text:
Spanish Ladies
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Not to be confused with Spanish Lady or Lady of Spain.
James E. Buttersworth's The Clipper Ship Flying Cloud off the Needles, Isle of Wight (1859-60).
"Spanish Ladies" (Roud 687) is a traditional British naval song, describing a voyage from Spain to the Downs from the viewpoint of ratings of the Royal Navy.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Lyrics
3 Variants
4 In other media
5 References
6 External links
Origins[edit]
A ballad by the name "Spanish Ladies" was registered in the English Stationer's Company on December 14, 1624.[1] The oldest mention of the present song does not, however, appear until the 1796 logbook of HMS Nellie,[verification needed] making it more likely an invention of the Napoleonic era.[1] The timing of the mention in the Nellie's logbook suggests that the song was created during the War of the First Coalition (1793–96), when the Royal Navy carried supplies to Spain to aid its resistance to revolutionary France. It probably gained in popularity during the later Peninsular War when British soldiers were transported throughout the Iberian peninsula to assist rebels fighting against the French occupation. After their victory over the Grande Armée, these soldiers were returned to Britain but forbidden to bring their Spanish wives, lovers, and children with them.[2]
The song predates the proper emergence of the sea shanty. Shanties were the work songs of merchant sailors, rather than naval ones. However, in his 1840 novel Poor Jack, Captain Frederick Marryat reports that the song "Spanish Ladies"—though once very popular—was "now almost forgotten" and he included it in whole in order to "rescue it from oblivion".[3] The emergence of shanties in the mid-19th century then revived its fortunes,[4] to the point where it is now sometimes included as a "borrowed song" within the genre.[5]
Lyrics[edit]
"Spanish Ladies" is the story of British navy men sailing north from Spain and along the English Channel. The crew are unable to determine their latitude by sighting as the distance between Ushant to the south and the Scillies to the north is wide. Instead, they locate themselves by the depth and the sandy bottom they have sounded. Arthur Ransome, in his novel Peter Duck, suggests that the succession of headlands on the English shore indicates the ship tacking up-channel away from the French coast, identifying a new landmark on each tack.[6] However, one verse (quoted below) states that they had the wind at southwest and squared their mainsails to run up the Channel, rather than beating against a northeasterly.
This is the version recorded in the 1840 Poor Jack.[3] It is one of many. Notable variations are shown in parentheses after each line.
Farewell and adieu to you, Spanish ladies, (alt: "...to Spanish ladies")
Farewell and adieu to you, ladies of Spain; (alt: "...to ladies of Spain;")
For we have received orders (alt: "...'re under orders")
For to sail to old England,
But we hope in a short time to see you again. (alt: "And we may ne'er see you fair ladies again.")

(Chorus:)
We'll rant and we'll roar, like true British sailors,
We'll rant and we'll roar across the salt seas; (alt: "We'll range and we'll roam all on the salt seas;")
Until we strike soundings
In the Channel of old England,
From Ushant to Scilly 'tis thirty-five leagues. (alt: "34" or "45".[8])

Then we hove our ship to, with the wind at the sou'west, my boys, (alt: "We hove our ship to, with the wind from sou'west, boys,")
Then we hove our ship to, for to strike soundings clear; (alt: "...deep soundings to take;" "...for to make soundings clear;")
Then we filled the main topsail (alt: "'Twas 45 (or 55) fathoms with a white sandy bottom")
And bore right away, my boys, (alt: "So we squared our main yard")
And straight up the Channel of old England did steer. (alt: "And up channel did make." or "...did steer")

So the first land we made, it is called the Deadman, (alt: "The first land we sighted was callèd the Dodman")
Next Ram Head, off Plymouth, Start, Portland, and the Wight; (alt: "Next Rame Head off Plymouth, Start, Portland, and Wight;")
We sailèd by Beachy, (alt: "We sailed by Beachy / by Fairlight and Dover")
By Fairly and Dungeness,
And then bore away for the South Foreland light. (alt: "Until we brought to for..." or "And then we bore up for...")

Now the signal it was made for the Grand Fleet to anchor (alt: "Then the signal was made...")
All in the Downs that night for to meet; (alt: "...that night for to lie;")
Then stand by your stoppers, (alt: "Let go your shank painter, / Let go your cat stopper")
See clear your shank painters,
Hawl all your clew garnets, stick out tacks and sheets. (alt: "Haul up your clewgarnets, let tack and sheets fly")

Now let every man take off his full bumper, (alt: "Now let ev'ry man drink off his full bumper,")
Let every man take off his full bowl; (alt: "And let ev'ry man drink off his full glass;")
For we will be jolly (alt: "We'll drink and be jolly")
And drown melancholy,
With a health to each jovial and true hearted soul. (alt: "And here's to the health of each true-hearted lass.")
Variants[edit]
The song has been found in several different minor and major keys.[9] Cecil Sharp considers the version in minor keys to be the original.[10]
Several variants exist that utilize the same melody but substitute different lyrics. The one sung in Jaws reset the destination from England to Boston. "Brisbane Ladies" is an Australian tune about drovers instead of sailors. A significantly modified version called "The Ryans and the Pittmans", widely known as "We'll Rant and We'll Roar", is from Newfoundland; this version was recorded as "Rant and Roar" by Great Big Sea on their album Up. There is an American variant called "Yankee Whalermen". A version was created especially for the Bluenose, a famed Canadian ship based in Nova Scotia.
The melody is also used for the "Streets of Laredo", a 19th-century American cowboy ballad, and the song forms part of Sir Henry J. Wood's composition Fantasia on British Sea Songs.
In other media[edit]
As mentioned above, the song is quoted in full in the 1840 novel Poor Jack.[3] It appears in part in the 40th chapter of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick and in chapter 7 of Post Captain, the 2nd book and in Treason's Harbour, the 9th book of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series of novels set during the Napoleonic Wars. It also appears in Arthur Ransome's books Swallows and Amazons and "Missee Lee" and Wilbur Smith's works Monsoon and Blue Horizon.
The song notably appeared in the 1975 film Jaws.[11][12] It was also sung in the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, based on the O'Brian books.
Robert Shaw, the actor who sang the tune in Jaws,[13][14] also sang it years earlier in a 1956 episode of the television show The Buccaneers.[15] It has also appeared in the series Homicide,[16] Sharpe,[17] Hornblower,[18] Jimmy Neutron,[19] The Mentalist,[20] Gossip Girl,[21] Monsuno,[22] and Turn.[23]
The video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag features "Spanish Ladies" as one of the collectible sea shanties that the sailors on the player's ship may begin singing while sailing between islands while out of combat.[24]
In The Mentalist episode "Ladies in Red" Patrick Jane sings the tune to himself whilst attempting to find the correct code to open the victim's panic room.
Australian singer-songwriter Sarah Blasko produced a cover of the song which featured in the series Turn: Washington's Spies.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Palmer, Roy (1986). The Oxford Book of Sea Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 386.
Jump up ^ Venning, Annabel (2005). Following the Drum: The Lives of Army Wives and Daughters, Past and Present. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 372. ISBN 9780755312580.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marryat, Frederick. Poor Jack, pp. 116 ff. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans (London), 1840.
Jump up ^ Chappell, William; Macfarren, George Alexander; Ruggles-Brise, Dorothea; Glen, John (1859). Popular Music of the Olden Time. 2. London: Cramer, Beale & Chappell. p. 458. JSTOR 3370428.
Jump up ^ Hugill, Stan (1961). Shanties from the Seven Seas: Shipboard Work-Songs from the Great Days of Sail. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 609. ISBN 9780710015730. JSTOR 4521625. OCLC 8883552.
Jump up ^ Ransome, Arthur. Peter Duck.
Jump up ^ United States Hydrographic Office. British Islands Pilot, Vol. 1: The south coast of England from the Scilly Isles to the Thames, pp. 37 ff. United States Department of the Navy, 1920.
Jump up ^ In fact, the distance from Point Cadoran off Ushant to Wingletang in the Scillies is less than 112 miles (180 km), an equivalent of 32½ leagues, a distance made still smaller by the notoriously treacherous waters around both extremes.[7]
Jump up ^ Steve Roud & Julia Bishop, eds. The New Penguin Book of English Folk Songs. Penguin Classics, 2002. ISBN 978-0-141-19461-5. p.391.
Jump up ^ Cecil Sharp, Folk songs from Somerset (1909), 5:90
Jump up ^ Britton, Andrew (2009). "Jaws (1979)". In Grant, Barry Keith. Britton on Film: The Complete Film Criticism of Andrew Britton. Wayne State University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780814333631.
Jump up ^ Connor, L. D. (April 8, 2015). "The Literal and the Littoral". The Studios after the Studios: Neoclassical Hollywood (1970-2010). Stanford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780804794749.
Jump up ^ Pisano, Louis R.; Smith, Michael A. (October 6, 2015). Jaws 2: The Making of the Hollywood Sequel. BearManor Media. p. 237.
Jump up ^ Cobley, P. (November 9, 2000). "Reading the Space of the Seventies". The American Thriller: Generic Innovation and Social Change in the 1970s. Springer. p. 49. ISBN 9780333985120.
Jump up ^ Sapphire Films. The Buccaneers. "The Ladies". ABC (UK) and CBS (US), 1956.
Jump up ^ Baltimore Pictures & al. Homicide: Life on the Street. "Ghost of a Chance". NBC, 1993.
Jump up ^ Celtic Films and Picture Palace Films. Sharpe. "Sharpe's Enemy". ITV, 1994, and PBS (US), 1995.
Jump up ^ Meridian Television. Hornblower. "Retribution". ITV (UK), 2002, and A&E (US), 2003.
Jump up ^ O Entertainment & al. The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius. "Monster Hunt". Nickelodeon, 2003. The song appeared as Farewell and adieu, all ye cankered young ladies; Farewell and adieu, though my song is quite lame; For we received orders to sail to Pacoima; And then nevermore will we eat cheese again.
Jump up ^ Primrose Hill Productions & al. The Mentalist. "Ladies in Red". CBS, 2008.
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Television & al. Gossip Girl. "In the Realm of the Basses". The CW, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jakks Pacific & al. Monsuno: Combat Chaos. "Six". TV Tokyo (Japan) and Nicktoons (US), 2013.
Jump up ^ AMC Studios. Turn. "Of Cabbages and Kings". AMC, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Assassin's Creed IV: Spanish Ladies Lyrics". ORCZ. March 18, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
External links[edit]
Yankee Whalermen at Contemplator
Rant and Roar (Canadian) at Contemplator
A Yankee version using New Bedford
A user-created map showing all the English landmarks mentioned during the English Channel leg of the voyage can be found at [1]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Ladies&oldid=856082530"
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text:
Neutrality Acts of 1930s
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other Neutrality Acts, see Neutrality Act.
U.S. Congressional opposition
to American involvement in
wars and interventions
1812 North America
House Federalists’ Address
1847 Mexican–American War
Spot Resolutions
1917 World War I
Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill
1935–1939
Neutrality Acts
1935–1940
Ludlow Amendment
1970 Vietnam
McGovern–Hatfield Amendment
1970 Southeast Asia
Cooper–Church Amendment
1971 Vietnam
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1973 Southeast Asia
Case–Church Amendment
1973
War Powers Resolution
1974
Hughes–Ryan Amendment
1976 Angola
Clark Amendment
1982 Nicaragua
Boland Amendment
2007 Iraq
House Concurrent Resolution 63
v
t
e
The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.
The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany. The acts were largely repealed in 1941, in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Neutrality Act of 1935
3 Neutrality Act of 1936
4 Neutrality Act of 1937
5 Neutrality Act of 1939
6 End of neutrality policy
7 Subsequent application
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Background[edit]
The Nye Committee hearings between 1934 and 1936 and several best-selling books of the time, like H. C. Engelbrecht's The Merchants of Death (1934), supported the conviction of many Americans that the U.S. entry into World War I had been orchestrated by bankers and arms dealers for profit reasons. This strengthened the position of isolationists and non-interventionists in the country.
Powerful forces in United States Congress pushing for non-interventionism and strong Neutrality Acts were the Republican Senators William Edgar Borah, Arthur H. Vandenberg, Gerald P. Nye and Robert M. La Follette, Jr.,[1] but support of non-interventionism was not limited to the Republican party. The Ludlow Amendment, requiring a public referendum before any declaration of war except in cases of defense against direct attack, was introduced several times without success between 1935 and 1940 by Democratic Representative Louis Ludlow.
Democratic President Roosevelt and especially his Secretary of State Cordell Hull were critical of the Neutrality Acts, fearing that they would restrict the administration's options to support friendly nations. Even though both the House and Senate had large Democratic majorities throughout these years, there was enough support for the Acts among Democrats (especially those representing Southern states) to ensure their passage. Although Congressional support was insufficient to override a presidential veto, Roosevelt felt he could not afford to snub the South and anger public opinion, especially while facing re-election in 1936 and needing Congressional co-operation on domestic issues. With considerable reluctance, the president signed the Neutrality Acts into law.[2]
Neutrality Act of 1935[edit]
Roosevelt's State Department had lobbied for embargo provisions that would allow the President to impose sanctions selectively. This was rejected by Congress. The 1935 act,[3] signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months.
When Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935, the State Department established an office to enforce the provisions of the Act. The Office of Arms and Munitions Control, renamed the Division of Controls in 1939 when the office was expanded, consisted of Joseph C. Green and Charles W. Yost.
Roosevelt invoked the act after Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, preventing all arms and ammunition shipments to Italy and Ethiopia. He also declared a "moral embargo" against the belligerents, covering trade not falling under the Neutrality Act.[4]
Neutrality Act of 1936[edit]
The Neutrality Act of 1936,[5] passed in February of that year, renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months. It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents.
However, this act did not cover "civil wars," such as that in Spain (1936–1939), nor did it cover materials such as trucks and oil. U.S. companies such as Texaco, Standard Oil, Ford, General Motors, and Studebaker exploited this loophole to sell such items to General Franco on credit. By 1939, Franco owed these and other companies more than $100,000,000.[6]
Neutrality Act of 1937[edit]
In January 1937, the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain. The Neutrality Act of 1937[7] was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well.[8] Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.
In a concession to Roosevelt, a "cash-and-carry" provision that had been devised by his advisor Bernard Baruch was added: the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately with cash, with the argument that this would not draw the U.S. into the conflict. Roosevelt believed that cash-and-carry would aid France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany, since they were the only countries that controlled the seas and were able to take advantage of the provision.[2] The cash-and-carry clause was set to expire after two years.
Japan invaded China in July 1937, starting the Second Sino-Japanese War. President Roosevelt, who supported the Chinese side, chose not to invoke the Neutrality Acts since the parties had not formally declared war. In so doing, he ensured that China's efforts to defend itself would not be hindered by the legislation: China was dependent on arms imports and only Japan would have been able to take advantage of cash-and-carry. This outraged the isolationists in Congress who claimed that the spirit of the law was being undermined. Roosevelt stated that he would prohibit American ships from transporting arms to the belligerents, but he allowed British ships to transport American arms to China.[9] Roosevelt gave his Quarantine Speech in October 1937, outlining a move away from neutrality and toward "quarantining" all aggressors. He then imposed a "moral embargo" on exports of aircraft to Japan.[4]
Neutrality Act of 1939[edit]
Early in 1939, after Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia, Roosevelt lobbied Congress to have the cash-and-carry provision renewed. He was rebuffed, the provision lapsed, and the mandatory arms embargo remained in place.
In September 1939, after Germany had invaded Poland, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Roosevelt invoked the provisions of the Neutrality Act but came before Congress and lamented that the Neutrality Acts may give passive aid to an aggressor country.[10] Congress was divided. Nye wanted to broaden the embargo, and other isolationists like Vandenberg and Hiram Johnson vowed to fight "from hell to breakfast" Roosevelt's desire to loosen the embargo. An "outstanding Republican leader" who supported helping nations under attack, however, told H. V. Kaltenborn that the embargo was futile because a neutral country like Italy could buy from the US and sell its own weapons to Germany, while US companies would relocate factories to Canada.[11]
Roosevelt prevailed over the isolationists, and on November 4 the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed,[12] allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a cash-and-carry basis, thus in effect ending the arms embargo. Furthermore, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed, American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President, and the National Munitions Control Board (which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports. Arms trade without a license became a federal crime,[13] with a penalty of up to two years in prison.
End of neutrality policy[edit]
The end of neutrality policy came with the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941, which allowed the U.S. to sell, lend or give war materials to nations the US administration wanted to support.
After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships, Roosevelt announced on September 11, 1941, that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the "waters which we deem necessary for our defense". Following the sinking of the U.S. destroyer Reuben James on October 31, many of the provisions of the Neutrality Acts were repealed on November 17, 1941: merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations. The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on 11 December 1941, and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day.
Subsequent application[edit]
The provision against unlicensed arms trades of the 1939 act remains in force.[14]
In 1948, Charles Winters, Al Schwimmer and Herman Greenspun were convicted under the 1939 Act after smuggling B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from Florida to the nascent state of Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[15] All three received Presidential pardons in subsequent decades.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Delaney, David G, Neutrality Acts, Novel guide, retrieved June 5, 2008 .
^ Jump up to: a b The Neutrality Acts, 1930s, US: State Department, retrieved June 5, 2008 .
Jump up ^ Public Resolution 67, 74th Congress, 49 Stat. 1081 of August 31, 1935
^ Jump up to: a b Combs, Jerald A. (2002). "Embargoes and Sanctions". Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy.
Jump up ^ Public Resolution 74, 74th Congress, 49 Stat. 1152 of February 29, 1936
Jump up ^ Anderson, James M. The Spanish Civil War: A History and Reference Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32274-0.
Jump up ^ Public Resolution 27, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 121 of May 1, 1937
Jump up ^ Kennedy, David M. (1999). Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503834-7.
Jump up ^ Powaski, Ronald E (1991), Toward an Entangling Alliance: American Isolationism, Internationalism, and Europe, 1901–1950, Westport: Greenwood, p. 72 .
Jump up ^ "September 21, 1939: FDR urges repeal of Neutrality Act embargo provisions". History.com. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kaltenborn, H. V. (1939-09-22). CBS H. V. Kaltenborn Commentary (Radio).
Jump up ^ Public Resolution 54, 76th Congress, 54 Stat. 4 of November 4, 1939
Jump up ^ Brinkley, Douglas; Rubel, David (2003). World War II: The Axis Assault, 1939-1942. Macmillan. pp. 99–106.
Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § 441 (notes)
Jump up ^ Lichtblau, Eric (24 December 2008). "Jailed for Aiding Israel, but Pardoned by Bush". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pardon granted to man who flew planes to Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. December 23, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
Further reading[edit]
Divine, Robert A. (1962), The Illusion of Neutrality, University of Chicago Press, OCLC 186301491
Garner, James W. (1937), "Recent American Neutrality Legislation", International Affairs, 16 (6): 853–869, JSTOR 2602764
External links[edit]
Neutrality Act of August 31, 1935
Neutrality Act of February 29, 1936
Neutrality Act of May 1, 1937
Neutrality Act of November 4, 1939
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s&oldid=810308895"
Categories:
1937 in American politics
1937 in law
United States foreign relations legislation
History of the United States (1918–45)
History of United States isolationism
Legal history of the United States
1937 in international relations
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This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 13:41.
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