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France in the American Revolutionary War
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This article is about French involvement in the North American theatre of the American Revolutionary War. For the global war between France and Britain, see Anglo-French War (1778–1783).
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The British (center) surrender to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
French (left) and British ships (right) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781; the outnumbered British fleet departed, leaving the British army no choice but to surrender.
French involvement in the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, when France, a rival of the British Empire, secretly shipped supplies to the Continental Army. A Treaty of Alliance in 1778 soon followed, which led to shipments of money and matériel to the United States. Subsequently, the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic also began to send assistance, leaving the British Empire with no allies.
France's help is considered a vital and decisive contribution to the United States' victory against the British. As a cost of participation in the war, France accumulated over 1 billion livres in debt.
Contents
[hide]
1 American origins of the conflict
2 French involvement
2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war
2.2 Entry into the war
2.3 North American operations
2.4 Other theaters
3 Peace and consequences
4 Financial aspects
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
7 Bibliography
7.1 English
7.2 Primary sources
7.3 French
American origins of the conflict[edit]
Main article: American Revolution
After its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, France lost its vast holdings in North America. Meanwhile, the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation. As part of that conflict, the colonists organized the Boston Tea Party in response to a tax on tea. The British government responded by passing the Intolerable Acts, which included the closing of Boston Harbor and the revocation of Massachusetts's colonial charter.[1] This conflict exacerbated tensions further. The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775, at which point the American patriots revolted against British rule. France, who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces, saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy. [2]
French involvement[edit]
Choiseul actively reorganized the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain.
France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years' War and sought revenge. It also wanted to strategically weaken Britain. Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France. The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the "English tyranny." Benjamin Franklin traveled to France in December 1776 in order to rally the nation's support, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. At first, French support was covert: French agents sent the Patriots military aid (predominantly gunpowder) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie, beginning in the spring of 1776. Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign at up to 90%.[3] By 1777, over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels.
Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism, volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army. The most famous was Lafayette, a charming young aristocrat who defied the king's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20. He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general. More importantly, he solidified a favorable American view of France. Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence. Lafayette's personal style was highly attractive; the young man learned quickly, adapted to the Patriot style, avoided politics, and became a fast friend of General Washington. Fifty years later, after a major career in French politics, he returned as a beloved hero of the war.[4]
Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war[edit]
Before open war between France and Britain, Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents.
Up against the British power, the young nation lacked arms and allies, and so it turned towards France. France was not directly interested in the conflict, but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent. Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then by Benjamin Franklin, France began covert support of the American cause.
Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France's foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie. The aid given by France, much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius, contributed to George Washington's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777. The aid was also a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga. French ports accommodated American ships, including privateers and Continental Navy warships, that acted against British merchant ships. France provided significant economic aid, either as donations or loans, and also offered technical assistance, granting some of its military strategists "vacations" so they could assist American troops.
Silas Deane, appointed by the Americans and helped by French animosity towards Britain, obtained unofficial aid, starting in early 1776. However, the goal was the total involvement of France in the war. A new delegation composed of Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee, was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations. Franklin, age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries, served as the chief diplomat with the title of "minister" (the term "ambassador" was not used). He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress, and met with many leading diplomats, aristocrats, intellectuals, scientists and financiers. Franklin's image and writings caught the French imagination – there were many images of him sold on the market – and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France. When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser, Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against the Prussia in line with the Franco-Austrian Alliance. France refused, causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour. Under these conditions, asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible. Attempts to rally Spain also failed: Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains, and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies.
Public opinion in France was in favor of open war, but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved. The king's economic and military advisors, in particular, remained reluctant. The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt, but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict. Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France's wobbly system of taxation and finance.
The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States, France, and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British, but Vergennes, waiting until his navy was ready, hesitated. On July 23, 1777, Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance, with war, or abandonment of the new nation. The choice, ratified by the king, was war.[5]
Entry into the war[edit]
Main article: Franco-American alliance
Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga, by John Trumbull, 1822
The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777, but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France. The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious. The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans.[6]
France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778. The British naval force, then the largest fleet afloat, and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning. The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America, fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain. France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters, and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing, thus weakening the British Channel fleet. In spite of this reduction, the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest, and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July. D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27, after which both fleets returned to port for repairs.
France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues. On the continent, France was protected through its alliance with Austria which, even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War, affirmed its diplomatic support of France.
Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause. Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and, in 1780, Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality.
North American operations[edit]
Franco-American routes during the Yorktown campaign.
French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders. In 1778, American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport, Rhode Island, then under British occupation. The attempt failed, in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet. He then sailed to Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm. In 1779, d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations, this time against British-held Savannah, Georgia. About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah, in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful. An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses.
Support became more notable when, in 1780, 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport, itself abandoned in 1779 by the British, and then established a naval base there. These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island. By early 1781, with the war dragging on, French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war. That year's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse, and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him. De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute. Rochambeau and Washington met in Wethersfield, Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options. Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia (the latter led first by Benedict Arnold, then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis). Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance. These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots. Rochambeau, in a separate letter, urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia. Following the Wethersfield conference, Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains, New York and placed his command under Washington.
De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis's army. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.[7]
Other theaters[edit]
The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing.
Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the world, from the West Indies to India. France's navy at first dominated in the West Indies, capturing Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Montserrat, Tobago, and St. Kitts, but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war. A planned Franco-Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782. At the end of the war. the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands. In European waters, France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779. An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors. French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, but were unsuccessful in either storming the site, or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison. They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782.
In India, British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779, sparking the Kingdom of Mysore, a longtime French ally, to begin the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Allied with the French, the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast, but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784. A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes, and the only major military land action, the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore, was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed.
Because of decisive battles on American soil, the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris.
Peace and consequences[edit]
Starting with the Siege of Yorktown, Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States. Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, except for Florida (which went to Spain). However, since France was not included in the American-British peace discussions, the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened. Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited.[8]
Ratification of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. The British delegation refused to pose for the picture
The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. France gained (or regained) territories in the Americas, Africa, and India. Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) were in part regained: Tobago, Saint Lucia, the Senegal River area, as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova. Spain regained Florida and Minorca, but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British.
Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature, over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort, raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion. The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker, who, rather than increase taxes, used loans to pay off debts. State secretary of Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas. The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances. Trade also severely declined during the war, but was revived by 1783.
The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France, who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter. However, Great Britain, not France, became the leading trading partner of the United States.[9] The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment, as attested by Franklin and Jefferson, and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. In turn, the Revolution influenced France.[10] Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences. European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous, and began to take measures in order to secure their positions. On May 22, 1781, the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons, reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility.
Financial aspects[edit]
In all the French spent 1.3 billion livres to support the Americans directly, in addition to the money it spent fighting Britain on land and sea outside the U.S.[11][12][13]
France's status as a great modern power was re-affirmed by the war, but it was detrimental to the country's finances. Even though France's European territories were not affected, victory in a war against Great Britain with battles like the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781 had a large financial cost which severely degraded fragile finances and increased the national debt. France gained little except that it weakened its main strategic enemy and gained a new, fast-growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner. However, the trade never materialized, and in 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic.[14]
Some historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict. But Jonathan R. Dull states that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation, not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada.[15]
See also[edit]
Franco-American alliance
List of French units in the American Revolutionary War
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "1774: Parliament passes the Boston Port Act". History Channel. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (United States Capitol Historical Society, 1981)
Jump up ^ "Journal of the American Revolution, The Gunpowder shortage (September 9, 2013).[1]
Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer, "America's Lafayette and Lafayette's America: A European and the American Revolution," William & Mary Quarterly (1981) 38#2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître (2005). Beaumarchais. Kessinger Publishing. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15.
Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin (2000). From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South. iUniverse. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf (1991). Establishing the New Regime: The Washington Administration. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress (2002). The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 21–23.
Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff (2006). A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth, "Bridging the Continental Divide: Colonial America's 'French Quarter.'" OAH Magazine of History 25.1 (2011): 19-24.
Jump up ^ Peter McPhee (2015). The French Revolution. Melbourne U. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill (1988). French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783-1793. American Philosophical Society. p. 172.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774-1787 (1975)
Bibliography[edit]
English[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Brown, John L. "Revolution and the Muse: the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry." William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41(4): 592–614. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext in : Jstor
Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Praeger Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 327 online
Chartrand, René, and Back, Francis. The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey; 1991.
Corwin, Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books; 1962.
Dull, Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution; Yale U. Press, 1985.
Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774–1787 (1975)
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: the Perspective from France." Reviews in American History 1976 4(3): 385–390. review of Dull (1975) in JSTOR
Gottschalk, Louis. Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online; Lafayette Joins the American Army (1937)
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. U. Press of Virginia, 1986. 263 pp.
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. U. Press of Virginia, 1981. 200 pp.
Hudson, Ruth Strong. The Minister from France: Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 1729–1790. Lutz, 1994. 279 pp.
Hutson, James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980)
Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783.Greenwood, 1977. 188 pp.
Kramer, Lloyd. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. (1996). 355 pp.
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51.
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Perkins, James Breck. France in the American Revolution 1911 online
Popofsky, Linda S. and Sheldon, Marianne B. "French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution, 1770–1815: a Comparative Perspective." History of European Ideas1987 8(4–5): 597–609. Issn: 0191-6599
Pritchard, James. "French Strategy and the American Revolution: a Reappraisal." Naval War College Review 1994 47(4): 83–108. Issn: 0028-1484
Schaeper, Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era: The Life of Jacques-Donatien Leray de Chaumont, 1725–1803. Berghahn Books, 1995. 384 pp. He provided military supplies.
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette Wiley, 2002 online
Van Tyne, C. H. "Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America, 1778," American Historical Review (1916) 21#3 pp. 528–541 in JSTOR
Primary sources[edit]
Lafayette, Marquis de. Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790. Vol. 2: April 10, 1778–March 20, 1780. Cornell U. Press, 1979. 518 pp.
French[edit]
Susan Mary Alsop, Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI, 1982. Traduction française : Jean-Claude Lattès (1983).
Henri Haeau, Complot pour l'Amérique 1775–1779, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1990, ISBN 2-221-05364-8
J.-M. Bizière et J. Sole, Dictionnaire des Biographies, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1993.
Olivier Chaline, La France au XVIIIe siècle (1715–1787), Paris, Éditions Belin, 1996.
Joël Cornette, Absolutisme et Lumière 1652–1783, collection Carré Histoire, Paris, Éditions Hachette, 2000. ISBN 2-01-145422-0
Jean Egret, Necker, ministre de Louis XVI, 1776–1790, Honoré Champion; Paris, 1975.
André Zysberg, La Monarchie des Lumières (1775–1786), Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2002.
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Northern hairy-nosed wombat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Northern hairy-nosed wombat[1]
Conservation status

Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Vombatidae
Genus: Lasiorhinus
Gray, 1863
Species: L. krefftii
Binomial name
Lasiorhinus krefftii
(Owen, 1873)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat range
The northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) is one of three extant species of wombats. It is one of the rarest land mammals in the world and is critically endangered. Its historical range extended across New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland as recently as 100 years ago, but it is now restricted to one place, a 3-km2 range within the 32-km2 Epping Forest National Park in Queensland. In 2003, the total population consisted of 113 individuals, including only around 30 breeding females.[3] In the last census taken in 2013, the estimated population was 196 individuals, with an additional 9 individuals at the Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland. In recent years, the population has experienced a slow but steady increase to an estimated 230 individuals in 2015.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Behaviour
3 Taxonomy
3.1 Nomenclature
3.2 Classification
4 Conservation
5 References
Description[edit]
In general, all species of wombat are heavily built, with large heads and short, powerful legs. They have strong claws to dig their burrows, where they live much of the time. It usually takes about a day for an individual to dig a burrow.
Northern hairy-nosed wombats have bodies covered in soft, grey fur and even have fur on their noses, a trait that sets them apart from the common wombat. They have longer, more pointed ears and a much broader muzzle than the other two species.[5] Individuals can be 35 cm high, up to 1 m long and weigh up to 40 kg. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being somewhat larger than males due to the presence of an extra layer of fat. They are slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster (giving birth to two young every three years on average).
The northern hairy-nosed wombat's nose is very important in its survival because it has very poor eyesight, so it must detect its food in the dark through smell.
Behaviour[edit]
The northern hairy-nosed wombat is nocturnal, living underground in networks of burrows. They avoid coming above ground during harsh weather, as their burrows maintain a constant humidity and temperature.[6] They have been known to share burrows with up to 10 individuals, equally divided by sex. Young are usually born during the wet season, between November and April. When rain is abundant, 50-80% of the females in the population will breed, giving birth to one offspring at a time. Juveniles stay in their mothers' pouches for 8 to 9 months, and are weaned at 12 months of age.[7]
The fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit northern hairy-nosed wombats to go without food for several days when food is scarce. Even when they do feed every day, it is only for 6 hours a day in the winter and 2 hours in the summer, significantly less than a similar-sized kangaroo, which feeds for at least 18 hours a day. Their diet consists of native grasses: black speargrass (Heteropogon contortus), bottle washer grasses (Enneapogon spp.), golden beard grass (Chrysopogon fallax), and three-awned grass(Aristida spp.), as well as various types of roots. The teeth continue to grow beyond the juvenile period, and are worn down by the abrasive grasses they eat.[citation needed]. Its habitat has become infested with African buffel grass, which outcompetes the native grasses on which the wombat prefers to feed.[8]
Taxonomy[edit]
Nomenclature[edit]
The genus name Lasiorhinus comes from the Latin words lasios, meaning hairy or shaggy, and rhinus, meaning nose.[9] The widely accepted common name is northern hairy-nosed wombat, based on the historical range of the species, as well as the fur, or "whiskers", on its nose. In some older literature, it is referred to as the Queensland hairy-nosed wombat.[10]
Classification[edit]
The northern hairy-nosed wombat shares its genus with one other extant species, the southern hairy-nosed wombat, while the common wombat is in the genus Vombatus. Both Lasiorhinus species differ morphologically from the common wombat by their silkier fur, broader hairy noses, and longer ears.[11]
The koala is the most closely related marsupial to wombats, and is categorised in the same suborder, Vombatiformes.[12]
Conservation[edit]
Threats to the northern hairy-nosed wombat include small population size, predation, competition for food, disease, floods, droughts, wildfires, and habitat loss. Its small, highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Wild dogs are the wombat's primary predator. The habitat at Epping Forest National Park is now well-protected for better chances of survival.
Due to these threats, the northern hairy-nosed wombat is listed as "endangered" by the Australian Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT),[13] and "critically endangered" by the IUCN.[2] Its range is restricted to about 300 ha (750 acres) of the Epping National Forest in east-central Queensland, 120 km northwest of Clermont.
To combat the vulnerability of this species, a number of conservation projects have been put into action over recent years. One example was the construction of a two-metre-high, predator-proof fence around 25 km2 of the park in 2000. A second population of wombats has been established at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland.[14] This second population was established in 2008 and is also in a reserve surrounded by a predator-proof fence.[14] Within Epping Forest National Park, increased attention and funds have been given for wombat research and population monitoring, fire management, maintenance of the predator-proof fence, general management, and control of predators and competitors, and elimination of invasive plant species.[15] In addition, the species recovery plan of 2004 to 2008 included communication and community involvement in saving the species and worked to increase the current population in the wild, established other populations within the wombat's historical range, and worked with zoos to establish a captive husbandry program. Also, a volunteer caretaker program allows volunteers to contribute in monitoring the population and keeping the predator fence in good repair. Finally, DNA fingerprint identification of wombat hairs allows research to be conducted without an invasive trapping or radio-tracking program.[16] Due to the combined efforts of these forces, the northern hairy-nosed wombat population is slowly making a comeback.[17]
References[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to: Lasiorhinus latifrons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lasiorhinus latifrons.
Jump up ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b Taggart, D.; Martin, R. & Horsup (2008). "Lasiorhinus krefftii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 02 Sept 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Eastwood, K. (October–December 2003). "Saving the northern hairy-nosed wombat". Australian Geographic (72).
Jump up ^ Horsup, Alan (23 October 2015). "Northern hairy-nosed wombat". Queensland Government. The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). Retrieved 30 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Jew, Darren. "Northern Hairy-Nosed Wombat". Wildlife Preservation Society of Qld. Wildlife Queensland. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Banks, Sam; Hoyle, Horsup; Sunnucks, Taylor (28 February 2006). "Demographic monitoring of an entire species (the northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii) by genetic analysis of non-invasively collected material". Animal Conservation. 6 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1017/S1367943003003135. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnson, C. N.; Crossman (23 March 2009). "Dispersal and social organization of the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii". Journal of Zoology. 225 (4): 605–613. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04328.x. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnson, C. N. (November 1991). "Utilization of habitat by the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii". Journal of Zoology. 225 (3): 495–507. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03831.x. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Gotch, A. F. (1979). Mammals, their Latin names explained. Poole: Blanchford Press.
Jump up ^ Gordon, G.; Riney, T.; Toop, J.; Lawrie, B.C.; Godwin, M.D. (1985). "Observations on the Queensland Hairy-nosed Wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii (Owen)". Biological Conservation. 33: 165–195. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85)90102-8.
Jump up ^ Horsup, A. "Recovery plan for the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii 2004-2008". Report to the Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Triggs, B (2009). Wombats. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Lasiorhinus krefftii Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat". deh.gov.au. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Department of Environment and Resource Management. "Northern hairy-nosed wombat". Queensland Government.
Jump up ^ Short, Jeff; Smith (2 May 1994). "Mammal Decline and Recovery in Australia". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (2): 288–301. doi:10.2307/1382547. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ White, Lauren C.; Horsup, Alan; Taylor, Andrea C.; Austin, Jeremy J. (2014). "Improving genetic monitoring of the northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 (3): 246–250. doi:10.1071/zo14031. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ Sloane, M. A.; Sunnucks, Alpers; Taylor, Beheragary (September 2000). "Highly reliable genetic identification of individual northern hairy-nosed wombats from single remotely collected hairs: a feasible censusing method". Molecular Ecology. 9 (9): 1233–1240. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00993.x. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Underhill D (1993). Australia's Dangerous Creatures. Sydney NSW: Reader's Digest. ISBN 0-86438-018-6.
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Diprotodontia species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Marsupialia
[hide]
Suborder Vombatiformes
Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae
(Wombats)
Vombatus
Common wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern hairy-nosed wombat (L. latifrons)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat (L. krefftii)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. below)
Phalangeridae
(including Cuscuses)
Ailurops
(Bear cuscuses)
Talaud bear cuscus (A. melanotis)
Sulawesi bear cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae)
Mountain cuscus (P. carmelitae)
Ground cuscus (P. gymnotis)
Eastern common cuscus (P. intercastellanus)
Woodlark cuscus (P. lullulae)
Blue-eyed cuscus (P. matabiru)
Telefomin cuscus (P. matanim)
Southern common cuscus (P. mimicus)
Northern common cuscus (P. orientalis)
Ornate cuscus (P. ornatus)
Rothschild's cuscus (P. rothschildi)
Silky cuscus (P. sericeus)
Stein's cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island cuscus (S. kraemeri)
Common spotted cuscus (S. maculatus)
Waigeou cuscus (S. papuensis)
Black-spotted cuscus (S. rufoniger)
Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi dwarf cuscus (S. celebensis)
Banggai cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus
(Brushtail possums)
Northern brushtail possum (T. arnhemensis)
Short-eared possum (T. caninus)
Mountain brushtail possum (T. cunninghami)
Coppery brushtail possum (T. johnstonii)
Common brushtail possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae
(Pygmy possums)
Burramys
Mountain pygmy possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed pygmy possum (C. caudatus)
Southwestern pygmy possum (C. concinnus)
Tasmanian pygmy possum (C. lepidus)
Eastern pygmy possum (C. nanus)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. above)
Tarsipedidae
Tarsipes
Honey possum (T. rostratus)
Petauridae
Dactylopsila
Great-tailed triok (D. megalura)
Long-fingered triok (D. palpator)
Tate's triok (D. tatei)
Striped possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern glider (P. abidi)
Yellow-bellied glider (P. australis)
Biak glider (P. biacensis)
Sugar glider (P. breviceps)
Mahogany glider (P. gracilis)
Squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis)
Pseudocheiridae
Hemibelideus
Lemur-like ringtail possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides
Greater glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting ringtail possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common ringtail possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland ringtail possum (P. canescens)
Weyland ringtail possum (P. caroli)
Cinereus ringtail possum (P. cinereus)
Painted ringtail possum (P. forbesi)
Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis)
Masked ringtail possum (P. larvatus)
Pygmy ringtail possum (P. mayeri)
Vogelkop ringtail possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' ringtail possum (P. albertisii)
Green ringtail possum (P. archeri)
Plush-coated ringtail possum (P. corinnae)
Reclusive ringtail possum (P. coronatus)
Coppery ringtail possum (P. cupreus)
Acrobatidae
Acrobates
Feathertail glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed possum (D. pennatus)
[show]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. below)
Macropodidae
(includes Wallabies)
Lagostrophus
Banded hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus
(Tree-kangaroos)
Grizzled tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)
Bennett's tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)
Ursine tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)
Matschie's tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)
Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)
Ifola tree-kangaroo (D. notatus)
Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)
Lowlands tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)
Golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)
Seri's tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)
Dingiso (D. mbaiso)
Tenkile (D. scottae)
Dorcopsis
Brown dorcopsis (D. muelleri)
White-striped dorcopsis (D. hageni)
Black dorcopsis (D. atrata)
Gray dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Dorcopsulus
Small dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)
Macleay's dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Lagorchestes
Spectacled hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)
Rufous hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
(includes Kangaroos
and Wallaroos)
Subgenus Notamacropus: Agile wallaby (M. agilis)
Black-striped wallaby (M. dorsalis)
Tammar wallaby (M. eugenii)
Western brush wallaby (M. irma)
Parma wallaby (M. parma)
Pretty-faced wallaby (M. parryi)
Red-necked wallaby (M. rufogriseus)
Subgenus Osphranter: Antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus)
Woodward's wallaroo (M. bernadus)
Eastern wallaroo (M. robustus)
Red kangaroo (M. rufus)
Subgenus Macropus: Western grey kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)
Eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Onychogalea
(Nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled nail-tail wallaby (O. fraenata)
Northern nail-tail wallaby (O. unguifera)
Petrogale
(Rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species-group: Short-eared rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)
Wilkins' rock-wallaby (P. wilkinsi)
Monjon (P. burbidgei)
Nabarlek (P. concinna)
P. xanthopus species-group: Proserpine rock-wallaby (P. persephone)
Rothschild's rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)
Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species-group: Allied rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)
Cape York rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)
Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani)
Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti)
Unadorned rock-wallaby (P. inornata)
Black-flanked rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)
Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)
Purple-necked rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)
Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale
(Pademelons)
Tasmanian pademelon (T. billardierii)
Brown's pademelon (T. browni)
Dusky pademelon (T. brunii)
Calaby's pademelon (T. calabyi)
Mountain pademelon (T. lanatus)
Red-legged pademelon (T. stigmatica)
Red-necked pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp wallaby (W. bicolor)
[show]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. above)
Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus
Rufous rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia
(Bettongs)
Eastern bettong (B. gaimardi)
Boodie (B. lesueur)
Woylie (B. penicillata)
Northern bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous
(Potoroos)
Long-footed potoroo (P. longipes)
Long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus)
Gilbert's potoroo (. gilbertii)
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Hypsiprymnodon
Musky rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
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Ultrafiltration (renal)
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Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney
In renal physiology, ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys. As in nonbiological examples of ultrafiltration, pressure (in this case blood pressure) and concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane (provided by the podocytes). The Bowman's capsule contains a dense capillary network called the glomerulus. Blood flows into these capillaries through the afferent arterioles and leaves through the efferent arterioles.
The high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules in the tubular fluid such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood in the glomerular capsule across the basement membrane of the Bowman's capsule and into the renal tubules. This process is called ultrafiltration; the resulting fluid, virtually free of large proteins and blood cells, is referred to as glomerular filtrate, or ultrafiltrate.[1] Further modification of ultrafiltrate, by reabsorption and secretion, transforms it into urine.
Glomerular pressure is about 75 millimeters of mercury (10 kPa). It is opposed by osmotic pressure (30 mmHg, 4.0 kPa) and hydrostatic pressure (20 mmHg, 2.7 kPa) of solutes present in capsular space. This difference in pressure is called effective pressure (25 mmHg, 3.3 kPa).
In hemodialysis centers, ultrafiltration takes place on the hemodialysis machines when the venous pressure is greater than the transmembrane pressure (TMP). This cleans whole blood while keeping its blood cells intact.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selectivity
2 Slow continuous ultrafiltration
3 See also
4 References
Selectivity[edit]
See also: Table of permselectivity for different substances
The structures of the layers of the glomerulus determine their permeability-selectivity (permselectivity). For instance, small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely, while larger plasma proteins, such as hemoglobin tetramers, haptoglobin bound hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all. Also, negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than positively charged ones.
Slow continuous ultrafiltration[edit]
Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration (SCUF) is an artificial method which approximately mimics the ultrafiltration function of the kidneys. SCUF is a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) generally used to remove fluid from fluid overloaded patients suffering acute renal failure. During SCUF blood is removed from the body and is passed through an extracorporeal circuit through a hemofilter and a predetermined percentage of plasma water is removed based upon a prescription. Typically, no more than 2 liters an hour of fluid is removed. The remaining blood is returned to the patient. Unlike hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration, no dialysate or replacement fluids are used in SCUF.[2]
See also[edit]
Ultrafiltration (industrial)
Ultrafiltration
Aquapheresis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Koushanpour, Esmail (1986). Renal Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 53–72. ISBN 978-0-387-96304-4.
Jump up ^ Ronco C, Bellomo R, Ricci Z (2001). "Hemodynamic response to fluid withdrawal in overhydrated patients treated with intermittent ultrafiltration and slow continuous ultrafiltration: role of blood volume monitoring". Cardiology. 96 (3-4): 196–201. doi:10.1159/000047404. PMID 11805387.
[hide]
v
t
e
Physiology of the kidneys and acid-base physiology
Renal function
Secretion
clearance
Pharmacokinetics
Clearance of medications
Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
Solvent drag
sodium
chloride
urea
glucose
oligopeptides
protein
Renal function
Glomerular filtration rate
Creatinine clearance
Renal clearance ratio
Urea reduction ratio
Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V
Measures of dialysis
Hemodialysis product
PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow
Extraction ratio)
Filtration
Renal blood flow
Ultrafiltration
Countercurrent exchange
Filtration fraction
Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Prostaglandins
Acid-base balance
Fluid balance
Darrow Yannet diagram
Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
Extracellular fluid
(Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Transcellular fluid)
Base excess
Davenport diagram
Anion gap
Arterial blood gas
Winters' formula
Buffering
Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiratory compensation
Renal compensation
Other
Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrafiltration_(renal)&oldid=815201059"
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Car Wash (film)
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This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Car Wash
The poster for the film
Directed by
Michael Schultz
Produced by
Art Linson
Gary Stromberg
Written by
Joel Schumacher
Starring
Franklyn Ajaye
Bill Duke
George Carlin
Irwin Corey
Ivan Dixon
Antonio Fargas
Jack Kehoe
Clarence Muse
Lorraine Gary
The Pointer Sisters
Richard Pryor
Music by
Norman Whitfield
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
October 22, 1976 (1976-10-22)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Car Wash is a 1976 American comedy film released by Universal Pictures. The Art Linson Production was directed by Michael Schultz from a screenplay by Joel Schumacher. Starring Franklyn Ajaye, Bill Duke, George Carlin, Irwin Corey, Ivan Dixon, Antonio Fargas, Jack Kehoe, Clarence Muse, Lorraine Gary, The Pointer Sisters, and Richard Pryor, Car Wash is an episodic comedy about a day in the lives of the employees and the owner, Mr. B (Sully Boyar), of a Los Angeles, California car wash (filmed at a Westlake car wash at the corner of Rampart Blvd. and 6th St.).
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast (in alphabetical order)
2.1 Other actors
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Music
6 Versions
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
Originally conceived as a musical, Car Wash deals with the exploits of a close-knit, multiracial group of employees at a Los Angeles car wash. In an episodic fashion, the film covers a full day, during which all manner of strange visitors make cameo appearances, including Lorraine Gary as a hysterical wealthy woman from Beverly Hills dealing with a carsick son. Richard Pryor also appears in a cameo as a money-hungry evangelist named 'Daddy Rich' who preaches a pseudo-gospel of prosperity theology; The Pointer Sisters play the parts of his loyal (and singing) entourage, The Wilson Sisters.
One main character is Abdullah, formerly Duane (Bill Duke), a Black Muslim revolutionary. Among his other misadventures in the film, he must deal with a man ("Professor" Irwin Corey) who fits the profile of the notorious "pop bottle bomber" being sought that day by the police. It causes employees, customers, and the owner of the car wash, Mr. B (Sully Boyar), to fear for their lives, but the strange man's "bomb" is simply a urine sample he is taking to the hospital.
Mr. B's son Irwin (Richard Brestoff), a left-wing college student who smokes pot in the men's restroom and carries around a copy of Quotations from Chairman Mao, insists on spending a day with the "working class" employees, since he considers them "brothers" in the "struggle". As he gets ready to go to work, he sets off motion sensors that give him the first "human car wash", which he takes in a good-natured (if pot-induced) stride.
George Carlin appears as a taxi driver searching fruitlessly for a prostitute who stiffed him for a fare. The prostitute, Marleen, has her own hopes shattered as a customer with whom she apparently has fallen in love with has given her a false telephone number.
Ex-con Lonnie (Ivan Dixon) is the foreman of the car wash who tries to mentor Abdullah while struggling to raise two young children and fend off his parole officer (Jason Bernard). Abdullah confronts Lindy (Antonio Fargas) and sharply criticizes his cross-dressing, to which Lindy coolly replies, "I'm more man than you'll ever be and more woman than you'll ever get".
T.C. (Franklin Ajaye) is another young employee who is determined to win a radio call-in contest to win tickets for a rock concert and to convince his estranged girlfriend Mona, who works as a waitress in a diner across the street, to accompany him.
Floyd and Lloyd are musicians who have an audition for an agent at the end of their shift and spend the entire movie doing their jazz-blues dance moves in front of bewildered customers.
Justin clashes with his girlfriend, Loretta, who wants him to go back to college, but he refuses out of the feeling that a black man like him will not get anywhere in the world with any kind of education. Justin's elderly grandfather, Snapper, works as the shoe shine man at the car wash and is a follower of Daddy Rich.
Other employees include womanizer Geronimo; Scruggs (Jack Kehoe), a cowboy who works as the gas pump operator; Hippo, an overweight employee who briefly hooks up with Marleen the prostitute; Chuco, a scheming Latino employee; Goody, a Native American employee; Charlie, a scruffy middle-aged employee; Sly (Garrett Morris), a con artist employee and bookie who later gets arrested right at the car wash for a series of unpaid parking tickets; and Earl, who has the attitude of being superior to his colleagues because he doesn't get wet, he would appear to think that he is the supervisor at the car wash.
Among everything, Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha (Melanie Mayron) as an escape from his troubled home life. Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car wash going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street. Lonnie, on the other hand, is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he cannot get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to, mostly due to Mr. B being a cheapskate.
Later at the end of the movie, Abdullah, after being fired by Mr. B for his unexplained absences, appears in the office with a gun while Lonnie is closing up, intending to rob the business. Lonnie talks him out of it, and the two commiserate at the status society has imposed on them: two proud men forced to work at a meaningless job for meager pay. It's a melancholy ending to the day as they all go their separate ways, knowing that they'll be back tomorrow to do it all over again.
Cast (in alphabetical order)[edit]
Franklyn Ajaye as T.C.
Sully Boyar as Leon 'Mr B.' Barrow
Richard Brestoff as Irwin Barrow
George Carlin as the Taxi Driver
Irwin Corey as The Mad Bomber
Ivan Dixon as Lonnie
Bill Duke as Duane - Abdullah
Antonio Fargas as Lindy
Lauren Jones as Marleen
Michael Fennell as Calvin
Arthur French as Charlie
Lorraine Gary as the Hysterical Lady
Darrow Igus as Floyd
Leonard Jackson as Earl
DeWayne Jessie (a.k.a. Otis Day) as Lloyd
Jack Kehoe as Scruggs
Henry Kingi as Goody
Melanie Mayron as Marsha
Garrett Morris as Slide
Clarence Muse as Snapper
Leon Pinkney as Justin
The Pointer Sisters as The Wilson Sisters
Richard Pryor as Daddy Rich
Tracy Reed as Mona
Pepe Serna as Chuco
James Spinks as Hippo
Ray Vitte as Geronimo
Renn Woods as Loretta
Brooke Adams as Terry
Antonie Becker as Charlene
Danny DeVito as Joe
Antar Mubarak as Sonny Fredericks
Otis Sistrunk as Otis
Tim Thomerson as Ken
Other actors[edit]
Danny DeVito and Brooke Adams appeared in the movie as Joe and Terry, the owners of a food stand called 'Big Joe's Dog House' which is located next to the car wash. Though they had speaking roles, nearly all of their scenes were deleted from the theatrical version and they are only seen in the background. Their scenes were restored for the edited television version.
The film also featured the speaking voices of local L.A. disc jockeys Jay Butler, J.J. Jackson, Rod McGrew, Sarina C. Grant, and Cleveland's Billy Bass, all heard in the background of the film on the fictional "KGYS" radio station.
Production[edit]
Originally the project was intended as a stage production, which would feature a replicate car wash on stage.[1] The hope was that, if successful, the project could be adapted as a movie. Upon telling the idea to then head of Universal Ned Tanen, the producers were persuaded to make the film version instead.[1] Joel Schumacher was chosen to write based on his work writing "Sparkle"[1]
Unusual for film production, the sound track was recorded prior to filming of the movie.[2] The director wanted the actors to actually listen to the same music that would later be added in Post Production while filming the scenes.[3]
Reception[edit]
When the film was originally released, it received mediocre reviews (though Roger Ebert praised the film, calling it "a wash-and-wax M*A*S*H") and was not considered a major success. Since its initial release, it has had a small but constant following as a cult film, some notable disciples including Michael Bay and Sandford Bay.[citation needed] The film won the Best Music Award and the Technical Grand Prize at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival plus a nomination for Golden Palm.[4] In the same year it was nominated for Golden Globe, plus it won a Grammy for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special.
Gay film historian Vito Russo cites the character Lindy, played by Antonio Fargas, as being both funny and challenging through his gay militancy. Russo deems Lindy's response to the militant Abdullah as being potentially revolutionary had it not been placed strictly within a comedic context.[5] African American cultural critic Angela Nelson identifies Lindy as a "sophisticated sissy."[6] The "sophisticated sissy" characterization is often used as an easy contrast to the "appropriate" masculine behaviour that heterosexual black male characters are expected to display.
Music[edit]
Main article: Car Wash (soundtrack)
Car Wash, recorded by Rose Royce, was a major success, yielding three Billboard R&B Top Ten singles: "Car Wash", "I Wanna Get Next to You", and "I'm Going Down". The title track, written and produced by Norman Whitfield, was a #1 hit and was one of the biggest hit singles of the disco era. Meanwhile, The Pointer Sisters' "You Gotta Believe" -- which the group performed during their cameo in the film -- was a Top Twenty R&B hit. The Car Wash soundtrack won a 1977 Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album.[7]
Versions[edit]
Car Wash had its network television premiere on NBC Monday Night at the Movies in 1978. Along with the standard dubbing of strong language, many scenes that included the gay character Lindy (Fargas) were trimmed or deleted. To replace these shortened scenes, and therefore shortened film, a subplot of a diner owner (Danny DeVito) (scenes shot for the theatrical version but cut prior to release) were re-inserted. As of 2013, commercially available versions of the movie were of the original theatrical release, not the revised TV version.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rabin, Nathan. "Joel Schumacher". Avclub. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Rose Royce bio
Jump up ^ "Liner notes". Car Wash, motion picture soundtrack. 1976.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Car Wash". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
Jump up ^ Russo, pp. 228—29
Jump up ^ Means Coleman, p. 142
Jump up ^ allmusic Biography
References[edit]
Means Coleman, Robin R. (1998). African American Viewers and the Black Situation Comedy: Situating Racial Humor. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-3125-8.
Russo, Vito (1987). The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies (rev. ed.). New York, Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-096132-5.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Car Wash (film)
Car Wash on IMDb
Car Wash at the TCM Movie Database
Car Wash at AllMovie
Car Wash at Rotten Tomatoes
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Michael Schultz
Together for Days (1972)
Honeybaby, Honeybaby (1974)
Cooley High (1975)
Car Wash (1976)
Greased Lightning (1977)
Which Way Is Up? (1977)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978)
Scavenger Hunt (1979)
Carbon Copy (1981)
The Jerk, Too (1984)
The Last Dragon (1985)
Krush Groove (1985)
Timestalkers (1987)
Disorderlies (1987)
Tarzan in Manhattan (1989)
Livin' Large! (1991)
Day-O (1992)
Shock Treatment (1995)
Killers in the House (1998)
L.A. Law: The Movie (2002)
Woman Thou Art Loosed (2004)
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