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George O'Malley
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George O'Malley
Grey's Anatomy character
The Season 4 promotional photo of T. R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley
First appearance
"A Hard Day's Night" (1.01)
March 27, 2005
Last appearance
"Good Mourning" (6.01)
September 24, 2009
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
T. R. Knight
Information
Full name
George O'Malley
Occupation
Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Hospital
Title
M.D
Family
Louise O'Malley (mother)
Harold O'Malley (father, deceased)
Jerry and Ronnie O'Malley (brothers)
Spouse(s)
Callie Torres (divorced)
Significant other(s)
Olivia Harper
Meredith Grey
Izzie Stevens
Religion
Catholicism
George O'Malley, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actor T. R. Knight from 2005 to 2009. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. O'Malley married Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens. O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback).
Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers); the five of them working under Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith, for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) had a mutual interest in one another. On the first day of internship, O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) as the first intern to perform surgery. He freezes in the operating room, and is mocked by his peers, and earns the nickname "007" because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation (referring to James Bond's "licence to kill"). O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback), breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her, which she in turn contracted from Karev. His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out. Karev freezes, and O'Malley is able to save the patient single-handedly. He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith, and the two have a one-night stand. When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake, O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez).
During a camping trip, O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand. When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve, he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him, instead contacting Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), Burke's medical school rival. His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan, but he allows her to support him through his father's deteriorating health. Complications from his father's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure, and his life support is turned off. In an attempt to overcome his grief, O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas. He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her, and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated. Stevens confesses that she is in love with him, so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife. However, he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams. O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year, and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens, leading the two to separate. O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short-lived relationship, only to discover there is no real chemistry between them.
O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Meredith's half-sister. Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point, leading him to confront Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery, to ask for a chance to retake the exam. He passes the second attempt, and begins to distance himself from Lexie, who has fallen in love with him. O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma, and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev. O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery, and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) that it is definitely his specialty. He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army. While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay, they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe, brought in after a horrible bus accident, in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life. When Meredith goes to check on John Doe, he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand. After several attempts at trying, he succeeds in tracing "007" on Meredith's hand. Shocked, she realizes "John Doe" is in fact O'Malley. She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery. However, he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead. His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted, and he is buried a week later.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
T. R. Knight expected a short career with Grey's Anatomy.
T. R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley, expecting that the role might be short-lived, because he liked that the character was multi-faceted.[1] In October 2006, news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur,[2] during an argument with Patrick Dempsey (Derek Shepherd). Shortly after, the details of the argument became public, and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay.[3] "I was under no delusions," Knight said at the time. "My friends on the set knew. We talked about it. Publicly it's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like, 'Hey, you want to know something about me?'...I could've just let it slide and not said anything, but it became important. It became important to make the statement."[3] The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement, apologizing for his "unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on-set".[4]
Isaiah Washington insulted T. R. Knight with a homophobic slur.
At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, while being interviewed on the red carpet, Washington joked, "I love gay. I wanted to be gay. Please let me be gay."[5] Later, Washington claimed he never used the slur, labeling it "vile".[6][7] In June 2007, it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington's contract with the show,[8] not immediately specifying a reason.[9] In a subsequent interview, Washington claimed that "they fired the wrong guy" (referring to Knight), and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result. He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey's Anatomy.[10]
On July 2, 2007, Washington appeared on Larry King Live, to present his side of the controversy. According to Washington, he never used the "F Word" in reference to Knight, but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument "provoked" by Dempsey, who he felt was treating him like a "B-word", a "P-word", and the "F-word", which Washington said conveyed "somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back".[11] In 2009, Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly, stating: "I wasn't interested in what anybody thought publicly. I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground...with the people I work with every day. Did I do it perfectly? Of course not. This is my first television show. It was a learning experience."[12] Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out, however Rhimes said: "I remember saying [to fellow executive producer], 'This is our proudest day here. T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it wouldn't affect his character' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay. [...] The idea that a gay actor can't play a straight man is insulting."[12]
In December 2008, reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that "they were working out the details" at that time. In June 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season.[13] The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes,[14] O'Malley's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to be openly gay.[15] Prior to the official announcement of his departure, there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast,[16] but Rhimes labeled it as a "hilarious, ridiculous rumor".[16] After the confirmation of his exit, Knight told TV Guide: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make. I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much. I continue to wish them the very best, and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm."[17] In a statement confirming Knight's departure, Rhimes said: "I think I speak for the entire Grey's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors. He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us."[17]
"There are ebbs and flows. And every season is shaped differently. With George, I really wanted you to not notice that he wasn't there for most of this episode. I don't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season. And, actually, he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words. That moment where he grabs Meredith's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode, and it was without words."
— Rhimes on Knight's lack of screen time in season five[18]
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting, explaining: "I looked in his face and he was really sure. It felt like the right thing for him."[12] However, in another interview, Knight said of his exit: "My five-year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given [about O'Malley]."[19] Knight was "at peace" with his departure, saying: "There just comes a time when it's so clear that moving on is the best decision." However, Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving, saying: "I didn't think it was the right decision. I felt like some of the problems could be worked through. But by the time it came to fruition, I was [glad] for him because he was ready to go."[19] On the topic of losing a US$14 million contract, Knight commented: "From an outsider's perspective, I get the [impression that] 'He's just a spoiled actor, he doesn’t know how good he has it.' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position. But in the end, I need to be fulfilled in my work."[19]
Characterization[edit]
O'Malley was characterized a "hapless naif".[20] On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season, Knight said: "What's going to be very interesting to see is what he's going to do with Meredith. It's getting close to time. Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life."[21] After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen, Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune: "George wasn't really paying full attention. He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith. A person really clued in would get that there wasn't anything coming back, but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he wasn't listening. It's not just that he loves her...it's a kind of selfish love he had for her." He also added that, "I think George has a lot of growing up to do. Part of that is making horrible, stupid mistakes. He's been pretty sheltered."[22]
Katherine Heigl's (left) and Ellen Pompeo's (right) characters both have short-lived relationships with O'Malley.
Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter: "There's no turning back. There's nothing George and Meredith can do. The damage is done – things will never be the same. They've just changed something important in their lives forever."[23] When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive, Knight said:
“ I think that's very true, especially since the elevator scene. The first time we saw George, he failed at an appendectomy, he failed very publicly. In the elevator scene, if he hadn't been in that elevator, if they had been in any other place, he would have let someone else step in and deal with it. The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act, it was either that or let this man die. He stepped up because he had to.[22] ”
Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits.[22] On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator, Knight said: "It's a slow change but he's starting to realize, 'The way I have been doing things is not working.' The big thing about the open-heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it. He needs to be kind of kicked in the (butt) to do these things."[21]
Knight felt a parallel to George in that his "confidence isn't always at its absolute highest", but overall he sees more differences than similarities. However, when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley, an awkward move can suggest otherwise. "I was walking, doing a scene with Katherine Heigl. I finished my line with her, and then I walked straight into the light stand."[21] Critical of her affair with O'Malley, Knight's co-star Heigl explained: "They really hurt somebody, and they didn't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it. I have a really hard time with that kind of thing. I'm maybe a little too black and white about it."[24] Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie, Rhimes offered her insight: "I love them as friends. They make good friends. We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere – we just hit it off right away. And right away there was no pretense or airs. Just pure honesty. That's Lexie and George. They're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater."[25] When asked what his "favorite George moment" was, Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey.[26]
Reception[edit]
Callie Torres' relationship with O'Malley was initially criticized.
Fans were "widely against" O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season,[22] however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him.[27][28] Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season;[29] Maclean's said: "George must die. He's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast. And he's not that great of a doctor. Evolve or die."[30] Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a "mismatch", adding: "Unfortunately, while it's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy, the idea of these two ever-affable, best-friend characters suddenly discovering their potential, out-of-nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force-fed and emotionally-incorrect."[31] Similarly, DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were "one of the strongest 'best friend' vibes on television" for the first three seasons, explaining "they were perfect as friends [while] George and Callie made a good couple."[32] UGO.com put the two on their list of "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened".[33]
Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens, the scene was too "melodramatic".[34] Laura Burrows, also of IGN, said that the fourth-season premiere "introduced a new side of George".[35] Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens' reconciliation: "George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey's Anatomy road to ruin. And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey's viewing as well as life: Sit tight if you hate something, as nothing is permanent."[36] Armstrong also commented that the "sparkling" friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley "won her over".[37] The following year, Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time: "His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale, but the character is virtually side-lined this season."[38] Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character's death: "The time-lapse episode was an interesting choice, and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours, it didn't feel rushed to me. I'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness."[39]
The Huffington Post's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations, writing that it "wasn't as sad as [he] thought it would be".[40] In 2006, Knight and the other cast of Grey's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[41] Also in 2006, the cast won the award for Best Cast – Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards.[42] The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards,[43] and were nominated again the following year.[44] Knight's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.[45]
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ T.R. Knight (2007). Grey's Anatomy – T.R. Knight On Auditioning. Paley Center. Event occurs at 0:30–1:20. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edward, Wyatt (January 22, 2007). "Anatomy of an Insult: ABC Is Stung by an Actor's Anti-Gay Slurs". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Nudd, Tim (January 17, 2007). "T.R. Knight: Isaiah Washington's Slur Made Me Come Out". People. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Isaiah Washington Apologizes". People. October 25, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (January 17, 2007). "Isaiah Washington: "I Love Gay"". Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight: 'Isaiah Washington Did Use the 'F Word'". Hollywood.com. January 17, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy Show Creator Speaks Out About Anti-Gay Controversy". Yahoo! Voices. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2012. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Jensen, Michael (June 8, 2007). "Isaiah Washington Fired from Grey's Anatomy". AfterElton.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABC drops Washington from Grey's Anatomy". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Grey's star says they fired the wrong guy", Houston Chronicle. June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interview transcript" July 2, 2007. Cable News Network.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Greg (July 27, 2009). "T.R. Knight: More of Entertainment Weekly interview". Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 17, 2009). "It's official: T.R. Knight exits 'Grey's Anatomy' – Inside TV". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2009). "T.R. Knight reveals why he left 'Grey's Anatomy'". Cable News Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight: Leaving Grey's Anatomy Was the "Best Decision"". Us Weekly. July 23, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (May 28, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy T.R. Knight Rumors Ripped as "Ridiculous" "False"". TV Guide. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (19 June 2009). "T.R. Knight Speaks Out: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy Was Not Easy"". TV Guide. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 15, 2009). "Exclusive='Grey's' boss on finale's Izzie-George shocker, Mer-Der 'wedding,' and more!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2009). "This week's cover: 'Grey's Anatomy' star T.R. Knight reveals why he left the hit show". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Fonseca, Nicholas (September 16, 2005). "Playing Doctors". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keveney, Bill (February 16, 2006). "TV's top everymen". USA Today. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ryan, Maureen (March 10, 2006). "George speaks: A chat with T.R. Knight of 'Grey's Anatomy'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ McKee, Stacy (February 26, 2006). "From Stacy McKee, writer of "What Have I Done To Deserve This?"". American Broadcasting Company. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bennetts, Leslie (January 2008). "Heigl's Anatomy". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda (June 2, 2008). "The End of the Beginning... Part II..." Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight talks 'Grey's Anatomy'". The Associated Press. February 15, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Yuan, Jada (September 18, 2006). "Belle Curves: Sara Ramirez". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (November 16, 2005). "Spamalot's Ramirez Lands Role on TV's "Grey's Anatomy"". Playbill. Philip S Birsh. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight pictures, Blog, Interviews, News, Trivia, Biography". BuddyTV. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Treble, Patricia (April 25, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy is on life support". Maclean's. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Christopher (June 18, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 3 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Jim (September 18, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Season Four". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (August 11, 2011). "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened – George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens -". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (October 7, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy recap: Keeping Up With the Jonesing". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Burrows, Laura (May 27, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 4 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (November 9, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy recap: Bed Her Late, Then Never". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (September 30, 2007). "When Girls Collide". Entertainment Weekly. p. 2. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Chris (May 29, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 5 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (September 25, 2009). "'Grey's Anatomy' premiere: Saying goodbye to George O'Malley". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pascua, Michael (September 25, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Good Mourning / Goodbye (season premiere)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2006 Satellite Awards". Alt Film Guide. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight". Primetime Emmy Awards. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
General
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
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Winnie-the-Pooh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Pooh" redirects here. For other uses, see Pooh (disambiguation).
"Hunny" redirects here. For the food, see Honey.
This article is about the fictional character. For the songwriter, see Poo Bear. For other uses, see Winnie-the-Pooh (disambiguation).
Winnie-the-Pooh
Pooh in an illustration by E. H. Shepard
First appearance
When We Were Very Young (1924) (As Edward Bear) Winnie-the-Pooh (As Winnie-the-Pooh)
Created by
A. A. Milne
Information
Gender
Male
Winnie-the-Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A. A. Milne.
The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book When We Were Very Young (1924) and many more in Now We Are Six (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, including Alexander Lenard's Latin translation, Winnie ille Pu, which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on The New York Times Best Seller list.[1]
Hyphens in the character's name were dropped by Disney when the company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of features that became one of its most successful franchises.
In popular film adaptations, Pooh Bear has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings in English and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories
1.3 First publication
1.4 Character
1.5 Sequel
1.6 Stephen Slesinger
1.7 Red Shirt Pooh
1.8 Disney ownership era (1966–present)
1.9 Merchandising revenue dispute
2 Adaptations
2.1 Theatre
2.2 Audio
2.3 Radio
2.4 Film
2.4.1 Disney adaptations
2.4.1.1 Theatrical shorts
2.4.1.2 Theatrical feature films
2.4.2 Soviet adaptation
2.5 Television
2.5.1 Television shows
2.5.2 Holiday TV specials
2.5.3 Direct-to-video shorts
2.5.4 Direct-to-video features
3 Legacy
4 References
5 External links
History
Origin
Original Winnie-the-Pooh stuffed toys. Clockwise from bottom left: Tigger, Kanga, Edward Bear ("Winnie-the-Pooh"), Eeyore, and Piglet. Roo was lost long ago; the other characters were made up for the stories.
A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys – Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger – were incorporated into Milne's stories.[2][3] Two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milne's imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City.[4]
Harry Colebourn and Winnie, 1914
Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and "Pooh", a swan they had met while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River, Ontario, Canada, while en route to England during the First World War.[5] He named the bear "Winnie" after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg, Manitoba. "Winnie" was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot. Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo, as she had become a much loved attraction there.[6] Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young.
In the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply "Pooh":
But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think – but I am not sure – that that is why he is always called Pooh.
The American writer William Safire surmised that the Milnes’ invention of the name “Winnie the Pooh” may have also been influenced by the haughty character Pooh-Bah in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado (1885).[7]
Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories
The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, England. The forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles (50 km) south of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm, near Hartfield. According to Christopher Milne, while his father continued to live in London "...the four of us – he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny – would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer."[8] From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway, beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally "above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines." Most of his father's visits to the forest at this time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot "to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian". Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it "the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival".[9]
Many locations in the stories can be linked to real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: "Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical". For example, the fictional "Hundred Acre Wood" was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood; Galleon's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill's Lap, while a clump of trees just north of Gill's Lap became Christopher Robin's The Enchanted Place because no-one had ever been able to count whether there were sixty-three or sixty-four trees in the circle.[10]
The landscapes depicted in E. H. Shepard's illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. Many of Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[11]
The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on a footbridge across a tributary of the River Medway in Posingford Wood, close to Cotchford Farm. The wooden bridge is now a tourist attraction, and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in nearby woodland.[12][13] When the footbridge recently had to be replaced, the engineer designed a new structure based closely on the drawings of the bridge by Shepard in the books, which were somewhat different than the original structure.
First publication
Winnie-the-Pooh's debut in the 24 December 1925 London Evening News
Christopher Robin's teddy bear, Edward, made his character début in A. A. Milne's poem, "Teddy Bear", in the 13 February 1924 edition of Punch, and the same poem was published in Milne's book of children's verse When We Were Very Young (6 November 1924).[14] Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper The Evening News. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd.[15]
The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, and E. P. Dutton in the United States.[16]
Character
In the Milne books, Pooh is naive and slow-witted, but he is also friendly, thoughtful, and steadfast. Although he and his friends agree that he "has no Brain", Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea, usually driven by common sense. These include riding in Christopher Robin's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood, discovering "the North Pole" by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river, inventing the game of Poohsticks, and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank.
Pooh is also a talented poet, and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums." Although he is humble about his slow-wittedness, he is comfortable with his creative gifts. When Owl's house blows down in a storm, trapping Pooh and Piglet and Owl inside, Pooh encourages Piglet (the only one small enough to do so) to escape and rescue them all by promising that "a respectful Pooh song" will be written about Piglet's feat. Later, Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song.
Pooh is very fond of food, especially "hunny" but also condensed milk and other items. When he visits friends, his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly. Though intending to give Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday, Pooh cannot resist eating the honey on his way to deliver the present, and so instead gives Eeyore "a useful pot to put things in". When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit's attempt to "unbounce" Tigger, Pooh finds his way home by following the "call" of the honeypots from his house. Pooh makes it a habit to have "a little something" around eleven o'clock in the morning. As the clock in his house "stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago," any time can be Pooh's snack time.
Pooh is very social. After Christopher Robin, his closest friend is Piglet, and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them. But he also habitually visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return.
Sequel
In December 1969, Michael Alan Dover, a student at the University of Michigan, published an original unauthorized sequel, Pooh and Party Look for Haycorns and Discover Christmas, in the Christmas edition of The Michigan Daily, published by the Board of Student Publications at the University. It is available for inspection in the bound volumes stored at the Daily's office. It may also be found in the published archives: https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/midaily/mdp.39015071754159/780. Later, after becoming a parent, in 1984 Dover printed a mimeographed version of the story, used as a Christmas card for a small number of friends and co-workers over the years. The author wrote and called the appropriate office of Disney on more than one occasion, and notified the company of these facts. In April, 2015, Dover wrote the Board of Student Publications to inquire as to who had the copyright to the story published in 1969, and notified the Board he had no intention of using the work for commercial purposes for his private gain. Most recently, Dover condensed the story into a more readable 10-minute version, and was invited to publicly read the story on November 4 and 5, 2017, at the Cedar Lee Theater in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, prior to the 4:30 pm showings of the film Goodbye, Christopher Robin. For a number of years, Dover has placed the following item on his faculty profile at Cleveland State University, under creative activities: "I have several dozen copies of a new reprint of my story, Pooh and Party Look for Haycorns and Discover Christmas, available upon request, originally published in the Christmas edition of The Michigan Daily in 1969." Dover has posted the original story, minus a few "bothersome" typos, on his University of Michigan alumni website with this notice: "This story was published in The Michigan Daily Christmas edition long ago. It has been re-issued in 2017, with the intention of publishing it open access, for non-commercial use. I’m hoping this story helps us remember when days were simpler, and helps us to continue to hope for peace on earth."
An authorised sequel Return to the Hundred Acre Wood was published on 5 October 2009. The author, David Benedictus, has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by Mark Burgess, are in the style of Shepard.[17]
Another authorised sequel, The Best Bear in All the World, was published by Egmont in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, Kate Saunders, Brian Sibley, Paul Bright, and Jeanne Willis. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess.[18] The Best Bear in All The World sees the introduction of a new character, a Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin.[19] A further special story, Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen, was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II. It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[20]
Stephen Slesinger
On 6 January 1930, Stephen Slesinger purchased U.S. and Canadian merchandising, television, recording and other trade rights to the "Winnie-the-Pooh" works from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66% of Slesinger's income, creating the modern licensing industry. By November 1931, Pooh was a $50 million-a-year business.[21] Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years, creating the first Pooh doll, record, board game, puzzle, US radio broadcast (NBC), animation, and motion picture film.[22]
Red Shirt Pooh
The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932, when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now-familiar red shirt and featured on an RCA Victor picture record. Parker Brothers introduced A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh Game in 1933, again with Pooh in his red shirt. In the 1940s, Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his red shirt. Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first Winnie-The-Pooh book, which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions.
Disney ownership era (1966–present)
Main article: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)
After Slesinger's death in 1953, his wife, Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, continued developing the character herself. In 1961, she licensed rights to Walt Disney Productions in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger, Inc. and Disney.[23] The same year, A. A. Milne's widow, Daphne Milne, also licensed certain rights, including motion picture rights, to Disney.
Since 1966, Disney has released numerous animated productions starring Winnie the Pooh and related characters. These have included theatrical featurettes, television series, and direct-to-video films, as well as the theatrical feature-length films The Tigger Movie, Piglet's Big Movie, Pooh's Heffalump Movie, and Winnie the Pooh.
Merchandising revenue dispute
Pooh videos, soft toys, and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney. The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from Beanie and miniature to human-sized. In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh, Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E.H. Shepard’s illustrations.
In 1991, Stephen Slesinger, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales. Under this agreement, Disney was to retain approximately 98% of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2% was to be paid to Slesinger. In addition, the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name.[24] Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidential documents,[25] the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger's investigator had rummaged through Disney's garbage in order to retrieve the discarded evidence.[26] Slesinger appealed the termination, and on 26 September 2007, a three-judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal.[27]
After the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, Clare Milne, Christopher Milne's daughter, attempted to terminate any future U.S. copyrights for Stephen Slesinger, Inc.[28] After a series of legal hearings, Judge Florence-Marie Cooper of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger, Inc., as did the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On 26 June 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case, sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit.[29]
On 19 February 2007 Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their "misguided claims" to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger, Inc. were unjustified,[30] but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009, again from Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademark and copyright rights to Disney, although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters. Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome.[31][32]
Adaptations
Theatre
Winnie-the-Pooh at the Guild Theater | Sue Hastings Marionettes, 1931[33]
Winnie-the-Pooh, a play in three acts | Dramatized by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1957
Winnie-the-Pooh, a musical comedy in two acts | Lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, Music by Allan Jay Friedman, Book by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1964
A Winnie-the-Pooh Christmas Tail, In Which Winnie-the-Pooh and His Friends Help Eeyore Have a Very Merry Christmas (Or a Very Happy Birthday.) | Book, Music and Lyrics by James W. Rogers, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1977
"Bother! The Brain of Pooh" | Peter Dennis, 1986
Winnie-the-Pooh, small cast musical version | Dramatized by le Clanché du Rand, Music by Allan Jay Friedman, Lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, Additional Lyrics by le Clanché du Rand, Dramatic Publishing Company, 1992
Audio
RCA Victor record from 1932 decorated with Stephen Slesinger, Inc.'s Winnie-the-Pooh
Selected Pooh stories read by Maurice Evans released on vinyl LP:
Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Introducing Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin"; Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place"; "Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle") 1956
More Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Eeyore Loses a Tail"; "Piglet Meets a Heffalump"; "Eeyore Has a Birthday".)
In 1960 HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs (music by Harold Fraser-Simson) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner (Chapters 2 and 8), starring Ian Carmichael as Pooh, Denise Bryer as Christopher Robin (who also narrated), Hugh Lloyd as Tigger, Penny Morrell as Piglet, and Terry Norris as Eeyore. This was released on a 45 rpm EP.[34]
In the 1970s and 1980s, Carol Channing recorded Winnie the Pooh, The House at Pooh Corner and The Winnie the Pooh Songbook, with music by Don Heckman. These were released on vinyl LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records.
Unabridged recordings read by Peter Dennis of the four Pooh books:
When We Were Very Young
Winnie-the-Pooh
Now We Are Six
The House at Pooh Corner
In 1979 a double audio cassette set of "Winnie the Pooh" was produced featuring British actor Lionel Jeffries reading all characters in the stories. This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from "House at Pooh Corner" also read by Lionel Jeffries.[35]
In the 1990s, the stories were dramatised for audio by David Benedictus, with music composed, directed and played by John Gould. They were performed by a cast that included Stephen Fry as Winnie-the-Pooh, Jane Horrocks as Piglet, Geoffrey Palmer as Eeyore and Judi Dench as Kanga.[36]
Radio
Winnie-the-Pooh was broadcast by Donald Calthrop over all BBC stations on Christmas Day, 1925.[15]
Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932, when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by The American School of the Air, the educational division of the Columbia Broadcasting System.[37]
Film
2017: Goodbye Christopher Robin, a drama film exploring the creation of Winnie-the-Pooh by A.A. Milne.
Disney adaptations
Theatrical shorts
1966: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
1968: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
1974: Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too
1981: Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons
1983: Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
Theatrical feature films
1977: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (compilation of Honey Tree, Blustery Day, and Tigger Too)
2000: The Tigger Movie
2003: Piglet's Big Movie
2005: Pooh's Heffalump Movie
2011: Winnie the Pooh
A live action film is in development with screenwriter Alex Ross Perry on board to write the screenplay and Marc Forster to direct. The story is planned to focus on an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood.[38][39]
Soviet adaptation
A postage stamp showing Piglet and Winnie-the-Pooh as they appear in the Soviet adaptation
In the Soviet Union, three Winnie-the-Pooh, (transcribed in Russian as "Vinni Pukh") (Russian language: Винни-Пух) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy[40] of short films by Soyuzmultfilm (directed by Fyodor Khitruk) from 1969 to 1972.
Винни-Пух (Winnie-the-Pooh, 1969) – based on chapter 1
Винни-Пух идёт в гости (Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit, 1971) – based on chapter 2
Винни-Пух и день забот (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, 1972) – based on chapters 4 and 6.
Films use Boris Zakhoder's translation of the book. Pooh was voiced by Yevgeny Leonov. Unlike the Disney adaptations, the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard's illustrations, creating a different look. The Soviet adaptations make extensive use of Milne's original text, and often bring out aspects of Milne's characters' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations.
Television
Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends debuted on NBC Television in 1960.
A version of Winnie The Pooh, in which the animals were played by marionettes designed, made and operated by Bil And Cora Baird, was presented on 3 October 1960, on NBC Television's The Shirley Temple Show. Pooh himself is voiced by Franz Fazakas.
During the 1970s the BBC children's television show Jackanory serialised the two books, which were read by Willie Rushton.[41]
Magical World of Winnie the Pooh (Note: These are episodes from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
Television shows
Welcome to Pooh Corner (*) (Disney Channel, 1983–1986)
Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Disney Junior, 2011-2014[42])
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (ABC, 1988–1991)
The Book of Pooh (*) (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2001–2003)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2007–2010)
(*): Puppet/live-action show
Holiday TV specials
1991: Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, included in A Very Merry Pooh Year
1996: Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh, included in Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
1998: A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving, included in Seasons of Giving
1999: A Valentine for You
Direct-to-video shorts
1990: Winnie the Pooh's ABC of Me
Direct-to-video features
1997: Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin
1999: Seasons of Giving*
2001: The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart
2002: A Very Merry Pooh Year*
2004: Springtime with Roo
2005: Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
2007: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
2009: Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too
2010: Super Duper Super Sleuths
These features integrate stories from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and/or holiday specials with new footage.
Legacy
A plaque on Winnie-the-Pooh Street (ulica Kubusia Puchatka) in Warsaw
Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas. Benjamin Hoff used Milne's characters in The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet to explain Taoism. Similarly, Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in The Pooh Perplex and Postmodern Pooh to satirise a range of philosophical approaches.[43] Pooh and the Philosophers by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers including Descartes, Kant, Plato and Nietzsche.[44]
One of the best known characters in British children's literature, a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of icons of England.[45] Forbes magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002, with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year.[46] In 2005, Pooh generated $6 billion, a figure surpassed by only Mickey Mouse.[47] In 2006, Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, marking the 80th birthday of Milne's creation.[47] The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a Warsaw street is named for him, Ulica Kubusia Puchatka. There is also a street named after him in Budapest (Micimackó utca).[48]
In music, Kenny Loggins wrote the song "House at Pooh Corner", which was originally recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.[49] Loggins later rewrote the song as "Return to Pooh Corner", featuring on the album of the same name in 1991. In Italy, a pop band took their name from Winnie, and were titled Pooh. In Estonia there is a punk/metal band called Winny Puhh.
In the "sport" of Poohsticks, competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first. Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book The House at Pooh Corner and later in the films, it has crossed over into the real world: a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in Oxfordshire each year. Ashdown Forest in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction, and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks.[50] The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982.
In the Peoples Republic of China images of Pooh are censored as internet memes comparing Chinese president Xi Jinping to Pooh became popular in mid-2017.[51]
References
Jump up ^ McDowell, Edwin. "Winnie Ille Pu Nearly XXV Years Later", The New York Times (18 November 1984). Retrieved 2 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pooh celebrates his 80th birthday". BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2015
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (28 February 2007) "Happy Birthday Pooh", Daily Express. Retrieved 20 July 2015
Jump up ^ "The Adventures of the Real Winnie-the-Pooh. The New York Public Library.
Jump up ^ "Winnie the Pooh's Canadian beginnings". The Spectator, - Hamilton, Ont. Aug 2, 1997, Page: W.13
Jump up ^ "Winnie". Historica Minutes, The Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 30 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Safire, William. “Whence Poo-Bah”, GASBAG, vol. 24, no. 3, issue 186, January/February 1993, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Willard, Barbara (1989). The Forest – Ashdown in East Sussex. Sussex: Sweethaws Press. . Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.
Jump up ^ Willard (1989). Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.
Jump up ^ Hope, Yvonne Jefferey (2000). "Winnie-the-Pooh in Ashdown Forest". In Brooks, Victoria. Literary Trips: Following in the Footsteps of Fame. 1. Vancouver, Canada: Greatest Escapes. p. 287. ISBN 0-9686137-0-5.
Jump up ^ "About the E. H. Shepard archive". University of Surrey. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Plans to improve access to Pooh Bridge unveiled". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2012
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Jump up ^ "Celebrate Winnie-The-Pooh's 90th With A Rare Recording (And Hunny)". NPR. 20 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Children's Story by A. A. Milne". London Evening News. 24 December 1925. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Thwaite, Ann (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Alan Alexander Milne. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev (4 October 2009). "Pooh sequel returns Christopher Robin to Hundred Acre Wood". The Guardian. UK. p. 15. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Winnie-the-Pooh sequel details revealed". Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Listen to the moment Winnie-the-Pooh meets penguin friend in new book". BBC News. 19 September 2016.
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Jump up ^ McDonell, Stephen (2017-07-17). "Why China censors banned Winnie the Pooh". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
External links
Find more aboutWinnie-the-Poohat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
Winnie-the-Pooh at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
The original bear, with A. A. Milne and Christopher Robin, at the National Portrait Gallery, London
The real locations, from the Ashdown Forest Conservators
Winnie-the-Pooh at the New York Public Library
"Winnie the Pooh saga turns 100 years old", CBC News, 24 August 2014.
"The skull of the 'real' Winnie goes on display", BBC News, 20 November 2015.
[show]
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Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne
Books
When We Were Very Young (1924)
Winnie-the-Pooh (1926)
Now We Are Six (1927)
The House at Pooh Corner (1928)
Return to the Hundred Acre Wood (2009)
The Best Bear in All the World (2016)
Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (2016)
Characters
Winnie-the-Pooh
Disney version
Piglet
Tigger
Christopher Robin
Rabbit
Eeyore
Owl
Roo
Heffalumps
Featurettes
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
Winnie-the-Pooh (1969)
Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit (1971)
Winnie-the-Pooh and a Busy Day (1972)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983)
Short films
Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981)
Feature films
Walt Disney Animation Studios films
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
DisneyToon Studios films
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Live-action remake
Christopher Robin (2018)
Direct-to-video films
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart (2001)
Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too (2009)
Super Duper Super Sleuths (2010)
Television
Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1987)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
The Book of Pooh (2001–2004)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (2007–2010)
Specials
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990)
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too (1991)
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996)
A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving (1998)
A Valentine for You (1999)
Video games
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood (1986)
Disney's Animated Storybook
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1995)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1999)
Ready to Read with Pooh (1997)
Tigger's Honey Hunt (2000)
Piglet's Big Game (2003)
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure (2005)
Disney Friends (2007)
Winnie the Pooh's Home Run Derby (2007)
Songs
"Winnie the Pooh" (1966)
"Up, Down and Touch the Ground" (1966)
"Rumbly in My Tumbly" (1966)
"Little Black Rain Cloud" (1966)
"Mind over Matter" (1966)
"A Rather Blustery Day" (1968)
"The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers" (1968)
"Heffalumps and Woozles" (1968)
"The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down" (1968)
"Hip Hip Pooh-Ray!" (1968)
"House at Pooh Corner" (1970)
"I Hum to Myself" (1983)
"Just Say, 'Yes I Can'" (1983)
"The Right Side" (1983)
"You're the Only You" (1983)
"Try a Little Something New" (1983)
People
Christopher Robin Milne
E. H. Shepard
Harry Colebourn
Shirley Slesinger Lasswell
Stephen Slesinger
Sherman Brothers
David Benedictus
Mark Burgess
Related
Ashdown Forest
Bother! The Brain of Pooh
Disney franchise
Hundred Acre Wood
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction
More Songs from Pooh Corner
Pooh's Hunny Hunt
Poohsticks
Return to Pooh Corner
The Tao of Pooh
The Te of Piglet
Eeyore's Birthday Party
Winnipeg the Bear
Goodbye Christopher Robin
[show]
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Teddy bears
Manufacturers
Build-A-Bear Workshop
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Ideal Toy Company
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Ty Inc.
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Types
AG Bear
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Teddy Together
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The Bear Club
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Gummy bears
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: no2014169001
GND: 133372065
NLA: 58458776
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