text:
Zebra mussel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Zebra mussel
Live zebra mussels underwater with shells open, animals respiring, siphons visible
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Veneroida
Family: Dreissenidae
Genus: Dreissena
Species: D. polymorpha
Binomial name
Dreissena polymorpha
(Pallas, 1771)[1]
The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small freshwater mussel. This species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine,[2] being first described in 1769 by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural, Volga, and Dnieper rivers.[3] However, the zebra mussel has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas, and has become an invasive species in many different countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, they have invaded the Great Lakes and the Hudson River. They are commonly found on the bottom of ships and eat the algae that is food for fish. Inspectors check ships for the mussels before they leave port. Scientists are trying to control the mussels.
Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells, though it is not universally present. They are usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a maximum length of nearly 2 in (5.1 cm).[4][5] Shells are D-shaped, and attached to the substrate with strong byssal threads, which come out of their umbo on the dorsal (hinged) side.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ecology
1.1 Lifecycle
1.2 Predators
1.3 Other control
2 As an invasive species
2.1 North American invasion
2.1.1 By location
2.1.2 Cost
3 Effects of zebra mussels
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Ecology
Three color varieties of the shell of the zebra mussel
Close-up of a typical shell of a zebra mussel
Zebra mussel and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussels are filter-feeding organisms. They remove particles from the water column. The zebra mussels process up to one liter of water per day, per mussel.[6] Some particles are consumed as food, and feces are deposited on the lake floor. Nonfood particles are combined with mucus and other matter and deposited on lake floors as pseudofeces. Since the zebra mussel has become established in Lake Erie, water clarity has increased from 6 inches to up to three feet in some areas.[7] This improved water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, enabling growth of submerged macrophytes. These plants, when decaying, wash up on shorelines, fouling beaches and cause water quality problems.[8]
Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water. This biomass becomes available to bottom-feeding species and to the fish that feed on them.[9] The catch of yellow perch increased 5 fold after the invasion of zebra mussels into Lake St. Clair.[10]
Zebra mussels attach to most substrates including sand, silt, and harder substrates, but usually, juvenile mussels prefer harder, rockier substrates to which to attach. Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates, and zebra mussels attach to, and often kill these mussels. They build colonies on native unionid clams, reducing their ability to move, feed, and breed, eventually leading to their deaths. This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie.[7] This pattern is being repeated in Ireland, where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways, including some lakes along the River Shannon in 1997.
In 2012, the National University of Ireland, Galway, said "The discovery of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lough Derg and the lower Shannon region in 1997 (McCarthy et al 1997, a & b) has led to considerable concern about the potential ecological and economic damage that this highly invasive aquatic nuisance species can cause."[11]
Lifecycle
The lifespan of a zebra mussel is four to five years.[6] A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6–7 weeks of settling.[12]
An adult female zebra mussel can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs in each reproductive cycle, and over 1 million each year.[13] Free-swimming microscopic larvae, called veligers, drift in the water for several weeks and then settle onto any hard surface they can find. Zebra mussels also can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions and adults can even survive out of water for about 7 days.
Drawing of zebra mussel, showing the byssus
Predators
Research on natural enemies, both in Europe and North America, has focused on predators, particularly birds (36 species) and fish (15 and 38 species eating veligers and attached mussels).
The vast majority of the organisms that are natural enemies in Europe are not present in North America. Ecologically similar species do exist, but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and will have a limited role in their control. [14]
Crayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of 1- to 5-mm-long zebra mussels. An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day, or about 6000 mussels in a season. Predation rates are significantly reduced at cooler water temperatures. Fish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels in European lakes. Smallmouth bass are a predator in the zebra mussels' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat.[15]
Other control
On June 4, 2014, Canadian conservation authorities announced that a test using liquid fertilizer to kill invasive zebra mussels was successful. This test was conducted in a lakefront harbor in the western province of Manitoba.[16][17] However, there continue to be outbreaks in Lake Winnipeg.[18]
Similar tests were run in Illinois, Minnesota, and Michigan, using Zequanox, a biopesticide[19]
As an invasive species
Sign advising boaters on how to prevent zebra mussel spread on Titicus Reservoir in North Salem, New York
The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia. Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water treatment and power plants. Water treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them.
Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794. Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel, first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s, London in 1824, and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834.[15] In 1827, zebra mussels were seen in the Netherlands at Rotterdam. Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal. It is nonindigenous in the Czech Republic in the Elbe River in Bohemia since 1893;[20] in southern Moravia, it is probably native.[21] Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake Mälaren in Sweden.
The first appearance of the organism in northern Italy was in Lake Garda in 1973;[22] in central Italy, they appeared in Tuscany in 2003.[23]
Zebra mussels are also present in British waterways. Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks. Anglian Water has estimated that it costs £500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants.[24] It has been argued that zebra mussels have also had an effect on fish populations, with dwindling fish populations in areas such as Salford Quays.[25]
North American invasion
They were first detected in Canada in the Great Lakes in 1988, in Lake St. Clair, located east/northeast of Detroit and Windsor.[26] It is believed they were inadvertently introduced into the lakes in the ballast water of ocean-going ships traversing the St. Lawrence Seaway. Another possible, often neglected, mode of introduction is on anchors and chains, although this has not been proven. Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high, chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports. They have become an invasive species in North America, and as such they are the target of federal policy to control them, for instance in the National Invasive Species Act (1996).
Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP), a group of researchers predicted that the southeastern United States is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the Midwest unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies.[27] However, this model has since been proven incorrect. In 2006 a researcher (also using GARP) predicted invasion as far west as the North Platte River, Nebraska, by 2015.[28] As of March 2016, zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including the Great Lake Michigan, and the largest freshwater lake in Wisconsin, Lake Winnebago. See the March 2016 USGS Zebra mussel distribution map for full scope of invasion.[29]
Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $5 billion since their initial invasion.[30] Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $3 billion.[30]
By location
Zebra mussels line the shoreline of Lake Michigan
From their first appearance in American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi, Hudson, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Cumberland, Missouri, Tennessee, Huron, Colorado, and Arkansas Rivers, and 11 lakes and 5 river basins in Texas. Today, the invasion continues. For instance, in 2009, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires.[31] That same year the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in Pelican Lake, Minnesota. This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin, which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba.[32] In 2013, their presence in Manitoba's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded. New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015 and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015.[33] Large number were seen at Grand Beach (Manitoba) in 2017 [18]
In July 2010, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel veliger in the Red River between Wahpeton, ND, and Breckenridge, MN.[34] As recently as 2010 California similarly reported invasions.[35] In 2011, an invasion of zebra mussels shut down a water pipeline in the Dallas area. This resulted in reduced water supplies during a drought year, worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area.[36]
A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively, by ship and by pleasure craft, to more rivers in North America. Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into Western North America. This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water. Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers, such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American waterways.
A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the Seneca River in central New York in the summer of 1993. This decrease was due to extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the watershed. Additionally, the Seneca River had significantly less chlorophyll in the water, which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass, due to the presence of zebra mussels.[37]
Cost
The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water-consuming facilities is substantial, but the exact magnitude of the damage is a matter of some controversy. According to the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California, Riverside,[26] the cost of management of zebra mussel in the Great Lakes alone exceeds $500 million a year. A more conservative study estimated total economic costs of $267 million for electric-generation and water-treatment facilities in the entire United States from 1989 through 2004.[38]
Effects of zebra mussels
Zebra mussel-encrusted vector averaging current meter from Lake Michigan
Zebra mussels are filter feeders. When in the water, they open their shells to admit detritus. As their shells are very sharp, they are known for cutting people's feet, resulting in the need to wear water shoes wherever they are prevalent.
Since their colonization of the Great Lakes, they have covered the undersides of docks, boats, and anchors. They have also spread into streams and rivers throughout the US. In some areas they completely cover the substrate, sometimes covering other freshwater mussels. They can grow so densely that they block pipelines, clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and hydroelectric companies. Zebra mussels do not attach to cupronickel alloys, which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates, navigational buoys, boats, and motors where the species tends to congregate.[26]
Zebra mussels are believed to be the source of deadly avian botulism poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s.[39] They are edible, however because they are so efficient at filtering water they tend to accumulate pollutants and toxins. For this reason most experts recommend against consuming zebra mussels.[40]
They are also responsible for the near extinction of many species in the Great Lake system by outcompeting native species for food and by growing on top of and suffocating the native clams and mussels.[41]
Zebra mussels also affect all classes of algae species, resulting in a shortage of food sources to native species of freshwater mussels and fish in the Great Lakes.[42]
Zebra mussel infestation on the walls of Arthur V. Ormond Lock on the Arkansas River
However, zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie[43] and yellow perch in Lake St. Clair.[44] They cleanse the waters of inland lakes, resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native algae at greater depths. This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants. Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about 1 US quart (0.95 L) of water a day when confined to small tanks.[45] In lakes, their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted (near the lake bottom) due to nonhomogeneous water column mixing.
Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure, methods such as adding oxidants, flocculants, heat, dewatering, mechanical removal, and pipe coatings are becoming increasingly common.[46]
See also
Mussel, mostly about true mussels
Quagga mussel
References
Jump up ^ WoRMS (2013). "Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoddle, M. S. "Quagga & Zebra Mussels". Center for Invasive Species Research, UC Riverside. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
Jump up ^ Mollusca Slovenska [The Slovak molluscs]. VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 344 pp.
Jump up ^ The National Atlas of the United States of America (2009-09-17). "Zebra Mussels". Nationalatlas.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Zebra mussel — Invasive species: Minnesota DNR". Dnr.state.mn.us. 1999-08-24. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Amy Benson (2009-12-22). "Zebra mussel FAQs". Fl.biology.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Schloesser, Don W.; Nalepa, Thomas F. (1994). "Dramatic decline of unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha". USGS Great Lakes Science Center. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
Jump up ^ Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem, An Overview, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Jump up ^ Garton, D. W.; Berg, D. J.; Stoeckmann, A. M.; Hagg, W. R. (1993). "Biology of recent invertebrate invading species in the Great Lakes: The spiny water flea, Bythotrephes cederstoemi, and the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha" (in B. N. McKnight editor. Biological pollution: The control and impact of invasive exotic species. ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana.: Indiana Academy of Science.: 63–84.
Jump up ^ Sagoff, M. "What's Wrong with Exotic Species?" (PDF). College Park, Maryland: Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, Maryland School of Public Affairs. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zebra Mussel Webpage". Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Jump up ^ Borcherding, J. (1991). "The annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha Pallas in lakes". Oecologia. 87: 208–218. doi:10.1007/bf00325258.
Jump up ^ "Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)". Retrieved 2014-05-25.
Jump up ^ Daniel P. Molloya; Alexander Y. Karatayevb; Lyubov E. Burlakovab; Dina P. Kurandinac; Franck Laruellea (1997). "Natural enemies of zebra mussels: Predators, parasites, and ecological competitors". Reviews in Fisheries Science. 5 (1): 27–97. doi:10.1080/10641269709388593. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackie, G; Gibbons, W; Muncaster, B; Gray, I (1989). "The Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha: A synthesis of European Experiences and a preview for North America". Ontario Ministry of Environment.
Jump up ^ "Manitoba stops zebra mussel invasion with fertilizer". Retrieved 2014-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Potash experiment killed zebra mussels at infested harbour, officials say". Retrieved 2014-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Manitoba family spots 'dark clumps' of zebra mussels at Grand Beach". Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Michigan-made pesticide Zequanox adds muscle to war on zebra mussels". Retrieved 2017-01-29.
Jump up ^ Blažka, F. (1893). "Do Čech zavlečená slávka: Dreissena polymorpha Pall". Vesmír (in Czech). 22 (15): 177–178.
Jump up ^ (in Czech) Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1–37. PDF.
Jump up ^ Giusti F; Oppi E (1973). "Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) nuovamente in Italia. (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae)". Mem Mus Civ St Nat Verona (in Italian). 20: 45–49.
Jump up ^ Elisabetta Lori; Simone Cianfanelli (2006). "New records of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from Central Italy" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 1 (4): 281–283. doi:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.11.
Jump up ^ "British waterways fight invasion by Russian zebra mussels". BBC News. 2011-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Angling club closes down at 'clean' Salford Quays". BBC News. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zebra Mussels Overwhelm U.S. Waterways in the Great Lakes Region and Beyond – Copper Screens and Coatings Provide a Solution to this $500 million Problem". Copper Development Association. 2009-07-30. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13.
Jump up ^ Drake, John M., and Jonathan M. Bossenbroek (2004). "The Potential Distribution of zebra mussels in the United States." BioScience (Vol. 54, No 10). Retrieved 2014-2-19.
Jump up ^ Stimers, M.J. 2008. Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Invasion into the Upper Platte River: Using GIS and Genetic Algorithm Rule-set Prediction to Model Spread. The Pennsylvania Geographer 45(2): 57–70.
Jump up ^ "Zebra Quagga Mussel Sightings Distribution". USGS. USGS. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zebra Mussels". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "2 Mass. towns start fight against zebra mussel". Boston Herald. 2009-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Zebra mussels found in Pelican Lake in Otter Tail County" (Press release). MN Department of Natural Resources. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
Jump up ^ Winnipeg Sun Province redoubles fight against zebra mussels Winnipeg Sun, MAY 28, 2015, Retrieved May 28, 2015
Jump up ^ "Zebra Mussel Discovered in North Dakota" (Press release). ND Game and Fish Department. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Zebra mussels found" (PDF). USDA. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ Stoler, Steve (2011-10-26). "Water district braces for North Texas drought crisis | wfaa.com Dallas – Fort Worth". Wfaa.com. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ Effler, Steven W., Carol M. Brooks, Keith Whitehead, Bruce Wagner, Susan M. Doerr, MaryGail Perkins, Clifford A. Siegfried, Leigh Walrath and Raymond P. Canale (1996). "Impact of Zebra Mussel Invasion on River Water Quality." Water Environment Research (Vol. 68, No 2). pp. 205–214. Retrieved 2014-2-19.
Jump up ^ Connelly, NA; O'Neill, CR Jr; Knuth, BA; Brown, TL (2007-05-24). "Economic impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities". Environ Manage. 40: 105–12. doi:10.1007/s00267-006-0296-5. PMID 17530329.
Jump up ^ Janega, James (2008-01-15). "Botulism takes fatal toll on thousands of Great Lakes birds". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2011-04-05. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Zebra Mussels – Too Toxic for 'Taste Of". Buffalo Rising Online. Sep 24, 2008. Retrieved Jan 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Sea Grant Overview". Retrieved 2011-12-02.
Jump up ^ Nicholls, Kenneth H.; Hopkins, Gordon J. (1993-01-01). "Recent Changes in Lake Erie (North Shore) Phytoplankton: Cumulative Impacts of Phosphorus Loading Reductions and the Zebra Mussel Introduction". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 19 (4): 637–647. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71251-4.
Jump up ^ "Report at ESPN Sports". Sports.espn.go.com. 2005-03-16. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
Jump up ^ Exotic species at PUAF.
Jump up ^ "Great Lakes: 'Amazing change'". Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ Strayer, David L. (2009). "Twenty Years of Zebra Mussels: Lessons from the Mollusk That Made Headlines." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (Vol. 7, No 3). pp. 135–141. Retrieved 2014-2-19.
Further reading
Minchin, D (2003). "The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymopha (Pallas) extends its range westwards in Ireland". Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society. 27: 176–182. ISSN 0332-1185.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dreissena polymorpha.
Zebra mussels in Kawartha Lakes, by Jim Russell
Zebra Mussel on National Atlas
Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) – FactSheet
Dreissina FAQs
Species Profile- Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Zebra Mussel.
What are Zebra Mussels?
Zebra Mussel Watch
Charting the progression of the Zebra mussel in the Eastern United States
Zebra mussel in N.I.
CISR – Zebra Mussels Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Zebra Mussels
GLANSIS Species FactSheet
USGS Zebra Mussel Monitoring Program for North Texas United States Geological Survey
Did the Zebra Mussel affect Atlantic Fishing?-C.Yukna (EMSE France)
Zebra Mussels: Questions and Answers for Inland Lake Managers
[show]
v
t
e
Aquatic ecosystem topics
[hide]
Aquatic ecosystems – general and freshwater components
General
Acoustic ecology
Adaptation
Agent-based models
Algal bloom
Anoxic waters
Aquatic animals (Insects
Mammals)
Aquatic plants
Aquatic science
Benthos
Biodiversity research
Bioluminescence
Biomass
Biomonitoring
Cascade effect
Colored dissolved organic matter
Camouflage and mimicry
Dead zone
Ecohydrology
Ecosystems
Eutrophication
Fisheries science
Food chain
Food web
GIS and aquatic science
Hydrobiology
Hypoxia
Isotope analysis
Microbial ecology
Microbial food web
Microbial loop
Nekton
Neuston
Particle
Pelagic zone
Photic zone
Phytoplankton
Plankton
Pleuston
Predation
Productivity
Ramsar Convention
Respiration
Schooling
Sediment trap
Siltation
Spawning
Substrate
Thermal pollution
Toxicology
Trophic level
Water column
Zooplankton
More...
Freshwater
Biology
Biomes
Ecosystems
freshwater
lake
river
Fish
Hyporheic zone
Limnology
Lake stratification
Macrophyte
Pond
Fish pond
Rheotaxis
Stream bed
Stream pool
Trophic state index
Upland and lowland
Water garden
Wetland
brackish marsh
freshwater marsh
swamp
bog
fen
Environmental quality
More...
Ecoregions
Freshwater (List)
Marine (List)
The Everglades
Maharashtra
The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
The San Francisco Estuary
[show]
Aquatic ecosystems – marine components
Marine
Marine biology
Marine chemistry
Deep scattering layer
Diel vertical migration
Ecosystems
large marine
marine)
f-ratio
Iron fertilization
Marine snow
Ocean nourishment
Oceanic physical-biological process
Ocean turbidity
Photophore
Thorson's rule
Upwelling
Whale fall
More...
Marine
life
Bacteriophages
Census
Fish
coastal
coral reef
deep sea
demersal
pelagic
Deep sea communities
Deep sea creature
Deep-water coral
Invertebrates
Larvae
Mammals
Marine life
Microorganisms
Paradox of the plankton
Reptiles
Seabirds
Seashore wildlife
Vertebrates
Wild fisheries
Marine
habitats
Bay mud
Coastal biogeomorphology
Cold seeps
Coral reefs
Davidson Seamount
Estuaries
Intertidal ecology
Intertidal wetlands
Kelp forests
Hydrothermal vents
Lagoons
Mangroves
Marine biomes
Marine habitats
Mudflats
Rocky shores
Salt marshes
Salt pannes and pools
Seagrass meadows
Sponge grounds
Sponge reefs
Tide pools
Issues
Ecological values of mangroves
Fisheries and climate change
HERMIONE
Marine conservation
Marine conservation activism
Marine pollution
Marine Protected Area
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zebra_mussel&oldid=825835062"
Categories:
Dreissenidae
Molluscs described in 1771
Invertebrates of Russia
Molluscs of Europe
Invasive animal species in North America
Invasive animal species of the British Isles
Invasive animal species of Italy
Invasive animal species of Spain
Invasive animal species of Sweden
Invertebrates of Ukraine
Edible invasive species
Hidden categories:
CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)
Articles with Czech-language external links
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
Articles with 'species' microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Aragonés
Беларуская
Български
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
Italiano
Magyar
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 18:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Animalia mw-redirect Animalia

value: span

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Dnieper_River
mw-redirect
Dnieper River

values:
/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_(North_America)
mw-redirect
Lake Saint Clair (North America)

values: List of non-marine molluscs of the Czech Republic

values:
/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan
mw-redirect
Detroit, Michigan

values:
/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway
mw-redirect
St. Lawrence Seaway

values:
/wiki/St_Lawrence_River
mw-redirect
St Lawrence River

values: Pelican Lake (Otter Tail County, Minnesota)

values:
/wiki/Red_River_Basin
mw-redirect
Red River Basin

values: 2010–13 Southern United States and Mexico drought

values:
/wiki/UC_Riverside
mw-redirect
UC Riverside

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00325258

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1067816

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3391%2Fai.2006.1.4.11

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/5x9UPINSt

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17530329

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/5xiuS7cmi

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0332-1185

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fourmilelake.ca/zebra1.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/zebra_2.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35270

values:
/wiki/Aquatic_predation
mw-redirect
Aquatic predation

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Freshwater_biome
mw-redirect
Freshwater biome

values: Freshwater environmental quality parameters

values: Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Deep_sea_communities
mw-redirect
Deep sea communities

values:
/wiki/Marine_biomes
mw-redirect
Marine biomes

values: Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Invasive animal species in North America

values: Category:Invasive animal species of the British Isles

values: Category:Invasive animal species of Italy

values: Category:Invasive animal species of Spain

values: Category:Invasive animal species of Sweden

values: Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)

values: Category:Articles with Czech-language external links

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Zebra_mussel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: Дрэйсена рачная – Belarusian

values: Зеброва мида – Bulgarian

values: صدف سیاه گورخری – Persian

values: Речная дрейссена – Russian

values: Тригранка річкова – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Zebra_mussel rootpage-Zebra_mussel skin-vector action-view