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List of food origins
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Some type of foods always were common in every continent, such as many seafood and plants. Examples of these types of food are honey, ants, mussels, crabs and coconuts.For crop plants, Nikolai Vavilov initially identified 8 Centers of origin,[1] later subdividing them into 12 in 1935.
Contents
[hide]
1 Americas
1.1 North America
1.1.1 Nuts
1.1.2 Vegetables and grains
1.1.3 Fruits
1.1.4 Pacific Northwest
1.2 Mexico and Central America
1.3 South America
1.3.1 Meat
1.3.2 Grain and beans
1.3.3 Herbs
1.3.4 Vegetables
1.3.5 Fruit
1.3.6 Sea food
2 Middle East
2.1 Neolithic founder crops
2.1.1 Cereals and pseudocereals
2.1.2 Vegetables
2.1.2.1 Pulses
2.1.2.2 Other
3 Europe
3.1 Plants
3.1.1 Fruit
3.1.2 Vegetables
3.1.3 Herbs
3.1.4 Other
3.2 Meat
3.3 Salt
3.4 Mediterranean
3.5 Mediterranean and subtropical fruits
4 Asia
4.1 Fruits of Asian origin
4.2 North Asia
4.2.1 Korean Peninsula
4.3 India
4.4 China
5 Africa
6 Polynesia
6.1 Australia
6.1.1 Fruits of Australian origin
7 Current importance of food origins
8 See also
9 References
Americas[edit]
Various squashes such as Turban, Sweet Dumpling, Carnival, Gold Acorn, Delicata, Buttercup and Golden Nugget.
Corn, beans and squash were domesticated in Mesoamerica around 3500 BCE. Potatoes, quinoa and manioc were domesticated in South America. In what is now the eastern United States, Native Americans domesticated sunflower and sumpweed around 2500 BCE.[2]
Ancient American crops[3]
Cereals
Maize (corn), maygrass, and little barley
Pseudocereals
Amaranth, quinoa, erect knotweed, sumpweed, and sunflowers
Pulses
Common beans, tepary beans, scarlet runner beans, lima beans, and peanuts
Fiber
Mexican cotton, yucca, and agave
Roots and tubers
Jicama, manioc (cassava), potatoes, sweet potatoes, sunchokes, oca, mashua, ulloco, arrowroot, yacon, leren, and groundnuts
Fruits
Tomatoes, chili peppers, avocados, cranberries, blueberries, huckleberries, cherimoyas, papayas, pawpaws, passionfruit, pineapples, soursops and strawberries
Melons
Squashes
Meat and poultry
Turkey, bison, muscovy ducks, and guinea pigs
Nuts
Peanut, black walnuts, shagbark hickory, pecans, hickory nuts, acorns from oak trees, pinion pine nuts, cashew nuts
Other
Chocolate, canna, tobacco, chicle, rubber, maple syrup, birch syrup and vanilla
Timeline of American crop cultivation[4]
Date
Crops
Location
7000 BCE Maize Mexico
5000 BCE Cotton Mexico
4800 BCE Squash
Chili peppers
Avocados
Amaranth Mexico
4000 BCE Maize
Common bean Mexico
4000 BCE Ground nut South America
2000 BCE Sunflowers
Beans
North America[edit]
Nuts[edit]
Acorn (Quercus alba, Quercus gambelii, Quercus kelloggii, Notholithocarpus densiflorus; Fagaceae)
Black walnut (Juglans nigra; Juglandaceae)
Hickory nut (Carya; Juglandaceae)
Pecans (Carya illinoinensis; Juglandaceae)
Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata; Juglandaceae)
White walnut (Juglans cinerea; Juglandaceae)
Vegetables and grains[edit]
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
Araliaceae
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum; Amaryllidaceae)
Dandelions
Echinacea (Asteroideae; Heliantheae; Asteraceae)
Erect knotweed
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus; Asteraceae), also known as topinambour
Little barley
Maple sap (Acer; Hippocastanoideae)
Maygrass
Pole beans (Phaseolus coccineus; Faboideae)
Sage (Salvia apiana; Lamiaceae)
Sumpweed
Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus; Asteraceae)
Wild rice (Zizania palustris; Poaceae)
Fruits[edit]
Canada, Mexico, and the United States are home to a surprising number of edible fruit; however, only three are commercially grown/known on a global scale (grapes, cranberries, and blueberries.) Many of the fruits below are still eaten locally as they have been for centuries and others are generating renewed interest by eco-friendly gardeners (less need for bug control) and chefs alike.
American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis; Adoxaceae)
American grape: North American species (e.g., Vitis labrusca; Vitaceae) and American-European hybrids are grown where grape (Vitis vinifera) is not hardy and are used as rootstocks
American mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum; Berberidaceae)
American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana; Ebenaceae): traditional for desserts and as dried fruit
American plum (Prunus americana; Rosaceae)
Beach plum (Prunus maritima; Rosaceae)
Black cherry (Prunus serotina; Rosaceae): popular flavoring for pies, jams, and sweets
Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis or Rubus leucodermis; Rosaceae)
Blueberry (Vaccinium, sect. Cyanococcus; Ericaceae)[5]
Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea; Elaeagnaceae), which grows wild in the prairies of Canada.
Canada plum (Prunus nigra; Rosaceae)
Canadian serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis; Rosaceae), also called sugarplum
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana; Rosaceae)
Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco; Chrysobalanaceae)
Concord grape[5]
Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus; Ericaceae)[5]
Dewberry (Rubus, sect. Flagellares, American dewberries; Rosaceae)
Desert Apricot (Prunus Fremontii; Rosaceae)
Eastern May Hawthorn (Crataegus aestivalis; Rosaceae), better known as mayhaw
False-mastic (Mastichodendron foetidissimum; Sapotaceae)
Florida strangler fig (Ficus aurea; Moraceae)
Ground plum (Astragalus caryocarpus; Fabaceae), also called ground-plum milk-vetch
Huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium; Ericaceae)
Maypop (Passiflora incarnata; Passifloraceae), traditionally a summer treat
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba; Annonaceae), not to be confused with papaya (Carica papaya; Caricaceae), which is called "pawpaw" in some English dialects
Pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia; Polygonaceae)
Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.,; Cactaceae), used as both a fruit and vegetable depending on part of plant
Pumpkin (Cucurbita; Cucurbitaceae)
Red mulberry (Morus rubra; Moraceae)
Salal berry (Gaultheria shallon; Ericaceae)
Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis; Rosaceae)
Saskatoonberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, Rosaceae)
Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens; Arecaceae)
Southern crabapple (Malus angustifolia; Rosaceae)
Squash (Cucurbita; Cucurbitaceae
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa; Rosaceae)
Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus; Rosaceae)
Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia; Rosaceae)
Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens; Ericaceae)
Pacific Northwest[edit]
Provisionally, this is primarily southern Coast Salish, though much is in common with Coast Salish overall.
Anthropogenic grasslands were maintained. The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or on the outer coast. Salmon and other fish were staples in this area. There was kokanee, a freshwater fish in the Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish watersheds. Shellfish were abundant. Butter clams, horse clams, and cockles were dried for trade.
Hunting was specialized; professions were probably sea hunters, land hunters, and fowlers. Water fowl were captured on moonless nights using strategic flares.
The managed grasslands not only provided game habitat, but vegetable sprouts, roots, bulbs, berries, and nuts were foraged from them as well as found wild. The most important were probably bracken and camas, and wapato especially for the Duwamish. Many, many varieties of berries were foraged; some were harvested with comblike devices not reportedly used elsewhere. Acorns were relished but were not widely available. Regional tribes went in autumn to the Nisqually Flats (Nisqually plains) to harvest them.[6] Indeed, the region was so abundant that the southern Puget Sound as a whole had one of the only sedentary hunter-gatherer societies that has ever existed.[citation needed]
Mexico and Central America[edit]
Agave
Allspice
Amaranth
Avocado
Chapulines
Chia seed
Chili pepper
Chocolate
Corn (Maize)
Lima beans
Papaya
Peanut
Squash
Tobacco
Tomatoes
Tomatillo
Vanilla
Rice
South America[edit]
Meat[edit]
Alpacas
Armadillo
Capybara
Guinea pigs
Llama
Rhea (bird)
Grain and beans[edit]
Andean lupin
Brazil nut
Cacao
French bean
Madagascar bean
Peanut
Quinoa
Rice
Herbs[edit]
Achiote
Anacahuita
Boldo
Cat's Claw
Coca
Culantro
Courbaril
Guaco
Guayusa
Lemon-verbena
Marcela
Yerba mate
Vegetables[edit]
Cassava
Oca
Papalisa
Potatoes
Sweet potatoes
Fruit[edit]
Araza
Avocado
Butiá fruit
Cape gooseberry (uchuva)
Cashew
Chile peppers
Chirimoya
Guaviyú fruit
Guaraná berries
Guava
Papaya
Passion fruit
Pineapple
Pitanga berries
Saúco
Squash
Tomato
Sea food[edit]
Anchovie
Centolla
Crabs
Corvina (fish)
Jaiva
Piranha
Surubi
Tararira
Middle East[edit]
Fertile Crescent, often seen as the birthplace of civilization
See also: Ancient Egyptian cuisine
Neolithic founder crops[edit]
The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India, Persia and (later) Europe. They consist of flax, three cereals and four pulses, and are the first known domesticated plants in the world. Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs in the final Epi-Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra (the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species), it was insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later.
Cereals and pseudocereals[edit]
Barley (Hordeum vulgare/sativum, descended from the wild H. spontaneum)
Einkorn (Triticum monococcum, descended from the wild T. boeoticum)
Emmer (Triticum dicoccum, descended from the wild T. dicoccoides)
Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Oats
Sesame
Wheat
Rye
Vegetables[edit]
Pulses[edit]
Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia)
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Lentil (Lens culinaris)
Pea (Pisum sativum)
Other[edit]
Carrots
Cucumbers
Leeks
Lettuce
Onions
Parsley
Radishes
Almond
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum)
Mustard
Europe[edit]
Plants[edit]
Fruit[edit]
Apple
Blackcurrant
Damsons
Grapes
Juniper berry
Pear
Raspberry
Vegetables[edit]
Angelica
Cabbage
Cucumber
Mustard
Parsnips
Radish
Rapeseed
Turnip
Kale
Herbs[edit]
Caraway
Dill
Hops
Tarragon
Thyme
Oregano
Wormwood
Other[edit]
Chestnuts
Meat[edit]
Duck
Rabbit
Salt[edit]
Atanasovsko salt
Baskunchak salt
Wieliczka salt
Mediterranean[edit]
There was a great deal of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire. All the regions of the empire became interdependent with one another; some provinces specialized in the production of grain, others in wine and others in olive oil, depending on the soil type. Columella writes in his Res Rustica, "Soil that is heavy, chalky, and wet is not unsuited to the growing for winter wheat and spelt. Barley tolerates no place except one that is loose and dry."[7] Pliny the Elder writes extensively about agriculture from books XII to XIX; in fact, XVIII is The Natural History of Grain.[8] Crops grown on Roman farms included wheat, barley, millet, pea, broad bean, lentil, flax, sesame, chickpea, hemp, turnip, olives, pear, apples, figs, and plums. Others in the Mediterranean include:
Beets
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Caper
Catnip (nepeta)
Cauliflower
Centaurium
Fennel
Kale
Kohlrabi
Walnuts
Mediterranean and subtropical fruits[edit]
Fruits in this category are not hardy to extreme cold, as the preceding temperate fruits are, yet tolerate some frost and may have a modest chilling requirement. Notable among these are natives of the Mediterranean:
Grapes
Black mulberry (Morus nigra; Moraceae)
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas; Cornaceae)
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera; Arecaceae)
Fig (Ficus spp. Moraceae)
Grape, called raisin, sultana, or currant when it is dried (Vitis spp.; Vitaceae)
Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus; Rhamnaceae)
Olive (Olea europea; Oleaceae)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum; Punicaceae)
Sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus. Moraceae), also called old world sycomore or just sycomore
Asia[edit]
Azuki bean
Chicken
Eggplant
Rice
Shiitake mushrooms
Soya bean
Tea
Yams
Fruits of Asian origin[edit]
These are some fruits native to Asia or of Asian origin.
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii); Berberidaceae
Arhat (Siraitia grosvenorii; Cucurbitaceae), also called longevity fruit
Che (Maclura tricuspidata; Moraceae), also called cudrania, Chinese mulberry, cudrang, Mandarin melon berry, silkworm thorn, or zhe
Citrus fruits
Ziziphus jujuba, commonly called jujube, red date, Chinese date
Winter Melon Benincasa hispida, Cucurbitaceae, AKA wax gourd, ash pumpkin, or Chinese Preserving Melon.
Goji berries Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinense, two closely related species of boxthorn goji berries, The two species are native to Asia as well as [brinjal] eggplant found in china. They are all from nightshade family or Solanaceae. The family also includes the potato, tomato, chili pepper from South America, Physalis peruviana, a plant species of the genus Physalis, is originally from Peru. ], and tobacco indigenous to the Americas, Australia, south west Africa and the South Pacific. Belladonna/ Deadly nightshade from Europe is poisonous.
apples Malus sieversii see wiki apple
The pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera; Arecaceae)
Durian (Durio spp; Malvaceae family ) related South Asian origins okra
Goumi (Elaeagnus multiflora ovata; Elaeagnaceae family)
Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta; Actinidiaceae family)
Jackfruit (Atrocarpus heterophyllus); Moraceae family)
Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia spp.; Actinidiaceae)
Lanzones (Lansium domesticum; Meliaceae family)
Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris Roxb. Anacardiaceae)
Longan (Dimocarpus longan; Sapindaceae family)
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica; Rosaceae)
Lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae family)
Mango (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae)
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana; Clusiaceae family)
Mock strawberry or Indian strawberry (Potentilla indica; Rosaceae)
Nungu (Borassus flabellifer; Arecaceae)
Peach (Prunus persica; Rosaceae)
Persimmon (aka Sharon fruit) (Diospyros kaki; Ebenaceae)
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum; Sapindaceae family)
Sageretia (Sageretia theezans; Rhamnaceae), also called mock buckthorn
North Asia[edit]
Blackcurrant
Cabbage
Chamoe
Tibetan plateau
Barley
Korean Peninsula[edit]
Barley
Legumes
Millet
India[edit]
See also: Origins of North Indian foods
Around 7000 BCE, sesame, brinjal, and humped cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley.[9] By 3000 BCE, turmeric, cardamom, black pepper and mustard were harvested in India.[10]
China[edit]
Peach
Soybean
Foxtail Millet
Ginseng
Sweet Orange
Mandarin Orange
Rice
Kiwifruit
Persimmon
Tea
Buckwheat
Africa[edit]
Helmeted guinea fowl in tall grass
Coffee
Kola
Watermelon
Yams
Okra
Black-eyed Peas
Baobab
The first instances of domestication of plants for agricultural purposes in Africa occurred in the Sahel region circa 5000 BCE, when sorghum and African Rice (Oryza glaberrima) began to be cultivated. Around this time, and in the same region, Fonio and the small guineafowl were domesticated.
Around 4000 BCE the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa.[11]
The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is coffee. Khat, ensete, noog, teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands. Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include sorghum and pearl millet. The kola nut, extracts from which became an ingredient in Coca-Cola, was first domesticated in West Africa. Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice, African yams, black-eyed peas and the oil palm.[2]
Polynesia[edit]
Alpinia galanga
Casuarina
Australia[edit]
Aniseed myrtle
Eucalyptus
Macadamia nuts
Fruits of Australian origin[edit]
Although the fruits of Australia were eaten for thousands of years as bushfood by Aboriginal people, they have only been recently recognized for their culinary qualities by non-indigenous people. Many are regarded for their piquancy and spice-like qualities for use in cooking and preserves. Some Australian fruits also have exceptional nutritional qualities, including high vitamin C and other antioxidants.
Atherton raspberry (Rubus probus; Rosaceae)
Black apple (Planchonella australis; Sapotaceae)
Blue tongue (Melastoma affine; Melastomataceae)
Bolwarra (Eupomatia laurina; Eupomatiaceae)
Broad-leaf bramble (Rubus hillii; Rosaceae)
Burdekin plum (Pleiogynium timoriense; Anacardiaceae)
Cedar Bay cherry (Eugenia carissoides; Myrtaceae)
Cluster fig (Ficus racemosa; Moraceae)
Common apple-berry (Billardiera scandens; Pittosporaceae)
Conkerberry (Carissa lanceolata; Apocynaceae)
Davidson's plum (Davidsonia spp.; Cunoniaceae)
Desert fig (Ficus platypoda; Moraceae)
Desert lime (Citrus glauca; Rutaceae)
Doubah (Marsdenia australis; Apocynaceae)
Emu epple (Owenia acidula; Meliaceae)
Fibrous satinash (Syzygium fibrosum; Myrtaceae)
Finger lime (Citrus australasica; Rutaceae)
Illawarra plum (Podocarpus elatus; Podocarpaceae)
Kakadu lime (Citrus gracilis; Rutaceae)
Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana; Combretaceae)
Karkalla (Carpobrotus rossii; Aizoaceae)
Kutjera (Solanum centrale; Solanaceae)
Lady apple (Syzygium suborbiculare; Myrtaceae)
Lemon aspen (Acronychia acidula; Rutaceae)
Little gooseberry tree (Buachanania arborescens; Anacardiaceae)
Midyim (Austromyrtus dulcis; Myrtaceae)
Mountain pepper (Tasmannia spp.; Winteraceae)
Muntries (Kunzea pomifera; Myrtaceae)
Native cherry (Exocarpus cupressiformis; Santalaceae)
Native currant (Acrotriche depressa; Ericaceae)
Native gooseberry (Physalis minima; Solanaceae)
Pigface (Carpobrotus glaucescens; Aizoaceae)
Pink-flowered native raspberry (Rubus parvifolius; Rosaceae)
Purple apple-berry (Billardiera longiflora; Pittosporaceae)
Quandong (Santalum acuminatum; Elaeocarpaceae)
Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii; Myrtaceae)
Rose myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri; Myrtaceae)
Rose-leaf Bramble (Rubus rosifolius; Rosaceae)
Sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata; Moraceae)
Small-leaf tamarind (Diploglottis campbellii; Sapindaceae)
Snow berry (Gaultheria hispida; Ericaceae)
Sweet apple-berry (Billardiera cymosa; Pittosporaceae)
Tanjong (Mimusops elengi; Sapindaceae)
White aspen (Acronychia oblongifolia; Rutaceae)
Wild orange (Capparis mitchellii; Capparaceae)
Wongi (Manilkara kaukii; Sapotaceae)
Yellow plum (Ximenia americana; Olacaceae)
Zig zag vine (Melodurum leichhardtii; Annonaceae)
Current importance of food origins[edit]
In 2016, researchers linked the origins and primary regions of diversity ("areas typically including the locations of the initial domestication of crops, encompassing the primary geographical zones of crop variation generated since that time, and containing relatively high species richness in crop wild relatives") of food and agricultural crops with their current importance around the world in modern national food supplies and agricultural production. The results indicated that national diets and farm production around the world were generally composed of a large set of crops from many diverse origins. Foreign crops (crops whose origins do not include the same region as the country) comprised 68.7% of national food supplies as a global mean, and their usage has increased in the last fifty years.[12]
See also[edit]
Food portal
History portal
Ark of Taste
List of culinary herbs and spices
List of culinary nuts
List of dried foods
List of edible seeds
List of snack foods
List of vegetables
Local food
Neolithic Revolution
New World crops
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Corinto, Gian Luigi (2014). "Nikolai Vavilov's Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants With a View to Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity". Human Evolution. 29 (4): 285–301.
^ Jump up to: a b Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton Press. ISBN 0-393-31755-2.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, p. 126.
Jump up ^ Gardening History Timeline: From Ancient Times to the 20th Century
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cranberries: America's Native Fruit". Belly Bytes. Retrieved 2009-01-04. Cranberries are as American as apple pie - in fact, even more so, for cranberries are one of only three major native North American fruits (Concord grapes and blueberries being the others). Long before the Pilgrims arrived in 1620 CE, the North American Indians combined crushed cranberries with dried deer meat and melted fat to make pemmican, a food that would keep for a long time.
Jump up ^ Suttle, Wayne P.; Lane, Barbara (1990-08-20). "South Coast Salish". In Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 7. Northwest coast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 485–500. ISBN 0-16-020390-2 (v. 7).
Jump up ^ Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, On Agriculture (Res Rustica), (Loeb Classical Library), Book II page 145
Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc
Jump up ^ Diamond 1997, p. 100[citation not found]
Jump up ^ "Curry, Spice & All Things Nice: Dawn of History".
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Patrick K. (General Editor). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp.22-23
Jump up ^ Khoury, C.K.; Achicanoy, H.A.; Bjorkman, A.D.; Navarro-Racines, C.; Guarino, L.; Flores-Palacios, X.; Engels, J.M.M.; Wiersema, J.H.; Dempewolf, H.; Sotelo, S.; Ramírez-Villegas, J.; Castañeda-Álvarez, N.P.; Fowler, C.; Jarvis, A.; Rieseberg, L.H.; Struik, P.C. (2016). "Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide". Proc. R. Soc. B. 283 (1832): 20160792. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0792. PMC 4920324  . CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
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text:
Without You (Badfinger song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Without You"
Song by Badfinger
from the album No Dice
Released
9 November 1970 (1970-11-09)
Length
4:43
Label
Apple Records
Songwriter(s)
Pete Ham, Tom Evans
Producer(s)
Geoff Emerick
No Dice track listing
"No Matter What"
(5) "Without You"
(6) "Blodwyn"
(7)
"Without You" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album No Dice. The song has been recorded by over 180 artists,[1] and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as "the killer song of all time".[2]
In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Badfinger origins
2 Harry Nilsson version
2.1 Harry Nilsson track listing
2.2 Chart performance
2.2.1 Weekly charts
2.2.2 Year-end charts
2.2.3 Certifications
2.2.4 Personnel
3 Mariah Carey version
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Chart performance
3.3 Mariah Carey track listing
3.4 Charts
3.4.1 Weekly charts
3.4.2 Decade-end charts
3.4.3 Year-end charts
3.4.4 Certifications and sales
4 Other cover versions
5 In films and television
6 ASCAP and Ivor Novello recognition
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Badfinger origins[edit]
First recorded by the rock group Badfinger, the song was composed by two of its members. Two streams, referring to real events in the songwriters' lives flowed together to create the song. Pete Ham had written a song originally titled "If It's Love" but it had lacked a strong chorus. At the time of writing the band shared residence with the Mojos at 7 Park Avenue in Golders Green. One evening, in the midst of the parties, songwriting, touring, in Golders Green, Ham and his girlfriend Beverly Tucker were about to go out for the evening. But just as they were leaving Tom Evans said he had an idea for a song – Ham said, 'Not tonight, I've promised Bev.' But she thought he would be wondering if he had done the right thing later, if he went out, – she told him – 'Go into the studio, I'm fine about it..' He said, " Your mouth is smiling, but your eyes are sad." The song Ham wrote that night was called 'If its Love' and has the verse "Well I can't forget tomorrow, when I think of all my sorrow, I had you there but then I let you go, and now it's only fair that I should let you know..if it's love.." But Pete wasn't happy with the chorus."[4]
Events in Evans' love life would lead to the completion of the track. While Evans was touring in Cologne he had met the woman who would become his future wife, Marianne. She moved to London. It was a sparky relationship. "One evening he went to her friend Karen and told Karen, 'She's left me. I need her back. I can't live without her.' He flew to Bonn to find her – he wrote a song called 'I Can't Live'. Its chorus; "I can't live, if living is without you, I can't live, I can't give any more." And so the merging of the two songs,[5] Ham and Evans created the hit. Ham's verse, 'warm, sweet, sentimental' and Evans' chorus, – 'intense, dramatic, heartbreaking.'"[6] Both Ham and Evans said they did not consider the song to have much potential at the time Badfinger recorded it, and the track was slotted to close Side A of their 1970 No Dice album. Badfinger's recording of the song, which is more brusque than its successors' versions, was not released as a single in Europe or North America. "Without You" was released backed by "We're For The Dark" in The Philippines on Apple Records, Catalogue number APPLE-025, "Without You" was also finally released as a 3" CD single in Japan in March 1993 along with the track "No Matter What".
Two writers of the song, Ham and Evans, later committed suicide due to legal and financial issues. In Evans' case, it was a dispute over songwriting royalties for "Without You" that precipitated his action. Songwriting royalties had become the subject of constant legal wrangling for Evans, and In 1983, following an acrimonious argument with his bandmate Joey Molland over the royalties for the song, Evans hanged himself.[7][8]
Harry Nilsson version[edit]
"Without You"
Single by Nilsson
from the album Nilsson Schmilsson
B-side
"Gotta Get Up"
Released
11 October 1971 (1971-10-11)
Format
7" single
Recorded
1971, Trident Studios, London.
Length
3:17
Label
RCA Records
Songwriter(s)
Pete Ham, Tom Evans
Producer(s)
Richard Perry
Nilsson singles chronology
"Me and My Arrow"
(1971) "Without You"
(1971) "Jump into the Fire"
(1972)
"Me and My Arrow"
(1971) "Without You"
(1971) "Jump into the Fire"
(1972)
Harry Nilsson, at the time best known for his hit "Everybody's Talkin'" and for composing such hits as Three Dog Night's "One", heard Badfinger's recording of "Without You" at a party,[9] and mistook it for a Beatles song.[10] After realising it was not, he decided to cover the song for his album Nilsson Schmilsson in 1971. The song was released as a single in October 1971, and it stayed at number 1 on the U.S. pop chart for four weeks, from 13 February to 11 March 1972. The song also spent five weeks atop the U.S. adult contemporary chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1972.[11]
In the UK, the song spent five weeks at number 1 on the British pop chart, beginning on 11 March, and sold almost 800,000 copies.[12] It went to Number One in several other countries, including Australia (for 5 weeks), Ireland (3 weeks) and New Zealand (2 weeks).
The single was produced by Richard Perry, who later explained, "It was a different record for its time. It was a big ballad with a heavy backbeat, and although many artists have cut songs like it since, no one was doing it then."[13] Gary Wright who worked with Badfinger on George Harrison's projects, played the piano. Also featured are Klaus Voormann (bass), Jim Keltner (drums) and Tom Plovanic (acoustic guitar). The string and horn arrangements are by Paul Buckmaster. In 1973, Nilsson won the "Best Male Pop Vocal" Grammy award for the song.[14] While Nilsson rarely gave live concerts, he did perform the song with Ringo Starr and his All-Starr Band at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas in September 1992.[15]
Harry Nilsson track listing[edit]
Worldwide Single
"Without You" – 3:17
"Gotta Get Up" – 2:24
EP (Portugal)
"Without You" – 3:17
"The Moonbeam Song" – 3:18
"Gotta Get Up" – 2:24
"Jump Into The Fire" – 3:32
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971–72)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[16] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17] 13
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[18] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[19] 10
France Singles Chart 46
Germany (Official German Charts)[20] 12
Ireland (IRMA)[21] 1
Italy Singles Chart 3
New Zealand (Listener)[22] 1
South Africa Singles Chart 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[24] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[25] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Rank
Australia [26] 2
Canada [27] 12
UK [28] 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [29] 4
Certifications[edit]
Country (Provider)
Certification
(sales thresholds)
United States (RIAA) Gold[30]
Personnel[edit]
According to the 1971 LP credits:[31]
Harry Nilsson – vocals
Gary Wright – piano
John Uribe – acoustic guitar
Klaus Voormann – bass
Jim Keltner – drums
Paul Buckmaster – string and horn arrangements
Mariah Carey version[edit]
"Without You"
Standard cover art; most of non-UK European releases omit "Never Forget You" on the front cover
Single by Mariah Carey
from the album Music Box
B-side
"Never Forget You"
Released
24 January 1994 (1994-01-24)
Format
CD single, cassette single, 7" single, 12" maxi single
Recorded
1993
Length
3:36
Label
Columbia Records
Songwriter(s)
Pete Ham, Tom Evans
Producer(s)
Mariah Carey
Walter Afanasieff
Mariah Carey singles chronology
"Hero"
(1993) "Without You" / "Never Forget You"
(1994) "Anytime You Need a Friend"
(1994)
"Hero"
(1993) "Without You"/"Never Forget You"
(1994) "Anytime You Need a Friend"
(1994)
Alternative covers
Music video
"Without You" on YouTube
Mariah Carey's version, based on Harry Nilsson's version rather than the Badfinger original, was released as the third single of Music Box in the first quarter of 1994, and in the United States it was released on 24 January 1994,[32] just over a week after Nilsson had died following a heart attack on 15 January 1994. In the U.S. it was promoted as a double A-side with "Never Forget You". Carey said that she decided to cover the song when she heard it in a restaurant (additionally, when performing the song in Tokyo, she said she listened to it when she was a little girl). Her version has been considered very popular on talent shows.[33] "Without You" was later included on some non-U.S. pressings of her compilation album #1's (1998), and her 2001 compilation, Greatest Hits. "Without You" was also included on her 2009 compilation The Ballads.
Critical reception[edit]
David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called it a "by-the-numbers remake of Nilsson's melodramatic 1972 hit."[34] Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone called this song "likeliest contender" for ballads like "I Will Always Love You" and he praised "Carey dips into her lower register and is accompanied by backup singers (including herself) magnified to sound like a mighty gospel chorus."[35]
Chart performance[edit]
"Without You" reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks, remaining in the top 40 for 21 weeks and on the chart for 23. It reached number 2 on both the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and Radio & Records pop charts (ending Carey's streak of consecutive number ones on the latter chart; all ten of her previous singles had gone to the top), and number 3 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales. It was certified gold by the RIAA and sold 600,000 copies domestically.[36][37] It was ranked 16 on the Hot 100 1994 year-end charts.
"Without You" remains Carey's biggest hit across Europe. It became her first UK number 1 single, and was her only number one there until "Against All Odds" in 2000, which was also a cover. It debuted at number 1 on the chart and stayed at number 1 for four weeks.[38] It was also her first chart-topper in Italy, but was most successful in Switzerland (with ten non-consecutive weeks at number 1) and the Netherlands (twelve weeks). It also topped the singles chart in Germany for four weeks and Austria for eight weeks, where Carey's success had previously been limited. It also topped the Swedish Singles Chart for eight weeks, was number 1 in Ireland for five weeks and in New Zealand for one week. It was able to make the top three in Canada, France, Norway and Australia. It was certified platinum in Australia by ARIA and in Germany and Austria by IFPI. It was also certified gold in New Zealand by RIANZ and in France by SNEP. The song is one of only two Carey singles certified Gold in the UK with sales of 470,000 copies.[39]
Mariah Carey track listing[edit]
Worldwide CD single
"Without You" – 3:38
"Never Forget You" – 3:45
European maxi-CD single #1
"Without You" – 3:38
"Never Forget You" – 3:45
"Dreamlover (live from Here Is Mariah Carey)" – 4:09
European maxi-CD single #2
"Without You" – 3:38
"Vision of Love" – 3:28
"I'll Be There" (Featuring Trey Lorenz) – 4:28
"Love Takes Time" – 3:48
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[40] 3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[41] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[42] 1
Canada (The Record)[43] 2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[44] 4
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[45] 3
Denmark (Tracklisten)[46] 2
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[47] 1
France (SNEP)[48] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[49] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[50] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[51] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[52] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[53] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[54] 3
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[55] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[56] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[57] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[58] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[59] 3
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[60] 4
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[61] 7
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[62] 2
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[63] 9
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990–99)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[64] 23
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[65] 16
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[66] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[67] 3
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[68] 27
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[69] 31
France (SNEP)[70] 8
Germany (Official German Charts)[71] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[72] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[73] 6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[74] 21
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[75] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[76] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[77] 6
US Billboard Hot 100[78] 16
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[78] 16
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[78] 61
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[79]
Platinum 70,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[80]
Platinum 50,000*
France (SNEP)[81]
Gold 250,000*
Germany (BVMI)[82]
Platinum 500,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)[83]
Platinum 75,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[84]
Gold 5,000*
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[85]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[86]
Gold 470,000[39]
United States (RIAA)[36]
Gold 600,000[37]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other cover versions[edit]
Shirley Bassey covered the song twice, once for the album And I Love You So in 1972, and again in Spanish as "Sin Ti" for the 1989 album La Mujer. This Spanish version of the ballad has also been recorded by Paloma San Basilio. A different Spanish translation, "Desde el dia que te fuiste" ("From the Day You Went Away"), was a #1 hit for Pandora on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks in 1992.[87]
The Italian version, entitled Per chi (For Whom), whose text has been written by Daniele Pace, was one of 1972's local biggest hits, sung by Johnny Dorelli, Nicola Di Bari and the Sicilian band I Gens.
The Cambodian version sang by Poev Vannary also has her own cover of without you entitled ភ្លេចបងមិនបាន (Can't forget you).
Billy Paul covered this song on his 1976 album "Let'Em In".
Heart also covered this song on their 1977 album Magazine.
Air Supply covered "Without You" in 1991, reaching #48 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart.[88]
The song is often covered by TV talent show contestants. In 2001, Kelly Clarkson performed the song on "Top 3" week of season 1 of American Idol. Valentina Hasan, a season two contestant of Music Idol, sang her own version in Engrish. Soon dubbed "Ken Lee" after her mispronunciation of "Can't Live," the video of Hasan's performance became a YouTube hit, parodied and remixed by many fans[89] as featured in Sign of the Times on ABC's Nightline in March 2009.[90]
In films and television[edit]
Nilsson's version of "Without You" was used as the opening tune to the 1979 feature film Porridge. In the film Casino, the Nilsson version is playing during one of Ginger's manic episodes. In the film The Rules of Attraction, a college girl commits suicide in a bathtub while this song plays on the soundtrack. In Bridget Jones' Diary, the title character performs a tuneless rendition of this song. In Whiskey Tango Foxtrot, this song plays during a raid in which American Marines rescue a kidnapped journalist.
In June 2010 the Harry Nilsson version of the song was used in television advertising for the UK brand Soda Stream.[91]
Nilsson's version was also included in the Apple Productions Movie, "The Son of Dracula".
It was also used in the final scenes of the Inside No. 9 episode A Quiet Night In.
In series two of Peep Show this song was featured in the episode titled Wedding.
In the 2015 movie Vacation, the Harry Nilsson version plays during the Grand Canyon rafting scene.
Nilsson's version was heard in a 2016 commercial for Heinz ketchup that debuted on CBS' coverage of Super Bowl 50 on 7 February 2016.
In the television series 30 Rock episode "Cutbacks" Jonathan sings chorus to Jack after being let go.
In June 2017, Nilsson's version was used in the ending scene of the penultimate episode in the final season of Pretty Little Liars.
ASCAP and Ivor Novello recognition[edit]
On 15 May 1995, at ASCAP's twelfth annual Pop Music Awards in Beverly Hills, California, "Without You" was recognised as one of the 50 most-played songs of 1994 (due largely to Mariah Carey's recording). Discrepancies in ASCAP's books, resulting from a lawsuit against the Ham and Evans estates by their former manager, incorrectly attributed the song as being composed not only by Ham and Evans, but also by Badfinger's other bandmembers, Mike Gibbins and Joey Molland, and their former manager, Bill Collins. This designation and a lack of correction by ASCAP prompted the Ham Estate to boycott the ceremony. The song was also nominated for "Song Of The Year" in London at the Ivor Novello Awards.[92]
See also[edit]
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1994
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1972 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1972 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)
List of number-one hits of 1994 (Austria)
List of number-one hits of 1994 (Germany)
List of number-one singles of 1994 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 1994 (Switzerland)
List of number-one singles from the 1990s (UK)
List of RPM number-one singles of 1972
References[edit]
Jump up ^ According to the ASCAP
Jump up ^ Paul McCartney VH1 Behind The Music, Retrieved 10 June 2009
Jump up ^ Lister, David, Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion, The Independent, 28 May 1994
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 2 - Song Stories, Without You". Bbc.co.uk. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Badfinger – Without You". BBC Wales. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Song Stories, Radio 2, 9 February 2011
Jump up ^ Nick Clark (26 April 2013). "Badfinger: last act in a rock'n'roll tragedy". Independent.
Jump up ^ David K. Frasier. Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth Cases. McFarland. p. 20. ISBN 9781476608075.
Jump up ^ Matovina 2000, p. 152.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972
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Works cited
Matovina, Dan (2000). Without You: The Tragic Story of "Badfinger". Frances Glover Books. ISBN 978-0-9657122-2-4.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Let's Stay Together" by Al Green Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Nilsson version)
19 February 1972 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"Heart of Gold" by Neil Young
Preceded by
"Hurting Each Other" by The Carpenters Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single (Nilsson version)
19 February 1972 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Rock and Roll Lullaby" by B. J. Thomas
Preceded by
"Son of my Father" by Chicory Tip UK Singles Chart number-one single (Nilsson version)
11 March 1972 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"Amazing Grace" by The Pipes & Drums of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
Preceded by
"Things Can Only Get Better" by D:Ream UK Singles Chart number-one single (Mariah Carey version)
13 February 1994 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Doop" by Doop
[show]
v
t
e
Badfinger
Pete Ham
Tom Evans
Joey Molland
Mike Gibbins
Bob Jackson
Joe Tansin
Tony Kaye
Glenn Sherba
Al Wodtke
Richard Bryans
The Iveys: Ron Griffiths
Dai Jenkins
Studio albums
Maybe Tomorrow (as The Iveys)
Magic Christian Music
No Dice
Straight Up
Ass
Badfinger
Wish You Were Here
Airwaves
Say No More
Head First
Live albums
The Concert for Bangladesh (backing band)
Day After Day: Live
BBC in Concert 1972–1973
Singles
"Maybe Tomorrow" (as The Iveys)
"Dear Angie" (as The Iveys)
"Come and Get It"
"No Matter What"
"Day After Day"
"Baby Blue"
"Apple of My Eye"
"Love Is Easy"
"I Miss You"
"Lost Inside Your Love"
"Love Is Gonna Come at Last"
"Hold On"
"I Got You"
"Because I Love You"
Other songs
"Without You"
"Name of the Game"
"Meanwhile Back at the Ranch"/"Should I Smoke"
See also
The Magic Christian
Apple Records discography
David Garrick
[show]
v
t
e
Ivor Novello Awards – Best Song Musically and Lyrically
1960s
She's Leaving Home (1968)
1970s
Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)? (1970)
Something (1971)
Don't Let It Die (1972)
Without You (1973)
Daniel (1974)
Streets of London* (1975)
Don't Cry for Me Argentina (1978)
Baker Street (1979)
1980s
The Logical Song (1980)
Woman in Love (1981)
Memory (1982)
Have You Ever Been in Love (1983)
Every Breath You Take (1984)
Against All Odds (1985)
Nikita (1986)
Don't Give Up (1987)
Something Inside So Strong (1988)
They Dance Alone (1989)
1990s
The Living Years (1990)
Sacrifice (1991)
The Whole of the Moon (1992)
Why (1993)
If I Ever Lose My Faith in You (1994)
Think Twice (1995)
Common People (1996)
Too Much Love Will Kill You (1997)
Paranoid Android (1998)
Believe (1999)
2000s
Strong (2000)
Babylon (2001)
Walk On (2002)
The Other Side (2003)
Leave Right Now (2004)
Dry Your Eyes (2005)
Suddenly I See (2006)
Elusive (2007)
Love Is a Losing Game (2008)
One Day Like This (2009)
2010s
The Fear (2010)
Becoming a Jackal (2011)
The A Team (2012)
Next to Me (2013)
Strong (2014)
Take Me to Church (2015)
Wasn't Expecting That (2016)
*Awarded as The Best Song
[show]
v
t
e
Harry Nilsson
Studio albums
Spotlight on Nilsson
Pandemonium Shadow Show
Aerial Ballet
Harry
Nilsson Sings Newman
The Point!
Nilsson Schmilsson
Son of Schmilsson
A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night
Pussy Cats
Duit on Mon Dei
Sandman
...That's the Way It Is
Knnillssonn
Flash Harry
Soundtracks
Skidoo
The Point!
Son of Dracula
Popeye
Remixes
Aerial Pandemonium Ballet
Compilations
Early Tymes
A Touch More Schmilsson in the Night
Nilsson '62: The Debut Sessions
Hollywood Dreamer
Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection
Singles
"All for the Beatles"
"Sixteen Tons"
"You Can't Do That"
"River Deep – Mountain High"
"One"
"Everybody's Talkin'"
"Me and My Arrow"
"Without You"
"Jump into the Fire"
"Coconut"
"As Time Goes By"
"Subterranean Homesick Blues"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Many Rivers to Cross"
"A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)"
"Sail Away"
"Just One Look/Baby I'm Yours (medley)"
Other songs
"This Could Be the Night"
"Ten Little Indians"
"The Puppy Song"
"Old Dirt Road"
"You're Breakin' My Heart"
Collaborations
John Lennon
Pussy Cats
Every Man Has a Woman
Ringo Starr
Ringo
Son of Dracula
Goodnight Vienna
Ringo's Rotogravure
Stop and Smell the Roses
Keith Moon
Two Sides of the Moon
Hal Willner
Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films
Related articles
Discography
RCA Victor
The Monkees
Midnight Cowboy
Richard Perry
The Hollywood Vampires
The Lost Weekend
The Telephone
"Pussy Cats" Starring the Walkmen
For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson
Who Is Harry Nilsson (And Why Is Everybody Talkin' About Him)?
[show]
v
t
e
Air Supply
Russell Hitchcock
Graham Russell
Frank Esler-Smith
Rex Goh
Studio albums
Air Supply
The Whole Thing's Started
Love & Other Bruises
Life Support
Lost in Love
The One That You Love
Now and Forever
Air Supply
Hearts in Motion
The Christmas Album
The Earth Is ...
The Vanishing Race
News from Nowhere
The Book of Love
Yours Truly
Across the Concrete Sky
Mumbo Jumbo
Live & compilations
Greatest Hits
Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply
Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever
Forever Love: 36 Greatest Hits
Singles
"Lost in Love"
"All Out of Love"
"Every Woman in the World"
"The One That You Love"
"Here I Am (Just When I Thought I Was Over You)"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Even the Nights Are Better"
"Two Less Lonely People in the World"
"Making Love Out of Nothing at All"
"The Power of Love (You Are My Lady)"
"Lonely Is the Night"
"Without You"
"Unchained Melody"
Related articles
Discography
Harry Maslin
Book
Commons category
[show]
v
t
e
T. G. Sheppard
Notable singles
"Devil in the Bottle"
"Tryin' to Beat the Morning Home"
"Motels and Memories"
"Solitary Man"
"Happy Together"
"You Feel Good All Over"
"Last Cheater's Waltz"
"I'll Be Coming Back for More"
"Smooth Sailin'"
"Do You Wanna Go to Heaven"
"I Feel Like Loving You Again"
"I Loved 'Em Every One"
"Party Time"
"Only One You"
"Finally"
"War Is Hell (On the Homefront Too)"
"Faking Love" (with Karen Brooks)
"Without You"
"Slow Burn"
"Make My Day" (with Clint Eastwood)
"Somewhere Down the Line"
"One Owner Heart"
"You're Going Out of My Mind"
"Fooled Around and Fell in Love"
"Doncha?"
"In Over My Heart"
"Strong Heart"
"Half Past Forever (Till I'm Blue in the Heart)"
"You're My First Lady"
"One for the Money"
"You Still Do"
Related articles
Warner Bros. Records
Curb Records
Columbia Records
[show]
v
t
e
Mariah Carey songs
Singles discography
Songs recorded
1990s songs
"Vision of Love"
"There's Got to Be a Way"
"I Don't Wanna Cry"
"Someday"
"Love Takes Time"
"Emotions"
"Can't Let Go"
"Make It Happen"
"If It's Over"
"I'll Be There"
"Dreamlover"
"Hero"
"Anytime You Need a Friend"
"Without You"
"Never Forget You"
"Endless Love"
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
"O Holy Night"
"Joy to the World"
"Fantasy"
"Underneath the Stars"
"One Sweet Day"
"Open Arms"
"Always Be My Baby"
"Forever"
"Honey"
"My All"
"Butterfly"
"The Roof"
"Breakdown"
"Close My Eyes"
"The Beautiful Ones"
"Sweetheart"
"When You Believe"
"I Still Believe"
"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"
"Heartbreaker"
"Thank God I Found You"
"Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)"
"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"
"Crybaby"
2000s songs
"Loverboy"
"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)"
"Reflections (Care Enough)"
"Last Night a DJ Saved My Life"
"Never Too Far"
"Never Too Far/Hero Medley"
"Through the Rain"
"Boy (I Need You)"
"Bringin' On the Heartbreak"
"I Know What You Want"
"It's Like That"
"We Belong Together"
"Shake It Off"
"Mine Again"
"Say Somethin'"
"Get Your Number"
"Fly Like a Bird"
"Don't Forget About Us"
"So Lonely"
"Migrate"
"Touch My Body"
"I Stay in Love"
"Side Effects"
"I'm That Chick"
"I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time"
"Bye Bye"
"Hero" (2008 version)
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)"
"Obsessed"
"I Want to Know What Love Is"
"H.A.T.E.U."
2010s songs
"Up Out My Face"
"Angels Cry"
"Oh Santa!"
"Christmas Time Is in the Air Again"
"When Christmas Comes"
"One Child"
"Auld Lang Syne (The New Year's Anthem)"
"#Beautiful"
"Thirsty"
"You're Mine (Eternal)"
"You Don't Know What to Do"
"Meteorite"
"The Art of Letting Go"
"Infinity"
"I Don't"
Other releases
"100%"
"Almost Home"
"Everybody Hurts"
"Every Time I Close My Eyes"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lil' L.O.V.E."
"My Love"
"Right to Dream"
"So Lonely"
"Things That U Do"
"Triumphant (Get 'Em)"
"U Make Me Wanna"
"What More Can I Give"
Book
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Without_You_(Badfinger_song)&oldid=818026786"
Categories:
1970 songs
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text:
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the film, see How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (film).
A woodchuck
Sawn logs of wood
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck is an American English-language tongue-twister.[1][2] The woodchuck from the Algonquian word "wejack" is a kind of marmot regionally called a groundhog.[3] The complete beginning of the tongue-twister usually goes: "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?"[1][2] The tongue-twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects, with five "w" sounds interspersed among five "ch" sounds.[4]
Contents
1 Answers
2 Origin
3 Popular culture
4 See also
5 References
Answers[edit]
A traditional, if nonsensical, "response" to the question is: "A woodchuck would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood".[5] Other—similarly unhelpful—responses include "So much wood would a woodchuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood!" and "He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood."[6]
A 1957 Associated Press piece refers to the question as "a riddle which beats the Sphinx, since it's still unanswered".[7] A more concrete answer was published by the Associated Press in 1988, which reported that a New York fish and wildlife technician named Richard Thomas had calculated the volume of dirt in a typical 25–30-foot (7.6–9.1 m) long woodchuck burrow and had determined that if the woodchuck had moved an equivalent volume of wood, it could move "about 700 pounds (320 kg) on a good day, with the wind at his back".[8][9] Another study, which considered "chuck" to be the opposite of upchucking, determined that a woodchuck could ingest 361.9237001 cm3 (22.08593926 cu in)[10] of wood per day.[11]
Another proposed response comes from the parody-filled video game Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, where the protagonist asks a carpenter the question and gets the response: "A woodchuck would chuck no amount of wood since a woodchuck can't chuck wood."[12]
Origin[edit]
The origin of the phrase is from a 1902 song "The Woodchuck Song", written by Robert Hobart Davis for Fay Templeton in the musical The Runaways.[13][14] The lyrics became better known in a 1904 version of the song written by Theodore Morse, with a chorus of "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?",[15] which was recorded by Ragtime Roberts, in 1904.[16]
The tongue-twister is documented as "folklore" in 1972 at Farmington, Michigan.[17] It is used in the title of Werner Herzog's 1976 film How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck, a documentation of the World Livestock Auctioneer Championship in New Holland, Pennsylvania.
Popular culture[edit]
Google features this tongue twister as an Easter egg in its Google search and Google Now.[18][19][20][21]
A slight variation was featured in the video game "Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge".[22]
Wolfram|Alpha features an easter egg when asked the query "How much wood could a woodchuck chuck?"[23]
Ludacris incorporates this tongue twister in the Chamillionaire single "Creepin' (Solo)".[24]
A British YouTube personality, KSI used a version of the phrase in his song titled "Earthquake" which achieved over 30 million views.[25] The line in question asks another YouTuber, Behzinga, 'how much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck looked like you?'
See also[edit]
Alliteration
Announcer's test
Malapropism
Spoonerism
Theophilus Thistle
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas A. Green, Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music (1997): "Sometimes, tongue twisters utilize elaborate sound inversions in complex juxtapositions—for example, 'How much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?'"
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Tucker Children's Folklore: A Handbook 2008, Page 22. "Popular English tongue twisters include 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers', 'She sells seashells by the seashore', and 'How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?'.
Jump up ^ Richard M. Hogg, Norman Francis Blake, Roger Lass, The Cambridge History of the English Language (1992), Vol. 6, p. 189. "The woodchuck, from Algonquian wejack, a marmot regionally called groundhog, has evoked in jocular folklore the unanswerable question: 'How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?'".
Jump up ^ Sherrill B. Flora, Early Literacy Intervention Activities, Grades PK - K (2011), p. 79.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Florence Kingsland, In and Out Door Games: With Suggestions for Entertainments (1904), p. 250: "If a woodchuck could chuck, a woodchuck can't would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood." Variations abound, as in, Edward W. Mumford, compiler, Smiles in Rime (1904): "Well, If a woodchuck could chuck wood, a woodchuck would chuck all the wood that a woodchuck could chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood!"; Helen Josephine Ferris, Favorite Poems Old and New: Selected for Boys and Girls (1957), p. 358: "He would chuck what wood a woodchuck would chuck, / If a woodchuck would chuck wood".
Jump up ^ "Tongue Twister: How much wood would a woodchuck chuck", Repeat After Us; accessed 2018.06.27.
Jump up ^ Dion Henderson, "Groundhog Has His Annual Day Saturday; Move Over Mr. Bacon", Sarasota Journal (January 31, 1957), p. 14.
Jump up ^ "How much wood would a woodchuck chuck?", Spokane Chronicle (July 11, 1988), p. A9.
Jump up ^ Press Won't Chuck That Woodchuck Story.
Jump up ^ Giving this number without any error bars.
Jump up ^ P. A. Paskevich and T. B. Shea (July–August 1995). "The Ability of Woodchucks to Chuck Cellulose Fibers". Annals of Improbable Research. 1 (4): 4–9.
Jump up ^ Can be found transcribed in this list of quotes or in the game.en.wikiquote.org
Jump up ^ The Tammany Times, Volumes 20–21, 1902, Page 305. "'How much wood would a woodchuck chuck, If a woodchuck would chuck wood?' That is the beginning of the refrain of a song that Mr. Robert Hobart Davis has written for Fay Templeton in The Runaways. Miss Templeton is trying the song..."
Jump up ^ Hobbies, Volume 78, Issues 1–6, Page 119, Otto C. Lightner, Pearl Ann Reeder, 1973. "Mathias quotes Davis as saying he made $20,000 from the sale of 'The Woodchuck Song' (this must have been from sheet music, for royalties were not paid on record sales in those days) after he and Morse called at Fay Templeton's home..."
Jump up ^ Tim Gracyk, Bob Roberts - Tenor. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Edison Amberola Monthly, Thomas A. Edison, Inc., 1976, Volume 1, Page 8. "'The Woodchuck's Song' is a Record of Fay Templeton's song in The Runaways. made by Bob Roberts, a baritone who is thereby introduced to buyers of Edison Gold Moulded Records. This song has for its chorus the old query, 'How...'".
Jump up ^ The James T. Callow Folklore Archive, Tongue Twister: How Much Wood Could a Woodchuck Chuck, Michigan; Farmington; 09-26-1972.
Jump up ^ Nazarian, Robert (November 17, 2013). "Google Now Easter Egg collection". Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Knoll, Marc (November 8, 2013). "Awesome List Of Google Now Voice Commands". Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Shrestha, Ashesh (December 28, 2013). "Try These Google Now Easter Eggs". Nepal. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "100+ Google Now Voice Commands and Easter Eggs". Retrieved June 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge (1991 Video Game) Quotes".
Jump up ^ "Wolfram Alpha woodchuck easter egg".
Jump up ^ "Chamillionaire–Creepin (Solo) Feat. Ludacris Lyrics". YouTube. March 13, 2011. p. 3:20.
Jump up ^ KSI (2017-08-12), KSI ft Ricegum - Earthquake (Official Music Video), retrieved 2017-11-06
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_much_wood_would_a_woodchuck_chuck&oldid=857086371"
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