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Drunk driving law by country
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The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries. One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime.
Contents
[hide]
1 Africa
2 Americas
2.1 North America
2.1.1 Canada
2.1.2 Mexico
2.1.3 United States
2.2 Caribbean
2.3 Central America
2.4 South America
3 Asia
3.1 Central Asia
3.2 East Asia
3.3 South Asia
3.4 Southeast Asia
3.5 Western Asia
4 Europe
4.1 Britain
4.1.1 Further rules in the United Kingdom (UK)
4.1.2 Magistrates' sentencing guidelines
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia
5.1.1 Australian Capital Territory
5.1.2 New South Wales
5.1.3 Northern Territory
5.1.4 Queensland
5.1.5 South Australia
5.1.6 Tasmania
5.1.7 Victoria
5.1.8 Western Australia
5.2 New Zealand
5.3 Other countries in Oceania
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Africa[edit]
Angola: 0.06%[1]
Algeria: 0.02%[2]
Benin: 0.05%[2]
Cape Verde: 0.08%[2]
Central African Republic: 0.08%[2]
Comoros: 0[2]
Congo: 0.01%[2]
Egypt: 0.05%[3]
Equatorial Guinea: 0.15%[2]
Eritrea: 0.03% for commercial or professional drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Ethiopia: 0.08[4]
The Gambia: No limit[2]
Ghana: 0.08%[2]
Guinea: 0.08%[2]
Guinea-Bissau: 0.15%[2]
Kenya: No limit[2]
Libya: 0[2]
Malawi: 0.08%[2]
Mauritius: 0.05%[2]
Morocco: 0.00%[2]
Namibia: 0.05%[2]
Niger: No limit[2]
Nigeria: 0.05%[5]
Seychelles: 0.08%[2]
South Africa: 0.05% and 0.02% for professional drivers (trucks over 3.5 tonnes, and vehicles carrying passengers for reward) National Road Traffic Act, 1996.
Togo: No limit[2]
Uganda: 0.08%[2]
Tanzania: 0 for professional or commercial drivers, 0.08% for all other drivers.[2]
Zambia: 0.08%[2]
Americas[edit]
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Impaired driving in Canada
Canada: 0.0–0.08%
The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 made it a per se offence to drive with a BAC in excess of 80 mg/100 ml of blood. Refusal of a police officer's demand to provide a breath sample was made an offence at the same time and both began as summary conviction offences, with a mandatory minimum $50 fine.[6]
British Columbia has a zero tolerance policy regarding driving under the influence. Any blood alcohol level is illegal and subject to punishment for people holding a class 7 learners or novice license.
Mexico[edit]
Mexico: 0.04–0.10%.[7]
United States[edit]
Main article: Drunk driving in the United States
A 1937 poster warns US drivers about the dangers of mixing alcohol and driving.
United States: Depends on state, 0.08% or 0.05% BAC by volume
In the United States, the blood alcohol level at which all states make it unlawful to operate a motor vehicle is 0.08, although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving at a lower blood alcohol level.[8] Some states define two impaired driving offenses.[9]
The first is the traditional offense, variously called driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), driving while intoxicated/impaired (DWI),[10] operating under the influence (OUI), or operating while intoxicated/impaired (OWI).[11]
The second and more recent is the so-called illegal per se offense of driving with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by volume (mass of alcohol/volume of blood) of 0.08% (previously 0.10%) or higher.
The first offense requires proof of intoxication, although evidence of BAC is admissible as rebuttably presumptive evidence of that intoxication; the second requires only proof of BAC at the time of being in physical control of a motor vehicle. An accused may potentially be convicted of both offenses as a result of a single incident, but may only be punished for one.[12] The differences between state penalties still varies. Wisconsin, for instance, is the only state that continues to treat first offense drunk driving arrests as forfeiture.[13]
Some states also include a lesser charge of driving with a BAC of 0.05%; other states limit this offense to drivers under the age of 21. All states and DC also now have zero tolerance laws: the license of anyone under 21 driving with any detectable alcohol in their bloodstream (BAC limits of 0.01% or 0.02% apply in some states, such as Florida.) will be suspended. In 2009, Puerto Rico joined these states, setting a limit of 0.02 for drivers under 21, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18.[14]
The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04%.[15] Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol, while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug, or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood.[16]
Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to .05% BAC by volume on March 24, 2017. The law takes effect on December 30, 2018.[17] The bill’s passage, HB155, was controversial in the state. A poll published on July 29, 2017 found 50 percent of Utahns supported the new law, but 47 percent opposed it.
In most states, the timing of the chemical test for suspected drunk driving is important because the law mandates a result within a given time period after the driving stopped, usually two hours.[citation needed]
The aftermath of a drunk driving car crash is simulated as part of an anti-drunk driving campaign for California high school students.
Caribbean[edit]
Bahamas: 0.06%[18]
Cuba: 0 for young or inexperienced drivers and professional or commercial drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Dominican Republic: 0.03%[2]
Jamaica: The law states that the legal alcohol limit is 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath or a blood alcohol level of 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood.[19]
Trinidad and Tobago: 35 μg/100 mL BrAC, 80 mg/ml BAC[20][21]
Central America[edit]
Belize: 0.08%[2]
Costa Rica: 0.02%[2] for public transport, commercial drivers and new drivers, or 0.05% for all others results in a fine of CRC 280,000 (US$489.61 as of 27 July 2017). A BAC in excess of 0.05% for public transport, commercial drivers and new drivers or 0.075% for all others additionally results in a 1 to 3 year prison sentence, vehicle impoundment and 2 year licence suspension.[22]
El Salvador: 0.05%[2]
Guatemala: 0.08%[2]
Honduras: 0.07%[2]
Nicaragua: 0.05%[23]
Panama: 0.08%[2]
South America[edit]
Argentina: 0% for public transport and commercial vehicles, 0.02% for motorcycles, and 0.05% for all others.[24]
Bolivia: 0.05% for professional drivers only.[25]
Brazil: Since 2008 Brazil practices a zero tolerance. If a driver is found to be driving with any BAC (up to .06%), the driver is to have their license suspended for 12 months, pay a fine of BRL 2,934.70 (doubled if recurrence) and will have the car seized. Anything above 0.06% is considered a criminal offense. [26][27]
Chile: From 15 March 2012, 0.03–0.08% the driver is considered to be driving under the influence and carries a three-month suspension and a fine of US$82–410 (as of 19 March 2012[update]); over 0.08% the driver is considered to be drunk and carries a prison term of 61 to 301 days, a fine of US$164–820 (as of 19 March 2012[update]) and a two-year suspension for the first offense, a five-year suspension for a second offense, and a life suspension for a third offense.[28]
Colombia: Colombia is known to have the toughest penalties against those driving under the influence in all of Latin America and practice a zero tolerance policy on DUIs. If a driver is found to be driving with 20–39 mg/100 ml ethanol in blood (equivalent to 0.02–0.039% BAC), the driver is to have their license suspended for a year, pay a fine of US$914 (as of 22 December 2013[update]), and serve twenty hours of community service. In the most extreme cases, if a driver is found to be driving with grade three alcohol (150 mg/100 ml ethanol in blood), the driver is to have their licence confiscated for ten years, pay a fine of US$7,314 (as of 22 December 2013[update]), and serve fifty hours of community service. If the driver gets in an accident and causes injuries and or deaths, the driver is to face between 2.5 and eighteen years of prison sentence.[29]
Ecuador: 0.01% for commercial or professional drivers; 0.03% for all other drivers.[2]
Guyana: 0.08%[2]
Paraguay: 0 [30]
Peru: Drivers below a 0.05% BAC will be given a warning. At a 0.05% and over, the driver will be given a fine and a license suspension of no less than six months and no more than two years. If the driver is involved in an accident without causing death or severe injury to another individual, he or she may possibly face jail time. If the driver's causes an accident with a BAC over 0.101%, involving death or severe injury to another party, he or she will receive a mandatory prison sentence of three to five years. The driver's license will also be permanently revoked.[citation needed]
Suriname: 0.05%[2]
Uruguay: 0 tolerance for every driver, professional or not (since January 2016)[2] The driver will have to pay a fine of US$464 (as of 29 April 2015[update]) and will have their licence suspended. Depending on the concentration of alcohol in blood and the times the driver was found guilty, the suspension goes from a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years.[31] If the driver causes an accident involving death, he or she will be charged with negligent homicide and will face a minimum of six months in prison.
Venezuela: 0.08%[2]
Asia[edit]
Central Asia[edit]
Kyrgyzstan: 0.05%[2]
Mongolia: 0.05%[2]
Turkmenistan: 0[2]
East Asia[edit]
China: 0.02%. Over 0.02% but under 0.08%: CN¥ 1000–2000 fine, six months licence suspension; Over 0.08%: up to three years imprisonment,[32] five years licence suspension. If the driver causes serious injuries or death, the license will be suspended for life.[33]
Hong Kong: 0.05% or BAC 0.22 mg/L or urine 0.067%. Driving under the influence of alcohol beyond legal limit is punishable with a monetary fine and up to three years imprisonment, with ten driving-offense points and mandatory Driving Improvement Course.[34]
Japan: BrAC 0.15 mg/L (equivalent to 0.03%). Additionally, regardless of alcohol readings, police may also determine the driver to be "driving drunk", which is punished more severely than exceeding the designated alcohol limits.[35]
Republic of Korea: 0.05%[36]
Taiwan: 0.05% (BrAC 0.15 mg/L). Over 0.05% but under 0.11%: TWD 15,000 to 90,000 fine, and license suspension for one year.[citation needed] 0.11% and above: license suspension for one year, and charge of offences against public safety with possible prison sentence up to two years as the maximum penalty. If the driver is convicted of causing accidents, the penalty shall be increased by half.[citation needed] If the driver causes serious injuries or death, the license will be suspended for life or even face the death penalty.
South Asia[edit]
Afghanistan: 0[2]
India: 0.03%. This is according to section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988. On a first offence, the punishment is imprisonment of six months, a fine of 2000 Indian Rupees (INR) or both. If the second offence is committed within three years, the punishment is two years, a fine of 3000 Indian Rupees (INR) or both. The clause of 30 mg/dL was added by an amendment in 1994. It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994.
Nepal: 0%. Breathalyzer testing is regularly used in major cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar and Highways. For more verification, driver will be taken to nearest hospitals for blood and urine test (if demanded by the driver). Licence will be seized instantly. Driver will get the licence back after attending anti-alcoholic classes run by Nepal Traffic Police and fine will be charged NRS 1000.[citation needed]
Pakistan: Falls under Drink and Drugs, S. No 14. No Set limit. 8 Penalty Points.[37]
Sri Lanka: 0.06%.[citation needed] Breathalyzer testing is not used routinely. If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence. If the driver refuses examination by the medical officer he is considered to have been under influence by default.
Southeast Asia[edit]
Brunei: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Cambodia: 0.01%[2]
Laos: 80 mg/100 ml of blood.[38][citation needed]
Indonesia: 0[2]
Malaysia: 0.08%, or 80 mg100 ml alcohol in blood.[39]
Philippines: The Republic Act 10586 or the "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013" indicates that blood alcohol content (BAH) should be 0.05% for non-professional drivers and 0.01% for motorcycle riders and professional drivers. A traffic enforcer must first establish probable cause before directing a motorist suspected of DUI to pull over. Then, the motorist should do the following field sobriety tests – the horizontal gaze nystagmus (eye test), the walk-and-turn, and one-leg stand. A breath analyzer shall only be used after the motorist fails these three tests.[40]
Singapore: 0.08% (80 mg/100 ml alcohol blood) or BrAC: 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath, strictly enforced.[citation needed]
Thailand: 0 for professional or commercial drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Vietnam: 50 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood motorbikes and 0 for cars or larger vehicles.[41]
Western Asia[edit]
Turkey: 0.05%,[42] 0 for commercial transport and public service drivers.
Armenia: 0.04%[43]
Azerbaijan: 0[44]
Iran: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Israel: 0.024% 24 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath (penalties only apply above 26 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 0.005% 5 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath.[45]
Jordan: 0.05.[2] Breathalyzer testing is not routinely used. If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence.
Kuwait: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Lebanon: 0.02%, often unenforced.
Saudi Arabia: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Syria: often unenforced, unless heavily drunk and driving. License revoked for 1 to 3 month. 2000 Syrian pounds fine.
United Arab Emirates: 0[citation needed]
Europe[edit]
Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dl for the general population
Note: Take zero to usually mean below detection limit.
Albania: 0.01%[42]
Austria: 0.05%.[2] 0.01% for drivers who have held a licence for less than two years and drivers of vehicles over 7.5 tonnes[citation needed]
Belarus: 0.03%
Belgium: 0.05%[42] Fines and driving bans increase as the alcohol concentration in the blood increases.[46]
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 0.03% for all drivers except for drivers of C, CE, D and DE categories, public service drivers, professional drivers, driving instructors, and drivers younger than 21 years or without 3 years of experience, where limit is zero. [47]
Bulgaria: 0.05%[2]
Czech Republic: Zero[42]
Croatia: 0.05%. Zero for drivers aged 16 to 24 and professional drivers on duty.[48][49]
Cyprus: 0.05%[2]
Denmark: 0.05%, imprisonment if over 0.20%, zero if not driving safely. Fine: one month's pay after taxes × BAC × 10.[50]
Estonia: 0.019%[51]
Finland: 0.05%,[42] 0.12% (aggravated). The penalty is a fine or jail up to six months plus license suspension from one month to five years. For aggravated, also a prison sentence (sixty days to two years) is possible,[52] usually as a suspended sentence. Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and often practiced. Penalties vary by level of intoxication.
France: 0.05% or 0.02% for new drivers (under three years of driving license) and bus drivers (€135 fine and six demerit points on the driver's license, which can be suspended for three years maximum),[42] 0.08% (aggravated, criminal offense, license suspension for three years, €4,500 fine, and up to two years imprisonment)
Georgia: 0.02%[2]
Germany: Zero for beginners (less than two years' experience or under the age of 21), professional drivers, bus drivers, truck drivers, and drivers transporting passengers commercially; 0.03% in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident; 0.05% otherwise. For cyclists, the limit is set at 0.16%, where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident. From 0.16%, cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit.[53]
Penalties start at a €500 fine and one-month license suspension. From 0.11%, the penalty is a €500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver's licence for at least six months, but usually about one year (penalty is set by the court); from 0.16%, reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment (MPU).[54] From 0.11% within ten years of an offence from 0.05%, there is a minimum €7003100000000000000♠1000 fine and a one-year licence withdrawal; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months, before they can get their licence back. For repeat offenses, the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence (doubled, tripled, etc.), regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit. These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts. From 0.11%, the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service.
Gibraltar: 0.05%[55]
Greece: 0.05% (BrAC 0.25 mg/L),[42] reduced to 0.02% (BrAC 0.10 mg/L) for unlicensed or new drivers who have held a license for less than two years, motor cycle and professional drivers. Above 0.11% (BrAC 0.60 mg/L) it's considered a flagrant misdemeanor punishable with up to two years of imprisonment and a hefty fine in the court plus the revoking of the drivers licence for six months. Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by the traffic police, especially on weekends and major holidays.
Hungary: Zero[2]
Iceland: 0.04%[42]
Ireland: 0.05% generally or 0.02% for learner drivers, newly qualified drivers (those who have their license for less than two years) and professional drivers, and those who do not have their driving license on them when stopped by the Gardaí (police).[56] Police do not need a reason to request a breath sample. Being convicted of drunk driving usually carries a two-year ban as well as a €1,500 fine.[57]
Italy: From 0.05% to 0.08% (€500-2,000 fine, three to six months license suspension), from 0.08% to 0.15% (aggravated, €800-3,200 fine, six to twelve months license suspension, up to six months imprisonment), over 0.15% (aggravated, €1,500-6,000 fine, one to two years license suspension, six to twelve months imprisonment, vehicle seizure and confiscation), zero for drivers with less than three years experience and professional drivers (bus, trucks, etc.). License is always revoked in case of: professional drivers, second offence committed within two years or in case of an accident. If the driver refuses examination he is considered to have been under influence by default applying the over 0.15% rules.[58] Limit is zero for newly qualified drivers (those who have their license for less than three years). Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by various law enforcement agencies.
Latvia: 0.02% for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05% for those with more than two years of experience
Liechtenstein: 0.08%[citation needed]
Lithuania: 0.00% for taxi, truck, autobus, motorcycle drivers. 0.02% for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.04% for those with more than two years of experience[42]
Luxembourg: 0.02% for professional drivers and drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05% for the rest (€145 fine and two demerit points on the driving licence if caught). 0.08% earns you a citation, 0.12% means loss of license (since October 1, 2007)[59]
Macedonia: Zero for professional drivers, public service drivers, commercial transport and beginner drivers, 0.05% for all others[60]
Moldova: 0.03%[42]
Malta: 0.08%[42]
Netherlands: 0.05%,[42] 0.02% for drivers with less than five years' experience (or less than seven years' experience when the driver got his license before reaching the age of eighteen)
Norway: 0.02%.[42] Punishment depends on the alcohol level. 0.02% (fine, but one may also risk a suspended licence if any aggravated circumstances are present.), 0.05% (fine, suspended sentence and suspended license), 0.10% (fine, suspended or mandatory sentence and suspended license), 0.15% (fine, mandatory sentence and suspended license). The guidelines state that the fine for an alcohol level of more than 0.05% should be around 1.5 months base salary and usually not lower than 10,000 NOK. For 0.02 to 0.05% the fine is lower. Prison sentences are usually around three weeks to three months with a maximum of one year. The suspension period varies from less than a year to forever, when license is suspended forever, one may apply to get it back after five years.[61]
Poland: 0.02% (driving license banned from six months up to three years, jail up to one month), 0.05% (driving license banned from minimum three years, prison up to three years).[42] Limits and penalties for riding the bicycles were same as for motorized vehicles to December 2013. Almost half of people imprisoned for drunk driving were riding bicycles.[62]
Portugal: 0.05%. 0.02% for drivers with less than three years of experience[42]
Romania: 0.02%. Above 0.5 g/L imprisonment of one to five years. Between 0.2 and 0.5 g/L civil fine with possible suspended licence.[citation needed][63]
Russian Federation: 0.0356% since 1 September 2013,[64][65] previously zero since 2010[66][67]
Serbia: 0.03% for all, zero for motorcycle drivers, professional drivers, public service drivers, commercial transport and beginning drivers.[68] Starting 2018 it will be 0.02% for non professional drivers.
Slovakia: Zero[42]
Slovenia: Zero for drivers with three years or less experience and professional drivers, 0.24 mg/l (0.05%) for all others.[citation needed]
Spain: 0.05% BAC (0.25 mg/l BrAC)[69] and 0.03% BAC (0.15 mg/l BrAC) for drivers with less than two years experience and drivers of freight vehicles over 3.5 tonnes, and of passenger vehicles with more than nine seats. Surpassing the limit is a serious offence, fined with €500.[70] Driving with an alcohol rate over 0.12% is a crime (up to six months imprisonment and license suspension up to one years).[71]
Sweden: 0.02% (up to six months imprisonment), 0.10% (imprisonment, maximum two years).[72] Annually about 2.5 million random tests are performed for alcohol and about twelve thousand tests on suspicion of drugs.[73]
Switzerland: Zero for drivers with less than three years experience, 0.05%[42] for all others.
United Kingdom
Scotland: 50 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood or 22 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath (legislation became effective from 5 December 2014)[74]
England and Wales: 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood, 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath or 107 mg/100 ml alcohol in urine.[75]
Northern Ireland: 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood. As of November 2014[update] results of a public consultation regarding reduction of this limit were being considered,[76] with a reduction to fifty being thought likely[77]
Ukraine: 0.02%[78]
Britain[edit]
In British law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle. The definition depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle, and having access to a means of starting the vehicle's engine and driving it away (i.e., the keys to a vehicle). A passenger in the vehicle can also be prosecuted if the police can prove that they were driving under the influence at some point.[79]
The UK's drug driving laws were updated in 2015. The changes included: a new roadside testing kit, which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect's saliva; zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs, Limits were also set for certain prescription medications. The laws, however, did not end the use of the field impairment test, but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation, or cannot be identified by the limited use of a device, that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine.[80]
Further rules in the United Kingdom (UK)[edit]
In the UK, driving or attempting to drive whilst above the legal limit or unfit through drink carries a maximum penalty of six months' imprisonment, a fine of up to £5,000 and a minimum twelve months' disqualification. For a second offence committed within ten years of conviction, the minimum ban is three years. Being in charge of a vehicle whilst over the legal limit or unfit through drink could result in three months' imprisonment plus a fine of up to £2,500 and a driving ban. Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of alcohol or other drugs carries a maximum penalty of fourteen years in prison, a minimum two-year driving ban and a requirement to pass an extended driving test before the offender is able to drive legally again.
It is an offence to refuse to provide a specimen of breath, blood or urine for analysis. The penalties for refusing are the same as those for actual drunk driving.
The offence of driving whilst under the influence of alcohol is one to which there is no defence, as such (although defences such as duress or automatism, which are not specific to the offence of driving with excess alcohol, may apply in certain rare circumstances). However, it may be possible to argue that special reasons exist which are such that you should not be disqualified from driving despite having committed the offence. Special reasons are notoriously difficult to establish and the burden of proof is always upon the accused to establish them. Such reasons may include:
shortness of distance driven
unintentional commission of the offence (i.e., laced drinks)
emergencies
Magistrates' sentencing guidelines[edit]
In England and Wales, when DWI offenders appear before a magistrates' court, the magistrates have guidelines they refer to before they decide on a suitable sentence to give the offender. These guidelines are issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council[81] and cover offences for which sentence is frequently imposed in a magistrates' court when dealing with adult offenders.
Offences can either be tried summarily which means they can only be heard in the magistrates' court or they can be either way offences which means magistrates may find their sentencing powers are insufficient and indict the case to crown court. The majority of drunk driving offences are summary only offences which can only be tried in a magistrates' court. Only the most serious offences such as a collision, death or injury involved are indicted to crown court. The maximum sentence magistrates can usually impose is a £5,000 fine, a six-month prison sentence or both.
As with England and Wales, road traffic law in Scotland is in the main framed within the Road Traffic Act 1988 as amended. Prosecution and disposal of drink-drive offences is broadly similar to England and Wales with less serious cases prosecuted on complaint through the sheriff summary courts. Cases involving aggravations, life-changing or fatal injuries are prosecuted on indictment via the sheriff solemn or high court. As with most UK-wide legislation, the penalties and sentencing guidelines for drunk driving in Scotland mirror those in effect in England and Wales.
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
A roadside warning in Victoria, Australia
Road laws are state or territory based, but all states and territories have set similar rules.
Australian law allow police officers to stop any driver and perform a random breath test without reason. Roadblocks can be set up (for example, leading out of town centres on Friday and Saturday nights and after football matches or other major events), where every single driver will be breath-tested.
This differs from UK and US laws where police generally need a reason to suspect that the driver is intoxicated before requesting a breath or sobriety test. It is an offence to refuse to provide a sample of breath when requested with severe penalties including prison.[82]
Australian Capital Territory[edit]
0 for drivers or riders holding a learner, provisional, restricted or probationary license and for drivers operating heavy vehicles over 15t GVM or driving a public vehicle for hire or reward (for example taxi and bus drivers).[83]
0.05% for all other drivers.
New South Wales[edit]
Zero for Learner and Provisional licences.[84]
0.02% for drivers of vehicles of "gross vehicle mass" greater than 13.9 tonnes, vehicles carrying dangerous goods or public vehicles such as a taxi or bus.
0.05% for all other drivers
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Northern Territory[edit]
0 for provisional (probationary) licence holders and all motorcyclists.
0.05% for all other drivers.
Queensland[edit]
A 0 limit applies to the drivers of trucks, buses, articulated vehicles, vehicles carrying dangerous goods, pilot vehicles, taxis, all learner drivers and provisional drivers and RE class licensed motorcyclists in their first twelve months.[85]
0.05% for other drivers.[86]
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.[86]
South Australia[edit]
0 limit for learner, provisional, probationary, heavy (greater than fifteen tonnes) vehicle, taxis, licensed chauffeured vehicles, dangerous goods, and bus licenses.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Tasmania[edit]
0 limit for learner, provisional, truck, bus, and taxi licences.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Victoria[edit]
0 limit applies for unlicensed drivers, holders of learner permits and probationary licences, "professional" drivers, and certain relicensed drunk-drivers.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
There are also other restrictions for drivers in Victoria:
Limits apply within three hours of driving - that is, police can require a person to submit to an alcohol or drugs test within three hours of driving and it is an offense to fail that test, unless the drug or alcohol use occurred after driving (see Road Safety Act 1986, ss. 49, 53 and 55E).
Licenses cancelled for certain serious drunk-driving offenses may only be reissued after obtaining a court order. This is the case for repeat offenders, and first offenders above 0.15% . In such cases, the relicensed driver is subject to a 0 limit for three years following relicensing, or for as long as the person is required to use an alcohol interlock.
Alcohol interlocks must be imposed whenever a repeat drunk-driver is relicensed.
A court also has discretion to impose an alcohol interlock when relicensing a first offender in certain serious cases, generally when the offense involves a BAC of 0.15% or higher.
The law requires interlocks to be used for certain minimum periods, but the requirement to use an interlock does not automatically end at the completion of the minimum period. Once that period has expired, an individual may apply to a court to have the interlock condition removed from their driver's licence. The State Police must be given notice of the application and may make submissions to the court on whether the interlock condition should be removed. The court will also take into account data recorded by the interlock itself (e.g., whether any attempts were made to start the vehicle by a person who had been drinking).
Driving without an interlock when one is required carries severe penalties, including imprisonment.
If a doctor sees any patient who is aged fifteen years or over as a result of a motor vehicle accident, the patient must allow the doctor to take a blood sample for testing for alcohol and drug content in a way that preserves the chain of evidence. If this process is skipped the doctor may not be able to discover the alcohol blood level. The results can be used as evidence in subsequent court proceedings.
The law allows a police officer to require any driver (or any person who has driven a vehicle within the last three hours) to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine, Cannabis or MDMA, all of which are subject to a zero limit (see Road Safety Act 1986: ss. 49, 55E & 55D)
Western Australia[edit]
0 for learner and probationary licence holders and persons convicted of driving under the influence or failing to comply with a request for breath, blood or urine (for three years after the offense).
0.05% for all other drivers.
Readings over 0.08% but under 0.15% BAC, and 0.15% BAC and above (legally defined as Drunk Driving) comprise separate offenses, the latter attracting heavier penalties. Persistent offenders may be barred from driving for terms up to and including life, and may also be imprisoned.
The law allows a police officer to require any driver to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine, Cannabis or MDMA, all of which are subject to a zero limit.
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand operates a program called Compulsory Breath Testing, which allows police to stop motorists at any time. CBT is usually carried out at roadside checkpoints but mobile patrol cars can also randomly stop motorists to administer a test. The police also carry out roadside drug tests upon motorists they suspect have used drugs.[87]
The system in New Zealand is age-based.[88] the limits are:
0 limit for persons under twenty years.
0.05% BAC or 250μg/L breath for persons twenty years and over.
The penalties for exceeding the limits are:
Persons under twenty years, up to 0.03% BAC, 150 μg/L breath: instant NZ$200 fine and fifty demerit points.
Persons under twenty years, 0.03–0.08% BAC, 150–400 μg/L breath: up to three months imprisonment, up to NZ$2,250 fine or both; loss of licence for three months or more.
Persons twenty years and over, 0.051–0.08% BAC, 251–400 μg/L breath: instant NZ$200 fine and fifty demerit points. twelve hour prohibition from driving immediately after[89]
All persons over 0.08% BAC, 400 μg/L breath (first and second offenses): up to three months imprisonment, up to NZ$4,500 fine or both; loss of licence for six months or more.
All persons over 0.08% BAC, 400 μg/L breath (third and subsequent offenses): two years imprisonment; NZ$6,000 fine; loss of licence for one year or more.
Note that penalties apply to the lowest reading taken across both breath and blood tests. For example, if a driver twenty years or over has a breath test result of 426 μg/L but a subsequent blood test returns 0.077% BAC, then the driver is not charged with any drink driving offence despite the breath reading being over the breath alcohol limit. The penalty for injuring or killing someone when under the influences is the same as dangerous driving (up to five years imprisonment, up to NZ$20,000 or both; loss of licence for one year or more).
Other countries in Oceania[edit]
French Polynesia: 0.05%[citation needed]
Micronesia: 0.05%[2]
Palau: 0 for new or inexperienced drivers and commercial or professional drivers, 0.10% for all other drivers.[2]
See also[edit]
Breathalyzer
DWI court
Expungement
Sobriety checkpoints
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az "Legal BAC limits by country". World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Egypt" (PDF), Road safety status of Egypt, www.who.int, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Ethiopia" (PDF). Road safety status of Ethiopia. World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Road safety status of Nigeria" (PDF), Road safety by country profile of Nigeria, World Health Organization, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights (May 1999). "Toward Eliminating Impaired Driving — Chapter 2: Legislative Background". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Jump up ^ "BAC Limits Worldwide", BAC Limits Worldwide table, www.icap.org, archived from the original on 13 October 2013, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Drunken / Impaired Driving". NCSL. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Cal. Vehicle Code sec. 23152(a) and (b), "California Vehicle Code, Sec. 23152". California Legislative Information. California State Legislature. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., N.Y. Vehicle and traffic law, section 1192, found at New York Assembly official web site. Go to "Bill Search and Legislative Materials", then "New York State Laws." Accessed March 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (26 May 2016). "Drunk Driving Terminology - DUI, DWI, BAC, and Related Terms". ExpertLaw.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ E.g., People v. Cosko, 152 Cal. App. 3d 54, 199 Cal. Rptr. 289 (1984), citing Cal. Penal Code sec. 654
Jump up ^ Walters, Steven. "First drunken driving offense shouldn't be a crime, Van Hollen says" Milwaukee Journal Sentinel17 Jan 2009.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico OKs one lowest drunk-driving limits Archived 2015-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 49 CFR 382.20
Jump up ^ 14 CFR 91.17, also known as Federal Air Regulation 91.17
Jump up ^ Davidson, Lee (29 July 2017). "Utahns still split on new DUI law, but big majority want changes before it kicks in". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
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Jump up ^ Chile Transit Law, Articles 110, 193 and 196. Chile Library of Congress, accessed on 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tolerancia cero: ni una cerveza si va a conducir - Noticias de Justicia en Colombia". Eltiempo.Com. 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Legal BAC limits by country". World Health Organization. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
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Jump up ^ 中华人民共和国刑法 (2011年)(in Chinese). Wikisource Chinese. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 中华人民共和国道路交通安全法(in Chinese). Wikisource Chinese. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Road Traffic Ordinance Cap. 374" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-22.
Jump up ^ 飲酒運転の罰則等 (in Japanese). Metropolitan Police Department. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "국가법령정보센터". www.law.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-06-11.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived July 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ In April 2010 Vientiane Traffic Police Department launched operation A+E (Awareness and Enforcement) to crack down on driving offences including drunk driving. The KPL Lao news release April 6, 2010 mentions the national legal limit as 80 mg.
Jump up ^ "What is the legal limit of alcohol in the blood?". Department of Chemistry Malaysia. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Some facts on the new anti-drunk driving law". ABS-CBN News.
Jump up ^ "Điều 8: Luật Giao Thông Đường Bộ Việt Nam".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Blood Alcohol Concentration Limits Worldwide Archived 2008-07-02 at the Wayback Machine., International Centre For Policy Studies. Page retrieved 30 October 2006
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Jump up ^ "Azerbaijan travel advice", Foreign travel advice, www.gov.uk, retrieved 19 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and Driving". Ministry of Transport. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
Jump up ^ ETSC Fact Sheet, Belgium, January 2011
Jump up ^ Law on the basis of traffic safety on roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Official gazzete of B&H", No 6/06, 75/06, 44/07, 84/09, 48/10, 18/13 and 8/17)
Jump up ^ "67 9.6.2008 Zakon o sigurnosti prometa na cestama". narodne-novine.nn.hr. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
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Jump up ^ "Straf for spritkørsel | Sikker Trafik". Sikkertrafik.dk. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ Liiklusseadus [Traffic Act]. In Estonian. Riigi Teataja
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Jump up ^ (http://www.mz-web.de/politik/alkohol-im-strassenverkehr-promille-grenze-fuer-radfahrer-bleibt-bei-1-6,20642162,24936596.html)
Jump up ^ and carries a €500 fine and a minimum licence suspension of one year, but usually carries out a higher suspension as prerequisites for reissue of licences
Jump up ^ UK Government Advice on Gibraltar Page retrieved 30 October 2006.
Jump up ^ RTÉ News - New drink-driving laws in effect (29 October 2011)
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Jump up ^ Automobile Club d'Italia art. 186 / 186 bis c.d.s.
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Jump up ^ https://www.avantulliber.ro/2017/01/20/noul-cod-rutier-a-fost-aprobat-e-jale-pentru-soferi-inchisoare-pentru-alcool-si-fara-permis-pentru-centura-si-vorbit-la-telefon/
Jump up ^ "Russia lifts zero permille limit for drunk driving". bbcrussian. 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Russian drivers to be allowed to have slight alcohol content in blood". Itar-tass. 2013-07-26.
Jump up ^ (Russian) Medvedev signed the law, completely abolishing any alcohol limits. Even minimal alcohol content will lead to revoking of the driving licence [5]
Jump up ^ "Medvedev signs total drink driving ban". RIAN. 2010-07-23.
Jump up ^ Serbia Touring Tips - South East Europe
Jump up ^ El alcohol - Dirección General de Tráfico (page in Spanish). Page retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Drogas y alcohol objetivo de la nueva campaña de vigilancia de Tráfico 2015 (page in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Traffic crime
Jump up ^ Google Answers: Drunk driving in Sweden.
Jump up ^ Blåstestet avslöjar knarkade bilförare, Ny Teknik, 9 mars 2011
Jump up ^ ScottishGovernment - News - Lower drink drive limit, 24 October 2014
Jump up ^ "Drink driving and the legal alcohol limit". drinkaware. June 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
Jump up ^ DOE Northern Ireland: Road safety consultations; see section "Drink Driving: Consultation on the Road Traffic (Drink Driving) (Amendment) Bill and Additional Measures to Tackle Drink and Drug Driving in Northern Ireland"
Jump up ^ Scotland to reduce drink-drive limit, BBC
Jump up ^ "Legal BAC limits by country", Legal BAC limits-data by country, apps.who.int
Jump up ^ "In charge with excess alcohol/while unfit through drink or drugs". Motor Lawyers. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK Drug Driving: The Laws and The Facts". https://www.keithmichaels.co.uk/. Retrieved 2017-01-12. External link in |newspaper= (help)
Jump up ^ Sentencing Guidelines Council
Jump up ^ "Can a Person Refuse a Breathalyser Test? And Other Questions Related to Drink Driving". Findlaw.com.au. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Zero alcohol laws" (PDF). ACT Government. December 1, 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ "Alcohol limits". Queensland Government. Queensland Government.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drink Driving Lawyers Brisbane". Harper Finch Lawyers. Harper Finch Lawyers.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and drugs limits". Wellington: New Zealand Transport Authority. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Drinking & driving, New Zealand drink drive legal alcohol limit". Alcohol.org.nz. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Land Transport Amendment Act (no 2) 2014". Ministry of Transport. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Map of Drink-driving laws by country/area in 2013
roadsafety.qld.gov.au
thinkroadsafety.gov.uk
ltsa.govt.nz
Information on Drink Driving Limit UK and Motoring Offences such as speeding, drink driving and drug driving
Break the Law, Pay the Price, Ontario Ministry of Transportation website educating drivers on the consequences of being caught driving impaired in the province
Campaign Against Drinking and Driving
Impaired Driving, MedlinePlus
Drink Driving Limits in Europe Safe Travel UK
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits Worldwide // IARD.org
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Multi-male group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Multi-male groups, also known as multi-male/multi-female, are a type of social organization where the group contains more than one adult male, more than one adult female, and offspring. Within Order Primates, it is the most common social group type, with group sizes ranging from 10 to 100 individuals. Large groups of primates are called "troops." Examples of species that can be categorized under this type of social organization include many diurnal lemurs, langurs, and most members of the family Cebidae.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Species
3 Female reproductive behavior
4 Parental care
5 Infanticide
6 Costs/benefits (trade-offs)
7 Interactions between overlapping multi-male groups
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Literature cited
Definition[edit]
Multi-male groups, also known as multi-male/multi-female, are a type of social organization in which a group consists of more than one adult male, more than one adult female, and offspring. Within Order Primates, it is the most common social group type, with group sizes ranging from 10 to 100 individuals composed of several males, and numerous females and offspring. Large groups of primates are called "troops”,[1] which are characterized by complex intratroop politics and competition.[citation needed]
Species[edit]
Multi-male groups are most common among semi-terrestrial primates such as savanna baboons and macaques, but is also seen in some colobus and New World monkeys.[2] Social lemurs sometimes often live in multi-male groups, and other primate species like chimpanzees live in fission-fusion multi-male groups.[citation needed]
Female reproductive behavior[edit]
In multi-male groups, there is typically no single male that has full control over the reproductive share of females. Instead, the top ranking males in the groups have an approximately equal share of siring all offspring born to females within the group. Females in multi-male groups will mate multiple times with different top ranking males as well as lower ranking males and occasionally bachelor “lone wolf” males outside of the group. Most female primates do not have a particular breeding season but can be receptive all year around, however they will most likely not mate if they are already caring for an infant.[citation needed]
Parental care[edit]
A traditional view of multi-male primate groups is held that males provide relatively little direct care to infants, possibly as a result of the low confidence of paternity that is associated with this relatively promiscuous breeding system. In the last five years this view has changed however, as a result of a careful documentation of intimate male-infant affiliations in certain species, especially the savanna-dwelling baboons (Papio spp.). Recent field studies of baboons suggest that male-infant relationships are mediated through affiliations between the males and the infants' mothers, but the degree to which these male-female affiliations are based on prior mating experience (hence, paternity) has not been established.[citation needed] Comparative studies of male-infant relations in primates have given little attention to the variation in the intensity and form of male care patterns within the set of species that have a multi-male social organization. Among multi-male species, male care of young is reported most often in baboons and barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and least often in other macaques, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus). This interspecific variation may result both from differences in the importance of male care to infant survival and from differences in male confidence of paternity, which in turn may relate to seasonal breeding patterns and, in particular, to the presence or absence of conspicuous signs of ovulation in females.[citation needed]
Infanticide[edit]
In some multi-male groups, the costs for infanticidal males seem likely to be high, since other resident males might defend the victim, and the benefits seem likely to be low because of the generally lower paternal probability in multi-male groups. However, in other primate species living in multi-male groups, males have been observed to kill infants. The aggressors are typically extra-group males, recent immigrants, have recently been introduced or are conceived outside the group, mainly due to the fact that they could not possibly be related to the infants they kill. A male’s age and rank influence the occurrence of infanticide. The youngest and highest-ranking immigrant males are more likely to commit infanticide than their older and lower-ranking counterparts if putative fathers fail to protect infants.[citation needed]
Costs/benefits (trade-offs)[edit]
A benefit of living in multi-male groups is the collective protection that the group as a whole receives from outsiders as well as sufficient protection of infants against infanticide from other outside roaming males. Another benefit is the low costs of finding a mate and reproducing since the males and females are always together. Also, participants in multi-male groups have better access to resources such as food and living quarters. However, a major cost to living in a multi-male group is the constant competition for mates, mainly among males but also among females.[citation needed]
Interactions between overlapping multi-male groups[edit]
Most non-human primate communities are more or less closed to contact with members of other communities. Most often, they are tied to a particular locale and rarely migrate outside of their home range. This aloofness from other troops prevents high concentrations of individuals, which could result in rapid depletion of local resources. Communities usually avoid each other and are aggressive towards outsiders. As a result, social interactions between members of different troops are usually very rare, especially for females. Chimpanzees are a notable exception. When chimpanzees from different troops come together, there is often an exciting, friendly encounter lasting several hours, following which, some of the adult females switch groups. Apparently, they are seeking new mates. Occasionally, however, contact between communities of the comparatively unpredictable chimpanzees will develop into genocidal violence. Interactions within non-human primate communities are usually unlimited. Subgroups are rarely closed from group interaction. All members of a community have daily face-to-face, casual interaction. The most common type of subgroup consists of a mother and her young offspring.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
One-male group
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sussman 2003, p. 29.
Jump up ^ O’neil, D. (2011). "Social Structure". Palomar College. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Literature cited[edit]
Sussman, R.W. (2003). "Chapter 1: Ecology: General Principles". Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Pearson Custom Publishing. ISBN 978-0-536-74363-3.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-male_group&oldid=604830727"
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Fidget spinner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fidget spinner
A typical three-lobed fidget spinner
Type
Stress-relieving toy
Materials
Brass, stainless steel, ceramic, titanium, copper, plastic, latex etc.
A fidget spinner is a toy that consists of a ball bearing in the center of a multi-lobed (typically two or three) flat structure made from metal or plastic designed to spin along its axis with little effort. Fidget spinners became popular toys in April 2017, although similar devices had been invented as early as 1993.
The toy has been promoted as helping people who have trouble focusing or those who fidget by relieving nervous energy or psychological stress. There are claims that a fidget spinner can help calm people down who suffer from anxiety and other neurological disorders like ADHD and autism.[1] However, as of May 2017, there is no scientific evidence that they are effective as a treatment for autism or ADHD.[2][3]
The popularity of the toy among children and teenagers led some schools to ban the spinners from class for being a distraction, while other schools have allowed the toy to be used discreetly.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Origin
3 Marketing and sales
4 See also
5 References
Design
Spinning fidget spinner
Fidget spinners are toys not unlike yo-yo or other skill toys, designed to spin with little effort.[4][5] A basic fidget spinner consists of a two- or three-pronged design with a bearing in its center circular pad.[5][6] A person holds the center pad while the toy spins.[6] They are made from various materials including brass, stainless steel, titanium, copper, aluminium, and plastic.[4][5] The bearings are generally ceramic, metal (stainless steel or chrome), and some are hybrids—such as ceramic balls with stainless races and cages. Each fidget spinner also has two or more weights on the outside that make it spin faster and stay balanced. Bearings can vary to adjust for the design's spin time, vibration, and noise, causing unique sensory feedback.
Being a kind of a flywheel of a gyroscope in principle, fidget spinners come with similar effects enabling a player to pull various tricks and stunts while forces of a gyroscope take hold. A fidget spinner can be balanced on top of fingers, thrown and caught, and so on.[7]
Origin
As of 2017, the patent status of the various fidget spinners on the market was unclear.[8]
Catherine Hettinger, a chemical engineer by training, was initially credited by some news stories to have been the inventor of the fidget spinner, including by media outlets such as The Guardian,[9] The New York Times,[10] and the New York Post.[11] Hettinger filed a patent application for a "spinning toy"[12] in 1993 and a patent was issued, but Hettinger allowed the patent to lapse in 2005 after she could not find a commercial partner.[9][8] A May 2017 Bloomberg News article showed that Hettinger was not the inventor of the fidget spinner, and Hettinger agreed.[8]
In an interview appearing on May 4, 2017 on NPR, Scott McCoskery described how he invented a metal spinning device in 2014 to cope with his own fidgeting in IT meetings and conference calls.[13] In response to requests from an online community, he began selling the device he called the Torqbar online.[13]
Marketing and sales
Google Search popularity of fidget spinners in early 2017.
With the rapid increase in the spinner's popularity in 2017, many children and teenagers began using it in school, and some schools also reported that kids were trading and selling the spinner toys.[14][15][16]
As a result of their frequent use by schoolchildren, many school districts banned the toy.[9][10] Some teachers argued that the spinners distracted students from their schoolwork.[14] According to a survey conducted by Alexi Roy and published in May 2017, 32% of the largest 200 American public and private high schools had banned spinners on campus.[17]
When fidget spinners rose in popularity in 2017, many publications in the popular press discussed the marketing claims made about them for people with ADHD, autism, or anxiety.[3][9][10] However, there is no scientific evidence that fidget spinners are effective as a treatment for children with autism or ADHD.[2][3][18]
See also
Look up fidget spinner in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Fidget cube
Office toy
Stress ball
Top
Worry stone
References
Jump up ^ Jones, Daniel M. (2017-08-18). "History Of The Fidget Spinner". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Calfas, Jennifer (May 11, 2017). "Do Fidget Spinners Really Help With ADHD? Nope, Experts Say". Money. Time. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Singh, Anita; Horton, Helena; Fuller, George (May 3, 2017). "Fidget spinners: the new classroom craze being banned across the nation". The Telegraph. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Arnett, Dugan (March 30, 2017). "Need to focus? Fidget toys may help". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tuttle, Brad; O'Brien, Elizabeth (April 21, 2017). "Meet the Fidget Spinner, the New Toy Craze Entrancing Kids and Grownups Alike". Money. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Verstegen, Dominic (April 21, 2017). "Your kid probably has a fidget spinner already, but let me tell you about it anyway". USA Today. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Benwell, Max (May 15, 2017). "Fidget spinners: What are they and why are they so addictive?". The Independent. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brustein, Joshua (May 11, 2017). "How the Fidget Spinner Origin Story Spun Out of Control". Bloomberg News. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Luscombe, Richard (May 5, 2017). "As fidget spinner craze goes global, its inventor struggles to make ends meet". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Alex (May 6, 2017). "How Fidget Spinners Became a Hula-Hoop for Generation Z". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett (May 5, 2017). "Woman who invented fidget spinners isn't getting squat". New York Post.
Jump up ^ US 5591062A, Catherine A. Hettinger, "Spinning toy", published 1997-01-07, issued 1997-01-07
^ Jump up to: a b Malone, Kenny (May 4, 2017). "Fidget Spinner Emerges As Must-Have Toy Of The Year". Planet Money. NPR. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Calfas, Jennifer (May 4, 2017). "Here's Everything You Need To Know About Fidget Spinners". Money. Time. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Many Schools Ban Hot Toy For Being Distraction". CBS Los Angeles. May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fidget Spinners For Kids: Reports Say It's Distracting, Parents Say Not So". CBS Miami. May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roy, Alexi (May 10, 2017). "The Fidget Spinners Are Banned in 32% of the Largest High Schools U.S". Spinner List.
Jump up ^ Bogost, Ian. "The Fidget Spinner Explains the World". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
2010s portal
Toys portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fidget spinners.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidget_spinner&oldid=815295727"
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This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 00:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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