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Coal India
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Coal India Limited (CIL)
Type
State-owned enterprise
Public company
Traded as
BSE: 533278
NSE: COALINDIA
BSE SENSEX Constituent
CNX Nifty Constituent
Industry
Mining
Founded
1975
Headquarters
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Area served
India
Key people
Anil Kumar Jha
(Chairman-cum-Managing Director)
Products
Coal
Revenue
₹83,736.21 crore (US$12 billion) (2017)[1]
Operating income
₹14,433.71 crore (US$2.1 billion) 7(2017)[1]
Net income
₹9,267.74 crore (US$1.3 billion) (2017)[1]
Total assets
₹116,078.87 crore (US$17 billion) (2017)[1]
Owner
Government of India (78.32%)
Number of employees
310,016(2017) [1]
Website
www.coalindia.in
Coal India Limited (CIL) is an Indian state-controlled coal mining company headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India [1] and the largest coal-producing company in the world and a maharatna company[2][3].
The company contributes to around 82% [4] of the coal production in India. It produced 554.14 million tonnes of raw coal in 2016-17,[5] an increase from its earlier production of 494.24 million tonnes of coal during FY2014–15[6][7] and earned a revenue of ₹95,435 crore (US$14 billion)[8] from sale of coal in the same financial year.[6][9] As on 14 October 2015,[10] Union Government of India owns CIL [11] and controls the operations of CIL through Ministry of Coal.[2] In April 2011, CIL was conferred the Maharatna status by the Union Government of India, making it one of the seven maharatnas.[12][13][14] As on 14 October 2015, its market capitalisation was ₹2.11 lakh crore (US$31 billion) making it India's 8th most valuable company by market value.[15][16][17]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Initial Public Offer (IPO)
2 Operations
2.1 Subsidiaries
3 Listing and Shareholding
4 Employees
5 Awards and recognitions
6 Green Initiatives
7 Criticism
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Coal mining in India had primarily been a private sector enterprise. This changed in September 1956 when the Government of India established its own coal company National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC).[18] Collieries run by the Railways formed the nucleus of NCDC. This was to fulfill the fast growing energy requirements in the country to support rapid industrialization taking place through 5-year Plans of the Government. In the same year, Singareni Colliery Company, which was operating in Andhra Pradesh since 1920, was also brought under government control when the Central Government and Andhra Pradesh Government acquired its 45% and 55% shares respectively.
In 1971, the Government of India nationalized all the 214 coking-coal mines and 12 coke-ovens running in the private sector, excluding those held by TISCO and IISCO for their captive use. On 1 January 1972, a new Government company Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) was formed to take control of these nationalized mines and coke-ovens. Next year on 30 January 1973, all the remaining 711 non-coking coalmines of the country in private sector were also nationalized. 184 of these mines were handed over to BCCL, and remaining 527 were handed over to a newly opened department Coal Mines Authority. 4 months later on 14 June 1973, this department was converted into a separate Government company CMAL. NCDC, earlier formed in 1957, was merged with CMAL, and 45% share-holding of Central Government in Singareni Collieries Company Ltd was also handed over to CMAL. CMAL started functioning with its 4 divisions, viz, Eastern Coalfields, Central Coalfields, Western Coalfields, and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute.
By 1973, all coking coalmines were under BCCL, which was functioning as a subsidiary of Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) under Department of Steel of the Ministry of Steel and Mines; and all non-coking coalmines were under CMAL, which was under Department of Mines of the Ministry of Steel and Mines. For better control, both BCCL and CMAL were brought on 11 October 1974 under the Department of Coal (now an independent Ministry) of the newly formed Ministry of Energy.
On 1 November 1975, a new public-sector company Coal India Limited (CIL) was formed to enable better organizational and operational efficiency in coal sector. All the 4 Divisions of CMAL were given the company status, and were brought under CIL along with BCCL. 45% share-holding of the CMAL in Singareni Collieries Company was also transferred to CIL, and CMAL was closed.
Thus, CIL started functioning in 1975 with 5 subsidiary companies under it. These were Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), and Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL). In due course of time, 3 more companies were formed under CIL by carving out certain areas of CCL and WCL. These were Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), South-eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL).
Pursuant to the Fuel Policy of 1974, CIL also started the construction of India's First Low Temperature Carbonisation Plant at Dankuni in the late 1970s. It was renamed as Dankuni Coal Complex, and is one of the only operational Coal Gas plant of this kind in the World.[19] Dankuni Coal Complex has been incurring heavy loss due to the Greater Calcutta Gas Supply Company (Previously known as Oriental Gas Co.) giving non-remunerative price and fixing them unilaterally. Coal India is planning to venture into Coal-to-Methanol technology at the existing Plant.
Government of India held 100% equity of CIL from 1975 till 2010.
Initial Public Offer (IPO)[edit]
In October 2010, Government of India offered 10% of the equity shares of CIL (631.6 million equity shares) to public for sale at an offer price of ₹245 (US$3.60) per share (at face value of ₹10 per share).[20] The IPO got over-subscribed by 14.17 times.[20] Against an IPO issue size of ₹15,500 crore (equivalent to ₹250 billion or US$3.6 billion in 2017) it received bids for ₹2.4 lakh crore (equivalent to ₹3.8 trillion or US$56 billion in 2017) making it the second highest collections in any IPO in India.[21] On the first day of its listing on the stock market, its shares soared 40% higher than IPO price.[22][23] With the listing, CIL become the fourth most valued company on the Indian stock exchanges with a market value of ₹2.16 lakh crore (equivalent to ₹3.4 trillion or US$50 billion in 2017).[22] CIL was included in the 30-member BSE SENSEX on 8 August 2011.
On 30 January 2015, in an Offer For Sale (OFS), Government of India sold a further 10% stake in CIL. Priced at ₹358 (US$5.20) per share, the sale fetched the government ₹22,557.63 crore (equivalent to ₹240 billion or US$3.53 billion in 2017), making it the largest ever equity offering in the Indian share market.[24]
Operations[edit]
CIL is the largest coal producing company in the world. It produced 536.51 MT (million tonne) coal during FY2015-16.[25] Coal India operates through 81 mining areas in eight states in India. As on 1 April 2015, it has 430 coal mines out of which 175 are open cast, 227 are underground and 28 are mixed mines.[26] Production from open cast mines during 2014-15 was 92.91% of total production of 494.24 MT.[27] Underground mines contributed to 7.09% of production. CIL further operates 15 coal washeries, out of which 12 are for coking coal and 3 are for non-coking coal with 23.30 MTY and 13.50 MTY capacities respectively. It also manages 200 other establishments like workshops, hospitals, training institutes, mine-rescue setups, etc.
Subsidiaries[edit]
Coal India Limited (CIL) produces coal through seven of its wholly owned subsidiaries. These are Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), South-Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Northern Coalfield Limited (NCL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL). Its 8th wholly owned subsidiary Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL) provides exploration, planning and technical support to all the 7 production subsidiaries. CMPDIL also provides consulting services to third-party market clients in the field of exploration, mining, allied engineering & testing, management-systems, training, etc.
CIL also has a wholly owned subsidiary in Mozambique, Coal India Africana Limitada (CIAL) for pursuing coal mining opportunities in that country.
The details of number of employees, revenue for FY2012-13 and production of coal is given in the table below:
Subsidiaries of Coal India Limited
Name of Subsidiary
Employees
(as of 31-Mar-2015)
Revenue
(₹ billion for FY2012-13)
Coal Production(in million Tons)
Coking Coal
Non-Coking Coal
Total Coal Production
Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) 56,051 89.37 26.970 4.243 31.213
Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) 45,011 92.38 16.156 31.905 48.061
Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) 68,681 97.40 0.043 33.868 33.911
Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL) 22,259 120.93 - 107.894 107.894
Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL) 16,226 99.86 - 70.021 70.021
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL) 67,800 176.48 0.157 118.062 118.219
Western Coalfields Limited (WCL) 50,071 74.23 0.330 41.957 42.287
Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI) 3,629 6.05 - - -
Coal India Africana Limitada - - - - -
North Eastern Coalfields 2,027 - - 0.605 0.605
Dankuni Coal Complex 474 - - - -
CIL Headquarters 868 13.78 - - -
Total
333,097
770.49
43.656
408.555
452.211
Joint Ventures: CIL has two joint ventures:
International Coal Ventures Private Limited (ICVPL) was formed in 2009 for acquisition of coking coal properties outside India. CIL holds 2⁄7th share in paid up capital of ICVPL pagal
CIL-NTPC Urja Pvt. Limited is a 50:50 JV between CIL and NTPC, formed in April 2010 for acquisition of coal blocks in India and abroad.
Listing and Shareholding[edit]
Listing: CIL's equity shares are listed on [Bombay Stock Exchange] where it is a constituent of the [BSE SENSEX]index,Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX SE India 31 Aug 2013 and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty. Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) NSE India |31 Aug 2013
Shareholding: On 30 January 2015, 79.65% of the equity shares of the company were owned by the Government of India and the remaining 20.35% were owned by others. On 30 January 2015, in an Offer For Sale (OFS), Government of India sold a further 10% stake in CIL. Priced at ₹358 (equivalent to ₹390 or US$5.60 in 2017) per share, the sale fetched the government ₹22,557.63 crore (US$3.3 billion), making it the largest ever equity offering in the Indian share market.[24] On 18 November 2015, Government of India approved another 10% stake sale in CIL.[28]
Shareholders (as on 21-September-2016)
Shareholding
Government of India 78.32%
Public 21.68%
Total 100.0%
Employees[edit]
Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015, out of which 314,259 were Non-Executives and 18,838 were Executives.It spent Rs. 298.74 billion on Employee benefits which accounted for 50.54% of the total expenditure incurred during the FY 2014–15.
Awards and recognitions[edit]
Coal India Limited (CIL) was conferred with two Corporate Social Responsibility Awards on 18 February 2013: 'Global CSR Excellence and Leadership Award' for Best Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and 'Blue Dart Most Caring Companies of India Award'.
For 2012, CIL earned a ranking of 48 on overall global performance in the 'Platts Top 250 Global Energy Company Rankings'.
CIL features on the Forbes Global 2000 rankings for 2012 at position 377. Coal India on the Forbes Global 2000 List Forbes 31 May 2013 19 October 2013
In December 2012, it was ranked as the 9th on the Fortune India 500 list. IOC retains top slot in Fortune 500 India list as of in The Hindu 15 December 2012 19 October 2013
CIL was conferred with "Company of the Year Award" in a function organized by Indian Chamber of Commerce and Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) in September 2011 at 2nd Summit on 'India Public Sector Agenda @2020' at New Delhi.
Many Of Its employees are conferred With a job In lieu of land. The one being the largest Penganga Opencast Of WCL, New Majri UG To OC, Makardhokra etc.
This year, one of its employees named "Shardaprasad Prajapati (NEIS-54262)" has been conferred with the "Youngest" Employee to be given a job in lieu of land acquired in Majri Area Of Western Coalfields Limited.
[6]
Green Initiatives[edit]
Green initiatives: The company planted 1.57 million saplings during 2014-15.[6] In its Annual Report for 2014-15, it informed that it has planted around 82 million trees over an area of around 33700 Ha.[29]
Criticism[edit]
Operating 239 mines without environment clearance: In September 2011, CAG criticised CIL for operating 239 mines in seven coal producing subsidiaries, which existed prior to 1994, without environmental clearance.[30][31] These mines included 48 open-cast, 170 underground and 21 combined mines. In its report, the CAG also pointed out that of the 18 sample open-cast and eight underground mines, ten mines had undertaken capacity expansion without environmental clearances. The company, in its reply, said that applications for clearances to the projects have already been submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests.[30]
Coal mines near Tiger Preserves: In India, some coal mines are located near/below the tiger preserves. Mining or construction of administrative offices in/near these preserves disturbs the wildlife. Hence environmental organisations like Greenpeace have been opposing mining in these areas.[32][33] Around 50% of the energy requirements of India are met by coal.[6] Hence the protection of wildlife is sometimes overlooked due to this fact.[34] In its argument the CIL said that in many cases it only does underground mining which does not hurts the forests above.[33]
Accidents during mining: The company is its Annual Report for FY 2012-13 reported lowest ever figures of average 66 deaths and 251 serious accidents per year for the period 2010-2012 indicating that safety at workplace is improving over the years.[6] Critics claim that the safety practices in most mines are inadequate, which is causing so many casualties.[35] It is also claimed that many accidents and deaths are not recorded and hence are not part of 'official figures'.[36]
See also[edit]
Coal mining in India
Bhagvati Coal Movers Private Limited
Companies portal
Mining portal
Energy portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f https://www.coalindia.in/DesktopModules/DocumentList/documents/Coal_India_Annual_Report_2016-17_shareholder_version_12.8.2017.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Coal India is not an expert in CBM exploration: Oil minister Veerappa Moily". Economic Times. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Global Coal Producers". ArchCoal, Inc. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report & Accounts 2014-15 of CIL" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Physical performance". www.coalindia.in. CIL - Coal India Limited. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Annual Report 2012-13" (PDF). Coal India. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report & Accounts 2014-15 of CIL" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Annual Report & Accounts 2014-15 of CIL" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Coal India to join Rs 1 lakh-cr league". Economic Times. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Disinvestment of Coal India Ltd (CIL) Through OFS Successfully Completed; Rs 22557.63 Crore Accrued to the Government from this Disinvestment Process; This is the Largest Ever Disinvestment Among Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSES)". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Money Control".
Jump up ^ "About us". www.coalindia.in. Coal India Limited. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Coal India gets Maharatna tag". Economic Times. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coal India gets Maharatna status". Business Standard. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Capital Market".
Jump up ^ "Table 4-12: Top '50' Companies by Market Capitalisation as on March 31, 2013". NSE India. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eight blue-chip cos add Rs 44,239 cr in market cap". The Hindu. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Our history". www.coalindia.in. Coal India Limited. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "History and Formation of Coal India Limited". Coal India Limited. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "CIL IPO priced at Rs 245 per share". Economic Times. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coal India fixes IPO price at Rs 245 per share". MoneyControl.com. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Coal India lights up Street with 40% gains on debut". Economic Times. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coal India makes spectacular debut". The Hindu. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/cil-mega-share-sale-sails-through-government-to-get-rs-22600-crore/articleshow/46066139.cms
Jump up ^ "Coal India: Monthwise production and offtake in fiscal 2016".
Jump up ^ "Annual Report & Accounts 2014-15 of CIL" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Annual Report & Accounts 2014-15 of CIL" (PDF).
Jump up ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/government-to-raise-rs-21000-crore-at-current-price-from-coal-india-stake-sale/articleshow/49832481.cms
Jump up ^ "Sustainability Report 2012-13" (PDF). Coal India. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Coal India operating 239 mines without environment clearance: CAG". Economic Times. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coal India nominated for Public Eye Awards". Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coal mining threat to tigers: Greenpeace". Indian Express. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "MoEF allows coal mining in tiger corridors". Times of India. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "How Coal Mining is Trashing Tigerland" (PDF). Greenpeace. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "342 killed in PSU mines in four years". The Sunday Guardian. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "DNA replies: CIL on coal deaths". DNA. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Coalfields of India
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Giridih
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Bharat Coking Coal Limited
Carr, Tagore and Company
Central Coalfields Limited
Coal India Limited
Eastern Coalfields Limited
Mahanadi Coalfields
Neyveli Lignite Corporation
North Eastern Coalfields
Northern Coalfields Limited
Singareni Collieries Company
South Eastern Coalfields Limited
Western Coalfields Limited
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Gas Authority of India
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Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
Steel Authority of India
Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Navratna
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Evangeline
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Evangeline (disambiguation).
Monument to Acadians, St. Martinville, Louisiana
Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie is an epic poem by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, written in English and published in 1847. The poem follows an Acadian girl named Evangeline and her search for her lost love Gabriel, set during the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians.
The idea for the poem came from Longfellow's friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. Longfellow used dactylic hexameter, imitating Greek and Latin classics, though the choice was criticized. It became Longfellow's most famous work in his lifetime and remains one of his most popular and enduring works.
The poem had a powerful effect in defining both Acadian history and identity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. More recent scholarship has revealed the historical errors in the poem and the complexity of the Expulsion and those involved, which the poem ignores.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Composition and publication history
3 Analysis
4 Critical response
5 Influence
5.1 Landmarks and statues
5.2 Place names
5.3 Film
5.4 Video games
5.5 Music and musical theatre
5.6 Other
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Joseph Rusling Meeker (American, 1827–1889). The Acadians in the Achafalaya, "Evangeline," 1871. Oil on canvas. Brooklyn Museum
Evangeline describes the betrothal of a fictional Acadian girl named Evangeline Bellefontaine to her beloved, Gabriel Lajeunesse, and their separation as the British deport the Acadians from Acadie in the Great Upheaval. The poem then follows Evangeline across the landscapes of America as she spends years in a search for him, at some times being near to Gabriel without realizing he was near. Finally she settles in Philadelphia and, as an old woman, works as a Sister of Mercy among the poor. While tending the dying during an epidemic she finds Gabriel among the sick, and he dies in her arms.
Composition and publication history[edit]
Longfellow was introduced to the true story of the Acadians in Nova Scotia by his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who was told a story of separated Acadian lovers by Boston minister Rev. Horace Conolly, who heard it from his parishioners.[2] Hawthorne and Longfellow had attended Bowdoin College together, though they were not friends at the time.[3] Years later, in 1837, Hawthorne contacted Longfellow for his opinion on his recently published tales in the North American Review, which Longfellow praised as works of genius; the two became lifelong friends.[4] Hawthorne was not interested in fictionalizing Conolly's idea because, as he told Conolly, "It is not in my vein: there are no strong lights and heavy shadows."[5] Longfellow took the idea and turned it into a poem after months of studying the histories of Nova Scotian families.[6]
Longfellow, who had never visited the setting of the true story, relied heavily on Thomas Chandler Haliburton's An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia and other books for further background information.[7] He noted his reliance on other sources in his journal on January 7, 1847: "Went to the library and got Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, and the Historical Collections of Pennsylvania. Also, Darby's Geographical Description of Louisiana. These books must help me through the last part of Evangeline, so far as facts and local coloring go. But for the form and the poetry,—they must come from my own brain."[8]
Evangeline was published in book form on November 1, 1847,[9] and by 1857 it had sold nearly 36,000 copies.[10] During this time, Longfellow's literary payment was at its peak; for Evangeline, he received "a net of twenty-five and sixteenths per cent" royalties, believed to be an all-time high for a poet.[11] Longfellow said of his poem: "I had the fever a long time burning in my own brain before I let my hero take it. 'Evangeline' is so easy for you to read, because it was so hard for me to write."[10]
Analysis[edit]
Samuel Richards's painting "Evangeline Discovering Her Affianced in the Hospital"
The poem is written in unrhymed dactylic hexameter, possibly inspired by Greek and Latin classics, including Homer, whose work Longfellow was reading at the time he was writing "Evangeline."[12] He also had recently, in 1841, translated "The Children of the Lord's Supper," a poem by Swedish writer Esaias Tegnér, which also used this meter.[12] Evangeline is one of the few nineteenth-century compositions in that meter which is still read today.
Some criticized Longfellow's choice of dactylic hexameter, including poet John Greenleaf Whittier, who said the poem would have been better in a prose style similar to Longfellow's Hyperion.[12] Longfellow was conscious of the potential criticism. When sending a copy of the poem to Bryan Procter, Longfellow wrote: "I hope you will not reject it on account of the metre. In fact, I could not write it as it is in any other; it would have changed its character entirely to have put it into a different measure."[13] Even Longfellow's wife Fanny defended his choice, writing to a friend: "It enables greater richness of expression than any other, and it is sonorous like the sea which is ever sounding in Evangeline's ear."[7] As an experiment, Longfellow reassured himself that he was using the best meter by attempting a passage in blank verse.[12] Even so, while looking over the proofs for a second edition, Longfellow briefly wished he had used a different poetic structure:
It certainly would be a relief to the hexameters to let them stretch their legs a little more at their ease; still for the sake of uniformity I believe they must still sit a while longer with their knees bent under them like travelers in a stage-coach.[14]
The name Evangeline comes from the Latin word "evangelium" meaning "gospel." The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek words "eu"—"good"—and "angela"—"news".[15]
Critical response[edit]
Evangeline became Longfellow's most famous work in his lifetime and was widely read.[16] Contemporary reviews were very positive. A reviewer for The Metropolitan Magazine said, "No one with any pretensions to poetic feeling can read its delicious portraiture of rustic scenery and of a mode of life long since defunct, without the most intense delight".[10] Longfellow's friend Charles Sumner said he had met a woman who "has read 'Evangeline' some twenty times and thinks it the most perfect poem in the language".[10] Other admirers of the poem included King Leopold I of Belgium.[17] It has been called the first important long poem in American literature.[16][18]
Influence[edit]
Louis-Philippe Hébert's sculpture of Evangeline, Grand-Pré National Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Prior to the influence of Longfellow's poem, historians generally focused on the British founding of Halifax (1749) as the beginning of Nova Scotia. Longfellow's poem shed light on the 150 years of Acadian settlement that preceded the establishment of Halifax.[19]
The Expulsion was planned and executed by New Englanders and British. Longfellow omitted from the poem New England's responsibility for the event. Through his poem, Longfellow defines the British as responsible for the expulsion and America is cast as a place of refuge.
Longfellow's account was later challenged by Francis Parkman, in his book Montcalm and Wolfe (1884). Rather than blaming the British, Parkman defined the real problem in expulsion as the French influence on Acadians, particularly by Abbé Jean-Louis Le Loutre.[20] American historian John Brebner eventually wrote New England's Outpost (1927), which identified how instrumental New Englanders were in the expulsion of the Acadians.[19][21]
The poem had a powerful impact in defining both Acadian history and identity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. More recent scholarship has revealed both the historical errors in the poem and the complexity of the Expulsion and those involved, which the poem obscures.[22] For example, Longfellow's poem renders Acadie a utopia and the Acadians as simply a homogeneous, passive, peaceful, innocent people but obscures the resistance that certain Acadians demonstrated, both politically and militarily, against the British invasion of Acadie.[23] The poem also led generations of Protestant anglophones to sympathize with the plight of a people they often demonized and persecuted for being Catholic. The poem also provided a safe symbolic space for Acadians to develop arguments for more recognition and respect.[24]
Landmarks and statues[edit]
In 1920, at Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia, Acadians reconstructed the French church with a statue of Evangeline in the courtyard. Almost a decade later, in 1929, a statue of Evangeline, posed for by silent Mexican film star Dolores del Río, who starred in the 1929 film Evangeline, was donated to the town of St. Martinville, Louisiana by the film's cast and crew. In 1934, the first state park in Louisiana was named the Longfellow-Evangeline State Historic Site.[25]
Felix Voorhies wrote the book Acadian Reminiscences : The True Story of Evangeline and other later works of fiction expanded upon the material of the poem, claiming the "real names" of the characters had been "Emmeline LaBiche" (in Longfellow, her full name is Evangeline Bellefontaine) and "Louis Arceneaux" (in the poem, Gabriel Lajeunesse) Lafayette, Louisiana, which supposedly belonged to Gabriel, and the grave of Emmeline in the Perpetual Adoration Garden & Historic Cemetery in St. Martin de Tours Church Square, on Main Street, St. Martinville (the site having been determined for its convenience by local boosters about the turn of the 20th century). "Evangeline Oak" trees in St. Martinville also lay claim to marking the original meeting place of Emmeline and Gabriel.[26]
Another site claiming to have relation to the historical figures that Evangeline was based upon is the Arceneaux House in Hamshire, Texas, which is marked by a Texas Historical Marker. The house was given to Mary Gadrac Arceneaux, great-great-granddaughter of Louis Arceneaux by her husband.[27]
Place names[edit]
Evangeline has also been the namesake of many places in Louisiana and the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Evangeline is the name of a community in Acadia Parish at which the first oil well in Louisiana [28] was drilled, a Parish in Louisiana, a rural community in Prince Edward Island, a residence hall at Louisiana State University, and a small settlement in the Acadian Peninsula in New Brunswick. It is also often used as a street name in Acadian communities. The Evangeline Trail is a historic route in Nova Scotia that traces the Annapolis Valley, ancestral home of the Acadians. Picturesque especially in Summer and Fall, the trail runs from Grand-Pré, site of the first expulsions, south to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia near the original French settlement in North America, Port Royal, Nova Scotia. More than a dozen small Acadian villages line the trail.
Film[edit]
There have also been numerous film adaptations of the poem Evangeline. Evangeline was the first Canadian feature film, produced in 1913 by Canadian Bioscope of Halifax. It was shot in the Annapolis Valley and at Grand-Pré. In 1919 Raoul Walsh made a film based on the poem for 20th Century Fox. It was suggested by and starred his wife Miriam Cooper. The film was one of the duo's biggest hits but is now lost. In 1929, Edwin Carewe made a film version starring Dolores del Río, shot in Louisiana and accompanied by a theme song written by Al Jolson and Billy Rose.
The poem was mentioned in the movie Angel Heart, starring Mickey Rourke and Robert De Niro. Evangeline is also referenced in the 2009 Disney film The Princess and the Frog, wherein a Cajun firefly named Raymond falls in love with Evangeline, who appears as a star. Following his death, they are reunited, and both appear side by side in the night sky.
Video games[edit]
Raconteur Games, a video game development studio in Lafayette, Louisiana, released a game of the same name (Evangeline) in 2017. The game is set in the Lafayette area and borrows its namesake from the Longfellow poem. While the game's events do not bear much resemblance to the Longfellow work, certain aspects of the game's narrative parallel the original work.
The developers have stated that the game's title was directly inspired by Longfellow's story.[29]
Music and musical theatre[edit]
Evangeline has been the subject of numerous songs:
A popular song in French titled "Evangeline" was written in 1971 by Michel Conte. Originally sung by Isabelle Pierre, a version performed by Annie Blanchard won the ADISQ award for most popular song in 2006.[30]
Robbie Robertson of The Band wrote the song "Evangeline," performed with Emmylou Harris. In his lyrics, Evangeline is a girl from the Maritimes who awaits her absent lover in Louisiana, but the storyline and time period differ from Longfellow's original.
A half-hour suite of guitar music by guitarist and composer Loren Mazzacane Connors, based on scenes in the Longfellow story, was released as a compact disc titled Evangeline (RoadCone, 1998), with a title track vocal by Suzanne Langille.
Indie folk artist Tony Halchak released an EP titled A Tale of Acadie in 2011, based on the poem but told from Gabriel's point of view.[31]
The poem was first adapted into a theatrical musical in 1874, as Evangeline; or, The Belle of Acadia, which was a Broadway success through the late 19th century.[32]
The Canadian folk singer-songwriter Susan Crowe mentions the "statue of Evangeline" in her song "Your One and Only Life", the first track on an album entitled The Door to the River released in 1996.
A 1999 adaptation by Paul Taranto and Jamie Wax, Evangeline: The Musical, resulted in a 1999 cast album, and a Shreveport, Louisiana production of this version was broadcast in 2000 by PBS.
A 2013 musical adaptation, by Canadian Ted Dykstra, premiered in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island,[33] and was revived in 2015 in Prince Edward Island and in Alberta at Edmonton's Citadel Theatre. The production featured Brent Carver as the father.[34]
An opera based on Evangeline, composed by Colin Doroschuk, debuted in 2012 in reduced concert form, and was first performed in full in 2014 at Opéra-Théâtre de Rimouski.[35] Doroschuk had previously been a member, with his brothers, of the Canadian pop band Men Without Hats.[35]
Other[edit]
The opening phrase of the poem, "This is the forest primeval," has entered the cultural lexicon.
A depiction of Evangeline from Longfellow's poem was incorporated into the Dominion Atlantic Railway logo along with the text 'Land of Evangeline Route'.[36] Additionally, there was once a Via Rail train known as the "Evangeline" that ran from Halifax to Yarmouth, but it ended in 1990.
L'Évangeline was also an important daily newspaper in New Brunswick, from 1949 to 1982.[citation needed]
Evangeline Downs is a horse racing track located near Lafayette, Louisiana.
Evangeline was the nominal inspiration for the so-called lightning bug (which is, in fact, really a star in the night sky) of whom Ray is enamored in Disney's The Princess and the Frog.
Evangeline was recently performed as musical play at the Conseil acadien de Par-en-Bas theatre in Tusket, Nova Scotia. An actor travelled all the way from Louisiana to fill the role of Gabriel so the play could be made.[37]
Historical flaws in the poem (and in the Voorhies work) are revealed, as there is no record of the surnames "LaBiche", "Bellefontaine", nor "Lajeunesse" in any of the censuses taken of the Acadians.[38]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McKay, Ian and Robin Bates. In the Province of History: The Making of the Public Past in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2010; Barbara Le Blanc. Postcards from Acadie: Grand-Pre, Evangeline & the Acadian Identity. Gaspereau Press. 2003.
Jump up ^ Jobb, Dean, The Acadians Mississauga: John Wiley & Sons Canada, 2005: 17-18
Jump up ^ Miller, Edwin Haviland. "Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne." Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991: 72. ISBN 0-87745-332-2.
Jump up ^ McFarland, Philip. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Grove Press: 58–59. ISBN 0-8021-1776-7.
Jump up ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 180. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2
Jump up ^ Nelson, Randy F. "The Almanac of American Letters. " Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 182. ISBN 0-86576-008-X
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 150.
Jump up ^ Hebert-Leiter, Maria. "Becoming Cajun, Becoming American: The Acadian in American Literature from Longfellow to James Lee Burke'." Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009: 27. ISBN 978-0-8071-3435-1
Jump up ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 189. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 155.
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 231.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Williams, Cecil B. "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow." New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 151.
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist." New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 129.
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist." New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 77.
Jump up ^ Katsev, Igor. "Origin and Meaning of Evangeline". MFnames.com. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 82.
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 148.
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 8.
^ Jump up to: a b McKay, Ian and Robin Bates. In the Province of History: The Making of the Public Past in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010: 40–42
Jump up ^ McKay, Ian and Robin Bates. In the Province of History: The Making of the Public Past in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010: 39, 99
Jump up ^ John Brebner. Acadia before the conquest of Canada. Columbia University Press. 1927.
Jump up ^ McKay, Ian and Robin Bates. In the Province of History: The Making of the Public Past in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.
Jump up ^ John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760. Oklahoma University Press, 2008: 6
Jump up ^ McKay, Ian and Robin Bates. In the Province of History: The Making of the Public Past in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010: 128.
Jump up ^ Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 155–156.
Jump up ^ Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. "Evangeline Oak Louisiana Historical Marker".
Jump up ^ Texas State Historical Commission. "Arceneaux House Texas Historical Marker".
Jump up ^ "HIST: First Oil Well - Department of Natural Resources - State of Louisiana".
Jump up ^ "Video game bridges family, loss, love". The Advertiser. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Ariane Moffatt, Pierre Lapointe win deuces at ADISQ awards". CBC. 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
Jump up ^ McKenna, Mike. "TONY HALCHAK – A TALE OF ARCADIE".
Jump up ^ "Musical of the Month: Evangeline". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
Jump up ^ http://www.charlottetownfestival.com/en/23-Evangeline-Book-Lyrics-Music-by-Ted-Dykstra#_ga=1.264701583.162008839.1431618678
Jump up ^ Evangeline, Citadel Theatre, accessed May 11, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Opéra-Théâtre de Rimouski in June Premiered Colin Doroschuk's Evangeline". Opera Canada. June 22, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2016 – via HighBeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Charlotte Gray 'The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder' Random House, 2004
Jump up ^ The Vanguard, Louisiana actor travels to Tusket,NS.
Jump up ^ Census Records, Incorrect Surnames.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Evangeline.
Evangeline at Project Gutenberg
Evangeline public domain audiobook at LibriVox
1850 edition of Evangeline at Google Book Search
Longfellow-Evangeline State Park in Louisiana
Grand-Pré National Historic Site of Canada
Audio excerpt read by Layne Longfellow; music by Michael Hoppé
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The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1624 edition of John Smith's History of Bermuda, in concert with Virginia and New England).
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles is a book written by Captain John Smith, first published in 1624. The book is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, histories of the territory administered by the Virginia Company of London.
Originally, two English joint-stock companies had been created to settle North America, then known as Virginia. The London Company was given a charter for a swathe of the continent south of that given to the Plymouth Company. Both companies established settlements in 1607 (the London Company in Jamestown). Although its settlement wae term Virginia came to refer only to that part of North America covered by the London Company's original charters. The third charter, of 1612, extended its territory far enough across the Atlantic to include the Somers Isles (named for Admiral of the Virginia Company, Sir George Somers), or Bermuda, which the Virginia Company had been in unofficial possession of since the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture.
John Smith fell out of favour with the directors of the Virginia Company. Despite this, he wrote a series of publications about the English colonial effort in North America, although, in his accounts,  he marginalised the Company's involvement. The Generall Historie was based in large part on information he was given by others, as he had not personally witnessed what had happened in the years between his leaving Virginia and publishing the book. He had never visited Bermuda, which had been separated from Virginia to be managed by the Somers Isles Company (formed in 1615 by the shareholders of the Virginia Company). His information on Bermuda may have come from the then Governor, Nathaniel Butler, who probably provided the drawing which was the basis of the engraving printed in the Historie, a map, and illustrations of important sites in that colony (fig. 2).

The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles was first printed by I.D and I. H. for Michael Sparkes in 1624. Other editions followed in 1625, 1626, 1627, 1629, 1631, and 1632.
External links[edit]
Complete PDF version of The Generall Historie of Virginia American Journeys
Complete text of the Generall Historie American Memory
Texts of Imagination & Empire, by Emily Rose, Princeton University Folger Shakespeare Library
The New York Times: Beyond Pocohantas. Book review of The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, Edited by Philip L. Barbour.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia,_New-England,_and_the_Summer_Isles&oldid=778666403"
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This page was last edited on 4 May 2017, at 15:07.
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