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The Help (film)
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The Help
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tate Taylor
Produced by
Chris Columbus
Michael Barnathan
Brunson Green
Written by
Tate Taylor
Based on
The Help
by Kathryn Stockett
Starring
Jessica Chastain
Viola Davis
Bryce Dallas Howard
Allison Janney
Octavia Spencer
Emma Stone
Music by
Thomas Newman
Cinematography
Stephen Goldblatt
Edited by
Hughes Winborne
Production
company
DreamWorks Pictures
Reliance Entertainment
Participant Media
Image Nation
1492 Pictures
Harbinger Pictures
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
August 9, 2011 (2011-08-09) (Beverly Hills)
August 10, 2011 (2011-08-10) (United States)
Running time
146 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[1]
Box office
$216.6 million[1]
The Help is a 2011 American period drama film directed and written by Tate Taylor and adapted from Kathryn Stockett's 2009 novel of the same name. The film features an ensemble cast, including Jessica Chastain, Viola Davis, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Octavia Spencer and Emma Stone. The film and novel recount the story of young white woman and aspiring journalist Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan. The story focuses on her relationship with two black maids, Aibileen Clark and Minny Jackson, during the Civil Rights Movement in 1963 Jackson, Mississippi. In an attempt to become a legitimate journalist and writer, Skeeter decides to write a book from the point of view of the maids—referred to as "the help"— exposing the racism they are faced with as they work for white families.
DreamWorks Pictures acquired the screen rights to Stockett's novel in March 2010 and quickly commissioned the film into production with Chris Columbus, Michael Barnathan, and Brunson Green as producers. The film's casting began later that month, with principal photography following four months after in Mississippi.
Touchstone Pictures released The Help worldwide, with a general theatrical release in North America on August 10, 2011. The film was a critical and commercial success, receiving positive reviews and grossing $216 million in worldwide box office.[1] The Help received four Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, Best Actress for Davis, and Best Supporting Actress for both Chastain and Spencer, with the latter winning the award. The film also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
5.3 Accolades
6 Soundtrack
6.1 Score
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1963, Aibileen Clark is an African-American maid in Jackson, Mississippi, and in intermittent voice overs she tells her "career" story to the aspiring writer Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan, a recent graduate of Ole Miss and a friend of Aibileen's employer and fellow socialite Elizabeth Leefolt. Aibileen cares for the Leefolt's daughter, Mae Mobley, whom Elizabeth neglects. Aibileen's best friend is the plain-spoken Minny Jackson, who works for Mrs. Walters, the mother of Hilly Holbrook, the leader of the women's socialite group.
Skeeter is uncomfortable with the racist attitudes of her socialite friends towards their maids. She is shocked when Hilly forwards a letter to the Home Sanitation Initiative to install separate bathrooms for the help. Skeeter later learns that her mother Charlotte fired her childhood maid Constantine for unknown reasons.
During a terrible storm, Minny refuses to go out to use the help's toilet and uses the guest's bathroom, resulting in her getting fired by Hilly, who then slanders her name with claims of theft, rendering her essentially unemployable.
Minny eventually finds a job with Celia, wife of Johnny Foote, Hilly's former beau. The two become friends through Minny's cooking lessons, though they keep Minny's employment secret from Johnny. Celia suffers a miscarriage and reveals to Minny that she has suffered three previous miscarriages. Minny comes upon Skeeter's visiting Aibileen and joins in the book project effort. Skeeter is advised by her book editor at Harper & Row, Elaine Stein, that the stories of two maids are not enough, but potential retribution from the maid's employers hinders others from joining the project. Aibileen tells Skeeter about the pain she experiences about her son being fatally crushed while on the job. Aibileen has struggled to find closure from his death, and believes that helping with the book will enable her to find that closure.
Hilly refuses to lend more money to her replacement maid, Yule May, who is struggling to send her twin sons to college. One day, she discovers a discarded ring and pawns it. However, Yule May is brutally arrested after Hilly reports the theft. Following this and the assassination of Medgar Evers, more maids come forward with their stories, believing the book would help put an end to the brutality against African-Americans.
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Skeeter, Aibileen, and Minny fear that the maids' stories will be recognized. Minny then reveals the "terrible awful” that she did to Hilly: following her termination, Minny baked her renowned chocolate pie and gave it to Hilly. Minny, however, prevented Mrs. Walters from having a slice, and revealed that she baked her excrement into the pie. Its inclusion in the book would prompt Hilly to crusade in denial that the book is about Jackson.
Skeeter confronts her mother Charlotte about Constantine's termination. Charlotte reveals that during a lunch with the local chapter of the Daughters of America, Constantine's daughter Rachel arrived. Rachel disobeyed Charlotte's orders of entering through the kitchen and embarrassed her. In order to save face, Charlotte fired Constantine and ordered them both to leave. Shortly afterward, Rachel took Constantine to Chicago, where she later died. Charlotte had every intention to bring Constantine back to Jackson.
The book is published anonymously, and it is a success. Minny reveals the "terrible awful" to Celia, who finally sees Hilly as the manipulative bully that she is. Celia lets on that she knows about the "terrible awful" by writing a check to one of Hilly's charity groups. Incensed, Hilly confronts and attempts to intimidate Skeeter through threat of legal proceedings, but she reminds Hilly that "that" is in chapter 12. Charlotte then intervenes, lets on that she knows about the "terrible awful" and orders Hilly off the property. Charlotte and Skeeter reconcile when Charlotte tells her how proud she is about her courage, the book and the job offer in New York City.
Johnny approaches Minny and reveals that he knew that she'd been working at his house, how appreciative he is about her friendship with Celia, how it saved her life, and that she has permanent job security. This act of kindness gives Minny the courage to take her children away from her abusive husband and never look back.
In an attempt to seek revenge for helping Skeeter, Hilly pressures Elizabeth to terminate Aibileen, with Hilly present and trying to frame Aibileen for theft. But Aibileen stands up to Hilly, calling her a godless woman, never satisfied until she gets what she wants. Elizabeth orders Aibileen to leave. Aibileen bids farewell to Elizabeth's daughter and pleads with Elizabeth to give her daughter a chance, as Elizabeth begins to cry. Aibileen reflects on the ordeal and finds closure. She looks to the future of becoming a writer.
Cast[edit]
The Help cast at 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards (Octavia Spencer in center, holding the cast's award)
Viola Davis as Aibileen Clark
Emma Stone as Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan
Octavia Spencer as Minny Jackson
Jessica Chastain as Celia Rae Foote
Bryce Dallas Howard as Hilly Walters Holbrook
Allison Janney as Charlotte Phelan
Ahna O'Reilly as Elizabeth Leefolt
Chris Lowell as Stuart Whitworth
Sissy Spacek as Mrs. Walters
Cicely Tyson as Constantine Bates
Mike Vogel as Johnny Foote
Anna Camp as Jolene French
Brian Kerwin as Robert Phelan
Aunjanue Ellis as Yule May Davis
Ted Welch as William Holbrook
LaChanze as Rachel Bates
Mary Steenburgen as Elaine Stein
Leslie Jordan as Mr. Blackly
Wes Chatham as Carlton Phelan, Skeeter's brother.
David Oyelowo as Preacher Green
Dana Ivey as Grace Higginbotham
Ashley Johnson as Mary Beth Caldwell
Nelsan Ellis as Henry
Production[edit]
In December 2009, Variety reported that Chris Columbus, Michael Barnathan, and Mark Radcliffe would produce a film adaptation of The Help, under their production company 1492 Pictures. Brunson Green of Harbinger Productions also co-produced. The film was written and directed by Stockett's childhood friend, Tate Taylor, who optioned film rights to the book before its publication.[2] DreamWorks acquired the film rights to the novel in March 2010.[3] Reliance Entertainment and Participant Media co-produced the film.[4]
The first casting news for the production came in March 2010, was reported that Stone was attached to play the role of Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan.[5] Other actors were since cast, including Davis as Aibileen; Howard as Hilly Holbrook, Jackson's snooty town ringleader; Janney as Charlotte Phelan, Skeeter's mother; and Lowell as Stuart Whitworth, Skeeter's boyfriend and a senator's son.[6][7][8] Leslie Jordan appears as the editor of the fictional local newspaper, The Jackson Journal.[9] Mike Vogel plays the character Johnny Foote. Octavia Spencer portrays Minny. A longtime friend of Stockett and Taylor, Spencer inspired the character of Minny in Stockett's novel and voiced her in the audiobook version.[10][11]
Filming began in July 2010 and extended through October. The town of Greenwood, Mississippi, was chosen to portray 1960s-era Jackson, and producer Green said he had expected to shoot "95 percent" of the film there.[12] Parts of the film were also shot in the real-life Jackson, as well as in nearby Clarksdale and Greenville. One of the few locations that existed in 1963 Jackson, the book and the film is Jackson landmark Brent's Drugs, which dates to 1946. Other locations that can still be found in Jackson include the New Capitol Building and the Mayflower Cafe downtown. Scenes set at the Jackson Journal office were shot in Clarksdale at the building which formerly housed the Clarksdale Press Register for 40 years until April 2010.[13]
The Help was the most significant film production in Mississippi since O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[14][15][16] "Honestly, my heart would be broken if it were set anywhere but Mississippi", Stockett wrote in an e-mail to reporters. In order to convince producers to shoot in Greenwood, Tate Taylor and others had previously come to the town and scouted out locations; at his first meeting with DreamWorks executives, he presented them with a photo album of potential filming spots in the area. The state's tax incentive program for filmmakers was also a key enticement in the decision.[14][15][16]
Release[edit]
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed The Help worldwide through the studio's Touchstone Pictures banner.[17] On October 13, 2010, Disney gave the film a release date of August 12, 2011. On June 30, 2011, the film's release date was rescheduled two days earlier to August 10, 2011.[18]
Home media[edit]
The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and digital download on December 6, 2011. The release was produced in three different physical packages: a three-disc combo pack (Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital Copy); a two-disc combo pack (Blu-ray and DVD); and a single-disc DVD. It was also released as a digital download option in both standard and high definition. The DVD version includes two deleted scenes and The Living Proof music video by Mary J. Blige. The digital download version includes the same features as the DVD version, plus one additional deleted scene. Both the two-disc and three-disc combo packs include the same features as the DVD version, as well as "The Making of 'The Help': From Friendship to Film", "In Their Own Words: A Tribute to the Maids of Mississippi", and three deleted scenes with introductions by director Taylor.[19][20][21]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Help received mostly positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 75% of 208 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 7.1 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "Though arguably guilty of glossing over its racial themes, The Help rises on the strength of its cast—particularly Viola Davis, whose performance is powerful enough to carry the film on its own."[22] Metacritic, a review aggregator which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 62 based on 41 reviews.[23] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[24]
Tom Long from The Detroit News remarked about the film: "Appealling, entertaining, touching and perhaps even a bit healing, The Help is an old-fashioned grand yarn of a film, the sort we rarely get these days."[25] Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald gave the film three out of four stars and said it "will make you laugh, yes, but it can also break your heart. In the dog days of August moviegoing, that's a powerful recommendation."[26]
A more mixed review from Karina Longworth of The Village Voice said: "We get a fairly typical Hollywood flattening of history, with powerful villains and disenfranchised heroes."[27] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail, giving the film two out of four stars, said: "Typically, this sort of film is an earnest tear-jerker with moments of levity. Instead, what we have here is a raucous rib-tickler with occasional pauses for a little dramatic relief."[28] Referring to the film as a "big, ole slab of honey-glazed hokum", The New York Times noted that "save for Ms. Davis's, however, the performances are almost all overly broad, sometimes excruciatingly so, characterized by loud laughs, bugging eyes and pumping limbs."[29]
Some of the negative reviews criticized the film for its inability to match the quality of the book. Chris Hewitt of the St. Paul Pioneer Press said about the film: "Some adaptations find a fresh, cinematic way to convey a book's spirit but The Help doesn't."[30]
Many critics praised the performances of Davis and Spencer. Wilson Morales of Blackfilm.com gave the movie three out of four stars and commented, "With powerful performances given by Viola Davis and scene stealer Octavia Spencer, the film is an emotionally moving drama that remains highly entertaining."[31] David Edelstein from New York magazine commented that, "The Help belongs to Viola Davis."[32]
Ida E. Jones, the national director of the Association of Black Women Historians, released an open statement criticizing the film, stating "[d]espite efforts to market the book and the film as a progressive story of triumph over racial injustice, The Help distorts, ignores, and trivializes the experiences of black domestic workers." The ABWH accused both the book and the film of insensitive portrayals of African-American vernacular, a nearly uniform depiction of black men as cruel or absent, and a failure to acknowledge the sexual harassment that many black women endured in their white employers' homes. Jones concluded by saying that "The Association of Black Women Historians finds it unacceptable for either this book or this film to strip black women's lives of historical accuracy for the sake of entertainment."[33]
Roxane Gay of literary web magazine The Rumpus argues the film might be offensive to African Americans, saying the film uses racial Hollywood tropes like the Magical Negro character.[34] In 2014, the movie was one of several discussed by Keli Goff in The Daily Beast in an article concerning white savior narratives in film.[35]
Box office[edit]
The Help earned $169,708,112 in North America and $46,931,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $216,639,112.[1]
In North America, on its opening day (Wednesday, August 10, 2011), it topped the box office with $5.54 million. It then added $4.33 million on Thursday, declining only 21 percent, a two-day total to $9.87 million.[36] On its first weekend, the film grossed $26.0 million, coming in second place behind Rise of the Planet of the Apes.[37] However, during its second weekend, the film jumped to first place with $20.0 million, declining only 23 percent, the smallest drop among films playing nationwide.[38] The film crossed the $100 million mark on its 21st day of release, becoming one of only two titles in August 2011 that achieved this.[39] On its fourth weekend (Labor Day three-day weekend), it became the first film since Inception (2010), to top the box-office charts for three consecutive weekends.[40][41] Its four-day weekend haul of $19.9 million[42] was the fourth largest for a Labor-day weekend.[43] Notably, The Help topped the box office for 25 days in a row. This was the longest uninterrupted streak since The Sixth Sense (35 days), which was also a late summer release, in 1999.[44]
To promote the film, TakePart.com hosted a series of three writing contests.[45] Rebecca Lubin, of Mill Valley, California, who has been a nanny for nearly two decades won the recipe contest. Darcy Pattison's "11 Ways to Ruin a Photograph" won "The Help" Children's Story Contest with her story about a tenacious young girl who refuses to take a good photograph while her father is away "soldiering". After being chosen by guest judge and children's-book author Lou Berger, the story was professionally illustrated.[46] The final contest was about "someone who inspired you". Genoveva Islas-Hooker charmed guest judge Doc Hendley (founder of Wine to Water) with her story, A Heroine Named Confidential. A case manager for patients with HIV, Islas-Hooker was consistently inspired by one special individual who never gave up the fight to live.
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by The Help (film)
At the 84th Academy Awards, Octavia Spencer won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in this film. The film also received three other Academy Award nominations: Academy Award for Best Picture, Academy Award for Best Actress for Viola Davis, and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Jessica Chastain.[47]
Soundtrack[edit]
The Help: Music from the Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
July 26, 2011
Genre
Blues, soul, rhythm and blues, rock and roll
Label
Geffen
Singles from The Help
"The Living Proof"
Released: August 16, 2011
The original song is "The Living Proof" by Mary J. Blige.[48] The soundtrack was released on July 26, 2011, through Geffen Records.[49]
Track listing
No.
Title
Performers
Length
1. "The Living Proof" Mary J. Blige 5:57
2. "Jackson" Johnny Cash and June Carter 5:28
3. "Sherry" Frankie Valli 5:35
4. "I Ain't Never" Webb Pierce 1:56
5. "Victory Is Mine" Dorothy Norwood 3:47
6. "Road Runner" Bo Diddley 2:48
7. "Hallelujah I Love Her So" Ray Charles 2:35
8. "The Wah-Watusi" The Orlons 2:32
9. "Personality" Lloyd Price 10:29
10. "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" Bob Dylan 3:38
11. "Let's Twist Again" Chubby Checker 2:19
12. "Don't Knock" Mavis Staples 2:30
Score[edit]
The Help: Original Motion Picture Score
Soundtrack album by Thomas Newman
Released
September 13, 2011
Length
59:34
Label
Varese Sarabande
The film's score was composed and conducted by Thomas Newman; Varese Sarabande released a score album on September 13, 2011.
Track listing
No.
Title
Length
1. "Aibilene" 3:07
2. "Them Fools" 2:50
3. "Upside-Down Cake" 1:22
4. "Mississippi" 3:50
5. "Heart Palpitations" 1:43
6. "The Help" 2:19
7. "Jim Crow" 1:45
8. "Skeeter" 1:03
9. "Miss Hilly" 1:14
10. "Write That Down" 1:38
11. "Bottom Of The List" 3:23
12. "Deviled Eggs" 2:03
13. "First White Baby" 2:00
14. "Celia Digs" 2:06
15. "November 22" 1:12
16. "Not To Die" 1:28
17. "My Son" 2:51
18. "Trash On The Road" 1:37
19. "The Terrible Awful" 2:57
20. "Constantine" 4:09
21. "Gripping Testimonials" 1:32
22. "Sugar" 1:50
23. "Amen" 3:06
24. "Mile High Meringue" 2:00
25. "Ain't You Tired (End Title)" 6:29
See also[edit]
List of black films of the 2010s
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Help (2011) – Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (December 15, 2009). "Chris Columbus Fast-Tracks 'Help' – His 1492 Prods. Readies Adaptation of Stockett Novel". Variety. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Jay A. (August 17, 2011). "DreamWorks nabs rights to novel 'The Help'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bart, Peter; Patrick, Frater (May 14, 2014). "India's Reliance: Still a DreamWorks Backer, But Hollywood Sojourn Has Cost a Fortune". Variety. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sampson, Mike (March 23, 2010). "Emma Stone Looks to Dreamworks for 'Help'". JoBlo.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rich, Katey (April 15, 2010). "Viola Davis in Talks To Join Emma Stone in the Help". Cinema Blend. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (April 27, 2010). "Bryce Dallas Howard Lands 'The Help'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kit, Zorianna (May 20, 2010). "Chris Lowell Eyes 'The Help'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Susan (July 24, 2010). "'The Help' Is Coming". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (May 17, 2010). "Octavia Spencer Nabs Key Role in 'The Help'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (July 13, 2010). "'The Help' Exclusive: Allison Janney Joins the Cast". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Help: Press Kit" (PDF). Walt Disney Studios. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Moser, Christopher (July 9, 2010). "Lights, Camera, Clarksdale!". Clarksdale Press Register. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuykendall, Taylor (May 13, 2010). "Movie Adaption of Bestseller To Be Filmed Here". The Greenwood Commonwealth. Retrieved May 26, 2010. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Ayres, Jeff (May 14, 2010). "Movie To Have $13M Impact on Delta". The Clarion Ledger. Retrieved May 26, 2010. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Byrd, Shelia (May 13, 2010). "'The Help' To Start Filming in Miss. This Summer". Associated Press (via Google News). Archived from the original on May 17, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 17, 2011). "'The Help': Why It Took a Year to Cast the Film". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Help' Moves Up Its Release Date to Aug. 10". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "The Help Is Coming Home on December 6". ComingSoon.net. October 5, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Help Is Coming to Your House This December". Moviehole. October 5, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (October 5, 2011). "The Help Blu-Ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Help". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Help Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 10, 2011). "Box Office Update: 'The Help' Earns a Rare A+ CinemaScore from Moviegoers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ [dead link] "Movies | '60s Story of Racism Richly Told". The Detroit News. August 10, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ogle, Connie. "'The Help' (PG-13)". The Miami Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Longworth, Karina (August 10, 2011). "Civil Rights Through a Soft Focus Lens in The Help". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Groen, Rick (August 10, 2011). "The Help: Civil Rights Lite, Played for Laughs". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (August 9, 2011). "'The Maids' Now Have Their Say". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'The Help' Review: Movie Based on Beloved Book Will Be Loved Best If You've Read the Book". St. Paul Pioneer Press.
Jump up ^ Morales, Wilson. "The Help". Blackfilm.com. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edlestein, David. "Movie Review: Viola Davis Gives the Too-Soft The Help a Spine". www.vulture.com. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jones, Ida E. (August 7, 2011). "An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help". Association of Black Women Historians. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gay, Roxane (August 17, 2011). "The Solace of Preparing Fried Foods and Other Quaint Remembrances from 1960s Mississippi: Thoughts on The Help". The Rumpus. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goff, Keli (May 4, 2014). "Can 'Belle' End Hollywood's Obsession with the White Savior?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'The Help' Bags Solid $9.9M in Two Days". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Report: 'Apes' Cling to Top Spot, 'Help' Cleans Up". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Report: 'The Help' Reigns Over Gutless 'Conan,' 'Fright Night'". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ Gray, Brandon (September 2, 2011). "August Box Office Rises and Falls". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (September 4, 2011). "Box Office Report: 'Apollo 18' and 'Shark Night' Still in a Dead Heat". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Report: 'The Help' Works It Over Labor Day". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "September 2–5, 2011". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Top 4-Day Labor Day Weekends". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Subers, Ray (September 9, 2011). "'Help' Posts Longest Daily No. 1 Run Since 'Sixth Sense'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Take Part".
Jump up ^ "11 Ways To Ruin a Photograph". 11 Ways to Ruin a Photograph.
Jump up ^ "Nominees and Winners for the 84th Academy Awards". Oscars.org. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Details For "The Help" (Track List Includes Ray Charles, Chubby Checker + Many Others)". indieWire. June 21, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Help (Music from the Motion Picture)". amazon.com. July 26, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Help (film)
The Help at AllMovie
The Help on IMDb
The Help at Box Office Mojo
The Help at Rotten Tomatoes
civilrightstravel, The Help's filming locations and associated civil-rights history award
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Tate Taylor
Chicken Party (2003)
Pretty Ugly People (2008)
The Help (2011)
Get on Up (2014)
The Girl on the Train (2016)
[show]
Awards for The Help
[show]
v
t
e
Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film
2000-2009
The Hurricane (2000)
Love & Basketball (2001)
Training Day (2002)
Antwone Fisher (2003)
Out of Time (2004)
Ray (2005, drama)
Lightning in a Bottle (2005, comedy/musical)
Crash (2006)
Dreamgirls (2007)
Cadillac Records (2008)
no awards in 2009
2010-present
Precious (2010)
Night Catches Us (2011)
The Help (2012)
Beasts of the Southern Wild (2013)
12 Years a Slave (2014)
Selma (2015)
Creed (2016)
Moonlight (2017)
Get Out (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
2000s
2001
Gosford Park
Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
2002
Chicago
Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
2004
Sideways
Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
2005
Crash
Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
2006
Little Miss Sunshine
Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
2007
Hairspray
Nikki Blonsky, Amanda Bynes, Paul Dooley, Zac Efron, Allison Janney, Elijah Kelley, Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, Brittany Snow, Jerry Stiller, John Travolta, Christopher Walken
2008
Milk
Josh Brolin, Joseph Cross, James Franco, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, Diego Luna, Denis O'Hare, Sean Penn, Alison Pill
2009
Inglourious Basterds
Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
2010s
2010
The Fighter
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Melissa Leo, Jack McGee, Mark Wahlberg
2011
The Help
Jessica Chastain, Viola Davis, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Chris Lowell, Ahna O'Reilly, Sissy Spacek, Octavia Spencer, Mary Steenburgen, Emma Stone, Cicely Tyson, Mike Vogel
2012
Silver Linings Playbook
Bradley Cooper, Robert De Niro, Anupam Kher, Jennifer Lawrence, Chris Tucker, Jacki Weaver
2013
American Hustle
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Interactive kiosk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An Internet kiosk in Hemer, Germany
An interactive kiosk is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and software that provides access to information and applications for communication, commerce, entertainment, or education.
Early interactive kiosks sometimes resembled telephone booths, but have been embraced by retail, food service and hospitality to improve customer service. Interactive kiosks are typically placed in high foot traffic settings such as shops, hotel lobbies or airports.
Integration of technology allows kiosks to perform a wide range of functions, evolving into self-service kiosks. For example, kiosks may enable users to order from a shop's catalogue when items are not in stock, check out a library book, look up information about products, issue a hotel key card, enter a public utility bill account number in order to perform an online transaction, or collect cash in exchange for merchandise. Customised components such as coin hoppers, bill acceptors, card readers and thermal printers enable kiosks to meet the owner's specialised needs.
Contents
1 History
2 Design and construction
3 Interactive kiosks around the world
3.1 Government usage
3.2 Industry usage
4 Types of kiosks
4.1 Telekiosk
4.2 Financial services kiosk
4.3 Photo kiosk
4.4 Internet kiosk
4.5 Ticketing kiosk
4.6 Movie ticket kiosk
4.7 Restaurant kiosk
4.8 DVD vending kiosk
4.9 Visitor management and security kiosk
4.10 Building directory and wayfinding kiosk
4.11 Hospital and medical clinic registration and check-in kiosks
4.12 Information kiosk
5 Kiosk reliability
6 Kiosk industry segments
6.1 Kiosk manufacturing industry
6.2 Customer flow, queue and check-in
6.3 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The first self-service, interactive kiosk was developed in 1977 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign by a pre-med student, Murray Lappe. The content was created on the PLATO computer system and accessible by plasma touch screen interface. The plasma display panel was invented at the University of Illinois by Donald L. Bitzer. Lappe's kiosk, called The Plato Hotline allowed students and visitors to find movies, maps, directories, bus schedules, extracurricular activities and courses. When it debuted in the U of Illinois Student Union in April 1977, more than 30,000 students, teachers and visitors stood in line during its first 6 weeks, to try their hand at a "personal computer" for the first time.
The first successful network of interactive kiosks used for commercial purposes was a project developed by the shoe retailer Florsheim Shoe Co., led by their executive VP, Harry Bock, installed circa 1985. The interactive kiosk was created, manufactured and customized by ByVideo Inc. of Sunnyvale, CA. The network of over 600 kiosks provided images and video promotion for customers who wished to purchase shoes that were not available in the retail location. Style, size and color could be selected, and the product paid for on the kiosk itself. The transaction was sent to the Florsheim mainframe in St, Louis, MO, via dialup lines, for next-day home or store delivery via Federal Express. The hardware (including microcomputer, display system, touchscreen) were designed and built by ByVideo, while other components (like the CRT, floppy disk, printer, keyboard and physical housing) were sourced from other vendors. The videodisc material was created quarterly by ByVideo at Florsheim's direction, in ByVideo's state-of-the-art video production facility in CA. This kiosk network operated for over 6 years in Florsheim retail locations.[citation needed]
In 1991, the first commercial kiosk with internet connection was displayed at Comdex. The application was for locating missing children.[1] The first true documentation of a kiosk was the 1995 report by Los Alamos National Laboratory which detailed what the interactive kiosk consisted of. This was first announced on comp.infosystems.kiosks by Arthur the original usenet moderator.[1]
In 1997, KioskCom was launched to provide a tradeshow for organizations looking to deploy interactive self-service kiosks, and continues to provide these services to this day. These tradeshows occur twice a year, and offer companies education and demonstrations for successful self-service deployments.
The first company to launch a statewide interactive kiosk program was Imperial Multimedia in 2007. Imperial Multimedia installed interactive kiosks in 31 of Virginia's State Parks and these electronic kiosks included park overviews, printable maps, waypoints, points of interest, video tours of trails, and emergency information.[2]
Today's kiosks bring together the classic vending machine with high-tech communications and complex robotic and mechanical internals. Such interactive kiosks can include self-checkout lanes, e-ticketing, information and wayfinding, and vending. Electronic kiosks have become a larger part of the retail landscape as users embrace technology in their daily lives. One such example of a strong retail kiosk business is Redbox, a movie rental kiosk company. Redbox was formerly a subsidiary of Outerwall, Inc., another well-known company popular for Coinstar kiosks.
Design and construction[edit]
The aesthetic and functional design of interactive kiosks is a key element that drives user adoption, overall up-time and affordability. There are many factors to consider when designing an interactive kiosk including:
Aesthetic design: The design of the enclosure is often the driving factor in user adoption and brand recognition.
Manufacturing volume: This will determine which manufacturing processes are appropriate to use (i.e. sheet-metal, thermoformed plastic, etc.).
Kiosk software: The interactive function of the kiosk hardware is largely determined by the software program and kiosk software configuration.
Graphic messaging: Plays a key role in communicating with potential users.
Maintenance and thermal design: Critical in order to maximize up-time (the time between failures or crashes).
Component specification: Typical components include Touch-screen, P.C., pointing device, keyboard, bill acceptor, mag-stripe and/ or bar-code scanner, surge protector, UPS, etc.
Ergonomic: Is important to ensure comfortable and easy user accessibility.
Regulatory compliance: In the US it is important to design to ADA. Electrical standards include UL in the U.S. and CE in Europe. In the retail space you have PCI certification in the U.S. which is descendant of VISA PED (relative of Chip and PIN in Europe).
Interface design: Designing for interactive kiosks typically requires larger buttons and simpler decision trees than designing for a web or computer based interactive. Catchy attractive animations and short dwell times are important.
Durability: The intended location of the kiosk will largely influence the construction as materials and electronic requirements are significantly different for indoor vs. outdoor kiosks.[3]
Interactive kiosks around the world[edit]
Government usage[edit]
Several countries have already implemented nationwide installation of kiosks for various purposes. One example of such large scale installations can be found in the United Kingdom, where thousands of special-purpose kiosks are now available to aid job-seekers in finding employment.[4]
The United States Department of Homeland Security has created immigration kiosks where visitors register when they enter the United States. There are also Exit kiosks where visitors register when they leave the U.S.
Internally the U.S. government has institutions such as the Postal Service which use HR kiosks for their disconnected employees to update their training as well as monitor and maintain their benefits.
In India, digital kiosks are used for various purposes, such as payment of bills.[5]
Industry usage[edit]
It is estimated that over 1,200,000 kiosk terminals exist in the U.S. and Canada alone.[citation needed]
Groups who use kiosks in their business environment include: Delta Airlines, United Airlines, JetBlue Airways, GTAA, Future Shop, The Home Depot, Target Corporation, and Wal-Mart.
Types of kiosks[edit]
Telekiosk[edit]
The tele kiosk can be considered the technical successor to the telephone booth, a publicly accessible set of devices that are used for communication. These can include email, fax, SMS, as well as standard telephone service. The Telekiosk is rarely seen anymore.
Telekiosks gradually appeared around the United Kingdom in the first years of the 21st century. Some are situated in shopping centres and transport terminals, with the intention of providing detailed local information. Others are in public places, including motorway service areas and airports.
The International Telecommunications Union is promoting the use of the telekiosk in Africa and parts of Asia where local people do not have access to communications technology. In part this work addresses the "digital divide" between rich and poor nations. There are, however, great practical benefits. The scheme in Bhutan aims to provide an E-Post system, whereby messages are relayed by telephone, then delivered by hand to rural areas, easing the problems of transporting letters across the countryside. Health, agricultural and educational information is also available.
Financial services kiosk[edit]
The financial services kiosk can provide the ability for customers to perform transactions that may normally require a bank teller and may be more complex and longer to perform than desired at an ATM. These are sometimes to referred to as "bank-in-a-box" and the first prime example would be the Vcom units deployed in 7-11 in U.S.
These units are generally referred to 'multi-function financial service kiosks' and the first iteration was back in late 1990s with the VCOM product deployed in Southland (7-Eleven) convenience stores. Check-cashing, bill-payment and even dispensing cashcards. New multi-function machines have been deployed in "c-store" markets supported by Speedway and others.
By 2010, the largest bill pay kiosk network is AT&T for the phone customers which allows them customers to pay their phone bill. Verizon and Sprint have similar units for their customers
Photo kiosk[edit]
An interactive kiosk which allows users to print pictures from their digital images. The marquee example began with Kodak who had at one point had over 100,000 units up and running in the U.S. Many of these units were customized PC's with an LCD which would then print to central printer in Customer service. Two major classes of photo kiosks exist:
Digital Order Stations -- This type of photo kiosk exists within retail locations and allows users to place orders for prints and photographic products. Products typically get produced in-store by a digital minilab, or at another location to be shipped directly to the consumer, or back to the store to be picked up at a later time. Digital Order Stations may or may not support instant printing, and typically do not handle payments.
Instant Print Stations - This type of photo kiosk uses internal printers to instantly create photographic prints for a self serve paying customer. Often located in public locations (hotels, schools, airports), Instant Print Stations handle payments. Often such systems will only print 4x6 inch prints, although popular dye sublimation photo printers as of 2008 allow for 4x6, 5x7, 8x10, 8x12. It's more a matter of resupply labor economics and chassis size.
Internet kiosk[edit]
An Internet kiosk is a terminal that provides public Internet access. Internet kiosks sometimes resemble telephone booths, and are typically placed in settings such as hotel lobbies, long-term care facilities, medical waiting rooms, apartment complex offices, or airports for fast access to e-mail or web pages. Internet kiosks sometimes have a bill acceptor or a credit card swipe, and nearly always have a computer keyboard, a mouse (or a fixed trackball which is more robust), and a monitor.
Some Internet kiosks are based on a payment model similar to vending machines or Internet café, while others are free. A common arrangement with pay-for-use kiosks has the owner of the Internet kiosk enter into a partnership with the owner of its location, paying either a flat rate for rental of the floor space or a percentage of the monthly revenue generated by the machine.
Internet kiosks have been the subject of hacker activity. Hackers will download spyware and catch user activity via keystroke logging. Other hackers have installed hardware keystroke logging devices that capture user activity.
Businesses that provide Internet kiosks are encouraged to use special Internet kiosk software and management procedures to reduce exposure to liability.
Ticketing kiosk[edit]
See also: Ticket machine
Many amusement parks such as Disney have unattended outdoor ticketing kiosks. Amtrak has automated self-service ticketing kiosks. Busch Gardens uses kiosks for amusement parks. Cruise ships use ticketing kiosks for passengers. Check-in Kiosks for auto rental companies such as Alamo and National have had national deployments. The ticket halls of train stations and metro stations have ticketing kiosks that sell transit passes, train tickets, transit tickets, and train passes.
Movie ticket kiosk[edit]
Many movie theater chains have specialized ticket machines that allow their customers to purchase tickets and/or pick up tickets that were purchased online. Radiant and Fujitsu have been involved in this segment.
Restaurant kiosk[edit]
A new way to order in-cafe from tablet kiosks. Kiosks are available in addition to cashier stations so that wait time is reduced for all guests. The kiosk is highly visual and includes a product builder to assist with order accuracy and customization.
DVD vending kiosk[edit]
An example of a vending kiosk is that of the DVD rental kiosks manufactured by several manufacturers, where a user can rent a DVD, secured by credit card for $1 per day.
One of the larger DVD Vending Kiosks companies is Outerwall, Inc who owns and operates the Redbox kiosks throughout North America. They also operate Coinstar kiosks as well.
Visitor management and security kiosk[edit]
A visitor management and security kiosk can facilitate the visitor check in process at businesses, schools, and other controlled access environments. These systems can check against blacklists, run criminal background checks, and print access badges for visitors. School security concerns in the United States have led to an increase in these types of kiosks to screen and track visitors.
Building directory and wayfinding kiosk[edit]
Many shopping malls, hospitals,[6] airports and other large public buildings use interactive kiosks to allow visitors to navigate in buildings. Harris County Hospital District, Baptist Hospital of Miami, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Cayuga Medical Center are but a few medical centers utilizing interactive touch screen kiosks with a building directory and wayfinding solution.
Hospital and medical clinic registration and check-in kiosks[edit]
Hospitals and medical clinics are looking to kiosks to allow patients to perform routine activities. Kiosks that allow patients to check in for their scheduled appointments and update their personal demographics reduce the need to line up and interact with a registration clerk. In areas where patients must make a co-pay, kiosks will also collect payment. As the requirements for documentation, waivers and consent increase, kiosks with integrated signature capture devices are able to present the documentation to the patient and collect their signature. A business case for registration and check-in kiosks is built around:
workload reduction,
data quality improvements,
consistency of registration process, and
patient experience improvement.
A large community hospital has been able to reduce their registration staff by 30%, improve data quality, and shorten lineups.
Information kiosk[edit]
Museums, historical sites, national parks and other tourist/visitor attractions often engage kiosks as a method for conveying information about a particular exhibit or site. Kiosks allows guests to read about - or view video of - particular artifacts or areas at their own pace and in an interactive manner, learning more about those areas that interest them most. The Rockwell Museum in New York City uses touchscreen tablets to provide visitors with accessible and relevant labels for a particular exhibit. The Penn State All sports museum employs interactive kiosks to display up to date information about past and current Penn State athletes and sports teams. The Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration now boasts a citizen test available for visitors to take online via an informational kiosk. Additional kiosk displays include a "Threads of Migration" interactive exhibition featuring three touch-screen kiosks as part of "The Journey: New Eras of Immigration" section, which covers immigration since 1954.
Kiosk reliability[edit]
Reliability is an important consideration, and as a result many specialised kiosk software applications have been developed for the industry. These applications interface with the bill acceptor and credit card swipe, meter time, prevent users from changing the configuration of software or downloading computer viruses and allow the kiosk owner to see revenue. Threats to reliability come from vulnerabilities to hacking, allowing access to the OS, and the need for a session or hardware restart.
Kiosk industry segments[edit]
The kiosk industry is divided into three segments: kiosk hardware, kiosk software, and kiosk application. Kiosk software locks down your operating system (be it Apple, Windows, Android, or Linux or ChromeOS) to restrict access and/or functionality of a kiosk hardware device. This allows for users to interact with an application that serves a self-service purpose such as those mentioned above.
Kiosk manufacturing industry[edit]
Historically electronic kiosks though are standalone enclosures which accept user input, integrate many devices, include a software GUI application and remote monitoring and are deployed widely across all industry verticals. This is considered "Kiosk Hardware" within the kiosk industry.
POS-related "kiosks" are "lane busting" check-outs such as seen at large retailers like Home Depot and Kroger.
Simple touchscreen terminals or panel-pcs are another segment and enjoy most of their footprint in POS retail applications and typically facing the employee. Terminals include NCR Advantage (740x terminal) and the IBM Anyplace computer terminal. These units are considered "kiosks" only in functionality delivered and typically only incorporate touchscreen, bar code scanner and/or magnetic stripe reader.
Market segments for kiosk and self-service terminal manufacturers include photo kiosks, government, airlines, internet, music, retail loyalty, HR and financial services, just to name some.
Customer flow, queue and check-in[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
This segment includes healthcare patient check-in and "take a number" type custom flow. Devices range from simple ticket dispense to biometrics (fingerprint readers) for patient check-in.
The basic application of kiosks in the hotel industry is to reduce waiting time for guests at check-in/checkout and relieve the reception desk. Usually, hotel kiosks are located in the lobby and are integrated or interface with the hotel's property management system. The machines allow guests to fill in and sign a registration card, select a room, issue hotel key cards, check for extra offers or upgrades and book and pay for them. In retail, clients can place online orders in store for home delivery, avoid queuing in fast food restaurants and issue library books. Generally, kiosks are seen as an enhancement to a retail or hospitality offer rather than a replacing staff members.
See also[edit]
Automated teller machine
Internet cafe
Kiosk
Kiosk software
Self service
Vending machine
Self-checkout
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kielsen, Keith (2010). Unleashing the Power of Digital Signage: Content Strategies for the 5th Screen. Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-81302-2.
Jump up ^ Information Stations in VA State Parks
Jump up ^ "Outdoor Digital LCD Displays". Networld Media Group. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Department for Work and Pensions: Communicating with customers" (PDF). National Audit Office. 5 May 2009. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "A convenient way to pay electricity bill?". The Hindu. Bangalore. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Raven, A., Laberge, J., Ganton, J. & Johnson, M., Wayfinding in a Hospital: Electronic Kiosks Point the Way, UX Magazine 14.3, September 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet kiosks.
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
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text:
Swallow tattoo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The swallow tattoo was a symbol used historically by sailors to show off their sailing experience. Of British origin in the early days of sailing, it was the image of a barn swallow, usually tattooed on the chest, hands or neck. According to one legend, a sailor tattooed with one swallow had travelled over 5,000 nautical miles (9,260 km); a sailor with two swallows had travelled 10,000 nautical miles (18,520 km).[1][2] Travelling these great distances was extremely difficult and dangerous in the early days of sailing, so one or more swallow tattoos denoted a very experienced and valuable sailor. Another legend holds that since swallows return to the same location every year to mate and nest, the swallow will guarantee the sailor returns home safely. A sailor would have one swallow tattooed before setting out on a journey, and the second swallow tattooed at the end of their tour of duty, upon return to their home port. It is also said that if the sailor drowns, the swallows will carry their soul to heaven.
The swallow also represents love, care and affection towards family and friends, showing the loyalty of the person always returning to them. The bird also represents freedom and hope.[citation needed]
Today, the symbol of the swallow can mean many different things. It is considered a staple of the "British Traditional" and "Sailor Jerry Collins" style tattooing.
Some ex-Sailors of the British Royal Navy have a swallow tattoo on both wrists as a symbol of a successful voyage.[citation needed]
Another coined term in the UK for the swallow tattoo on the hands is a symbolism of a prison sentence from an ex-con to the meaning of "done your bird, done your time".[citation needed]
Finally, a swallow tattoo on the back of the hand can mean "this fist flies", worn by Glasgow and London 'Hard Men' to signify prowess in street fighting.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Sailor tattoos
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hardtack and marlinspikes – life and work aboard ship" (PDF). Sailors’ tattoos post-visit activity, teachers’ handout. Maritime Museum of British Columbia. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
Jump up ^ Vanishing tattoos (on-line) Retrieved 17 November 2007[unreliable source?]
External links[edit]
Swallows&Daggers Tattoo Blog.
Swallow Tattoo Gallery
Swallow Tattoos and Information
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swallow_tattoo&oldid=791068801"
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