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Etymology
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Not to be confused with Entomology or Etiology.
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Etymology (/ˌɛt.ɪˈmɒl.ə.dʒi/)[1] is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.[1] By extension, the term "the etymology (of a word)" means the origin of the particular word.
For a language such as Greek with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods of their history and when they entered the languages in question. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information to be available.
By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method, linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, word roots have been found that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Indo-European language family.
Even though etymological research originally grew from the philological tradition, currently much etymological research is done on language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian.
The word etymology is derived from the Greek word ἐτυμολογία (etumología), itself from ἔτυμον (étumon), meaning "true sense", and the suffix -logia, denoting "the study of".[2][3]
In linguistics, the term etymon is used to refer to a word or morpheme (e.g. stem[4] or root[5]) from which a later word is derived. For example, the Latin word candidus, which means "white", is the etymon of English candid.
Diagram showing relationships between etymologically-related words
Contents
[hide]
1 Methods
2 Types of word origins
3 English language
3.1 Assimilation of foreign words
4 History
4.1 Ancient Sanskrit
4.2 Ancient Greco-Roman
4.3 Medieval
4.4 Modern era
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Methods[edit]
Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the origins of words, some of which are:
Philological research. Changes in the form and meaning of the word can be traced with the aid of older texts, if such are available.
Making use of dialectological data. The form or meaning of the word might show variations between dialects, which may yield clues about its earlier history.
The comparative method. By a systematic comparison of related languages, etymologists may often be able to detect which words derive from their common ancestor language and which were instead later borrowed from another language.
The study of semantic change. Etymologists must often make hypotheses about changes in the meaning of particular words. Such hypotheses are tested against the general knowledge of semantic shifts. For example, the assumption of a particular change of meaning may be substantiated by showing that the same type of change has occurred in other languages as well.
Types of word origins[edit]
Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are language change, borrowing (i.e., the adoption of "loanwords" from other languages); word formation such as derivation and compounding; and onomatopoeia and sound symbolism, (i.e., the creation of imitative words such as "click" or "grunt").
While the origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to sound change or semantic change. Due to sound change, it is not readily obvious that the English word set is related to the word sit (the former is originally a causative formation of the latter). It is even less obvious that bless is related to blood (the former was originally a derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood").
Semantic change may also occur. For example, the English word bead originally meant "prayer". It acquired its modern meaning through the practice of counting the recitation of prayers by using beads.
English language[edit]
Main article: History of the English language
English derives from Old English (sometimes referred to as Anglo-Saxon), a West Germanic variety, although its current vocabulary includes words from many languages.[6] The Old English roots may be seen in the similarity of numbers in English and German, particularly seven/sieben, eight/acht, nine/neun, and ten/zehn. Pronouns are also cognate: I/mine/me and ich/mein/mich; thou/thine/thee and du/dein/dich; we/wir and us/uns; she/sie; your/ihr. However, language change has eroded many grammatical elements, such as the noun case system, which is greatly simplified in modern English, and certain elements of vocabulary, some of which are borrowed from French. Although many of the words in the English lexicon come from Romance languages, most of the common words used in English are of Germanic origin.
When the Normans conquered England in 1066 (see Norman Conquest), they brought their Norman language with them. During the Anglo-Norman period, which united insular and continental territories, the ruling class spoke Anglo-Norman, while the peasants spoke the vernacular English of the time. Anglo-Norman was the conduit for the introduction of French into England, aided by the circulation of Langue d'oïl literature from France.
This led to many paired words of French and English origin. For example, beef is related, through borrowing, to modern French bœuf, veal to veau, pork to porc, and poultry to poulet. All these words, French and English, refer to the meat rather than to the animal. Words that refer to farm animals, on the other hand, tend to be cognates of words in other Germanic languages. For example, swine/Schwein, cow/Kuh, calf/Kalb, and sheep/Schaf. The variant usage has been explained by the proposition that it was the Norman rulers who mostly ate meat (an expensive commodity) and the Anglo-Saxons who farmed the animals. This explanation has passed into common folklore but has been disputed.
Assimilation of foreign words[edit]
English has proved accommodating to words from many languages. Scientific terminology, for example, relies heavily on words of Latin and Greek origin, but there are a great many non-scientific examples. Spanish has contributed many words, particularly in the southwestern United States. Examples include buckaroo, alligator, rodeo, savvy, and states' names such as Colorado and Florida. Albino, palaver, lingo, verandah, and coconut from Portuguese; diva and prima donna from Italian. Modern French has contributed café, cinema, naive, nicotine and many more.
Smorgasbord, slalom, and ombudsman are from Swedish, Norwegian and Danish; sauna from Finnish; adobe, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, apricot, assassin, caliber, cotton, hazard, jacket, jar, julep, mosque, Muslim, orange, safari, sofa, and zero from Arabic (often via other languages); behemoth, hallelujah, Satan, jubilee, and rabbi from Hebrew; taiga, steppe, Bolshevik, and sputnik from Russian.
Bandanna, bungalow, dungarees, guru, karma, and pundit come from Urdu, Hindi and ultimately Sanskrit; curry from Tamil; honcho, sushi, and tsunami from Japanese; dim sum, gung ho, kowtow, kumquat and typhoon from Cantonese. Kampong and amok are from Malay; and boondocks from the Tagalog word for hills or mountains, bundok. Ketchup derives from one or more South-East Asia and East Indies words for fish sauce or soy sauce, likely by way of Chinese, though the precise path is unclear: Malay kicap, Indonesian ketjap, Chinese Min Nan kê-chiap and cognates in other Chinese dialects.
Surprisingly few loanwords, however, come from other languages native to the British Isles. Those that exist include coracle, cromlech and (probably) flannel, gull and penguin from Welsh; galore and whisky from Scottish Gaelic; phoney, trousers, and Tory from Irish; and eerie and canny from Scots (or related Northern English dialects).
Many Canadian English and American English words (especially but not exclusively plant and animal names) are loanwords from Indigenous American languages, such as barbecue, bayou, chili, chipmunk, hooch, hurricane, husky, mesquite, opossum, pecan, squash, toboggan, and tomato.
See also
loanword
Lists of English words by country or language of origin
History[edit]
The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, which began no earlier than the 18th century. From Antiquity through the 17th century, from Pāṇini to Pindar to Sir Thomas Browne, etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were changed to satisfy contemporary requirements.[citation needed]
The Greek poet Pindar (born in approximately 522 BCE) employed creative etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in sounds. Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the sixteenth century. Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople in the ninth century, one of several similar Byzantine works. The thirteenth-century Legenda Aurea, as written by Jacobus de Vorgagine, begins each vita of a saint with a fanciful excursus in the form of an etymology.[7]
Ancient Sanskrit[edit]
Main article: Nirukta
The Sanskrit linguists and grammarians of ancient India were the first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. The study of Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars with the basis of historical linguistics and modern etymology. Four of the most famous Sanskrit linguists are:
Yaska (c. 6th–5th centuries BCE)
Pāṇini (c. 520–460 BCE)
Kātyāyana (2nd century BCE)
Patañjali (2nd century BCE)
These linguists were not the earliest Sanskrit grammarians, however. They followed a line of ancient grammarians of Sanskrit who lived several centuries earlier like Sakatayana of whom very little is known. The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in Vedic literature in the philosophical explanations of the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.
The analyses of Sanskrit grammar done by the previously mentioned linguists involved extensive studies on the etymology (called Nirukta or Vyutpatti in Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because the ancient Indo-Aryans considered sound and speech itself to be sacred and, for them, the words of the sacred Vedas contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God.
Ancient Greco-Roman[edit]
One of the earliest philosophical texts of the Classical Greek period to address etymology was the Socratic dialogue Cratylus (c. 360 BCE) by Plato. During much of the dialogue, Socrates makes guesses as to the origins of many words, including the names of the gods. In his Odes Pindar spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch (Life of Numa Pompilius) spins an etymology for pontifex ("bridge-builder"):
the priests, called Pontifices.... have the name of Pontifices from potens, powerful, because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command over all. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible to them; if any thing lay beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled at. The most common opinion is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood.
Medieval[edit]
Main article: Medieval etymology
Isidore of Seville compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Each saint's legend in Jacob de Voragine's Legenda Aurea begins with an etymological discourse on the saint's name:
Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Ambrose saith: The nature of light is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of the way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy is said, the way of light.[8]
Modern era[edit]
Further information: Comparative method
Etymology in the modern sense emerged in the late 18th-century European academia, within the context of the wider "Age of Enlightenment," although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Gerardus Vossius, Stephen Skinner, Elisha Coles, and William Wotton. The first known systematic attempt to prove the relationship between two languages on the basis of similarity of grammar and lexicon was made in 1770 by the Hungarian, János Sajnovics, when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between Sami and Hungarian (work that was later extended to the whole Finno-Ugric language family in 1799 by his fellow countryman, Samuel Gyarmathi).[9]
The origin of modern historical linguistics is often traced back to Sir William Jones, a Welsh philologist living in India, who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. Jones published his The Sanscrit Language in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of Indo-European linguistics.[10]
The study of etymology in Germanic philology was introduced by Rasmus Christian Rask in the early 19th century and elevated to a high standard with the German Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm. The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the Neogrammarian school of the late 19th century. Still in the 19th century, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used etymological strategies (principally and most famously in On the Genealogy of Morals, but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically, cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") show how these ideas had changed over time—according to which value-system appropriated them. This strategy gained popularity in the 20th century, and philosophers, such as Jacques Derrida, have used etymologies to indicate former meanings of words to de-center the "violent hierarchies" of Western philosophy.
See also[edit]
Linguistics portal
Bongo-Bongo
Cognate
Epeolatry
Etymological dictionary
Etymological fallacy
False cognate
False etymology
Folk etymology
Historical linguistics
Lexicology
Lists of etymologies
Malapropism
Medieval etymology
Neologism
Philology
Phono-semantic matching
Proto-language
Pseudoscientific language comparison
Semantic change
Suppletion
Toponymy
Wörter und Sachen
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X – p.633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout time".
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "etymology". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ ἐτυμολογία, ἔτυμον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the ultimate etymon of the English word machine is the Proto-Indo-European stem *māgh "be able to", see p. 174, Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232.
Jump up ^ According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the co-etymon of the Israeli word glida "ice cream" is the Hebrew root gld "clot", see p. 132, Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232.
Jump up ^ The American educator: a library of universal knowledge ..., Volume 3 By Charles Smith Morris, Amos Emerson Dolbear
Jump up ^ Jacobus; Tracy, Larissa (2003). Women of the Gilte Legende: A Selection of Middle English Saints Lives. DS Brewer. ISBN 9780859917711.
Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook: The Golden Legend: Volume 2 (full text)
Jump up ^ Szemerényi 1996:6
Jump up ^ "Sir William Jones, British philologist".
References[edit]
Skeat, Walter W. (2000). The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology, repr ed., Diane. (ISBN 0-7881-9161-6)
Skeat, Walter W. (1963). An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. (ISBN 0-19-863104-9)
Snoj, Marko (2005). Etymology. In: Strazny, Philipp (ed.). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, vol. 1: A–L, pages 304–306.
C. T. Onions, G. W. S. Friedrichsen, R. W. Burchfield, (1966, reprinted 1992, 1994). Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. (ISBN 0-19-861112-9)
Liberman, Anatoly (2005). Word Origins...and How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone. (ISBN 0-19-516147-5)
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232.
Hayakawa, Isamu, (2014). A Historical Dictionary of Japanese Words Used in English. Revised and Corrected Edition. Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai).
External links[edit]
Look up etymology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Etymology at DMOZ.
List of etymologies of words in 90+ languages.
Online Etymology Dictionary.
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text:
List of National Rugby League records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Australian Rugby League premiership records have been maintained continuously since the first New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership season of 1908, and comprise records from all of the premiership's interceding administrations, the Australian Rugby League, Super League and National Rugby League. First-grade games played between premiership teams are included, but not pre-season warm-up games or Auckland Nines games.
Contents
[hide]
1 Team records
1.1 Premierships
1.1.1 Most consecutive
1.2 Runners Up
1.2.1 Most consecutive
1.3 Minor Premierships
1.3.1 Most consecutive
1.4 Wooden spoons
1.4.1 Most consecutive
1.5 Team wins, losses and draws
1.5.1 Matches played
1.5.2 Most consecutive wins
1.5.3 Most consecutive losses
1.6 Result records
1.6.1 Greatest win margins
1.6.2 Most points in a game
1.6.3 Fewest points in a game
1.6.4 Most Points Scored by One Team in a Game
1.6.5 Highest Scores by a Losing Side
1.6.6 Highest Drawn Games
1.7 Best Start to a season
1.8 Undefeated in a season
1.9 Failed To Win a Match in a season
1.10 Most Points Scored by a Team in a season
1.11 Most Tries and Goals by a Team in a Grand Final
1.12 Largest winning margin in a Grand Final
1.13 Fewest Points Scored by a Team in a season
1.14 Most Points Conceded by a Team in a season
1.15 Fewest points conceded by a team in a season
1.16 Keeping opposition scoreless: most games in a season
1.17 Biggest comebacks
2 Individual records
2.1 Most games (NRL's '300 Club')
2.1.1 At one club
2.2 Most tries
2.2.1 In a career
2.2.2 In a season
2.2.3 In a game
2.3 Most points
2.3.1 In a career
2.3.2 In a season
2.3.3 In a game
2.4 Oldest Players
2.5 Youngest Players
3 See also
4 References
Team records[edit]
Premierships[edit]
For a full list of NSWRL/ARL/SL/NRL premiers, see Australian rugby league premiers.
Titles
Club
Seasons
21
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1908, 1909, 1914, 1918, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 2014
15
St. George Dragons 1941, 1949, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1977, 1979
13
Sydney Roosters 1911, 1912, 1913, 1923, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1974, 1975, 2002, 2013
11
Balmain Tigers 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1924, 1939, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1969
8
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1938, 1942, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995, 2004
8
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1987, 1996, 2008, 2011
6
Brisbane Broncos 1992, 1993, 1997SL, 1998, 2000, 2006
4
Western Suburbs Magpies 1930, 1934, 1948, 1952
4
Parramatta Eels 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986
3
Newtown Jets 1910, 1933, 1943
3
Canberra Raiders 1989, 1990, 1994
3
Melbourne Storm 1999, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017
2
North Sydney Bears 1921, 1922
2
Newcastle Knights 1997ARL, 2001
2
Penrith Panthers 1991, 2003
2
North Sydney Bears 1921, 1922
1
Wests Tigers 2005
1
St. George Illawarra Dragons 2010
1
North Queensland Cowboys 2015
1
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2016
Most consecutive[edit]
11 - St. George (1956 to 1966)
Runners Up[edit]
Tally
Club
Seasons
15
Sydney Roosters 1908, 1919, 1921, 1928, 1931, 1934, 1938, 1941, 1960, 1972, 1980, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010
13
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1910, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1949, 1952, 1965, 1969
12
St. George Dragons 1927, 1930, 1933, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1971, 1975, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1996
11
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1951, 1957, 1959, 1968, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1995, 1997ARL, 2007, 2013
10
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1940, 1947, 1967, 1974, 1979, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2012, 2014
9
Balmain Tigers 1909, 1936, 1945, 1948, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1988, 1989
8
Western Suburbs Magpies 1918, 1925, 1932, 1950, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963
7
Newtown Jets 1913, 1914, 1929, 1944, 1954, 1955, 1981
5
Parramatta Eels 1976, 1977, 1984, 2001, 2009
4
Glebe 1911, 1912, 1915, 1922
3
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 1973, 1978, 1997SL
3
Melbourne Storm 2006, 2008, 2016
2
Canberra Raiders 1987, 1991
2
New Zealand Warriors 2002, 2011
2
North Queensland Cowboys 2005, 2017
1
University 1926
1
North Sydney Bears 1943
1
Penrith Panthers 1990
1
St. George Illawarra Dragons 1999
1
Brisbane Broncos 2015
Most consecutive[edit]
3 - Western Suburbs Magpies (1961 to 1963)
Minor Premierships[edit]
Tally
Club
Seasons
19
Sydney Roosters 1912, 1913, 1923, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 2004, 2013, 2014, 2015
17
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1908, 1909, 1914, 1918, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1989
15
St. George Dragons 1928, 1946, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1979, 1985
9
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1983, 1987, 1995, 1996, 1997ARL
7
Balmain Tigers 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1924, 1939
7
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1938, 1942, 1947, 1984, 1993, 1994, 2012
6
Newtown Jets 1910, 1933, 1943, 1944, 1954, 1955
5
Western Suburbs Magpies 1930, 1948, 1951, 1961, 1978
5
Parramatta Eels 1977, 1982, 1986, 2001, 2005
4
Brisbane Broncos 1992, 1997SL, 1998, 2000
3
Melbourne Storm 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2016, 2017
2
North Sydney Bears 1921, 1922
2
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 1988, 1999
2
Penrith Panthers 1991, 2003
2
St. George Illawarra Dragons 2009, 2010
1
Glebe 1911
1
Canberra Raiders 1990
1
New Zealand Warriors 2002
Most consecutive[edit]
6 - St. George (1962 to 1967)
Wooden spoons[edit]
Main article: Australian rugby league wooden spooners
Tally
Club
Seasons
17
Western Suburbs Magpies 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1916, 1933, 1940, 1942, 1953, 1955, 1971, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 1999
13
Parramatta Eels 1947, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1970, 1972, 2012, 2013
10
University 1921, 1923, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
9
North Sydney Bears 1915, 1917, 1919, 1932, 1941, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1979
8
Newtown Jets 1924, 1925, 1928, 1939, 1968, 1976, 1977, 1978
8
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1945, 1946, 1962, 1975, 1990, 2003, 2004, 2006
5
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1943, 1944, 1964, 2002, 2008
5
Sydney Roosters 1949, 1963, 1965, 1966, 2009
4
Balmain Tigers 1911, 1974, 1981, 1994
4
Penrith Panthers 1973, 1980, 2001, 2007
4
Newcastle Knights 2005, 2015, 2016, 2017
3
Annandale 1914, 1918, 1920
3
St. George Dragons 1922, 1926, 1938
3
Illawarra Steelers 1985, 1986, 1989
3
Gold Coast Seagulls 1991, 1992, 1993
3
North Queensland Cowboys 1995, 1997SL, 2000
3
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 1967, 1969, 2014
2
South Queensland Crushers 1996, 1997ARL
1
Cumberland 1908
1
Canberra Raiders 1982
1
Melbourne Storm 2010
1
Gold Coast Titans 2011
Most consecutive[edit]
6 - Parramatta (1956 to 1961)
Team wins, losses and draws[edit]
Matches played[edit]
Rank
Team
1st Match
Matches
Won
Drawn
Lost
PF
PA
% Won
1 Melbourne Storm 14 March 1998 473 296 6 171 11,232 8,251 63.21
2 Brisbane Broncos 6 March 1988 705 435 14 257 16,258 12,160 62.62
3 St. George Dragons 23 April 1921 1,545 910 56 579 27,452 21,729 60.71
4 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 12 April 1947 1,513 876 36 601 29,426 23,934 59.08
5 Glebe 20 April 1908 297 163 6 128 3,966 3,365 55.89
6 Sydney Roosters 20 April 1908 2,126 1,121 69 936 37,426 33,315 54.35
7 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 25 April 1935 1,749 910 53 786 30,347 29,773 53.54
8 Balmain Tigers 20 April 1908 1,705 871 68 766 26,688 25,609 53.08
9 South Sydney Rabbitohs 20 April 1908 2,054 1,063 46 945 34,892 34,947 52.87
10 St. George Illawarra Dragons 6 March 1999 435 225 6 204 9,428 8,387 52.41
11 Canberra Raiders 27 February 1982 843 425 9 409 18,137 17,220 50.94
12 Newcastle Knights 5 March 1988 683 340 15 328 14,156 14,033 50.87
13 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2 April 1967 1,170 554 23 593 20,922 21,384 48.33
14 New Zealand Warriors 10 March 1995 514 238 7 269 10,868 10,395 46.98
15 Newtown Jets 20 April 1908 1,305 583 59 663 18,836 20,231 46.93
16 Parramatta Eels 12 April 1947 1,560 707 40 813 26,801 28,556 46.60
17 Newcastle (1908–1909) 20 April 1908 20 9 0 11 295 229 45.00
18 Western Suburbs Magpies 20 April 1908 1,691 734 49 908 25,244 28,961 44.86
19 Wests Tigers 6 February 2000 397 174 3 220 8,346 9,400 44.20
20 Gold Coast Titans 18 March 2007 220 97 0 123 4,110 5,023 44.09
21 Penrith Panthers 2 April 1967 1,152 482 28 642 20,716 23,317 43.05
22 North Sydney Bears 20 April 1908 1,665 678 71 916 25,133 27,837 42.85
23 North Queensland Cowboys 11 March 1995 517 213 6 298 10,573 12,257 41.77
24 Illawarra Steelers 28 February 1982 396 153 13 230 6,614 7,313 40.28
25 Western Reds 12 March 1995 61 24 1 36 995 1,425 40.16
26 Northern Eagles 6 February 2000 76 30 1 45 1,582 2,118 40.13
27 Hunter Mariners 2 March 1997 18 7 0 11 350 363 38.89
28 Adelaide Rams 1 March 1997 42 13 1 28 696 1,017 32.15
29 Gold Coast Chargers 5 March 1988 246 53 9 184 3,285 5,854 23.37
30 South Queensland Crushers 11 March 1995 65 13 1 51 844 1,628 20.77
31 University 8 May 1920 242 47 5 190 2,392 5,308 20.45
32 Annandale 30 April 1910 153 25 6 122 1,065 2,583 18.30
33 Cumberland 9 May 1908 8 1 0 7 38 191 12.50
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 18 January 2016.
Most consecutive wins[edit]
Rank
Wins
Team
Period
1 19 matches Eastern Suburbs from Manly-Warringah, 13 April 1975 to Newtown, 23 August 1975
2 17 matches Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs from St. George Illawarra, 31 March 2002 to North Queensland, 3 August 2002
=3 16 matches South Sydney from Newtown, 30 May 1908 to Glebe, 17 July 1909
=3 16 matches Eastern Suburbs from North Sydney, 15 June 1912 to Glebe, 28 June 1913
=5 15 matches South Sydney from Balmain, 2 May 1925 to North Sydney, 8 May 1926
=5 15 matches Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles from South Sydney, 12 March 1995 to Parramatta, 9 July 1995
=5 15 matches Melbourne Storm from Penrith Panthers, 4 August 2012 to New Zealand Warriors, 25 April 2013
=5 15 matches Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks from Melbourne Storm, 28 March 2016 to Newcastle Knights, 24 July 2016
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 1 August 2016.
Most consecutive losses[edit]
Rank
Losses
Team
Period
1 42 matches University from Balmain, 28 April 1934 to Eastern Suburbs, 22 August 1936
2 25 matches Eastern Suburbs from North Sydney, 25 July 1965 to Canterbury-Bankstown, 9 April 1967
=3 22 matches South Sydney from St. George, 23 June 1945 to St. George, 12 April 1947
=3 22 matches Western Suburbs Magpies from Eastern Suburbs Roosters, 25 April 1984 to St. George Dragons, 14 April 1985
5 20 matches Newtown Jets from Penrith Panthers, 27 March 1977 to Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, 14 August 1977
6 19 matches Newcastle Knights from Brisbane Broncos, 16 April 2016 to New Zealand Warriors, 5 March 2017
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 11 March 2017.
Result records[edit]
Greatest win margins[edit]
Rank
Margin
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 85 St. George Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6 Earl Park 11 May 1935
2 80 Eastern Suburbs Canterbury-Bankstown 87–7 Sydney Sports Ground 18 May 1935
3 70 Parramatta Eels Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 74–4 Parramatta Stadium 23 August 2003
4 68 Canberra Raiders Parramatta Eels 68–0 Bruce Stadium 22 August 1993
5 67 South Sydney Western Suburbs 67–0 Royal Agricultural Society Grounds 21 July 1910
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 28 May 2007.
Most points in a game[edit]
Rank
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 102 Newcastle Knights Canberra Raiders 70–32 Canberra Stadium 18 March 2006
2 97 St. George Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6 Earl Park 11 May 1935
3 96 Penrith Panthers Northern Eagles 68–28 Brookvale Oval 8 September 2002
=4 94 Eastern Suburbs Canterbury-Bankstown 87–7 Sydney Sports Ground 18 May 1935
=4 94 Sydney Roosters North Queensland Cowboys 64–30 Sydney Football Stadium 9 June 2007
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 28 May 2007.
Fewest points in a game[edit]
Rank
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 0 Newtown Jets drew with Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs – 0–0 Henson Park 28 May 1982
2 1 Newtown St. George 1–0 Sydney Cricket Ground 12 May 1973
=3 2 Newtown Eastern Suburbs 2–0 Sydney Cricket Ground 16 May 1914
=3 2 Balmain North Sydney 2–0 North Sydney Oval 25 April 1931
=3 2 South Sydney Parramatta 2–0 Sydney Sports Ground 18 July 1965
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 8 February 2007.
Most Points Scored by One Team in a Game[edit]
Rank
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 91 St. George Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6 Earl Park 11 May 1935
2 87 Eastern Suburbs Canterbury-Bankstown 87–7 Sydney Sports Ground 18 May 1935
=3 74 Parramatta Eels Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 74–4 Parramatta Stadium 23 August 2003
=3 74 Canberra Raiders Penrith Panthers 74–12 Canberra Stadium 10 August 2008
5 72 Penrith Panthers Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 72–12 Penrith Stadium 7 August 2004
Highest Scores by a Losing Side[edit]
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
36 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Hunter Mariners 48–36 Belmore Sports Ground 12 May 1997
36 Wests Tigers Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 37–36 Telstra Stadium 27 March 2005
36 Gold Coast Titans Newcastle Knights 38–36 Energy Australia Stadium 9 May 2010
36 Gold Coast Titans Melbourne Storm 38–36 Suncorp Stadium 13 May 2017
34 St George Illawarra Dragons Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 36–34 OKI Jubilee Stadium 29 August 2004
34 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Canberra Raiders 41–34 GIO Stadium 24 May 2015
34 Parramatta Eels Brisbane Broncos 52–34 Suncorp Stadium 24 August 2017
Highest Drawn Games[edit]
Score
Teams
Venue
Date
34–34 Parramatta vs. North Sydney Parramatta Oval 25 June 1949
34–34 Illawarra Steelers vs. Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles WIN Stadium 4 May 1997
34–34 South Sydney Rabbitohs vs. Brisbane Broncos Aussie Stadium 28 August 2004
32–32 Penrith Panthers vs. New Zealand Warriors CUA Stadium 1 August 2009
31–31 Sydney Roosters vs. New Zealand Warriors Sydney Football Stadium 5 August 2007
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 8 February 2007.
Best Start to a season[edit]
Wins
Team
Season
15 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1995 ARL season
12 South Sydney 1925 NSWRFL season
11 Western Suburbs 1934 NSWRFL season
11 Balmain 1966 NSWRFL season
10 St. George 1959 NSWRFL season
10 Sydney City Roosters 1996 ARL season
Undefeated in a season[edit]
Year
Team
1915 Balmain
1921 North Sydney
1925 South Sydney
1936 Eastern Suburbs
1937 Eastern Suburbs
1959 St. George
Failed To Win a Match in a season[edit]
Year
Team
1918 Annandale
1920 Annandale
1921 University
1935 University
1937 University
1946 South Sydney
1966 Eastern Suburbs
Most Points Scored by a Team in a season[edit]
839 points by the Parramatta Eels in 2001.
Most Tries and Goals by a Team in a Grand Final[edit]
8 tries, 7 goals by the Eastern Suburbs Roosters in 1975.
Largest winning margin in a Grand Final[edit]
40 points to nil by the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles over the Melbourne Storm in 2008.
Fewest Points Scored by a Team in a season[edit]
38 points by Cumberland in 1908.
Most Points Conceded by a Team in a season[edit]
944 points by the Western Suburbs Magpies in 1999.
Fewest points conceded by a team in a season[edit]
41 points by South Sydney in 1909.
Keeping opposition scoreless: most games in a season[edit]
6 matches by the Sydney Roosters in 2013.
Biggest comebacks[edit]
26 Points: North Queensland Cowboys came from 26–0 down at halftime to win 36–28 against the Penrith Panthers on 29 May 1998 at Penrith Stadium
26 Points: Penrith Panthers came from 32–6 down after 53 minutes to draw 32–32 against the New Zealand Warriors on 1 August 2009 at CUA Stadium
24 Points: Wests Tigers came from 24–0 down after 26 minutes to win 36–32 against the Newcastle Knights on 11 August 2001 at Campbelltown Stadium
24 Points: St. George Illawarra Dragons came from 34–10 down after 57 minutes to win 36–34 against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles on 29 August 2004 at Oki Jubilee Stadium
24 Points: South Sydney Rabbitohs came from 28–4 down after 52 minutes to win 29–28 against the North Queensland Cowboys on 28 June 2008 at Dairy Farmers Stadium
24 Points: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks came from 24–0 down after 31 minutes to win 30–28 against the Sydney Roosters on 5 July 2014 at Allianz Stadium
24 Points: North Queensland Cowboys came from 30-6 down after 58 minutes to win 36-30 against the Parramatta Eels on 8 June 2015 at Pirtek Stadium
23 Points: Penrith Panthers came from 31–8 down after 53 minutes to win 32–31 against the Wests Tigers on 4 June 2000 at Penrith Stadium.
22 Points: Melbourne Storm came from 22-0 down after 20 minutes to win 36-32 against the Cronulla Sharks on 16 March 2003 at Southern Cross Group Stadium.
22 Points: Parramatta Eels came from 22–0 down at halftime to win 34–28 against the Penrith Panthers on 17 July 2010 at CUA Stadium.
22 Points: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks came from 22-0 down after 43 minutes to win 24-22 against the Brisbane Broncos on 28 June 2014 at Suncorp Stadium.
22 Points: Canberra Raiders came from 22-0 down after 28 minutes to win 30-22 against the Wests Tigers on 19 April 2015 at Leichhardt Oval.
22 Points: Canberra Raiders came from 22-0 down after 39 minutes to win 29-25 against the Newcastle Knights on 3 July 2016 at GIO Stadium Canberra.
22 Points: Penrith Panthers came from 28-6 down after 46 minutes to win 36-28 against the New Zealand Warriors on 13 May 2017 at Pepper Stadium.
Individual records[edit]
Note: Figures in boldface are currently playing in the NRL.
Most games (NRL's '300 Club')[edit]
Games
Player
Clubs
Years
358
Cameron Smith Melbourne 2002–
355
Darren Lockyer Brisbane 1995–2011
350
Terry Lamb Western Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown 1980–1996
349
Steve Menzies Manly-Warringah, Northern Eagles 1993–2008
347
Corey Parker Brisbane 2001–2016
336
Brad Fittler Penrith, Sydney Roosters 1989–2004
332
Cliff Lyons North Sydney, Manly-Warringah 1985–1999
330
Nathan Hindmarsh Parramatta 1998–2012
328
Andrew Ettingshausen Cronulla-Sutherland 1983–2000
325
Geoff Gerard Parramatta, Manly-Warringah, Penrith 1974–1989
323
Cooper Cronk Melbourne 2004–2017[1]
318
Jason Croker Canberra 1991–2006
317
Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 1996–2009
317
Chris Heighington Wests Tigers, Cronulla-Sutherland 2003–
315
Paul Langmack Canterbury-Bankstown, Western Suburbs, Sydney Roosters 1983–1999
315
Luke Priddis Canberra, Brisbane, Penrith, St. George Illawarra 1997–2010
313
Steve Price Canterbury-Bankstown, New Zealand Warriors 1994–2009
313
Brent Kite St. George Illawarra, Manly-Warringah, Penrith 2002–2015
312
Ruben Wiki Canberra, New Zealand Warriors 1993–2008
309
Petero Civoniceva Brisbane, Penrith 1998–2012
307
Brett Kimmorley Newcastle, Hunter, Melbourne, Northern Eagles, Cronulla-Sutherland, Canterbury-Bankstown 1995–2010
307
Luke Lewis Penrith, Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–
305
Ryan Hoffman Melbourne, New Zealand Warriors 2003–
304
Paul Gallen Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–
303
Anthony Watmough Northern Eagles, Manly-Warringah, Parramatta 2002–2015
302
Anthony Minichiello Sydney Roosters 2000–2014
301
Luke Ricketson Sydney Roosters 1991–2005
300
Scott Prince North Queensland, Brisbane, Wests Tigers, Gold Coast Titans 1998–2013
300
John Morris Newcastle, Parramatta, Wests Tigers, Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–2014
Source:http://www.nrl.com/cameron-smiths-300th-game-a-rugby-league-icon/tabid/10874/newsid/88068/default.aspx The NRL'S 300 club. As of 10 September 2017.
At one club[edit]
Games
Player
Clubs
Years
358
Cameron Smith Melbourne 2002–
355
Darren Lockyer Brisbane 1995–2011
347
Corey Parker Brisbane 2001–2016
330
Nathan Hindmarsh Parramatta 1998–2012
328
Andrew Ettingshausen Cronulla-Sutherland 1983–2000
323
Cooper Cronk Melbourne 2004–2017[2]
318
Jason Croker Canberra 1991–2006
317
Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 1996–2009
309
Cliff Lyons Manly-Warringah 1986–1999
304
Paul Gallen Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–
302
Anthony Minichiello Sydney Roosters 2000–2014
301
Luke Ricketson Sydney Roosters 1991–2005
Source: Eels NRL Player Stats. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
Most tries[edit]
In a career[edit]
For larger list see List of players with 100 NRL tries.
Rank
Tries
Player
Clubs
1 212 Ken Irvine North Sydney, Manly-Warringah
2 183 Billy Slater Melbourne
3 180 Steve Menzies Manly-Warringah, Northern Eagles
4 165 Andrew Ettingshausen Cronulla-Sutherland
5 164 Terry Lamb Western Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown
6 163 Brett Stewart Manly-Warringah
=7 159 Matt Sing Penrith, Sydney Roosters, North Queensland
=7 159 Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown
9 154 Nathan Merritt South Sydney, Cronulla-Sutherland
=10 152 Harold Horder South Sydney, North Sydney
=10 152 Manu Vatuvei New Zealand Warriors
Source: NRL Stats. Last updated: 22 September 2017.
In a season[edit]
Tries
Player
Club
Season
38 Dave Brown[3] Eastern Suburbs 1935 NSWRFL season
34 Ray Preston Newtown 1954 NSWRFL season
29 Les Brennan South Sydney 1954 NSWRFL season
28 Bobby Lulham Balmain 1947 NSWRFL season
28 Johnny Graves South Sydney 1951 NSWRFL season
In a game[edit]
8 - Frank Burge, Glebe vs. University, Round 7, 1920
Most points[edit]
In a career[edit]
For larger list see List of players with 1,000 NRL points.
Rank
Points
Player
Clubs
Period
1 2,418 Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 316 games (1996–2009)
2 2,185 Cameron Smith Melbourne 358 games (2002–)
3 2,176 Andrew Johns Newcastle 249 games (1993–2007)
4 2,107 Jason Taylor Western Suburbs, North Sydney, Northern Eagles, Parramatta 276 games (1990–2001)
5 2,056 Johnathan Thurston Canterbury-Bankstown, North Queensland 299 games (2002–)
6 2,034 Daryl Halligan North Sydney, Canterbury-Bankstown 230 games (1991–2000)
7 1,971 Mick Cronin Parramatta 216 games (1977–1986)
8 1,917 Graham Eadie Manly-Warringah 233 games (1971–1983)
9 1,841 Eric Simms South Sydney 206 games (1965–1975)
10 1,793 Luke Burt Parramatta 264 games (1999–2012)
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 9 September 2017.
In a season[edit]
Points
Player
Club
Year
342 (16t, 139g) Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 2004 NRL season
308 (15t, 124g) Brett Hodgson Wests Tigers 2005 NRL season
296 (17t, 114g) Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 2006 NRL season
296 (18t, 112g) Jarrod Croker Canberra 2016 NRL season
294 (9t, 129g) Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 2003 NRL season
In a game[edit]
45 - Dave Brown,[3] Eastern Suburbs vs. Canterbury-Bankstown, Round 6, 1935
Oldest Players[edit]
Age
Player
Club
Year
40 years and 5 days Billy Wilson North Sydney 1967 NSWRFL season
39 years and 311 days Ted Courtney Western Suburbs 1924 NSWRFL season
38 years and 149 days Roy Kirkaldy Canterbury-Bankstown 1948 NSWRFL season
38 years and 28 days Henry Porter Canterbury-Bankstown 1948 NSWRFL season
38 years and 25 days Sandy Pearce Eastern Suburbs 1921 NSWRFL season
Youngest Players[edit]
Age
Player
Club
Year
16 years and 85 days Ray Stehr Eastern Suburbs 1929 NSWRFL season
16 years and 220 days Jack Arnold Western Suburbs 1936 NSWRFL season
16 years and 238 days Jordan Rankin Gold Coast Titans 2008 NRL season
16 years and 258 days Frank Burge Glebe 1911 NSWRFL season
16 years and 303 days Adam Ritson Cronulla-Sutherland 1993 NSWRL season
See also[edit]
State of Origin results and statistics
List of records in the National Youth Competition (rugby league)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cooper Cronk leaving Melbourne Storm for Sydney at season's end". ABC News. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Cooper Cronk leaving Melbourne Storm for Sydney at season's end". ABC News. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Dan (22 May 2014). "Top 10 headgear-wearing stars". nrl.com. National Rugby League. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
The 2006 Official Rugby League Annual, compiled by David Middleton
National Rugby League official site
Rugby League Tables
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Aston Martin Valkyrie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the AM-RB 001 sports car. For other uses, see 001.
Aston Martin Valkyrie
The Valkyrie on display.
Overview
Manufacturer
Aston Martin
Also called
Nebula (original codename)
AM-RB 001 (final codename)
Production
2018
Assembly
Gaydon, Warwickshire, England
Designer
Adrian Newey
Body and chassis
Class
Sports car (S)
Body style
2-door coupé
Layout
Mid-engine
Powertrain
Engine
6.5 litre Cosworth naturally-aspirated V12
Power output
1,130 hp (843 kW; 1,146 PS)
Transmission
7-speed Ricardo dual-clutch
Battery
Rimac-built KERS hybrid battery system
Dimensions
Curb weight
1,030 kg (2,271 lb)
The Aston Martin Valkyrie (also called through its code-names as AM-RB 001 and Nebula) is a limited production hybrid electric sports car collaboratively built by Aston Martin, Red Bull Racing and several other manufacturers.
The sports car is a product of collaboration between Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing to create a car entirely usable and enjoyable as a road car.[1] The car's makers claim the title of fastest street-legal car in the world for it.[2] Its design was helped by Adrian Newey,[3] Red Bull Racing's Chief Technical Officer and the world's most successful F1 designer.[4]
Its main competitors are the Mercedes-AMG Project One, LaFerrari, Porsche 918, and McLaren Speedtail.[5][6][7]
Contents
1 Nomenclature
2 Design
3 Specifications
3.1 Road version
3.2 Track version
4 Production
5 Resale policy
6 Media
6.1 Car show appearances
6.2 Gaming appearances
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
The original codename was Nebula, an acronym for Newey, Red Bull and Aston Martin. The name AM-RB 001 was chosen as the final codename, and was decided since Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing had collaborated all throughout the project. AM stands for Aston Martin, and RB stands for Red Bull. 001 may be a possible reference to it being the first production car the two have collaborated on.
In March 2017, Aston Martin revealed that the car would be named Valkyrie, after the Norse mythological figure.[8] According to Red Bull, the name was chosen to continue the tradition of Aston Martin "V" cars and to distinguish the vehicle as a high-performance car (the "V" was used as the distinguishing factor).[9]
Design[edit]
A show car was first shown before the production car was, to give people some idea of what the car may look like. The design is nearly finished, currently in a near-production-ready form.[10]
The exterior of the car is extremely aerodynamic for a sports car, with an extensively open underfloor that can fit an entire person, and is capable of producing 1,814 kg (4,000 lb) of downforce under acceleration, gaps from on top on the car (e.g. the front axle and the roof intake), and a large front splitter.[11][12][13] The wheels are also designed to maximize airflow.
The interior design was leaked on 20 June 2017 and gave a preview of the car's design. The interior has no gauge cluster, but rather a collection of screens. By the left and right corners are the screens for the camera side mirrors. One screen sits at the top of the center console, which may have a collection of live vehicle information, and regular vehicle controls, but this is not confirmed. A screen is used on the race-inspired steering wheel and acts as the driver gauge cluster. Dials and switches sit beside the wheel screen to allow for easier changes without driving interruption. The seats, formed straight into interior perimeter, are bucket variants, and have two seat belts for each car seat.[14]
Because of the extremely small interior and doors (which are practically roof-only hatches), each vehicle's driver seat is designed specifically for the owner's body shape through 3D scanning. A removable steering wheel provides slightly more space for entry and exit.[15][16][17]
Specifications[edit]
Road version[edit]
In February 2017, Aston Martin revealed most of the vehicle's specifications.[18] The final specifications were revealed later in the year.
Several manufacturers (other than Aston Martin and Red Bull) have taken part in the Valkyrie's construction, these being Cosworth, Ricardo, Rimac Automobili, Multimatic, Alcon, Bosch, Surface Transforms, Wipac, and Michelin.
The car contains a 6.5-litre naturally-aspirated V12 engine tailored by Cosworth, which was initially planned to produce around 1,000 hp (746 kW; 1,014 PS), but it was later announced in June 2017 that the engine would produce 1,130 hp (843 kW; 1,146 PS). At the same time the power output was released, the weight was also mentioned, at 1,030 kg (2,271 lb), which surpasses the intended 1:1 power-to-weight ratio, with 1,097 hp (818 kW; 1,112 PS) per ton.[19]
A Rimac-built hybrid battery system, which performs as a KERS system, is installed along with the engine. The power is delivered by a 7-speed paddle-shift transmission constructed by Ricardo. The exhausts come out nearby the engine, similar to the ones from F1 race cars and the Porsche 918 Spyder.[20]
Bosch supplies the Valkyrie's ECU unit, traction control system, and ESP, and brakes and callipers are provided by Alcon and Surface Transforms. The front and rear lights are constructed by Wipac. The car features all-carbon fibre bodywork[21] and is installed with a carbon fibre Monocell from manufacturer Multimatic.[22] Michelin supplies the Valkyrie with the company's high-performance Sport Cup 2 tyres, with 265/35-ZR20 at the front and 325/30-ZR21 at the rear.[23] The wheels are constructed out of lightweight magnesium alloy (20" front, 21" rear) with race-spec centre-lock wheel nuts to reduce mass.
Track version[edit]
Aston Martin Valkyrie AMR Pro
The Valkyrie's track version is in the form of the Aston Martin Valkyrie AMR Pro, with only 25 units to be built (all sold out), using the same 6.5-litre naturally-aspirated V12 engine. The Rimac Energy Recovery System will remain unchanged, although it will be reprogrammed in terms of its control systems.[24][25] The engine will also be reprogrammed, which means the AMR Pro will produce more power than its road legal counterpart.[25]
The car's wheels have a smaller diameter in comparison to the road car, with 18-inch wheels at the front and rear.[26] This is to allow the Michelin racing tires (based on LMP1 race cars) to actually fit the car, with F1-inspired carbon-carbon brakes to aid braking performance. The car's interior heaters and infotainment screens have been removed, and have been replaced with racing counterparts.[25] The car will be able to perform 3.3 g lateral force during cornering and 3.5 g in braking deceleration. Top speed is intended to be higher than the regular car, at 250 mph (402 km/h).[24] The car's exhaust have very minimal parts to silence the engine.[26]
The AMR Pro will have a significantly more aggressive design, with a LMP1-style rear aerodynamic fin, a large dual-element rear spoiler, and a large rear diffuser.[24]
Production[edit]
A road car production of 150 units is planned, at a unit price of US$3.2 million.
There will be a track version, called the Valkyrie AMR Pro, with only 25 units.
Resale policy[edit]
“ I doubt they have a slot, but if they do and we identify who flipped, they lose the car. If they flip, then they never get another special. ”
— Andy Palmer
Andy Palmer enlisted a policy in a Twitter post on 4 July 2017, stating that if the owner were to "flip" the car (buy and sell quickly to make a profit), the owner would be removed from receiving any further special editions from Aston Martin. This policy is also used for Ford's new GT[27] and Mercedes-AMG's Project One.[28]
Media[edit]
Car show appearances[edit]
In July 2016, the Valkyrie was unveiled as a non-working full-scale model in Aston Martin's headquarters in Gaydon, Warwickshire, England, United Kingdom.[29]
In November 2016, the car was featured in a private Aston Martin showcase at the Etihad Towers in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the day before the 2016 F1 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.[30]
From December 2016 to February 2017, the car was featured in the 2017 Festival Automobile International in Paris, France.[31]
In February 2017, the car was featured as the star car in the 2017 Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[32]
In March 2017, the Valkyrie was featured along with the new Vanquish S Volante, the Rapide S AMR, and the V8 Vantage AMR-Pro in the 2017 Geneva Motor Show in Geneva, Switzerland.[33]
In May 2017, the vehicle was featured in the London Motor Show in London, England, United Kingdom.[34]
Gaming appearances[edit]
On 1 July 2017, Rockstar Games revealed a Valkyrie-inspired sports car for their game Grand Theft Auto V, called the Dewbauchee Vagner.[35]
See also[edit]
Rimac Automobili
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin and RedBull Racing collaborated HyperCar". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin claimed to be the fastest Street-legal car". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adrian Newey involved in the designing of AM-RB-001". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adrian Newey world's most successful F1 designer". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-AMG 'Project One' - Defining the future with 'a street-legal F1 powertrain'". Evo. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Audi Plotting Electric Hypercar To Rival Aston Martin Valkyrie". CarBuzz. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
Jump up ^ "BMW Might Build A Hybrid Hypercar To Compete With Mercedes". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin names its hypercar 'Valkyrie'". Top gear. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
Jump up ^ Schran, Oliver. "Codename AM-RB 001 becomes Aston Martin Valkyrie". Retrieved 2017-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin Valkyrie revealed in most production-ready form yet | Autocar". www.autocar.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
Jump up ^ "New Aston Martin Valkyrie Scares Off All Other Hypercars In Geneva". Carscoops. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
Jump up ^ Perkins, Chris (2017-06-14). "Hey! The Aston Martin Valkyrie Has Headlights Now". Road And Track. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin Has Updated The Valkyrie To Be Even More Unbelievable". jalopnik.com. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin Valkyrie's high-tech cabin leaked". TheWeek UK. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ King, Alanis (2017-05-24). "The Aston Martin Valkyrie Won't Let You Get Fat". Jalopnik. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin will 3D-scan drivers' bodies to make custom seats for the Valkyrie". Digital Trends. 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
Jump up ^ Saiidi, Uptin (2017-05-23). "Aston Martins upcoming car will 3-D scan your body for the driver seat". Retrieved 2017-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin AM-RB 001 will rock a Cosworth 6.5-litre V12 engine". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Report: Aston Martin's Valkyrie will have 1,130 hp, weigh just over a ton". AutoWeek. 2017-06-23. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin Valkyrie - Engine View". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Otherworldly Performance". Aston Martin. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin Valkyrie: specs, price and full details". Evo. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Michelin chosen as official tyre supplier for Aston Martin Valkyrie hypercar". MichelinMedia.com. 2017-03-07. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Aston Martin Valkyrie AMR Pro: Redefining the limits of performance". www.astonmartin.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Aston Martin Valkyrie AMR Pro is the most insane Aston yet". Roadshow. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Behold: the 250mph Aston Martin Valkyrie AMR Pro". www.topgear.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
Jump up ^ Lee, Kristen. "Flipping Your Aston Martin Valkyrie Will Make Aston Very Mad". Jalopnik. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
Jump up ^ https://www.motor1.com/news/260939/mercedes-amg-project-one/
Jump up ^ Aston Martin (2016-07-11), Aston Martin and Red Bull launch the AM-RB 001 Hypercar, retrieved 2017-02-15
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing unveil radical AM-RB 001 hypercar in the Middle East". me.astonmartin.com. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Behold the beautiful Aston Martin AM-RB 001 hypercar in 41 photos". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin AM-RB 001 Makes Global Debut In Toronto... Sort Of". topspeed.com. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin to debut AM-RB hypercar and Vanquish S at Geneva motor show". TheNational.ae. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ "London Motor Show 2017 showcases some seriously sexy cars - complete with eye-watering price tags". The Sun. 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
Jump up ^ "GTA Online's new supercar is really freaking fast". VG247.com. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
External links[edit]
Aston Martin page: Valkyrie
hide
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Aston Martin Lagonda road car timeline, 1948–present
Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Owner David Brown William Wilson Minden & Sprague Victor Gauntlett et al. Ford Independent consortium
City Car Cygnet
Luxury Car Rapide
2.6 ltr 3 ltr Rapide Lagonda Taraf
Grand Tourer DB4 DB5 & Volante DBS & Vantage DB7 Vantage
DB1 DB2 DB2/4 & MKIII DB6 DBS V8 & AM V8 V8 Virage V8 DB9 & V12 Virage DB11
V8 Vantage V8 Vantage Vanquish DBS V12 Vanquish
Limited Production One-77 Vulcan
DB4 Zagato V8 Zagato DB7 Zagato DB AR1 V12 Zagato Valkyrie
Concept Car
Atom
Bulldog
Vignale
CC100
DP-100
DB10
DBX
Color code
Aston Martin badge Lagonda badge
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