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Stephen Jackson
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For the American football player, see Steven Jackson. For other people named Stephen Jackson, see Stephen Jackson (disambiguation).
Stephen Jackson
Jackson with the Warriors in March 2008
Personal information
Born
(1978-04-05) April 5, 1978 (age 39)
Port Arthur, Texas
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
Listed weight
220 lb (100 kg)
Career information
High school
Abraham Lincoln
(Port Arthur, Texas)
Oak Hill Academy
(Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
College
Butler CC (1996–1997)
NBA draft
1997 / Round: 2 / Pick: 42nd overall
Selected by the Phoenix Suns
Playing career
1997–2014
Position
Small forward / Shooting guard
Number
24, 3, 1, 5
Career history
1997, 1998
La Crosse Bobcats
1998
Sydney Kings
1999, 2000
Marinos de Oriente
1999, 2000
San Carlos
1999
Fort Wayne Fury
2000
Pueblo Nuevo
2000–2001
New Jersey Nets
2001–2003
San Antonio Spurs
2003–2004
Atlanta Hawks
2004–2007
Indiana Pacers
2007–2009
Golden State Warriors
2009–2011
Charlotte Bobcats
2011–2012
Milwaukee Bucks
2012–2013
San Antonio Spurs
2013–2014
Los Angeles Clippers
Career highlights and awards
NBA champion (2003)
McDonald's All-American (1996)
Career statistics
Points
12,976 (15.1 ppg)
Rebounds
3,328 (3.9 rpg)
Assists
2,634 (3.1 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Stephen Jesse Jackson (born April 5, 1978) is an American retired professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association with the Brooklyn Nets, Indiana Pacers, Golden State Warriors, Milwaukee Bucks, San Antonio Spurs, and Los Angeles Clippers (NBA). Jackson won an NBA championship in 2003 as a member of the San Antonio Spurs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Professional career
2.1 CBA and foreign leagues (1997–2000)
2.2 New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)
2.3 San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003)
2.4 Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)
2.5 Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)
2.6 Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)
2.6.1 "We Believe" playoff run
2.6.2 Subsequent seasons
2.7 Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)
2.8 Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)
2.9 Return to San Antonio (2012–2013)
2.10 Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
2.11 Retirement
3 NBA career statistics
3.1 Regular season
3.2 Playoffs
4 Player profile
5 Personal life and reputation
5.1 Music endeavors
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Jackson was born in Port Arthur, Texas and spent his childhood there.[1] Growing up, Jackson was raised by his mother, Judyette, a single parent who worked two jobs.[2] As a teenager, Jackson worked in his grandfather's soul food restaurant in Port Arthur, where he would wash dishes and bus tables.[3] At the age of 16, Jackson's half-brother Donald Buckner died at 25 years old from head injuries after being jumped. Following the violent tragedy, Jackson said that he wished he could have been there to assist and protect a member of his family. "You can't tell me seeing his brother die that way hasn't had an effect," recalls Pacers CEO Donnie Walsh. "To me, it's why he is always coming to the help of his teammates."[4]
Jackson led Lincoln High School to a state championship in his junior year[5] before transferring to Oak Hill Academy (Virginia), where he earned All-America honors in 1996. He was the leading scorer in the 1996 McDonald's All-American game, on a team that included Kobe Bryant, Jermaine O'Neal and Tim Thomas.[6] Following a commitment to join the University of Arizona, Jackson was ruled academically ineligible.[7][8] He attended Butler County Community College of El Dorado, Kansas for one semester but did not play basketball there.[9]
Professional career[edit]
CBA and foreign leagues (1997–2000)[edit]
Jackson was selected 42nd overall in the 1997 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns, yet did not receive an opportunity to perform, as he was waived by the team on October 30. Following this development, Jackson then saw action in six games with the La Crosse Bobcats over two on-and-off seasons in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA), in which he averaged 2.7 points in 12.7 minutes per game. Additionally, Jackson played four games in 1998 with the Sydney Kings in Australia's National Basketball League.[10][11] Continuing his basketball journey, Jackson played professionally in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic.[12] Throughout the spring and summer of 2000, Jackson played in those Latin American countries, with the Dominican Republic teams San Carlos and Pueblo Nuevo and Venezuelan Marinos.[13]
New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)[edit]
Jackson did not play an NBA game until the 2000–01 season with the New Jersey Nets, officially deemed his rookie season. He appeared in 77 games (including 40 starts), in which he averaged 8.2 points per game, and established a close friendship with star point guard Stephon Marbury.[14] Jackson was selected to play in the Schick Rookie Game at the 2001 All-Star Weekend, in which he tallied 8 points, 5 rebounds, 4 assists and 3 steals in the contest.
San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003)[edit]
Before the 2001–2002 NBA season, he was signed by the San Antonio Spurs. Following a somewhat successful rookie campaign, Jackson was hampered by injuries and team expectations in 2001, missing a total of 45 games. Former assistant coach Mike Brown stated: "The first year we had him in San Antonio, he was on the (injured reserve) most of the year. At first, he didn't understand why because he probably was the most talented player we had on that team, but he needed to mature a little bit so we stuck him there to see how he would respond. He was the best teammate on our team that first year. He was juiced at practice ready to play and compete and make the starters better, and it carried over into his second year when he got his opportunity to get out onto the floor and prove he could be a vital part of the organization."[15] His season averages were 3.9 points and 1.1 rebounds, logging approximately 9.9 minutes per game.
See also: 2003 NBA Finals
During the 2002–2003 NBA season, Jackson became a key member of the Spurs. Appearing in 80 games (58 starts), his season averages were 11.8 points, 3.6 rebounds and 2.3 assists in 28.2 minutes per game. During the team's run in the 2003 NBA Playoffs, Jackson proved to be a vital asset and helped the Spurs win their second NBA title, averaging 12.8 points per game during the playoffs –- the team's 3rd leading scorer. Jackson's first foray into the playoffs produced variable results in terms of individual performances. Through the course of the postseason, Jackson vacillated between fourth quarter heroics and clutch shooting (elimination games of the Western Conference Finals versus the Dallas Mavericks and NBA Finals versus the New Jersey Nets) and uneven, mistake-prone play (26 turnovers in the 6-game championship series).[16]
Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)[edit]
In 2003, Jackson became a free agent during the offseason and expected to parlay his success with the Spurs into a long-term contract. After rejecting an initial offer by the Spurs, he and his agent were criticized by sports media for miscalculating the market. Eventually, Jackson agreed to a 2-year contract with the Atlanta Hawks.[17] Registering his best professional season to date, Jackson established season averages of 18.1 points, 4.6 rebounds and 3.1 assists per game in 80 total games (78 starts). On March 12, against the Washington Wizards, Jackson scored a career-best 42 points. In the 29 games following the All-Star Break, Jackson averaged 24.0 points, 5.5 rebounds, 3.5 assists, and 2.2 steals per game. During this stretch, he was the NBA's 6th leading scorer.[18]
Following the 2003–04 NBA season, he was traded to the Indiana Pacers for power forward Al Harrington (who finished 2nd place in Sixth Man of the Year voting), after signing a 6-year, $38.3 million contract.
Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)[edit]
Jackson (left) with Pacers teammates Jermaine O'Neal and Dale Davis and coach Rick Carlisle
See also: Pacers-Pistons Brawl
During his first season as a member of the Indiana Pacers in the 2004–05 NBA season, Jackson tallied averages of 18.7 points, 4.9 rebounds, and 2.3 assists per game. He received a 30-game suspension from the league after going into the stands and fighting with Detroit Pistons fans during the infamous Malice at the Palace at The Palace of Auburn Hills, on November 19, 2004. Following his return from this lengthy suspension, he averaged 21.7 points per game in a span of 22 games, starting on March 3 (due to an injury to Pacers power forward Jermaine O'Neal).
Indiana's once promising post-season possibilities were marred by the suspension of starting small forward Ron Artest. Jackson averaged 18.9 points per game during the first round of the 2005 NBA Playoffs versus the Boston Celtics. A series loss in the next round at the hands of the Detroit Pistons would end the campaign, with Jackson leading the team in scoring during the playoffs with an average of 16.1 points per game.[19]
In the 2005–06 NBA season, Jackson appeared in 81 games for the Pacers, averaging 16.4 points, 3.9 rebounds, and 2.8 assists per game. A notable exhibition of Jackson's scoring ability came during a 31-point performance in a midseason victory over the Sacramento Kings, in which he made 3-pointers on four consecutive possessions. Jackson tied the Kings franchise record for the most 3-pointers in a quarter by an opponent.[20] As the playoff push ensued, he tallied an average of 20.2 points per game in the month of April.[21]
On October 6, 2006, there were police reports that Jackson and three other Pacers players were involved in an argument with several patrons at Club Rio, a strip club in Indianapolis. Jackson was punched by one of the patrons and was hit by a car, rolling onto the hood. His injuries were considered minor. Jackson says he fired several gunshots from a 9-mm pistol as an act of self-defense. However, prosecutors later said he fired first.[22] Jackson was charged October 11, 2006 with a felony count of criminal recklessness. He served a seven-game suspension at the beginning of the 2007–08 NBA season as a Warrior for his legal problems.[23]
Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)[edit]
"We Believe" playoff run[edit]
See also: 2006–07 Golden State Warriors season
Jackson takes a jump shot during a regular season Warriors game
On January 17, 2007, the Pacers dealt Jackson to the Golden State Warriors in a blockbuster eight player trade.[24] Along with Al Harrington, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell, Jackson was swapped for Mike Dunleavy, Troy Murphy, Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod of the Warriors.[25]
Jackson registered 29 points, 7 rebounds, 4 assists, and 5 steals in his Warriors debut, January 20, 2007 versus the Cleveland Cavaliers. On February 5, when Golden State traveled to Conseco Fieldhouse to compete against Jackson's former team, he tallied 36 points and led the Warriors to a 113–98 victory over the Indiana Pacers. Jackson joined Vince Carter and Dominique Wilkins as the only players in 25 years to amass 30 or more points against a team that they played for earlier in the season.[26] Rejuvenated by the change of scenery, Jackson averaged 19.6 points and 4.6 assists per game in February – taking the reins of principal playmaker while star point guard Baron Davis was injured. Jackson led the team in scoring 3 times during the last 5 games in the regular season, including the season-ending victory over the Portland Trail Blazers that clinched the Warriors' first playoff berth in 12 seasons.
In the Warriors 4–2 series victory over the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs, Jackson garnered both positive and negative publicity. In what some consider the biggest upset in NBA history,[27] Jackson was ejected from Games 2 and 5. The latter decision, in Game 5, was heavily criticized as Jackson appeared to be merely applauding at the end of the game to lift the spirits of his teammates, and not sarcastically at a referee. However, Jackson redeemed himself by playing well the entire series, especially in the series-clinching Game 6, where Jackson tallied 33 points on a then franchise playoff-record 7 three-pointers. The record has since been broken by both Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson.[28] Also, he continued to play aggressive defense against eventual MVP recipient Dirk Nowitzki, who was held to 8 points.
Baron Davis, who suffered a slight hamstring injury in the 1st quarter of Game 6, shares his thoughts regarding Jackson: "I told him (Stephen Jackson) I'll give it all I got and I didn't want to be the hardest worker out there. He had to carry me. He is the leader of this team and if you ask anyone on this team, he is the heart and soul of this team. He is a big-game performer and he knew just how important this game was. He is the only one on our team to have won a championship, so we had to feed off of him."[29]
Jackson in the Warriors "throwback" uniform in 2008.
Jackson finished the series with per-game averages of 22.8 points, 4.5 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 2.0 steals.[30] In the Conference Semifinals, the Warriors were dispatched by a physical Utah Jazz team in 5 games. Jackson struggled due to the defensive tandem of Andrei Kirilenko and Matt Harpring and his offensive output decreased from the previous series.[31]
Subsequent seasons[edit]
Prior to the 2007–08 NBA season, Jackson (along with guard Baron Davis and forward Matt Barnes) was named a team captain of the Warriors.[32] Jackson was the recipient of the NBA's Western Conference Player of the Week award (November 26 – December 2), averaging 23.0 points, 5.5 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 2.8 steals.[33] Despite winning 48 games, the Warriors missed the playoffs in a Western Conference where all eight playoff teams won at least 50 games (Their 48 wins are the most of a team that did not qualify for playoffs in NBA history).[34]
During the 2008–09 NBA season, Jackson registered three games of at least 30 points and 10 assists in a five-game span – the first NBA player to do so since LeBron James in 2007, and the first member of the Warriors since Tim Hardaway in 1992.[35] He also tallied his first career triple double (30 points, 11 rebounds, 10 assists) against the Phoenix Suns in the midst of this stretch, on February 4.[36] On November 17, 2008, Jackson signed a three-year contract extension with the Warriors.[37]
Jackson's 2008–09 campaign effectively ended when he decided to determine the root cause of turf toe on his left foot, which had been ailing him for over 2 years.[38] He underwent surgery on March 31, 2009 to remove multiple bone spurs above the nerve tissue under his big toe.[39] His per-game season averages were 20.7 points, 5.1 rebounds, 6.5 assists (2nd only to LeBron James for forwards), 1.5 steals, and 39.6 minutes (2nd in the league, trailing only Joe Johnson of the Atlanta Hawks).
Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)[edit]
On November 16, 2009, Jackson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats along with Acie Law in exchange for Raja Bell and Vladimir Radmanović.[40] Jackson set a Bobcats franchise record with 43 points scored versus the Houston Rockets, on January 12, 2010. The NBA recognized Jackson as the Eastern Conference's Player of the Week on January 17, after he averaged 29.3 points, 6.7 rebounds, 4.7 assists and 3.3 steals.[41] In tandem with forward Gerald Wallace, Jackson led the Bobcats to the franchise's first playoff appearance (culminating in a 4–0 series loss at the hands of the Orlando Magic).[42] In league MVP voting, Jackson finished in 12th place, tied with Chris Bosh, Joe Johnson, and Chauncey Billups.[43]
In the 2010-11 NBA season, Jackson recorded the first triple double (24 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists) in Bobcats team history versus the Phoenix Suns on November 20, 2010.[44] However, Jackson failed to lead the Bobcats to the playoffs in 2011 and expressed disappointment with the team following a midseason trade of Gerald Wallace.[45]
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)[edit]
On June 23, 2011, after only two seasons with the Charlotte Bobcats, Jackson was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks as part of a three-way deal with the Sacramento Kings and Charlotte Bobcats. As part of the terms, the Milwaukee Bucks received Jackson, Shaun Livingston, the rights to the 19th overall pick in the 2011 NBA Draft, Tobias Harris from Charlotte, and Beno Udrih from Sacramento. Charlotte received Corey Maggette from Milwaukee and the rights to the 7th overall pick in the 2011 NBA Draft, Bismack Biyombo, from Sacramento. Sacramento received John Salmons from Milwaukee and the rights to Jimmer Fredette, the 10th overall pick in the 2011 NBA Draft.[46]
Jackson's brief stint with Milwaukee would be characterized by dysfunction and underwhelming play. Due to recurring issues with his hamstring throughout the lockout-extended offseason[47] and several publicized clashes with coach Scott Skiles, Jackson's role and playing time diminished.[48] On March 13, 2012, Jackson was traded back to the Golden State Warriors along with Andrew Bogut, in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh, and Kwame Brown.[49]
Return to San Antonio (2012–2013)[edit]
Without playing a game for the Warriors, Jackson was traded to the Spurs for Richard Jefferson, T.J. Ford and a conditional first round pick on March 15, 2012.[50] Due to the ascendant performance of rookie forward Kawhi Leonard, Jackson was a second-unit player for the first time in nearly 10 years. A re-adjustment period to San Antonio's structured offensive system caused Jackson's minutes to fluctuate in the regular season and playoffs.[51]
The Spurs capped off an excellent regular season by reaching the Western Conference Playoffs as the highest seed.[52] Ultimately, San Antonio lost 4 games to 2 to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals. In this series, Jackson was used more prominently and drew praise for his defensive efforts against league scoring champion Kevin Durant.[53] In the elimination game of the series, Jackson connected on his first 6 three-point attempts.[54] For the playoffs, Jackson shot 53.5% from the field, 60.5% from three-point range, and 93.3% from the free throw line.[55]
On December 9, 2012, Jackson was fined $25,000 for threatening Serge Ibaka via Twitter.[56]
On April 12, 2013, Jackson was waived by the Spurs.[57]
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)[edit]
On December 10, 2013, he signed with the Los Angeles Clippers.[58] Jackson struggled with the Clippers. In 9 games, he averaged a career-low 1.7 points per game, while shooting 23.1% from the field and 7.1% from three-point range. On January 7, 2014, he was waived by the Clippers.[59]
Retirement[edit]
On July 22, 2015, Jackson announced his retirement.[60]
NBA career statistics[edit]
Legend
GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game
FG% Field goal percentage 3P% 3-point field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage
RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game
BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high
† Denotes season in which Jackson won an NBA Championship
* Led the league, among qualified players
Regular season[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2000–01 New Jersey 77 40 21.6 .425 .335 .719 2.7 1.8 1.1 .2 8.2
2001–02 San Antonio 23 1 9.9 .374 .250 .706 1.1 .5 .7 .1 3.9
2002–03† San Antonio 80 58 28.2 .435 .320 .760 3.6 2.3 1.6 .4 11.8
2003–04 Atlanta 80 78 36.8 .425 .340 .785 4.6 3.1 1.8 .3 18.1
2004–05 Indiana 51 49 35.4 .403 .360 .830 4.9 2.3 1.3 .3 18.7
2005–06 Indiana 81 81 35.9 .411 .345 .786 3.9 2.8 1.3 .5 16.4
2006–07 Indiana 37 32 32.1 .419 .297 .822 2.6 3.1 .9 .5 14.1
2006–07 Golden State 38 37 34.0 .446 .341 .804 3.3 4.6 1.3 .4 16.8
2007–08 Golden State 73 73 39.1 .405 .363 .832 4.4 4.1 1.3 .4 20.1
2008–09 Golden State 59 59 39.6 .414 .338 .826 5.1 6.5 1.5 .5 20.7
2009–10 Golden State 9 9 33.3 .421 .275 .703 3.9 4.7 1.6 .7 16.6
2009–10 Charlotte 72 72 39.3 .423 .334 .786 5.1 3.6 1.6 .5 21.1
2010–11 Charlotte 67 67 35.9 .411 .337 .816 4.5 3.6 1.2 .4 18.5
2011–12 Milwaukee 26 13 27.4 .357 .278 .833 3.2 3.0 1.0 .2 10.5
2011–12 San Antonio 21 1 23.8 .405 .306 .815 3.9 2.0 1.3 .3 8.9
2012–13 San Antonio 55 6 19.5 .373 .271 .700 2.8 1.5 .7 .3 6.2
2013–14 L.A. Clippers 9 0 11.9 .231 .071 .500 1.1 0.6 .7 .1 1.7
Career 858 676 31.9 .414 .333 .798 3.9 3.1 1.3 .4 15.1
Playoffs[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2003† San Antonio 24 24 33.8 .414 .336 .803 4.1 2.7 1.4 .4 12.8
2005 Indiana 13 13 36.3 .393 .317 .817 3.8 2.2 1.9 .5 16.1
2006 Indiana 6 6 37.8 .366 .231 .778 4.5 3.3 .7 .2 13.3
2007 Golden State 11 11 41.3 .379 .361 .816 3.6 3.6 2.0 .7 19.9
2010 Charlotte 4 4 39.0 .358 .167 .808 5.0 3.8 1.3 .3 18.0
2012 San Antonio 14 0 21.4 .535 .605* .933 2.0 1.7 .6 .2 8.3
Career 72 58 33.6 .404 .355 .816 3.7 2.7 1.4 .4 13.9
Player profile[edit]
Generally, a modern-day NBA swingman provides a multitude of skills. Jackson is certainly no exception, as evidenced by his overall ability. Although he is known to be a somewhat streaky outside shooter, Jackson's scoring range extends from the basket to the 3-point line. Additionally, against smaller players, he is often utilized in the post (where he is either double-teamed and creates an open shot for a teammate or is able to manufacture a mid-range jumper). Despite spurts of inefficient, turnover-prone play, Jackson has proved a capable playmaking option, with above-average passing abilities and court vision. Defensively, Jackson is considered among the better perimeter defenders in the league, due to his toughness, long wingspan, and awareness.
Larry Brown, a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame and former head coach of the Charlotte Bobcats, readily acknowledges Jackson's ability: "You ask anyone in the league – Stephen is an elite player. He's as bright as anyone I've coached."[61] Former Golden State Warriors head coach Don Nelson, the winningest coach in NBA history, articulates this brief summation of Jackson's game: "I don't think that people realize how good a player Jackson is, he guards every night, he makes plays, he can shoot, and the only thing that he doesn't do is rebound. He makes everyone around him better."[62] Jackson's coach during his Indiana days, Rick Carlisle, describes Jackson as a "terrific all-around player... He's an experienced guy, strong and quick. He has a good understanding of the game on the defensive side of the ball."[63] NBA legend and former Pacers president Larry Bird calls Jackson the toughest player in the league, regarding injuries and subsequently playing through the pain. Bird also praised Jackson's ability to "do every aspect of the game at a high level."[64] Theo Ratliff, a former Bobcats teammate, asserted that "if he is not an All-Star in this league, I don't know who is. It is time people recognize what he does on the floor."[65]
Personal life and reputation[edit]
Stemming from the two referenced incidents in 2004 and 2006, Jackson has been charged with felony criminal recklessness and a number of misdemeanors, including assault, disorderly conduct, and two counts of battery.[66]
Tim Duncan once labeled Jackson as the "ultimate teammate" during Jackson's first stint in San Antonio. ESPN analyst and sportswriter Michael Smith finds Jackson to be "articulate, charming, and thoughtful."[67]
Marcus Thompson of the Contra Costa Times conveys his opinion as such: "He takes the younger players under his wing, taking them shopping, dispensing advice, lending an ear. What's more, he does the little things that are unbecoming of a millionaire. He looks people in the eye when they talk to him, as if he cares about what they're saying. He frequently doles out handshakes, half-hugs and, to women, pecks on the cheek. He returns phone calls. He mends fences, lifts spirits, makes others feel special."[68] Following a community outreach event, Gwen Knapp of the San Francisco Chronicle stated that "[Jackson] couldn't have been more charming or more engaged, the perfect face of the franchise."[69]
[Jackson's] a one and only, as it should be.
“
”
Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA coach Don Nelson[70]
Former coaches Rick Carlisle and Don Nelson have constantly referred to Jackson's high character. During an appearance on the Jim Rome radio show, Nelson alluded to Jackson in a laudatory manner beyond the limited scope of the NBA.[71] Former Pacers executive Donnie Walsh, who was principally responsible for the Golden State trade, stated "I love Jack to death. He's emotional and he's going to get technicals. But that's just part of the package. He's a great team guy."[72]
During his 7-game suspension to begin the 2007–08 NBA season, Jackson donated a significant portion of his time towards community service in the Oakland area, organizing several events geared mainly towards children.[73] Additionally, during a game against the Toronto Raptors, Jackson paid tribute to forward Matt Barnes and his ailing mother whom he had left to support in her battle against cancer, by wearing the number 22 on his headband. Jackson also offered to miss his return from suspension if Barnes needed the support at home.[74] Throughout his tenure in Golden State, Jackson attended Bible study with teammates such as Kelenna Azubuike, Al Harrington, and Brandan Wright.[75] Pairing up with Southwest Airlines, Jackson and the Warriors organization arranged an essay contest for elementary school students from his hometown of Port Arthur, which gave 10 third-graders the opportunity to meet Jackson and receive tickets to the following night's game.[76]
The NBA recognized Jackson for his ongoing charitable causes and presented him with the league's Community Assist Award for March 2008. During the month, he participated in a Silence the Violence rally, teamed up with Grammy Award-winner John Legend to raise funds for the Show Me Campaign, participated in a groundbreaking for a basketball court, and launched his own foundation.[77] In conjunction with the Good Tidings Foundation, Jackson unveiled the Stephen Jackson Basketball Court at Omega Boys Club in San Francisco, California on April 11, 2008. Additionally, in honor of Jackson's continued commitment to the Bay Area community, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom proclaimed Saturday, April 12, 2008 – the day after the unveiling – as Stephen Jackson Day.[78]
Jackson established the Stephen Jackson Academy of Art, Science, and Technology in the summer of 2008.[70] New construction for the school was completed in 2009; as of 2012, the academy offers after-school programs for local children and houses a gymnasium for public use. In order to pursue educational accreditation, Jackson plans to expand the academy. According to The Port Arthur News, new construction will likely commence by the end of 2012.[79] For several years, Jackson has held an annual basketball camp for local children in the Port Arthur area.
Music endeavors[edit]
In December 2011, under the alias Stak5, Jackson released a rap mixtape entitled "What's a Lockout?" hosted by DJ Scream of Maybach Music Group.[80] The mixtape included guest appearances by various artists, including hip-hop legend Scarface. Imani Showalter, Jackson's ex-fiancee and mother of two of his children, is a cast member of Basketball Wives: LA, a reality show airing on American cable television network VH1. In 2012, he released a song called "Lonely At The Top" for his mixtape Jack of All Trades, which features Kevin Durant.
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "WARRIORS: 2007 Playoffs – Round 1, Game 6". NBA.com. May 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ "NBA.com: Stephen Jackson Printable Stats". NBA.com. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Bruce. "Thoughts Before Game 4". Sporting Green. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "With suspension looming, Warriors' Stephen Jackson is back". SI.com. October 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-01. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "NBA honors Jackson, Howard". Yahoo.com. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
Jump up ^ Dubow, Josh (April 17, 2008). "Warriors miss playoffs with 48 wins". Associated Press. USA Today. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Warriors' Jackson has been on a roll". Bay Area News Group. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Jackson leads Warriors past Suns". Yahoo.com. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Warriors Sign Stephen Jackson To Contract Extension". NBA.com. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ "Jackson to have toe surgery, will miss remainder of season". Contra Costa Times. 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
Jump up ^ Jackson Undergoes Toe Surgery The Sporting News, March 31, 2009
Jump up ^ "Bobcats acquire Stephen Jackson and Acie Law from Warriors". NBA.com. 2009-11-16. Archived from the original on 2009-11-19. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Jackson named Eastern Conference Player of the Week". Bobcats.com. 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Magic beat Bobcats 99–90 to complete sweep". Associated Press. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ "2009–10 NBA Awards Voting". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Jackson's 24–10–10 powers Bobcats by Steve Nash-less Suns". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. November 20, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bonnell, Rick. "Ex-Bobcat Stephen Jackson: When Gerald left, I really left". Inside the NBA. Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bucks acquire Jackson, Livingston, Udrih and draft rights to Tobias Harris in a three-team trade". NBA.com. 2011-06-23. Archived from the original on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Charles F. "Jackson able to practice despite hamstring issue". Bucks Blog. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bucks' Stephen Jackson unhappy with Scott Skiles, waiting for trade". Sporting News. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Warriors Acquire Andrew Bogut and Stephen Jackson From Milwaukee". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. March 13, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Warriors Acquire Richard Jefferson, T.J. Ford And 2012 First Round Pick From San Antonio". NBA.com. March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Klemko, Robert (May 29, 2012). "Stephen Jackson embraces limited role with Spurs". USA Today. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Weber, Paul J. "Spurs torch Blazers to lock up top seed in West". San Antonio Spurs. NBA.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Buck. "Jackson's name is called – for Durant". Spurs Nation. San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Blanchard, Jesse. "An appreciation for Stephen Jackson's Game 6". 48 Minutes of Hell. ESPN TrueHoop Network. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Jackson". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Spurs’ Stephen Jackson fined $25K for threatening tweet about Serge Ibaka
Jump up ^ "Spurs Place Stephen Jackson on Waivers". NBA.com. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ CLIPPERS SIGN STEPHEN JACKSON
Jump up ^ Los Angeles Clippers waive Stephen Jackson
Jump up ^ Stephen Jackson officially retires from NBA, time to remember his highlights
Jump up ^ "Jackson's franchise best 43 points carry Charlotte Bobcats". CharlotteObserver.com. 2010-01-12. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Warriors Recap vs. Pistons: 03.05.07". NBA.com. 2007-03-05. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Nowitzki: We haven't done anything yet". DallasNews.com. 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
Jump up ^ "Newest Bobcat's got your back – always". CharlotteObserver.com. 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte vs. Orlando – Recap". SI.com. 2010-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2006-10-12). "Pacers' Jackson charged with criminal recklessness". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
Jump up ^ Smith, Michael (2005-05-19). "Jackson humbled by early life, suspension". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Marcus, II (2007-04-13). "Jackson's benevolence clashes with his bad guy image". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
Jump up ^ Knapp, Gwen (February 26, 2008). "HE'S A GO-TO GUY / Jackson has done more off the court than all he does on it for the Warriors". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Abrams, Jonathan. "The Devil and Stephen Jackson". Grantland. ESPN.com.
Jump up ^ "Don Nelson: 10/05/07 Appearance on Jim Rome Show". JimRome.com. October 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Will he be their savior?". San Jose Mercury News. November 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
Jump up ^ "WARRIORS: Stephen Jackson: Giving Back". NBA.com. November 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
Jump up ^ "KNBR Radio: Stephen Jackson Interview". KNBR. 2007-11-19. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Marcus, II (2008-01-23). "Warrior Azubuike takes it easy before a game". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
Jump up ^ Knapp, Gwen (February 26, 2008). "HE'S A GO-TO GUY / Jackson has done more off the court than all he does on it for the Warriors". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Jackson Receives March Community Assist Award". NBA.com. 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
Jump up ^ "WARRIORS.com: Stephen Jackson Basketball Court Unveiled At Omega Boys Club In San Francisco". NBA.com. 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Jump up ^ Edgerton, Cody. "'Jack of all trades' brings NBA prowess to PA". The Port Arthur News. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Jackson – What's A Lockout". livemixtapes.com. livemixtapes.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Jackson.
Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com
Jackson's official website
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text:
Elbow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Elbow (disambiguation).
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Elbow
Details
Identifiers
Latin
articulatio cubiti
MeSH
A01.378.800.420
Code
a_64
Dorlands
/Elsevier
12161129
TA
A01.1.00.023
FMA
24901
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the olecranon (the bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow), the elbow pit, the lateral and medial epicondyles, and the elbow joint. The name for the elbow in Latin is cubitus, and so the word cubital is used in some elbow-related terms, as in cubital nodes for example. The elbow is specific to humans and other primates.[1] The elbow joint[2] is the synovial hinge joint[3] between the humerus in the upper arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm which allows the forearm and hand to be moved towards and away from the body.[4] The superior radioulnar joint shares the joint capsule with the elbow joint but plays no functional role at the elbow.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Joint
1.1.1 Joint capsule
1.1.2 Synovial membrane
1.1.3 Ligaments
1.2 Muscles
1.2.1 Flexion
1.2.2 Extension
1.3 Blood supply (cubital anastomosis)
1.4 Innervation
1.5 Development during childhood and adolescence
2 Function
2.1 Carrying angle
3 Pathology
3.1 Tendonitis
3.2 Fractures
3.3 Dislocation
3.4 Infection
3.5 Arthritis
3.6 Bursitis
4 Pain management for common problems in the radioulnar and elbow joints
4.1 Tennis elbow
4.2 Golfer’s elbow
4.3 Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) rheumatoid arthritis
4.4 Cubital tunnel syndrome
5 Society and culture
6 Other primates
7 Additional images
8 Notes
9 References
Structure[edit]
Joint[edit]
The elbow joint has three different portions surrounded by a common joint capsule. These are joints between the three bones of the elbow, the humerus of the upper arm, and the radius and the ulna of the forearm.
Joint
From
To
Description
Humeroulnar joint trochlear notch of the ulna trochlea of humerus Is a simple hinge-joint, and allows for movements of flexion and extension only.
Humeroradial joint head of the radius capitulum of the humerus Is a ball-and-socket joint.
Proximal radioulnar joint head of the radius radial notch of the ulna In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes pronation and supination.
When in anatomical position there are four main bony landmarks of the elbow. At the lower part of the humerus are the medial and lateral epicondyles, on the side closest to the body (medial) and on the side away from the body (lateral) surfaces. The third landmark is the olecranon found at the head of the ulna. These lie on a horizontal line called the Hueter line. When the elbow is flexed, they form an equilateral triangle called the Hueter triangle.[6]
Left elbow extended and flexed
At the surface of the humerus where it faces the joint is the trochlea. The groove running across the trochlea is, in most people, vertical on the anterior side but spirals off on the posterior side. This results in the forearm being aligned to the upper arm during flexion, but forming an angle to the upper arm during extension — an angle known as the carrying angle.[7]
Joint capsule[edit]
Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Anterior and posterior aspects.
The elbow joint and the superior radioulnar joint are enclosed by a single fibrous capsule. The capsule is strengthened by ligaments at the sides but relatively weak in front and behind.[8]
On the anterior side the capsule consists mainly of longitudinal fibres. However, some bundles among these fibers run obliquely, thicken and strengthen the capsule, and are referred to as the capsular ligament. Deep fibres of the brachialis muscle insert anteriorly into the capsule and act to pull it and the underlying membrane during flexion in order to prevent them from being pinched.[8]
On the posterior side the capsule is thin and mainly composed of transverse fibres. A few of these fibres stretch across the olecranon fossa without attaching to it and form a transverse band with a free upper border. On the ulnar side, the capsule reaches down to the posterior part of the annular ligament. The posterior capsule is attached to the triceps tendon which prevents the capsule from being pinched during extension.[8]
Synovial membrane[edit]
The synovial membrane of the elbow joint is very extensive. On the humerus, it extends up from the articular margins and covers the coronoid and radial fossae anteriorly and the olecranon fossa posteriorly. Distally, it is prolonged down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint. It is supported by the quadrate ligament below the annular ligament where it also forms a fold which gives the head of the radius freedom of movement.[8]
Several synovial folds project into the recesses of the joint.[8] These folds or plicae are remnants of normal embryonic development and can be categorized as either anterior (anterior humeral recess) or posterior (olecranon recess).[9] A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. [8]
On the humerus there are extrasynovial fat pads adjacent to the three articular fossae. These pads fill the radial and coronoid fossa anteriorly during extension, and the olecranon fossa posteriorly during flexion. They are displaced when the fossae are occupied by the bony projections of the ulna and radius.[8]
Ligaments[edit]
Left elbow-joint
Left: anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments
Right: posterior and radial collateral ligaments
The elbow, like other joints, has ligaments on either side. These are triangular bands which blend with the joint capsule. They are positioned so that they always lie across the transverse joint axis and are, therefore, always relatively tense and impose strict limitations on abduction, adduction, and axial rotation at the elbow.[8]
The ulnar collateral ligament has its apex on the medial epicondyle. Its anterior band stretches from the anterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial edge of the coronoid process, while the posterior band stretches from posterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial side of the olecranon. These two bands are separated by a thinner intermediate part and their distal attachments are united by a transverse band below which the synovial membrane protrudes during joint movements. The anterior band is closely associated with the tendon of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm, even being the origin of flexor digitorum superficialis. The ulnar nerve crosses the intermediate part as it enters the forearm.[8]
The radial collateral ligament is attached to the lateral epicondyle below the common extensor tendon. Less distinct than the ulnar collateral ligament, this ligament blends with the annular ligament of the radius and its margins are attached near the radial notch of the ulna.[8]
Muscles[edit]
Flexion[edit]
There are three main flexor muscles at the elbow:[10]
Brachialis acts exclusively as an elbow flexor and is one of the few muscles in the human body with a single function. It originates low on the anterior side of the humerus and is inserted into the tuberosity of the ulna.
Brachioradialis acts essentially as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme pronation and pronates during extreme supination. It originates at the lateral supracondylar ridge distally on the humerus and is inserted distally on the radius at the styloid process.
Biceps brachii is the main elbow flexor but, as a biarticular muscle, also plays important secondary roles as a stabiliser at the shoulder and as a supinator. It originates on the scapula with two tendons: That of the long head on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the shoulder joint and that of the short head on the coracoid process at the top of the scapula. Its main insertion is at the radial tuberosity on the radius.
Brachialis is the main muscle used when the elbow is flexed slowly. During rapid and forceful flexion all three muscles are brought into action assisted by the superficial forearm flexors originating at the medial side of the elbow.[11] The efficiency of the flexor muscles increases dramatically as the elbow is brought into midflexion (flexed 90°) — biceps reaches its angle of maximum efficiency at 80–90° and brachialis at 100–110°.[10]
Active flexion is limited to 145° by the contact between the anterior muscles of the upper arm and forearm, more so because they are hardened by contraction during flexion. Passive flexion (forearm is pushed against the upper arm with flexors relaxed) is limited to 160° by the bony projections on the radius and ulna as they reach to shallow depressions on the humerus; i.e. the head of radius being pressed against the radial fossa and the coronoid process being pressed against the coronoid fossa. Passive flexion is further limited by tension in the posterior capsular ligament and in triceps brachii. [12]
Extension[edit]
Elbow extension is simply bringing the forearm back to anatomical position.[11] This action is performed by triceps brachii with a negligible assistance from anconeus. Triceps originates with two heads posteriorly on the humerus and with its long head on the scapula just below the shoulder joint. It is inserted posteriorly on the olecranon.[10]
Triceps is maximally efficient with the elbow flexed 20–30°. As the angle of flexion increases, the position of the olecranon approaches the main axis of the humerus which decreases muscle efficiency. In full flexion, however, the triceps tendon is "rolled up" on the olecranon as on a pulley which compensates for the loss of efficiency. Because triceps' long head is biarticular (acts on two joints), its efficiency is also dependent on the position of the shoulder. [10]
Extension is limited by the olecranon reaching the olecranon fossa, tension in the anterior ligament, and resistance in flexor muscles. Forced extension results in a rupture in one of the limiting structures: olecranon fracture, torn capsule and ligaments, and, though the muscles are normally left unaffected, a bruised brachial artery. [12]
Blood supply (cubital anastomosis)[edit]
The anastomosis and deep veins around the elbow-joint
The arteries supplying the joint are derived from an extensive circulatory anastomosis between the brachial artery and its terminal branches. The superior and inferior ulnar collateral branches of the brachial artery and the radial and middle collateral branches of the profunda brachii artery descend from above to reconnect on the joint capsule, where they also connect with the anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent branches of the ulnar artery; the radial recurrent branch of the radial artery; and the interosseous recurrent branch of the common interosseous artery.[13]
The blood is brought back by vessels from the radial, ulnar, and brachial veins. There are two sets of lymphatic nodes at the elbow, normally located above the medial epicondyle — the deep and superficial cubital nodes (also called epitrochlear nodes). The lymphatic drainage at the elbow is through the deep nodes at the bifurcation of the brachial artery, the superficial nodes drain the forearm and the ulnar side of the hand. The efferent lymph vessels from the elbow proceed to the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes. [13] [14]
Innervation[edit]
The elbow is innervated anteriorly by branches from the musculocutaneous, median, and radial nerve, and posteriorly from the ulnar nerve and the branch of the radial nerve to anconeus. [13]
Development during childhood and adolescence[edit]
The elbow undergoes dynamic development of ossification centers through infancy and adolescence, with the order of both the appearance and fusion of the apophyseal growth centers being crucial in assessment of the pediatric elbow on radiograph, in order to distinguish a traumatic fracture or apophyseal separation from normal development. The order of appearance can be understood by the mnemonic CRITOE, referring to the capitellum, radial head, internal epicondyle, trochlea, olecranon, and external epicondyle at ages 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. These apophyseal centers then fuse during adolescence, with the internal epicondyle and olecranon fusing last. The ages of fusion are more variable than ossification, but normally occur at 13, 15, 17, 13, 16 and 13 years, respectively.[15] In addition, the presence of a joint effusion can be inferenced by the presence of the fat pad sign, a structure that is normally physiologically present, but pathologic when elevated by fluid, and always pathologic when posterior.[16]
Function[edit]
The function of the elbow joint is to extend and flex the arm grasp and reach for objects.[17] The range of movement in the elbow is from 0 degrees of elbow extension to 150 of elbow flexion.[18] Muscles contributing to function are all flexion (biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) and extension muscles (triceps and anconeus).
In humans, the main task of the elbow is to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb. While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the elbow joint, it plays no functional role at the elbow.[5]
With the elbow extended, the long axis of the humerus and that of the ulna coincide. At the same time, the articular surfaces on both bones are located in front of those axes and deviate from them at an angle of 45°. Additionally, the forearm muscles that originate at the elbow are grouped at the sides of the joint in order not to interfere with its movement. The wide angle of flexion at the elbow made possible by this arrangement — almost 180° — allows the bones to be brought almost in parallel to each other.[5]
Carrying angle[edit]
Normal radiograph; right picture of the straightened arm shows the carrying angle of the elbow
When the arm is extended, with the palm facing forward or up, the bones of the upper arm (humerus) and forearm (radius and ulna) are not perfectly aligned. The deviation from a straight line occurs in the direction of the thumb, and is referred to as the "carrying angle" (visible in the right half of the picture, right).
The carrying angle permits the arm to be swung without contacting the hips. Women on average have smaller shoulders and wider hips than men, which tends to produce a larger carrying angle (i.e., larger deviation from a straight line than that in men). There is, however, extensive overlap in the carrying angle between individual men and women, and a sex-bias has not been consistently observed in scientific studies.[19] This could however be attributed to the very small sample sizes in those cited earlier studies. A more recent study based on a sample size of 333 individuals from both sexes concluded that carrying angle is a suitable secondary sexual characteristic.[20]
The angle is greater in the dominant limb than the non-dominant limb of both sexes,[21] suggesting that natural forces acting on the elbow modify the carrying angle. Developmental,[22] aging and possibly racial influences add further to the variability of this parameter.
Pathology[edit]
Left: Lateral X ray of a dislocated right elbow
Right: AP X ray of a dislocated right elbow
The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury.
Tendonitis[edit]
Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are overuse injuries: tennis elbow and golfer's elbow. Golfer's elbow involves the tendon of the common flexor origin which originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus (the "inside" of the elbow). Tennis elbow is the equivalent injury, but at the common extensor origin (the lateral epicondyle of the humerus).
Fractures[edit]
There are three bones at the elbow joint, and any combination of these bones may be involved in a fracture of the elbow. Patients who are able to fully extend their arm at the elbow are unlikely to have a fracture (98% certainty) and an X-ray is not required as long as an olecranon fracture is ruled out.[23] Acute fractures may not be easily visible on X-ray.[citation needed]
Dislocation[edit]
Elbow dislocations constitute 10% to 25% of all injuries to the elbow. The elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated joints in the body, with an average annual incidence of acute dislocation of 6 per 100,000 persons.[24] Among injuries to the upper extremity, dislocation of the elbow is second only to a dislocated shoulder. A full dislocation of the elbow will require expert medical attention to re-align, and recovery can take approximately 8–14 weeks. A small amount of people (10% or less) report near full recovery and minimal permanent restriction, but a permanent restriction of 5–15% movement is common.[citation needed]
Infection[edit]
Infection of the elbow joint (septic arthritis) is uncommon. It may occur spontaneously, but may also occur in relation to surgery or infection elsewhere in the body (for example, endocarditis).[citation needed]
Arthritis[edit]
Elbow arthritis is usually seen in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or after fractures that involve the joint itself. When the damage to the joint is severe, fascial arthroplasty or elbow joint replacement may be considered.[25]
Bursitis[edit]
Main article: Olecranon bursitis
Pain management for common problems in the radioulnar and elbow joints[edit]
Elbow pain can occur for a multitude of reasons, including injury, disease, and other conditions. Common conditions include tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, distal radioulnar joint rheumatoid arthritis, and cubital tunnel syndrome.
Tennis elbow[edit]
Tennis elbow is a very common type of overuse injury. It can occur both from chronic repetitive motions of the hand and forearm, and from trauma to the same areas. These repetitions can injure the tendons that connect the extensor supinator muscles (which rotate and extend the forearm) to the olecranon process (also known as “the elbow”). Pain occurs, often radiating from the lateral forearm. Weakness, numbness, and stiffness are also very common, along with tenderness upon touch.[26] A non-invasive treatment for pain management is rest. If achieving rest is an issue, a wrist brace can also be worn. This keeps the wrist in flexion, thereby relieving the extensor muscles and allowing rest. Ice, heat, ultrasound, steroid injections, and compression can also help alleviate pain. After the pain has been reduced, exercise therapy is important to prevent injury in the future. Exercises should be low velocity, and weight should increase progressively.[27] Stretching the flexors and extensors is helpful, as are strengthening exercises. Massage can also be useful, focusing on the extensor trigger points.[28]
Golfer’s elbow[edit]
Golfer's elbow is very similar to tennis elbow, but less common. It is caused by overuse and repetitive motions like a golf swing. It can also be caused by trauma. Wrist flexion and pronation (rotating of the forearm) causes irritation to the tendons near the medial epicondyle of the elbow.[29] It can cause pain, stiffness, loss of sensation, and weakness radiating from the inside of the elbow to the fingers. Rest is the primary intervention for this injury. Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements.[30]
Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) rheumatoid arthritis[edit]
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the radioulnar joint. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities. There are many different treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, and there is no one consensus for which methods are best. Most common treatments include wrist splints, surgery, physical and occupational therapy, and antirheumatic medication.[31]
Cubital tunnel syndrome[edit]
Cubital tunnel syndrome, more commonly known as ulnar neuropathy, occurs when the ulnar nerve is irritated and becomes inflamed. This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the area known as the “funny bone”. Irritation can occur due to constant, repeated stress and pressure at this area, or from a trauma. It can also occur due to bone deformities, and oftentimes from sports.[32] Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and weakness, along with pain. First line pain management techniques include the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory oral medicines. These help to reduce inflammation, pressure, and irritation of the nerve and around the nerve. Other simple fixes include learning more ergonomically friendly habits that can help prevent nerve impingement and irritation in the future. Protective equipment can also be very helpful. Examples of this include a protective elbow pad, and an arm splint. More serious cases often involve surgery, in which the nerve or the surrounding tissue is moved to relieve the pressure. Recovery from surgery can take awhile, but the prognosis is often a good one. Recovery often includes movement restrictions, and range of motion activities, and can last a few months (cubital and radial tunnel syndrome, 2).
Society and culture[edit]
The now obsolete length unit ell relates closely to the elbow. This becomes especially visible when considering the Germanic origins of both words, Elle (ell, defined as the length of a male forearm from elbow to fingertips) and Ellbogen (elbow). It is unknown when or why the second "l" was dropped from English usage of the word.[citation needed] The ell as in the English measure could also be taken to come from the letter L, being bent at right angles, as an elbow.[33] The ell as a measure was taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder.[34] Another measure was the cubit (from cubital). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger.[35]
Other primates[edit]
Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all apes, there are some minor differences. In arboreal apes such as orangutans, the large forearm muscles originating on the epicondyles of the humerus generate significant transverse forces on the elbow joint. The structure to resist these forces is a pronounced keel on the trochlear notch on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for example, humans and gorillas. In knuckle-walkers, on the other hand, the elbow has to deal with large vertical loads passing through extended forearms and the joint is therefore more expanded to provide larger articular surfaces perpendicular to those forces.[36]
Derived traits in catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys) elbows include the loss of the entepicondylar foramen (a hole in the distal humerus), a non-translatory (rotation-only) humeroulnar joint, and a more robust ulna with a shortened trochlear notch.[37]
The proximal radioulnar joint is similarly derived in higher primates in the location and shape of the radial notch on the ulna; the primitive form being represented by New World monkeys, such as the howler monkey, and by fossil catarrhines, such as Aegyptopithecus. In these taxa, the oval head of the radius lies in front of the ulnar shaft so that the former overlaps the latter by half its width. With this forearm configuration, the ulna supports the radius and maximum stability is achieved when the forearm is fully pronated. [37]
Additional images[edit]
The supinator. Posterior view.
Back of right upper extremity.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov.
Jump up ^ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov.
Jump up ^ Palastanga & Soames 2012, p. 138
Jump up ^ Kapandji 1982, pp. 74–7
^ Jump up to: a b c Palastanga & Soames 2012, pp. 127–8
Jump up ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006, p. 240
Jump up ^ Kapandji 1982, p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Palastanga & Soames 2012, pp. 131–2
Jump up ^ Awaya et al. 2001
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kapandji 1982, pp. 88–91
^ Jump up to: a b Palastanga & Soames 2012, p. 136
^ Jump up to: a b Kapandji 1982, p. 86
^ Jump up to: a b c Palastanga & Soames 2012, p. 133
Jump up ^ "Cubital nodes". Inner Body. Retrieved June 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Soma, DB (March 2016). "Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain". PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation. 8 (3 Suppl): S101–12. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.002. PMID 26972259.
Jump up ^ Lee, YJ; Han, D; Koh, YH; Zo, JH; Kim, SH; Kim, DK; Lee, JS; Moon, HJ; Kim, JS; Chun, EJ; Youn, BJ; Lee, CH; Kim, SS (February 2008). "Adult sail sign: radiographic and computed tomographic features". Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 49 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1080/02841850701675677. PMID 18210313.
Jump up ^ Dimon, T. (2011). The Body of Motion: its Evolution and Design (pp. 39-42). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Jump up ^ Thomas, B. P.; Sreekanth, R. (2012). "Distal radioulnar joint injuries". Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 46 (5): 493–504. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.101031.
Jump up ^ Steel & Tomlinson 1958, pp. 315–7; Van Roy et al. 2005, pp. 1645–56; Zampagni et al. 2008, p. 370
Jump up ^ Ruparelia et al. 2010
Jump up ^ Paraskevas et al. 2004, pp. 19–23; Yilmaz et al. 2005, pp. 1360–3
Jump up ^ Tukenmez et al. 2004, pp. 274–6
Jump up ^ Appelboam et al. 2008
Jump up ^ Blakeney 2010
Jump up ^ Matsen 2012
Jump up ^ Speed, C., Hazleman, B., & Dalton, S. (2006). Fast Facts : Soft Tissue Disorders (2nd Edition). Abingdon, Oxford, GBR: Health Press Limited. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com
Jump up ^ MacAuley, D., & Best, T. (Eds.). (2008). Evidence-Based Sports Medicine. Chichester, GBR: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com
Jump up ^ Thomson, B. (2015, January 1). (5) Tennis Elbow Treatment By Trigger Point Massage. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/fitness/hOBP5_TriggerPoint_Tennis_Elbow.htm
Jump up ^ Dhami, S., & Sheikh, A. (2002). At A Glance - Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow). Factiva.
Jump up ^ Golfer's elbow. (2012, October 9). Retrieved March 14, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/prevention/con-20027964
Jump up ^ Lee, S., & Hausman, M. (2005). Management of the Distal Radioulnar Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hand Clinics, (21), 577-589.
Jump up ^ Cubital and Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. (2014, September 29). Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cubital-radial-tunnel-syndrome
Jump up ^ O.D.E>2nd edition 2005
Jump up ^ O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005,
Jump up ^ O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005
Jump up ^ Drapeau 2008, Abstract
^ Jump up to: a b Richmond et al. 1998, Discussion, p. 267
References[edit]
Appelboam, A; Reuben, A D; Benger, J R; Beech, F; Dutson, J; Haig, S; Higginson, I; Klein, J A; Le Roux, S; Saranga, S S M; Taylor, R; Vickery, J; Powell, R J; Lloyd, G (2008). "Elbow extension test to rule out elbow fracture: multicentre, prospective validation and observational study of diagnostic accuracy in adults and children". BMJ. 337: a2428. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2428. PMC 2600962  . PMID 19066257.
Awaya, Hitomi; Schweitzer, Mark E.; Feng, Sunah A.; Kamishima, Tamotsu; Marone, Phillip J.; Farooki; Shella; Trudell, Debra J.; Haghighi, Parviz; Resnick, Donald L. (December 2001). "Elbow Synovial Fold Syndrome: MR Imaging Findings". American Journal of Roentgenology. 177 (6): 1377–81. doi:10.2214/ajr.177.6.1771377. PMID 11717088. Retrieved June 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Blakeney, W G (January 2010). "Elbow Dislocation". Life in the Fast Lane.
Drapeau, MS (July 2008). "Articular morphology of the proximal ulna in extant and fossil hominoids and hominins". J Hum Evol. 55 (1): 86–102. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.005. PMID 18472143.
Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb (5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Matsen, Frederick A. (2012). "Total elbow joint replacement for rheumatoid arthritis: A Patient's Guide" (PDF). UW Medicine.
Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (2012). Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function (6th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 9780702040535.
Paraskevas, G; Papadopoulos, A; Papaziogas, B; Spanidou, S; Argiriadou, H; Gigis, J (2004). "Study of the carrying angle of the human elbow joint in full extension: a morphometric analysis". Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 26 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1007/s00276-003-0185-z. PMID 14648036.
Richmond, Brian G; Fleagle, John G; Kappelman, John; Swisher, Carl C (1998). "First Hominoid From the Miocene of Ethiopia and the Evolution of the Catarrhine Elbow" (PDF). Am J Phys Anthropol. 105 (3): 257–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<257::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 9545073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-17.
Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006). Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. p. 240. ISBN 3131420812.
Ruparelia, S; Patel, S; Zalawadia, A; Shah, S (2010). "Study Of Carrying Angle And Its Correlation With Various Parameters". NJIRM. 1 (3). ISSN 0975-9840.
Steel, F; Tomlinson, J (1958). "The 'carrying angle' in man". Journal of Anatomy. 92 (2): 315–7. PMC 1249704  . PMID 13525245.
Tukenmez, M; Demirel, H; Perçin, S; Tezeren, G (2004). "Measurement of the carrying angle of the elbow in 2,000 children at ages six and fourteen years". Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica. 38 (4): 274–6. PMID 15618770.
Van Roy, P; Baeyens, JP; Fauvart, D; Lanssiers, R; Clarijs, JP (2005). "Arthro-kinematics of the elbow: study of the carrying angle". Ergonomics. 48 (11–14): 1645–56. doi:10.1080/00140130500101361. PMID 16338730.
Yilmaz, E; Karakurt, L; Belhan, O; Bulut, M; Serin, E; Avci, M (2005). "Variation of carrying angle with age, sex, and special reference to side". Orthopedics. 28 (11): 1360–3. PMID 16295195.
Zampagni, M; Casino, D; Zaffagnini, S; Visani, AA; Marcacci, M (2008). "Estimating the elbow carrying angle with an electrogoniometer: acquisition of data and reliability of measurements". Orthopedics. 31 (4): 370. doi:10.3928/01477447-20080401-39. PMID 19292279.
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/wiki/Antecubital_fossa
mw-redirect
Antecubital fossa

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/wiki/Superior_radioulnar_joint
mw-redirect
Superior radioulnar joint

values:
/wiki/Head_of_the_radius
mw-redirect
Head of the radius

values:
/wiki/Ball-and-socket_joint
mw-redirect
Ball-and-socket joint

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/wiki/Proximal_radioulnar_joint
mw-redirect
Proximal radioulnar joint

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/wiki/Anatomical_position
mw-redirect
Anatomical position

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/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_radius
mw-redirect
Anular ligament of radius

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/wiki/Coronoid_fossa
mw-redirect
Coronoid fossa

values: Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint

values: Radial collateral ligament of elbow joint

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/wiki/Brachioradialis_muscle
mw-redirect
Brachioradialis muscle

values:
/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle
mw-redirect
Biceps brachii muscle

values: Edit section: Blood supply (cubital anastomosis)

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/wiki/Profunda_brachii_artery
mw-redirect
Profunda brachii artery

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/wiki/Radial_vein
mw-redirect
Radial vein

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/wiki/Brachial_vein
mw-redirect
Brachial vein

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/wiki/Efferent_lymph_vessel
mw-redirect
Efferent lymph vessel

values: Edit section: Development during childhood and adolescence

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/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)
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Tubercle (anatomy)

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/wiki/Elbow_flexion
mw-redirect
Elbow flexion

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/wiki/Biceps_brachii
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Biceps brachii

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/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)
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Extension (kinesiology)

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values: Edit section: Pain management for common problems in the radioulnar and elbow joints

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/wiki/Olecranon_process
mw-redirect
Olecranon process

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/wiki/Extensor_muscles
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Extensor muscles

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/wiki/Compression_bandage
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Compression bandage

values: Edit section: Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) rheumatoid arthritis

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/wiki/Derived_trait
mw-redirect
Derived trait

values:
/wiki/File:Gray420.png
image
The supinator. Posterior view.

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/wiki/File:Gray1232.png
image
Back of right upper extremity.

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external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmrj.2016.01.002

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PubMed Identifier

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26972259

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18210313

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http://www.ebrary.com

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066257

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//doi.org/10.2214%2Fajr.177.6.1771377

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11717088

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18472143

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//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00276-003-0185-z

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http://ns2.scopemed.com/?mno=3291

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618770

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16295195

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/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint
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Glenohumeral joint

values: Ulnar collateral ligament of wrist joint

values: Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint

values: Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament

values: Collateral ligaments of metacarpophalangeal joints

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/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_hand
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Interphalangeal joints of hand

values: Collateral ligaments of interphalangeal joints

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/wiki/Las%C3%A8gue%27s_sign
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Lasègue's sign

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/wiki/Thompson_test
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Thompson test

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/wiki/Apprehension_test
mw-redirect
Apprehension test

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/wiki/Neer_impingement_sign
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Neer impingement sign

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/wiki/Elbow_examination
mw-redirect
Elbow examination

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