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War Eagle
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For other uses, see War Eagle (disambiguation).
War Eagle
Nova, War Eagle VII
University
Auburn University
Conference
SEC
Description
Golden eagle
First seen
1930
Related mascot(s)
Aubie
War Eagle is a battle cry, yell, or motto of Auburn University and supporters of Auburn University sports teams, especially the Auburn Tigers football team. War Eagle is a common term of endearment, greeting, or salutation among the Auburn Family (e.g., students, alumni, fans). It is also the title of the university's fight song and the name of the university's golden eagle.
The widespread use of "War Eagle" by Auburn devotees has often led to outside confusion as to Auburn's official mascot. However, the official mascot of Auburn University is Aubie the Tiger, and all Auburn athletic teams, men's and women's, are nicknamed the Tigers. Auburn has never referred to any of its athletic teams as the "Eagles" or "War Eagles." The university's official response to the confusion between the Tigers mascot and the War Eagle battle cry is, "We are the Tigers who say 'War Eagle.'"
"Nova", officially named "War Eagle VII", just after flying untethered above the stadium before Auburn's game versus South Carolina in 2010.
Since 1930, and continuously since 1960, Auburn has kept an actual live golden eagle on campus. Since 2001 Auburn has presented an untethered eagle to fly over Jordan-Hare stadium prior to the start of football games. War Eagle VII, a golden eagle named Nova, along with Spirit, a bald eagle, perform the War Eagle Flight before all Auburn home games at Jordan–Hare Stadium.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the "War Eagle" phrase
2 War Eagle birds
2.1 War Eagle I (1892)
2.2 War Eagle II (1930)
2.3 War Eagle III (1960-1964)
2.4 War Eagle IV (1964-1980)
2.5 War Eagle V (1981-1986)
2.6 War Eagle VI (1986-2006)
2.7 War Eagle VII (2006–present)
3 "War Eagle" as Auburn's fight song
4 References
5 External links
History of the "War Eagle" phrase[edit]
As early as 1916, the Columbus, Georgia Daily Enquirer mentioned "War Eagle" as an Auburn battle cry.[1] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, "War Eagle" appeared from time to time in the United States as an evocative nickname for people and things such as Native Americans (including professional wrestlers); race horses; a U.S. civil war mascot; and, in one case, a coal mine interest.
There are several stories about the origin of the battle cry. One of these is a mythical story published in 1959 in the Auburn Plainsman, conceived by its then editorial page editor, Jim Phillips. This myth is detailed below under War Eagle I.
A 1914 football game against the Carlisle Indians provides another myth. According to this story, there was a lineman/tackle named Bald Eagle on the Indians' team. Attempting to exhaust that player, Auburn's team began running multiple plays directly at his position. Without even huddling, the Auburn quarterback Lucy Hairston would yell "Bald Eagle," letting the rest of the team know that the play would be run at the tackle. Spectators, however, thought the quarterback was saying "War Eagle," and began to chant that.
Another legend claims that "War Eagle" was the name given to the large golden eagle by the Plains Indians because the eagle furnished feathers for use in their war bonnets.
According to a 1998 article in the Auburn Plainsman,[2] the most likely origin of the "War Eagle" cry grew from a 1913 pep rally at Langdon Hall, where students had gathered the day before the annual football game against the University of Georgia. Cheerleader Gus Graydon told the crowd, "If we are going to win this game, we'll have to get out there and fight, because this means war." During the frenzy, another student, E. T. Enslen, dressed in his military uniform, noticed something had dropped from his hat. Bending down, he saw it was the metal emblem of an eagle that had come loose during his wild cheering. Someone asked him what he had found, and Enslen loudly replied, "It's a War Eagle!" The new cry was used by students at the game the following day.
War Eagle birds[edit]
Auburn has had seven numbered "War Eagle" birds, but the first of these only appeared in a legend about the history of the phrase "War Eagle".
War Eagle I (1892)[edit]
The mythical War Eagle I has the most colorful story of all of the "War Eagle" eagles. War Eagle I's story begins in the Civil War. According to the legend, a soldier from Alabama was the sole Confederate survivor of a bloody battle, Battle of the Wilderness. Stumbling across the battlefield, he came across a wounded young eagle. The bird was named Anvre, and was cared for and nursed back to health by the soldier. Several years later the soldier, a former Auburn student, returned to college as a faculty member, bringing the bird with him. For years both were a familiar sight on campus and at events. On the day of Auburn's first football game in 1892 against the University of Georgia, the aged eagle broke away from his master during the game and began to circle the field, exciting the fans. But at the end of the game, with Auburn victorious, the eagle fell to the ground and died. In 2010, a children's book,"The War Eagle Story" by Francesca Adler-Baeder and illustrated by Tiffany Everett was published that favors this version of the story.
This legend was originally published in the March 27, 1959, edition of the Auburn Plainsman and was conceived by then editorial page editor Jim Phillips. Though apocryphal, this tale is most often told as the beginning of the association of "War Eagle" with Auburn. Phillips has pressed several recent presidents of Auburn to research the true origin of the battle cry "before my fictitious story gets carved in stone."
War Eagle II (1930)[edit]
Auburn's first real, live-eagle mascot, War Eagle II, was mentioned in the New York Times,[3] which noted then that "War Eagle" was already established as Auburn's battle cry. In November 1930 a golden eagle swooped down on a flock of turkeys in Bee Hive, Alabama, southwest of Auburn, Alabama, and became entangled in a mass of pea vines. Fourteen individuals and businesses scraped together $10 and purchased the eagle from the farmer who owned the pea patch. Cheerleaders DeWit Stier and Harry "Happy" Davis (who later became executive secretary of the Alumni Association) helped care for the new bird. It was put in a strong wire cage and taken to the Auburn football game against the University of South Carolina in Columbus, Georgia on Thanksgiving Day.
Auburn, having not won a Southern Conference game in four seasons, was anticipated to lose. However, Auburn took a 25-7 victory over the Gamecocks. The student body concluded that the luck from the eagle's presence—which had been absent from their prior losses—was responsible for the victory that day. The eagle was kept in a cage behind Alumni Hall (renamed Ingram Hall), and cared for by members of the "A" Club.
The bird's ultimate fate is unknown. Some say it died or was carried away by students of a rival school. Others say it was given to a zoo due to the high cost of upkeep; there is even a rumor that it was stuffed and put in the John Bell Lovelace Athletic Museum.
Originally known simply as "War Eagle" this bird was retroactively named "War Eagle II" with the arrival of War Eagle III.
War Eagle III (1960-1964)[edit]
Auburn's third eagle arrived in Auburn in November 1960 after being captured by a cotton farmer in Curry Station, Talladega County, Alabama who found the bird caught between two rows of cotton. The eagle was sent to Auburn by the Talladega County Agent along with a load of turkeys. It was first taken to the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity house where it refused a cold chicken leg but made fast work of a live chicken. After a short stay in one of the Wildlife Department's animal pens, the eagle was moved into a cage built by the Auburn's Delta Chapter of Alpha Phi Omega fraternity. This would begin a 40-year period where Alpha Phi Omega was the bird's primary caretaker.
Jon Bowden, a fraternity brother who had previously worked with hawks in Colorado and Missouri, volunteered to serve as the bird's trainer. Formally named War Eagle III, Jon nicknamed the bird "Tiger." In April 1961, Jon and Tiger made their first appearance as trainer and mascot on the baseball diamond. Auburn was playing the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and was trailing 10-13 in the eighth inning, but rallied in the ninth and scored 4 runs to win the game.
The students were receptive to the new mascot and expressed a concern for a larger cage to house War Eagle III. In 1964, on the morning of the football game against Tennessee, War Eagle III was seen by his trainer, A. Elwyn Hamer Jr., sitting on the ground next to his perch. He had sprung the clip on his leash and escaped. After several days of searching, the bird was found shot to death in a wooded area near Birmingham, Alabama, where the game was being played.
War Eagle IV (1964-1980)[edit]
The Birmingham Downtown Action Committee found another golden eagle in the Jackson, Mississippi zoo and presented it to the Auburn student body in October 1964. This became War Eagle IV, also called "Tiger." She lived in a large aviary—until torn down in 2003 the second largest single-bird enclosure in the country—that had been funded and constructed by the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity and named for A. Elwyn Hamer Jr., War Eagle III's first trainer who had been killed in a plane crash in December 1965.
Throughout the years, the fraternity provided care and training for the mascot. On the morning of the 1980 Iron Bowl against Alabama in Birmingham, she was found dead by her trainers (Tim Thomason, Charlie Jacks, Bob Ingram, and her former trainer Bill Watts), having died of natural causes at age 22, after having served as Auburn's mascot for 16 years. A marker in memory of War Eagle IV is located on the Auburn University campus near the former site of the aviary.
War Eagle V (1981-1986)[edit]
Through the efforts of War Eagle IV's trainers and with the financial support of the Birmingham Downtown Action, an immature golden eagle was located soon after the death of War Eagle IV and brought to Auburn from Wyoming. The bird arrived in Auburn on March 3, 1981 and was taken to the Veterinary School where she was kept for a short period in order to be examined for any signs of shock from travel. She was then transferred to a small cage until the annual "A Day" football game when she was presented to the University by the Birmingham Downtown Action Committee on May 9, 1981.
The bird was under the stewardship of the U.S. Government under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act and was on loan to the Auburn University Veterinary School. She was officially named War Eagle V, and nicknamed "Tiger" as was tradition. She was approximately two years old at her arrival and was very active on campus. She attended many university functions, Alumni meetings, schools, hospitals, the 1985 Boy Scouts of America National Jamboree, and the 1986 National Order of the Arrow Conference.
On September 4, 1986, War Eagle V died of a ruptured spleen at the age of 8 and a half years old. War Eagle V was taken to Auburn's veterinary school the night before by her trainer, Jim McAlarney, who noticed that she was not behaving normally. McAlarney spent the night at the veterinary school while veterinarians made a futile effort to save the bird's life.
War Eagle VI (1986-2006)[edit]
The eagle trainers began working soon after the unexpected death of War Eagle V to find a new golden eagle. The Auburn University Alumni Association and many Auburn alumni contributed to the effort and a new eagle was located at the Tennessee Valley Authority Raptor Rehabilitation Facility in Land Between The Lakes, Kentucky. Trainers made the trip to the facility to receive Auburn's new mascot. The bird originally came from St. Louis, Missouri, where she was seized by Federal agents as part of an illegal breeding operation and brought to Kentucky by wildlife biologist, Robert D. Smith, who managed the Bald Eagle and Osprey programs at Land Between the Lakes and just happened to have a son at Auburn. Like War Eagle V, she was under the stewardship of the U.S. Government under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act and was on loan to the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. She arrived in Auburn on October 8, 1986 at an age of six years. Like the two eagles before her, she was cared for by the members of Alpha Phi Omega and nicknamed Tiger.
During the 2000 football season, War Eagle VI began a tradition of performing a free flight before a home football game. War Eagle VI, and later other eagles kept by in the Southeastern Raptor Rehabilitation Center in Auburn, flew around the stadium before landing on the field as the crowd chanted "War Eagle".
In 2000, day-to-day care of War Eagle VI was turned over to the Southeastern Raptor Rehabilitation Center, ending the 40-year program of care by Alpha Phi Omega. Shortly thereafter, the bird was moved from the Hamer Aviary to the Southeastern Raptor Rehabilitation center. The Hamer Aviary was torn down in the summer of 2003. On February 8, 2002, War Eagle VI flew in Rice-Eccles Stadium as part of the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City. War Eagle VI was featured the next day on NBC's Today Show.
In the summer of 2003, allegations of improper care of the birds by the Southeastern Raptor Rehabilitation Center were leveled by the university administration and by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[4] Many of the birds were suffering from diseases and malnourishment. After all investigations were concluded, War Eagle VI was allowed to fly again prior to Auburn home games.[5]
War Eagle VI's presence continued to be used throughout her life as a wildlife educational tool.
On November 11, 2006, War Eagle VI was officially retired in a pregame ceremony before the Georgia game. During halftime of the same game, her successor, Nova, was named War Eagle VII. In her final game as War Eagle VI, Auburn defeated Arkansas State 27-0, finalizing the team's record under War Eagle VI at 174-69-4. She saw two undefeated Auburn seasons, four SEC titles, and six SEC Western Division crowns.
Tiger continued to make non-flying appearances at Auburn University events and for wildlife education to various organizations until her death on June 18, 2014, at age 34 shortly following cataract surgery.[6]
War Eagle VII (2006–present)[edit]
Nova, Auburn's fourteen-year-old golden eagle, was officially named War Eagle VII on November 11, 2006. He was hatched in the Montgomery Zoo in 1999 and moved to Auburn at six months of age. Prior to being named War Eagle VII, Nova had already participated in pre-game flights and conservation exhibits throughout the southeast.
As of 2017- Nova was suspended from flight activities due to a diagnosis of chronic heart disease. Auburn University would instead use Spirit, a bald eagle, in place of Nova for the 2017-18 Football Season
War Eagle was named the #4 mascot in a poll by Foxsports.[1] [7]
War Eagle VII is currently 18 years old.
"War Eagle" as Auburn's fight song[edit]
"War Eagle" is the name of the university's official fight song. It is played before and after games, as well as immediately after Auburn scores by the Auburn University Marching Band. (Auburn plays "Glory, Glory, to Ole Auburn" after an extra point.) In addition, the Samford Carillon, located in the clock tower of Samford Hall, rings the fight song every day at noon.
"War Eagle" was written in 1954 and 1955 by New York songwriters Robert Allen and Al Stillman. The "Auburn Victory March" had been the fight song for decades. The Jordan Vocational High School Band of Columbus, Georgia, under the direction of Bob Barr first performed the song during Auburn's 1955 season-opener versus Chattanooga.[8]
Auburn University currently does not hold ownership of the copyright for "War Eagle". The university did not renew it[citation needed] and the copyright is currently held by the estate of Robert Allen. Therefore, companies selling products with "War Eagle" being played must acquire licensing from the estate as well as Auburn University. There is a movement within the university to regain the ownership of the song.[citation needed]
War Eagle
First two lines and last two lines
Problems playing this file? See media help.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Auburn Tigers Practice by Electric Lights For Game", Columbus Daily Enquirer, November 1, 1916.
Jump up ^ "The Auburn Plainsman Online | Burn The Bulldogs 1998". Auburn.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Auburn's Eleven Gets Eagle As Mascot to Go With Slogan". The New York Times. November 29, 1930.
Jump up ^ "Auburn University Raptor Center Update".
Jump up ^ "Auburn Defends Raptor Center Doctor, Treatment of Birds".
Jump up ^ "Tiger, Auburn's first eagle to fly free in Jordan-Hare Stadium, passes away".
Jump up ^ "College Football's Top 25 Mascots".
Jump up ^ "War Eagle is Title of New API Song To Be Heard On Football Field Soon",Lee County Bulletin, September 8, 1955; "15,000 To See Saturday Tilt", Lee County Bulletin, September 22, 1955. The song was introduced at the Auburn-Chattanooga game on September 24, 1955. Since classes at API did not begin until September 26 of that year, the API Marching Band was not present; instead, the Jordan High School Band performed in their place.
External links[edit]
Southeastern Raptor Center
Alpha Phi Omega, Delta Chapter - Caretakers of the War Eagle program from 1960 to 2000.
Auburn University Marching Band
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Since I Found You (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Since I Found You
Genre
Romance
Drama
Comedy
Created by
Reggie Amigo
Rondel P. Lindayag
Written by
Benedict Mique Jr.
Allan Cuadra
John Anthony Rodulfo
Marc Ferdinand Castañeda
Abi Lam-Parayno
Directed by
Antoinette Jadaone
Andoy L. Ranay
Darnel Joy R. Villaflor
Starring
Piolo Pascual
Arci Muñoz
JC de Vera
Alessandra de Rossi
Empoy Marquez
Theme music composer
Russell Hitchcock
Graham Russell
Opening theme
Even the Nights Are Better by Kyla
Country of origin
Philippines
Original language(s)
Filipino
English
No. of episodes
85
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jemila Jimenez
Maya Manuel-Aralar
Producer(s)
Carlina D. dela Merced
Ethel Manaloto Espiritu
Mae N. Santos
Cinematography
Herman Claravall
Editor(s)
Rommel Malimban
Running time
30–45 minutes
Production company(s)
Dreamscape Entertainment Television
Release
Original network
ABS-CBN
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
April 16 (2018-04-16) – August 10, 2018 (2018-08-10)
External links
Website
Since I Found You is a 2018 Philippine romantic comedy-drama television series starring Piolo Pascual, Arci Muñoz, JC de Vera, Alessandra de Rossi and Empoy. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide via The Filipino Channel from April 16, 2018 to August 10, 2018, replacing The Good Son.[1][2]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
1.3 Guest cast
1.4 Special participation
2 Reception
3 See also
4 References
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Piolo Pascual as Nathaniel "Nathan" Capistrano
Arci Muñoz as Daniella "Dani" Cobarrubias-Capistrano
Alessandra de Rossi as Janice Punzalan
JC de Vera as John "Gino" Corpuz
Empoy as James Ribs
Supporting cast[edit]
Michael de Mesa as Gary Corpuz
Carmi Martin as Regina "Mama Reg" Cobarrubias
Joey Marquez as Gregorio "Mang Gerry" Punzalan
John Lapus as Kap. Ronwaldo "Watashi" Cobarrubias
Isabel Oli-Prats as Iya Capistrano-Samontina
Cholo Barretto as Justin Capistrano
Kate Alejandrino as Lexie Capistrano
Vivoree Esclito as AJ Punzalan
Moi Marcampo as Morisette
Benj Manalo as Hector
Joel Saracho as Berto
Guest cast[edit]
Jong Cuenco as Irwin
Ces Quesada as Linda
Chrome Cosio as Darwin
Yñigo Delen as Kyle
CK Kieron as Kiefer
Gee Canlas as Racquel
Miho Nishida as Maggie
Ashley Sarmiento as Princess
Rhed Bustamante as Gelai
Justine Peña as Moymoy
Young JV as Simon
Josef Elizalde as Jeff
Adrienne Vergara as Aida
Des Ngo as Lorna
Phi Palmos as Yellow
Max Celada as Bong
Dolly de Leon as Dr. Yambao
Lao Rodriguez as Engr. Landicho
Dwaine Woolley as Cole
Special participation[edit]
Charo Santos-Concio as Elvie Capistrano
Iza Calzado as Pam
Irma Adlawan as Tyang
Francis Magundayao as young Nathan
Dave Rodriguez as young Gino
Avery Balasbas as young Iya
Enzo Pelojero as young Justin
Reception[edit]
Kantar Media National TV Ratings
(9:15PM PST)
Pilot Episode
Finale Episode
Peak
Average
22.1%
April 16, 2018 19.6%
August 10, 2018 24.4%
April 17, 2018 TBD

See also[edit]
List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN
List of ABS-CBN drama series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Since I Found You Full Trailer: This April 16 on ABS-CBN!. YouTube. ABS-CBN. March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Arci, Alessandra, JC, Empoy, at Piolo, hahanapin ang tunay na pag-ibig sa "Since I Found You"" (Press release). ABS-CBN Social Media Newsroom. April 11, 2018.
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Ricky Lee's Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita
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Since I Found You
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FPJ's Ang Probinsyano (since 2015)
Araw Gabi (since 2018)
Asintado (since 2018)
Halik (since 2018)
Ngayon at Kailanman (since 2018)
Sana Dalawa ang Puso (since 2018)
Upcoming
Playhouse (2018)
The General's Daughter (2018)
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Orbital spaceflight
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Space Shuttle Discovery rockets to orbital velocity, seen here just after booster separation
An orbital spaceflight (or orbital flight) is a spaceflight in which a spacecraft is placed on a trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free trajectory which has an altitude at perigee (altitude at closest approach) above 100 kilometers (62 mi); this is, by at least one convention, the boundary of space. To remain in orbit at this altitude requires an orbital speed of ~7.8 km/s. Orbital speed is slower for higher orbits, but attaining them requires greater delta-v.
Due to atmospheric drag, the lowest altitude at which an object in a circular orbit can complete at least one full revolution without propulsion is approximately 150 km (90 mi).
The expression "orbital spaceflight" is mostly used to distinguish from sub-orbital spaceflights, which are flights where the apogee of a spacecraft reaches space, but the perigee is too low.
Contents
[hide]
1 Orbital launch
2 Stability
3 Orbits
4 Orbital maneuver
5 Deorbit and re-entry
6 History
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Orbital launch[edit]
Orbital human spaceflight
Name
Debut
Launches
Vostok 1961 6
Mercury 1962 4
Voskhod 1964 2
Gemini 1965 10
Soyuz 1967 147
Apollo 1968 21
Shuttle 1981 135
Shenzhou 2003 4
Orbital spaceflight from Earth has only been achieved by launch vehicles that use rocket engines for propulsion. To reach orbit, the rocket must impart to the payload a delta-v of about 9.3–10 km/s. This figure is mainly (~7.8 km/s) for horizontal acceleration needed to reach orbital speed, but allows for atmospheric drag (approximately 300 m/s with the ballistic coefficient of a 20 m long dense fueled vehicle), gravity losses (depending on burn time and details of the trajectory and launch vehicle), and gaining altitude.
The main proven technique involves launching nearly vertically for a few kilometers while performing a gravity turn, and then progressively flattening the trajectory out at an altitude of 170+ km and accelerating on a horizontal trajectory (with the rocket angled upwards to fight gravity and maintain altitude) for a 5-8 minute burn until orbital velocity is achieved. Currently, 2-4 stages are needed to achieve the required delta-v. Most launches are by expendable launch systems.
The Pegasus rocket for small satellites instead launches from an aircraft at an altitude of 12 km.
There have been many proposed methods for achieving orbital spaceflight that have the potential of being much more affordable than rockets. Some of these ideas such as the space elevator, and rotovator, require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Other proposed ideas include ground accelerators such as launch loops, rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon, scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
From 2015 SpaceX have demonstrated significant progress in their more incremental approach to reducing the cost of orbital spaceflight. Their potential for cost reduction comes mainly from pioneering propulsive landing with their reusable rocket booster stage as well as their Dragon capsule, but also includes reuse of the other components such as the payload fairings and the use of 3D printing of a superalloy to construct more efficient rocket engines, such as their SuperDraco. The initial stages of these improvements could reduce the cost of an orbital launch by an order of magnitude.[1]
Stability[edit]
The International Space Station during its construction in Earth orbit in 2001. It must be periodically re-boosted to maintain its orbit
Main article: Orbital decay
An object in orbit at an altitude of less than roughly 200 km is considered unstable due to atmospheric drag. For a satellite to be in a stable orbit (i.e. sustainable for more than a few months), 350 km is a more standard altitude for low Earth orbit. For example, on 1958-02-01 the Explorer 1 satellite was launched into an orbit with a perigee of 358 kilometers (222 mi).[2] It remained in orbit for more than 12 years before its atmospheric reentry over the Pacific Ocean on 1970-03-31.
However, the exact behaviour of objects in orbit depends on altitude, their ballistic coefficient, and details of space weather which can affect the height of the upper atmosphere.
Orbits[edit]
Main article: Geocentric orbit
There are three main 'bands' of orbit around the Earth: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO).
Due to Orbital mechanics orbits are in a particular, largely fixed plane around the Earth, which coincides with the center of the Earth, and may be tilted with respect to the equator. The Earth rotates about its axis within this orbit, and the relative motion of the spacecraft and the movement of the Earths surface determines the position that the spacecraft appears in the sky from the ground, and which parts of the Earth are visible from the spacecraft.
By dropping a vertical down to the Earth's surface it is possible to calculate a ground track which shows which part of the Earth a spacecraft is immediately above, and this is useful for helping to visualise the orbit.
Orbital maneuver[edit]
Main article: Orbital maneuver
Skylab mission docked to the Skylab space station
In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far from Earth—for example those in orbits around the Sun—an orbital maneuver is called a deep-space maneuver (DSM).
Deorbit and re-entry[edit]
Main article: Atmospheric entry
Returning spacecraft (including all potentially manned craft) have to find a way of slowing down as much as possible while still in higher atmospheric layers and avoid hitting the ground (lithobraking) or burning up. For many orbital space flights, initial deceleration is provided by the retrofiring of the craft's rocket engines, perturbing the orbit (by lowering perigee down into the atmosphere) onto a suborbital trajectory. Many spacecraft in low-Earth orbit (e.g., nanosatellites or spacecraft that have run out of station keeping fuel or are otherwise non-functional) solve the problem of deceleration from orbital speeds through using atmospheric drag (aerobraking) to provide initial deceleration. In all cases, once initial deceleration has lowered the orbital perigee into the mesosphere, all spacecraft lose most of the remaining speed, and therefore kinetic energy, through the atmospheric drag effect of aerobraking.
Intentional aerobraking is achieved by orienting the returning space craft so as to present the heat shields forward toward the atmosphere to protect against the high temperatures generated by atmospheric compression and friction caused by passing through the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds. The thermal energy is dissipated mainly by compression heating the air in a shockwave ahead of the vehicle using a blunt heat shield shape, with the aim of minimising the heat entering the vehicle.
Sub-orbital space flights, being at a much lower speed, do not generate anywhere near as much heat upon re-entry.
Even if the orbiting objects are expendable, most space authorities are pushing toward controlled re-entries to minimize hazard to lives and property on the planet.
History[edit]
Sputnik 1 was the first human-made object to achieve orbital spaceflight. It was launched on 4 October 1957 by the Soviet Union.
Vostok 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 12 April 1961, carrying Yuri Gagarin, was the first successful human spaceflight to reach Earth orbit.
Vostok 6, launched by the Soviet Union on 16 June 1963, carrying Valentina Tereshkova, was the first successful woman carrying out a spaceflight to reach Earth orbit.
See also[edit]
Spaceflight portal
Orbit
List of orbits
Ground track
Orbital mechanics
Project HARP was a failed attempt, and a ram accelerator is another design, to launch an object into orbit with a gun
Rocket launch
Non-rocket spacelaunch
Spacecraft
Spaceflight
Spaceport, including a list of sites for orbital launches
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Belfiore, Michael (December 9, 2013). "The Rocketeer". Foreign Policy. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Explorer 1 - NSSDC ID: 1958-001A". NASA.
External links[edit]
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Characteristic energy
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Ephemeris
Equatorial coordinate system
Ground track
Hill sphere
Interplanetary Transport Network
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Lagrangian point
n-body problem
Orbit equation
Orbital state vectors
Perturbation
Retrograde motion
Specific orbital energy
Specific relative angular momentum
Two-line elements
List of orbits
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