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Atomic theory
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"Atomic model" redirects here. For the unrelated term in mathematical logic, see Atomic model (mathematical logic).
This article is about the historical models of the atom. For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules, see History of molecular theory.
The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electrons
In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms.
The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning "indivisible".[1] 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements. While seemingly apropos, around the turn of the 20th century, through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity, physicists discovered that the so-called "uncuttable atom" was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles (chiefly, electrons, protons and neutrons) which can exist separately from each other. In fact, in certain extreme environments, such as neutron stars, extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all.
Since atoms were found to be divisible, physicists later invented the term "elementary particles" to describe the "uncuttable", though not indestructible, parts of an atom. The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics, and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Philosophical atomism
1.2 John Dalton
1.3 Avogadro
1.4 Brownian Motion
1.5 Discovery of subatomic particles
1.6 Discovery of the nucleus
1.7 First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom
1.8 Discovery of isotopes
1.9 Discovery of nuclear particles
1.10 Quantum physical models of the atom
2 See also
3 Notes
4 Further reading
5 External links
History[edit]
Philosophical atomism[edit]
Main article: Atomism
The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one, appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India. However, these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation. Because of this, they could not convince everybody, so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter. It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists, as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms.
John Dalton[edit]
Near the end of the 18th century, two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory. The first was the law of conservation of mass, formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789, which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant (that is, the reactants have the same mass as the products).[2] The second was the law of definite proportions. First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799,[3] this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements, then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions, regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance.
John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions: if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers. For example: Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1% tin and 11.9% oxygen or 78.7% tin and 21.3% oxygen (these were tin(II) oxide and tin dioxide respectively). Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5g or 27g of oxygen; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1:2. Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry. In the case of Proust's tin oxides, one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms.[4]
Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example, he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen.[5] Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases' respective particles. Indeed, carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules (N2).
Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single, unique type, and though they cannot be altered or destroyed by chemical means, they can combine to form more complex structures (chemical compounds). This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom, since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion.
Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808).
In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances. This paper was published in 1805, but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures.[5] The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson, in the third edition of Thomson's textbook, A System of Chemistry. Finally, Dalton published a full account in his own textbook, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, 1808 and 1810.
Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined, with the hydrogen atom taken as unity. However, Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules—e.g. pure oxygen exists as O2. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each (so he thought water was HO, not H2O).[6] This, in addition to the crudity of his equipment, flawed his results. For instance, in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms, because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO. Adopting better data, in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5, and he retained this weight for the rest of his life. Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1, if one assumes Dalton's formula for the water molecule (HO), or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula (H2O).[7]
Avogadro[edit]
The flaw in Dalton's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro. Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases, at equal temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules (in other words, the mass of a gas's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies).[8] Avogadro's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted. For instance: since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor (at constant pressure and temperature), it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water. Thus, Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements, and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms.
Brownian Motion[edit]
In 1827, the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason. In 1905, Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about, and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it.[9] This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin, thus providing additional validation for particle theory (and by extension atomic theory).
Discovery of subatomic particles[edit]
Main articles: Electron and Plum pudding model
The cathode rays (blue) were emitted from the cathode, sharpened to a beam by the slits, then deflected as they passed between the two electrified plates.
Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays.[10]
A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, cathode rays are generated, creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube. Through experimentation, Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field (in addition to magnetic fields, which was already known). He concluded that these rays, rather than being a form of light, were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles" (they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists). He measured the mass-to-charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen, the smallest atom. These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known.
Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible, and that the corpuscles were their building blocks.[11] To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom, he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge; this was the plum pudding model[12] as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding (although in Thomson's model they were not stationary).
Discovery of the nucleus[edit]
Main article: Rutherford model
The Geiger-Marsden experiment
Left: Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection.
Right: Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus.
Thomson's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students, Ernest Rutherford, who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume, which he assumed to be at the very center.
In the Geiger–Marsden experiment, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden (colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen.[13] Given the very small mass of the electrons, the high momentum of the alpha particles, and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model, the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection. To their astonishment, a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection. Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly.
This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small, compact nucleus of positive charge. Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection.[14]
First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom[edit]
Main article: Bohr model
The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings. The first is that, unlike planets orbiting a sun, electrons are charged particles. An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism. An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus, colliding with it in a small fraction of a second. The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed.
The Bohr model of the atom
Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century, when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta (singular, quantum). In 1913, Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom, in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy, its distance from the nucleus (i.e., their radii) being proportional to its energy.[15] Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner; instead, it could only make instantaneous "quantum leaps" between the fixed energy levels.[15] When this occurred, light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy (hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra).[15]
Bohr's model was not perfect. It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen; it couldn't predict those of multielectron atoms. Worse still, as spectrographic technology improved, additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr's model couldn't explain. In 1916, Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines, but this made the model very difficult to use, and it still couldn't explain more complex atoms.
Discovery of isotopes[edit]
Main article: Isotope
While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay, in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table.[16] The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements.
That same year, J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields, striking a photographic plate at the other end. He observed two glowing patches on the plate, which suggested two different deflection trajectories. Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass.[17] The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932.
Discovery of nuclear particles[edit]
Main articles: Atomic nucleus and Discovery of the neutron
In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas (Rutherford recognized these, because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles, and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products). Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves (in effect, he had split a nitrogen).[18]
From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley, Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei. This, coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei. He named such particles protons. Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously-unknown neutrally charged particles, which were tentatively dubbed "neutrons".
In 1928, Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating, electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles. It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax. Initially it was thought to be high-energy gamma radiation, since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals, but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation, so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction. In 1932, Chadwick exposed various elements, such as hydrogen and nitrogen, to the mysterious "beryllium radiation", and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles, he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray, but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton. Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford's neutrons.[19] For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935.
Quantum physical models of the atom[edit]
Main article: Atomic orbital
The five filled atomic orbitals of a neon atom separated and arranged in order of increasing energy from left to right, with the last three orbitals being equal in energy. Each orbital holds up to two electrons, which most probably exist in the zones represented by the colored bubbles. Each electron is equally present in both orbital zones, shown here by color only to highlight the different wave phase.
In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles—particularly subatomic particles such as electrons—exhibit a degree of wave-like behavior. Erwin Schrödinger, fascinated by this idea, explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle. Schrödinger's equation, published in 1926,[20] describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle. This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr's model failed to explain. Although this concept was mathematically convenient, it was difficult to visualize, and faced opposition.[21] One of its critics, Max Born, proposed instead that Schrödinger's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states, and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus.[22] This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave–particle duality was introduced. This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle. For example, it can be refracted like a wave, and has mass like a particle.[23]
A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron. This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg, who first described it and published it in 1927.[24] This invalidated Bohr's model, with its neat, clearly defined circular orbits. The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities. An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus, but, depending on its energy level, exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital. The orbitals come in a variety of shapes-sphere, dumbbell, torus, etc.-with the nucleus in the middle.[25]
See also[edit]
Physics portal
Spectroscopy
History of the molecule
Discoveries of the chemical elements
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Kinetic theory of gases
Atomism
The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) [1]
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)". scienceworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
Jump up ^ Proust, Joseph Louis. "Researches on Copper", excerpted from Ann. chim. 32, 26-54 (1799) [as translated and reproduced in Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400–1900 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard, 1952)]. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen (1952). From Atomos to Atom. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-49584-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Dalton, John. "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids", in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 1803. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Chris. "Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry". Archived from the original on 2002-07-10. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
Jump up ^ Alan J. Rocke (1984). Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Jump up ^ Avogadro, Amedeo (1811). "Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies, and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds". Journal de Physique. 73: 58–76.
Jump up ^ Einstein, A. (1905). "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen". Annalen der Physik. 322 (8): 549. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..549E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220806. hdl:10915/2785.
Jump up ^ Thomson, J.J. (1897). "Cathode rays" ([facsimile from Stephen Wright, Classical Scientific Papers, Physics (Mills and Boon, 1964)]). Philosophical Magazine. 44 (269): 293. doi:10.1080/14786449708621070.
Jump up ^ Whittaker, E. T. (1951), A history of the theories of aether and electricity. Vol 1, Nelson, London
Jump up ^ Thomson, J.J. (1904). "On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure". Philosophical Magazine. 7 (39): 237. doi:10.1080/14786440409463107.
Jump up ^ Geiger, H (1910). "The Scattering of the α-Particles by Matter". Proceedings of the Royal Society. A 83: 492–504.
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Ernest (1911). "The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 21 (4): 669. Bibcode:2012PMag...92..379R. doi:10.1080/14786435.2011.617037.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993.
Jump up ^ "Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
Jump up ^ Thomson, J.J. (1913). "Rays of positive electricity". Proceedings of the Royal Society. A 89 (607): 1–20. Bibcode:1913RSPSA..89....1T. doi:10.1098/rspa.1913.0057. [as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966)]. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Ernest (1919). "Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen". Philosophical Magazine. 37 (222): 581. doi:10.1080/14786440608635919.
Jump up ^ Chadwick, James (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0.
Jump up ^ Schrödinger, Erwin (1926). "Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem". Annalen der Physik. 81 (18): 109–139. Bibcode:1926AnP...386..109S. doi:10.1002/andp.19263861802.
Jump up ^ Mahanti, Subodh. "Erwin Schrödinger: The Founder of Quantum Wave Mechanics". Retrieved 2009-08-01.
Jump up ^ Mahanti, Subodh. "Max Born: Founder of Lattice Dynamics". Retrieved 2009-08-01.
Jump up ^ Greiner, Walter. "Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction". Retrieved 2010-06-14.
Jump up ^ Heisenberg, W. (1927). "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 43 (3–4): 172–198. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...43..172H. doi:10.1007/BF01397280.
Jump up ^ Milton Orchin; Roger Macomber; Allan Pinhas; R. Wilson. "The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry, Second Edition," (PDF). Retrieved 2010-06-14.
Further reading[edit]
Bernard Pullman (1998) The Atom in the History of Human Thought, trans. by Axel Reisinger. Oxford Univ. Press.
Eric Scerri (2007) The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, New York.
Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1881) The Atomic Theory, D. Appleton and Company, New York.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Atomic theory
Atomism by S. Mark Cohen.
Atomic Theory - detailed information on atomic theory with respect to electrons and electricity.
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List of religious populations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Main category: Religious demographics
This is a list of religious populations by number of adherents and countries.
Contents
1 Adherent estimates in 2012
1.1 Notes
2 By proportion
2.1 Christians
2.2 Muslims
2.3 Irreligious and atheist
2.4 Hindus
2.5 Buddhists
2.6 Taoists/Confucianists/Chinese traditional religionists
2.7 Ethnic and indigenous
2.8 Sikhism
2.9 Spiritism
2.10 Judaism
2.11 Bahá'ís
2.12 Jainism
3 By population
3.1 Christians
3.2 Hindus
3.3 Muslims
3.4 Buddhists
3.5 Sikhs
3.6 Jews
3.7 Bahá'ís
3.8 Jainism
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Adherent estimates in 2012
Size of Major Religious Groups, 2012
Religion Percent
Christianity
33%
Islam
24.1%
Unaffiliated
16%
Hinduism
16%
Buddhism
7%
Folk Religion
5.9%
Other
0.8%
Pew Research Center, 2015[1]
Adherents.com says "Sizes shown are approximate estimates, and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups, not providing a definitive number".[2]
Religion
Adherents
Percentage
Christianity 7009240000000000000♠2.4 billion[3] 6999330000000000000♠33%
Islam 7009180000000000000♠1.8 billion[3] 6999241000000000000♠24.1%
Secular[a]/Nonreligious[b]/Agnostic/Atheist 7009120000000000000♠≤1.2 billion 6999160000000000000♠16%
Hinduism 7009115000000000000♠1.15 billion 6999150000000000000♠15%
Buddhism 7008521000000000000♠521 million 6998700000000000000♠7%
Chinese traditional religion[c] 7008394000000000000♠394 million 6998550000000000000♠5.50%
Ethnic religions excluding some in separate categories 7008300000000000000♠300 million 6998419000000000000♠4.19%
African traditional religions 7008100000000000000♠100 million 6998139999999999999♠1.40%
Sikhism 7007300000000000000♠30 million 6997320000000000000♠0.32%
Spiritism 7007150000000000000♠15 million 6997210000000000000♠0.21%
Judaism 7007140000000000000♠14 million 6997200000000000000♠0.20%
Bahá'í 7006700000000000000♠7.0 million 6997100000000000000♠0.10%
Jainism 7006420000000000000♠4.2 million 6996600000000000000♠0.06%
Shinto 7006400000000000000♠4.0 million 6996600000000000000♠0.06%
Cao Dai 7006400000000000000♠4.0 million 6996600000000000000♠0.06%
Zoroastrianism 7006260000000000000♠2.6 million 6996400000000000000♠0.04%
Tenrikyo 7006200000000000000♠2.0 million 6996200000000000000♠0.02%
Neo-Paganism 7006100000000000000♠1.0 million 6996100000000000000♠0.01%
Unitarian Universalism 7005800000000000000♠0.8 million 6996100000000000000♠0.01%
Rastafari 7005600000000000000♠0.6 million 6996100000000000000♠0.01%
total
7009716700000000000♠7.167 billion
7000100000000000000♠100%
Notes
Jump up ^ These figures may incorporate populations of secular/nominal adherents as well as syncretist worshipers, although the concept of syncretism is disputed by some.
Jump up ^ Nonreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular humanist, and people answering 'none' or no religious preference. Half of this group is theistic but nonreligious.[2] According to a 2012 study by Gallup International "59% of the world said that they think of themselves as religious person, 23% think of themselves as not religious whereas 13% think of themselves as convinced atheists".[4]
Jump up ^ Chinese traditional religion is described as "the common religion of the majority Chinese culture: a combination of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, as well as the traditional non-scriptural/local practices and beliefs."
By proportion
Christians
Countries with the greatest proportion of Christians from Christianity by country (as of 2010[update]):
Christian population by country, June 2014.
Vatican City 100% (100% Roman Catholic)
Pitcairn Islands 100% (100% Seventh-day Adventist)[5]
Samoa ~99% (mostly Protestant)[6]
Romania 99% (mostly Romanian Orthodox)
American Samoa 98.3% (mostly Protestant)[7]
Malta 98.1%[8] (mostly Roman Catholic)
Venezuela 98%[9] (71% Roman Catholic)
Greece 98% [10] (95% Greek Orthodox)
Marshall Islands 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[11]
Tonga 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[12]
San Marino 97%[13] (~97% Roman Catholic)
Paraguay 96.9%[14] (mostly Roman Catholic)
Peru 96.5%[15] (mostly Roman Catholic)
El Salvador 96.4% (mostly Roman Catholic)[16]
Kiribati 96% (mostly Protestant)[17]
Federated States of Micronesia ~96% (mostly Protestant)[18]
Barbados 95.1% (mostly Protestant)[19]
Papua New Guinea 94.8% (mostly Protestant)[20]
East Timor 94.2%[21][22] (mostly Roman Catholic)
Armenia 93.5%[23] (mostly Armenian Orthodox)
Muslims
See also: Muslim World
Countries with the greatest proportion of Muslims from Islam by country (as of 2010[update]) (figures excluding foreign workers in parenthesis):
Muslim population by country, 2014.
Maldives 100% (mostly Sunni)[24]
Mauritania 100% (mostly Sunni)
Saudi Arabia Reported to be 100%[25] (90–95% Sunni, 5–10% Shi'a[25])
Turkey 99.8% (75% Sunni, 25% Shi'a)[26]
Somalia 99.8% (mostly Sunni)[27]
Afghanistan ~99%[28] (mostly Sunni, 20% Shi'a)[29]
Yemen 99.1% (99.9%) (53% Sunni, 47% Shi'a[30])
Morocco 98.7% (mostly Sunni)
Algeria 98.3%[31] (mostly Sunni)
Iran 98% (mostly Shi'a)[32]
Tunisia 98% (mostly Sunni)
Comoros 98% (mostly Sunni)[33]
Pakistan 97%[34] (85% Sunni, 15% Shi'a)[35]
Sudan 97%[36] (mostly Sunni)
Libya 96.6% (99%)[37] (Sunni)
Iraq 95% (Mostly Shi'a)[38]
Kuwait 95% (Mostly Sunni)[39]
Djibouti 94% (mostly Sunni)[40]
Niger 93% (mostly Sunni)[41]
Azerbaijan 91.6[42] (mostly Shi'a)[43]
Bangladesh 89.4% (Sunni)[44]
Egypt 89.3% (Sunni)[45]
Indonesia 87.18% (99% Sunni)[46]
Bahrain 79%[47] (Mostly Shi'a)[30]
Remarks: Saudi Arabia does not include other religious beliefs in their census, the figures for these other religious groups could be higher than reported in the nation. While conversion to Islam is among its most supported tenets, conversion from Islam to another religion is considered to be the sin of apostasy[48] and could be subject to the penalty of death in the country.
Irreligious and atheist
See also: Irreligion by country
Nonreligious population by country, 2006.[49][50]
Countries with the greatest proportion of people without religion (including agnostics and atheists) from Irreligion by country (as of 2007[update]):
Estonia 71–82% (77%)
Czech Republic 70-81% (76%)
Japan 64–88% (76%)[51]
Denmark 72%
Sweden 46–82% (64%)
Vietnam 44–81% (63%)
Macau 62%[52]
Hong Kong 57%[53]
France 43–64%[54] (54%)
Norway 31–72% (52%)
China 47%[55] (details)
Netherlands 39–55% (47%)
Finland 28–60% (44%)
New Zealand 42%[56]
United Kingdom 31–52% (42%)[54]
England and Wales 25% [57]
South Korea 30–52% (41%)
Germany 25[58]–55%[59] (40%)
Hungary 32–46% (39%)
Belgium 42–43% (39%)
Bulgaria 34–40% (37%)
Slovenia 35–38% (37%)
Russia[60] 13–48% (31%)
Remarks: Ranked by mean estimate which is in brackets. Irreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular believer, and people having no formal religious adherence. It does not necessarily mean that members of this group don′t belong to any religion. Some religions have harmonized with local cultures and can be seen as a cultural background rather than a formal religion. Additionally, the practice of officially associating a family or household with a religious institute while not formally practicing the affiliated religion is common in many countries. Thus, over half of this group is theistic and/or influenced by religious principles, but nonreligious/non-practicing and not true atheists or agnostics.[2] See Spiritual but not religious.
Hindus
Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus from Hinduism by country (as of 2010[update]):
Hindu population by country, 2013.
Nepal 81.3%[61]
India 79.8%[62]
Mauritius 54%[63]
Fiji 33.7%[64]
Guyana 28%[65]
Bhutan 25%[66]
Suriname 22.3%[67]
Trinidad and Tobago 18.2%[68]
United Arab Emirates 15%[69]
Sri Lanka 12.6%[70]
Kuwait 12%[71]
Bangladesh 9.6%[72]
Bahrain 8.1%[73]
Réunion 6.7%[74]
Malaysia 6.3%[75]
Singapore 5.1%
Oman 3%
Seychelles 2.1%[76]
New Zealand 2.0%[77]
Pakistan 1.8%
Indonesia 1.7%[78]
USA 0.7%[79]
Buddhists
Countries with the greatest proportion of Buddhists from Buddhism by country (as of 2010[update]):[80]
Buddhist population by country, 2010.
Cambodia 96.9%
Thailand 93.2%
Myanmar 80.1%
Bhutan 74.70%
Sri Lanka 69.3%
Laos 66.0%
Mongolia 55.1%
Japan 36.2%
Taiwan 35.1%
Singapore 33.2%
South Korea 22.9%
Malaysia 19.8%
China 18.2%
Macau 17.3%
Vietnam 16.4%
Hong Kong 13.2%
Nepal 10.3%
Taoists/Confucianists/Chinese traditional religionists
As a spiritual practice, Taoism has made fewer inroads in the West than Buddhism and Hinduism. Despite the popularity of its great classics the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching, the specific practices of Taoism have not been promulgated in America with much success;[81] these religions are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of bigger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. Nonetheless, Taoist ideas and symbols such as Taijitu have become popular throughout the world through Tai Chi Chuan, Qigong, and various martial arts.[82]
Taiwan 33–80%[83]
China 30%[84]
Hong Kong 28%[53]
Macau 13.9%[52]
Singapore 8.5%[85]
Malaysia 2.6%[86]
South Korea 0.2–1%[87]
Vietnam
Philippines 0.01–0.05%
Indonesia 0.05%
The Chinese traditional religion has 184,000 believers in Latin America, 250,000 believers in Europe, and 839,000 believers in North America as of 1998[update].[88][89]
Ethnic and indigenous
All of the below come from the U.S. Department of State 2009 International Religious Freedom Report,[90] based on the highest estimate of people identified as indigenous or followers of indigenous religions that have been well-defined. Due to the syncretic nature of these religions, the following numbers may not reflect the actual number of practitioners.
Haiti 50%[91]
Guinea-Bissau 50%
Cameroon 40%
Togo 33%[92]
Côte d'Ivoire 25%
Sudan 25%[93]
Benin 23%
Burundi 20%
Burkina Faso 15%
New Zealand 15%[94]
South Africa 15%[95]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 12%
Central African Republic 10%
Gabon 10%
Lesotho 10%
Nigeria 10%
Sierra Leone 10%[96]
Indonesia 9%[97]
Kenya 9%
Palau 9%[98]
Ghana 8.5%
Guinea 5%
Sikhism
Countries with the greatest proportion of Sikhs:
India 1.9%
United Kingdom 1.2%[99][100]
Canada 0.9%[101]
Malaysia 0.5%[102]
Fiji 0.3%[103]
Singapore 0.3%[104]
United States 0.2%[105][106]
New Zealand 0.2%[107]
Australia 0.1%[108][109]
Italy 0.1%[110]
The Sikh homeland is the Punjab state, in India, where today Sikhs make up approximately 61% of the population. This is the only place where Sikhs are in the majority. Sikhs have emigrated to countries all over the world – especially to English-speaking and East Asian nations. In doing so they have retained, to an unusually high degree, their distinctive cultural and religious identity. Sikhs are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of larger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. But they can be found in many international cities and have become an especially strong religious presence in the United Kingdom and Canada.[111]
Spiritism
Cuba 10.3%
Jamaica 10.2%
Brazil 4.8%
Suriname 3.6%
Haiti 2.7%
Dominican Republic 2.2%
The Bahamas 1.9%
Nicaragua 1.5%
Trinidad and Tobago 1.4%
Guyana 1.3%
Venezuela 1.1%
Colombia 1.0%
Belize 1.0%
Honduras 0.9%
Puerto Rico 0.7%
Panama 0.5%
Iceland 0.5%
Guadeloupe 0.4%
Argentina 0.2%
Guatemala 0.2%
[112]
Note that all these estimates come from a single source. However, this source gives a relative indication of the size of the Spiritist communities within each country.
Judaism
Jewish population by country, 2010.
Countries with the greatest proportion of Jews (as of 2010[update]):
Israel 75.4%[113]
Palestine (West Bank only) 12–14% [114]
Monaco 2.9%[115]
United States 2.1%[116]
Gibraltar 2.1%
Cayman Islands 1.7%[117]
Netherlands Antilles^ 1.3%
Canada 1.1%
France 0.8%[118]
Argentina 0.6%[119]
Uruguay 0.5%[120]
Australia 0.5%
Hungary 0.5%[121]
U.S. Virgin Islands 0.5%[121]
Latvia 0.3%[121]
Germany 0.25%[58]
Netherlands 0.2%[122]
New Zealand 0.2%[121]
Ukraine 0.2%[121]
Russia 0.09%[123]
Bahá'ís
Main article: Bahá'í statistics
Countries with the greatest proportion of Bahá'ís (as of 2010[update]) with a national population ≥200,000:
Belize 2.5% (The 2010 Belize Population Census recorded 202 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 304,106,[124][125] yielding a proportion of 0.066%)
Bolivia 2.2%
Zambia 1.8%
Mauritius 1.8% (The 2011 Mauritius census recorded 639 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 1,236,817[126] yielding a proportion of 0.05%)
Guyana 1.6% (The 2002 Guyana census recorded 500 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 751,223[127] yielding a proportion of 0.067%)
Vanuatu 1.4%
Barbados 1.2% (The 2010 Barbados census recorded 178 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 250,010[128] yielding a proportion of 0.07%)
Trinidad and Tobago 1.2%
Panama 1.2%
Kenya 1.0%
Lesotho 0.9%
Papua New Guinea 0.9%
Réunion 0.9%
Chad 0.9%
Botswana 0.8%
Gambia 0.8%
Suriname 0.8%
Congo, Republic of the 0.6%
Solomon Islands 0.6%
Venezuela 0.6%
Remarks and sources: "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20. which used the "World Christian Database" for adherents estimates based on information provided by the World Christian Encyclopedia and "World Christian Trends". A source whose only systematic flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than other cross-national data sets.[129] See "The Largest Baha'i Communities". Largest Religious Communities. Adherents.com. 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-20. for 2000 estimates among all nations. Various census figures of some of these countries vary significantly. See Bahá'í statistics.
Jainism
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India 0.3%
Suriname 0.3%
Fiji 0.2%
Kenya 0.2%
By population
Christians
Largest Christian populations (as of 2011[update]):
United States 229,157,250[130] (details)
Brazil 169,213,130[131]
Russia 114,198,444[132]
Mexico 106,204,560[133]
Nigeria 80,510,000[134]
Philippines 78,790,000[135]
China 67,070,000[134]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 63,150,000[134]
France 55,948,600
Italy 55,832,000
Ethiopia 51,477,950
Germany 50,752,580[136]
Colombia 44,502,000
Ukraine 41,973,000
South Africa 40,243,000
Spain 38,568,000
Poland 36,526,000
Kenya 33,625,790
Argentina 33,497,100
United Kingdom 33,200,417
Uganda 29,943,000
India 28,436,000
Venezuela 28,340,790
Peru 27,365,100
Indonesia 24,123,000
Hindus
Largest Hindu populations (as of 2010):
India 957,636,314
Nepal 21,354,570
Bangladesh 14,274,430
Indonesia 4,012,470[78]
Pakistan 2,603,895
Sri Lanka 2,554,606
Malaysia 1,700,100
United States 1,543,730
United Arab Emirates 1,239,610
South Africa 749,870
Mauritius 665,820
United Kingdom 630,000
Canada 497,960
Tanzania 403,570
Kuwait 328,440
Australia 275,500
Singapore 264,370
Fiji 261,097[64]
Trinidad and Tobago 240,100[68]
Myanmar 203,000[137]
Bhutan 177,100
Germany 120,000
Muslims
Muslim population by country, 2009.
Largest Muslim populations (as of 2017):
Indonesia 245,000,000[78]
Pakistan 203,000,000
India 182,000,000
Bangladesh 142,937,800
Nigeria 90,000,000
Iran 73,238,340
Egypt 70,056,000
Turkey 70,036,838
Algeria 36,092,810
Morocco 31,351,800
Afghanistan 30,112,680
Sudan 30,064,180
Iraq 29,767,300
Ethiopia 28,120,050
Saudi Arabia 26,624,560
Uzbekistan 25,628,240
Yemen 23,836,523
China 20,095,870
Syria 19,601,750
Malaysia 17,085,402
Buddhists
Largest Buddhist populations
China 244,130,000
Thailand 64,420,000
Japan 45,820,000
Burma 38,410,000
South Korea 10,500,000
India 9,250,000
Malaysia 5,010,000
Sri Lanka 4,450,000
Vietnam 4,380,000
Cambodia 3,690,000
Indonesia 1,710,000
Sikhs
Largest Sikh populations
India 22,892,600
UK 853,000
Canada 620,200
USA 500,010
Malaysia 120,000
Bangladesh 100,000[138]
Australia 72,300
Italy 70,000
Thailand 70,000
Myanmar 70,000
United Arab Emirates 50,000
Germany 40,000
Mauritius 37,700
Australia 72,300
Pakistan 50,000
Kenya 20,000
Kuwait 20,000
Philippines 20,000
New Zealand 17,400
Indonesia 15,000
Singapore 14,500
Jews
Largest Jewish populations (as of 2011[update]):
United States 6,588,065[139]
Israel 5,907,500[140]
France 493,600
Canada 375,000[121]
United Kingdom 291,000[121]
Russia 194,000[121]
Argentina 181,800[121]
Germany 119,000[121]
Australia 97,300[141]
Brazil 95,300[121]
Ukraine 70,200[121]
South Africa 67,000[121]
Hungary 48,200[121]
Mexico 39,200[121]
Belgium 30,000[121]
Italy 28,200[121]
Chile 18,500[121]
Turkey 17,400[121]
Uruguay 17,300[121]
Belarus 12,000[121]
Bahá'ís
Largest Bahá'í populations (as of 2010[update]) in countries with a national population ≥200,000:[142]
India 1,897,651 (The 2011 Census of India recorded 4,572 Bahá'ís[143][144])
United States 512,864
Kenya 422,782
Vietnam 388,802
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 282,916
Philippines 275,069
Iran 251,127
Zambia 241,112
South Africa 238,532
Bolivia 215,359
Tanzania 190,419
Venezuela 169,811
Uganda 95,098
Chad 94,499
Pakistan 87,259
Burma (Myanmar) 78,915
Colombia 70,504
Malaysia 67,549
Thailand 65,096
Papua New Guinea 59,898
Jainism
As of 2005[update]:[145]
India 5,146,697
United States 79,459
Kenya 68,848
United Kingdom 16,869
Canada 12,101
Tanzania 9,002
Nepal 6,800
Uganda 2,663
Burma 2,398
Malaysia 2,052
South Africa 1,918
Fiji 1,573
Japan 1,535
Australia 1,449
Suriname 1,217
Réunion 981
Belgium 815
Yemen 229
See also
Major religious groups
Importance of religion by country
Religions:
Religions by country
Bahá'í Faith by country
Buddhism by country
Christianity by country
Roman Catholicism by country
Protestantism by country
Orthodoxy by country
Hinduism by country
Islam by country
Ahmadiyya by country
Judaism by country
Sikhism by country
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External links
Asian-Nation: Religious Affiliation among Asian Americans
International Religious Freedom Report 2007 of U.S. Department of State
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The World Factbook of CIA
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values: قائمة التعداد الديني – Arabic

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values: धार्मिक लोकसंख्यांची यादी – Marathi

values: مذہب دے لحاظ نال لوک گنتی لسٹ – Western Punjabi

values: Lista populațiilor după religie – Romanian

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values: Численность последователей основных религий – Russian

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