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Party leaders of the United States Senate
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Current leaders
Majority Leader
Mitch McConnell (R)
Majority Whip
John Cornyn (R)
Minority Leader
Chuck Schumer (D)
Minority Whip
Dick Durbin (D)
Party Leaders of the U.S. Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.
By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate. The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate, and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party.
The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate (commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips) are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues. Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current floor leaders
2 History
3 List of party leaders
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Current floor leaders[edit]
The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats.
The current leaders are long-time Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are long-time Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois.
History[edit]
The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered[by whom?] to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic Leader), while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus. In 1925 the majority (at the time) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first (official) Majority Leader[citation needed], although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first (unofficial) Senate Majority Leader.
The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate (the Vice President) is absent. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore—customarily the most senior (longest-serving) Senator in the majority party—actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party. Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role. For these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills.[citation needed]
List of party leaders[edit]
The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920. The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925.
Cong-
ress
Dates
Democratic Whip
Democratic Leader
Majority
Republican Leader
Republican Whip
63rd May 28, 1913 –
March 4, 1915 J. Hamilton Lewis None Democratic
← Majority None None
64th March 4, 1915 –
December 6, 1915
December 6, 1915 –
December 13, 1915 James Wadsworth
December 13, 1915 –
March 4, 1917 Charles Curtis
65th March 4, 1917 –
March 4, 1919
66th March 4, 1919 –
April 27, 1920 Peter Gerry Republican
Majority → Henry Cabot Lodge
Unofficial
April 27, 1920 –
March 4, 1921 Oscar Underwood
67th March 4, 1921 –
March 4, 1923
68th March 4, 1923 –
December 3, 1923
December 3, 1923 –
November 9, 1924 Joseph Taylor Robinson
November 9, 1924 –
March 4, 1925 Charles Curtis
Acting Wesley Jones
Acting
69th March 4, 1925 –
March 4, 1927 Charles Curtis Wesley Jones
70th March 4, 1927 –
March 4, 1929
71st March 4, 1929 –
March 4, 1931 Morris Sheppard James E. Watson Simeon Fess
72nd March 4, 1931 –
March 4, 1933
73rd March 4, 1933 –
January 3, 1935 J. Hamilton Lewis Democratic
← Majority Charles L. McNary Felix Hebert
74th January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1937 None[Note 1]
75th January 3, 1937 –
July 14, 1937
July 22, 1937 –
January 3, 1939 Alben W. Barkley
76th January 3, 1939 –
April 9, 1939
April 9, 1939 –
January 3, 1940 Sherman Minton
January 3, 1940 –
January 3, 1941 Warren Austin
Acting
77th January 3, 1941 –
January 3, 1943 J. Lister Hill Charles L. McNary
78th January 3, 1943 –
February 25, 1944 Kenneth Wherry
February 25, 1944 –
January 3, 1945 Wallace H. White Jr.
Acting
79th January 3, 1945 –
January 3, 1947 Wallace H. White Jr.
80th January 3, 1947 –
January 3, 1949 Scott W. Lucas Republican
Majority →
81st January 3, 1949 –
January 3, 1951 Francis Myers Scott W. Lucas Democratic
← Majority Kenneth S. Wherry Leverett Saltonstall
82nd January 3, 1951 –
January 3, 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson Ernest McFarland
January 3, 1952 –
January 3, 1953 Styles Bridges
83rd January 3, 1953 –
July 31, 1953 Earle Clements Lyndon B. Johnson Republican
Majority → Robert A. Taft
August 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1955 William F. Knowland
84th January 3, 1955 –
January 3, 1957 Democratic
← Majority
85th January 3, 1957 –
January 3, 1959 Mike Mansfield Everett Dirksen
86th January 3, 1959 –
January 3, 1961 Everett Dirksen Thomas Kuchel
87th January 3, 1961 –
January 3, 1963 Hubert Humphrey Mike Mansfield
88th January 3, 1963 –
January 3, 1965
89th January 3, 1965 –
January 3, 1967 Russell B. Long
90th January 3, 1967 –
January 3, 1969
91st January 3, 1969 –
September 7, 1969 Ted Kennedy Hugh Scott
September 24, 1969 –
January 3, 1971 Hugh Scott Robert Griffin
92nd January 3, 1971 –
January 3, 1973 Robert Byrd
93rd January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1975
94th January 3, 1975 –
January 3, 1977
95th January 3, 1977 –
January 3, 1979 Alan Cranston Robert Byrd Howard Baker Ted Stevens
96th January 3, 1979 –
November 1, 1979
November 1, 1979 –
March 5, 1980 Ted Stevens
Acting
March 5, 1980 –
January 3, 1981 Howard Baker
97th January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1983 Republican
Majority →
98th January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1985
99th January 3, 1985 –
January 3, 1987 Bob Dole Alan Simpson
100th January 3, 1987 –
January 3, 1989 Democratic
← Majority
101st January 3, 1989 –
January 3, 1991 George Mitchell
102nd January 3, 1991 –
January 3, 1993 Wendell H. Ford
103rd January 3, 1993 –
January 3, 1995
104th January 3, 1995 –
June 12, 1996 Tom Daschle Republican
Majority → Trent Lott
June 12, 1996 –
January 3, 1997 Trent Lott Don Nickles
105th January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 1999
106th January 3, 1999 –
January 3, 2001 Harry Reid
107th January 3, 2001 –
January 20, 2001 Democratic
← Majority
January 20, 2001 –
June 6, 2001 Republican
Majority →
June 6, 2001 –
January 3, 2003[Note 2] Democratic
← Majority
108th January 3, 2003 –
January 3, 2005 Republican
Majority → Bill Frist Mitch McConnell
109th January 3, 2005 –
January 3, 2007 Dick Durbin Harry Reid
110th January 3, 2007 –
December 18, 2007 Democratic
← Majority Mitch McConnell Trent Lott
December 19, 2007 –
January 3, 2009 Jon Kyl
111th January 3, 2009 –
January 3, 2011
112th January 3, 2011 –
January 3, 2013
113th January 3, 2013 –
January 3, 2015 John Cornyn
114th January 3, 2015 –
January 3, 2017 Republican
Majority →
115th January 3, 2017 –
January 3, 2019 Chuck Schumer
Cong-
ress
Dates
Democratic Whip
Democratic Leader
Majority
Republican Leader
Republican Whip
See also[edit]
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Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ No Republican whips were appointed from 1935 to 1944 since only 17 Republicans were in the Senate following the landslide reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. Accordingly, the minutes of the Republican Conference for the period state: "On motion of Senator Hastings, duly seconded and carried, it was agreed that no Assistant Leader or Whip be elected but that the chairman be authorized to appoint Senators from time to time to assist him in taking charge of the interests of the minority." A note attached to the conference minutes added: "The chairman of the conference, Senator McNary, apparently appointed Senator Austin of Vermont as assistant leader in 1943 and 1944, until the conference adopted Rules of Organization." Source: Party Whips Archived 2010-03-09 at the Wayback Machine., via Senate.gov
Jump up ^ Democrats remained in control after November 25, 2002, despite a Republican majority resulting from Jim Talent's special election victory in Missouri. There was no reorganization as the Senate was no longer in session. Party Division in the Senate, 1789–present, via Senate.gov
External links[edit]
Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips, via Senate.gov
Republican Majority
Democratic Minority
[show]
v
t
e
Current leadership of the United States Senate
President: Mike Pence (R)
President pro tempore: Orrin Hatch (R)
Majority (Republican) Minority (Democratic)
Mitch McConnell (Leader)
John Cornyn (Whip)
John Thune (Conference Chair)
John Barrasso (Policy Committee Chair)
Roy Blunt (Conference Vice Chair)
Cory Gardner (Campaign Committee Chair)
Mike Lee (Steering Committee Chair)
Mike Crapo (Chief Deputy Whip)
Chuck Schumer (Leader and Caucus Chair)
Dick Durbin (Whip)
Patty Murray (Assistant Leader)
Debbie Stabenow (Policy Committee Chair)
Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren (Caucus Vice Chair)
Amy Klobuchar (Steering Committee Chair)
Bernie Sanders (Outreach Committee Chair)
Joe Manchin (Policy Committee Vice Chair)
Tammy Baldwin (Caucus Secretary)
Chris Van Hollen (Campaign Committee Chair)
Jeff Merkley (Chief Deputy Whip)
Patrick Leahy (Senate President pro tempore emeritus)
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Sansevieria trifasciata
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other plants also commonly known as "snake plant", see Snakeplant.
Snake plant
A variegated cultivar,
Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii'
Feral Sansevieria trifasciata with fruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Genus: Sansevieria
Species: S. trifasciata
Binomial name
Sansevieria trifasciata
Prain[1]
Synonyms
Sansevieria laurentii
Sansevieria trifasciata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to tropical West Africa from Nigeria east to the Congo. It is most commonly known as the snake plant, mother-in-law's tongue, and viper's bowstring hemp, among other names.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Common names
3 Cultivation and uses
4 Cultural significance
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
It is an evergreen perennial plant forming dense stands, spreading by way of its creeping rhizome, which is sometimes above ground, sometimes underground. Its stiff leaves grow vertically from a basal rosette. Mature leaves are dark green with light gray-green cross-banding and usually range between 70–90 centimetres (28–35 in) long and 5–6 centimetres (2.0–2.4 in) wide, though it can reach heights above 2 m (6 ft) in optimal conditions.[citation needed]
The specific epithet trifasciata means "three bundles".[2]
Common names[edit]
Sansevieria trifasciata is commonly called "mother-in-law's tongue" or "snake plant", because of the shape and sharp margins of its leaves. It is also known as the "viper's bowstring hemp", because it is one of the sources for plant fibers used to make bowstrings.[3]
In Eurasia, it is known as hǔwěilán (虎尾兰 or 虎尾蘭, "tiger's tail orchid") in China; tora no o (とらのお, "tiger's tail") in Japan; and paşa kılıcı ("pasha's sword") in Turkey. In South America, it is known as espada de São Jorge ("sword of Saint George") in Brazil. In the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium), the plant is also known as "vrouwentong" (women's tongue).
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Like some other members of its genus, S. trifasciata yields bowstring hemp, a strong plant fiber once used to make bowstrings.
In flower
It is now used predominantly as an ornamental plant, outdoors in warmer climates, and indoors as a houseplant in cooler climates. It is popular as a houseplant because it is tolerant of low light levels and irregular watering; during winter it needs only one watering every couple of months. It will rot easily if overwatered.[4]
Sansevieria trifasciata 'Hahnii', a dwarfed cultivar
Sansevieria trifasciata In Guntur
The NASA Clean Air Study found S. trifasciata has air purification qualities, removing 4 of the 5 main toxins.[5] It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide using the crassulacean acid metabolism process, unique because few plant species have adapted it. It allows them to withstand drought. The microscopic pores on the plant's leaves, called the stomata and used to exchange gases, are only opened at night to prevent water from escaping via evaporation in the hot sun. As a result, oxygen is released at night, unlike most plants that only exchange gases during the day.
Numerous cultivars have been selected, many of them for variegated foliage with yellow or silvery-white stripes on the leaf margins. Popular cultivars include 'Compacta', 'Goldiana', 'Hahnii', 'Laurentii', 'Silbersee', and 'Silver Hahnii'. 'Hahnii' was discovered in 1939 by William W. Smith, Jr. in the Crescent Nursery Company, New Orleans, Louisiana. The 1941 patent was assigned to Sylvan Frank Hahn, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[6]
The variety S. trifasciata var. laurentii and the cultivar 'Bantel's Sensation' have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[7][8]
It can be propagated by cuttings or by dividing the rhizome. The first method has the disadvantage that the variegation will be lost.[9]
S. trifasciata is considered by some authorities as a potential weed in Australia, although widely used as an ornamental, in both the tropics outdoors in both pots and garden beds and as an indoor plant in temperate areas.[10]
The plant contains saponins which are mildly toxic to dogs and cats and can lead to gastrointestinal upset if consumed.[11]
Cultural significance[edit]
In its native range in Africa, a yellow-tipped cultivar is associated with Oya, the female orisha of storms. In Nigeria it is commonly linked with Ogun, the Orisha of war, and is used in rituals to remove the evil eye. In Brazil its common name espada de São Jorge links it to Saint George, whom by syncretism is also associated with Ogun.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sansevieria trifasciata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
Jump up ^ "Sanseviera trifasciata". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mother-in-Law's Tongue or Snake Plant". Retrieved 2010-03-04.
Jump up ^ BC Wolverton; WL Douglas; K Bounds (July 1989). A study of interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement (PDF) (Report). NASA. NASA-TM-108061.
Jump up ^ Smith, William Walter. "Sansevieria". Plant Patent 470. United States Patent Office. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurentii (v) AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sansevieria trifasciata 'Bantel's Sensation' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sansevieria Production Guide".
Jump up ^ S. Csurhes and R. Edwards (1998). "Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control" (PDF). Queensland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mother-in-Law's Tongue". ASPCA.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sansevieria trifasciata.
"Sansevieria trifasciata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q5859273
APDB: 168398
BioLib: 104922
EoL: 1082120
EPPO: SAHTR
FloraBase: 44775
GBIF: 2770610
GRIN: 33072
iNaturalist: 67710
IPNI: 540541-1
ITIS: 43014
NCBI: 39534
Plant List: kew-286984
PLANTS: SATR6
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:540541-1
Tropicos: 18403542
WCSP: 286984
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sansevieria_trifasciata&oldid=841030265"
Categories:
Sansevieria
Flora of West Africa
Garden plants of Africa
House plants
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This page was last edited on 13 May 2018, at 16:47.
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