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Great Pyramid of Giza
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The Great Pyramid of Giza
Owner
Khufu
Location
Giza pyramid complex, Giza, Egypt
Coordinates
29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583Coordinates: 29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583
Ancient name
Khufu's Horizon
Architect
Hemiunu [1]
Constructed
c. 2580–2560 BC (4th dynasty)
Type
True pyramid
Height
146.7 metres (481 ft) or 280 cubits (ancient)
138.8 metres (455 ft) (contemporary)
Base
230.34 metres (756 ft) or 440 cubits
Volume
2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cu ft)
Slope
51°52'±2'
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria
Cultural: (i), (iii), (vi)
Reference
86-002
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
Location of Great Pyramid of Giza
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
[edit on Wikidata]
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.
There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called[2] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.
Transparent view of Khufu's pyramid from SE. Taken from a 3d model
Contents
[hide]
1 History and description
2 Materials
2.1 Casing stones
2.2 Construction theories
3 Interior
3.1 Queen's Chamber
3.2 Grand Gallery
3.3 King's Chamber
3.4 Modern entrance
4 Pyramid complex
5 Boats
6 Looting
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History and description
Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World
It is believed[by whom?] the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenicised as "Cheops") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon), is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.[3] It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall (146.5 metres (480.6 ft)), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is 138.8 metres (455.4 ft). Each base side was 440 cubits, 230.4 metres (755.9 ft) long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres (88,000,000 cu ft).[4]
Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880–82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[5] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide (1/50 of an inch).[6]
Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th-century stereopticon card photo
The pyramid remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years,[7] unsurpassed until the 160-metre-tall (520 ft) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300. The accuracy of the pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length.[8] The base is horizontal and flat to within ±15 mm (0.6 in).[9] The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points (within four minutes of arc)[10] based on true north, not magnetic north,[11] and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc.[12]
The completed design dimensions, as suggested by Petrie's survey and subsequent studies, are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base. The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760/280 royal cubits equates to 2π to an accuracy of better than 0.05% (corresponding to the well-known approximation of π as 22/7). Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion. Verner wrote, "We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π, in practice they used it".[13] Petrie, author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded: "but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder's design".[14] Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments. They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone, with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building.[15] In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu's brother at Giza.[16]
Materials
The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the "King's" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 mi) away. Traditionally, ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid.[17] It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.[18]
Casing stones
Casing stone in the British Museum.[19]
At completion, the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white "casing stones" – slant-faced, but flat-topped, blocks of highly polished white limestone. These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 5½ palms to give the required dimensions. Visibly, all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today. In AD 1303, a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones, which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo. Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza. These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures. Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones, which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site.
Nevertheless, a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid, and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries. Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres. He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core, but a mistake was made, and the casing was built with a different orientation.[5] Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being "equal to opticians' work of the present day, but on a scale of acres" and "to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible".[20] It has been suggested it was the mortar (Petrie's "cement") that made this seemingly impossible task possible, providing a level bed, which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly.[21][22]
Construction theories
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid. On display at the Musée du Louvre.
Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques.[23] Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men, divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each, which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers.[24]
One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning. John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions, laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1-to-1 scale. He writes that "such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means".[25] He also argues for a 14-year time span for its construction.[26] A modern construction management study, in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years.[27]
Interior
Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile; the outer line indicates the original profile.
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, 17 metres (56 ft) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres (23.9 ft) east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres (3.1 ft) high and 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide, which goes down at an angle of 26° 31'23" through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it. After 105.23 metres (345.2 ft), the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres (29.0 ft) to the lower Chamber, which appears not to have been finished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber. Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid.[28]
28.2 metres (93 ft) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage. Originally concealed with a slab of stone, this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage. The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres (129 ft) long, as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery. The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite, each about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long. One must use the Robbers' Tunnel (see below) to access the Ascending Passage. At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole cut in the wall. This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage. Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the "Queen's Chamber". The passage is 1.1m (3'8") high for most of its length, but near the chamber there is a step in the floor, after which the passage is 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) high.
Queen's Chamber
Richard Pococke's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754.
The "Queen's Chamber"[2] is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres (18.9 ft) north to south, 5.23 metres (17.2 ft) east to west, and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres (20.4 ft) above the floor. At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres (15.3 ft) high. The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres (3.4 ft), but has since been deepened by treasure hunters.[citation needed]
In the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber there are shafts, which unlike those in the King's Chamber that immediately slope upwards (see below), are horizontal for around 2 m (6.6 ft) before sloping upwards. The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer, Waynman Dixon, who believed a shaft similar to those in the King's Chamber must also exist. He was proved right, but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen's Chamber, their purpose is unknown. At the end of one of his shafts, Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite (a type of rock) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose. Both objects are currently in the British Museum.[29]
The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed, Upuaut 2. After a climb of 65 m (213 ft),[30] he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone "doors" with two eroded copper "handles". Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which, in September 2002, drilled a small hole in the southern door, only to find another door behind it.[31] The northern passage, which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns, was also found to be blocked by a door.[32]
Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project. Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it, they instead used a fiber-optic "micro snake camera" that could see around corners. With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002, and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it. They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint. They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper "handles" embedded in the door, and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes. They also found the reverse side of the "door" to be finished and polished, which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris, but rather for a more specific reason.[33]
Grand Gallery
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza
The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage, but is 8.6 metres (28 ft) high and 46.68 metres (153.1 ft) long. At the base it is 2.06 metres (6.8 ft) wide, but after 2.29 metres (7.5 ft) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres (3.0 in) on each side. There are seven of these steps, so, at the top, the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide. It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery, so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it, which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery.[citation needed]
At the upper end of the Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers. The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837-1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J. S. Perring, who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder.
The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side, 51 centimetres (20 in) wide, leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide between them. In the shelves there are 54 slots, 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery. These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf. The purpose of these slots is not known, but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery, which is the same width as the Ascending Passage, has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage.[34] This, in turn, has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended, to completely fill the Ascending Passage.[citation needed]
At the top of the Grand Gallery, there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres (3.3 ft) in height and width, in which can be detected four slots, three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises. Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now-vanished doors.
King's Chamber
Sarcophagus in the King's chamber
The "King's Chamber"[2] is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres (34.4 ft) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres (17.17 ft) north to south. It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres (19 feet 2 inch) above the floor. 0.91 m (3.0 ft) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be "air shafts" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king’s spirit to the heavens.[35]
The King's Chamber is entirely faced with granite. Above the roof, which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers. The first four, like the King's Chamber, have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above, but the final chamber has a pointed roof. Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. From lower to upper, the chambers are known as "Davison's Chamber", "Wellington's Chamber", "Nelson's Chamber", "Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber", and "Campbell's Chamber". It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber. As the chambers were not intended to be seen, they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons' marks painted on them. One of the stones in Campbell's Chamber bears a mark, apparently the name of a work gang.[36][37]
The entrance of the Pyramid
The only object in the King's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus, one corner of which is broken. The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage, which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place. Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber, the sarcophagus is roughly finished, with saw marks visible in several places. This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period. Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead.
Modern entrance
Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al-Ma'mun's workmen using a battering ram.[38] The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres (89 ft), then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage. It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden.[39]
Pyramid complex
Main article: Giza pyramid complex
Map of Giza pyramid complex – "Pyramid of Khufu" refers to the Great Pyramid.
The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids. The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres (171 ft) north to south and 40 metres (130 ft) east to west, has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving. There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.[40][41] The basalt blocks show "clear evidence" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet (4.6 m) in length, capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches (38 mm) per minute. John Romer suggests that this "super saw" may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds (140 kg). He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it.[42]
On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids, popularly known as Queens' Pyramids. Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone. Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.
Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915.
Aerial photography, taken from Eduard Spelterini's balloon on 21 November 1904
The Giza pyramid complex, which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. Mark Lehner has discovered a worker's town outside of the wall, otherwise known as "The Lost City", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC).[43][44] Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called "galleries" may not have been for the pyramid workers after all, but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port. In light of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries.[45]
In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which he identified with an artisans' settlement.[46] Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death.[47] A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990.[48]
Boats
Main article: Khufu ship
There are three boat-shaped pits around the pyramid, of a size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled. In May 1954, the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh discovered a fourth pit, a long, narrow rectangle, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons. Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest 23 metres (75 ft) long, the shortest 10 centimetres (0.33 ft). These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fit together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years.
The result is a cedar-wood boat 43.6 metres (143 ft) long, its timbers held together by ropes, which is currently housed in a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. During construction of this museum, which stands above the boat pit, a second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat.[49]
Looting
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data are available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
Although succeeding pyramids were smaller, pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. However, as authors Briar and Hobbs claim, "all the pyramids were robbed" by the New Kingdom, when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley, now known as the Valley of the Kings, began.[50][51] Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself "is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom", before the Arab caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820.[38]
I. E. S. Edwards discusses Strabo's mention that the pyramid "a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations". Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He adds: "If this highly speculative surmise be correct, it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones", in order to explain why al-Ma'mun could not find the entrance.[52]
He also discusses a story told by Herodotus. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had "almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored. He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides.[53]
See also
Djedi Project
Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids
Index of Egypt-related articles
List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths
List of tallest freestanding structures
Pyramid inch
Pyramidion
Pyramidology
The Upuaut Project
References
Notes
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu.
^ Jump up to: a b c "By themselves, of course, none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe." —Romer (2007), p. 8
Jump up ^ Shaw (2003), p. 89
Jump up ^ Levy (2005), p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b Petrie (1883)
Jump up ^ I. E. S. Edwards (1986) [1947]. The Pyramids of Egypt. p. 285.
Jump up ^ Collins (2001), p. 234
Jump up ^ Cole Survey (1925) based on side lengths 230.252m, 230.454m, 230.391m, 230.357m
Jump up ^ Lehner (1997), p. 108
Jump up ^ Petrie (1883), p. 38 For 2600 BC, bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half-day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north. See Nature 412:699 (2001); further sources and discussion available via DIO.
Jump up ^ Petrie (1883), p. 125
Jump up ^ Petrie (1883), p. 39
Jump up ^ Verner (2003), p. 70
Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940: 30
Jump up ^ Rossi, Corina (2007), Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-69053-9
Jump up ^ Stille, Alexander. "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids". Retrieved 2015-09-27.
Jump up ^ Lehner (1997)
Jump up ^ Romer (2007), p. 157
Jump up ^ "British Museum – Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu". britishmuseum.org.
Jump up ^ Romer (2007), p. 41
Jump up ^ Clarke, Somers; Reginal Engelbach (1991). Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture. Dover Publications. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-486-26485-1.
Jump up ^ Stocks, Denys Allen (2003). Experiments in Egyptian archaeology: stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-415-30664-5.
Jump up ^ "Building the Great Pyramid". BBC. 3 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Verner (2001), p. 75–82
Jump up ^ Romer (2007), p. 327, 329–337
Jump up ^ Romer (2007)
Jump up ^ "Civil Engineering". June 1999. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Unfinished Chamber". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lower Northern Shaft". The Upuaut Project. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Will the Great Pyramid's Secret Doors Be Opened?". Fox News. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Gupton, Nancy (4 April 2003). "Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored". National Geographic. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Third "Door" Found in Great Pyramid". National Geographic. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "First images from Great Pyramid's chamber of secrets". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 113. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp (2002), p. 79, 104
Jump up ^ "Vyse, H. (1840) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. Vol I.". Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid". BBC. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyldesley (2007), p. 38
Jump up ^ Tyldesley (2007), pp. 38–40
Jump up ^ Shafer, Byron E.; Dieter Arnold (2005). Temples of Ancient Egypt. I.B. Tauris. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-1-85043-945-5.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Dieter; Nigel Strudwick; Helen Strudwick (2002). The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture. I.B. Tauris. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8.
Jump up ^ Romer
Jump up ^ "Egyptian Pyramids – Lost City of the Pyramid Builders – AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates". aeraweb.org.
Jump up ^ "Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids – Mark Lehner & AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates". aeraweb.org.
Jump up ^ "Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt's Giza Pyramids". Livescience.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass: '"Giza, workmen’s community", In: Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard. London/New York 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 pp. 423–426
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi; Ashraf Senussi (2008). Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza. Supreme Council of Antiquities. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-977-305-986-6.
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi. "The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza". Retrieved 21 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Khufu's Second Boat". Institute of Egyptology. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
Jump up ^ Brier 1999, p. 164. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Edwards (1986), p. 99–100
Jump up ^ Edwards (1986), p. 990–91
Bibliography
Bauval, Robert &, Hancock, Graham (1996). Keeper of Genesis. Mandarin books. ISBN 0-7493-2196-2.
Brier, Bob &, Hobbs, A. Hoyt (1999). Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30313-5.
Calter, Paul A. (2008). Squaring the Circle: Geometry in Art and Architecture. Key College Publishing. ISBN 1-930190-82-4.
Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
Cole, JH. (1925). Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Cairo: Government Press. SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39.
Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
Cremin, Aedeen (2007). Archaeologica. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2822-1.
Edwards, I. E. S. (1986) [1962]. The Pyramids of Egypt. Max Parrish.
Gahlin, Lucia (2003). Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt. Anness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84215-831-7.
Hassan, Selim (1960). The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols. I-X of the Excavations at Giza (PDF). Ministry of Culture and National Orientation, Antiquities Department of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2013.
Jackson, K.; Stamp, J. (2002). Pyramid : Beyond Imagination. Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. BBC Worldwide Ltd. ISBN 978-0-563-48803-3.
Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Levy, Janey (2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4042-6059-5.
Lepre, J.P. (1990). The Egyptian Pyramids: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-461-2.
Lightbody, David I (2008). Egyptian Tomb Architecture: The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism. British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852. ISBN 978-1-4073-0339-0.
Oakes, Lorana; Lucia Gahlin (2002). Ancient Egypt. Hermes House. ISBN 1-84309-429-0.
Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1883). The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. Field & Tuer. ISBN 0-7103-0709-8.
Romer, John (2007). The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-87166-2.
Scarre, Chris (1999). The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World. Thames & Hudson, London. ISBN 978-0-500-05096-5.
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
Siliotti, Alberto (1997). Guide to the pyramids of Egypt; preface by Zahi Hawass. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-0763-4.
Smyth, Piazzi (1978). The Great Pyramid. Crown Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-517-26403-X.
Tyldesley, Joyce (2007). Egypt: How a lost civilization was rediscovered. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7.
Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1703-1.
Verner, Miroslav (2003). The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-171-8.
Wirsching, Armin (2009). Die Pyramiden von Giza – Mathematik in Stein gebaut (2nd ed.). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8370-2355-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza.
Pyramids at DMOZ
Building the Khufu Pyramid
"The Giza Plateau Mapping Project". Oriental Institute.
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FIFA Women's World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
FIFA Women's World Cup
Founded
16 November 1991; 26 years ago (1991-11-16) (as the FIFA Women's World Championship)
Region
FIFA (International)
Number of teams
24 (finals)
Current champions
United States
(3rd title)
Most successful team(s)
United States
(3 titles)
Website
FIFA Women's World Cup
2019 France
The BC Place hosting a 2015 Women's FIFA World Cup match
Tournaments
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
The FIFA Women's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The competition has been held every four years since 1991, when the inaugural tournament, then called the FIFA Women's World Championship, was held in China.
Under the tournament's current format, national teams vie for 23 slots in a three-year qualification phase. (The host nation's team is automatically entered as the 24th slot.) The tournament proper, alternatively called the World Cup Finals, is contested at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about one month.
The seven FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments have been won by four different national teams. The current champion is the United States, after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Format
2.1 Qualification
2.2 Final tournament
3 Results
4 All-time performance
5 Overall team records
6 Attendance
7 Broadcasting
8 Awards
9 Player records
9.1 Most goals
9.2 Most tournaments
9.3 Most matches
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
In 1988 – 58 years after the first Men's FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 and approximately 17 years after the FA ban on women's football was eliminated in 1971[1] — FIFA hosted an invitational in China as a test to see if a global women's World Cup was feasible. Twelve national teams took part in the competition – four from UEFA, three from AFC, two from CONCACAF and one from CONMEBOL, CAF and OFC. The tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1–0 in the final to win the tournament, while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout. The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup, which was to take place in 1991 again in China.[2] Again, twelve teams competed, this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2-1.
In the 1999 edition, one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastain's victory celebration after scoring the Cup-winning penalty kick against China. She took off her jersey and waved it over her head (as men frequently do), showing her muscular torso and sports bra as she celebrated. The 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California had an attendance of 90,185, a world record for a women's sporting event.[3]
The 1999 and 2003 Women's World Cups were both held in the United States; in 2003 China was supposed to host it, but the tournament was moved because of SARS.[4] As compensation, China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation, and was automatically chosen to host the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup. Germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, as decided by vote in October 2007. In March 2011, FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams.[5]
During the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, both Formiga of Brazil and Homare Sawa of Japan made a record of appearing in six World Cups,[6] a feat that had never been achieved before by either female or male players. Christie Rampone is the oldest player to ever play in a Women's World Cup match, at the age of 40 years.[7]
In March 2015, FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup over South Korea.[8] The tournament will begin on 1 June 2019 and the final will be played on 30 June 2019[9]; both the opening and final matches will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, a venue with a capacity of 58,000 in the Lyon suburb of Décines.
Format[edit]
Qualification[edit]
Main article: FIFA Women's World Cup qualification
Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, Europe), and are organised by their respective confederations: Confederation of African Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC), Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF), South American Football Confederation CONMEBOL, Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), and Union of European Football Associations UEFA). For each tournament, FIFA decides beforehand the number of berths awarded to each of the continental zones, based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams. The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals. Since the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, the number of finalists increased from 16 to 24.[10]
Final tournament[edit]
The final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty-four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation(s). There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage.[11]
In the group stage, teams are drawn into groups of four teams each. Each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams. In the 2015 24-team format, the two teams finishing first and second in each group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16, also called the knockout stage. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Since 1994, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points).
The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows:[11]
Greatest number of points in group matches
Greatest goal difference in group matches
Greatest number of goals scored in group matches
If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined as follows:
Greatest number of points in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest goal difference in head-to-head matches among those teams
Greatest number of goals scored in head-to-head matches among those teams
If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots
The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary. It begins with the round of 16. This is followed by the quarter-finals, semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final.[11]
Results[edit]
See also: List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals
Year
Host
Champions
Score
Runners-up
Third Place
Score
Fourth Place
Teams
1991 China
United States 2–1
Norway
Sweden 4–0
Germany 12
1995 Sweden
Norway 2–0
Germany
United States 2–0
China PR 12
1999 United States
United States 0–0 (a.e.t.)
(5–4 p)
China PR
Brazil 0–0[A]
(5–4 p)
Norway 16
2003 United States
Germany 2–1 (a.g.g.e.t.)
Sweden
United States 3–1
Canada 16
2007 China
Germany 2–0
Brazil
United States 4–1
Norway 16
2011 Germany
Japan 2–2 (a.e.t.)
(3–1 p)
United States
Sweden 2–1
France 16
2015 Canada
United States 5–2
Japan
England 1–0 (a.e.t.)
Germany 24
2019 France 24
2023 TBD
A No extra time was played.[12]
All-time performance[edit]
Main article: National team appearances in the FIFA Women's World Cup
#
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third Place
Fourth Place
Total
1 United States 3 (1991, 1999, 2015) 1 (2011) 3 (1995, 2003, 2007) – 7
2 Germany 2 (2003, 2007) 1 (1995) – 2 (1991, 2015) 5
3 Norway 1 (1995) 1 (1991) – 2 (1999, 2007) 4
4 Japan 1 (2011) 1 (2015) – – 2
5 Sweden – 1 (2003) 2 (1991, 2011) – 3
6 Brazil – 1 (2007) 1 (1999) – 2
7 China PR – 1 (1999) – 1 (1995) 2
8 England – – 1 (2015) – 1
9 Canada – – – 1 (2003) 1
France – – – 1 (2011) 1
Overall team records[edit]
As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. 3 points per win, 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss.
Rank
Team
Part
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Points
1 United States 7 43 33 6 4 112 35 +77 105
2 Germany 7 39 26 5 8 111 37 +74 83
3 Norway 7 35 22 3 10 86 45 +41 69
4 Sweden 7 33 18 5 10 59 42 +17 59
5 Brazil 7 30 18 4 8 59 35 +24 58
6 China PR 6 29 15 6 8 52 29 +23 51
7 Japan 7 29 13 3 13 36 54 -18 42
8 England 4 19 10 4 5 30 25 +5 34
9 Canada 6 23 6 5 12 30 49 -19 23
10 France 3 14 6 3 5 22 16 +6 21
11 Australia 6 22 5 5 12 29 44 -15 20
12 Russia 2 8 4 0 4 16 14 +2 12
13 Nigeria 7 22 3 3 16 18 56 -38 12
14 North Korea 4 13 3 2 8 12 20 -8 11
15 Italy 2 7 3 1 3 11 8 +3 10
16 Denmark 4 14 3 1 10 19 26 -7 10
17 Cameroon 1 4 2 0 2 9 4 +5 6
18 Colombia 2 7 1 2 4 4 9 -5 5
19 Netherlands 1 4 1 1 2 3 4 -1 4
20 South Korea 2 7 1 1 5 5 19 -14 4
21 Ghana 3 9 1 1 7 6 30 -24 4
22 Switzerland 1 4 1 0 3 11 5 +6 3
23 Thailand 1 3 1 0 2 3 10 -7 3
24 Chinese Taipei 1 4 1 0 3 2 15 -13 3
25 New Zealand 4 12 0 3 9 7 29 -22 3
26 Mexico 3 9 0 3 6 6 30 -24 3
27 Costa Rica 1 3 0 2 1 3 4 -1 2
28 Spain 1 3 0 1 2 2 4 -2 1
29 Equatorial Guinea 1 3 0 0 3 2 7 -5 0
30 Ivory Coast 1 3 0 0 3 3 16 -13 0
31 Ecuador 1 3 0 0 3 1 17 -16 0
32 Argentina 2 6 0 0 6 2 33 -31 0
Attendance[edit]
Tournament
Matches
Attendance
Ref
Total
Average
Highest
1 1991 China 26 510,000 18,344 65,000 [13]
2 1995 Sweden 26 112,213 4,316 17,158 [13]
3 1999 USA 32 1,214,209 37,944 90,185 [13]
4 2003 USA 32 679,664 21,240 34,144 [13]
5 2007 China 32 1,190,971 37,218 55,832 [13]
6 2011 Germany 32 845,751 26,430 73,680 [13][14]
7 2015 Canada 52 1,353,506 26,029 54,027 [15]
Notes:
The 2003 Women's World Cup was originally scheduled for China but re-located in May 2003 to the United States after a SARS outbreak in China.
The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup set a new attendance record for all previous FIFA competitions other than the men's FIFA World Cup.[15]
Broadcasting[edit]
See also: List of FIFA Women's World Cup broadcasters
As of 2017[update], the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final was the most watched soccer match in American history with nearly 23 million viewers until this summer where even more people watched a friendly between Manchester United and Real Madrid,[16] more than the 2015 NBA Finals and Stanley Cup.[17] It was also the most watched Spanish-language broadcast in tournament history.[16] More than 750 million viewers were reported to have watched the tournament worldwide.[18]
Awards[edit]
Main article: FIFA Women's World Cup awards
At the end of each World Cup, awards are presented to select players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently seven awards:
The Golden Ball for the best player, determined by a vote of media members (first awarded in 1991); the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively.
The Golden Boot (also known as the Golden Shoe) for the top goalscorer (first awarded in 1991). The Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively.
If two or more players finish the tournament with the same number of goals, tiebreakers are used in the following order:
Most assists.
Fewest minutes played.
The Golden Glove Award for the best goalkeeper, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group. First awarded in 2007 as "Best Goalkeeper"; current award name adopted in 2011.
The Best Young Player Award for the best player no older than age 21 as of 1 January of the year of the final tournament, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 2011).
The FIFA Fair Play Award for the team with the best record of fair play, according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee (first awarded in 1991).
The All-Star Team, consisting of the best players of the tournament as determined by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first selected in 1999).
The Dream Team, consisting of the best players of the tournament as chosen by users of fifa.com (first selected in 2015).
Another award is presented a week after the final match:
The Goal of the Tournament, consisting of the tournament's best goal, as chosen by users of fifa.com from a shortlist of 12 goals selected by FIFA's web administrators (first awarded in 2015).
One past award is no longer presented:
The Most Entertaining Team Award for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup, determined by a poll of the general public (awarded in 2003 and 2007).
Player records[edit]
Main article: FIFA Women's World Cup records
Most goals[edit]
Main article: List of FIFA Women's World Cup goalscorers
Marta of Brazil is the all-time leading scorer of the World Cup.
Birgit Prinz is tied for the second most goals in all tournaments, and won the title twice representing Germany.
Rank
Name
World Cup
Total

'91

'95

'99

'03

'07

'11

'15
1 Marta 3 7 4 1 15
2 Birgit Prinz 1 1 7 5 0 14
Abby Wambach 3 6 4 1 14
4 Michelle Akers 10 0 2 12
5 Sun Wen 1 2 7 1 11
Bettina Wiegmann 3 3 3 2 11
7 Ann Kristin Aarønes 6 4 10
Heidi Mohr 7 3 10
9 Linda Medalen 6 2 1 9
Hege Riise 1 5 3 0 9
Christine Sinclair 3 3 1 2 9
12 Kerstin Garefrekes 4 2 2 8
Mia Hamm 2 2 2 2 8
Kristine Lilly 0 3 2 2 1 8
Liu Ailing 4 1 3 8
Marianne Pettersen 3 3 2 8
Célia Šašić 2 6 8
Homare Sawa 0 0 3 0 5 0 8
Formiga and Homare Sawa are the only players to appear in six Women's World Cup editions.
Most tournaments[edit]
Main article: List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA Women's World Cups
#
Player
Appearances
1 Formiga 6 (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015)
Homare Sawa 6 (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015)
3 Kristine Lilly 5 (1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007)
Bente Nordby 5 (1991*, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007)
Birgit Prinz 5 (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011)
Karina LeBlanc 5 (1999*, 2003, 2007*, 2011, 2015*)
Nadine Angerer 5 (1999*, 2003*, 2007, 2011, 2015)
Christie Rampone 5 (1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015)
*Did not play but was part of the squad.
Most matches[edit]
#
Player
Matches
1 Kristine Lilly 30
2 Abby Wambach 25
3 Formiga 24
Julie Foudy 24
Birgit Prinz 24
Homare Sawa 24
7 Joy Fawcett 23
Mia Hamm 23
9 Bente Nordby 22
Hege Riise 22
Bettina Wiegmann 22
See also[edit]
FIFA Women's Club World Cup
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup
Women's association football portal
Association football portal
Women's Sport portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The History of Women's Football". England Football Association. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ FIFA KOs Greece. El Mundo Deportivo, 01/07/88
Jump up ^ "Women's World Cup History". The Sports Network. Retrieved 25 March 2007. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Koppel, Naomi (3 May 2003). "FIFA moves Women's World Cup from China because of SARS". USA Today. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Molinaro, John F. (3 March 2011). "Canada gets 2015 Women's World Cup of soccer". CBC Sports. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Japan legend Sawa makes cut for sixth World Cup". Reuters. 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "USWNT'S Christie Rampone Is Now The Oldest Player To Appear In The Women's World Cup". Huffington Post. 17 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "France to host the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2019". FIFA.com. 19 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "LA FINALE DU MONDIAL FEMININ 2019 AU PARC OL !" (Press release) (in French). Groupama Stadium. 15 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Champions: USA Wins 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup". U.S. Soccer. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Regulations FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brazil takes third". SI/CNN. 10 July 1999. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "FIFA Women's World Cup Germany 2011" (PDF). FIFA. pp. 109–110. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Women's World Cup Germany 2011 Statistics". FIFA. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Key figures from the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015™". FIFA. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Women's World Cup Final Is Most-watched Soccer Match in U.S. History". U.S. Soccer. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Hinog, Mark (6 July 2015). "More Americans watched the Women's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup 24". SB Nation. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Record-breaking FIFA Women's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers". FIFA. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA Women's World Cup.
FIFA official site
UEFA's page on the FIFA Women's World Cup
Photos: FIFA Women's World Cup China 2007 on Time.com
RSSSF's pages
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