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History of the roller coaster
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Coney Island Cyclone in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975.
Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia. Early technology featured sleds or wheeled carts that were sent down hills of snow reinforced by wooden supports. The technology evolved in the 19th century to feature railroad track using wheeled cars that were securely locked to the track. Newer innovations emerged in the early 20th century with side friction and underfriction technologies to allow for greater speeds and sharper turns. By the mid-to-late 20th century, these elements intensified with the introduction of steel roller coaster designs and the ability for them to invert riders.
Contents
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1 History
1.1 Beginnings
1.2 Scenic railways
1.3 Growing popularity and innovations
1.4 The rise of steel
2 Timeline of notable roller coasters
2.1 1800 to 1899
2.2 1900 to 1969
2.3 1970 to 1979
2.4 1980 to 1989
2.5 1990 to 1999
2.6 2000 to 2009
2.7 2010 to 2014
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History
Beginnings
The world's oldest roller coasters descended from the "Russian Mountains," which were specially constructed hills of snow [1] located in the gardens of palaces around the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, in the 18th century. This attraction was called a Katalnaya Gorka or "sliding mountain" in Russian. The slides were built to a height of between 70 feet (21 m) and 80 feet (24 m), had a 50 degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Sometimes wheeled carts were used instead of sleds. These slides became popular with the Russian upper class, and with Catherine II of Russia herself, who had such mountains built in the gardens of the Oranienbaum Palace near St. Petersburg, with a pavilion next to it for drinking tea after the sliding. "Russian mountains" remains the term for roller coasters in many languages, such as Spanish (la montaña rusa), Italian (montagne russe), and French (les montagnes russes). Ironically, the Russian term for roller coaster, американские горки (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as "American mountains."[2]
The Promenades-Aeriennes in Paris (1817).
Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 through 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills.[3] In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on the Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or "Aerial Strolls." [4] It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. [5] The three-wheel carts were towed to the top of a tower, and then released to descend two curving tracks on either side. King Louis XVIII of France came to see the park, but it is not recorded if he tried the ride. Before long there were seven similar rides in Paris: Les Montagnes françaises (The French Mountains), le Delta, les Montagnes de Belleville (The Mountains of Belleville), les Montagnes américaines (the American Mountains), Les Montages lilliputiennes, (The miniature mountains), Les Montagnes susses (The Swiss mountains) and Les Montagnes égyptiennes (The Egyptian mountains).[3]
In the beginning, these attractions were primarily for the upper classes. In 1845 a new amusement park opened in Copenhagen, Tivoli, which was designed for the middle class. These new parks featured roller coasters as permanent attractions. The first permanent loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot (4 m) diameter vertical loop. These early single loop designs were called Centrifugal Railways. In 1887, a French entrepreneur, Joseph Oller, the owner of the Moulin Rouge music hall, built Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville (The Russian Mountains of Belleville) a permanent roller coaster with a length of two hundred meters in the form of a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.[3]
Mount Pisgah with the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway.
Scenic railways
In the 1850s, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the Mauch Chunk gravity railroad, a brakeman-controlled, 8.7 mile (14 km) downhill track used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk (now known as Jim Thorpe), Pennsylvania.[6] By 1872, the "Gravity Road" (as it became known) was selling rides to thrill seekers. Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low.
Thompson's Switchback Railway, 1884.
Using this idea as a basis, LaMarcus Adna Thompson began work on a gravity Switchback Railway that opened at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York in 1884.[7] Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the 600 ft (180 m) track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip.[8] This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit.[9] In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first complete-circuit coaster with a lift hill, the Gravity Pleasure Road, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island.[9] Not to be outdone, in 1886 LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented his design for a roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic Railways" were soon found in amusement parks across the county,[9] with Frederick Ingersoll's construction company building many of them in the first two decades of the 20th century.
See also: Roller Coaster (Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach) and Scenic Railway (Dreamland)
Scenic Railway at Luna Park (Melbourne, Australia), the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster, built in 1912.
Growing popularity and innovations
Loop the Loop, an early looping roller coaster at Coney Island, 1906
As it grew in popularity, experimentation in coaster dynamics took off. In the 1880s the concept of a vertical loop was again explored by Lina Beecher, and in 1895 the concept came into fruition with the Flip Flap Railway, located at Sea Lion Park in Brooklyn, and shortly afterward with Loop the Loop at Olentangy Park near Columbus, Ohio as well as similar coasters in Atlantic City and Coney Island. The rides were incredibly dangerous, and many passengers suffered whiplash. Both were soon dismantled, and looping coasters had to wait for over a half century before making a reappearance.
By 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller.[10] Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world. Perhaps the best known historical roller coaster, The Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in 1927. Like The Cyclone, all early roller coasters were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters are still operational, at parks such as Kennywood near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Pleasure Beach Blackpool, England. The oldest operating roller coaster is Leap-The-Dips at Lakemont Park in Pennsylvania, a side friction roller coaster built in 1902. The oldest wooden roller coaster in the United Kingdom is the Scenic Railway at Dreamland Amusement Park in Margate, Kent and features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. It was severely damaged by fire on April 7, 2008, but was subsequently restored and reopened to the public in 2015.[11] Scenic Railway at Melbourne's Luna Park built in 1912, is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster, and it also still features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. One of only 13 remaining examples of John Miller's work worldwide is the wooden roller coaster at Lagoon in Utah. The coaster opened in 1921 and is the 6th oldest coaster in the world.[12]
The Great Depression marked the end of the golden age of roller coasters, as amusement parks generally went into a decline that resulted in less demand for new coasters. This lasted until 1972, when The Racer opened at Kings Island amusement park located in what was then a part of Deerfield Township in Warren County, Ohio. Designed by John C. Allen, the instant success of The Racer helped to ignite a renaissance for roller coasters, reviving worldwide interest throughout the industry.
The rise of steel
Matterhorn Bobsleds, the world's first tubular steel roller coaster.
In 1959, the Disneyland theme park introduced a new design breakthrough in roller coasters with the Matterhorn Bobsleds. This was the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike conventional wooden rails, which are generally formed using steel strips mounted on laminated wood, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, which allows designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other maneuvers into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel, although wooden roller coasters are still being built along with hybrids of steel and wood.
In 1975 the first modern-day roller coaster to perform an inverting element opened: Corkscrew, located at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. In 1976 the vertical loop made a permanent comeback with the Great American Revolution at Magic Mountain in Valencia, California.
Timeline of notable roller coasters
The roller coasters mentioned here are significant for their role in the amusement industry. They were notable for specific reasons, including:
First roller coaster of a specific kind, style, manufacturing material or unique technology; ground-breaking
First time a particular record-breaking threshold was crossed
Historical significance
1800 to 1899
1817
First roller coaster featuring cars that locked onto track: Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville (Russian Mountains of Belleville), Paris, France.
First roller coaster to feature two cars racing each other: Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville.
First complete-circuit roller coaster: Promenades Aériennes (The Aerial Walk), Paris.
1827
First scenic gravity railroad (inspiration for first American roller coasters): Mauch Chunk Switchback Gravity Railroad, Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, United States.[9]
1846
First looping roller coaster (non-circuit): Centrifugal Railway, Frascati Garden, Paris.[13]
1885
First use of powered chainlift: Gravity Pleasure, Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York.[9]
1900 to 1969
1902
Leap-The-Dips opens at Lakemont Park, Altoona, Pennsylvania. It is today the world's oldest operating wooden roller coaster (it was closed from 1985 until 1999).[9]
Cannon Coaster opens at Coney Island. The designer first attempts to "leap-the-gap" and create a roller coaster which has its cars jump over a gap in the track. Safety testing fails, and the idea is scrapped.[9]
1907
First use of lapbar: Drop the Dip, Coney Island.[14]
1912
Scenic Railway opens at Luna Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Today it is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster.
1913
First roller coaster with a Möbius-style track: Derby Racer, Euclid Beach Park, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
1920
First roller coaster to utilize up-stop wheels: Jack Rabbit, Kennywood, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, United States.
1925
First roller coaster to reach 100 feet: Cyclone, Revere Beach, Revere, Massachusetts, United States.
1928
Montaña Suiza opens at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo, at San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Basque Country, Spain. It is the world's oldest operating steel roller coaster.
1952
First junior steel roller coaster: Little Dipper, Memphis Kiddie Park, Brooklyn, Ohio, United States. It is the world's oldest operating junior steel roller coaster.
1959
First tubular steel roller coaster: Matterhorn Bobsleds, Disneyland, Anaheim, California, United States. Today it is the world's oldest operating tubular steel roller coaster.[9]
1966
First roller coaster to feature an underwater tunnel: Mine Train, Six Flags Over Texas.
1970 to 1979
1972
First enclosed roller coaster: Fire In The Hole, Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri, United States.
1975
First "modern" roller coaster with inversions (two): Corkscrew, Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California.[13]
1976
First "modern" roller coaster with a vertical loop: Revolution, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California.[13]
Corkscrew at Cedar Point, the first roller coaster with three inversions.
First roller coaster with three inversions: Corkscrew, Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, United States.[13]
1977
First shuttle roller coaster: although six opened the same year, White Lightnin', at Carowinds, is likely to have opened first, given the park's southern location and longer operating season.
1978
First roller coaster with interlocking loops: Loch Ness Monster, Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States
1979
The Beast: opened as the tallest, fastest and longest wooden roller coaster. Today it is still the longest wooden roller coaster in the world.
1980 to 1989
1980
First roller coaster with four inversions: Carolina Cyclone, Carowinds, North Carolina and South Carolina, United States.[13]
1981
First roller coaster manufactured by Vekoma: Python, Efteling, Kaatsheuvel, Netherlands.
First modern suspended roller coaster: The Bat, Kings Island, Mason, Ohio, United States.
1982
First roller coaster with five inversions: Viper, Darien Lake, Darien, New York.[13]
Racer at Kings Island, the first roller coaster to operate vehicles in reverse.
First roller coaster to operate vehicles in reverse: Racer, Kings Island.
First roller coaster to run stand-up trains: Dangai, Thrill Valley, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.
1983
First alpine roller coaster: Ice Mountain Bobsleds, Enchanted Forest, Turner, Oregon, United States.
1984
First Boomerang roller coaster: "Boomerang", Bellewaerde Park, Belgium (it was the second to be built, but the first to open to the public.)[15]
1985
First roller coaster with a heartline roll: Ultra Twister, Nagashima Spa Land, Mie Prefecture, Japan.[16]
1987
First roller coaster with six inversions: Vortex, Kings Island.[13]
1988
First roller coaster with seven inversions: Shockwave, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, United States.[13]
1989
First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed 200 feet (61 m) in height: Magnum XL-200, Cedar Point.
1990 to 1999
1990
First roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard: Iron Wolf, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, United States.
1992
Dragon Khan at Port Aventura, the first roller coaster with eight inversions
First inverted roller coaster: Batman: The Ride, Six Flags Great America.
First roller coaster with a cutback inversion: Drachen Fire, Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.
1995
First roller coaster with eight inversions: Dragon Khan, PortAventura, Salou and Vilaseca, Tarragona, Spain.[13]
First use of on-board audio: Space Mountain, Disneyland Park, Paris.
1996
First roller coasters to use a linear motor electromagnetic propulsion system: Flight of Fear, at both Kings Island and Kings Dominion.
1997
First roller coaster to reach 100 miles per hour (160 km/h): Tower of Terror II, Dreamworld, Australia.
First roller coaster (non-complete circuit) over 400 feet (120 m) tall: Superman: Escape From Krypton, Six Flags Magic Mountain, California.
First flying roller coaster: Skytrak Total, Granada Studios, Manchester, United Kingdom.
1998
Oblivion at Alton Towers, the first Diving Machine roller coaster.
First dive coaster: Oblivion, Alton Towers, Alton, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
First linear motor launched inverted roller coaster: Volcano, The Blast Coaster, Kings Dominion.
First linear motor launched dueling roller coaster: Batman & Robin: The Chiller, Six Flags Great Adventure, Jackson Township, New Jersey, United States.
1999
First floorless roller coaster: Medusa, Six Flags Great Adventure.
First tire-propelled launch system: The Incredible Hulk, Universal's Islands of Adventure, Orlando, Florida, United States.
First inverted dueling roller coaster: Dragon Challenge, Universal's Islands of Adventure.
2000 to 2009
2000
Millennium Force at Cedar Point, the first roller coaster to exceed 300 feet (91 m) in height and the first to use an elevator cable lift.
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Steel Force and Thunderhawk roller coasters, just outside Allentown, Pennsylvania. Steel Force opened in 1997 as the tallest and fastest roller coaster on the East Coast of the United States, with a first drop of 205 feet (62 m) and a top speed of 75 miles per hour (121 km/h).[17]
First complete-circuit roler coaster to exceed 300 feet (91 m) in height: Millennium Force, Cedar Point.
First roller coaster to use an elevator cable lift system: Millennium Force.
First modern wooden roller coaster with a vertical loop: "Son of Beast", Kings Island. (Note: after an accident on July 9, 2006 the loop was removed.[13])
First wooden roller coaster over 200 feet (60.96 m) tall: Son of Beast.
First large-scale flying roller coaster, Nighthawk, California's Great America
2001
First roller coaster with a 90° vertical drop: Dodonpa, Fuji-Q Highland, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan. (Note: it was changed for a vertical loop in 2017)
First roller coaster to use pneumatic propulsion system: Hypersonic XLC, Kings Dominion.
First roller coaster to feature both a lift hill and propulsion system: California Screamin', Disney California Adventure Park, Anaheim, California, United States.
2002
First roller coaster to use a hydraulic propulsion system: Xcelerator, Knott's Berry Farm.
First roller coaster with ten inversions: Colossus, Thorpe Park, Chertsey, Surrey, United Kingdom.[13]
First roller coaster with seats that rotate on a horizontal axis (4th dimension roller coaster): X², Six Flags Magic Mountain.
2003
First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed 400 feet (120 m) in height: Top Thrill Dragster, Cedar Point.
First roller coaster with a more than 90° vertical drop (97°): Vild-Svinet, BonBon-Land, Zealand, Denmark.
First roller coaster to utilize a vertical lift (not considered an elevator lift): Vild-Svinet, BonBon-Land.
2004
First coaster with a "fly-through" station: Thunderhead, Dollywood, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States.
2005
Kingda Ka opens as the tallest roller coaster in the world.
2006
Expedition Everest opened at Disney's Animal Kingdom. It is listed in the 2011 Guinness Book of World Records as the most expensive roller coaster in the world; a record which still holds.
2007
First wing roller coaster: Furius Baco, PortAventura Park, Salou and Vilaseca, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
2008
First roller coaster with a "ferris wheel"-style lift hill: Maximum RPM!, Freestyle Music Park, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States.
2009
First roller coaster with a 100° free-fall drop: Saw: The Ride, Thorpe Park, Surrey, United Kingdom
2010 to 2014
2010
First roller coaster with a vertical freefall drop element: Th13teen, Alton Towers, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Formula Rossa opens as the fastest roller coaster in the world.
2011
First Boomerang roller coaster without any inversions: Ben 10 – Ultimate Mission, Drayton Manor Theme Park, Tamworth, Staffordshire, England
Takabisha, Fuji-Q Highland, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan opens as the roller coaster with a steepest drop in the world (121°).
2013
First wooden roller coaster with three inversions: Outlaw Run, Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri, United States.
First roller coaster with 14 inversions: The Smiler, Alton Towers, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
First roller coaster with a top hat attached onto the loop: Full Throttle, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, United States.
See also
Roller coaster elements
List of roller coaster rankings
Physics of roller coasters
References
Jump up ^ Coker, Robert (2002). Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines, Metrobooks, New York. ISBN 1586631721. pg 14
Jump up ^ Rambler New English-Russian Dictionary: "American"
^ Jump up to: a b c Valérie RANSON-ENGUIALE, « Promenades aériennes », Histoire par l'image [en ligne], consulté le 28 Mai 2017. URL : http://www.histoire-image.org/etudes/promenades-aeriennes
Jump up ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris, (1996). Robert Laffont, page 1051.
Jump up ^ David Bennett (1998). Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 9. ISBN 0-7865-0885-X.
Jump up ^ Roller Coaster History: Early Years In America. Retrieved 26 July 2007
Jump up ^ Sheedy, Chris (January 7, 2007). "Icons — In the Beginning... Roller-Coaster". Sunday Life (weekly supplemental magazine included in The Sun-Herald). John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Scott (2000) The American Roller Coaster, MBI Publishing Company, Wisconsin, ISBN 0760306893.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Steven J. Urbanowicz (2002). The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion. Kensington, New York: Citadel Press. 4. ISBN 0-8065-2309-3.
Jump up ^ "Patent Images". patimg2.uspto.gov.
Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/7335519.stm Retrieved on 8th April 2008
Jump up ^ http://www.aceonline.org/CoasterAwards/details.aspx?id=46
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Kay, James (2007). "The History of the Inversion". CoasterGlobe. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
Jump up ^ Cartmell, Robert (1987). The Incredible Scream Machine: A History of the Roller Coaster. Fairview Park, OH and Bowling Green, OH: Amusement Park Books, Inc. and Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0879723416.
Jump up ^ http://rcdb.com/926.htm
Jump up ^ Kay, James. "The History of the Pipeline Coaster". CoasterGlobe. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Rollercoaster Database: Steel Force (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Retrieved 2008-07-10.
External links
Roller Coaster History - History of the roller coaster
Roller Coaster Patents - With links to the U.S. Patent office
Roller Coaster Database - Information, statistics and photos for over 1900 roller coasters throughout the world
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1984 NBA draft
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1984 NBA draft
General information
Date(s)
June 19, 1984
Location
Felt Forum, New York City, New York
Network(s) (US)
USA Network
First selection
Akeem Olajuwon1[›], Houston Rockets
← 1983
NBA draft
1985 →
The 1984 NBA draft was the 37th annual draft of the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was held at the Felt Forum at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York, on June 19, 1984, before the 1984–85 season.[1] The draft was broadcast in the United States on the USA Network.[2] In this draft, 23 NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The Houston Rockets won the coin flip and were awarded the first overall pick, while the Portland Trail Blazers, who obtained the Indiana Pacers' first-round pick in a trade, were awarded the second pick.[3] The remaining first-round picks and the subsequent rounds were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win–loss record in the previous season. The Cleveland Cavaliers were awarded an extra first-round draft pick as compensation for the draft picks traded away by their previous owner, Ted Stepien.[4] A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was automatically eligible for selection. Before the draft, five college underclassmen announced that they would leave college early and would be eligible for selection.[5] Prior to the draft, the San Diego Clippers relocated to Los Angeles and became the Los Angeles Clippers.[6] The draft consisted of 10 rounds comprising the selection of 228 players. This draft was the last to be held before the creation of the Draft Lottery in 1985.[7] It was also the first NBA Draft to be overseen by David Stern.
The draft is generally considered to be one of the greatest in NBA history,[8][9] with four Hall of Famers being drafted in the first sixteen picks and five overall.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selection
2 Key
3 Draft selections
3.1 Notable post-second round picks
4 Trades involving draft picks
4.1 Draft-day trades
4.2 Pre-draft trades
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Selection[edit]
The Houston Rockets used their first pick to draft Akeem Olajuwon,[10] a junior center from the University of Houston. The Nigerian-born Olajuwon became the second foreign-born player to be drafted first overall, after Mychal Thompson from the Bahamas in 1978.[11] The Portland Trail Blazers used the second overall pick to draft Sam Bowie from the University of Kentucky. The Chicago Bulls used the third pick to draft Naismith and Wooden College Player of the Year Michael Jordan from the University of North Carolina.[1][12] Jordan went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award and was also selected to the All-NBA Second Team in his rookie season.[13] Jordan's teammate at North Carolina, Sam Perkins, was drafted fourth by the Dallas Mavericks. Charles Barkley, a junior forward from Auburn University, was drafted fifth by the Philadelphia 76ers.
Olajuwon, Jordan and Barkley, along with the 16th pick John Stockton and the 131st pick Oscar Schmidt, have been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.[14] They were also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[15] Olajuwon's achievements include two NBA championships, two Finals Most Valuable Player Awards, one Most Valuable Player Award, two Defensive Player of the Year Awards, twelve All-NBA Team selections, twelve All-Star Game selections and nine All-Defensive Team selections. Olajuwon retired as the all–time league leader in total blocked shots with 3,830 blocks.[16] The third pick, Jordan, achieved even greater success than Olajuwon. He won six NBA championships, six Finals Most Valuable Player Awards, five Most Valuable Player Awards, one Defensive Player of the Year Award, eleven All-NBA Team selections, fourteen All-Star Game selections, three NBA All Star Game MVP Awards, and nine All-Defensive Team selections.[13] Barkley and Stockton never won an NBA championship, but both players received numerous awards and honors. Barkley won the Most Valuable Player in 1993 and was selected to eleven All-NBA Teams, eleven All-Star Games, and was the MVP of the 1991 All Star Game.[17] Stockton was selected to eleven All-NBA Teams, ten All-Star Games and five All-Defensive Teams before retiring as the all–time league leader in assists and steals and was co-MVP of the 1993 All Star Game along with his Utah Jazz teammate Karl Malone.[18] Jordan, Barkley and Stockton would later play as teammates for the 1992 "Dream Team". Alvin Robertson, the seventh pick, is the only other player from this draft who has won annual NBA awards as a player; he won both the Defensive Player of the Year Award and the Most Improved Player Award in 1986. He was also selected to one All-NBA Team, four All-Star Games, six consecutive All-Defensive Teams,[19] Two other players from this draft, ninth pick Otis Thorpe and eleventh pick Kevin Willis, were also selected to one All-Star Game each.[20] Willis also had one selection to the All-NBA Team.[21] Rick Carlisle, the 70th pick, became a coach after ending his playing career and won the Coach of the Year Award in 2002 while coaching the Detroit Pistons. In 2011, he coached the Dallas Mavericks to an NBA Championship.[22]
The Trail Blazers selection of Sam Bowie (left) over future Hall of Famer Michael Jordan (right) would become a noteworthy moment in NBA draft history.
The 1984 draft class is considered to be one of the best in NBA history as it produced five Hall of Famers and seven All-Stars.[23][24][25][26] However, it was also marked by the Blazers' selection of Sam Bowie, considered one of the biggest draft busts in NBA history.[27][28][29][30][31] It is believed that the Blazers picked Bowie over Michael Jordan because they already had an All Star shooting guard in Jim Paxson and a young shooting guard in Clyde Drexler, whom they drafted in the 1983 draft.[13][32] Although Drexler went on to have a successful career, Bowie's career was cut short by injuries; he had missed two of the past three seasons in his college career as well.[12] Despite having a 10-year career in the NBA and averaging 10.9 points and 7.5 rebounds per game, Bowie's career was interrupted by five leg surgeries, which limited him to 139 games in 5 years with the Blazers.[33][34]
Brazilian Oscar Schmidt was drafted with the 131st pick in the sixth round by the New Jersey Nets. However, Schmidt turned down the offers to play in the NBA and stayed to play in Italy and later in Brazil. He played in five Olympics and was the top scorer in three of them. He finished his career with 49,703 points with various clubs and the Brazilian national team, more than the NBA's career scoring leader, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who scored 38,387 points in his NBA career.[35] In 2010, International Basketball Federation (FIBA) honored Schmidt with an induction to the FIBA Hall of Fame,[36] and Schmidt was inducted by the Naismith Hall in 2013.[37]
University of Houston track and field Olympic Champion Carl Lewis, who had never played college basketball, was drafted by the Chicago Bulls with the 208th pick in the 10th round. Lewis would dominate the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in the summer of 1984. [1][38] Lewis, who had also been drafted in NFL draft of the same year by the Dallas Cowboys, stayed with his athletics career and went on to win nine Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals.[39]
In the fifth round, the Portland Trail Blazers drafted Mike Whitmarsh, who starred for the University of San Diego in both basketball and volleyball, with the 111th pick. Whitmarsh played professional basketball in Germany for three years, but never played in the NBA. He then left basketball to play beach volleyball, where he achieved greater success, including a silver medal in the Olympics.[40]
The final pick in the 1984 Draft, number 228 by the Boston Celtics was Dan Trant of Clark University. Trant never played in a regular season game for the Celtics. Trant was working in his office at the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 and was killed in the terrorist attacks that day. [41]
Key[edit]
Pos. G F C
Position Guard Forward Center
^ Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
* Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team
+ Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game
# Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs
Draft selections[edit]
Akeem Olajuwon was selected first overall by the Houston Rockets.
Sam Bowie was selected second overall by the Portland Trail Blazers.
Michael Jordan was selected third overall by the Chicago Bulls.
Sam Perkins was selected fourth overall by the Dallas Mavericks.
Charles Barkley was selected fifth overall by the Philadelphia 76ers.
John Stockton was selected sixteenth overall by the Utah Jazz.
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Nationality[n 1]
Team
School/club team
1 1 Olajuwon, AkeemAkeem Olajuwon^
1[›] C Nigeria
United States2[›] Houston Rockets Houston (Jr.)
1 2 Bowie, SamSam Bowie C United States Portland Trail Blazers (from Indiana)[d] Kentucky (Sr.)
1 3 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan^ G/F United States Chicago Bulls North Carolina (Jr.)
1 4 Perkins, SamSam Perkins F/C United States Dallas Mavericks (from Cleveland)[e] North Carolina (Sr.)
1 5 Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley^ F United States Philadelphia 76ers (from L.A. Clippers)[f] Auburn (Jr.)
1 6 Turpin, MelvinMelvin Turpin C United States Washington Bullets (traded to Cleveland)[a] Kentucky (Sr.)
1 7 Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson* G United States San Antonio Spurs Arkansas (Sr.)
1 8 Gordon, LancasterLancaster Gordon G United States Los Angeles Clippers (from Golden State)[g] Louisville (Sr.)
1 9 Thorpe, OtisOtis Thorpe+ F/C United States Kansas City Kings Providence (Sr.)
1 10 Wood, LeonLeon Wood G United States Philadelphia 76ers (from Denver)[h] Cal State Fullerton (Sr.)
1 11 Willis, KevinKevin Willis* F/C United States Atlanta Hawks Michigan State (Sr.)
1 12 McCormick, TimTim McCormick C United States Cleveland Cavaliers3[›] (traded to Seattle)[a] Michigan (Sr.)4[›]
1 13 Humphries, JayJay Humphries G United States Phoenix Suns Colorado (Sr.)
1 14 Cage, MichaelMichael Cage F/C United States Los Angeles Clippers (from Seattle)[i] San Diego State (Sr.)
1 15 Stansbury, TerenceTerence Stansbury G United States Dallas Mavericks Temple (Sr.)
1 16 Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton^ G United States Utah Jazz Gonzaga (Sr.)
1 17 Turner, JeffJeff Turner F/C United States New Jersey Nets Vanderbilt (Sr.)
1 18 Fleming, VernVern Fleming G United States Indiana Pacers (from New York)[j] Georgia (Sr.)
1 19 Thompson, BernardBernard Thompson G/F United States Portland Trail Blazers Fresno State (Sr.)
1 20 Campbell, TonyTony Campbell G/F United States Detroit Pistons Ohio State (Sr.)
1 21 Fields, KennyKenny Fields G/F United States Milwaukee Bucks UCLA (Sr.)
1 22 Sewell, TomTom Sewell G United States Philadelphia 76ers (traded to Washington)[b] Lamar (Sr.)
1 23 Jones, EarlEarl Jones C United States Los Angeles Lakers UDC (Sr.)
1 24 Young, MichaelMichael Young G/F United States Boston Celtics Houston (Sr.)
2 25 Durrant, DevinDevin Durrant F United States Indiana Pacers Brigham Young (Sr.)
2 26 Fleming, VictorVictor Fleming# G United States Portland Trail Blazers (from Chicago via Indiana)[k] Xavier (Sr.)
2 27 Anderson, RonRon Anderson G/F United States Cleveland Cavaliers Fresno State (Sr.)
2 28 Blackwell, CoryCory Blackwell F United States Seattle SuperSonics (from Houston)[l] Wisconsin (Jr.)
2 29 Gray, StuartStuart Gray F/C United States
Panama5[›] Indiana Pacers (from L.A. Clippers via Philadelphia)[m] UCLA (Jr.)
2 30 Burtt, SteveSteve Burtt G United States Golden State Warriors (from Washington)[n] Iona (Sr.)
2 31 Murphy, JayJay Murphy F United States Golden State Warriors (traded to L.A. Clippers)[c] Boston College (Sr.)
2 32 Turner, EricEric Turner# G United States Detroit Pistons (from San Antonio)[o] Michigan (Jr.)
2 33 Colter, SteveSteve Colter G United States Portland Trail Blazers (from Denver)[p] New Mexico State (Sr.)
2 34 Costner, TonyTony Costner# C United States Washington Bullets (from Kansas City via Detroit and Atlanta)[q] Saint Joseph's (Sr.)
2 35 Wilson, OthellOthell Wilson G United States Golden State Warriors (from Atlanta)[r] Virginia (Sr.)
2 36 Jones, CharlesCharles Jones F United States Phoenix Suns Louisville (Sr.)
2 37 Coleman, BenBen Coleman F United States Chicago Bulls (from Seattle via Atlanta and Kansas City)[s] Maryland (Sr.)
2 38 Sitton, CharlieCharlie Sitton F United States Dallas Mavericks Oregon State (Sr.)
2 39 Young, DannyDanny Young G United States Seattle SuperSonics (from New Jersey)[t] Wake Forest (Sr.)
2 40 Teachey, AnthonyAnthony Teachey# F United States Dallas Mavericks (from Utah)[u] Wake Forest (Sr.)
2 41 Sluby, TomTom Sluby G United States Dallas Mavericks (from New York via New Jersey)[v] Notre Dame (Sr.)
2 42 White, WillieWillie White G United States Denver Nuggets (from Portland)[w] Chattanooga (Sr.)
2 43 Wiltjer, GregGreg Wiltjer# C Canada Chicago Bulls (from Detroit via Indiana and Kansas City)[x] Victoria (Canada) (Sr.)
2 44 Reynolds, FredFred Reynolds# F United States Washington Bullets (from Milwaukee)[y] UTEP (Sr.)
2 45 Plummer, GaryGary Plummer F/C United States Golden State Warriors (from Philadelphia 76ers)[z] Boston University (Sr.)
2 46 Kersey, JeromeJerome Kersey F United States Portland Trail Blazers (from L.A. Lakers)[aa] Longwood (Sr.)
2 47 Williams, RonnieRonnie Williams# F United States Boston Celtics Florida (Sr.)
Notable post-second round picks[edit]
The following list includes other draft picks who have appeared in at least one NBA game.
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Team
School/club team
3 50 McDonald, BenBen McDonald F United States Cleveland Cavaliers UC Irvine (Sr.)
3 51 Petersen, JimJim Petersen F/C United States Houston Rockets Minnesota (Sr.)
3 57 Binion, JoeJoe Binion F United States San Antonio Spurs (from Denver)[ab] North Carolina A&T (Sr.)
3 61 Cross, JeffJeff Cross F United States Dallas Mavericks Maine (Sr.)
3 62 Pope, DavidDavid Pope F United States Utah Jazz Norfolk State (Sr.)
3 68 Graves, ButchButch Graves G United States Philadelphia 76ers Yale (Sr.)
3 70 Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle G United States Boston Celtics Virginia (Sr.)
4 71 Jackson, RalphRalph Jackson G United States Indiana Pacers UCLA (Sr.)
4 76 Grandholm, JimJim Grandholm F United States Washington Bullets South Florida (Sr.)
4 80 Henry, CarlCarl Henry G United States Kansas City Kings Kansas (Sr.)
4 86 Rowinski, JimJim Rowinski F United States Utah Jazz Purdue (Sr.)
4 87 Thornton, BobBob Thornton F/C United States New York Knicks UC Irvine (Sr.)
4 90 Jones, OzellOzell Jones F/C United States San Antonio Spurs (from Milwaukee)[ac] Cal State Fullerton (Sr.)
6 120 Singleton, McKinleyMcKinley Singleton G United States Milwaukee Bucks (from Houston)[ad] UAB (Sr.)
6 133 Wilkins, Eddie LeeEddie Lee Wilkins F/C United States New York Knicks Gardner–Webb (Sr.)
7 140 Edelin, KentonKenton Edelin F United States Indiana Pacers Virginia (Sr.)
7 156 Bannister, KenKen Bannister F/C United States New York Knicks St. Augustine's (Sr.)
9 185 Martin, BrianBrian Martin F United States Indiana Pacers Kansas (Sr.)
Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player's national team or representative nationality. If a player has not competed at the international level, then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules.
Trades involving draft picks[edit]
Draft-day trades[edit]
The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft.[1]
a 1 2 In a three-team trade, Cleveland acquired the draft rights to sixth pick Melvin Turpin from Washington, Washington acquired Cliff Robinson from Cleveland and Gus Williams from Seattle, and Seattle acquired Ricky Sobers from Washington and the draft rights to 12th pick Tim McCormick from Cleveland.
b Washington acquired the draft rights to 22nd pick Tom Sewell from Philadelphia in exchange for a 1988 first-round pick.
c The L.A. Clippers acquired the draft rights to 31st pick Jay Murphy from Golden State in exchange for Jerome Whitehead.
Pre-draft trades[edit]
Prior to the day of the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of picks between the teams.
d On June 5, 1981, Portland acquired a first-round pick from Indiana in exchange for Tom Owens.[42] Portland used the pick to draft Sam Bowie.
e On September 16, 1980, Dallas acquired a first-round pick from Cleveland in exchange for Mike Bratz.[43] Dallas used the pick to draft Sam Perkins.
f On October 12, 1978, Philadelphia acquired a first-round pick from the L.A. Clippers (as San Diego) in exchange for World B. Free.[44][45] Philadelphia used the pick to draft Charles Barkley.
g On August 28, 1980, the L.A. Clippers (as San Diego) acquired Phil Smith and a first-round pick from Golden State in exchange for World B. Free.[44][45] The L.A. Clippers used the pick to draft Lancaster Gordon.
h On August 16, 1978, Philadelphia acquired Bobby Jones, Ralph Simpson and a first-round pick from Denver in exchange for George McGinnis and a 1978 first-round pick.[46] Philadelphia used the pick to draft Leon Wood.
i On August 18, 1983, the L.A. Clippers (as San Diego) acquired James Donaldson, Greg Kelser, Mark Radford, a first-round pick and a 1985 second-round pick from Seattle in exchange for Tom Chambers, Al Wood, a third-round pick and a 1987 second-round pick.[44][47] The L.A. Clippers used the pick to draft Michael Cage.
j On September 17, 1983, Indiana acquired Vince Taylor and a first-round pick from New York in a three-team trade with New York and Kansas City.[48] Indiana used the pick to draft Vern Fleming.
k On August 18, 1983, Portland acquired a second-round pick from Indiana in exchange for Granville Waiters.[49] Previously, Indiana acquired the draft rights to Sidney Lowe and the pick on June 28, 1983 from Chicago in exchange for the draft rights to Mitchell Wiggins.[50] Portland used the pick to draft Victor Fleming.
l On October 5, 1982, Seattle acquired a second-round pick from Houston in exchange for Wally Walker.[51] Seattle used the pick to draft Cory Blackwell.
m On February 15, 1983, Indiana acquired Russ Schoene a second-round pick and a 1983 first-round pick from Philadelphia in exchange for Clemon Johnson and a third-round pick.[52] Previously, Philadelphia acquired the pick and a 1983 fourth-round pick on October 27, 1982, from the L.A. Clippers (as San Diego) in exchange for Lionel Hollins.[44][53] Indiana used the pick to draft Stuart Gray.
n On October 19, 1981, Golden State acquired 1982 and 1984 second-round picks from Washington in exchange for John Lucas.[54] Golden State used the pick to draft Steve Burtt.
o On February 10, 1983, Detroit a second-round pick and a 1985 third-round pick from San Antonio in exchange for Edgar Jones.[55][56] Detroit used the pick to draft Eric Turner.
p On August 15, 1980, Portland acquired a second-round pick and a 1983 first-round pick from Denver in exchange for T. R. Dunn and a 1983 first-round pick.[57] Portland used the pick to draft Steve Colter.
q On July 5, 1983, Washington acquired Tom McMillen and a second-round pick from Atlanta in exchange for Randy Wittman.[58] Previously, Atlanta acquired the pick and a 1985 second-round pick on February 13, 1983, from Detroit in a three-team trade with Detroit and Seattle.[55][59] Previously, Detroit acquired the pick and a 1982 second-round pick on August 26, 1981, from Kansas City in exchange for Larry Drew.[55][60] Washington used the pick to draft Tony Costner.
r On February 15, 1983, Golden State acquired a second-round pick from Atlanta in exchange for Rickey Brown.[61] Golden State used the pick to draft Othell Wilson.
s On June 28, 1983, Chicago acquired the draft rights to Ennis Whatley, the draft rights to Chris McNealy and a second-round pick from Kansas City in exchange for Mark Olberding and the draft rights to Larry Micheaux.[62] Previously, Kansas City acquired the pick on June 30, 1982, from Atlanta in exchange for the draft rights to Jim Johnstone.[63] Previously, Atlanta acquired the pick and a 1983 second-round pick on December 2, 1980, from Seattle in exchange for Armond Hill.[64] Chicago used the pick to draft Ben Coleman.
t On November 25, 1981, Seattle acquired Ray Tolbert and a second-round pick from New Jersey in exchange for James Bailey.[65] Seattle used the pick to draft Danny Young.
u On September 11, 1980, Dallas acquired a second-round pick and a 1983 second-round pick from Utah in exchange for Billy McKinney.[66] Dallas used the pick to draft Anthony Teachey.
v On August 12, 1983, Dallas acquired Foots Walker, a second-round pick and a 1985 first-round pick from New Jersey in exchange for Kelvin Ransey.[67] Previously, New Jersey acquired the second-round pick on June 22, 1983 from New York in exchange for Len Elmore.[68] Dallas used the pick to draft Tom Sluby.
w On June 7, 1984, Denver acquired Wayne Cooper, Lafayette Lever, Calvin Natt, a second-round pick and a 1985 first-round pick from Portland in exchange for Kiki Vandeweghe.[69] Denver used the pick to draft Willie White.
x On February 15, 1984, Chicago acquired Steve Johnson, a second-round pick and two 1985 second-round picks from Kansas City in exchange for Reggie Theus.[70] Previously, Kansas City acquired Billy Knight and the pick on September 17, 1983 from Indiana in a three-team trade with Indiana and New York.[71][72] Previously, Indiana acquired the pick on September 22, 1982 from Detroit in exchange for Tom Owens.[42] Chicago used the pick to draft Greg Wiltjer.
y On September 30, 1983, Washington acquired a second-round pick from Milwaukee in exchange for Kevin Grevey.[73] Washington used the pick to draft Fred Reynolds.
z On November 12, 1983, Golden State acquired a second-round pick from Philadelphia in exchange for Sam Williams.[74] Golden State used the pick to draft Gary Plummer.
aa On October 8, 1980, Portland acquired a second-round pick from the L.A. Lakers in exchange for Jim Brewer.[75] Portland used the pick to draft Jerome Kersey.
ab On January 21, 1984, San Antonio acquired a third-round pick from Denver in exchange for Keith Edmonson.[76] San Antonio used the pick to draft Joe Binion.
ac On March 8, 1984, San Antonio acquired a fourth-round pick from Milwaukee as compensation for the signing of Mike Dunleavy as a free agent.[77] San Antonio used the pick to draft Ozell Jones.
ad On October 5, 1983, Milwaukee acquired a sixth-round pick from Houston as compensation for the signing of Phil Ford as a free agent.[78] Milwaukee used the pick to draft McKinley Singleton.
Notes[edit]
^ 1: When Hakeem Olajuwon first arrived in the United States in 1981, his first name was incorrectly spelled as "Akeem". He used that spelling until March 9, 1991, when he announced that he would add an H and changed it to "Hakeem", the original Arabic spelling of his name.[10]
^ 2: Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993. He has represented the United States national team.[16]
^ 3: As compensation for the first-round draft picks traded away by the previous owner, Ted Stepien, the Cleveland Cavaliers were awarded extra first-round draft picks in the 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986 drafts in exchange for cash.[4][79]
^ 4: Even though Tim McCormick was a senior, he had one year of college eligibility remaining and thus had to apply for early entry.[5]
^ 5: Stuart Gray was born in the Panama Canal Zone which was controlled by the United States. He has represented Panama national team.[80]
References[edit]
General
"Complete First Round Results 1980–89". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
"1984 NBA Draft". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
"1982–1986 NBA Drafts". The Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Specific
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Jump up ^ DuPree, David (June 25, 2007). "25 drafts, dozens of stars, one Michael". USA Today. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ted Stepien, N.B.A. Owner, Is Dead at 82". The New York Times Company. September 15, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Early Entry Candidate History". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Clippers move into LA Sports Arena". Times Daily. Florence, Alabama: Tennessee Valley Printing Co., Inc. May 16, 1984. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
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Jump up ^ NBA.com, Joe Boozell, special to. "The List: Top five draft classes in NBA history". NBA.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "25 of the best NBA Draft picks ever". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
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Jump up ^ Nance, Roscoe (November 5, 2006). "Stars from 2003 NBA Draft looking like legendary 1984 class". USA Today. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Mitchell Wiggins Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wally Walker Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Clemon Johnson Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lionel Hollins Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "John Lucas Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pistons: All-Time Transactions". NBA.com/Pistons. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Edgar Jones Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Dunn Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Randy Wittman Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Steve Hawes Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Larry Drew Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rickey Brown Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ennis Wheatley Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jim Johnstone Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Armond Hill Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "James Bailey Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Billy McKinney Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kelvin Ransey Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Len Elmore Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kiki Vandeweghe Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Reggie Theus Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Billy Knight Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Brook Steppe Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Grevey Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sam Williams Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jim Brewer Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Keith Edmondson Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mike Dunleavy Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Phil Ford Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sale of Cavs Approved". The New York Times. May 10, 1983. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Bob (June 28, 1992). "To them, it was an emotional ceremony". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
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