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Impaired driving in Canada
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Impaired driving is the term used in Canada to describe the criminal offence of operating or having care or control of a motor vehicle while the person's ability to operate the motor vehicle is impaired by alcohol or a drug. Impaired driving is punishable under multiple offences in the Criminal Code, with greater penalties depending on the harm caused by the impaired driving. It can also result in various types of driver's licence suspensions.
There is a related, parallel offence of driving with a blood alcohol level which exceeds eighty milligrams of alcohol in one hundred millilitres of blood (.08). The penalties are identical for impaired driving and driving with a BAC greater than .08.
The Criminal Code gives the police a number of powers to assist in the enforcement of the offences, and there are a number of presumptions that assist in the prosecution of the offences.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Testing for alcohol and drugs
2.1 Approved instrument demands
2.1.1 Blood samples
2.2 Approved screening device demands
2.3 Field sobriety tests
2.4 Drug evaluations
2.5 Refusing to comply
3 Proving blood alcohol concentration
3.1 Presumption of accuracy
3.2 Presumption of identity
4 Sentencing
4.1 Driving Prohibitions vs. Suspensions
5 Administrative driver's licence suspensions
5.1 High blood alcohol concentration
5.2 Committing an offence
5.3 Found guilty of an offence
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
One of the first reported criminal cases regarding drinking and driving in Canada was an Alberta decision in 1920 called R. v. Nickle. In that case, the appeal court found that the act of driving while intoxicated was an unlawful act that could support a manslaughter conviction.[1]
In 1921, the Parliament of Canada first created a summary conviction offence for drinking and driving, called "driving while intoxicated". At the time, the courts interpreted intoxication to mean substantial inebriation, and more than just being under the influence of alcohol. The minimum penalty for the first offence was seven days in jail. The minimum penalty for the second offence was one month in jail. The minimum penalty for a third offence was three months in jail.[2]
In 1925, Parliament amended the Criminal Code to include a new offence of driving while intoxicated by a narcotic. The offences were also amended to include "care or control" of a motor vehicle, not just driving. (See below.)[3]
In 1930, Parliament changed the offence to a hybrid offence, giving the Crown the option to proceed with the more serious indictable offence procedure.[4]
Difficulties arose regarding how to prove someone was in care or control of a motor vehicle, and what the test should be. In 1947, Parliament amended the Criminal Code again, adding a presumption of care or control when a person was found sitting in the driver's seat of a motor vehicle.[3] This did not answer all of the problems regarding the test (i.e. when a person is not found in the driver's seat of a motor vehicle). Many of the court's answers to those questions remain in conflict today.[4]
In 1951, Parliament re-worded the law, making it an offence to operate or have care or control of a motor vehicle while the driver's ability to operate the motor vehicle was impaired by alcohol or other drugs.[4]
The breathalyzer was made into a practical police tool by Robert Frank Borkenstein in 1952, which allowed for the police to measure a person's blood alcohol concentration. The first Canadian test of the breathalyzer was in Ontario in 1954. By 1962, police were using the breathalyzer for "mass testing". However, the test was voluntary, and could only be used as confirmatory evidence.[4]
In 1969 (fifteen years after the introduction of the breathalyzer into Canada), Parliament created an offence of driving while "over 80" (over 80 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood). In 1976, Parliament made the penalty the same as driving while impaired, created the offence of refusing to provide a breath sample (with the same penalties), and created laws allowing the police to use roadside screening devices.[4] Both offences are now set out in the same section of the Criminal Code, section 253.[5]
After 1976, there were additional changes to the minimum penalties, and the introduction of new offences (impaired driving causing bodily harm and impaired driving causing death).
By 2008, drinking and driving cases made up 12 per cent of all criminal charges, making it the largest single offence group. In 2008, it was estimated that 53,000 drinking and driving cases are heard every year in Canada. The conviction rate was 73 per cent, which exceeded the rate for all criminal convictions by 13 per cent. Notwithstanding the higher rate of conviction, drinking and driving cases are more likely to go to trial than any other criminal offence, and are often fought on both technical issues and alleged police violations of section 8, section 9, and section 10(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[6]
2008 also saw the most recent amendments by Parliament to the law on drinking and driving. The Tackling Violent Crime Act came into force on July 2, 2008. The changes included adding new evidentiary restrictions on defendants trying to raise "evidence to the contrary" regarding the presumption of a person's blood alcohol concentration, created mandatory standard field sobriety tests that can be requested by a police officer, created additional means to allow police officers to test for the possible presence of drugs in a driver's body, increased the minimum sentences to their current level ($1000 fine for the first offence, 30 days in jail for the second offence, and 120 days in jail for the third offence), and created new offences for "over 80" causing death or bodily harm and refusing to provide a sample where operation caused death or bodily harm.[7]
Testing for alcohol and drugs[edit]
Approved instrument demands[edit]
If a police officer has reasonable grounds that a person has committed an offence under section 253 within the past three hours due to alcohol, they can demand that a person provide suitable breath samples into an approved instrument.[8] The results of those samples may be introduced as evidence at a later trial. If it is later determined that the officer did not have reasonable grounds, then the taking of the breath samples violated the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures under section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the person can apply to have them excluded as evidence under section 24(2) of the Charter.
Police officers can obtain reasonable grounds from observations they make and information they receive, including the results of the other demands listed below.
These breath samples are typically taken at a police station by a qualified technician, after a person has been arrested.
Blood samples[edit]
If a person is unable to give breath samples (usually due to injuries suffered from a traffic collision), a police officer can make a demand for blood samples, under the direction of a medical doctor, and performed by the same doctor or a nurse.[8]
Approved screening device demands[edit]
If a police officer has a reasonable suspicion that a person has alcohol in his or her body, and that he or she has been operating or has had care or control of a vehicle within the past three hours, the police officer can demand that person provide a suitable sample into an approved screening device.[8] These devices are usually calibrated to display fail if a person has a BAC above 0.1 percent, warn or caution if a person has a BAC between 0.05 and 0.1 percent, and a numerical value if the person has a BAC below 0.05 percent.
These breath samples are typically taken at the roadside by an investigating police officer. Typical observations supporting a reasonable suspicion is if a driver has an odour of an alcoholic beverage on their breath, or if they admit they had a drink.
Field sobriety tests[edit]
If a police officer has a reasonable suspicion that a person has alcohol or drugs in their body, and that they have been operating or have had care or control of a vehicle within the past three hours, they can demand that that person perform physical coordination tests, in order to allow the officer to determine whether to make an approved instrument demand, a blood demand, or a drug evaluation demand.[8]
Drug evaluations[edit]
If a police officer has reasonable grounds that a person has committed an offence under section 253 within the past three hours due to drugs or a combination of drugs and alcohol, they can demand that the person submit to an evaluation by an evaluating officer to determine if the person is impaired by drugs or a combination of drugs and alcohol.[8] If the evaluating officer has reasonable grounds that the person is impaired by alcohol, they can make an approved instrument demand.[8] If the evaluating officer has reasonable grounds that the person is impaired by drugs or a combination of drugs and alcohol, they can make a demand for blood or urine samples.[8] Fatigue toxins and effects due to illness have been held to be drugs for the purposes of the statute.[citation needed]
Refusing to comply[edit]
If any of the above demands are lawfully made, it is a criminal offence to fail or refuse to comply with them, unless the person can show they had a reasonable excuse.[8] The penalties are identical with the penalties for other drinking and driving offences.
Proving blood alcohol concentration[edit]
When a person gives a breath sample into an approved instrument by a qualified technician, a determination still needs to be made of what the person's BAC was at the time of the offence. That requires evidence of two things:
The person's BAC at the time of giving the breath samples, and
Based on the person's BAC at the time of giving the breath samples, the person's BAC at the time of the offence.
Presumption of accuracy[edit]
To work out the person's BAC at the time of giving the breath samples, the prosecutor can rely on a Certificate of a Qualified Technician, which states what the results were of the analysis of the breath samples, and is evidence of its contents.[9] This is commonly referred to as the presumption of accuracy. It is still open for the defence to call evidence showing why the results are not accurate, leaving it for the court to weigh the evidence.
If there is no Certificate, or the Certificate is flawed, the prosecutor can always call the qualified technician to give evidence about the accuracy of the results. The prosecutor may still call the qualified technician if there is a Certificate in order to counter the defence's evidence.
Typically, the Certificate will round the BAC results down to a hundredth of a percentage (e.g. 0.116 percent is truncated to 0.11 percent).
Presumption of identity[edit]
To work out the person's BAC at the time of the offence, the prosecutor generally needs to show the following:
The breath samples were taken as soon as practicable,
The first breath sample was taken within two hours of the offence, and
A second breath sample was taken 15 minutes or more after the first sample.
If the three criteria are met, then the lower of the two results is presumed to be the person's BAC at the time of the offence.[9] This is commonly referred to as the presumption of identity.
The presumption can be rebutted two ways, depending on whether the defence is challenging the accuracy of the results. If defence is challenging the accuracy of the results, they need call evidence that shows:
the approved instrument was malfunctioning or not being operated properly,
the malfunction or improper operation resulted in a reading of a BAC in excess of 0.08 percent, and
the person's BAC would not have been in excess of 0.08 at the time of the offence.
The last criteria is typically met by calling reliable evidence of how much the person had to drink prior to the offence, and expert evidence of what their BAC would have been at the time of the offence as a result of the drinking evidence.
If defence is not challenging the accuracy of the results, they only need to call evidence on the last criteria, and have the expert give evidence why it would not be inconsistent with the breath sample readings.[9] (This is typically called the bolus drinking scenario.)
If the prosecutor is unable to rely on the presumption of identity (usually because the first reading was taken outside of the two hours), they can still "read-back" the readings by calling their own expert evidence.
Sentencing[edit]
See also: Criminal sentencing in Canada
A person convicted for any drinking and driving offence (which includes a refuse to comply offence) faces an automatic Canada-wide driving prohibition, and either a fine or jail sentence and the possibility of probation.
The minimum sentences are:[10][11]
For a first offence, a $1000 fine and a 12-month driving prohibition,
For a second offence, 30 days of jail and a 24-month driving prohibition, and
For a third or subsequent offence, 120 days of jail and a 36-month driving prohibition.
Drinking and driving offences are prior offences for refuse to comply offences, and vice versa.[10]
If no one is hurt or killed, and the prosecutor is proceeding by summary conviction, the maximum sentence is 18 months of jail. If no one is hurt or killed, and the prosecutor is proceeding by indictment, the maximum sentence is 5 years of jail.[10]
If another person suffers bodily harm because of the offence, the maximum sentence is 10 years in jail.[10]
If another person is killed because of the offence, the maximum sentence is a life sentence.[10]
If a person is convicted of both impaired operation/care or control and operation/care or control with a BAC in excess of 0.08 percent, the defendant can only be sentenced for one of the offences (the prosecutor chooses which one).[12] The same does not apply if a person is also convicted of a refuse to comply offence.
A province is allowed to set up special ignition interlock device programs specifically to limit criminal driving prohibitions. Not all provinces have such specific programs, but if they do, and a person is enrolled in one, then they can drive during their prohibition period with an interlock device, beginning as follows:
For a first offence, 3 months after the day of sentence,
For a second offence, 6 months after the day of sentence, and
For a third offence or subsequent offence, 12 months after the day of sentence.
Driving otherwise while on a driving prohibition is a criminal offence.
Driving Prohibitions vs. Suspensions[edit]
Canada is a federal state, and responsibility for road safety with respect to drunk driving falls on both Parliament and the provincial legislatures. Typically after an impaired driving offence is committed, the accused will be subject to both a prohibition imposed under federal law (criminal law) and a driver's licence suspension under provincial law. It is important to note that while Parliament may prohibit an accused from driving, in the absence of provincial legislation, this does not affect the validity of the driver's licence of the accused. Nonetheless the accused may be charged with driving while prohibited under criminal law despite possessing a valid driver's licence.
Often the provincial suspensions are more severe than the criminal prohibition. For instance many jurisdictions require the accused to complete a remedial program and participate in the ignition interlock program, failing which will result in an indefinite suspension until the conditions are met. Also an accused may be suspended from driving for medical reasons if a physician reports that the accused has a serious alcohol problem likely to result in an unacceptable risk to the public should the accused operate a motor vehicle.
The Criminal Code provides that an accused may be prosecuted for either driving while prohibited or driving while disqualified. The former refers to driving in contravention of a criminal court order of prohibition while the latter refers to driving while suspended under provincial legislation relating to a suspension for an impaired driving offence.
Administrative driver's licence suspensions[edit]
Administrative licence suspensions are separate from the driving prohibitions that are ordered as part of a criminal sentence. While drinking and driving are criminal offences, which is the jurisdiction of the Canadian Parliament, the provinces have jurisdiction to regulate their roads and highways (see Canadian federalism). Therefore, the provinces have the ability to administratively suspend a person's driver's licence separately from any criminal proceedings.
Licence suspensions can occur in three ways: 1) having a high BAC, but not enough to commit a criminal offence, 2) a police officer having reasonable grounds that a drinking and driving offence has occurred, and 3) being found guilty of a drinking and driving offence. Driving with a suspended licence can result in being charged with either criminal or provincial offences.
High blood alcohol concentration[edit]
When a person blows into an approved screening device, they might not register a BAC high enough for a fail, but they will still register a significantly high BAC. The provinces deal with that situation in different ways. There may also be different type of suspensions for novice drivers who are not allowed any BAC above zero.
Alberta - Length: 24 hours; Reason: a police officer reasonably suspects the person's ability to operate a vehicle is impaired by alcohol or drug, but does not charge them with a criminal offence. While the 24 hour suspension remains on the books, drivers may also receive a 3-day non-criminal suspension and other penalties should their blood alcohol concentration test 0.05 or over (warning), but not above the criminal 0.08 (failure). New drivers will receive a 30-day non-criminal suspension for a blood alcohol concentration of greater than zero. [13] [14]
British Columbia - Length: 12 hours; Reason: BAC over zero when a licence restriction is in place.[15] Length: 3–30 days depending on prior offences; Reason: BAC over 0.05 percent.[16]
Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia - Length: 24 hours; Reason: BAC over 0.05 percent.[17][18][19]
Newfoundland and Labrador - Length: 24 hours for the first and second suspension, 2 months for the third suspension, 4 months for the fourth suspension, 6 months for the fifth or subsequent suspension; Reason: BAC over 0.05 percent.[20]
Ontario - Length: 3 days for the first suspension, 7 days for the second suspension, 30 days for the third or subsequent suspension; Reason: BAC over 0.05 percent.[21]
Prince Edward Island - Length: 24 hours for the first suspension, 30 days for a second suspension within 2 years, 90 days for the third suspension within 2 years; Reason: BAC over 0.05 percent.[22]
Quebec does not suspend a person's licence if their BAC is below 0.08 percent (except for novice drivers).
Saskatchewan - Length: 24 hours for the first suspension, 24 hours & 15 days for the second suspension, 24 hours & 90 days for the third or subsequent suspension; Reason: BAC over 0.04 percent.[23]
Northwest Territories and Nunavut - Length: 24 hours for the first suspension, 30 days for a subsequent suspension; Reason: BAC over 0.05 percent.[24]
Yukon - Length: 24 hours; Reason: a police officer has reasonable grounds the driver is impaired.[25]
Committing an offence[edit]
If an officer has reasonable grounds to believe a person has committed a drinking and driving offence, besides being allowed to arrest the person, the provinces will suspend the person's driver's licence for a period of time. The same suspensions apply if the person refuses to comply with a breath demand.
Alberta - 90 days generally; 6 months if bodily harm or death is caused.[26]
British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon - 90 days.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
Found guilty of an offence[edit]
Provinces will suspend a person's driver's licence for a lengthy period of time if they have been found guilty of a drinking and driving offence, and will usually require various types of programs to be completed before or after a licence is reinstated. When programs are required to be completed, the driver is also required to pay the cost.
Alberta - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for a second offence, 5 years for the third or subsequent offence.[38] A rehabilitative course may be required.[39]
British Columbia - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, indefinitely for the third or subsequent offence. A rehabilitative program, which may include an interlock device program, must be completed.[40]
Manitoba - 1 year for the first offence (2 years for refusing to comply and no other offences), 5 years for the second offence (7 years for refusing to comply and no other offences), 10 years for the third offence, life for the fourth or subsequent offence; If the offence was committed while there was a passenger in the car 16 years old or younger, or caused death or bodily harm, 5 years for the first offence, 10 years for the second offence, life for the third or subsequent offence. If it is a subsequent offence, or if it had a passenger in the car 16 years old or younger, or death or bodily harm was caused, an interlock device will be required.[41]
New Brunswick - 1 year. A drinking driving course is required.[42]
Newfoundland and Labrador - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, 5 years for the third offence, life for the fourth or subsequent offence; 10 years if bodily harm or death was caused. Rehabilitative programs, interlock programs, and alcohol/drug screenings may be required.[43]
Nova Scotia - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, indefinitely for the third or subsequent offence. For the second and subsequent offences, a driver must have an interview with Drug Dependency Services.[44]
Ontario - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, and indefinitely for the third or subsequent offence. They may have to complete a remedial program before have their licence re-issued. The driver will need to have an interlock device for a prescribed period of time.[45]
Prince Edward Island - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, 5 years for the third or subsequent offence. A rehabilitation program may be required.[46]
Quebec - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, 5 years for the third or subsequent offence. If the licence suspension is longer than the driving prohibition, a driver may be able to drive after the prohibition is completed with an interlock device. A rehabilitative course is required.[47]
Saskatchewan - 1 for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, 5 years for the third or subsequent offence.[48]
Northwest Territories and Nunavut - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, 5 years for the third offence, indefinite for the fourth or subsequent offence. If death is caused, the period is indefinite. A number of rehabilitative programs may be required.[49]
Yukon - 1 year for the first offence, 3 years for the second offence, indefinitely for the third or subsequent offence.[50]
See also[edit]
Driving under the influence
MADD Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rex v. Nickle (1920), 34 C.C.C 15 (S.C. Alta. App. Div.)
Jump up ^ Kenkel, Joseph F. (2008). Impaired Driving in Canada, 2009 Edition. Markham, Ontario: LexisNexis Canada. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-433-46048-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Impaired Driving in Canada, p 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Impaired Driving in Canada, p 2.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 253(1)(a) and (b).
Jump up ^ Impaired Driving in Canada, pp. 2–3
Jump up ^ Impaired Driving in Canada, pp. 35–36
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 254.
^ Jump up to: a b c Criminal Code, RSC 1985, s. 258.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 255.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, RSC 1989, c C-46, s. 259.
Jump up ^ R. v. Prince (1986), 30 C.C.C. (3d) 35 (S.C.C.)
Jump up ^ Alberta Transportation
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Alta.), s. 89
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.), s. 90.3
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.), s. 215.41
Jump up ^ The Highway Traffic Act (Man.), s. 265
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (N.B.), s. 310.01
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (N.S.), s. 279C
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (N.L.), ss. 60.1(9)(a), 60.2
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (Ont.), s. 48
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (P.E.I.), s. 277.1
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Sask.), ss. 146-147
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles Act (N.W.T.), s. 116.4
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles Act (Yuk.), s. 256
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Alta.), s 88
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.), ss. 94.1 & 94.2
Jump up ^ The Highway Traffic Act (Man.), s. 263.1
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (N.B.), s. 310.04
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (N.L.), s. 60.1(9)(b)
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (N.S.), s. 279A
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (Ont.), s. 48.3
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (P.E.I.), ss. 277.2-277.3
Jump up ^ Highway Safety Code, RSQ, c C-24.2, ss. 202.4-202.5
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Sask.), s. 148
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles Act (N.W.T.), s. 116.6
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles Act (Yuk.), s. 257
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Alta.), s. 83
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Alta.), s. 97(2)
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.), ss. 232-233
Jump up ^ The Highway Traffic Act (Man.), ss. 264(1)-(1.2), 279.1
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (N.B.), ss. 300 & 301(2)
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (N.L.), ss. 65 & 195
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act (N.S.), ss. 67(5)(ba) & (15)
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (Ont.), ss. 41-41.2
Jump up ^ Highway Traffic Act (P.E.I.), s. 312(y)
Jump up ^ Highway Safety Code, RSQ, s 76.
Jump up ^ Traffic Safety Act (Sask.), s. 141
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles Act (N.W.T.), ss. 77.1, 116.14
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles Act (Yuk.), s. 255
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In-N-Out Burger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In-N-Out Burgers, Inc.
In-N-Out headquarters at
University Tower in Irvine
Type
Private
Industry
Fast food restaurant
Founded
October 22, 1948; 68 years ago (1948-10-22)
Baldwin Park, California, U.S.
Founders
Harry Snyder
Esther Snyder
Headquarters
Irvine, California
Number of locations
326[citation needed]
Area served
California
Arizona
Nevada
Utah
Texas
Oregon
Key people
Lynsi Snyder, President
Mark Taylor, COO
Roger Kotch, CFO
Revenue
US$575 million (2014 estimate)[1]
Website
in-n-out.com
In-N-Out Burger is an American regional chain of fast food restaurants with locations primarily in the American Southwest and Pacific coast.[2] It was founded in Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by Harry Snyder and Esther Snyder. The chain is currently headquartered in Irvine, California and has slowly expanded outside Southern California into the rest of California, as well as into Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and Oregon. The current owner is Lynsi Snyder, the Snyders' only grandchild.
As the chain has expanded, it has opened several distribution centers in addition to its original Baldwin Park location. The new facilities, located in Lathrop, California; Phoenix, Arizona; Draper, Utah; and Dallas, Texas will provide for potential future expansion into other parts of the country.[3][4][5]
In-N-Out Burger has resisted franchising its operations or going public; one reason is the prospect of quality or customer consistency being compromised by excessively rapid business growth.[6] The company's business practices have been noted for employee-centered personnel policies. For example, In-N-Out is one of the few fast food chains in the United States to pay its employees more than state and federally mandated minimum wage guidelines – starting at US$11.00 per hour in California, as of May 2017.[7] The In-N-Out restaurant chain has developed a highly loyal customer base,[8][9][10] and has been rated as one of the top fast food restaurants in several customer satisfaction surveys.[11][12][13]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First generation
1.2 Second generation
1.3 The 21st century
2 Legal issues
2.1 Rich Boyd lawsuit (2006)
2.2 Chadder's infringement lawsuit (2007)
2.3 DoorDash lawsuit (2015)
3 Food safety
4 Products
5 Store design and layout
6 Advertising
7 Culture
7.1 Popularity
7.2 Art
7.3 Bible verses
8 The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation
9 Original restaurant
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
First generation[edit]
In-N-Out's first location was opened in the Los Angeles suburb of Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by the Snyders[6] at the southwest corner of what is now the intersection of Interstate 10 and Francisquito Avenue. The restaurant was the first drive-thru hamburger stand in California, allowing drivers to place orders via a two-way speaker system.[6] This was a new and unique idea, since in post-World War II California, carhops were used to take orders and serve food.[14]
A second In-N-Out was opened west of the intersection of Grand Avenue and Arrow Highway in Covina, California, three years later. The company remained a relatively small southern California chain until the 1970s. The Snyders managed their first restaurants closely to ensure quality was maintained.[15] The chain had 18 restaurants when Harry Snyder died in 1976, at the age of 63.[16]
Second generation[edit]
In 1976, 24-year-old Rich Snyder became the company president after his father's death. Along with his brother Guy, Rich had reportedly begun working in his father's In-N-Outs "from the ground floor" at an early age. Over the next 20 years, the chain experienced a period of rapid growth under Rich's leadership, expanding to 93[17] restaurants.[18]
The first location outside of the Los Angeles metropolitan area was opened in San Diego County in 1990, the 61st location in the chain.[19] In 1992, In-N-Out opened its first non-Southern California restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. Its first Northern California location was opened the following year in Modesto.[20] Expansion then spread to Northern California, including the San Francisco Bay Area, while additional Las Vegas-area restaurants were added. However, after opening the 83rd In-N-Out restaurant in Fresno, California, on December 15, 1993, Rich Snyder and four other passengers died in a plane crash on approach to John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California. The charter aircraft they were on had been following a Boeing 757 in for landing, became caught in its wake turbulence, and crashed. The ensuing crash investigation led to the Federal Aviation Administration requirement for an adequate distance between heavy aircraft and following light aircraft to allow wake turbulence to diminish.
Upon Rich Snyder's death in 1993, Guy Snyder assumed the presidency and continued the company's aggressive expansion until he died from an overdose of painkillers in 1999.[9] He was president for six years, expanding In-N-Out from 83 to 140 locations.[18] His mother Esther subsequently took over the presidency.
The 21st century[edit]
In-N-Out Burger sign in Norwalk, California.
The company opened locations in Arizona in 2000 and added new restaurants in Reno, Sparks, and Carson City,[21] Nevada in late 2004. In-N-Out became a huge success in these new locations. In 2007, it opened its first restaurant in Tucson, Arizona. The store opening broke company records for the most burgers sold in one day and the most sold in one week.[22]
In 2008, In-N-Out expanded into a fourth state and opened a location in Washington, Utah, a suburb of St. George. By late 2009, the chain expanded into northern Utah with three new locations situated in Draper,[23] American Fork,[24] and Orem.[25][26] More locations opened in the spring of 2010 in West Valley City,[27] West Jordan, Centerville, and Riverton.[27]
In-N-Out Burger in Frisco, Texas, one of the first locations to open in Texas.
In May 2010, In-N-Out announced plans to expand into Texas, specifically within the Dallas–Fort Worth area with the first two locations opening in Frisco and Allen on May 11, 2011.[28] The chain opened its first location in Austin in December 2013.[29] There are 21 restaurant locations in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, and four in the Austin area.[citation needed] These new locations in Texas required the company to build a new patty production facility and distribution center in the state,[30] according to company vice president Carl Van Fleet.[31] In March 2014, the company confirmed its first location in San Antonio.[32] The fall of 2014 saw the restaurant open its 22nd Texas location in Killeen.[33] On November 20, 2014, In-N-Out opened its first location in San Antonio[34] followed by its first location in Waco in November 2015.[35][36] In January 2017, In-N-Out announced plans to expand into Houston with multiple sites planned in the area.[37][38]
In-N-Out in Medford, Oregon, the first in the state.
The company opened its first location in Oregon on September 9, 2015 (the same day as Harry Snyder's birthday) in Medford.[39] It is supplied from the Lathrop, California distribution center that was completed in 2006.[40] President Lynsi Snyder stated during the opening that they will continue to expand.
While the company grew, it struggled to maintain its family roots. Esther Snyder died in 2006 at the age of 86 and passed the presidency to Mark Taylor, former vice president of operations. Taylor became the company's fifth president and first non-family member to hold the position, although he does have ties to the family. The company's current heiress is Lynsi Snyder, daughter of Guy and only grandchild of Esther and Harry Snyder. Snyder, who was 23 years old and known as Lynsi Martinez at her grandmother's death, owns the company through a trust. She gained control of 50% of the company in 2012 when she turned 30, and nearly full control at 35 in May 2017.[41]
After participating in various roles in the company, Snyder assumed the presidency in 2010, becoming the company's sixth president. However, most major decisions are made by a seven-member executive team. Snyder does not intend to franchise nor sell, and plans to pass on ownership of the company to her children.[42]
Counties with at least one In-N-Out location.[43] Since 1992, In-N-Out has expanded beyond California to Arizona, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and most recently Oregon.
Legal issues[edit]
Rich Boyd lawsuit (2006)[edit]
In 2006, a lawsuit exposed a possible family feud over the chain's corporate leadership. Richard Boyd, one of In-N-Out's vice presidents and co-trustee of two-thirds of the company stock, accused Lynsi Martinez and allied corporate executives of trying to force out Esther Snyder and attempting to fire Boyd unreasonably. Pre-empting the suit, Martinez, Snyder and Taylor appeared in a December video message to employees, telling them not to believe everything they hear.[8] The company then responded with a lawsuit of its own, alleging Boyd had construction work done on his personal property and charged it to the company, as well as favoring contractors with uncompetitive bids.[9] Boyd was then suspended from his role as co-trustee and Northern Trust Bank of California took his place (as co-trustee) until a hearing set for May 10, 2006. However, in April, the judge dismissed two of In-N-Out's claims against Boyd. A trial date of October 17, 2006, was set but never occurred, and a settlement was reached out of court.[44] Ultimately, Boyd was permanently removed from his role as an employee and co-trustee.[45]
Chadder's infringement lawsuit (2007)[edit]
In June 2007, the company filed a lawsuit against an American Fork, Utah, restaurant named Chadder's for trademark infringement, claiming that the "look and feel" of the restaurant too closely resembled that of In-N-Out, and that the restaurant violated trademarked menu items, such as "Animal Style", "Protein Style", "Double-Double", and so forth.[46]
The company was tipped off by Utah customers contacting the customer service department asking if In-N-Out opened a location in Utah under a different name or if they had any affiliation with the restaurant in any way. Several customers stated they ordered trademarked items such as Animal and Protein styles.[47]
On June 7, 2007, In-N-Out's general counsel visited the Chadders restaurant in American Fork and "viewed the premises and operations and ordered a meal that was not listed on its menu. He requested an 'Animal style Double-Double with Animal fries,' and his order was filled."[48] Utah District court Judge Ted Stewart issued a temporary restraining order against the look-alike. Chadder's opened another location near the Salt Lake City area and one in Provo.
In 2009, In-N-Out opened a restaurant in American Fork less than a mile from the Chadder's restaurant.[46][49][50] Per their website, Chadder's started selling a "Stubby Double" instead of "Double Double".[51] The Chadder's restaurants in Utah have gone out of business since In-N-Out restaurants have opened in Utah.
DoorDash lawsuit (2015)[edit]
On November 6, 2015, In-N-Out filed a lawsuit against food delivery startup, DoorDash, claiming trademark infringement and unfair competition. The complaint states:
"Defendant’s use of Plaintiff’s famous trademarks implies that Defendant not only delivers In-N-Out products to its customers, but that the quality and services offered by Defendant is the same as if consumers had made purchases directly from Plaintiff. Upon information and belief, the quality of services offered by Defendant does not at all comport with the standards that consumers expect from Plaintiff’s goods and services. Further, Plaintiff has no control over the time it takes Defendant to deliver Plaintiff’s goods to consumers, or over the temperature at which the goods are kept during delivery, nor over the food handling and safety practices of Defendant’s delivery drivers. While Plaintiff adheres to the Food Code, on information and belief, Defendant does not adhere to such regulations, including with regard to compliance with required food safety and handling practices." [52]
Food safety[edit]
On May 9, 2017, the In-N-Out Burger in Livermore, California, temporarily closed its doors after nine members of a college softball team reported getting sick after eating at that particular restaurant. The Alameda County Department of Environmental Health is investigating the incident and suspects norovirus was the cause of the illnesses, but will not be able to confirm the cause until laboratory tests are completed.[53][54]
The location had been cited for a "high risk" health code violation in December 2016, with minor citations for the same problem in April 2017. In-N-Out representatives said they had no indications of any issues at the location but have cleaned and disinfected it along with reviewing procedures with employees.[55]
On May 12, 2017, the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health reported that they now believe that the members of the college softball team may have already been infected with the virus prior to entering the Livermore restaurant. As a precaution, the DEH are continuing their laboratory tests on In-N-Out employees to conclusively rule them out as a possible source of the infection.[56]
Products[edit]
Main article: In-N-Out Burger products
Cheeseburgers and hamburger
The In-N-Out menu consists of three burger varieties: hamburger, cheeseburger, and "Double-Double" (two hamburger patties and two slices of cheese). French fries and fountain drinks are available, as well as three flavors of milkshakes. The hamburgers come with lettuce, tomato, with or without onions (the customer is asked upon ordering, and may have them fresh or grilled), and a sauce, which is called "spread" (a Thousand Island dressing variant).
There are, however, additional named items not on the menu, but available at every In-N-Out. These variations reside on the chain's "secret menu," though the menu is accessible on the company's web site. These variations include 3x3 (which has three patties and three slices of cheese), 4x4 (four patties and four slices of cheese), Neapolitan shakes, grilled cheese sandwich (consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except the meat, plus two slices of melted cheese), Protein style (wrap with lettuce; consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except buns), and Animal Style. Both Protein and Animal Style are house specialties that the company has trademarked because of their association with the chain. Animal Style fries come with two slices of melted cheese, spread, and grilled onions on top. Animal style burgers are cooked in a thin layer of mustard, and in addition to the lettuce and tomato it also includes pickles, grilled onions, and extra spread. Whole or sliced chili peppers are also available by request.[57]
Until 2004 In-N-Out accommodated burger orders of any size by adding patties and slices of cheese at an additional cost. A particularly famous incident involving a 100x100 (100 patties, 100 slices of cheese) occurred in 2004.[58] Once word got out of the massive sandwich, In-N-Out management disallowed anything larger than a 4x4.[59] One can also order what is called a "Flying Dutchman" which consists of two meat patties and two slices of cheese by itself (no bun, condiments, or vegetables).[60]
Store design and layout[edit]
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In-N-Out restaurant in Pinole, California near Interstate 80 with one drive-thru lane and an indoor dining area. Note the crossed palm trees in the back.
The signature colors for In-N-Out are white, red, and yellow. The white is used for the buildings' exterior walls and the employees' basic uniform. Red is used for the buildings' roofs and the employees' aprons and hats. Yellow is used for the decorative band on the roof and iconic zig-zag in the logo. However, variations in the color scheme do occur.
The first In-N-Outs' had a common design, placing the kitchen "stand" between two lanes of cars. The "front" lane is nearest the street, and the "back" lane away from the street. A metal awning provides shade for several tables for customers desiring to park and eat, but there is no indoor dining. A walk-up window faces the parking area. These restaurants store food and supplies in a separate building, and it is not uncommon for a driver to be asked to wait a moment while employees carry supplies to the kitchen across the rear lane.
This simpler design is a popular image on In-N-Out ads and artwork, which often shows classic cars such as 1965 Mustangs and 1968 Firebirds visiting the original restaurants. The original Covina restaurant, located on Arrow Highway west of Grand Avenue, was forced to close in the early 1990s due to re-engineering and development of the area. A modern design, drive-up/dining room restaurant was built a few hundred feet away. The new building is much larger (approximately half the size of the entire lot upon which the earlier restaurant sat), and is often filled to capacity.
The famous In-N-Out Burger at the corner of Gayley and Le Conte in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus, designed by Kanner Architects
Like many chain restaurants, newer In-N-Out restaurants are based on a set of templates or "cookie-cutter" blueprints, which are chosen based on available space and expected traffic levels. While external appearance of its buildings may vary to meet local zoning and architectural requirements, the interior floor plan and decor in most recently constructed In-N-Out restaurants are identical. However, some restaurants are designed to stand out, such as the restaurants at Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco and Westwood, Los Angeles.
Example of In-N-Out's crossed palm trees
Today's typical location has an interior layout that includes a customer service counter with registers in front of a kitchen and food preparation area. There are separate storage areas for paper goods (napkins, bags, etc.) and "dry" food goods (potatoes, buns, etc.), as well as a walk-in refrigerator for perishable goods (lettuce, cheese, spread etc.), and a dedicated meat refrigerator for burger patties. The customer area includes an indoor dining room with a combination of booths, tables, and bar-style seating. Outside seating is usually available as well, with tables and benches. Most newer restaurants contain a one-lane drive-through.
There are other design elements common among today's In-N-Out locations. Matching In-N-Out's California-inspired palm tree theme, palm trees are sometimes planted to form an "X" in front of the restaurants. This is an allusion to founder Harry Snyder's favorite movie, Stanley Kramer's It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, in which the characters look for a hidden treasure and find it under "the big W" made by four palm trees, with the middle two forming an "X".[61]
Advertising[edit]
A typical interior with the company's motto, "Quality you can taste"
In-N-Out Burger sign in Los Angeles.
Like other fast food chains, In-N-Out uses roadside billboards that attract customers to the nearest location. Billboard ads typically display an image of the trademarked Double-Double burger. The chain uses short radio commercials, often limited to the jingle, "In-N-Out, In-N-Out. That's what a hamburger's all about." Television commercials, which are less common, feature the hamburger's visual appeal. In-N-Out seldom uses celebrities in ads, although John Cleese and John Goodman have voiced radio spots. In the past, the Snyders' also sponsored Christmas music programming with voice-overs expressing the meaning of the holiday. Such commercials offended Robert J. Elisberg of the Huffington Post.[62]
In addition to conventional, paid advertising, In-N-Out benefits from positive word of mouth spread by enthusiastic fans. For many years, it has given customers free bumper stickers which simply say "In-N-Out Burger".[63] The company helps devoted customers advertise its brand by selling souvenir clothing with the In-N-Out logo.[64] Celebrity fans and free endorsements in mass media also promote the business. When Heisman Trophy winner and Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith raved about In-N-Out cheeseburgers during a press conference before the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, a senior executive said, "It does not get much better than that for us. We're kind of a small company, and we do not have any celebrity endorsers. But I think we just got the best one we could have."[65] Huell Howser was allowed, in what is believed to be a first, to film with his television cameras inside a store for a California's Gold Special. The show also included a behind-the-scenes tour of the In-N-Out Headquarters.[66]
Culture[edit]
Popularity[edit]
The In-N-Out Burger sign at Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco
In-N-Out offers mobile catering in some Southern California markets.
Mobile POS systems are used during peak hours in order to help curb long drive thru lines.
The burger chain has achieved widespread popularity which has led to celebration by some when brought to new locations, and the opening of a new restaurant often becomes an event. When one opened in Scottsdale, Arizona, there was a four-hour wait for food, and news helicopters whirled above the parking lot.[67]
The chain's image has also made it popular in more non-traditional ways. For example, In-N-Out is still considered acceptable in some areas with a strong opposition to corporate food restaurants, such as McDonald's. Local business leaders in San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf district said they opposed every other fast food chain except In-N-Out, because they wanted to maintain the flavor of family-owned, decades-old businesses in the area, with one saying locals would ordinarily "be up in arms about a fast-food operation coming to Fisherman's Wharf," but "this is different."[10] California native and Colorado Rockies player Jason Giambi would often visit In-N-Out Burger when on the West Coast with his former team, the New York Yankees. He said he tried to open an In-N-Out Burger restaurant in New York, but was unsuccessful.[68]
The chain also has fans in a number of renowned chefs including Gordon Ramsay, Thomas Keller, Julia Child, Anthony Bourdain, and Mario Batali.[17] Famous London chef/restaurateur Ramsay ate In-N-Out for the first time when taping Hell's Kitchen in Los Angeles, and it soon became one of his favorite spots for take-out.[69] Ramsay was quoted, saying about the experience: "In-N-Out burgers were extraordinary. I was so bad, I sat in the restaurant, had my double cheeseburger then minutes later I drove back round and got the same thing again to take away."[69] Thomas Keller, a fan of In-N-out, celebrated with In-N-Out burgers at the anniversary party of his restaurant, The French Laundry.[70] Keller also plans on opening his own burger restaurant inspired by his Los Angeles experience of In-N-Out.[71] Julia Child, one of the first celebrities to champion the chain, admitted to knowing every location of the restaurant between Santa Barbara and San Francisco.[72] Child also had the burgers delivered to her during a hospital stay.[70] Anthony Bourdain reportedly said that In-N-Out was his favorite fast food meal;[70] later naming the restaurant as "the best restaurant in Los Angeles."[73][74] In-N-Out was one of the very few restaurant chains given a positive mention in the book Fast Food Nation. The book commended the chain for using natural and fresh ingredients and for looking after the interests of employees regarding pay and benefits.[75] An In-N-Out food truck catered Vanity Fair's 2012 Academy Awards after party.[76]
Art[edit]
Richard Bunkall painting commissioned by Haenel family of In-N-Out Burger.
Jack Schmidt was the first person commissioned to paint the original In-N-Out located in Baldwin Park, CA for In-N-Out Burger Inc.[77] His paintings were later reproduced on advertisements, shirts, and other consumer products. His paintings capture the car culture, beautiful weather, and the easy-speed of In-N-Out Burger[77] The art pieces illustrate the beautiful climate that is associated with Southern California. Beautiful sunsets, sunny blue skies, and towering palm trees are always present.
Bible verses[edit]
Bible reference on the bottom of an In-N-Out drink cup
Bible reference on wrapper of an In-N-Out Double-Double
In-N-Out prints Bible citations in small print on areas of packaging. This practice began in the 1980s during Rich Snyder's presidency,[61] a reflection of the Christian beliefs held by the Snyder family.
On the Season 5 premiere episode of Secret Lives of the Super Rich, Lynsi Snyder, the then-33 year old heir to the In-N-Out chain, revealed that she had two Biblical-related tattoos. One of Matthew 6:10 in Aramaic: “Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.” The other of Hebrew characters to represent the word "hated," which reportedly refer to John 15:18: “If the world hates you, know that it hated me before.”
The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation[edit]
The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation, was established as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in March 1995,[78] and classified as a "Human Services: Fund Raising & Fund Distribution" organization under the NTEE system.[79] Based in Irvine, California, the foundation "supports organizations that provide residential treatment, emergency shelter, foster care, and early intervention for children in need." Its grant-making activities are restricted to eligible nonprofit groups that are located or provide services in areas where In-N-Out has a presence.[80] Consequently, grant proposals are only accepted from applicants in a limited number of counties in Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Texas.[81] In 2010, the most recent year for which financial reporting is publicly available (and before the opening of the company's Texas locations),[82] the foundation contributed $1,545,250 to 231 grantees in Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.[83] Grant-making is funded through donor contributions and In-N-Out-sponsored fundraisers; typical grants are between $2,000 and $20,000.[81]
Original restaurant[edit]
The first In-N-Out restaurant that opened in 1948 was demolished when the Interstate 10 (then U.S. 60/70/99, the Ramona Freeway) San Bernardino Freeway was built from downtown Los Angeles to the San Gabriel Valley. The freeway runs over the original location. A new restaurant was completed in 1954 near the original Baldwin Park, California location, but was closed in November 2004 and demolished on April 16, 2011 despite discussions about using it as an In-N-Out museum chronicling the origins and history of the company.[84] In-N-Out built a replacement restaurant on the other side of the freeway next to the original In-N-Out University (opened in 1984). A new In-N-Out University was built on the property. The University building houses the training department, which was moved from Irvine, California. In addition, the company restaurant was moved from In-N-Out's Baldwin Park headquarters to the new lot, which holds the restaurant and university, less than a thousand feet away. In 2014, a replica of the 1948 In-N-Out was built in Baldwin Park.[85]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Companies portal
Burger Wars
Fast food
List of hamburger restaurants
List of restaurant chains in the United States
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Brock, James (January 31, 2017). "Whataburger, Beware! In-N-Out Burger Reportedly Close To Land Deals in Houston: California-based chain would join imports Shake Shack, Hopdoddy, and others in the Bayou City.". Patch Media.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Burger to bring 'animal style' to the Bayou City". KTRK-TV. February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bakall, Samantha (September 9, 2015). "Waiting in line at In-N-Out's first Oregon restaurant in Medford". The Oregonian.
Jump up ^ Winkelman, Cheryl (May 19, 2006). "In-N-Out Burger builds Lathrop warehouse". Oakland Tribune – via HighBeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Lubove, Seth (February 7, 2013). "Lynsi Torres, In-N-Out Burger's Elusive Billionaire". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Clough, Richard (February 22, 2013). "Drag-racing heiress keeps In-N-Out on course". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Road Trip Location Guide" (PDF). In-N-Out. May 22, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (April 6, 2006). "In-N-Out ordered to alter some claims in lawsuit". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out, former VP reach secretive settlement". TMC News. August 6, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Leer, Twila (June 30, 2007). "In-N-Out wins one over Chadders". Deseret News.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Amanda (June 18, 2007). "In-N-Out Burger sues American Fork Restaurant". KSL-TV.
Jump up ^ In-N-Out Burgers v. Chadders Restaurant et al. (Utah District Court June 29, 2007). Text
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out coming to American Fork". Daily Herald (Utah). February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Burger Suing American Fork Burger Joint". Fox News. June 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Laura (May 14, 2010). "Chadder's Sued For Not Opening". Deseret News.
Jump up ^ In-N-Out Burgers vs. DoorDash (United States District Court, Central District of California). Text
Jump up ^ Sernoffsky, Evan (May 10, 2017). "Livermore In-N-Out Burger temporarily closes after diners sickened". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Chris (May 10, 2017). "Livermore In-N-Out Burger voluntarily closes after customers reportedly got sick". KGO-TV.
Jump up ^ Cestone, Vince (May 10, 2017). "VIDEO: Livermore In-N-Out Burger temporarily closed after group of customers complain of flu-like symptoms". KRON-TV.
Jump up ^ Cestone, Vince (May 12, 2017). "Health Officials: Group of customers did not get sickened at Livermore In-N-Out, restaurant reopens". KRON-TV.
Jump up ^ "Not So Secret Menu". In-N-Out Burger.
Jump up ^ "A 100x100 at In-N-Out". Super Sized Meals. January 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ Pollack, Neal (July 23, 2009). "Welcome to Burger Heaven". Maxim. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Marcotte, John (February 25, 2005). "In-N-Out's Secret Menu". Badmouth.
^ Jump up to: a b Savio, Kelly (August 9, 2006). "The Ins and Outs of In-N-Out". Gilroy Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Elisberg, Robert J. (July 13, 2011). "The World's Only Hamburger That's Good for You". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Perman, Stacy (2010). In-N-Out Burger: A Behind-the-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules. Harper Collins. pp. 149–50. ISBN 9780061872143.
Jump up ^ Pellegrini, Frank (August 21, 2000). "Restaurant Review: The In-N-Out Burger". Time. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Briggs, David (January 8, 2007). "Smith Stays In, Buckeyes Worth Big Bucks". The Lantern. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Howser, Huell (2009). "California's Gold #146 - IN-N-OUT BURGER". California's Gold. Episode 146. PBS. KCET. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNichol, Tom (August 14, 2002). "The Secret Behind A Burger Cult". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ Olney, Buster (January 6, 2009). "Jason Giambi, Oakland Athletics on verge of one-year deal". ESPN.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Jill (April 20, 2008). "Gordon Ramsay admits secret passion for fast food burgers". Daily Record (Scotland).
^ Jump up to: a b c Luna, Nancy (March 2011). "Attack of the Double Double". D Magazine. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stein, Joshua David (April 13, 2010). "Thomas Keller: His fantasy burger restaurant". Eater. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Russ (August 7, 2002). "A day in the life at 90". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 7, 2002.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Marcy (January 13, 2015). "Anthony Bourdain: Unofficial Spokesperson for In-N-Out Burger". The Braiser. Abrams Media Network. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ DeJesus, Erin (January 8, 2015). "Watch Anthony Bourdain Extoll the Virtues of In-N-Out Burger". Eater. Vox Media. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schlosser, Eric (2002). Fast Food Nation. HarperCollins. p. 259. ISBN 0-06-093845-5.
Jump up ^ Heyman, Marshall (February 28, 2012). "Mixing It Up at Oscar After-Parties". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 11, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b Perman, Stacy (2009). In-n-out Burger: A Behind-the-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules. New York: Collins Business. ISBN 9780061872143. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Child Abuse Foundation: History". In-N-Out Burger. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "In-N-Out Burgers Foundation". National Center for Charitable Statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Child Abuse Foundation: Eligibility". In-N-Out Burger. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Child Abuse Foundation: About The Grants". In-N-Out Burger. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (May 5, 2011). "In-N-Out Burger: 2 Texas restaurants to open next week". OC Register. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Form 990" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved September 12, 2012 – via Foundation Center. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Pool, Bob & Kim, Victoria (April 16, 2011). "Historic In-N-Out Burger stand is Down-N-Out". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (February 26, 2014). "SoCal institution In-N-Out opens replica 1948 burger stand". OC Register. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Hawn, Carleen (August 7, 2006). "In-N-Out Burger is giving McDonald's a run for its money". fastcompany.com.
Perman, Stacy (2009). In-N-Out Burger: A Behind-the-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules. New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 978-0-06-134671-2. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to In-N-Out Burger.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America.
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