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2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
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2018 Winter Olympics
opening ceremony
Yuna Kim, South Korean Olympic figure skating champion, lights the Olympic cauldron
Date
9 February 2018 (2018-02-09)
Time
20:00–22:20 KST (UTC+9)
Location
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Coordinates
37°40′03″N 128°42′20″E / 37.66750°N 128.70556°E / 37.66750; 128.70556Coordinates: 37°40′03″N 128°42′20″E / 37.66750°N 128.70556°E / 37.66750; 128.70556
Also known as
Peace in Motion
Filmed by
SBS and OBS
Part of a series on the
2018 Winter Olympics
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (ban on Russian athletes)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea on 9 February 2018. It began at 20:00 KST and finished at approximately 22:20 KST. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preparations
2 Ceremony
3 Programme
3.1 Parade of Nations
3.2 Torch lighting
3.3 Wish Fire
3.4 Intel® Drone Light Show
4 Controversies
4.1 Mike Pence
4.2 Russian hacking
5 Dignitaries in attendance
6 Anthems
7 Ceremony key team
8 References
9 External links
Preparations[edit]
The site of the opening ceremony, Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, was built specifically for the Games. The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000. The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, which represent heaven, earth, and mankind.[1] No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium, which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies. The venue will be torn down afterwards.[2]
The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world.[3]
Ha Hyun-woo of the band Guckkasten, Ahn Ji-young of the musical duo Bolbbalgan4, Lee Eun-mi and Jeon In-kwon with his band Deulgukhwa performed and sang John Lennon's "Imagine" at the opening ceremony.[4]
The Rainbow Children's Choir performed an arrangement, with Korean traditional musical instruments, of the national anthem, “Aegukga”.[5] The song was written to educate the public about various ethnicities. [6]
Insooni sang the theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay, "Let Everyone Shine".[7]
Ceremony[edit]
The ceremony's message centered on peace, passion, harmony, and convergence.[1]
Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony, which included animals, nature and a cast of 2,000. Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings, and the five names were chosen to represent fire, water, wood, metal, and earth, the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth.[1]
Augmented reality and 5G technology were also incorporated in the event. The largest drone show in history, featuring 1,218 Shooting Star drones, was planned for the ceremony but cancelled at the last minute; television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December.[8]
During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack, but without major consequences.
Programme[edit]
Parade of Nations[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations
The Parade of Nations was led, according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics, by the Greek team, followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language, with the host country, South Korea, concluding the march.[9]
The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea (Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics) marched under the Korean unification flag.[9] South Korean Won Yun-jong and North Korean Hwang Chung-gum both held the flagpole.[10]
Even though the temperature in the stadium during the ceremony was very cold, Bermuda's delegation wore shorts and Tongan Pita Taufatofua repeated his shirtless and oiled up Summer Olympic appearance.[10]
Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of "Hand in Hand" by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as "단발머리" by Cho Yong-pil and of traditional Korean music, as well as the following K-pop hits: "Gangnam Style" by Psy, "Likey" by Twice, "Fantastic Baby" by Big Bang, "DNA" by BTS, and "Red Flavor" by Red Velvet.[11] "Red Flavor" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced.
Torch lighting[edit]
See also: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
Cauldron
The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said "It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness." [12] Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. [12] There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace.[13] In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from Republic of Korea. Chung Su-hyon from North Korea and Park Jong-ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron. [14]As the torch neared the cauldron, an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed.[10] Yuna Kim is the well-known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014.[14] The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit. Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron.[1]
Wish Fire[edit]
The final segment entitled "Wish Fire" featured Korean dance group Just Jerk[15] (who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America's Got Talent) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi, and performers with sparklers on roller blades. This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium, some reaching as high as 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).[1]
Intel® Drone Light Show[edit]
More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Intel® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones. [16] The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding, skiing, other different sports, as well as the iconic Olympic rings. The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch. [17]
Controversies[edit]
Mike Pence[edit]
While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country's arrival,[18] United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing, as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes.[18] Pence was accused of hypocrisy, with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes.[19][20][21]
Russian hacking[edit]
On 24 February, the Washington Post reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony, an act that was previously speculated to be the work of North Korea. Analysts believed the Russians instigated the February 9 attack as a way to retaliate for the International Olympic Committee’s decision to ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics as punishment for doping violations.[22][23]
Dignitaries in attendance[edit]
Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States
Co-Prince of Andorra and President of France Emmanuel Macron[24]
Governor General Julie Payette[25][24]
Politburo standing member Han Zheng[26]
Vice President Óscar Naranjo[24]
President Kersti Kaljulaid[27]
Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian[28] and Minister of Sports Laura Flessel
President Frank-Walter Steinmeier[29]
Sports Minister Luca Lotti[30]
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[31]
President of Korea Moon Jae-In[32]
President Dalia Grybauskaitė[33]
President Hashim Thaçi[34]
Grand Duke Henri[35]
Prince Albert II[36]
King Willem Alexander, Queen Máxima and Prime Minister Mark Rutte[37]
President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam and Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Yo-jong[38]
President Andrzej Duda[39]
Minister of Youth and Sports Vanja Udovičić[40]
President Andrej Kiska[41]
President Alain Berset[42]
Princess Anne[43]
Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence[44]
Secretary-General António Guterres[45]
Kim Yo-jong attending the ceremony
On 9 February 2018, Kim Yo-jong — sister of Kim Jong-un — attended the ceremony in Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was a first time that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea since the Korean War.[46] Kim Yo-jong shook hands with South Korean president Moon Jae-in before sitting down to watch the ceremony together.[10]
Anthems[edit]
Rainbow Children's Choir – South Korean National Anthem[5]
Sumi Hwang – Olympic Hymn[5]
Ceremony key team[edit]
Artistic Director: Yang Jung-woong[4]
Executive Director, creative: Song Seung-whan[47]
Executive Director, cinematography: Lim Tae-hong, Andrew
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chappell, Bill (February 9, 2018). "Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony: Pyeongchang Welcomes The World". NPR. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eaton, Joe (February 9, 2018). "It's Time for the Pop-Up Olympics". CITYLAB. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 Opening Ceremony LIVE on 9 February 2018". 18 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hong, C. (30 January 2018). "Ha Hyun Woo, Bolbbalgan4's Ahn Ji Young, And More To Perform At Olympics Opening Ceremony". Soompi. Viki, Inc. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garcia, Maira (10 February 2018). "Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics?". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Maira (10 Feb 2018). "Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics?". PyeongChang 2018.
Jump up ^ PyeongChang 2018 (21 September 2017). "(ENG) Theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay (ENG sub)". Retrieved 8 February 2018 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Olympics Opening Ceremony World-Record Drone Show". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony – live!". Guardian. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony review: Pyeongchang unites the world in a blizzard of emotion and effects". The Telegraph. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (6 December 2017). "2018 Winter Olympics Kick Off With Korean Stars PSY & BTS During Opening Ceremonies". Billboard. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Olympia Awaits Flame Lighting Ceremony for PyeongChang 2018". Olympic Games. 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Information to the Media - PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Flame-Lighting Ceremony". Olympic Games. 23 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Keh, Andrew (9 Feb 2018). "Winter Olympics 2018 Opening Ceremony: Highlights and Analysis". PyeongChang 2018.
Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of the PyeongChang 2018 Opening Ceremony
Jump up ^ "Intel® Drones at The Olympic Games". intel®.
Jump up ^ "A Record-Breaking Show at PyeongChang 2018". intel®. 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Radnofsky, Louise; Cheng, Jonathan (10 February 2018). "Pence Sat During Opening Ceremony. Some Koreans Took Offense". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Banks, Paul M. (9 February 2018). "Winter Olympics Verify Mike Pence Hypocrisy on NFL National Anthem Protests". ChicagoNow. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Zilber, Ariel (10 February 2018). "Mike Pence accused of hypocrisy for refusing to stand for Unified Korea during Winter Olympics opening ceremony – months after walking out of an NFL game because of kneeling players". Daily Mail. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Meeks, David (12 February 2018). "By not standing for Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics, VP Mike Pence embarrassed America". USA Today. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Report: Russian spies behind Winter Olympics cyber attack. US Today. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Russian spies reportedly hacked Winter Olympics. CNET. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Winter Olympics opening ceremony: Koreans enter under unified flag – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Gen. Julie Payette to attend opening of winter Olympics".
Jump up ^ "SOUTH KOREA-CHINA-HAN ZHENG-WINTER OLYMPICS-OPENING CEREMONY". February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Korea-Estonia summit to help launch peace through Olympics". Korea.net. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018. President Moon Jae-in held a meeting with President Kersti Kaljulaid of Estonia who is on a visit to Korea to attend the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.
Jump up ^ "평창 오는 외국정상 벌써 15명…'올림픽 외교' 꽃피운다". 26 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Presidente de Alemania apoya diálogo entre Coreas" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Daniela Cotto (9 February 2018). "Il ministro Lotti a Casa Italia, l'incontro con Lindsey Vonn" (in Italian). La Stampa. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mandatarios de Japón y Corea del Sur acuerdan continuar ejerciendo presión sobre Corea del Norte" (in Spanish). NHK World. Retrieved 10 February 2018. Abe y Moon sostuvieron una reunión de aproximadamente una hora en un hotel cerca del Estadio Olímpico de Pyeongchang antes de asistir el viernes a la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno.
Jump up ^ "Lío de protocolo ante la inauguración de los juegos de invierno de Pyeongchang" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "The President attends the opening ceremony of Winter Olympics". President of the Republic of Lithuania. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Alan Crosby (10 February 2018). "Winter Olympics Debut A 10th-Anniversary Gift For Kosovo". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 10 February 2018. Hashim Thaci, president of Kosovo, said on February 5 during a ceremony presenting the official Kosovar flag to Tahiri.
Jump up ^ "Grand Duke Henri to Attend Winter Olympics". Chronicle.lu. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Prince Albert II of Monaco (C) reacts as he visits the House of Switzerland during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games, South Korea". european pressphoto agency. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Koningspaar en premier Rutte bij openingsceremonie Pyeongchang".
Jump up ^ Talmadge, Eric (9 February 2018). "At Olympic Games, Kim Jong Un's sister takes VIP seat". ABC News. AP. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Szczerski o rozmowie Dudy z wiceprezydentem USA: od razu wiadomo, że się odbędzie". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Зимске олимпијске игре свечано отворене у Пјончангу – СПОРТСКИ ЖУРНАЛ".
Jump up ^ "33개국 정상급 45명 참석 밝혀… 靑 경호처가 근접 보호". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "JO 2018: Alain Berset à Pyeongchang pour affirmer la présence de la Suisse" (in French). La Côte. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guterres se reunió con el líder norcoreano Kim Yong-nam" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018. El secretario general de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, se encontró con el presidente nominal de Corea del Norte, Kim Yong-nam, en el marco de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno en Pyeongchang.
Jump up ^ "美펜스, 올림픽대표단 끌고 평창行..이방카 참석은 '미정'". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "9 February 2018, Buckingham Palace". Court Circular. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. The Princess Royal, Member, International Olympic Committee, and President, British Olympic Association, this evening attended the Opening Reception and Ceremony of the XXIII Winter Olympic Games.
Jump up ^ Haas, Benjamin (9 February 2018). "US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Olympics-Pyeongchang picks 'Nanta' producer for 2018 ceremonies". Seoul, South Korea. Reuters. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony at Wikimedia Commons
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Miracles of Jesus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Christ Walks on Water, by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1888.
Events in the
Life of Jesus
according to the Gospels
Early life[show]
Annunciation
Visitation
Nativity
Virgin birth
Adoration of the Shepherds
Circumcision
Presentation
Adoration of the Magi
Flight into Egypt
Massacre of the Innocents
Return to Nazareth
Finding in the Temple
Ministry[hide]
Baptism
Temptation
Commissioning the Twelve
Sermon on the Mount / Plain
Miracles
Parables
Rejection
Transfiguration
Passion[show]
Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
Temple cleansing
Second coming prophecy
Anointing
Last Supper
Farewell Discourse
Paraclete promised
Agony in the Garden
Kiss of Judas
Arrest
Sanhedrin trial
Mocking
Herod's court
Pilate's court
Flagellation
Crown of Thorns
Via Dolorosa
Crucifixion
Descent from the Cross
Entombment
Harrowing of Hell
Resurrection[show]
Empty tomb
Appearances
Noli me tangere
Road to Emmaus
Great Commission
Ascension
In rest of the NT[show]
Road to Damascus
John's vision
Portals: Christianity Bible
Book:Life of Jesus
v
t
e
The miracles of Jesus are the supernatural[1] deeds attributed to Jesus in Christian and Islamic texts. The majority are faith healing, exorcisms, resurrection of the dead and control over nature.[2][3]
In the Synoptic Gospels (Mark, Matthew, and Luke), Jesus refuses to give a miraculous sign to prove his authority.[4] In the Gospel of John, Jesus is said to have performed seven miraculous signs that characterize his ministry, from changing water into wine at the start of his ministry to raising Lazarus from the dead at the end.[5]
To many Christians and Muslims, the miracles are actual historical events.[6][7][8] Others, including liberal Christians, consider these stories to be figurative.[9] Since the Enlightenment, scholars have taken a highly skeptical approach to claims about miracles.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types and motives
1.1 Cures
1.1.1 Blind people
1.1.2 Lepers
1.1.3 Paralytics
1.1.4 Women
1.1.5 Other healings
1.1.6 Other
1.2 Exorcisms
1.3 Resurrection of the dead
1.4 Control over nature
2 List of miracles found outside the New Testament
3 Setting and Interpretations
3.1 Cultural background
3.2 Traditional Christian interpretation
3.3 Liberal Christianity
3.4 Non-religious views
4 Gallery of miracles
4.1 Cures
4.2 Power over demonic spirits
4.3 Resurrection of the dead
4.4 Control over nature
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
Types and motives[edit]
In most cases, Christian authors associate each miracle with specific teachings that reflect the message of Jesus.[11]
In The Miracles of Jesus, H. Van der Loos describes two main categories of miracles attributed to Jesus: those that affected people, e.g., the Blind Man of Bethsaida and are called "healings", and those that "controlled nature", e.g., Walking on Water. The three types of healings are cures where an ailment is cured, exorcisms where demons are cast away and the resurrection of the dead. Karl Barth said that, among these miracles, the Transfiguration of Jesus is unique in that the miracle happens to Jesus himself.[12]
According to Craig Blomberg, one characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the Gospel accounts is that he delivered benefits freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment for his healing miracles, unlike some high priests of his time who charged those who were healed.[13] In Matthew 10:8 he advised his disciples to heal the sick without payment and stated: "freely ye received, freely give."[13]
It is not always clear when two reported miracles refer to the same event. For example, in the Healing the Centurion's servant, the Gospels of Matthew[8:5-13] and Luke[7:1-10] narrate how Jesus healed the servant of a Roman Centurion in Capernaum at a distance. The Gospel of John[4:46-54] has a similar but slightly different account at Capernaum, and states that it was the son of a royal official who was cured at a distance.
Cures[edit]
The largest group of miracles mentioned in the New Testament involves cures. The Gospels give varying amounts of detail for each episode, sometimes Jesus cures simply by saying a few words, at other times employs material such as spit and mud. Generally they are referred to in the Synoptic Gospels but not in the Gospel of John.
Blind people[edit]
The canonical Gospels tell a number of stories of Jesus healing blind people. The earliest is a story of the healing of a blind man in Bethsaida in the Gospel of Mark.[14]
Mark's Gospel also has an account of the healing of a man named Bartimaeus, done as Jesus is leaving Jericho.[15] The Gospel of Matthew [16] has a simpler account loosely based on this, with two unnamed blind men instead of one (this 'doubling' is a characteristic of Matthew's treatment of the Mark text) and a slightly different version of the story, taking place in Galilee, earlier in the narrative.[17] The Gospel of Luke tells the same story of Jesus healing an unnamed blind man, but moves the event in the narrative to when Jesus approaches Jericho.[18][19]
The Gospel of John describes an episode in which Jesus heals a man blind from birth, placed during the Festival of Tabernacles, about six months before his crucifixion. Jesus mixes spittle with dirt to make a mud mixture, which he then places on the man's eyes. He asks the man to wash his eyes in the Pool of Siloam. When the man does this, he is able to see. When asked by his disciples whether the cause of the blindness was the sins of the man's father or his mother, Jesus states that it was neither. ([9:1-12]
Lepers[edit]
A story in which Jesus cures a leper appears in Mark 1:40-45, Matthew 8:1-4 and Luke 5:12-16. Having cured the man, he instructs him to offer the requisite ritual sacrifices as prescribed by the Deuteronomic Code and Priestly Code, and not to tell anyone who had healed him; but the man disobeyed, increasing Jesus' fame, and thereafter Jesus withdrew to deserted places, but was followed there.
In an episode in the Gospel of Luke Luke 17:11-19, while on his way to Jerusalem, Jesus sends ten lepers who sought his assistance to the priests, and they were healed as they go, but the only one who comes back to thank Jesus is a Samaritan.
Paralytics[edit]
Healing the paralytic at Capernaum appears in Matthew 9:1-8, Mark 2:1-12 and Luke 5:17-26. The Synoptics state that a paralytic was brought to Jesus on a mat; Jesus told him to get up and walk, and the man did so. Jesus also told the man that his sins were forgiven, which irritated the Pharisees. Jesus is described as responding to the anger by asking whether it is easier to say that someone's sins are forgiven, or to tell the man to get up and walk. Mark and Luke state that Jesus was in a house at the time, and that the man had to be lowered through the roof by his friends due to the crowds blocking the door.
A similar cure is described in the Gospel of John as the Healing the paralytic at Bethesda[Jn 5:1-18] and occurs at the Pool of Bethesda. In this cure Jesus also tells the man to take his mat and walk.[Jn 5:1-18] [Mt 12:9-13]
Women[edit]
The Cure of a bleeding woman miracle appears in Mark 5:21-43, Matthew 9:18-26 and Luke 8:40-56, along with the miracle of the Daughter of Jairus.[20] The Gospels state that while heading to Jairus' house Jesus was approached by a woman who had been suffering from bleeding for 12 years, and that she touched Jesus' cloak (fringes of his garment) and was instantly healed. Jesus turned about and, when the woman came forward, said "Daughter, your faith has healed you, go in peace".
Healing the mother of Peter's wife. The Synoptics[21] describe Jesus as healing the mother-in-law of Simon Peter when he visited Simon's house in Capernaum, around the time of Jesus recruiting Simon as an Apostle (Mark has it just after the calling of Simon, while Luke has it just before). The Synoptics imply that this led other people to seek out Jesus.
Jesus healing an infirm woman appears in Luke 13:10-17. While teaching in a synagogue on a Sabbath, Jesus cured a woman who had been crippled by a spirit for eighteen years and could not stand straight at all.
Other healings[edit]
Healing a man with dropsy is described in Luke 14:1-6. In this miracle, Jesus cured a man with dropsy at the house of a prominent Pharisee on the Sabbath. Jesus justified the cure by asking: "If one of you has a child or an ox that falls into a well on the Sabbath day, will you not immediately pull it out?"
In the Healing of the man with a withered hand miracle,[22] the Synoptics state that Jesus entered a synagogue on Sabbath, and found a man with a withered hand there, whom Jesus healed, having first challenged the people present to decide what was lawful for Sabbath—to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill. The Gospel of Mark adds that this angered the Pharisees so much that they started to contemplate killing Jesus.
The Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis miracle only appears in the Gospel of Mark.[7:31-37] The Gospel states that Jesus went to the Decapolis and met a man there who was deaf and mute, and cured him. Specifically, Jesus first touched the man's ears, and touched his tongue after spitting, and then said Ephphatha!, an Aramaic word meaning Be opened.
The Healing of Malchus was Christ's final miracle before his resurrection. Simon Peter had cut off the ear of the High Priest's servant, Malchus, during the scene in the Garden of Gethsemane. Jesus restored the ear by touching it with His hand.
Other[edit]
The Healing the Centurion's servant miracle is reported in Matthew 8:5-13 and Luke 7:1-10. These two Gospels narrate how Jesus healed the servant of a Roman Centurion in Capernaum. John 4:46-54 has a similar account at Capernaum, but states that it was the son of a royal official who was cured at a distance.
Jesus healing in the land of Gennesaret appears in Matthew 14:34-36 and Mark 6:53-56. As Jesus passes through Gennesaret all those who touch his cloak are healed.
Matthew 9:35-36 also reports that after the miracle of Jesus exorcising a mute, Jesus went through all the towns and villages, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the good news of the kingdom and healing every disease and sickness.
Exorcisms[edit]
See also: Exorcism in Christianity § New Testament
According to the three Synoptic Gospels, Jesus performed many exorcisms of demoniacs. These incidents are not mentioned in the Gospel of John and appear to have been excluded due to theological considerations.[23]
The seven major exorcism accounts in the Synoptic Gospels which have details, and imply specific teachings, are:
Exorcism at the Synagogue in Capernaum, where Jesus exorcises an evil spirit who cries out, "What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God!".[24]
Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac or "Miracle of the (Gadarene) Swine": Jesus exorcises a possessed man (changed in the Gospel of Matthew to two men). When Jesus asks the demon's name (finding the name of the possessing demon was an important traditional tool of exorcists),[25] he is given the reply Legion, "...for we are many". When the demons asked to be expelled into a nearby group of pigs rather than be sent out of the area, Jesus obliges, but the pigs then run into the lake and are drowned.[26]
Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter, appears in Matthew 15:21-28 and Mark 7:24-30. A Gentile woman asks Jesus to heal her daughter, but Jesus refuses, saying that he has been sent only to "the lost sheep of the house of Israel". The woman persists, saying that "dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table". In response Jesus relents and informs her that her daughter has been healed.[27]
Exorcising the blind and mute man, appears in Matthew 12:22-32, Mark 3:20-30, and Luke 11:14-23. Jesus heals a demon-possessed man who was blind and mute. People are astonished and ask, "Could this be the Son of David?"
Exorcising a boy possessed by a demon, appears in Matthew 17:14-21, Mark 9:14-29, and Luke 9:37-49. A boy possessed by a demon is brought forward to Jesus. The boy is said to have foamed at the mouth, gnashed his teeth, become rigid and involuntarily fallen into both water and fire. Jesus' followers could not expel the demon, and Jesus condemns the people as unbelieving, but when the father of the boy questions if Jesus could heal the boy, he replies "everything is possible for those that believe". The father then says that he believes and the child is healed.[28]
The miracle of Jesus exorcising at sunset appears in the Synoptic Gospels just after healing the mother of Peter's wife, in Matthew 8:16-17, Mark 1:32-34 and Luke 4:40-41. In this miracle Jesus heals people and cast out demons.
The miracle of Jesus exorcising a mute appears in Matthew 9:32-34 immediately following the account of the miracle of Jesus healing two blind men. A man who is demon-possessed and could not talk is brought to Jesus, who exorcises the demon, and the man is able to speak.
There are also brief mentions of other exorcisms, e.g.:
Jesus had cast seven devils out of Mary Magdalene. (Mark 16:9, Luke 8:2)
Jesus continued to cast out devils even though Herod Antipas wanted to kill him. (Luke 13:31-32)
Resurrection of the dead[edit]
See also: Resurrection of the dead
All four canonical gospels describe the resurrection of Jesus; three of them also relate a separate occasion on which Jesus calls a dead person back to life:
Daughter of Jairus.[Mk 5:21-43] Jairus, a major patron of a synagogue, asks Jesus to heal his daughter, but while Jesus is on the way, Jairus is told his daughter has died. Jesus tells him she was only sleeping, and wakes her with the words Talitha kum!
The Young Man from Nain.[Lk 7:11-17] A young man, the son of a widow, is brought out for burial in Nain. Jesus sees her, and his pity causes him to tell her not to cry. Jesus approaches the coffin and tells the man inside to get up, and he does so.
The Raising of Lazarus.[Jn 11:1-44] A close friend of Jesus who had been dead for four days is brought back to life when Jesus commands him to get up.
Control over nature[edit]
See also: Jesus in Christianity
The Gospels include eight pre-resurrection accounts concerning Jesus' power over nature:
Turning water into wine at a wedding, when the host runs out of wine, the host's servants fill vessels with water at Jesus' command, then a sample is drawn out and taken to the master of the banquet who pronounces the content of the vessels as the best wine of the banquet.
The miraculous catch of fish takes place early in Jesus's ministry and results in Saint Peter, James, son of Zebedee and John the Apostle joining Jesus as his apostles.[Lk 5:1-11]
Feeding the multitude—Jesus, praying to God and using only a few loaves of bread and several fish, feeds thousands of men, along with an unspecified number of women and children; there are even a number of baskets of leftovers afterward.
Walking on water
Transfiguration of Jesus—Jesus climbed a mountain and was changed so that his face glowed, and the prophets Moses and Elijah appeared next to him.[29]
Calming the storm–during a storm, the disciples woke Jesus, and he rebuked the storm causing it to become calm. Jesus then rebukes the disciples for lack of faith.
Finding a coin in the fish's mouth is reported in Matthew 17:24-27.[30]
Cursing the fig tree–Jesus cursed a fig tree, and it withered.
Post-resurrection miracles attributed to Jesus are also recorded in the Gospels:
A miracle similar to the miraculous catch of fish, also called the catch of 153 fish to distinguish it from the account in Luke, is reported in the Gospel of John but takes place after the Resurrection of Jesus.
List of miracles found outside the New Testament[edit]
Accounts of Jesus performing miracles are also found outside the New Testament. Later, 2nd century texts, called Infancy Gospels, narrate Jesus performing miracles during his childhood.
Miracle Sources
Rich young man raised from the dead Secret Gospel of Mark 1
Water controlled and purified Infancy Thomas 2.2
Made birds of clay and brought them to life Infancy Thomas 2.3
Resurrected dead playmate Zeno Infancy Thomas 9
Healed a woodcutter's foot Infancy Thomas 10
Held water in his cloak Infancy Thomas 11
Harvested 100 bushels of wheat from a single seed Infancy Thomas 12
Stretched a board that was short for carpentry Infancy Thomas 13
Resurrected a teacher he earlier struck down Infancy Thomas 14-15
Healed James' viper bite Infancy Thomas 16
Resurrected a dead child Infancy Thomas 17
Resurrected a dead man Infancy Thomas 18
Miraculous Virgin Birth verified by midwife Infancy James 19-20
Miracles performed by Jesus are mentioned in two sections of the Quran (suras 3:49 and 5:110) in broad strokes with little detail or comment.[31]
In the Book of Mormon, Jesus appears in America as a resurrected being and performs additional miracles, calling the 12 apostles.
Miracle Sources
Christ is seen descending from heaven 3 Nephi 11:8-10
Christ heals the sick, lame, blind, halt, maimed, leprous and deaf 3 Nephi 17:7
Christ gathers the children and then opens the heavens and angels descend encircling the children 3 Nephi 17:23-24
Christ created bread and wine for all to partake of 3 Nephi 20:3-7
Christ loosed tongues of children who speak great and marvelous things 3 Nephi 26:14
Christ heals sick, lame, blind, deaf and raises man from the dead 3 Nephi 26:15
Setting and Interpretations[edit]
Cultural background[edit]
Miracles were widely believed in around the time of Jesus. Gods and demigods such as Heracles (better known by his Roman name, Hercules), Asclepius (a Greek physician who became a god) and Isis of Egypt all were thought to have healed the sick and overcome death (i.e. have raised people from the dead).[32] Some thought that mortal men, if sufficiently famous and virtuous, could do likewise; there were myths about philosophers like Pythagoras and Empedocles calming storms at sea, chasing away pestilences, and being greeted as gods,[33] and similarly some Jews believed that Elisha the Prophet had cured lepers and restored the dead.[34] The achievements of the 1st century Apollonius of Tyana, though occurring after Jesus' life, were used by a 3rd-century opponent of the Christians to argue that Christ was neither original nor divine (Eusebius of Caesaria argued against the charge).[35]
The first Gospels were written against this background of Hellenistic and Jewish belief in miracles and other wondrous acts as signs - the term is explicitly used in the Gospel of John to describe Jesus' miracles - seen to be validating the credentials of divine wise men.[36]
Traditional Christian interpretation[edit]
Many Christians believe Jesus' miracles were historical events and that his miraculous works were an important part of his life, attesting to his divinity and the Hypostatic union, i.e., the dual natures of Jesus as God and Man.[37] They see Jesus' experiences of hunger, weariness, and death as evidences of his humanity, and miracles as evidences of his divinity.[38][39][40]
Christian authors also view the miracles of Jesus not merely as acts of power and omnipotence, but as works of love and mercy, performed not with a view to awe by omnipotence, but to show compassion for sinful and suffering humanity.[37][41] And each miracle involves specific teachings.[42]
Since according to the Gospel of John,[20:30] it was impossible to narrate all of the miracles performed by Jesus, the Catholic Encyclopedia states that the miracles presented in the Gospels were selected for a twofold reason: first for the manifestation of God's glory, and then for their evidential value. Jesus referred to his "works" as evidences of his mission and his divinity, and in John 5:36 he declared that his miracles have greater evidential value than the testimony of John the Baptist.[37] John 10:37-38 quotes Jesus as follows:[43]
"Do not believe me unless I do what my Father does. But if I do it, even though you do not believe me, believe the miracles, that you may know and understand that the Father is in me, and I in the Father."
In Christian teachings, the miracles were as much a vehicle for Jesus' message as his words. Many emphasize the importance of faith, for instance in Cleansing ten lepers,[Lk 17:19] Jesus did not say: "My power has saved you" but said:[44][45]
"Rise and go; your faith has saved you."
Similarly, in the Walking on Water miracle, Apostle Peter learns an important lesson about faith in that as his faith wavers, he begins to sink.[Mt 14:34-36] [46]
Christian authors have discussed the miracles of Jesus at length and assigned specific motives to each miracle, e.g., authors Pentecost and Danilson suggest that the Walking on Water miracle centered on the relationship of Jesus with his apostles, rather than their peril or the miracle itself. And that the miracle was specifically designed by Jesus to teach the apostles that when encountering obstacles, they need to rely on their faith in Christ, first and foremost.[47]
Authors Donahue and Harrington argue that the Daughter of Jairus miracle teaches that faith as embodied in the bleeding woman can exist in seemingly hopeless situations, and that through belief, healing can be achieved, in that when the woman is healed, Jesus tells her "Your faith has healed you".[48]
Liberal Christianity[edit]
Liberal Christians place less emphasis on miraculous events associated with the life of Jesus than on his teachings. The effort to remove superstitious elements from Christian faith dates to intellectual reformist Christians such as Erasmus and the Deists in the 15th–17th centuries.[49] In the 19th century, self-identified liberal Christians sought to elevate Jesus' humane teachings as a standard for a world civilization freed from cultic traditions and traces of pagan belief in the supernatural.[50] The debate over whether a belief in miracles was mere superstition or essential to accepting the divinity of Christ constituted a crisis within the 19th-century church, for which theological compromises were sought.[51]
Attempts to account for miracles through scientific or rational explanation were mocked even at the turn of the 19th–20th century.[52] A belief in the authenticity of miracles was one of five tests established in 1910 by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America to distinguish true believers from what they saw as false professors of faith such as "educated, 'liberal' Christians."[53]
Contemporary liberal Christians may prefer to read Jesus' miracles as metaphorical narratives for understanding the power of God.[54] Not all theologians with liberal inclinations reject the possibility of miracles, but may reject the polemicism that denial or affirmation entails.[55]
Non-religious views[edit]
The Scottish philosopher David Hume published an influential essay on miracles in his An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) in which he argued that any evidence for miracles was outweighed by the possibility that those who described them were deceiving themselves or others:
"As the violations of truth are more common in the testimony concerning religious miracles, than in that concerning any other matter of fact; this must diminish very much the authority of the former testimony, and make us form a general resolution, never to lend any attention to it, with whatever specious pretence it may be covered."[56]
Bart Ehrman states that what makes science possible is the assumption of the uniformity of the laws of nature, but given that miracles are by definition events that go against the usual way nature works, historians are virtually unable to confirm or refute reports of Jesus' miracles.[57]
According to the Jesus Seminar Jesus probably cured some sick people,[58] but described Jesus' healings in modern terms, relating them to "psychosomatic maladies." They found six of the nineteen healings to be "probably reliable".[59] Most participants in the Jesus Seminar believe Jesus practiced exorcisms, as Josephus, Philostratus, and others wrote about other contemporary exorcists, but do not believe the gospel accounts were accurate reports of specific events or that demons exist.[60] They did not find any of the nature miracles to be historical events.[59]
Gallery of miracles[edit]
Cures[edit]
Healing the mother of Peter's wife
Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis
Healing the blind at birth
Healing the Paralytic at Bethesda
The Blind Man of Bethsaida
The Blind man Bartimaeus in Jericho
Healing the Centurion's servant
Christ healing an infirm woman
The man with a withered hand
Cleansing a leper
Cleansing ten lepers
Healing a man with dropsy
Healing the bleeding woman
Healing the paralytic at Capernaum
Healing in Gennesaret
Two blind men
Power over demonic spirits[edit]
A boy possessed by a demon
The Canaanite woman's daughter
The Gerasenes demonic
At the Synagogue in Capernaum
Christ exorcising at sunset
The blind and mute man
Exorcising a mute
Resurrection of the dead[edit]
Young Man from Nain
Daughter of Jairus
Raising of Lazarus
Control over nature[edit]
Marriage at Cana
Walking on water
Calming the storm
Transfiguration
Feeding the multitude
Draught of fishes
Cursing the fig tree
Coin in the fish's mouth
See also[edit]
Book: Miracles of Jesus
Christianity portal
Chronology of Jesus
Jesus in Christianity
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Miracles of Gautama Buddha
Parables of Jesus
Sayings of Jesus
References[edit]
Find more aboutMiracles of Jesusat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Jump up ^ Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible defines a miracle as "an event in the external world brought about by the immediate agency or the simple volition of God." It goes on to add that a miracle occurs to show that the power behind it is not limited to the laws of matter or mind as it interrupts fixed natural laws. So the term supernatural applies quite accurately. Elwell, Walter A., ed. (2001). Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0801022562.
Jump up ^ Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study (InterVarsity Press, 1999) page 263.
Jump up ^ H. Van der Loos, 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands.
Jump up ^ Mark 8:11-12, Matthew 16:1-4, Matthew 12:38-40, Luke 11:29-30. Cited in Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 72-73.
Jump up ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302-310
Jump up ^ "Islamic beliefs include many miracles of healing and of resurrection of the dead." Heribert Busse, 1998 Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, ISBN 1-55876-144-6 page 114
Jump up ^ Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study ISBN 0-8308-1596-1 page 19
Jump up ^ Gary R. Habermas, 1996 The historical Jesus: ancient evidence for the life of Christ ISBN 0-89900-732-5 page 60
Jump up ^ See discussion under Liberal Christianity and miracles.
Jump up ^ Mark Allan Powell, Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), page 22.
Jump up ^ Craig A. Evans, 2001 Jesus and his contemporaries ISBN 0-391-04118-5 pages 6-7
Jump up ^ Karl Barth Church dogmatics ISBN 0-567-05089-0 page 478
^ Jump up to: a b The Miracles of Jesus by Craig Blomberg, David Wenham 1986 ISBN 1-85075-009-2 page 197
Jump up ^ [8:22-26]
Jump up ^ [10:46-52]
Jump up ^ [20:29-34]
Jump up ^ Daniel J. Harrington, The Gospel of Matthew (Liturgical Press, 1991) page 133.
Jump up ^ Luke 18:35-43
Jump up ^ Brent Kinman, Jesus' Entry Into Jerusalem: In the Context of Lukan Theology and the Politics of His Days (BRILL, 1995) page 67.
Jump up ^ Mark 5:21-43, Matthew 9:18-26 and Luke 8:40-56.
Jump up ^ Mark 1:29-34, Luke 4:38-39 and Matthew 8:14-15
Jump up ^ Mt 12:10, Mk 3:1-3, Lk 6:6-8
Jump up ^ Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study (InterVarsity Press, 1999), page 283.
Jump up ^ Mark 1:21-28 Luke 4:31-37
Jump up ^ Craig S. Keener, A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999) page 282.
Jump up ^ Matthew 8:28-34, Mark 5:1-20, Luke 8:26-39
Jump up ^ Matthew 15:21-28 Mark 7:24-30
Jump up ^ Matthew 17:14-21, Mark 9:14-29, Luke 9:37-49
Jump up ^ Henry Rutter, Evangelical harmony Keating and Brown, London 1803. page 450
Jump up ^ Matthew 17:24-27
Jump up ^ George W. Braswell, 2000 What you need to know about Islam & Muslims ISBN 0-8054-1829-6 page 112
Jump up ^ Wendy Cotter, "Miracles in Greco-Roman antiquity: a sourcebook" (Routledge, 1999) pp.11-12, ff.
Jump up ^ Wendy Cotter, "Miracles in Greco-Roman antiquity: a sourcebook" (Routledge, 1999) pp.37-38
Jump up ^ Wendy Cotter, "Miracles in Greco-Roman antiquity: a sourcebook" (Routledge, 1999) pp.50-53
Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson, Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, "Encyclopedia of early Christianity, Volume 1", p.804
Jump up ^ Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard, "Mercer dictionary of the Bible" (Mercer University Press, 1991) p.61
^ Jump up to: a b c Catholic Encyclopedia on Miracles
Jump up ^ Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6 page 25
Jump up ^ William Thomas Brande, George William Cox, A dictionary of science, literature, & art London, 1867, also Published by Old Classics on Kindle, 2009, page 655
Jump up ^ Bernard L. Ramm 1993 An Evangelical Christology ISBN 1-57383-008-9 page 45
Jump up ^ Author Ken Stocker states that "every single miracle was an act of love": Facts, Faith, and the FAQs by Ken Stocker, Jim Stocker 2006 ISBN page 139
Jump up ^ Warren W. Wiersbe 1995 Classic Sermons on the Miracles of Jesus ISBN 0-8254-3999-X page 132
Jump up ^ The emergence of Christian theology by Eric Francis Osborn 1993 ISBN 0-521-43078-X page 100
Jump up ^ Berard L. Marthaler 2007 The creed: the apostolic faith in contemporary theology ISBN 0-89622-537-2 page 220
Jump up ^ Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6 page 235
Jump up ^ Pheme Perkins 1988 Reading the New Testament ISBN 0-8091-2939-6 page 54
Jump up ^ Dwight Pentecost .The words and works of Jesus Christ. Zondervan, 1980. ISBN 0-310-30940-9, p.234
Jump up ^ John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington. The Gospel of Mark. Zondervan 1981. ISBN 0-8146-5965-9 p.182
Jump up ^ Linda Woodhead, "Christianity," in Religions in the Modern World (Routledge, 2002), pp. 186 online and 193.
Jump up ^ Burton L. Mack, The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian Origins (HarperCollins, 1993), p. 29 online.
Jump up ^ The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion 1805–1900, edited by Gary J. Dorrien (Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), passim, search miracles.
Jump up ^ F.J. Ryan, Protestant Miracles: High Orthodox and Evangelical Authority for the Belief in Divine Interposition in Human Affairs (Stockton, California, 1899), p. 78 online. Full text downloadable.
Jump up ^ Dan P. McAdams, The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 164 online.
Jump up ^ Ann-Marie Brandom, "The Role of Language in Religious Education," in Learning to Teach Religious Education in the Secondary School: A Companion to School Experience (Routledge, 2000), p. 76 online.
Jump up ^ The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 1900-1950, edited by Gary J. Dorrien (Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), passim, search miracles, especially p. 413; on Ames, p. 233 online; on Niebuhr, p. 436 online.
Jump up ^ Modern History Sourcebook: David Hume: On Miracles
Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart D.. Jesus, Interrupted, HarperCollins, 2009. ISBN 0-06-117393-2 page 175: "We would call a miracle an event that violates the way nature always, or almost always, works ... By now I hope you can see the unavoidable problem historians have with miracles. Historians can establish only what probably happened in the past, but miracles, by their very nature, are always the least probable explanation for what happened"
Jump up ^ Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. p. 566.
^ Jump up to: a b Funk 1998, p. 531
Jump up ^ Funk 1998, p. 530f
Bibliography[edit]
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar, 1998 The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. Polebridge Press, San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-062978-9
Kilgallen, John J., 1989 A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark, Paulist Press, ISBN 0-8091-3059-9
List of Jesus' Miracles and Biblical References
Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6
Miller, Robert J. Editor, 1994 The Complete Gospels, Polebridge Press, ISBN 0-06-065587-9
Murcia, Thierry, Jésus, les miracles en question, Paris, 1999 - Jésus, les miracles élucidés par la médecine, Paris, 2003
Rageh Omaar 2003 The Miracles of Jesus BBC documentary
Van der Loos, H., 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands
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