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Charlotte's web (cannabis)
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Charlotte's Web
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Charlotte's Web is a high-cannabidiol (CBD), low-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis cultivar.[1][2][3] It does not induce the psychoactive "high" typically associated with recreational marijuana strains that are high in THC.[4]
Charlotte's Web is named after Charlotte Figi, born (2006-10-18) October 18, 2006 (age 11), whose story has led to her being described as "the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America."[5] Her parents and physicians say she experienced a reduction of her epileptic seizures brought on by Dravet syndrome after her first dose of medical marijuana at five years of age. Her usage of Charlotte's Web was first featured in the 2013 CNN documentary "Weed". Media coverage increased demand for products derived from Charlotte's Web and other high in CBD cultivars, which have been used to treat epilepsy in toddlers and children. It was originally called "Hippie's Disappointment" as it was a strain that had high CBD instead of THC.[6]
While anecdotal reports have sparked interest in treatment with cannabinoids,[7] there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions about their safety or efficacy.[7][8] Physicians worry that some parents are willing to try treatments before proper research has been conducted, and that they may be disappointed. They are "alarmed by parallels to past miracle-cure manias later proved false..." and "...wary of the heightened placebo effect in treatments involving children, when reports of progress depend on the view of parents."[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
1.1 Evidence
1.2 Statements
2 History
3 Society and culture
3.1 Legal status
3.2 Reactions to CBD-only laws
3.3 Name
3.4 Publicity and demand
3.5 Distribution
4 Research
5 References
6 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Evidence[edit]
There is little evidence about the safety or efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.[7][10] A 2014 Cochrane review did not find enough evidence to draw conclusions about its use.[11] A 2014 review by the American Academy of Neurology similarly concluded that "data are insufficient to support or refute the efficacy of cannabinoids for reducing seizure frequency."[12]
The Cochrane review suggests cannabinoids be reserved for people with symptoms that are not controllable by other means, who have been evaluated by EEG-video monitoring to confirm diagnosis, and are not eligible for better established treatments such as surgery and neurostimulation.[13] A second review described four placebo-controlled trials of cannabadiol including 48 people with a disease that was not manageable by other means. Three out of four trials reported some reduction in seizures, but no comparison with placebo was possible due to the small number of people in the trials. The drugs were well tolerated.[14] A third review found that no reliable conclusions about the effect of cannabis on epilepsy could be drawn due to the poor quality of available data, but further research may be warranted because of the good safety profile observed in small clinical trials.[15]
A 2017 study found cannabidiol reduced convulsive seizures but resulted in more side effects in people with Dravet syndrome.[16]
Statements[edit]
Due to the anecdotal nature of the health claims being made medical bodies have published statements of concern.
A position statement by the American Epilepsy Society states:
The recent anecdotal reports of positive effects of the marijuana derivative cannabidiol for some individuals with treatment-resistant epilepsy give reason for hope. However, we must remember that these are only anecdotal reports, and robust scientific evidence for the use of marijuana is lacking... at present, the epilepsy community does not know if marijuana is a safe and effective treatment, nor do they know the long-term effects that marijuana will have on learning, memory and behavior, especially in infants and young children.[17]
Cannabis-derived products are not mentioned in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence epilepsy treatment guidelines.[18]
History[edit]
Cannabis oil
Charlotte's Web was developed in 2011 by the Stanley brothers (Joel, Jesse, Jon, Jordan, Jared and Josh[19]) through crossbreeding a strain of marijuana with industrial hemp.[20] This process created a variety with less tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and more cannabidiol (CBD) than typical varieties of marijuana.[21] The variety shows potential for medical usage, especially for those who do not wish to experience the typical high of recreational marijuana use.[22] As it is so low in THC, the variety was originally called "Hippie's Disappointment",[23] and also has been labeled "boring".[24] It is a less profitable plant[25] with "close to no value to traditional marijuana consumers."[26]
Society and culture[edit]
Legal status[edit]
While the use of medicinal marijuana products is allowed in many U.S. states, the nationwide legal status of Charlotte's Web is less clear.[citation needed]
The publicity associated with Charlotte's Web has inspired a number of legislative bills, some of which are in the planning stages, and others which have been proposed or actually passed. Children, as "uniquely powerful advocates for medicinal pot across the country,"[27] have inspired "the movement to legalize medicinal marijuana," a movement which "has a face like Charlotte’s–and it’s a young one that’s hard to ignore. Lawmakers across the country are pushing legislation to legalize marijuana oil as a treatment for children with epilepsy."[28]
Colorado law permits the use of medical cannabis for eight conditions: cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, muscle spasms, seizures, severe pain, severe nausea and dramatic weight loss, and muscle atrophy.[21] The publicity surrounding anecdotal reports of successful treatment of intractable epilepsy with cannabinoids is likely to lead to a surge in interest.[7]
In 2013, the parents of a two-year-old with Dravet syndrome confronted New Jersey governor Chris Christie, who signed a bill allowing access for sick children to medical marijuana[26] in a controversy dubbed "pot for tots".[26][29][30]
In 2014, legislative proposals in Utah,[31][32] Arizona,[33] New York,[34] Washington state,[26] Minnesota,[35] and Florida[36][37] were considered, where "even some staunch opponents of medical marijuana now are willing to make an exception" to allow the marijuana extract for medical treatment.[4]
In Utah, Rep. Gage Froerer, R-Huntsville, said in October 2013: "Nothing in federal or state law prohibits the sale or use of hemp products."[38] He pledged to consult with the Utah Substance Abuse Authority, saying: "We need to take a strong look at this and make sure that we as a legislature and we as citizens understand really what this is and what it's not."[39] In November 2013, he said he would address "three components in sponsoring legislation: access, quality control and research. He said the Utah Department of Health would probably be involved in quality-control efforts..."[40] Annette Maughan, President of the Epilepsy Association of Utah, said: "The current Utah law doesn't exclude its use but also doesn't allow for its use. We are in limbo until Utah lawmakers decide what to call it."[39] On March 21, 2014, Gary Herbert, the governor of Utah, signed a bill giving "families access to the marijuana extract for treating epilepsy."[33] The state bill, HB0105, allows import of Charlotte's Web extract across state lines from Colorado to Utah, and covers only use for intractable epilepsy with the consent of a neurologist.[31][32] Also on March 21, 2014, an Arizona court found "that Arizona's medical marijuana law allows consumption of the plant in extract form."[33]
On March 20, 2014, the Florida House of Representatives Budget Committee passed the "so-called Charlotte's Web measure (CS/HB 843)"[37] designed to limit prosecutors' ability to prosecute those in possession of low THC/high CBD marijuana ("0.5 percent or less of tetrahydrocannabinol and more than 15 percent of cannabidiol") used for treating seizures. The law took effect July 1, 2014.[41][42] Since then, Florida legislators have passed a bill with bipartisan support legalizing the use of Charlotte's Web,[43] and Governor Rick Scott signed the "Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014" (SB 1030)[36][44] into law on June 6, 2014. The law is also referred to as the "Charlotte's Web" law.[45][46] The law specifies the number of distribution centers, which types of nurseries can grow the plants, requires various other controls,[47] and provides funding for research.[36]
Federal legislation was introduced in 2014 (U.S. 113th Congress 2013-2014) but was never brought to a vote and died in committee.[48][49][50][51]
Rep. Perry, Scott (R-PA-4) introduced to the U.S. 114th Congress (2015-2016) H.R.1635 - Charlotte's Web Medical Access Act of 2015[52] with 62 bipartisan co-sponsors.[53] It has not been voted on yet, but it has made progress and been referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the House Committee on the Judiciary, the Subcommittee on Health and the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations.
The Therapeutic Hemp Medical Access Act of 2015 (Senate 1333) was introduced (not passed yet) with 11 co-sponsors to amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude cannabidiol and cannabidiol-rich plants from the definition of marijuana. It was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.[54]
Reactions to CBD-only laws[edit]
The federal Schedule 1 drug classification[55] blocks broad scientific research on cannabis. However, in late 2015, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) eased some regulatory requirements imposed by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) for those who are conducting FDA-approved clinical trials on cannabidiol (CBD). These modifications will streamline the research process regarding CBD’s possible medicinal value and help foster ongoing scientific studies.[56]
But the Marijuana Policy Project has expressed frustration over the fact that many legislative efforts inspired by Charlotte's Web are aimed at only legalizing low or no THC, high CBD medical marijuana products. They believe that such legislation is too restrictive and ignores claimed benefits of THC, leaving "behind around 98% of the individuals who can benefit from it."[57] Referring to the "Charlotte’s Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014", an editorial in Ladybud Magazine expressed concern that the law "leaves thousands of patients out in the cold without safe, legal access to medical cannabis. It also ignores science that seems to indicate that whole plant medicine is optimal."[58]
Name[edit]
Charlotte's Web is named after an American girl, Charlotte Figi. She developed Dravet syndrome (also known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy or SMEI) as a baby. By age three, Figi was severely disabled and having 300 grand mal seizures a week despite treatment.[21][59] Her parents learned about another child with Dravet Syndrome, who had been using a different type of medical marijuana since June 2011, and decided to try marijuana.[60] Her parents and physicians said that she improved immediately. She now follows a regular regimen that uses a solution of the high-CBD marijuana extract in olive oil. She is given the oil under her tongue or in her food.[21][61] Her parents said in 2013 that her epilepsy had improved so that she had only about four seizures per month, and she was able to engage in normal childhood activities.[21][62]
The type now named after Figi was not the first type her parents tried. As their original supply, a type called R4 that is also high in CBD and low in THC, was running out, they contacted the Stanley brothers. From the Stanleys' stock, they chose the high-CBD variety that has since been renamed to Charlotte's Web.[21]
Charlotte's story has been featured on two CNN documentaries,[22][25] The Doctors TV show,[63] 60 Minutes Australia,[64] and Dateline NBC,[65] among many other sources. An article in the National Journal detailing the role of several children as "uniquely powerful advocates for medicinal pot across the country" described Charlotte as the "first poster child for the issue...."[27] Her story has led to her being described as "the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America,"[5] as well as the "most famous example of medicinal hemp use".[66]
Publicity and demand[edit]
When Charlotte was five years old, her story was featured in the August 11, 2013 CNN documentary "Weed", hosted by Sanjay Gupta.[22] On November 24, 2013, Paige Figi was a guest on The Doctors TV show, where Charlotte's story was told.[63] She was also featured in Gupta's March 11, 2014 CNN documentary "Weed 2: Cannabis Madness".[25] The extract received more publicity on October 6, 2014, when The Doctors TV show again featured a story about usage of Charlotte's Web. The physicians called for a change of the Federal classification.[67] Sanjay Gupta has also expressed his support for Charlotte's Web on The Doctors TV show.[68] On the October 17, 2014 episode of the ABC TV series The View, Paige Figi and Joel Stanley were interviewed by Whoopi Goldberg and Nicolle Wallace.[59]
The CNN documentaries received widespread publicity and popularized Charlotte's Web as a possible treatment for epilepsy and other conditions.[21] Colorado has legalized both the medicinal and recreational use of marijuana, and many parents have flocked there with their suffering children in search of Charlotte's Web and other forms of medical marijuana.[69] In November 2013, CBS Denver reported that "[t]here is now a growing community of 93 families with epileptic children using marijuana daily. Hundreds are on a waiting list and thousands are calling."[23] In October 2014, Time noted the Stanley brothers had a waiting list of "more than 12,000 families."[70] They have been termed "marijuana refugees",[23] "part of a migration of families uprooting their lives and moving to Colorado, where the medicinal use of marijuana is permitted...forced to flee states where cannabis is off limits."[71][72] In November 2014, David Nutt mentioned Charlotte's Web in the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Pharmaceutical Journal, where he appealed for "the UK government [to] acts on evidence, allowing the use of medicinal cannabis and reducing barriers to its research."[73]
Families who say they have run out of pharmaceutical options have moved to Colorado to access Charlotte's Web. The demand has spurred calls for more research to determine whether these products actually do what is claimed. Amy Brooks-Kayal, vice president of the American Epilepsy Society, stated that epileptic seizures may come and go without any obvious explanation, and that Charlotte's web could cause developmental harm. She recommended that parents relocate so that their affected children could have access to one of the nation's top pediatric epilepsy centers rather than move to Colorado.[74]
The product has been described as the "country's most famous brand of CBD oil",[75] the "largest selling CBD oil in the country",[76] and the "number one brand", with 7% of the market.[77]
Distribution[edit]
In November 2013, Josh Stanley said that Charlotte's web was 0.5% THC and 17% CBD,[19] and that it "is as legal as other hemp products already sold in stores across Utah, including other oils, clothing and hand creams, but is illegal, federally, to take across state lines."[78] The legalities of selling the product to people who transport it across state lines is complicated, with difficulties for both the sellers and transporters. Regardless of state laws in Colorado and Utah which would allow the practice, it is still a Federal offense to transport hemp products across state lines.[79][80] In September 2014, the content was measured at 0.3% THC.[81]
Research[edit]
The relationship between the Schedule I status of cannabis in the United States and the lack of scientific research on cannabis has been claimed by some to be directly related.[82] The situation has been described as a "catch-22" paradox: "Marijuana is restricted in large part because there is little research to support medical uses; research is difficult to conduct because of tight restrictions."[83] Sanjay Gupta has described the complex interaction between restrictive laws and lack of scientific research:
Gupta repeated throughout the evening that the "policy has outpaced the science." The states, he said, "are moving forward without waiting for the science, and the issue is only compounded by the fact that the 'policies and the laws we have in [the US] make it challenging for the science to get done."[82]
Even though the Florida "Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014" (SB 1030)[36] provides funding for research, the status of all cannabis products as illegal Schedule I drugs has limited the amount of research, with the University of Florida refusing to do such research for fear of losing federal funding.[45][84]
The interest created by the documentary highlighted a need for increased scientific research, as well as caution against "bad medicine" and raising false hopes: Ed Maa, a specialist in epilepsy, stated: "This is not going away. ...I think it needs to be studied vigorously and very quickly." He hopes to "launch a clinical trial to study the pot and its potential."[23] Physicians have called for more research to better understand the potential benefits of controlled use of medical marijuana;[7] Sharon Levy, director of the Adolescent Substance Abuse Program at Children's Hospital Boston said:
"The AAP strongly supports more cannabinoid research to better understand both how these substances can be used therapeutically as well as their potential side effects—which we may well be underestimating...[But] the AAP does not support 'medical marijuana' laws as they circumvent regulations put in place to protect patients, and children are a particularly vulnerable population."[7]
Physicians have expressed both positive interest and worry about the sudden explosion of interest in the legalization of medical marijuana and its research, admitting legalization is both "a scientist's dream or a doctor's nightmare." They fear that some parents are too open to trying anything before proper research has been conducted, and that they may be disappointed. They are "alarmed by parallels to past miracle-cure manias later proved false..." and "...wary of the heightened placebo effect in treatments involving children, when reports of progress depend on the view of parents."[9] There is also danger that "the [legalization] movement also opens the way for bad medicine...through treatments at best giving hope to the hysterical and at worst delivering damaging side effects."[9] According to Alan Shackelford, Charlotte Figi's physician: "We really don't know how it works... The cannabidiol seems to act as a neuro-stabilizer, but how? The research is minuscule on this."[85]
Orrin Devinsky, a neurologist at New York University's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, where he will conduct clinical trials on Epidiolex,[86] a high-CBD drug from GW Pharmaceuticals, expressed his sympathy for those who do not want to wait for research results:[4]
I had a child who had failed 15 medications and drug treatments and there was nothing else to do, and they were having many seizures a day that were terribly disabling, I think it would be a very reasonable thing to do to try a high-CBD cannabis product.
He also expressed concern that the number of parents using the Charlotte's Web extract will make it harder to find children for the clinical trials, and that:
There are many more unknowns than knowns...the focus of the community—lay and scientific and governmental—should be on getting good information. That should be the real focus of what we need right now.[4]
The Epilepsy Foundation and Devinsky issued a joint statement calling for increased research and immediate access to medical marijuana, specifically naming Charlotte Figi's case. Devinsky said:
We need to make a balanced decision about compassionate use. If I were Charlotte Figi's parents and lived in Colorado I would have done exactly what they did. And as a doctor, I would gladly prescribe marijuana products for many of my patients who failed existing therapies if it were legal in my state.... Until we have the scientific data, we should make medical marijuana available to physicians who care for people with treatment-resistant epilepsy and their patients.[87]
Due to reports that some people with Dravet syndrome seem to benefit from treatment with Charlotte's Web, an observational clinical trial was launched in September 2014 at the University of Colorado.[88] The study will run until February 2016, will focus on genetic differences between people who respond and do not respond, and attempt to determine if such genetic factors may be related to the success or failure of treatment.[89]
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Jump up ^ "DEA / Drug Scheduling".
Jump up ^ "DEA.gov / Headquarters News Releases, 12/23/15".
Jump up ^ Low or No THC, High CBD Medical Marijuana Bills: Leaving Most Patients Behind, Marijuana Policy Project, 2014, retrieved April 6, 2014
Jump up ^ Admin, Ladybud (August 29, 2014), National CBD-Only Law Proposed: Is Charlotte’s Web Choking out Legalization?, Ladybud Magazine, retrieved August 29, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b The View (October 17, 2014), Medical Marijuana Charlotte's Web. Paige Figi and Joel Stanley discuss medical marijuana, Charlotte's Web., The View, ABC, retrieved October 18, 2014
Jump up ^ Waltz, Vanessa (July 29, 2014), A Limited Amount of "Caring": Parents and Advocates React to Realm of Caring’s Federal CBD-Only Bill, Ladybud Magazine, retrieved October 14, 2014
Jump up ^ Cotter, Barb (June 10, 2013), Medicinal marijuana stops seizures, brings hope to a little Black Forest girl, The Gazette, retrieved January 1, 2014
Jump up ^ Tyrrell, Kelly (December 16, 2013), Seeking Charlotte's Web, The Philadelphia Inquirer, retrieved January 1, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b The Doctors TV Show (November 24, 2013), November 24, 2013 – Unbelievable Nose Makeover; Medical Marijuana For Kids, The Doctors TV series, retrieved March 9, 2014 Other videos from this episode available on the website:
"Marijuana for Kids?"
"Medical Marijuana for Kids?"
"How Medicinal Marijuana Works"
"Medical Marijuana Research Explained"
Jump up ^ Usher, Michael (July 31, 2014), Green Rush: The push to legalise medical marijuana for Aussie children, 60 Minutes Australia, retrieved June 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Garcia, Mario (June 7, 2015), Growing Hope: The Fight for Medical Marijuana for Epileptic Kids, Dateline NBC, retrieved June 7, 2015
See full Dateline video.
Jump up ^ Schaaf, Melissa (September 25, 2014), Hemp Industry Overview, Boulder Weekly, retrieved September 26, 2014
Jump up ^ The Doctors TV Show (October 6, 2014), New Mosquito-Borne Virus; Medicinal Marijuana to Treat Seizures, The Doctors TV series, retrieved October 6, 2014 Other videos from this episode available on the website:
"Medical Marijuana to Treat Seizures"
"Searching for Treatment for Seizures"
"Finding Hope in Medical Marijuana"
"Changing Minds on Medical Marijuana"
Jump up ^ Gupta, Sanjay, Sanjay Gupta's Marijuana Stance, The Doctors TV series, retrieved October 6, 2014
Jump up ^ Healy, Jack (December 5, 2013), Families See Colorado as New Frontier on Medical Marijuana, The New York Times, retrieved January 1, 2014
Jump up ^ Pickert, Kate (October 22, 2014), Pot Kids: Inside the quasi-legal, science-free world of medical marijuana for children, Time, retrieved October 23, 2014
Jump up ^ Stewart, Kirsten (November 11, 2013), Families migrate to Colorado for marijuana miracle, Delaware County Daily Times, retrieved January 1, 2014
Jump up ^ Phillips, Dave (October 27, 2013), Colorado's new pot laws draw marijuana refugees, The Denver Post, retrieved January 1, 2014
Jump up ^ Nutt, David (November 19, 2014), Medicinal cannabis: time for a comeback?, The Pharmaceutical Journal, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, archived from the original on November 29, 2014, retrieved November 20, 2014
Jump up ^ "Charlotte's Web" marijuana supposed cure for kids' seizures but doctors skeptical, CBS News, February 18, 2014, retrieved May 16, 2015
Jump up ^ Abcarian, Robin (April 2, 2017). "Could the extraordinary compound in cannabis that helps kids with epilepsy make you feel better?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Sara (April 20, 2017). "Why Microdosing Is Taking Over Medical Marijuana". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Borchardt, Debra (August 23, 2017). "Hemp Cannabis Product Sales Projected To Hit $1 Billion In 3 Years". Forbes. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Wendy (November 12, 2013), Utah parents look to Colorado for 'life-improving therapy' found in cannabis extract, Deseret News, retrieved January 1, 2014
Jump up ^ Stewart, Kirsten (March 25, 2014), How will marijuana grower decide who gets cannabis oil?, The Salt Lake Tribune, retrieved March 26, 2014
Jump up ^ Price, Michelle (March 25, 2014), Utah to welcome marijuana for limited medical use, Associated Press, retrieved March 26, 2014
Jump up ^ Waltz, Vanessa (September 18, 2014), Realm of Caring Announces Charlotte’s Web to be Shipped to All 50 US States, Ladybud Magazine, archived from the original on October 20, 2014, retrieved September 19, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Schroeder, Luca (October 8, 2014), Sanjay Gupta Discusses Possibilities, Challenges of Medical Marijuana, The Harvard Crimson, retrieved October 9, 2014
Jump up ^ Hellerman, Caleb (July 28, 2014), Federal marijuana bill would legalize some cannabis strains, CNN, retrieved July 29, 2014
Jump up ^ Curry, Christopher (August 5, 2014), UF to say no to pot, even if marijuana amendment passes, The Gainesville Sun, retrieved August 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Phillips, Dave (October 30, 2013), 'This is the only option left', The Oklahoman, retrieved January 1, 2014 Full article
Jump up ^ GW Pharmaceuticals (November 14, 2013), GW Pharmaceuticals Provides Update on Orphan Program in Childhood Epilepsy for Epidiolex®, GW Pharmaceuticals, retrieved January 26, 2014
Jump up ^ Gattone, Philip (February 20, 2014), Epilepsy Foundation Calls for Increased Medical Marijuana Access and Research, Epilepsy Foundation, retrieved March 3, 2014
Jump up ^ Genetic Analysis Between Charlotte's Web Responders Versus Non- Responders in a Dravet Population. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02229032), ClinicalTrials.gov, September 2014, retrieved October 2, 2014
Jump up ^ Pickert, Kate (September 3, 2014), Finally, Some Hard Science on Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy Patients, Time, retrieved October 2, 2014
External links[edit]
Cannabis portal
Realm of Caring foundation
CW Botanicals, A Stanley Brothers Company
Charlotte's Dr. moves to Israel to continue research
Weed: Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports (full transcript), CNN, Full CNN video
Weed 2: Cannabis Madness, Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports (full transcript), CNN, Full CNN video
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Crime lab
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A crime laboratory - often shortened to crime lab - is a scientific laboratory, using primarily forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lab personnel
2 Crime labs
2.1 United States
3 Crime labs in popular culture
4 See also
5 External links
Lab personnel[edit]
Police officer of the United States Park Police Identification Unit analysing evidence
A typical crime lab has two sets of personnel:
Field analysts - investigators that go to crime scenes, collect evidence, and process the scene. Job titles include:
Forensic evidence technician
Crime scene investigator
Scenes of crime officer (SOCO)
Laboratory analysts - scientists or other personnel who run tests on the evidence once it is brought to the lab (i.e., DNA tests, or bullet striations). Job titles include:
Forensic Technician (performs support functions such as making reagents)
Forensic Scientist/Criminalist (performs scientific analyses on evidence)
Fingerprint Analyst
Forensic Photographer
Forensic Document Examiner
Forensic Entomologist
Crime labs[edit]
United States[edit]
In the United States, crime labs may be publicly or privately operated, although private laboratories typically do not respond to crime scenes to collect evidence. Public crime labs are organized at the city, county, state, or national level. A law enforcement agency that does not operate its own crime lab usually has free access to a higher level laboratory for analysis of their evidence. Most states have their own crime labs, for instance Oklahoma has the OSBI, many other places have smaller yet still sufficient crime labs.
The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States (1923), followed by the Bureau of Investigation (1926), forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (Every Contact Leaves a Trace, Connie Fletcher, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2006, interview with crime lab director)
Crime labs in popular culture[edit]
The term "crime lab" has become a part of popular culture, largely due to the TV dramas. Some of the more famous shows are:
Bones (TV series)
"Castle (TV series)"
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and spin-offs CSI: Miami and CSI: NY
NCIS
Quincy, M.E. - a 1970s television show featuring crime lab personnel and procedures.
Several non-fiction television programs, document the resolution of criminal cases based on the scientific analysis of the evidence:
Forensic Files
See also[edit]
Combined DNA Index System
External links[edit]
FBI Crime Lab
Arkansas State Crime Lab
Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories Bureau of Justice Statistics
Forensic Science Laboratories: Handbook for Facility Planning, Design, Construction, and Relocation National Institute of Standards and Technology
US Postal Inspection Service Forensic Lab
Reddy's Forensic Page - link to US and international forensic laboratories
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_lab&oldid=803991991"
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List of Pac-12 Conference national championships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The following is a list of current Pac-12 Conference members' NCAA and AIAW championships. Current Pac-12 members have won 500 NCAA national championships (As of May 31, 2017) becoming the first conference to win 500 team titles, which is 193 more than the next closest confernce, The Big Ten. Since the 1999-2000 academic year, the Pac-12 claims a total of 150 NCAA team titles, including 10 in 2013-2014. They have also led or tied the nation in NCAA Championships in 48 of the last 54 years, the only exceptions being in 1980-81, 1988-89, 1990-91 and 1995-96 when the conference finished second, and finished third in 1998-99 and 2004-2005.
This list also includes championships won by current Pac-12 schools while members of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), a closely related league that was formed in 1916 and disbanded in 1959. Although the current charter of what is now known as the Pac-12 dates only to the formation of the Athletic Association of Western Universities immediately after the demise of the PCC, the Pac-12 claims the PCC's history as its own. There is considerable continuity between the PCC and Pac-12—eight of the nine final members of the PCC (all except Idaho) are now Pac-12 members; five of these schools had founded the AAWU, and all eight had joined the AAWU by the 1964–65 school year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current members
2 Fall Sports
2.1 Men's Sports
2.2 Women's Sports
3 Winter Sports
3.1 Men's Sports
3.2 Women's Sports
4 Spring Sports
4.1 Men's Sports
4.2 Women's Sports
5 Other NCAA championships
5.1 Men's Sports
5.2 Women's Sports
5.3 Combined Sports
6 AIAW national championships
7 See also
8 References
Current members[edit]
Institution
Location
Nickname
NCAA Team
Championships
(through May 31, 2017)[1]
Arizona !University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Wildcats 18
Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Sun Devils 24
California !University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Golden Bears 34
California, Los Angeles !University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Bruins 113
Colorado !University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado Buffaloes 28
Oregon !University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon Ducks 30
Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Beavers 3
Southern California !University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Trojans 104
Stanford University Stanford, California Cardinal 113
Utah !University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Utes 21
Washington !University of Washington Seattle, Washington Huskies 8
Washington State University Pullman, Washington Cougars 2
Fall Sports[edit]
Men's Sports[edit]
Cross Country (16)
Year
School
1961 Oregon State*
1971 Oregon
1973 Oregon
1974 Oregon
1977 Oregon
1996 Stanford
1997 Stanford
2001 Colorado*
2002 Stanford
2003 Stanford
2004 Colorado*
2006 Colorado*
2007 Oregon
2008 Oregon
2013 Colorado
2014 Colorado
Soccer (6)
Year
School
1985 UCLA
1990 UCLA
1997 UCLA
2002 UCLA
2015 Stanford
2016 Stanford
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Football †
Year
School
Selector(s)
1920 California CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR
1921 California BR, BS, CFRA, SR
1922 California BR, HS, NCF, SR
1923 California HS
1926 Stanford DiS, HAF, NCF, SR
1928 USC DiS, SR
1929 USC HS, SR, B(QPRS)
1931 USC BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
1932 USC BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
1933 USC WS
1937 California DuS, HAF
1939 USC DiS
1940 Stanford BR, HAF, PS
1954 UCLA FWAA, UPI
1960 Washington HAF
1962 USC AP, FWAA, NFF, UPI
1967 USC AP, FWAA, NFF, UPI
1970 Arizona State PS
1972 USC AP, FWAA, NFF, UPI
1974 USC FWAA, NFF, UPI
1975 Arizona State NCF, SN
1976 USC B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR
1978 USC UPI
1979 USC CFRA
1984 Washington B (QPRS), FN, NCF
1990 Washington R (FACT)
1990 Colorado* AP, FWAA, NFF, USAT/CNN
1991 Washington FWAA, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
2002 USC DuS, MGR, SR
2003 USC AP, FWAA
2004 USC AP, NFF
* Won while a member of another conference, or an independent.
Oregon State was not initially invited to join the AAWU upon its 1959 formation. It played as an independent until joining the AAWU in 1964.
Colorado won its pre-2013 men's cross country titles as a member of the Big 12 Conference.
Colorado won its 1990 football title (AP) as a member of the Big Eight Conference.
† The NCAA does not officially declare football national championships. Various polls, formulas, and other third-party systems have been used to determine national championships, not all of which are universally accepted. The various polls were often not unanimous, resulting in more than one team sharing a title, and mathematical systems were sometimes applied retroactively to determine championships. Furthermore, schools determined by one or more selectors as champions, do not necessarily claim the title.
Italics indicate retroactive or minor selector.
USC claims 11 national football championships,[2] California claims 5,[3][4] Arizona State, Stanford and Washington each claim 2,[5][6] and Colorado and UCLA each claim 1 championship.[7][8][9][10]
Women's Sports[edit]
Cross Country (12)
Year
School
1983 Oregon*
1987 Oregon
1996 Stanford
2000 Colorado*
2003 Stanford
2004 Colorado*
2005 Stanford
2006 Stanford
2007 Stanford
2008 Washington
2012 Oregon
2016 Oregon
Soccer (4)
Year
School
2007 USC
2011 Stanford
2013 UCLA
2016 USC
Volleyball (15)
Year
School
1981 USC*
1984 UCLA*
1990 UCLA
1991 UCLA
1992 Stanford
1994 Stanford
1996 Stanford
1997 Stanford
2001 Stanford
2002 USC
2003 USC
2004 Stanford
2005 Washington
2011 UCLA
2016 Stanford
* Won while a member of another conference.
The conference now known as the Pac-12 did not sponsor women's sports until the 1986–87 school year, when it was known as the Pacific-10 Conference. Oregon won its 1983 women's cross country title as a member of the Northern Pacific Conference, while USC in 1981 and UCLA in 1984 won women's volleyball titles as members of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association.
Colorado won both of its women's cross country championships as a member of the Big 12 Conference.
Winter Sports[edit]
Men's Sports[edit]
Basketball (16)
Year
School
1939 Oregon
1942 Stanford
1944 Utah*
1959 California
1964 UCLA
1965 UCLA
1967 UCLA
1968 UCLA
1969 UCLA
1970 UCLA
1971 UCLA
1972 UCLA
1973 UCLA
1975 UCLA
1995 UCLA
1997 Arizona
Swimming & Diving (24)
Year
School
1960 USC
1963 USC
1964 USC
1965 USC
1966 USC
1967 Stanford
1974 USC
1975 USC
1976 USC
1977 USC
1979 California
1980 California
1982 UCLA
1985 Stanford
1986 Stanford
1987 Stanford
1992 Stanford
1993 Stanford
1994 Stanford
1998 Stanford
2008 Arizona
2011 California
2012 California
2014 California
Indoor Track & Field (8)
Year
School
1967 USC
1972 USC
1977 Washington State
2008 Arizona State
2009 Oregon
2014 Oregon
2015 Oregon
2016 Oregon
Wrestling (2)
Year
School
1985 UCLA
1988 Arizona State
* Won while a member of another conference.
Utah won its 1944 men's basketball title as a member of the Mountain States Conference.
Women's Sports[edit]
Basketball (4)
Year
School
1983 USC
1984 USC
1990 Stanford
1992 Stanford
Gymnastics (15)
Year
School
1982 Utah*
1983 Utah*
1984 Utah*
1985 Utah*
1986 Utah*
1990 Utah*
1992 Utah*
1994 Utah*
1995 Utah*
1997 UCLA
2000 UCLA
2001 UCLA
2003 UCLA
2004 UCLA
2010 UCLA
Swimming & Diving (15)
Year
School
1983 Stanford*
1989 Stanford
1992 Stanford
1993 Stanford
1994 Stanford
1995 Stanford
1996 Stanford
1997 USC
1998 Stanford
2008 Arizona
2009 California
2011 California
2012 California
2015 California
2017 Stanford
Indoor Track & Field (10)
Year
School
2000 UCLA
2001 UCLA
2007 Arizona State
2008 Arizona State
2010 Oregon
2011 Oregon
2012 Oregon
2013 Oregon
2014 Oregon
2016 Oregon
* Won while a member of another conference.
As noted above, the then-Pac-10 did not sponsor women's sports until 1986–87. Stanford won its 1983 women's swimming and diving championship as a member of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association.
Utah won all of its women's gymnastics championships as a member of the Western Athletic Conference.
Spring Sports[edit]
Men's Sports[edit]
Baseball (28)
Year
School
1947 California
1948 USC
1957 California
1958 USC
1961 USC
1963 USC
1965 Arizona State*
1967 Arizona State*
1968 USC
1969 Arizona State*
1970 USC
1971 USC
1972 USC
1973 USC
1974 USC
1976 Arizona*
1977 Arizona State*
1978 USC
1980 Arizona
1981 Arizona State
1986 Arizona
1987 Stanford
1988 Stanford
1998 USC
2006 Oregon State
2007 Oregon State
2012 Arizona
2013 UCLA
Golf (15)
Year
School
1938 Stanford
1939 Stanford
1941 Stanford
1942 Stanford (co)
1946 Stanford
1953 Stanford
1988 UCLA
1990 Arizona State
1992 Arizona
1994 Stanford
1996 Arizona State
2004 California
2007 Stanford
2008 UCLA
2016 Oregon
Tennis (53)
Year
School
1950 UCLA
1951 USC
1952 UCLA
1953 UCLA
1954 UCLA
1955 USC
1956 UCLA
1958 USC
1960 UCLA
1961 UCLA
1962 USC
1963 USC
1964 USC
1965 UCLA
1966 USC
1967 USC
1968 USC
1969 USC
1970 UCLA
1971 UCLA
1973 Stanford
1974 Stanford
1975 UCLA
1976 UCLA & USC
1977 Stanford
1978 Stanford
1979 UCLA
1980 Stanford
1981 Stanford
1982 UCLA
1983 Stanford
1984 UCLA
1986 Stanford
1988 Stanford
1989 Stanford
1990 Stanford
1991 USC
1992 Stanford
1993 USC
1994 USC
1995 Stanford
1996 Stanford
1997 Stanford
1998 Stanford
2000 Stanford
2002 USC
2005 UCLA
2009 USC
2010 USC
2011 USC
2012 USC
2014 USC
Outdoor Track & Field (48)
Year
School
1922 California
1925 Stanford
1926 USC
1928 Stanford
1930 USC
1931 USC
1934 Stanford
1935 USC
1936 USC
1937 USC
1938 USC
1939 USC
1940 USC
1941 USC
1942 USC
1943 USC
1949 USC
1950 USC
1951 USC
1952 USC
1953 USC
1954 USC
1955 USC
1956 UCLA
1958 USC
1961 USC
1962 Oregon*
1963 USC
1964 Oregon*
1965 USC & Oregon
1966 UCLA
1967 USC
1968 USC
1970 Oregon & California
1971 UCLA
1972 UCLA
1973 UCLA
1976 USC
1977 Arizona State*
1978 UCLA (co)
1984 Oregon
1987 UCLA
1988 UCLA
2000 Stanford
2014 Oregon
2015 Oregon
* Won while a member of another conference.
Oregon was not initially invited to join the AAWU on its formation in 1959. It won its 1962 and 1964 men's outdoor track and field titles as an independent; it did not join the AAWU until the 1964–65 school year.
All national titles in baseball and men's outdoor track and field won by Arizona and Arizona State prior to the 1978–79 school year were won while the two schools were in the Western Athletic Conference.
Women's Sports[edit]
Golf (18)
Year
School
1990 Arizona State
1991 UCLA
1993 Arizona State
1994 Arizona State
1995 Arizona State
1996 Arizona
1997 Arizona State
1998 Arizona State
2000 Arizona
2003 USC
2004 UCLA
2008 USC
2009 Arizona State
2011 UCLA
2013 USC
2015 Stanford
2016 Washington
2017 Arizona State
Rowing (8)
Year
School
1997 Washington
1998 Washington
2001 Washington
2005 California
2006 California (co)
2009 Stanford
2016 California
2017 Washington
Softball (23)
Year
School
1982 UCLA*
1984 UCLA*
1985 UCLA*
1988 UCLA
1989 UCLA
1990 UCLA
1991 Arizona
1992 UCLA
1993 Arizona
1994 Arizona
1996 Arizona
1997 Arizona
1999 UCLA
2001 Arizona
2002 California
2003 UCLA
2004 UCLA
2006 Arizona
2007 Arizona
2008 Arizona State
2009 Washington
2010 UCLA
2011 Arizona State
Tennis (22)
Year
School
1982 Stanford*
1983 USC*
1984 Stanford*
1985 USC*
1986 Stanford*
1987 Stanford
1988 Stanford
1989 Stanford
1990 Stanford
1991 Stanford
1997 Stanford
1999 Stanford
2001 Stanford
2002 Stanford
2004 Stanford
2005 Stanford
2006 Stanford
2008 UCLA
2010 Stanford
2013 Stanford
2014 UCLA
2016 Stanford
Outdoor Track & Field (7)
Year
School
1982 UCLA*
1983 UCLA*
1985 Oregon*
2001 USC
2004 UCLA
2007 Arizona State
2015 Oregon
Beach Volleyball (2)
Year
School
2016 USC
2017 USC
* Won while a member of another conference.
As noted previously, the then-Pac-10 did not sponsor women's sports until 1986–87.
UCLA: Three national championships in softball (1982, 1984, 1985) and two in women's outdoor track and field (1982, 1983) were won as a member of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association (WCAA).
Stanford: Three national championships in women's tennis (1982, 1984, 1986) were won as a member of the WCAA (known as the Pacific West Conference in the 1985–86 school year).
USC: Two national championships in women's tennis (1983, 1985) were won as a member of the WCAA.
Oregon: One national championship in women's track and field (1985) was won as a member of the Northern Pacific Conference.
Other NCAA championships[edit]
The following are NCAA championships won by Pac-12 members but in sports not sponsored by the Pac-12
Men's Sports[edit]
Boxing (1)
Year
School
1937 Washington State
Gymnastics (13)
Year
School
1962 USC
1968 California
1975 California
1986 Arizona State
1987 UCLA
1992 Stanford
1993 Stanford
1995 Stanford
1997 California
1998 California
2009 Stanford
2011 Stanford
Water Polo (43)
Year
School
1969 UCLA
1971 UCLA
1972 UCLA
1973 California
1974 California
1975 California
1976 Stanford
1977 California
1978 Stanford
1980 Stanford
1981 Stanford
1983 California
1984 California
1985 Stanford
1986 Stanford
1987 California
1988 California
1990 California
1991 California
1992 California
1993 Stanford
1994 Stanford
1995 UCLA
1996 UCLA
1998 USC
1999 UCLA
2000 UCLA
2001 Stanford
2002 Stanford
2003 USC
2004 UCLA
2005 USC
2006 California
2007 California
2008 USC
2009 USC
2010 USC
2011 USC
2012 USC
2013 USC
2014 UCLA
2015 UCLA
2016 California
Volleyball (25)
Year
School
1970 UCLA
1971 UCLA
1972 UCLA
1974 UCLA
1975 UCLA
1976 UCLA
1977 USC
1979 UCLA
1980 USC
1981 UCLA
1982 UCLA
1983 UCLA
1984 UCLA
1987 UCLA
1988 USC
1989 UCLA
1990 USC
1993 UCLA
1995 UCLA
1996 UCLA
1997 Stanford
1998 UCLA
2000 UCLA
2006 UCLA
2010 Stanford
Skiing (12)
Year
School
1959 Colorado*
1960 Colorado*
1972 Colorado*
1973 Colorado*
1974 Colorado*
1975 Colorado*
1976 Colorado*
1977 Colorado*
1978 Colorado*
1979 Colorado*
1981 Utah*
1982 Colorado*
* Won while a member of another conference.
All of Colorado's championships in men's skiing between 1959 and 1982 were won as a full member of the Big Eight Conference, which never sponsored skiing in its history.
Utah's 1981 men's skiing title was won as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference, which like the Pac-12 has never sponsored skiing.
Women's Sports[edit]
Water Polo (16)
Year
School
2001 UCLA
2002 Stanford
2003 UCLA
2004 USC
2005 UCLA
2006 UCLA
2007 UCLA
2008 UCLA
2009 UCLA
2010 USC
2011 Stanford
2012 Stanford
2013 USC
2014 Stanford
2015 Stanford
2016 USC
2017 Stanford
Combined Sports[edit]
Skiing (16)
Year
School
1983 Utah*
1984 Utah*
1986 Utah*
1987 Utah*
1988 Utah*
1991 Colorado*
1993 Utah*
1995 Colorado*
1996 Utah*
1997 Utah*
1998 Colorado*
1999 Colorado*
2003 Utah*
2006 Colorado*
2011 Colorado*
2013 Colorado
2015 Colorado
2017 Utah
* Won while a member of another conference.
Utah: Championships between 1983 and 1997 won as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference, and 2003 championship won as a full member of the Mountain West Conference. Neither conference has ever sponsored skiing.
Colorado: Championships in 1991 and 1995 won as a full member of the Big Eight Conference, and championships between 1998 and 2011 won as a full member of the Big 12 Conference. The Big Eight never sponsored skiing before its demise in 1996, and the Big 12 has never sponsored the sport.
AIAW national championships[edit]
Institution
Nickname
Total AIAW titles
Arizona State University Sun Devils 12
University of California, Los Angeles Bruins 8
University of Southern California Trojans 6
University of Utah Utes 4[a]
University of Arizona Wildcats 2
Stanford University Cardinal 2
University of Colorado Buffaloes 1
University of Washington Huskies 1
Mary Budke of Oregon State won the 1974 AIAW individual collegiate golf national championship.
Jump up ^ Includes Utah's one cross-country national championship, which was won at the AIAW Division II level.
See also[edit]
List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships
List of NCAA schools with the most AIAW Division I national championships
List of college athletics championship game outcomes
Mythical national championship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Championships History" (PDF). Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ USC Sports Information Office (2008). 2008 USC Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Southern California. pp. 119–124. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ "CalBears.com – Traditions: Cal National Team Champions". University of California Department of Athletics. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ Benenson, Herb, ed. (2008). 2008 California Football Media Guide (PDF). Cal Media Relations Office. p. 36. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
Jump up ^ Kilwien, Richard; Bechthold, Jeff; Morry, Nicole; Soriano, Jonathan; McLeod, Brianna (2010). Washington Huskies 2010 Football Record Book (PDF). University of Washington Athletic Communications Office. p. 1. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
Jump up ^ Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book (PDF). Indianapolis, IN: National Collegiate Athletic Association. August 2009. pp. 76–77, 81. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Stanford Official Athletic Site – Traditions: Stanford Cardinal Championships". Stanford University Department of Athletics. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ Young, Jim, ed. (2009). 2009 Stanford Football Media Guide (PDF). Stanford University Athletic Communications and Media Relations Department. pp. 141, 144. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
Jump up ^ Dellins, Marc, ed. (2009). 2009 UCLA Football Media Guide (PDF). UCLA Sports Information Office. pp. 147, 154, 164. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
Jump up ^ COLORADO FOOTBALL 1990 NATIONAL CHAMPIONS, University of Colorado Athletic Department, 2011, retrieved 2011-07-03
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