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Crown corporations of Canada
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Canadian Crown corporations (French: Sociétés d'État du Canada) are state-owned enterprises owned by the Sovereign of Canada (i.e. the Crown).[1][2][3] They are established by an Act of Parliament or Act of a provincial legislature and report to that body via a minister of the Crown in the relevant cabinet,[4] though they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments."[4]
Crown corporations have a very long standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in the formation of the state. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be economically viable as a private enterprise, or don't fit exactly within the scope of any ministry.[3] They are involved in everything from the distribution, use, and price of certain goods and services to energy development, resource extraction, public transportation, cultural promotion, and property management.
Contents
1 Structure
2 History
3 List of Canadian Crown corporations
3.1 Federal
3.2 Provincial
3.2.1 Alberta
3.2.2 British Columbia
3.2.3 Manitoba
3.2.4 New Brunswick
3.2.5 Newfoundland and Labrador
3.2.6 Nova Scotia
3.2.7 Ontario
3.2.8 Prince Edward Island
3.2.9 Quebec[8]
3.2.10 Saskatchewan
3.3 Northwest Territories
3.4 Nunavut
3.5 Yukon
3.6 Privatized ex-Crown corporations
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
In Canada, Crown corporations, within either the federal or provincial spheres, are owned by the monarch, as the institution's sole legal shareholder; this follows the legal premise that the Crown, as an institution, owns all the property of state. Crown corporations although owned in right of the Crown, are in fact operated at arm's length from the Queen-in-Council (the government) with direct control over operations only being exerted over the corporation's budget and the appointment of its chairperson and directors through Orders-in-Council.
Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organisations, while others are non-commercial and rely entirely on public funds to operate.[1] Further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agents or non-agent of the Queen in Right of Canada. One with agent status is entitled to the same constitutional prerogatives, privileges, and immunities held by the Crown and can bind the Crown by its acts. The Crown is thus entirely responsible for the actions of these organisations. The Crown is not liable for Crown corporations with non-agent status, except for actions of that corporation carried out on instruction from the government, though there may be "moral obligations" on the part of the Crown in other circumstances.[5]
History[edit]
Prior to the formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a similar type of entity called a chartered company. These companies were established by a royal charter by the Scottish, English, or French crown, but were owned by private investors. They fulfilled the dual roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders. Certain companies were mainly trading businesses, by some were given a mandate (by royal charter) to govern a specific territory called a charter colony, and the head of this colony, called a proprietary governor, was both a business manager and the governing authority in the area. The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, between 1610 and 1728.
The Hudson's Bay Company coat of arms.
Canada's most famous, and influential chartered company, was the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), founded on May 2, 1670, by royal charter of King Charles II. The HBC became the world's largest land owner, at one point overseeing 7,770,000 km2 (3,000,000 sq mi),[6] territories that today incorporate the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, as well as Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and Yukon. The HBC thus often being the point of first contact between the colonial government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Rupert's Land and became a fully privatised company.
The first major Canadian experience with directly state-owned enterprises came during the early growth of the railways. During the earlier part of the century, many British North American colonies that now comprise the Canadian federation had Crown corporations, often in the form of railways, such as the Nova Scotia Railway, since there was limited private capital available for such endeavours. When four British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, these railways were transferred to the new central government. As well, the construction of the Intercolonial Railway between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872.
Western Canada's early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans. By the early twentieth century, however, many of these had become bankrupt. The federal government nationalized several failing Western railways and combined them with its existing Intercolonial and other line in the East to create Canadian National Railways (CNR) in 1918 as a transcontinental system. The CNR was unique in that was a conglomerate, and besides passenger and freight rail, it had inherited major business interests in shipping, hotels, and telegraphy and was able create new lines of business in broadcasting and air travel. Many of the components of this business empire where later spun off into new Crown corporations including some the most important businesses in the mid-twentieth century economy of Canada, such Air Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Via Rail, and Marine Atlantic.
Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the early twentieth century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Government monopoly liquor stores were seen as a compromise between the recently ended era of Prohibition in Canada and the excesses of the previous open market which had led to calls for prohibition in the first place. Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point. The largest of these government liquor businesses, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (founded 1927), was by 2008 one of the world's largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility companies also emerged at this time, notably Ontario Hydro in 1906, Alberta Government Telephones in 1906, and SaskTel in 1908. Provincial governments also re-entered the railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became BC Rail in 1918. A notable anomaly of this era is Canada's only provincially owned "bank" (though not called that for legal reasons) Alberta Treasury Branches, created in 1937.
New crown Corporations were also created throughout much of the mid-century. A government-owned bank, Business Development Bank of Canada was created in 1944. The federal Post Office Department became a Crown corporation as Canada Post Corporation in 1981, and Canada's export credit agency, Export Development Canada, was created in 1985. Perhaps the most controversial was Petro-Canada, Canada's short-lived attempt to create a national oil company, founded in 1975.
Not only the federal government was involved, but also the provinces, who were in engaged in an era of "province building" (expanding the reach and importance of the provincial governments) around this time. The prototypical example is undoubtedly Hydro-Québec, founded in 1944 and now Canada's largest electricity generator and the world's largest producer of hydro-electricy. It is widely seen as a symbol of modern Quebec, helping to create the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s where French-speakers in Quebec rose to positions of influence in the industrial economy for the first time, and Quebec nationalism emerged as a political force. This model followed by SaskPower in 1944 and BC Hydro in 1961. Other areas provinces were active in included insurance (Saskatchewan Government Insurance, 1945)
The heyday of Crown corporations ended in the late 1980s, and there has been much privatization since that time, particularly at the federal level. Air Canada was privatized in 1988 and CN in 1995.
List of Canadian Crown corporations[edit]
Federal[edit]
Atlantic Pilotage Authority
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)
Bank of Canada
Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority
Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC)
Canada Council for the Arts (Canada Council)
Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation
Canada Development Investment Corporation
Canada Lands Company
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Canada Pension Plan Investment Board
Canada Post Corporation
Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA)
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
Canadian Commercial Corporation
Canadian Dairy Commission
Canadian Museum of History
Canadian Museum of Nature
Canadian Race Relations Foundation
Canadian Tourism Commission
Canadian War Museum
Defence Construction (1951) Limited
Export Development Canada
Farm Credit Canada
Federal Bridge Corporation Limited
Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation
Great Lakes Pilotage Authority
International Development Research Centre
Laurentian Pilotage Authority
Marine Atlantic Inc.
National Arts Centre
National Capital Commission
National Gallery of Canada
National Museum of Science and Technology Corporation
Old Port of Montreal Corporation Inc.
Pacific Pilotage Authority
Parc Downsview Park Inc.
Public Sector Pension Investment Board
Ridley Terminals Inc.
Royal Canadian Mint
Standards Council of Canada
Telefilm Canada
Via Rail
Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority

Provincial[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Alberta[edit]
Agriculture Financial Services Corporation
Alberta Capital Finance Authority (ACFA)
Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission
Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo)
Alberta Pensions Services Corporation
Alberta Petroleum Marketing Commission (APMC)
Alberta Research Council
Alberta Treasury Branches (ATB Financial)
Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Alberta) (CUDGC)
Travel Alberta
British Columbia[edit]
BC Assessment Authority
B.C. Council for International Education
BC Games Society
British Columbia Housing Management Commission (BC Housing)
BC Hydro (formed in 1961 taking over the assets of the British Columbia Electric Railway)
BC Immigrant Investment Fund
BC Innovation Council (BCIC)
BC Lottery Corporation
BC Pavilion Corporation (PavCo)
BC Pension Corporation
BC Transit
BC Transportation Financing Authority
British Columbia Investment Management Corporation (bcIMC)
British Columbia Public School Employers' Association
British Columbia Railway Company
British Columbia Securities Commission
Columbia Basin Trust
Columbia Power Corporation
Community Living BC
Community Social Services Employers' Association
Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area
Crown Corporations Employers' Association
Destination BC
First Peoples' Cultural Council
Forestry Innovation Investment
Health Employers Association of British Columbia
Industry Training Authority
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC formed in 1973)
Knowledge Network(TV channel)
Legal Services Society
Nechako-Kitamaat Development Fund Society
Oil and Gas Commission (formed in 1998)
Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia
Pacific Carbon Trust
Partnerships British Columbia Inc.
Post-secondary Employers' Association of British Columbia
Private Career Training Institutions Agency
Ridley Terminals, Inc. Port of Prince Rupert
Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM)
Transportation Investment Corporation (formed in 2008)
Manitoba[edit]
Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation
Manitoba Arts Council
Manitoba Boxing Commission
Manitoba Film and Music
Manitoba Housing and Renewal Corporation
Manitoba Hydro
Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries (MBLL) http://www.mbll.ca/
Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation (MPIC)
New Brunswick[edit]
Atlantic Lottery Corporation
Financial and Consumer Services Commission
NB Power
New Brunswick Liquor Corporation
Service New Brunswick
New Brunswick Community College
New Brunswick Investment Management Corporation
WorkSafeNB
Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]
Nalcor Energy
Newfoundland and Labrador Film Development Corporation
Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation
Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation
Research & Development Corporation
Defence Construction Canada
Nova Scotia[edit]
Art Gallery of Nova Scotia
Film and Creative Industries Nova Scotia
Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission
Harbourside Commercial Park Inc. (HCPI)
Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation (created by statute but independent of government)
Industrial Estates Limited (former)
Innovacorp
Nova Scotia Agricultural College (former – now merged into Dalhousie University)
Nova Scotia Arts Council
Nova Scotia Beef Commission
Nova Scotia Business Incorporated
Nova Scotia Crop and Livestock Insurance Commission
Nova Scotia Farm Loan Board
Nova Scotia Film Development Corporation
Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation
Nova Scotia Harness Racing Incorporated
Nova Scotia Housing Development Corporation
Nova Scotia Lands Incorporated (NSLI)
Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation (NSLC)
Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation (NSMFC)
Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation
Nova Scotia Power (former)
Nova Scotia Resources Limited
Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc.
Renova Scotia Bioenergy Inc. (former Bowater Mersey assets)
Rockingham Terminal Inc.
Sydney Environmental Resources Limited
Sydney Steel Corporation (dormant – remediation and redevelopment of former SYSCO estates now conducted by NSLI and HCPI)[7]
Tidal Power Corporation
Tourism Nova Scotia
Trade Centre Limited
TrentonWorks (former – sold to Daewoo)
Waterfront Development Corporation Limited
Ontario[edit]
Crown corporations in Ontario are sometimes referred to as Crown agencies:
Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario
Cancer Care Ontario
eHealth Ontario
GroupeMédia TFO
Independent Electricity System Operator
Liquor Control Board of Ontario
Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation
Metrolinx
Municipal Property Assessment Corporation
Northern Ontario Heritage Fund
Ontario Agricorp
Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion
Ontario Clean Water Agency
Ontario Educational Communications Authority
Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
Ontario Northland Transportation Commission
Ontario Power Generation
Ontario Science Centre
Ontario Securities Commission
Royal Ontario Museum
Science North
Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs) The 14 Upper level LHINs are:
Erie St. Clair LHIN
South West LHIN
Waterloo Wellington LHIN
Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant LHIN
Central West LHIN
Mississauga Halton LHIN
Toronto Central LHIN
Central LHIN
Central East LHIN
[[South East
Champlain LHIN
North Simcoe Muskoka LHIN
North East LHIN
North West LHIN
Prince Edward Island[edit]
Charlottetown Area Development Corporation
Innovation PEI
Island Investment Development Inc.
P.E.I. Student Financial Assistance Corporation
Island Waste Management Corporation
P.E.I. Aquaculture and Fisheries Research Initiative Inc.
Prince Edward Island Agricultural Insurance Corporation
Prince Edward Island Energy Corporation
Prince Edward Island Grain Elevators Corporation
Prince Edward Island Liquor Control Commission
Prince Edward Island Self-Insurance and Risk Management Fund
Summerside Regional Development Corporation
Quebec[8][edit]
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec
Hydro-Québec
Investissement Québec (merged with the Société générale de financement in 2010)
Société des alcools du Québec
Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec
Société des casinos du Québec
Télé-Québec
Loto-Québec
Saskatchewan[edit]
Crown Investments Corporation
Investment Saskatchewan
Municipal Financing Corporation of Saskatchewan (MFC)
Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation (SCIC)
Saskatchewan Development Fund Corporation
Saskatchewan Gaming Corporation
Saskatchewan Grain Car Corporation
Saskatchewan Government Insurance
Saskatchewan Housing Corporation
Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority
Saskatchewan Opportunities Corporation
Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holdings Corporation
Saskatchewan Transportation Company
SaskEnergy
SaskPower
SaskWater
Northwest Territories[edit]
Northwest Territories Hydro Corporation
Northwest Territories Power Corporation
NWT Business Development and Investment Corporation
NWT Housing Corporation
Aurora College
Nunavut[edit]
Qulliq Energy
Nunavut Arctic College
Nunavut Power
Yukon[edit]
Yukon Energy Corporation
Yukon Hospital Corporation
Yukon Liquor Corporation
Privatized ex-Crown corporations[edit]
See also: Category:Former Crown corporations of Canada and List of privatizations
Several private Canadian companies were once Crown corporations, including:
Air Canada (privatized in 1988)
Alberta Government Telephones / BCTel (Now Telus Communications)
British Columbia Electric Railway (private company from 1891 to 1961 when it was nationalized and formed into BC Hydro before the rail portion was sold in 1989)
BC Rail
BC Ferries
British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation (defunct in 1997)
BC Rail Communications (formed in 1972 and sold in 1993 as Westel)
Blue Water Bridge Authority
Cameco Corporation
Canada Employment Insurance Financing Board (CEIFB)
Canadair (formed as a Crown Corp in 1944, privatized in 1946, acquired by government in 1976, privatized in 1986)
Canadian National Railway
Cape Breton Growth Fund Corporation
Clairtone Sound Corporation Limited (former)
CTV Two Alberta (formerly Access or Alberta Educational Communications Corporation formed in 1973 and privatized 1995)
de Havilland Canada (formed as a private company in 1928, nationalized during World War 2, privatized in 1986)
Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited (Part of Cameco Corporation)
Enterprise Cape Breton Corporation
Hydro One (privatization began in 2016)
Highway 407 ETR
Intercolonial Railway (merged in Canadian National Railway in 1918)
Manitoba Telephone System (Now MTS Allstream)
Northern Transportation Company Limited
Nova Scotia Power (formed in 1918, privatized in 1992)
Petro-Canada
Polymer Corporation
Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (PCS)
Saskatchewan Communications Network
Saskatchewan Government Airways
Saskatchewan Minerals
Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation (Part of Cameco Corporation)
Saskatchewan Oil & Gas Corporation
SPUDCO
Teleglobe (formed in 1950, privatized in 1987 (to Memotec, later to BCE and finally VSNL) and absorbed into Tata operations in Canada)
Telesat
Tourism British Columbia (formed in 1997)
Wascana Energy
See also[edit]
Canada Development Corporation
Structure of the Canadian federal government
Nationalization
Executive Agency
Statutory corporation, a term used in many Commonwealth countries
State-owned enterprise
State-owned enterprises of the United_States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. "Aboriginal Peoples and Communities > Governance > Tools for Governance > Governance Tools for Institutions > Establishing and Operating as a Federal Crown Corporation - The DIAND Experience". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Canada Development Investment Corporation (2008), Annual Report 2008 (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 13, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2010, retrieved 21 April 2010, Canada Development Investment Corporation... is wholly-owned by Her Majesty in Right of Canada
^ Jump up to: a b Stastna, Kazi. "What are Crown corporations and why do they exist?". CBC. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Tupper, Allan, "Crown Corporation", The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica-Dominion, retrieved 5 December 2012
Jump up ^ Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. "Government Operations Sector > Governance > Agent Status and Crown Corporations". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Galbraith, John S. (1957). The Hudson's Bay Company As An Imperial Factor 1821-1869. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Jump up ^ "Sydney Steel Corporation Business Plan 2011–2012" (PDF). Sydney Steel Corporation. Retrieved 15 April 2014. The plan for Sysco during the 2011–2012 fiscal year is to continue to wind up activities and have the corporation remain dormant.
Jump up ^ "Liste des sociétés d'État" (PDF). Finances Québec. 2017. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2001 Annual Report To Parliament - Crown Corporations and Other Corporate Interests of Canada
Canadian Heritage Performance Report; March 31, 1998
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2007 Annual Report to Parliament - Crown Corporations and other Corporate Interests of Canada
External links[edit]
List of Departments and Agencies of the Government of Canada
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Gun laws in Switzerland
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Shooter with SIG 550 ordnance rifle at a Swiss firing range (2007 photograph)
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Firearms legislation in Switzerland comes from a long tradition of shooting (tirs) as a formative element of national identity in the post-Napoleonic Restoration of the Confederacy,[1] and the long-standing practice of a militia organization of the Swiss Army in which soldiers' service rifles are stored privately at home. In addition to this, many cantons (notably the alpine cantons of Grisons and Valais) have strong traditions of hunting, accounting for a large but unknown number of privately held hunting rifles.
The applicable federal legislations are SR 514.54 Federal Law on Weapons, Weapon Equipment and Ammunition (German: Waffengesetz, WG, French: Loi sur les armes, LArm, Italian: Legge sulle armi, LArm) of 20 June 1997 (current edition of 1. July 2016, revised 01.01.1999),[2] and SR 514.541 Ordinance on Weapons, Armament Accessories and Ammunition (German: Waffenverordnung, WV, French: Ordonnance sur les armes, OArm, Italian: Ordinanza sulle armi, OArm) of 2 July 2008 (current edition of 1. July 2016, revised 12.12.2008).[3] The Weapons Law recognises a qualified "right to acquire, possess and carry arms".[note 1][2]
The legislation is considered liberal[4] and allows the free purchase of semi-automatic, but not fully automatic, firearms by Swiss citizens and foreigners with permanent residence.[note 2][3]
Permits for concealed carrying in public are issued only extremely restrictively.[note 3][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Number of guns in circulation
2 Regulation
2.1 Acquisition
2.1.1 Buying guns
2.1.2 Buying ammunition
2.2 Carrying guns
2.2.1 Conditions for obtaining a Carrying Permit
2.3 Transporting guns
2.4 EU Gun Ban
3 Army-issued arms and ammunition collection
3.1 Recreational shooting
4 Gun culture in Switzerland
5 Firearm-related deaths
6 See also
7 Notes and references
7.1 Notes
7.2 References
8 External links
Number of guns in circulation[edit]
Switzerland thus has a relatively high gun ownership rate. There are no official statistics, and estimates vary considerably. The Small Arms Survey of 2016 placed Swiss gun ownership per capita at 24.45%.[5]
In 2016, the defence ministry estimated that 2 million privately owned guns are in circulation, which given a population of 8.3 million corresponds to a gun ownership rate of around 24 guns per 100 residents.[6] This is roughly a quarter of the rate in the United States, and lower than that in the neighbouring countries of Germany, and Austria, but about the double of Italy and France.[5]
Traditionally liberal Swiss gun legislation has, however, been somewhat tightened in 2008, when Switzerland has complied with European Firearms Directive.[7] Throughout the modern political history of Switzerland, there have been advocates for tighter gun control.[8]
The most recent suggestion for tighter gun control was rejected in a popular referendum in February 2011.[9]
Regulation[edit]
Switzerland's Weapons Law (WG, LArm)[2] and Weapons Act (WV, OArm)[3] has been revised to accede to the Schengen Treaty effective 12 December 2008. The Act on Personal Military Equipement (VPAA, OEPM) governs the handling of military equipement, and in particular the handling of personal weapons by military personnel.[10]
The law is applied to the following weapons:
Firearms, such as pistols, revolvers, rifles, pump guns (German: Vorderschaftrepetierer), lever-action rifles, self-loading guns (shotguns and rifles)
Air and CO2 guns with a muzzle energy of at least 7.5 joules, or if there is risk of confusion with a firearm
Imitation, blank firing guns (German: Schreckschuss) and soft-air guns when there is risk of confusion with a firearm
Butterfly knives, throwing knives, switchblade or automatic knives with total length greater than 12 cm and blade length greater than 5 cm
Daggers with a symmetrical blade less than 30 cm
Devices that are intended to hurt people such as batons (German: Schlagrute), throwing star, brass knuckles, slings with armrest
Electric shock devices and spray products with irritants in Annex 2 weapons ordinance (WV/OArm), except for pepper spray
A "shooting society" somewhere in Switzerland; people come to such ranges to complete mandatory training with service arms, or to shoot for sport and competition.
Generally prohibited arms are:
Automatic firearms such as machine guns, etc.
Automatic knives when the blade more than 5 cm and total length of more than 12 cm
Butterfly knives when the blade more than 5 cm and total length of more than 12 cm
Throwing knives; regardless of the shape and size
Symmetrical daggers where blade length is less than 30 cm
Brass knuckles
Shock rods or stun guns
Throwing Stars
Buttstock-equipped slingshots German: Schleudern mit Armstütze
Tasers
Hidden firearms that imitate an object of utility, such as shooting phones
Acquisition[edit]
Buying guns[edit]
In order to purchase most weapons, the purchaser must obtain a weapon acquisition permit (art. 8 WG/LArm). Swiss citizens and foreigners with a C permit over the age of 18 who are not psychiatrically disqualified nor identified as posing security problems, and who have a clean criminal record can request such a permit. Foreigners with the following citizenship are explicitly excluded from the right to possess weapons: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Algeria and Albania.[note 2] The following information must be provided to the cantonal weapon bureau together with the weapon application form:
valid official identification or passport copy
residence address
criminal record copy not older than 3 months
For each transfer of a weapon or an essential weapon component without weapons acquisition permit (art. 10 WG/LArm), a written contract must be concluded. Each Party shall keep them at least ten years. The contract must include the following information (art. 11 WG/LArm):
Family name, first name, birth date, residence address and signature of the person who sells the weapon or essential weapon component
Family name, first name, birth date, residence address and signature of the person who purchases the weapon or an essential weapon component
Kind of weapon, manufacturer or producer, label, caliber, weapon number, and date and place of transfer
Type and number of official identification of the person who acquires the weapon or the essential weapon component
and an indication of the processing of personal data in connection with the contract in accordance with the privacy policy of the Federation or the cantons, if firearms are transmitted
This information must be sent within 30 days to the cantonal weapon registration bureau, where the weapon holders are registered (art. 9 WG/LArm).
Some weapons do not need a weapon acquisition permit (art. 10 WG/LArm):
Single-shot and multi-barreled hunting rifles and replicas of single-shot muzzle loaders
By the Federal Council designated hand bolt-action rifles, which are commonly used in off-duty and sporting gunnery recognized by the military law of 3 February 1952 and shooting clubs for hunting purposes in Switzerland
Single-shot rabbit slayer
Compressed air and CO2 weapons that develop a muzzle energy of at least 7.5 joules, or may be confused because of their appearance with real firearms
Buying ammunition[edit]
Ready ammunition of the Swiss Army. Soldiers equipped with the Sig 550 assault rifle used to be issued 50 rounds of ammunition in a sealed can, to be opened only upon alert and for use while en route to join their unit. This practice was stopped in 2007.[11]
In order to purchase ammunition the buyer must follow the same legal rules that apply to buying guns. The buyer can only buy ammunition for guns that he/she legally owns and must provide the following information to the seller (art. 15, 16 WG/LArm; art. 24 WV/OArm):[2][3]
valid official identification or passport (and must be older than 18 and who are not psychiatrically disqualified nor identified as posing security problems, and must not be a citizen of the following countries (art. 12 WV/OArm): Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Algeria and Albania)
residence address
criminal record copy not older than 3 months
weapon acquisition permit not older than 2 years, or a weapon carrying permit not older than 5 years
This also applies for weapons which do not require a weapon acquisition permit (see above, excluding the weapon acquisition permit, of course). This information must be sent within 30 days to the cantonal weapon registration bureau, where the weapon holder is registered. The same applies to black powder and modern black powder substitutes for use in firing historical rifles.
A Swiss 100 gram black powder container.
The possession of the following munition is generally prohibited:
Ammunition with armor-piercing bullets
Ammunition with projectiles containing an explosive or incendiary device
Ammunition with one or more floors to the release of substances which damage the health of people in the long run
Ammunition, missiles and missile launchers for military explosive
Ammunition with projectiles for transmitting electric shocks
Ammunition for handguns with deformation effect
Carrying guns[edit]
To carry a firearm in public or outdoors (and for a militia member to carry a firearm other than his issued weapons while off-duty), a person must have a gun carrying permit (German: Waffentragbewilligung, French: permis de port d'armes, Italian: permesso di porto di armi; art. 27 WG/LArm), which in most cases is issued only to private citizens working in occupations such as security.[2] It is, however, quite common to see a person in military service to be en route with his rifle, albeit unloaded.[10] The issue of such exceptional permits are extremely selective.[clarification needed]
However, it is permissible to carry firearms in public or outdoors if the holder (art. 27 § 4 WG/LArm):
Has a valid hunting license and is carrying the firearm for hunting
Is participating in a demonstration and is carrying the firearm in reference to a historical event
Is participating in a shooting competition for air-soft guns, provided that the competition has a secure perimeter
Is an airport security officer for an authorized country, a border patrol officer, or a game warden, who is carrying the firearm in the course of their employment
Furthermore, any licensed holder of a gun may transport an unloaded firearm for special situations (see #Transporting guns).
Conditions for obtaining a Carrying Permit[edit]
There are three conditions (art. 27 § 2 WG/LArm):
fulfilling the conditions for a buying permit (see section above)
stating plausibly the need to carry firearms to protect oneself, other people, or real property from a specified danger
passing an examination proving both weapon handling skills and knowledge regarding lawful use of the weapon
The carrying permit remains valid for a term of five years (unless otherwise surrendered or revoked), and applies only to the type of firearm for which the permit was issued. Additional constraints may be invoked to modify any specific permit. (art. 27 § 3 WG/LArm)
Transporting guns[edit]
Guns may be transported in public as long as an appropriate justification is present. This means to transport a gun in public, the following requirements apply (art. 28 WG/LArm):
The ammunition must be separated from the gun, no ammunition in a magazine
The transport needs to be as direct as possible and needs a valid purpose:
For courses or exercises hosted by marksmanship, hunting or military organisations
To an army warehouse and back
To show the gun to a friend or a possible buyer
To and from a holder of a valid arms trade permit
To and from a specific event, e.g. gun shows
During change of residence
EU Gun Ban[edit]
Main article: Amending Directive (EU) 2017/853
A 2017 amendment to the EU Firearms Directive, known as the "EU Gun Ban",[12][13][14][15] introduces new restrictions on firearms possession and acquisition, especially on semi-automatic firearms, personal defense weapons, magazine capacity, blank firing guns and historical firearms. The restrictions must be introduced into the Swiss legal system by August 2018 due to its membership of the Schengen area.
The Directive also includes an exemption covering a specific Swiss issue – it allows possession to a target shooter of one firearm used during the mandatory military period after leaving the army, provided it was converted to semi-automatic only (art. 6(6) of the Amendment Directive).[16] This part of the Directive specifically was however challenged by the Czech Republic in front of the European Court of Justice due to its discriminatory nature. The Czech Republic seeks nullification of the "Swiss exemption" as well as of other parts of the Directive.[17]
Civil rights organizations plan to hold a referendum to reject the recent EU directive.[18] [19] According to Swiss People's Party vice-president Christoph Blocher, Switzerland should consider abandoning EU's borderless Schengen Area if the Swiss people reject the proposed measures in a referendum.[20]
Army-issued arms and ammunition collection[edit]
The Swiss army has long been a militia trained and structured to rapidly respond against foreign aggression. Swiss males grow up expecting to undergo basic military training, usually at age 20 in the recruit school, the basic-training camp, after which Swiss men remain part of the "militia" in reserve capacity until age 30 (age 34 for officers).
Prior to 2007 members of the Swiss Militia were supplied with 50-rounds of ammunition for their military weapon in a sealed ammo box that was regularly audited by the government. This was so that, in the case of an emergency, the militia could respond quickly.
The federal shooting range of Versoix, Switzerland; people come to such ranges to complete mandatory training (Obligatorischeschiessen) with service arms, or to shoot for sport and competition.
In December 2007, the Swiss Federal Council decided that the distribution of ammunition to soldiers would stop and that previously issued ammo would be returned. By March 2011, more than 99% of the ammo has been received. Only 2,000 specialist militia members (who protect airports and other sites of particular sensitivity) are permitted to keep their military-issued ammunition at home. The rest of the militia get their ammunition from their military armory in the event of an emergency.[2][21][22]
When their period of service has ended, militia men have the choice of keeping their personal weapon and other selected items of their equipment. However, keeping the weapon after end of service requires a weapon acquisition permit (art. 11-15 VPAA/OEPM).[10]
The government sponsors training with rifles and shooting in competitions for interested adolescents, both male and female. The sale of military-issued ammunition – including Gw Pat.90 rounds for army-issued assault rifles – is subsidized by the Swiss government and made available at the many Federal Council licensed shooting ranges. That ammunition sold at ranges must be immediately used there under supervision (art. 16 WG/LArm).
The Swiss Army maintains tightened adherence to high standards of lawful military conduct. In 2005, for example, when the Swiss prosecuted recruits who had reenacted the torture scenes of Abu Ghraib, one of the charges was improper use of service weapons.[23]
Recreational shooting[edit]
Recreational shooting is widespread in Switzerland. Practice with guns is a popular form of recreation, and is encouraged by the government, particularly for the members of the militia.
Prior to the turn of the century, about 200,000 people used to attend the annual Feldschiessen, which is the largest rifle shooting competition in the world. In 2012 they counted 130,000 participants.[24] For the 2015 Federal Shooting (Eidg. Schützenfest) 37,000 shooters are registered.[25] In addition, there are several private shooting ranges which rent guns.
Gun culture in Switzerland[edit]
See also: Global gun cultures § Switzerland
Switzerland has a strong gun culture compared to other countries in the world.[26][27] Groups like ProTell lobby for the preservation of Switzerland's gun rights. Additionally, the Schweizerischer Schützenverein, a Swiss shooting association, organizes the Eidgenössische Schützenfeste, in intervals of five years.
Firearm-related deaths[edit]
The vast majority of firearm-related deaths in Switzerland are suicides. The suicide method of shooting oneself with a firearm accounted for 21.5% of suicides in Switzerland in the period of 2001–2012 (with significant gender imbalance: 29.7% of male suicides vs. 3.0% of female suicides).[28]
By contrast, gun crime is comparatively limited. In 2016, there were 187 attempted and 45 completed homicides, for a homicide rate of 0.50 per 100,000 population. Of the recorded homicides (attempted or completed), 20.3% were committed with a gun (47 cases, compared to an average of 41 cases in the period of 2009–2015). In addition, there were 7 cases of bodily harm and 233 cases of robbery committed with firearms.[29]
There were 16 completed homicides with a firearm in 2016. Of these, 14 were committed with a handgun, one with a long gun and one case marked "other/unspecified". None of the involved weapons were ordinance weapons issued by the Swiss Armed Forces. Similarly, out of 31 attempted homicides with firearms, 25 were committed with handguns, two with long guns and four "other/unspecified", with no use of ordinance weapons on record. For the period of 2009–2016, on average 16.5 out of 49.4 completed homicides were committed with a firearm, 13.8 with handguns, 1.9 with long guns and 0.9 "other/unspecified"; an average 0.75 cases per year (6 cases in eight years) involved ordinance weapons.[30]
See also[edit]
Number of guns per capita by country
Gun politics
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Art. 3 Recht auf Waffenerwerb, Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen: Das Recht auf Waffenerwerb, Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen ist im Rahmen dieses Gesetzes gewährleistet." (The right to acquire, possess and carry arms is guaranteed in the framework of this law.)
^ Jump up to: a b The law of 1997 (SR 514.54) made explicit provision for the Federal Council to restrict gun ownership by nationality (art. 7 WG/LArm). SR 514.541 art. 12, passed in 2008, amended in 2014, explicitly prohibits the purchase or ownership of weapons to nationals of eight states: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Algeria and Albania.
Jump up ^ SR 514.54 art. 27 § 4. No carry permit is necessary for hunting rifles carried by registered hunters with a hunting licence in the context of hunting or game-keeping, and historical firearms carried in the context of re-enactment or memorial events. Justifiable transport of unloaded firearms is regulated in art. 28.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Julie Hartley-Moore, "The Song of Gryon: Political Ritual, Local Identity, and the Consolidation of Nationalism in Multiethnic Switzerland", Journal of American Folklore 120.476 (2007) 204–229, citing Kohn Hans Kohn, Nationalism and Liberty: The Swiss Example. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1956, p. 78.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "SR 514.54 Bundesgesetz über Waffen, Waffenzubehör und Munition (Waffengesetz WG)" (official site) (in German, Italian, and French). Berne, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Council. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "SR 514.541 Verordnung über Waffen, Waffenzubehör und Munition (Waffenverordnung WV)" (official site) (in German, Italian, and French). Berne, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Council. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/swiss-guns/553448/
^ Jump up to: a b "Guns in Switzerland: Facts, Figures and Firearm Law". Gunpolicy.org. Sydney, Australia: University of Sydney School of Public Health. 2016. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Dacey, Jessica (1 April 2016). "A surge in gun permits". Swissinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/switzerland.php
Jump up ^ "De-Quilling the Porcupine: Swiss Mull Tighter Gun Laws". Der Spiegel. Hamburg, Germany. 2 May 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Switzerland rejects tighter gun controls". BBC News. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-08-26. . "Abstimmungen – Indikatoren: Eidgenössische Volksabstimmung vom 13. Februar 2011 – Volksinitiative «Für den Schutz vor Waffengewalt»" (official site). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO). 13 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SR 514.10 Verordnung über die persönliche Ausrüstung der Armeeangehörigen (VPAA)" (in German, French, and Italian). The Swiss Federal Council. 5 December 2003. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Soldiers can keep guns at home but not ammo". SWI Swissinfo.ch, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC). 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Finland seeks exception from EU gun ban". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Jump up ^ "EU Gun Ban : Intervention Suisse à Bruxelles". ASEAA. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Trilog schließt die Verhandlungen zum "EU-Gun ban"". Firearms United. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Gun lobby stirs to life in Europe". Politico. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Position of the European Parliament adopted at first reading on 14 March 2017 with a view to the adoption of Directive (EU) 2017/... of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons" (Parliamentary decision). Strasbourg: European Parliament. 14 March 2017. P8_TC1-COD(2015)0269. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
Jump up ^ "Czechs take legal action over EU rules on gun control". Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.finger-weg-vom-schweizer-waffenrecht.ch/2017/04/offener-brief-an-den-bundesrat-nationalrat-staenderat/
Jump up ^ https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/waffenrecht-schiessen-schweizer-schuetzen-schengen-ab-ld.1085409
Jump up ^ "Swiss tell EU: Hands off veterans' assault rifles". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
Jump up ^ "SR 514.101 Verordnung des VBS über die persönliche Ausrüstung der Armeeangehörigen (VPAA-VBS) vom 9. Dezember 2003 (Stand am 1. Januar 2015): art. 7 Taschenmunition Ziff 1" (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Berne, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Council. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Taschenmunition fast vollständig eingezogen". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ Patrick Marbach (15 August 2005). "Schweizer Rekruten spielen Irak-Folterer". 20 Minuten (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Feldschiessen". Lebendige Traditionen. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
Jump up ^ Giannis Mavris (4 July 2015). "Familienausflug mit dem Sturmgewehr". Neuste Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
Jump up ^ Bachmann, Helena (December 20, 2012). "The Swiss Difference: A Gun Culture That Works". TIME. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Soraya Sarhaddi (March 19, 2013). "What's Worked, And What Hasn't, In Gun-Loving Switzerland". NPR. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elvira Keller-Guglielmetti, Esther Walter, eds. (April 2015). "Epidemiologie von Suiziden, Suizidversuchen und assistierten Suiziden in der Schweiz, April 2015" (PDF). Federal Office of Public Health. Retrieved 2017-06-10. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik (PKS) – Jahresbericht 2016" (PDF) (official federal site) (in French, German, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFO). 23 March 2015. pp. 13, 36–38. ISBN 978-3-303-19065-4. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
Jump up ^ Tötungsdelikt: Aufklärung und Vorjahresvergleich (vollendet und versucht) nach Tatmittel, Beschuldigte und Geschädigte 2016 27 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Ordonnance fédérale sur les armes, les accessoires d’armes et les munitions Swiss federal application law on weapons, weapon accessories and ammunition.
Swiss Portal for hunting and fishing
proTELL website
Firearms Training Company with Swiss Protell membership
A well organized pro-army and pro-gun rights association in Southern Switzerland
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