64[9]
Jill falls in love with down-to-earth moms in attendance at a friends backyard party in Brooklyn.
6
6 "Midwife Crisis" Jeff Melman Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 6, 2015 (2015-07-06) 0.74[10]
Jill must rely on her wits when Brooke goes into labor but cannot make it into her chosen hospital.
7
7 "Sip 'N See" Michael LaHaie Julie Kraut July 13, 2015 (2015-07-13) 0.60[11]
Jill reluctantly throws a "sip 'n' see" party to give everyone a chance to meet Brooke's baby.
8
8 "Staffing Up" John Fortenberry Steve Rubinshteyn July 20, 2015 (2015-07-20) 0.64[12]
Brooke and Jill go to a children's museum to observe nannies in their natural habitat.
9
9 "The Truth Fairy" Tamra Davis Angie Day July 27, 2015 (2015-07-27) 0.59[13]
Jill starts hanging out with the momzillas and her and Vanessa become distant. While they try to find who is telling the children crazy things about the world.
10
10 "Wheels Down" Tamra Davis Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 3, 2015 (2015-08-03) 0.67[14]
Everything comes to a head at Brooke's NACHO ball.
Season 2 (2016)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
11
1 "The High Road" Alex Reid Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) 0.66[15]
Jill dips her toe back in the work world by visiting the fashion magazine where she used to work. But her excitement at being welcomed back with open arms is short-lived.
12
2 "Fasting and Furious" Alex Reid Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 27, 2016 (2016-06-27)[a] 0.57[16]
It's Yom Kippur and Jill's parents (Blythe Danner, Dan Hedaya) come to town - to atone, and to take care of a matter of life and death.
13
3 "Hamming It Up" Alex Reid Julie Kraut July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11)[a] 0.59[18]
Jill and Vanessa - tired of being the last people on Earth not to have seen Hamilton - go on a desperate quest to get tickets in time for Lin Manuel Miranda's last performance. Several of the Broadway show's cast members appear in cameo roles.[17]
14
4 "Crushed" Peter Lauer Will Graham July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11) 0.50[18]
Jill is pushed to get a drivers license. Brooke celebrates the opening of her store.
15
5 "The O.D.D. Couple" Peter Lauer Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18) 0.73[19]
A therapist (Meredith Vieira) diagnoses Miles with an attention disorder, forcing Jill and Andy to take sides. Brooke wrestles with her resurfacing feelings for Lex.
16
6 "Knock of Shame" Peter Lauer Max Werner July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25) 0.56[20]
Jill and Andy meet their dream neighbors (Drew Barrymore, John Hodgman), but are immediately disillusioned with them. Brooke and Lex are trapped in the Waldorf during a blizzard.
17
7 "Hanoi Jill" Alex Reid Angie Day August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01) 0.66[21]
In order to celebrate Brooke and Lex reuniting, Andy and Jill are invited to brunch at Candace's. Andy and Jill are caught up in the doorman strike.
18
8 "40 Is the New 70" Michael LaHaie Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15) 0.65[22]
Jill, Andy, and Vanessa feel the sting of aging. Brooke and Lex invite Jill and Andy to an enlightening "Dinner in the Dark".
19
9 "The Hamptons" Gail Lerner Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22) 0.69[23]
During a traffic jam on the way to the Hamptons, Jill has a nasty run-in with Joy Green (Molly Ringwald), Brooke's idol and author of "The Joy Manifesto". Candace's white party takes a sharp turn for Brooke.
20
10 "Ode to Joy" Gail Lerner Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 29, 2016 (2016-08-29) 0.78[24]
Jill struggles with telling Brooke that Joy Green is a monster. A sudden disaster shakes the family to its very core.
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b "Episodes two and three of season two were released online on June 20, 2016, the same day of the season two premiere.
Season 3 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
21
1 "Frisky Business" Peter Lauer Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) 0.57[25]
Jill and Andy are worried that Hazel has grown up overnight when they visit her at sleepaway camp. The residents of the Upper East Side deal with their new financial situations.
22
2 "Candle in the Windbag" Alex Reid Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 0.58[26]
Since Candace moved in with the Webers, Jill has been driven to her wit's end. Vanessa tries to spice up her long distance relationship with Graham.
23
3 "M.F.A. in B.S." Alex Reid Ally Musika July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26) 0.62[27]
Jill adjusts to the new art scene at her show. Lex struggles to find out who he is after losing his job.
24
4 "Children in the Corn Pudding" Alex Reid Lindsey Stoddard August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02) 0.59[28]
After spending a Thanksgiving in the suburbs with Brooke's sisters Barrett (Christine Taylor) and Berkley (Meredith Hagner), Jill realizes why Brooke is the way she is. Vanessa must tend to her building after accidentally revealing that she's a doctor.
25
5 "Jury Doody" Michael LaHaie Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) 0.53[29]
Jill is riddled with guilt after Candace returns from jury duty and tells the family the lurid details of her cruise ship murder trial.
26
6 "Dadderall" Michael LaHaie Ally Musika August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16) 0.54[30]
27
7 "Weber M.D." Alex Reid Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23) 0.46[31]
28
8 "Star Grazing" Peter Lauer Ally Musika August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) 0.42[32]
29
9 "Homo Erectus" Peter Lauer Lindsey Stoddart September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06) 0.40[33]
30
10 "Blood Bath" Peter Lauer Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shows A-Z - odd mom out on bravo". The Futon Critic. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (September 22, 2016). "‘Odd Mom Out’ Gets Season 3 Renewal At Bravo". Deadline. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Odd Mom Out Episode 1: "Wheels Up"". Bravo Media. NBCUniversal. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 9, 2015). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' & Stanley Cup Final Win Night, 'WWE Raw', 'Devious Maids', 'The Fosters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Odd Mom Out Episode 2: "Vons Have More Fun"". Bravo Media. NBCUniversal. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 100 Monday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.8.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. June 9, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 100 Monday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.15.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. June 16, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 100 Monday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.22.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 100 Monday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 6.29.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. June 30, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 8, 2015). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Wins Night, Shark Week, 'WWE Raw', 'Teen Wolf', 'The Fosters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 100 Monday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.27.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. July 28, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 4, 2015). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Wins Night, 'WWE Raw', 'Major Crimes', 'Teen Wolf', 'The Fosters', 'UnReal' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/odd-mom-out/season-2/episode-3/videos/hamilton-hameos-on-odd-mom-out
^ Jump up to: a b "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 13, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 27, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.26.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 3, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.2.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.9.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 17, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.16.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2017). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.23.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.30.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.6.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
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Book of Ruth
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This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text. For the 20th-century English language novel, see The Book of Ruth (novel). For the 1960 film, see The Story of Ruth. For the 2009 film, see The Book of Ruth: Journey of Faith.
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The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות, Ashkenazi pronunciation: [məˈɡɪləs rus], Megilath Ruth, "the Scroll of Ruth", one of the Five Megillot) is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel,[1] as it is set "in the days when the judges judged",[2] although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later, between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs. It is named after its central figure, Ruth the Moabitess, the great-grandmother of David.
The book tells of Ruth's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own. In Ruth 1:16–17, Ruth tells Naomi, her Israelite mother-in-law, "Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God. Where you die I will die, and there I will be buried. May the Lord deal with me, be it ever so severely, if even death separates you and me."[3] The book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews-by-choice, as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature. The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically, as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ("Weeks").[4]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Summary
3 Composition
4 Themes and background
4.1 Levirate marriage and the "redeemers"
4.2 Mixed marriage
4.3 Contemporary interpretations
5 Genealogy: the descent of David from Ruth
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Structure[edit]
The book is structured in four chapters:[5]
Act 1: Prologue and Problem: Death and Emptiness (1:1–22)
Scene 1: Setting the scene (1:1–5)
Scene 2: Naomi returns home (1:6–18)
Scene 3: Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem (1:19–22)
Act 2: Ruth Meets Boaz, Naomi's Relative, on the Harvest Field (2:1–23)
Scene 1: Ruth in the field of Boaz (2:1–17)
Scene 2: Ruth reports to Naomi (2:18–23)
Act 3: Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor (3:1–18)
Scene 1: Naomi Reveals Her Plan (3:1–5)
Scene 2: Ruth at the threshing-floor of Boaz (3:6–15)
Scene 3: Ruth reports to Naomi (3:16–18)
Act 4: Resolution and Epilogue: Life and Fullness (4:1–22)
Scene 1: Boaz with the men at the gate (4:1–12)
Scene 2: A son is born to Ruth (4:13–17)
Genealogical appendix (4:18–22)
Summary[edit]
Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795
During the time of the Judges when there was a famine, an Israelite family from Bethlehem – Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion – emigrated to the nearby country of Moab. Elimelech died, and the sons married two Moabite women: Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah.
After about ten years, the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab (1:4). Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem. She told her daughters-in-law to return to their own mothers and remarry. Orpah reluctantly left; however, Ruth said, "Intreat me not to leave thee, [or] to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people [shall be] my people, and thy God my God: Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, [if aught] but death part thee and me." (Ruth 1:16–17 KJV)
The two women returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest, and in order to support her mother-in-law and herself, Ruth went to the fields to glean. As it happened, the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz, who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother-in-law. Ruth told Naomi of Boaz's kindness, and she gleaned in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest.
Boaz was a close relative of Naomi's husband's family. He was therefore obliged by the Levirate law to marry Mahlon's widow, Ruth, in order to carry on his family's inheritance. Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night and told her to go where he slept, and "uncover his feet, and lay thee down; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do" (3:4). Ruth did so. Boaz asked her who she was, and she replied: "I [am] Ruth thine handmaid: spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid; for thou [art] a near kinsman." (3:9) Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that is required, and he noted that, "all the city of my people doth know that thou [art] a virtuous woman." (3:11) He then acknowledged that he was a close relative, but that there was one who was closer, and she remained in submission at his feet until she returned into the city in the morning.
Early that day, Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders. The relative is not named: Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni, literally "so and so". The unnamed relative is unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth, and so relinquished his right of redemption, thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth. They transferred the property and redeemed it, ratified by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz. Ruth 4:7 notes for later generations that:
This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging, to confirm anything: one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other, and this was a confirmation in Israel.
Boaz and Ruth were then married and have a son. The women of the city celebrate Naomi's joy, for Naomi found a redeemer for her family name, and Naomi takes the child and places it in her bosom.
The child is named Obed, who we discover is "the father of Jesse, the father of David" (Ruth 4:13–17), that is, the grandfather of King David.
The book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez, "whom Tamar bore to Judah", through to Obed, down to David.
Composition[edit]
The book does not name its author.[6] It is traditionally ascribed to the prophet Samuel, but Ruth's identity as a non-Israelite and the stress on the need for an inclusive attitude towards foreigners suggests an origin in the fifth century BCE, when intermarriage had become controversial (as seen in Ezra 9:1 and Nehemiah 13:1).[7] A substantial number of scholars therefore date it to the Persian period (6th–4th centuries BC).[8] The genealogy that concludes the book is believed to be a post-exilic Priestly addition, as it adds nothing to the plot; nevertheless, it is carefully crafted and integrates the book into the history of Israel running from Genesis to Kings.[9]
Themes and background[edit]
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld: "Ruth in Boaz's Field", 1828
Levirate marriage and the "redeemers"[edit]
The Book of Ruth illustrates the difficulty of trying to use laws given in books such as Deuteronomy as evidence of actual practice.[8] Naomi plans to provide security for herself and Ruth by arranging a Levirate marriage with Boaz. Her plan is overtly sexual: Ruth is to go to the threshing floor (a place associated with sexual activity), wait until Boaz has finished eating and drinking (a possible allusion to the story of Lot and his daughters, ancestors through incest of the Moabites), and to lie at his uncovered "feet" (a euphemism for genitals).[10][Note 1]
Since there was no heir to inherit Elimelech's land, custom required a close relative (usually the dead man's brother) to marry the widow of the deceased in order to continue his family line (Deuteronomy 25:5–10). This relative was called the go'el, the "kinsman-redeemer". As Boaz is not Elimelech's brother, nor is Ruth his widow, scholars refer to the arrangement here as "Levirate-like".[11] A complication arises in the story: another man is a closer relative to Elimelech than Boaz and has first claim on Ruth. It is resolved through the custom that required land to stay in the family: a family could mortgage land to ward off poverty, but the law required a kinsman to purchase it back into the family (Leviticus 25:25ff). Boaz meets the near kinsman at the city gate (the place where contracts are settled); the kinsman first says he will purchase Elimelech's (now Naomi's) land, but, upon hearing he must also take Ruth as his wife, withdraws his offer. Boaz thus becomes Ruth and Naomi's "kinsman-redeemer."[11]
Mixed marriage[edit]
The book can be read as a political parable relating to issues around the time of Ezra and Nehemiah (the 4th century BCE).[5] The fictional nature of the story is established from the start through the names of the participants: the husband and father is Elimelech, meaning "My God is King", and his wife is Naomi, "Pleasing", but after the deaths of her sons Mahlon, "Sickness", and Chilion, "Wasting", she asks to be called Mara, "Bitter".[5] The reference to Moab raises questions, since in the rest of the biblical literature it is associated with hostility to Israel, sexual perversity, and idolatry, and Deuteronomy 23:3–6 excluded an Ammonite or a Moabite from "the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation".[5] Despite this, Ruth the Moabitess married a Judahite and even after his death still regarded herself a member of his family; she then married another Judahite and bore him a son who became an ancestor of David.[12] Contrary to the message of Ezra-Nehemiah, where marriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were broken up, Ruth teaches that foreigners who convert to Judaism can become good Jews, foreign wives can become exemplary followers of Jewish law, and there is no reason to exclude them or their offspring from the community.[12]
Contemporary interpretations[edit]
Scholars have increasingly explored Ruth in ways which allow it to address contemporary issues. Feminists, for example, have recast the story as one of the dignity of labour and female self-sufficiency, and even as a model for lesbian relations, while others have seen in it a celebration of the relationship between strong and resourceful women. Others have criticised it for its underlying, and potentially exploitative, acceptance of a system of patriarchy in which a woman's worth can only be measured through marriage and child-bearing. Others again have seen it as a book that champions outcast and oppressed peoples.[13]
Genealogy: the descent of David from Ruth[edit]
Elimelech
Naomi
Boaz
Ruth
Mahlon
Orpah
Chilion
Obed
Jesse
David
See also[edit]
Goel
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For "feet" as a euphemism for genitals see, for example, Amy-Jill Levine, "Ruth," in Newsom and Ringe (eds.), The Women's Bible Commentary, pp.78-84. The usual interpretation, as given here, is that Ruth is told to uncover Boaz's genitals, but see Kirsten Nielsen, "Other Writings," in McKenzie and Graham (eds.), The Hebrew Bible Today, pp.175-176, where it is argued that Ruth is to uncover herself.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coogan 2008, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Ruth 1:1
Jump up ^ New International Version
Jump up ^ Atteridge 2006, p. 383.
^ Jump up to: a b c d West 2003, p. 209.
Jump up ^ Hubbard 1988, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Leith 2007, p. 391.
^ Jump up to: a b Grabbe 2004, p. 105.
Jump up ^ West 2003, p. 211.
Jump up ^ West 2003, p. 210.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen 1996, p. 521-522.
^ Jump up to: a b Grabbe 2004, p. 312.
Jump up ^ Irwin 2008, p. 699.
Bibliography[edit]
Allen, Leslie C. (1996). "Ruth". In LaSor, William Sanford; Hubbard, David Allan; Bush, Frederic William; et al. Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837882.
Atteridge, Harold W. (2006). The HarperCollins Study Bible. HarperCollins.
Coogan, Michael D. (2008). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195332728.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah. Continuum. pp. 105 & 312. ISBN 9780567089984.
Hubbard, Robert L. Jr. (1988). The Book of Ruth. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825261.
Irwin, B.P. (2008). "Ruth 4: Person". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Leith, Mary Joan Winn (2007). "Ruth". In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; et al. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
West, Gerald (2003). "Ruth". In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ruth (Bible)
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Ruth – English translation [with Rashi commentary]
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text:
Lake Nyos disaster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lake Nyos as it appeared eight days after the eruption
On 21 August 1986, a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock.
The eruption triggered the sudden release of about 100,000–300,000 tons (1.6m tons, according to some sources) of carbon dioxide (CO2).[1][2] The gas cloud initially rose at nearly 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) and then, being heavier than air, descended onto nearby villages, displacing all the air and suffocating people and livestock within 25 kilometres (16 mi) of the lake. [3][4]
A degassing system has since been installed at the lake, with the aim of reducing the concentration of CO2 in deep waters and therefore the risk of further eruptions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Eruption and gas cloud
2 Effects on survivors
3 Aftermath
4 In popular culture
5 References
6 External links
Eruption and gas cloud[edit]
It is not known what triggered the catastrophic outgassing.[5][6][7] Most geologists suspect a landslide, but some believe that a small volcanic eruption may have occurred on the bed of the lake.[8][9] A third possibility is that cool rainwater falling on one side of the lake triggered the overturn. Others still believe there was a small earthquake, but as witnesses did not report feeling any tremors on the morning of the disaster, this hypothesis is unlikely. Whatever the cause, the event resulted in the supersaturated deep water rapidly mixing with the upper layers of the lake, where the reduced pressure allowed the stored CO2 to effervesce out of solution.[10]
It is believed that about 1.2 cubic kilometres (0.29 cu mi) of gas was released.[11] The normally blue waters of the lake turned a deep red after the outgassing, due to iron-rich water from the deep rising to the surface and being oxidised by the air. The level of the lake dropped by about a meter and trees near the lake were knocked down.
Scientists concluded from evidence that a 100 m (330 ft) column of water and foam formed at the surface of the lake, spawning a wave of at least 25 metres (82 ft) that swept the shore on one side.[12]
Carbon dioxide, being about 1.5 times as dense as air, caused the cloud to "hug" the ground and move down the valleys, where there were various villages. The mass was about 50 meters (160 ft) thick, and travelled downward at 20–50 kilometres per hour (12–31 mph). For roughly 23 kilometres (14 mi), the gas cloud was concentrated enough to suffocate many people in their sleep in the villages of Nyos, Kam, Cha, and Subum.[3] About 4,000 inhabitants fled the area, and many of these developed respiratory problems, lesions, and paralysis as a result of the gas cloud.[13]
Effects on survivors[edit]
Cattle suffocated by carbon dioxide from Lake Nyos
One survivor, Joseph Nkwain from Subum, described himself when he awoke after the gases had struck:
"I could not speak. I became unconscious. I could not open my mouth because then I smelled something terrible ... I heard my daughter snoring in a terrible way, very abnormal ... When crossing to my daughter's bed ... I collapsed and fell. I was there till nine o'clock in the (Friday) morning ... until a friend of mine came and knocked at my door ... I was surprised to see that my trousers were red, had some stains like honey. I saw some ... starchy mess on my body. My arms had some wounds ... I didn't really know how I got these wounds ... I opened the door ... I wanted to speak, my breath would not come out ... My daughter was already dead ... I went into my daughter's bed, thinking that she was still sleeping. I slept till it was 4:30 p.m. in the afternoon ... on Friday. (Then) I managed to go over to my neighbors' houses. They were all dead ... I decided to leave ... (because) most of my family was in Wum ... I got my motorcycle ... A friend whose father had died left with me (for) Wum ... As I rode ... through Nyos I didn't see any sign of any living thing ... (When I got to Wum), I was unable to walk, even to talk ... my body was completely weak."[3][14]
Following the eruption, many survivors were treated at the main hospital in Yaoundé, the country's capital. It was believed that many of the victims had been poisoned by a mixture of gases that included hydrogen and sulfur. Poisoning by these gases would lead to burning pains in the eyes and nose, coughing and signs of asphyxiation similar to being strangled.[7]
Aftermath[edit]
The scale of the disaster led to much study on how a recurrence could be prevented.[15] Several researchers proposed the installation of degassing columns from rafts in the middle of the lake.[16][17] The principle is to slowly vent the CO2 by lifting heavily saturated water from the bottom of the lake through a pipe, initially by using a pump, but only until the release of gas inside the pipe naturally lifts the column of effervescing water, making the process self-sustaining.[18]
Starting from 1995, feasibility studies were successfully conducted, and the first permanent degassing tube was installed at Lake Nyos in 2001. Two additional pipes were installed in 2011[19][20]
Following the Lake Nyos disaster, scientists investigated other African lakes to see if a similar phenomenon could happen elsewhere. Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2,000 times larger than Lake Nyos, was also found to be supersaturated, and geologists found evidence that outgassing events around the lake happened about every thousand years.
In popular culture[edit]
A Greek novel by Basileios Drolias focusing on the lake Nyos disaster and the degassing of the lake was published in 2016. [21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Can We Bury Global Warming? (2005)". Scientific American. 293: 49–55. July 2018. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0705-49. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mathew Fomine, Forka Leypey (2011). "The Strange Lake Nyos CO2 Gas Disaster". Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies. Massey University. 2011-1. ISSN 1174-4707. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lake Nyos (1986)". San Diego State University. March 31, 2006. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Smolowe, Jill (September 8, 1986). "Cameroon the Lake of Death". TIME. 128 (10): 34–37. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cotel, Aline J (March 1999). "A Trigger Mechanism for the Lake Nyos Disaster". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 88 (4): 343–347. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00017-7.
Jump up ^ Rouwet, Dmitri; Tanyileke, Greg; Costa, Antonio (July 12, 2016). "Cameroon's Lake Nyos Gas Burst: 30 Years Later". Eos. 97. doi:10.1029/2016eo055627.
^ Jump up to: a b BBC contributors (August 21, 1986). "21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster". BBC. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rice, A (April 2000). "Rollover in Volcanic Crater Lakes: A Possible Cause for Lake Nyos Type Disasters". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 97 (1-4): 233–239. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00179-1.
Jump up ^ Aka, FestusTongwa (2015). "Depth of Melt Segregation Below the Nyos Maar-Diatreme Volcano (Cameroon, West Africa): Major-Trace Element Evidence and Their Bearing on the Origin of CO2 in Lake Nyos". Volcanic Lakes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 467–488. ISBN 9783642368325.
Jump up ^ Kusakabe, Minoru; Ohsumi, Takashi; Aramaki, Shigeo (November 1989). "The Lake Nyos Gas Disaster: Chemical and Isotopic Evidence in Waters and Dissolved Gases from Three Cameroonian Crater Lakes, Nyos, Monoun and Wum". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 39 (2-3): 167–185. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(89)90056-5.
Jump up ^ "The Strangest Disaster of the 20th Century". Neatorama. May 21, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ David Brown (February 1, 2000). "Scientists hope to quiet Cameroon's killer lakes". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lake Nyos disaster, Cameroon, 1986: the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide?, BMJ, Volume 298, May 27, 1989, [1]
Jump up ^ A. Scarth. USGS, 1999.
Jump up ^ Kling, G. W.; Evans, W. C.; Tanyileke, G.; Kusakabe, M.; Ohba, T.; Yoshida, Y.; Hell, J. V. (2005). "Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: Defusing certain disaster". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (40): 14185. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502274102. PMC 1242283  . PMID 16186504.
Jump up ^ Halbwachs, Michel; Sabroux, Jean-Christophe (20 April 2001). "Removing CO2 from Lake Nyos in Cameroon". Science. 292 (5516): 438–438. doi:10.1126/science.292.5516.438a. ISSN 0036-8075.
Jump up ^ Schmid, Martin; Halbwachs, Michel; Wüest, Alfred (1 June 2006). "Simulation of CO2 Concentrations, Temperature, and Stratification in Lake Nyos for Different Degassing Scenarios". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 7 (6). doi:10.1029/2005GC001164. ISSN 1525-2027.
Jump up ^ Degassing Lake Nyos project http://pagesperso-orange.fr/mhalb/nyos/nyos.htm
Jump up ^ Degassing the "Killer Lakes" Expedition 2001
Jump up ^ "Science Actualités – Ressources – Cité des sciences et de l'industrie – Expositions, conférences, cinémas, activités culturelles et sorties touristiques pour les enfants, les parents, les familles – Paris". Universcience.fr. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Drolias, Basileios (2016). "Nyos". Kedros. Missing or empty |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Google Earth view of the area around Lake Nyos
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Nyos_disaster&oldid=835201902"
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History of Cameroon
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//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075

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//www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-2027

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