text:
Navigation light
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A British Airways Boeing 757-200 lands. The port wing tip carries a red navigation light.
Combined green and red navigation light at the bow of a sailboat
A navigation light, also known as a running or position light, is a source of illumination on a vessel, aircraft or spacecraft. Navigation lights give information on a craft's position, heading, and status. Their placement is mandated by international conventions or civil authorities. Navigation lights are not intended to provide illumination for the craft making the passage, only for other craft to be aware of it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Marine navigation lights
1.1 Basic lighting
1.2 Lights of special significance
2 Aviation navigation lights
3 Spacecraft navigation lights
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Marine navigation lights[edit]
In 1838 the United States passed an act requiring steamboats running between sunset and sunrise to carry one or more signal lights; color, visibility and location were not specified. In 1848 the United Kingdom passed regulations that required steam vessels to display red and green sidelights as well as a white masthead light. In 1849 the U.S. Congress extended the light requirements to sailing vessels. In 1889 the United States convened the first International Maritime Conference to consider regulations for preventing collisions. The resulting Washington Conference Rules were adopted by the U.S in 1890 and became effective internationally in 1897. Within these rules was the requirement for steamships to carry a second mast head light. The international 1948 Safety of Life at Sea Conference recommended a mandatory second masthead light solely for power driven vessels over 150 feet in length and a fixed sternlight for almost all vessels. The regulations have changed little since then.[1]
The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea established in 1972 stipulates the requirements for the navigation lights required on a vessel.
Basic lighting[edit]
Basic lighting configuration. 2=a vessel facing directly towards observer; 4=vessel facing away from the observer.
To avoid collisions, vessels mount navigation lights that permit other vessels to determine the type and relative angle of a vessel, and thus decide if there is a danger of collision. In general sailing vessels are required to carry a green light that shines from dead ahead to 2 points (22 1⁄2°) abaft[note 1] the beam on the starboard side (the right side from the perspective of someone on board facing forward), a red light from dead ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side (left side) and a white light that shines from astern to two points abaft the beam on both sides. Power driven vessels, in addition to these lights, must carry either one or two (depending on length) white masthead lights that shine from ahead to two points abaft the beam on both sides. If two masthead lights are carried then the aft one must be higher than the forward one.[2] Hovercraft at all times and some boats operating in crowded areas may also carry a yellow flashing beacon for added visibility during day or night.
Lights of special significance[edit]
In addition to red, white and green running lights, a combination of red, white and green Mast Lights placed on a mast higher than all the running lights, and viewable from all directions, may be used to indicate the type of craft or the service it is performing. See "Quick Guide" in external links.
Ships at anchor display one or two white anchor lights (depending on the vessel's length) that can be seen from all directions. If two lights are shown then the forward light is higher than the aft one.
Boats classed as "small" are not compelled to carry navigation lights and may make use of a handheld torch.
Aviation navigation lights[edit]
1) Navigation lights 2) Aft light 3) Anti-collision strobe lights 4) Logo light
Aviation navigation lights
Red and green navigation lights
Aircraft external lights are any light fitted to the exterior of an aircraft.[3] They are usually used to increase visibility to others, and to signal actions such as entering an active runway or starting up an engine. Historically, incandescent bulbs have been used to provide light, however recently Light-emitting diodes have been used.
Aircraft navigation lights are placed in a way similar to that of marine vessels, with a red navigation light located on the left wingtip leading edge and a green light on the right wingtip leading edge. A white navigation light is as far aft as possible on the tail or each wing tip.[4] High-intensity strobe lights are located on the aircraft to aid in collision avoidance.[5] Anti-collision lights are flashing lights on the top and bottom of the fuselage, wingtips and tail tip. Their purpose is to alert others when something is happening that ground crew and other aircraft need to be aware of, such as running engines or entering active runways.
In civil aviation, pilots must keep navigation lights on from sunset to sunrise. High-intensity white strobe lights are part of the anti-collision light system, as well as the red rotating beacon.
All aircraft built after 11 March 1996 must have an anti-collision light system (strobe lights or rotating beacon) turned on for all flight activities in poor visibility. The anti-collision system is recommended in good visibility, where only strobes and beacon are required. For example, just before pushback, the pilot must keep the beacon lights on to notify ground crews that the engines are about to start. These beacon lights stay on for the duration of the flight. While taxiing, the taxi lights are on. When coming onto the runway, the taxi lights go off and the landing lights and strobes go on. When passing 10,000 feet, the landing lights are no longer required, and the pilot can elect to turn them off. The same cycle in reverse order applies when landing. Landing lights are bright white, forward and downward facing lights on the front of an aircraft. Their purpose is to allow the pilot to see the landing area, and to allow ground crew to see the approaching aircraft.
Civilian commercial airliners also have other non-navigational lights. These include logo lights, which illuminate the company logo on the tail fin. These lights are optional to turn on, though most pilots switch them on at night to increase visibility from other aircraft. Modern airliners also have a wing light. These are positioned on the outer side just in front of the engine cowlings on the fuselage. These are not required to be on, but in some cases pilots turn these lights on for engine checks and also while passengers board the aircraft for better visibility of the ground near the aircraft.
Spacecraft navigation lights[edit]
Cygnus 5 approaching International Space Station. Navigation lights can be observed towards the rear of the spacecraft. A yellow light on bottom of vessel is not visible.
Red and green navigation lights on SpaceX Dragon
In 2011, ORBITEC developed the first Light-emitting diode (LED) lighting system for use around spacecraft. Currently, Cygnus spacecraft, which are unmanned transport vessels designed for cargo transport to the International Space Station, utilize a navigational lighting system consisting of five flashing high power LED lights.[6] The Cygnus displays a flashing red light on the port side of the vessel, a flashing green on the starboard side of the vessel, two flashing white lights on the top and one flashing yellow on the bottom side of the fuselage.
The SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft also features a flashing strobe along with red and green lights.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ abaft: to the rear/closer to stern/'aft'
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Handbook of the Nautical Rules of the Road Llana and Wisneskey
Jump up ^ The International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea, Part C, Lights and Shapes
Jump up ^ https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/22569
Jump up ^ "14 CFR 25.1385, "Position light system installation"". Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "14 CFR 23.1401, "Anticollision light system"". Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "ORBITEC Delivers First-Ever LED Lighting System for Orbital Science's Cygnus Module Spacecraft Navigation Lighting". Archived from the original on 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navigational lights.
Marine Vessel Navigation Lights - quick guide
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Rogue River (Michigan)
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Not to be confused with River Rouge (Michigan).
Rogue River
River
Country
United States of America
State
Michigan
Cities
Belmont, MI, Rockford, MI, Sparta, MI
Source
Large Muck Fields near Grant, MI
- location Grant Township, MI
- elevation 833 ft (254 m)
- coordinates 43°18′27″N 85°45′18″W / 43.3076°N 85.75513°W / 43.3076; -85.75513
Mouth
Grand River
- location Plainfield Township, MI
- elevation 663 ft (202 m)
- coordinates 43°03′42″N 85°35′09″W / 43.06158°N 85.58573°W / 43.06158; -85.58573Coordinates: 43°03′42″N 85°35′09″W / 43.06158°N 85.58573°W / 43.06158; -85.58573
Length
48 mi (77 km)
Basin
234 sq mi (606 km2)
The Rogue River is a river in the U.S. state of Michigan, running through Kent and Newaygo counties and through the Rogue River State Game Area. It is 48 miles (77 km) long[1] and has a drainage basin of 234 square miles (610 km2).[2]
Its headwaters are a series of ditches that drain the old Rice Lake bed near Grant for agricultural purposes. In this area the stream has been dredged and straightened leaving limited fish habitat. The river joins the Grand River southeast of Belmont in Plainfield Township.[2] The Blythefield Country Club is now situated on a bluff just northeast of where the Rogue flows into the Grand.
Originally named "Rouge River", the river's appellation was altered in the 19th century due to the printing error of a Wisconsin mapmaker.[3] As a frontier waterway, the historic Rogue River was of major importance to local tribes and traders. During the lumber era in the latter 19th century its waters floated timber to the mills of the Grand River valley, and the riverboat Algoma plied its way northward along Rogue giving its name to the Kent county township of Algoma.
Rogue River is designated as "Country Scenic" under Michigan's Natural Rivers Act.[2] It is popular with trout fishers and local youth who have floated the river by innertube since the mid-20th century. It is intersected in parts by the White Pine Trail. It varies from 15 feet (4.6 m) wide in the upper sections to 80 feet (24 m) wide near its end and is 1 to 4 feet (0.3 to 1.2 m) deep. There are "holes" in the river up to 15 feet (4.6 m) in depth.[2]
The Rockford Dam restrains the Rogue in the city of Rockford.[2]
In July 2010, the Rogue River was designated a Trout Unlimited Home River. This provides funding for habitat restoration and land use management planning.[4]
See also[edit]
List of Michigan rivers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed May 19, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rogue River Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Jump up ^ The Rogue River TheRockfordNetwork.com
Jump up ^ The Rogue River is a TU Home River Schrems West Michigan Trout Unlimited
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rogue_River_(Michigan)&oldid=798438016"
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid
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This article is about the original book. For the book series, see Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series). For the film, see Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). For other uses, see Diary of a Wimpy Kid (disambiguation).
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Cover of the first edition of the book
Author
Jeff Kinney
Illustrator
Jeff Kinney
Cover artist
Jeff Kinney
Chad W. Beckerman
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Genre
Comedy, Young adult fiction
Publisher
Amulet Books[1]
Publication date
April 1, 2007[2]
Media type
Print (paperback, hardcover)
Pages
221
ISBN
978-0-14-330383-1 [1]
Followed by
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a satirical realistic fiction comedy novel for children and teenagers written and illustrated by Jeff Kinney. It is the first book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. The book is about a boy named Greg Heffley and his struggles to fit in as he begins middle school.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004, where it was read 20 million times.[1] The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1, 2007.[citation needed] The book was named New York Times bestseller, among other awards and praise. A film of the same name was released on March 19, 2010. The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules, followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Background
3 Characters
4 Sequels
5 Awards
6 Adaptations
7 References
8 External links
Plot
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As Greg Heffley is getting ready for his first day of middle school, he is teased by his teenage brother Rodrick, because his mom bought him his supplies for school. He has a little brother, a toddler named Manny, who is "spoiled rotten" because he gets everything he wants and also gets away with everything he does wrong. His father, named Frank Heffley, does not encourage Greg's way of life - playing video games all day - rather than going outside and playing sports.
During the first day of school, Greg is immediately rejected and is forced to sit with another outcast named Fregley, from whom Greg tries to keep "a safe distance". He is initially unsure whether his best friend Rowley Jefferson will be able to fit in, as he considers Rowley to be immature. However, Greg strongly believes that he can become popular. He and Rowley decide to take part in wrestling at school, although Greg quits after losing a match against Fregley.
On Halloween, Greg and Rowley go trick-or-treating, but are challenged by teens who spray Greg and Rowley with a water-filled fire extinguisher. Greg tries to threaten them by saying he's going to call the police, but the teenagers start to chase them. The two friends escape and go to Greg's grandmother's house until the teens leave.
After getting few presents for Christmas, Greg decides to play a game with Rowley in which Rowley must ride a bike while Greg tries to knock him off. On one of Greg's tries, the ball gets under the front wheel, which causes Rowley to fall off and break his arm. When Rowley goes to school with a plaster cast, the girls take care of him (carrying his books, feeding him food) which makes Greg jealous. After Rowley's arm heals, he and Greg decide to enroll in the safety patrol program in which they walk younger kids to their homes.
One day, as Greg is walking the kids by himself he chases the young children after scaring them with a stick with worms on it. A neighbour contacts the school and tells them about Greg's unusual behavior. The principal suspects Rowley, as Greg was wearing Rowley's jacket. Rowley is suspended from the safety patrol. Greg later decides to confess the truth, but Rowley has already informed on him, resulting in their friendship breaking off.
Greg tries to befriend Fregley to make Rowley jealous, although he is uncomfortable around Fregley. Resorting to auditioning for the school play (based on The Wizard of Oz) Greg lands the role as a tree, while Patty Farrel is cast as Dorothy, the protagonist of the novel. During the show's opening performance, Rodrick brings a camera to film the play. Greg becomes too nervous to sing, confusing the other "trees" who also fail to sing. Patty gets frustrated and angers Greg, who throws props at Patty, and then everyone gets in the fight, ending the play in chaos.
Feeling desolate from being blatantly rejected by everyone, Greg is surprised and a little happy to see Rowley approaching him at recess, until, he discovers that he's only there to demand back a CD he'd left with Greg. They get into an awkward fist-fight. While they are fighting, the teens who chased them at halloween are drawn to the chaos crowding around Greg and Rowley tumbling around in the dirt. When the leader of the teen gang scares away the rest of the students, they force Greg and Rowley to eat a moldy piece of cheese that has been left on the school grounds for years. Rowley is the first to eat the cheese - except when it comes to Greg's turn, he claims that he's lactose intolerant and that eating cheese will kill him. The principal turns up and the teens disappear. The other students see the cheese in front of Rowley and believe he has eaten from it. Greg takes the blame and claims he ate the cheese. Greg and Rowley mend their friendship.
Background
Picture of the online version
In 2005, FunBrain and Jeff Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid. The website made daily entries until June 2005.[citation needed] The book became an instant hit and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2007.[1] Many online readers requested a printed version. At the 2006 New York Comic-Con Kinney proposed Diary to Charles Kochman, Editorial Director of the ComicArts division of Abrams Books, who purchased the rights to the book. According to Kochman, the two initially conceived it as a book for adults, believing it would appeal to audiences similar to that of the TV series The Wonder Years. Kochman brought it before the Abrams publishing board, which convinced Kinney and Kochman that it would be better aimed toward children.[3][4] In 2007, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, an abridged version of the original online book, was published.[citation needed]
Characters
Gregory Heffley
The main character, Greg, has trouble with family, friends, and his local middle school. He is very concerned about how popular he is at school, and he daydreams a lot about being rich and famous when he grows up. He tries to fit in at his school, but usually he does not succeed. Facing many challenges, Greg attempts to handle them very creatively, but unfortunately his antics often backfire on him.
Rowley Jefferson
Greg's best friend has a larger than average frame. He is always willing to do what Greg tells him, including dangerous stunts. Rowley goes on vacations all the time, which annoys Greg. Rowley is a loyal friend, but he sometimes behaves in an immature or childish manner. He also dresses in an unusual way.
Manny Heffley
Greg's "spoiled" little brother, a three-year-old toddler. He never gets in trouble no matter what, even when he really deserves it. Manny is just getting toilet trained.
Rodrick Heffley
Rodrick is Greg's teenage brother and he never misses a chance to be cruel to Greg. He is known for sleeping excessively in the morning and for his rebellious attitude. Rodrick is part of a garage band called "The Löded Diper". Rodrick will do anything to embarrass Greg and will even cause problems for Manny to make everyone's life miserable.
Sequels
Author and illustrator Jeff Kinney signs copies of "Diary Of A Wimpy Kid" in 2009.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is the first book in an ongoing book franchise. The second, Rodrick Rules was released February 1, 2008, and was listed on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 117 weeks.[5] The Last Straw, the third book in the series, released on January 13, 2009 was on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 65 weeks, peaking at number one.[6] Dog Days was released October 12, 2009 with 217 pages. The book was ranked at number one on the New York Times Best Sellers List for all 25 weeks of inclusion, making Dog Days the #1 Best Selling Book of 2009.[7] The Ugly Truth was released November 9, 2010 with 217 pages.[8] The sixth, Cabin Fever was released November 15, 2011.[9] The seventh, The Third Wheel was released on November 13, 2012. The eighth, Hard Luck was released on November 5, 2013, in the United States and on November 6 in the United Kingdom. The ninth, The Long Haul was released on November 4, 2014, in the US and November 5, 2014, in the UK. The tenth, Old School, was released globally on November 3, 2015.[10] The eleventh, Double Down, was published on November 1, 2016. The twelfth book, The Getaway was published on November 7, 2017.
Awards
The book won the Blue Peter Book Award 2012, revealed live on British kids channel CBBC on March 1, 2012.[11]
Adaptations
Main article: Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American comedy directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney's book.[12][13][14] The film was released on March 19, 2010.[15] It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010.[16] The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley (Dad), Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley (Mom), Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's brother.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Diary of A Wimpy Kid details". Amulet Books. 2007-04-13.
Jump up ^ The Book is in Stores, April 1, 2007
Jump up ^ Vorce, Kristin (August 11, 2011). "Abrams Books: Making Publishing an Art". NYU Pub Posts.
Jump up ^ Thomases, Martha (September 7, 2008). "Interview: Harry N. Abrams’ Charles Kochman". ComicMix.
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff (February 2008). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules. Amulet Books. ISBN 0-8109-9313-9.
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff (January 2009). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series). Amulet Books.
Jump up ^ Dixler, Elsa. "The New York Times Best Sellers: Children's Books". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff (October 2010). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly Truth. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series). Amulet Books.
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff (November 2011). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series). Amulet Books.
Jump up ^ "Latest Diary of a Wimpy Kid Debuts as Global Bestseller". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Blue Peter Book Awards 2012". BookTrust. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (September 29, 2009). "First Look: 'Wimpy Kid' actor embraces being 'a likable jerk'". USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 3, 2009). "Steve Zahn to star in 'Wimpy Kid'". Variety. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ McCarron, Heather (October 12, 2009). "Nothing 'Wimpy' about local author's success". Milford Daily News. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid Movie main page". 20th Century Fox. Jeff Kinney. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
Children's literature portal
External links
Official website
Diary of a Wimpy Kid on FunBrain.com
Diary of a Wimpy Kid - Channel One News Interview with Jeff Kinney on Channel One News
The Wonderful World of Wimpy - Parade magazine An interview with Jeff Kinney in Parade Magazine
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Osteon
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Osteon
Diagram of compact bone from a transverse section of a long bone's cortex.
Details
Latin
Osteon
Dorlands
/Elsevier
o_08/12601039
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Diagram of a typical long bone showing both compact (cortical) and cancellous (spongy) bone.
Histology of Osteon.
The osteon or haversian system /həˈvɜːr.ʒən/ (named for Clopton Havers) is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that are typically several millimeters long and around 0.2mm in diameter.[1] They are present in many bones of most mammals and some bird, reptile, and amphibian species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Drifting osteons
2 Investigative applications
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Structure[edit]
Histology of compact bone showing osteon
Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line.
Each haversian canal is surrounding by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone matrix. Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling.
Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals.
Drifting osteons[edit]
Drifting osteons are a phenomenon that is not fully understood. A "drifting osteon" is classified as one that runs both longitudinally as well as transversely through the cortex. An osteon can "drift" in one direction or change directions several times, leaving a tail of lamellae behind the advancing haversian canal.[2]
Investigative applications[edit]
In bioarchaeological research and in forensic investigations, osteons in a bone fragment can be used to determine the sex of an individual[3] and age, as well as aspects of taxonomy, diet, health and motor history.[4]
Osteons and their arrangement vary according to taxon, so that genus and sometimes species can be differentiated using a bone fragment not otherwise identifiable. However, there is considerable variability among the different bones of a skeleton, and features of some faunal osteons overlap with those of human osteons; therefore, examination of osteons is not of primary use in the analyses of osteological remains.[5] More research is needed, but osteohistology has the potential to positively affect the studies in bioarchaeology, paleontology and forensic investigations.
In recent decades, osteohistological studies of dinosaur fossils has been used to address a number of issues, such as the periodicity of growth of dinosaurs and whether it was uniform across species[6] and the question of whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or not.[7]
See also[edit]
Haversian canals
Cortical bone (compact bone)
Cancellous bone (spongy bone containing )
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Osteon," Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2009); retrieved 23 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Robling, Alexander D.; Stout, Sam D. 1999 "Morphology or the Drifting Osteon," Cells Tissues Organs 164:192-204
Jump up ^ Monika Martiniaková, Radoslav Omelka, Birgit Grosskopf, Alexander V. Sirotkin, and Peter Chrenek, 2008, "Sex-related variation in compact bone microstructure of the femoral diaphysis in juvenile rabbits," Acta Vet Scand. 50(1): 15ff
Jump up ^ Pfeiffer, Susan; Crowder, Christian; Harrington, Lesley; and Brown, Michael, 2006, "Secondary osteon and haversian canal dimensions as behavioral indicators," American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131 (4): 460 - 468
Jump up ^ Martiniaková, Monika. 2006. Differences in Bone Microstructure of Mammalian Skeletons. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra: Nitra, Slovakia
Jump up ^ Chinsamy, Anusuya (1995). "Ontogenetic Changes in the Bone Histology of the Late Jurassic Ornithopod 'Dryosaurus Lettowvorbecki'". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 96–104. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011209.
Jump up ^ Reid, R. E. H. (1984). "Primary Bone and Dinosaurian Physiology". Geological Magazine. 121 (6): 589–598. doi:10.1017/S0016756800030739.
Bibliography[edit]
Cooper, Reginald R.; Milgram, James W.; and Robinson, Robert A. 1966 "Morphology of the Osteon: An Electron Microscopic Study," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 48:1239-1271.
Martiniaková, Monika 2006 Differences in bone microstructure of mammalian skeletons. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nita: Nitro, Slovakia.
Netter, Frank H. (1987), Musculature system: anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders. Summit, New Jersey: Chiba-Geiger Corporation ISBN 0-914168-88-6
Pfeiffer, Susan; Crowder, Christian; Harrington, Lesley; and Brown, Michael 2006 "Secondary osteon and haversian canal dimensions as behavioral indicators," American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131 (4): 460 - 468.
Robling, Alexander D.; Stout, Sam D. 1999 "Morphology of the drifting osteon," Cells Tissues Organs 164:192-204
External links[edit]
SLIBS Bone Website: http://www.trinity.edu/stonily/bone/intro2.htm
Bone [dead link] - BioWeb at University of Wisconsin System
Histology of osteons
video explaining osteons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylmanEGjRuY
[hide]
v
t
e
Bone and cartilage
Cartilage
perichondrium
fibrocartilage callus
metaphysis
Cells
chondroblast
chondrocyte
Types
hyaline
elastic
fibrous
Bone
Ossification
Primary bone
intramembranous
endochondral
Cells
osteoblast
osteoid
osteocyte
osteoclast
Types
cancellous
cortical
Regions
subchondral bone
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate/metaphysis
diaphysis
Condyle
Epicondyle
Structure
Osteon
Haversian canals
Volkmann's canals
connective tissue
endosteum
periosteum
Sharpey's fibres
enthesis
lacunae
canaliculi
trabeculae
medullary cavity
bone marrow
Shapes
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
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text:
House of Burke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"De Burgo" redirects here. For people of that name, see Burgo (disambiguation).
House of Burke

Armorial of Burke: Or, a cross gules
Country
Lordship of Ireland, Kingdom of Ireland
Ethnicity
Irish, Norman
Founded
1203
Founder
William de Burgh
Titles
Numerous titles[show]
Mac William Íochtar
Clanricarde
Lord of Connaught
Marquess of Clanricarde
Marquess of Sligo
Earl of Ulster
Earl of Kent
Earl of Clanricarde
Earl of Mayo
Earl of St Albans
Viscount Tunbridge
Viscount Mayo
Viscount Burke
Baron Fermoy
Baron Burgh
Baron of Castleconnell
Baron Connaught
Baron Leitrim
Baron Downes
Baron Strabolgi
Burke Baronets
The House of Burke (Irish: de Búrca; Latinised to de Burca or de Burgo) is the Irish branch of the Anglo-Norman noble family known as de Burgh.
The first of the family to come to Ireland was William de Burgh (c.1160-1204), a Norman adventurer and knight who settled in Ireland in 1185. He was the elder brother of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent and Justiciar of England.[1]
The later Anglo-Irish de Burghs (the Earls of Ulster, Lords of Connaught, and Earls of Clanricarde) descend from William de Burgh. The name derives from "burg" or "burgh", meaning fort, and is of Norman origin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Related Houses
2 Family History
3 See also
4 Sources
5 References
6 External links
Related Houses[edit]
House of Plantagenet -
through the marriage of Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster to Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence a member of the house as a son of Edward III of England. The peerage continued onto their daughter Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster whom married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and from this point on the two peerages co-existed as they where inherited together by the couples decedents
House of York -
a cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet the Earldom of Ulster originally a de burgh peerage was inherited by [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]] (a great grandson of Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster) Head of the House of York whose son Edward IV of England intern inherited the peerage at which point it was merged with the Crown
House of Windsor-
Frances Shand Kydd the daughter of Edmund Maurice Burke Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy and descendent of the de burgh family was the mother of Diana, Princess of Wales who married Charles, Prince of Wales 1st in line to the British Throne and was the mother of William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Henry of Wales 2nd and 5th in line to the Throne respectively.
Family History[edit]
BURKE, the name of an historic Irish house, associated with Connaught for more than seven centuries. It was founded by William de Burgh, brother of Hubert de Burgh (q.v.). Before the death of Henry II. (1189) he received a grant of lands from John as lord of Ireland. At John's accession (1199) he was installed in Thomond and was governor of Limerick. In 1199-1201 he was supporting in turn Cathal Carrach and Cathal Crovderg for the native throne, but he was expelled from Limerick in 1203, and, losing his Connaught, though not his Munster estates, died in 1205. His son Richard, in 1227, received the land of "Connok" [Connaught], as forfeited by its king, whom he helped to fight. From 1228 to 1232 he held the high office of justiciar of Ireland. In 1234 he sided with the crown against Richard, earl marshal, who fell in battle against him. Dying in 1243, he was succeeded as lord of Connaught by his son Richard, and then (1248) by his younger son Walter, who carried on the family warfare against the native chieftains, and added greatly to his vast domains by obtaining (c. 1255) from Prince Edward a grant of "the county of Ulster," in consequence of which he was styled later earl of Ulster. At his death in 1271, he was succeeded by his son Richard as 2nd earl. In 1286 Richard ravaged and subdued Connaught, and deposed Bryan O'Neill as chief native king, substituting a nominee of his own. The native king of Connaught was also attacked by him, in favour of that branch of the O'Conors whom his own family supported. He led his forces from Ireland to support Edward I. in his Scottish campaigns, and on Edward Bruce's invasion of Ulster in 1315 Richard marched against him, but he had given his daughter Elizabeth in marriage to Robert Bruce, afterwards king of Scotland, about 1304. Occasionally summoned to English parliaments, he spent most of his forty years of activity in Ireland, where he was the greatest noble of his day, usually fighting the natives or his Anglo-Norman rivals. The patent roll of 1290 shows that in addition to his lands in Ulster, Connaught and Munster, he had held the Isle of Man, but had surrendered it to the king.
His grandson and successor William, the 3rd earl (1326-1333), was the son of John de Burgh by Elizabeth, lady of Clare, sister and co-heir of the last Clare earl of Hertford (d. 1314). He married a daughter of Henry, earl of Lancaster, and was appointed lieutenant of Ireland in 1331, but was murdered in his 21st year, leaving a daughter, the sole heiress, not only of the de Burgh possessions, but of vast Clare estates. She was married in childhood to Lionel, son of Edward III., who was recognized in her right as earl of Ulster, and their direct representative, the duke of York, ascended the throne in 1461 as Edward IV., since when the earldom of Ulster has been only held by members of the royal family.
On the murder of the 3rd earl (1333), his male kinsmen, who had a better right, by native Irish ideas, to the succession than his daughter, adopted Irish names and customs, and becoming virtually native chieftains succeeded in holding the bulk of the de Burgh territories. Their two main branches were those of "MacWilliam Eighter" in southern Connaught, and "MacWilliam Oughter" to the north of them, in what is now Mayo. The former held the territory of Clanricarde, lying in the neighbourhood of Galway, and in 1543 their chief, as Ulick "Bourck, alias Makwilliam," surrendered it to Henry VIII., receiving it back to hold, by English custom, as earl of Clanricarde and Lord Dunkellin. The 4th earl (1601-1635) distinguished himself on the English side in O'Neill's rebellion and afterwards, and obtained the English earldom of St Albans in 1628, his son Ulick receiving further the Irish marquessate of Clanricarde (1646). His cousin and heir, the 6th earl (1657-1666) was uncle of the 8th and 9th earls (1687-1722), both of whom fought for James II. and paid the penalty for doing so in 1691, but the 9th earl was restored in 1702, and his great-grandson, the 12th earl, was created marquess of Clanricarde in 1789. He left no son, but the marquessate was again revived in 1825, for his nephew the 14th earl, whose heir is the present marquess. The family, which changed its name from Bourke to de Burgh in 1752, and added that of Canning in 1862, still own a vast estate in County Galway.
In 1603 "the MacWilliam Oughter," Theobald Bourke, similarly resigned his territory in Mayo, and received it back to hold by English tenure. In 1627 he was created Viscount Mayo. The 2nd and 3rd viscounts (1629-1663) suffered at Cromwell's hands, but the 4th was restored to his estates (some 50,000 acres) in 1666. The peerage became extinct or dormant on the death of the 8th viscount in 1767. In 1781 John Bourke, a Mayo man, believed to be descended from the line of "MacWilliam Oughter," was created Viscount Mayo, and four years later earl of Mayo, a peerage still extant. In 1872 the 6th earl was murdered in the Andaman Islands when viceroy of India.
The baronies of Bourke of Connell (1580) and Bourke of Brittas (1618), both forfeited in 1691, were bestowed on branches of the family which has also still representatives in the baronetage and landed gentry of Ireland.
The lords Burgh or Borough of Gainsborough (1487-1599) were a Lincolnshire family believed to be descended from a younger son of Hubert de Burgh. The 5th baron was lord deputy of Ireland in 1597, and his younger brother, Sir John (d. 1594), a distinguished soldier and sailor.
See also[edit]
Burke
Earl of Ulster
Lords of Iveagh
Ui Ehatach Coba
Mac William Íochtar
Clanricarde
Burke Civil War 1333-38
The Book of the Burkes (1580s)
Earl of Clanricarde
Lord of Connaught
Viscount Mayo
Earl of Mayo
Edmund Burke
Burke's Peerage
Theobald Burke
Irish nobility
Burke Baronets of Glinsk
Sources[edit]
Burke: People and Places, Eamonn Bourke, 1995. ISBN 0-946130-10-8
References[edit]
Jump up ^ C. A. Empey, ‘Burgh, William de (d. 1206)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
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External links[edit]
Round, John Horace (1911). "Burgh". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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/wiki/House_of_Burke
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