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Child safety seat
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Child safety seat image indicating the various parts
A child safety seat (infant safety seat, child restraint system, child seat, baby seat, restraining car seat, car seat, etc.) is a seat designed specifically to protect children from injury or death during vehicle collisions. Most commonly these seats are purchased and installed by consumers, but car manufacturers may integrate them directly into their vehicle's design and generally are required to provide anchors and to ensure seat belt compatibility. Many jurisdictions require children defined by age, weight, and/or height to use a government-approved child safety seat when riding in a vehicle. Child safety seats provide passive restraints and must be properly used to be effective. However, research indicates many child safety restraints are often not used properly.[1] To tackle this negative trend, health officials and child safety experts produce child safety videos to teach proper car seat installation to parents and caregivers.
Baby car seats are legally required in many countries, including most Western developed countries, to safely transport children up to the age of 2 or more years in cars and other vehicles.
Other car seats, also known as "booster seats," are required until the child is large enough to use an adult seat belt. This is usually, but not always, when the child is 1.45m (4 ft 9 in) tall. The child needs to meet five criteria before moving out of the booster seat, including the child's seating position, shoulder belt position, lap belt position, knee position, and ability to sit properly for the length of the trip.
Generally, countries that regulate passenger safety have child safety laws that require a child to be restrained appropriately depending on their age and weight. These regulations and standards are often minimums, and with each graduation to the next kind of safety seat, there is a step down in the amount of protection a child has in a collision.[2] Some countries, such as Australia and the United States, forbid rear-facing child seats in a front seat that has an airbag. A rear-facing infant restraint put in the front seat of a vehicle places an infant's head close to the airbag, which can cause severe head injuries or death if the airbag deploys. Some modern cars include a switch to disable the front passenger airbag for child-supporting seat use.
In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggested that infants “should spend minimal time in car seats (when not a passenger in a vehicle) or other seating that maintains supine positioning” to avoid developing positional plagiocephaly ("flat head syndrome").[3]
In 1990, the ISO standard ISOFIX[4] was launched in an attempt to provide a standard for fixing car seats into different makes of car. The standard now includes a top tether; the U.S. version of this system is called LATCH. Generally, the ISOFIX system can be used with Groups 0, 0+ and 1.
In 2013, a new car seat regulation was introduced: “i-Size” is the name of a new European safety regulation that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Classifications
2.1 Group 0
2.1.1 Fastened carrycots
2.1.2 Infant carriers
2.2 Group 0+
2.2.1 Convertible seats
2.3 Group 1
2.4 Group 2
2.5 Group 3
2.5.1 Booster seats
2.5.2 Front-facing restraints
3 Safety information
4 Seat placement
5 Law
5.1 Europe
5.2 Australia
5.2.1 Exemptions to the law
5.3 Austria
5.4 Brazil
5.5 Canada
5.6 Germany
5.7 Israel
5.8 New Zealand
5.8.1 Rules and regulations for passengers of different ages
5.8.2 New Zealand Approved Marks for child restraints
5.9 Spain
5.10 United Kingdom
5.11 United States
6 Manufacturing
7 Types
8 Hazards
9 Criticism
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Since the first car was manufactured and put on the market in the early 1900s, many modifications and adjustments have been implemented to protect those that drive and ride in motorized vehicles. Most restraints were put into place to protect adults without regard for young children. Though child seats were beginning to be manufactured in the early 1930s, their purpose was not the safety of children. The purpose was to act as booster seats to bring the child to a height easier for the driving parent to see them. It was not until 1962 that two designs with the purpose of protecting a child were developed independently.[5] British inventor Jean Ames created a rear-facing child seat with a Y-shaped strap similar to today's models.[6] American Leonard Rivkin, of Denver Colorado, designed a forward-facing seat with a metal frame to protect the child.[7] It is noted that seat belts for adults were not standard equipment in automobiles until the 1960s.
Classifications[edit]
Child safety seats
There are several types of car seats, which vary in the position of the child and size of the seat. The United Nations European Regional standard ECE R44/04[8] categorizes these into 4 groups: 0-3. Many car seats combine the larger groups 1, 2 and 3. Some new car models includes stock restraint seats by default.
Group 0[edit]
Infant Car Seat
Group 0 baby seats, or infant carriers, keep the baby locked up in a rear-facing position and are secured in place by a standard adult seat belt and/or an ISOFIX fitting.
Group 0 carrycots hold the baby lying on its back.
Carrycots are secured by both seat belts in the rear seat of the car. Both types have handles to allow them to be easily moved into and out of the car.
Position: Laying (in carrycots), rear-facing (in infant carriers), no airbags (with the exception of curtain airbags).
Recommended weight: Birth to 10 kg (22 lb)
Approximate age: Birth to 15 month
Car Seat - Middle Back Seat
Car Seat - Not in Front Seat
Fastened carrycots[edit]
Carrycots or infant car beds are used for children that cannot sit in a regular baby seat, such as premature infants or infants that suffer from apnea. A carrycot is a restraint system intended to accommodate and restrain the child in a supine or prone position with the child's spine perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. Carrycots are designed to distribute the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its limbs, in the event of a big crash. It must be put on the rear seat of the car. Some models can be changed to face forward after the baby has reached the weight limit which is normally about 15-20 kilograms.
Carrycots generally include a stomach belt and a connection to the (three points) safety belt.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
Infant carriers[edit]
Rear-facing infant car seat
'Infant carrier' means a restraint system intended to accommodate the child in a rearward-facing semi-recumbent position. This design distributes the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its limbs, in the event of the frontal collision.
For young infants, the seat used is an infant carrier with typical weight recommendations of 5-20 lb. Most infant seats made in the US can now be used up to at least 22 pounds (10.0 kg) and 29 inches (74 cm), with some going up to 35 pounds (16 kg). In the past, most infant seats in the US went to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and 26 inches (66 cm). Infant carriers are often also called "Bucket Seats" as they resemble a bucket with a handle. Some (but not all) seats can be used with the base secured, or with the carrier strapped in alone. Some seats do not have bases. Infant carriers are mounted rear-facing and are designed to "cocoon" against the back of the vehicle seat in the event of a collision, with the impact being absorbed in the outer shell of the restraint. Rear-facing seats are deemed the safest, and in the US children must remain in this position until they are at least 1 year of age and at least 20 pounds (9.1 kg). although it is recommended to keep them rear-facing until at least 2 years old or until they outgrow the rear-facing car seat height and weight, whichever is longer.
Group 0+[edit]
Group 0+ car seats commonly have a chassis permanently fixed into the car by an adult seat belt and can be placed into some form of baby transport using the integral handle if it is the specific model. Rear-facing child seats are inherently safer than forward-facing child seats because they provide more support for the child's head in the event of a sudden deceleration. Although some parents are eager to switch to a forward-facing child seat because it seems more "grown up," various countries and car seat manufacturers recommend that children continue to use a rear-facing child seat for as long as physically possible[9]
Position: Sitting, rear-facing, no airbag(with the exception of curtain airbags).
Recommended weight: Birth (2–3 kg) to 13 kg (29 lb).
Approximate age: Birth to 15 months
Convertible seats[edit]
Convertible Car Seat (Toddler)
Convertible seats can be used throughout many stages. Many convertible seats will transition from a rear-facing seat, to a forward-facing seat, and some then can be used as a booster seat. Many convertible seats allow for 2.3–18 kg (5-40 lb.) rear-facing, allowing children to be in the safer rear-facing position up to a weight of 18 kg (40 lbs).
Convertible safety seats can be installed as either rear-facing or forward-facing. There is a large selection available to choose from and weight limits, height limits, and extra features vary from seat to seat and by manufacturer. Seats with a 5-point harness are considered safer than those with an overhead shield[10]
Convertibles aren't considered the best choice for a newborn because the bottom harness slots are often above the shoulders of most newborns. A seat with low bottom harness slots can be used if it is desired to use a convertible from birth.
Rear-facing weight limits range from 20 to 50 lb (9.1 to 22.7 kg) depending on the manufacturer and country of origin. Forward-facing limits range from 20 to 90 lb (9.1 to 40.8 kg) depending on the seat model and the manufacturer and country of origin.
Most convertible seats in the U.S. have at least a 35 pounds (16 kg) rear-facing weight limit, most now to go to 40 pounds (18 kg), some 45 pounds (20 kg) and a few 50 pounds (23 kg). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children remain rear-facing until they outgrow their convertible seat, regardless of how old they are. Children can remain in a rear-facing seat until they have either outgrown the weight limit for their seat, or the top of their head is within 1 inch (25 mm) of the top of the shell of the car seat.[11]
Group 1[edit]
A permanent fixture in the car using an adult seat belt to hold it in place and a five-point baby harness to hold the infant.
Position: Sitting, recommended rear-facing but forward-facing is legal, no airbag (with the exception of curtain airbags).
Recommended weight: 9 to 18 kg (20 to 40 lb)
Approximate age: 9 months to 4 years (Although older children can fit too sometimes)
It is recommended that children sit rear-facing for as long as possible. In Scandinavian countries, for example, children sit rear-facing until around 4 years old. Rear-facing car seats are significantly safer in frontal collisions, which are the most likely to cause severe injury and death.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Rear-facing group 1 car seats are becoming more widespread but are still difficult to source in many countries.
Group 2[edit]
A larger seat than the Group 1 design. These seats use an adult seat belt to hold the child in place.
Position: Sitting, forward-facing or rear-facing (make sure the seat is certified for up to 25 kg)
Recommended weight: 15 kg to 25 kg (33 lb to 55 lb)
Approximate age: 4 to 6 years (Although older children can sometimes fit)
Group 3[edit]
Also known as booster seats, these position the child so that the adult seat belt is held in the correct position for safety and comfort.
Position: Sitting, forward-facing
Recommended weight: 22 kg to 36 kg (48 lb to 76 lb)
Approximate age: 4 to 10, and above if the child is not 36 kg yet
Booster seats[edit]
Booster seats are recommended for children until they are big enough to properly use a seat belt. Seat belts are engineered for adults, and are thus too big for small children. In the United States, for children under the age of 4 and/or under 40 pounds (18 kg), a seat with a 5-point harness is suggested instead of a booster seat.[23]
Booster seats lift the child and allow the seat belt to sit firmly across the collar bone and chest, with the lap portion fitted to the hips. If the seat belt is not across the collar bone and the hips, it will ride across the neck and the stomach and cause internal injuries in the event of a collision.
There are two main types of boosters: high back (some of which have energy absorbing foam) and no back. A new generation of booster seats comes with rigid Isofix (Latch) connectors that secure to the vehicle's anchors, improving the seat's stability in the event of a collision.
The consumer group Which? is calling on manufacturers and retailers to phase out backless boosters, as it says they don't provide enough protection in side-impact crashes and could put children at risk.[24] So while backless booster cushions are better than using no child seat at all, they do not provide adequate protection in all circumstances.
Front-facing restraints[edit]
Used for Groups I, II and III.
After reaching one year of age and 20 pounds (9.1 kg), children may travel in forward-facing seats. Most Scandinavian countries require children to sit rear-facing until at least the age of 4 years. This has contributed to Sweden having the lowest rate of children killed in traffic in international comparisons.[25]
By law (in Canada and some US states), children need to be restrained until they are 4-years old and 40 pounds (18 kg). After the requirement is met, they can move into a booster seat.
Safety information[edit]
All child restraints have an expiration date. Seats can expire 6 years from the date of manufacture, although this can vary by manufacturer. Expiration dates are highly debated, with proponents and manufacturers claiming that older car seats can degrade over time to be less effective and that changing laws and regulations necessitate an expiration date. Opponents argue that it is simply for their legal protection and to sell more car seats, and point out that manufacturers have noted that the plastics in most car seats long outlast the expiration date. As ageing is due to temperature swings and UV-light, a seat ages faster in a car than in a cool, dark cellar.
Like motorcycle and race car helmets, child restraints are tested for use in just one crash event. This means that if the restraint is compromised in any way (with or without the child in it), owners are strongly suggested to replace it. This is due to the uncertainty with how a compromised child restraint will perform in subsequent crashes.[citation needed]
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provides guidance on the reuse of child restraint systems after a crash. Replacement of child restraints is recommended following a moderate or severe crash in order to ensure a continued high level of protection for child passengers. However, recent studies demonstrate that child restraints can withstand minor crash impacts without any documented degradation in subsequent performance.[26]
A minor crash is defined by the NHTSA as one in which all of the following apply:
A visual inspection of the child safety seat, including inspection under any easily movable seat padding, does not reveal any cracks or deformation that might have been caused by the crash
The vehicle in which the child safety seat was installed was capable of being driven from the scene of the crash
The vehicle door nearest the child safety seat was undamaged
There were no injuries to any of the vehicle occupants
The air bags (if any) did not deploy
Crashes that meet all of these criteria are much less severe than the dynamic testing requirement for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 and are highly unlikely to affect future child safety seat performance.[26]
Child restraints are sometimes the subject of manufacturing recalls.[27] Recalls vary in severity; sometimes the manufacturer will send an additional part for the seat, other times they will provide an entirely new seat.
The purchase of a used seat is not recommended. Due to the aforementioned concerns regarding expiry dates, crash testing, and recalls, it is often impossible to determine the history of the child restraint when it is purchased second-hand.
Children traveling by plane are safer in a child safety seat than in a parent's arms. The FAA and the AAP recommend that all children under 40 lb use a child safety seat on a plane. Booster seats cannot be used on airplanes because they don't have shoulder belts.
Parents should not put children into safety seats with thick winter coats on. The coat will flatten in an accident and the straps will not be snug enough to keep the child safe.[28] An alternative would be placing a coat on the child backwards after buckling the child in.
Straps on the harness should be snug on the child, parents should not be able to pinch the straps away from the shoulders of the child. The straps also need to be placed at the proper height for the child.
Seat placement[edit]
A study of car crash data from 16 U.S. states found that children under the age of 3 were 43% less likely to be injured in a car crash if their car seat was fastened in the center of the back seat rather than on one side. Results were based on data from 4,790 car crashes involving children aged 3 and younger between 1998 and 2006. According to data, the center position was the safest but least used position. However, economist Steven Levitt (see below) has demonstrated that car seats do not reduce fatalities when compared to regular seat belts.[29]
The move from having car seats in the front passenger seat to having them in the back seat, facing backwards, may make it easier for a busy, distracted parent to leave an infant in the car.[30] Each year, between 30 and 50 infants die of heat illness and hypothermia in the United States after being left in a car.[30]
Law[edit]
Child safety postage stamp of Russia showing a child safety seat.
Europe[edit]
Directive 2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and the Council[31] has mandated the use of child-restraint systems in vehicles effective May 5, 2006. Children less than 135 centimetres (53 in) tall in vehicles must be restrained by an approved child restraint system suitable for the child's size.[32] In practice, child restraint systems must be able to be fitted to the front, or other rows of seats. Children may not be transported using a rearward-facing child restraint system in a passenger seat protected by a front air bag, unless the air bag has been deactivated.[citation needed]
For a child restraint to be sold or used within any of the 56 UNECE member states it must be approved by the standards of UNECE Regulation 44/04, Directive 77/541/EEC or any other subsequent adaptation thereto. In order to be granted ECE R44 approval the child restraint must comply with several design, construction and production conformity standards.[33] If approval is granted the seat can display an orange label with the unique approval license number, the type of approval, the mass group approved for and the details of the manufacturer.
However, until May 9, 2008 member states may have permitted the use of child restraint systems approved in accordance with their national standards. EuroNCAP has developed a child-safety-protection rating to encourage improved designs. Points are awarded for universal child-restraint anchorages ISOFIX, the quality of warning labels and deactivation systems for front-passenger airbags.
2013: New EU I-Size regulation is introduced: “i-Size” is the name of a new European safety regulation, UNECE Regulation 129 that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised. Read more about I-Size. This new regulation is to be phased in between 2013 and 2018 and will be run in parallel to UNECE R44/04 until 2018 when it completely supersedes it.
Australia[edit]
AS1754
Australian laws regarding infants in motor vehicles were revised on November 9, 2009.[citation needed]
By law every child restraint sold in Australia must carry the Australian Standard AS/NZ1754 sticker (pictured right). Most overseas child restraints, including restraints from Europe and the USA, do not comply with these Standards and cannot legally be used in Australia. This also applies for ISOFIX child restraints imported from Europe or the USA.
Children under seven must be restrained in a suitable, approved child restraint or booster seat.
Children under six months must be restrained in a rear-facing position.
Children between six months and under four years must be restrained in a rear- or forward-facing restraint.
Children between four and under seven must be restrained in a forward-facing restraint or booster seat.
In Australia there are six different types (Type A to Type F) of child restraints under the mandatory standard. Note: these restraints are NOT based on weight but on HEIGHT. All car seats with the AS/NZ1754 sticker will have height markers. These markers show clearly for what height the seat is appropriate.
The six types are:
Type A: Rearward-facing or transversely installed restraint with a harness or other means of holding the child back
Type B: Forward-facing chair with a harness
Type C: Forward-facing harness without a chair
Type D: Rearward-facing chair with harness
Type E: a restraint that consists of either:
a booster seat or booster cushion used with a Type C child restraint and a seat belt, or with a lap-sash seat belt,
a converter seat suitable for children who weigh 18 to 32 kg.
Type F: A restraint that consists of either:
a booster seat used in conjunction with a Type C child restraint and a seatbelt, or with a lap-sash seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 4 to 10 years of age, or
a converter used in conjunction with a seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 8 to 10 years of age.
Combination Type A/B: Child restraints can also be a combination of the above types. For example, a Type A/B converter seat.
The responsibility for children under the age of 16 using restraints or safety belts correctly rests with the driver. In Queensland, penalties for drivers not ensuring that passengers under the age of 16 are properly restrained involve a fine of A$300 and three demerit points. In Victoria the penalty is a fine of A$234 and three demerit points.[citation needed] Possible suspension or cancellation of license may also apply.
Exemptions to the law[edit]
Laws regarding taxis vary by state for infants. For children up to seven, a child restraint must be used if available, otherwise the child must use a properly fastened and adjusted seat belt.[citation needed]
A child traveling in a police or emergency vehicle.
If a child has a medical condition or physical disability that makes it impractical to use a child restraint and the driver has a certificate from a doctor indicating this is the case.[34]
Austria[edit]
All children who are smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and younger than 14 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must be either 14 years old or 4'11" to ride without a booster seat.
Brazil[edit]
All children who are smaller than 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) and younger than 7 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must use a car seat at ages 0-4; Ages 5-7 a booster is required.
Children under 10 years old are required to ride in the back seat.
Canada[edit]
Child restraint requirements vary from province to province.
The strictest province law requires children who are younger than 10 years and smaller than 4 ft 9 in to use a booster seat.
For safety reasons, it is generally advised to use a booster seat until the child reaches a height of 4 ft 9 in.
Germany[edit]
All children younger than 12 years and smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in)[35] must use a booster seat or child-safety seat appropriate to their weight. The Department of Transport advises that children continue to use a seat when they are 12 years or older but smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in).
It is highly recommended that children younger than 14 years sit in the back seat or use a booster seat in the front seat.
Israel[edit]
1961 Israeli transportation law states that every passenger and driver in the vehicle must either have a seat belt or a safety seat. A child under the age of 3 must be set in an approved safety seat, and until the age of 8 the child needs to be in a booster or a safety seat. Up until one year a child must ride rear-facing. Children with the appropriate car seat are allowed to travel in the front seat if the airbag is disabled.[36] The Israeli transportation regulation states that a child under the weight of 36 kg, height of 140 cm, or age of 8 will use some kind of safety chair.[37]
The Israeli regulation states that a Sal Kal (he:סל קל lit. easy basket) is equal to European group 0 and group 0+ regulations[38]
An Urban legend[39] in Israel states that nursery homes and hospitals will not allow exit with an infant if a SalKal (infant carry one safety seat) is not presented.[40]
New Zealand[edit]
NZ Transport Agency governs the rules and sets standards for the health and safety aspects with respect to child restraints in New Zealand. Their guidelines dictate the minimum legal requirements for a New Zealand vehicle from the safety perspective. The correct fitting of a car seat can protect individuals and can be a lifesaver. This page provides details on qualified seat installation processes and approved standardized marks to look out for in child restraints. The Agency trains and certifies NZTA certified child restraint technicians who are authorized to install child safety seats.[41]
Rules and regulations for passengers of different ages[edit]
Children aged under 7 years must use an approved child restraint unless they are travelling in a public bus, shuttle or taxi and an approved child restraint is not available.
Children aged 7 years must use an approved child restraint if one is available.
Children aged 8 years and over are not required to use a child restraint but must travel in the back seat if one is not available.[42]
Special rules apply to children travelling in vehicles first registered (in New Zealand or elsewhere) before 1 November 1979[43] since these vehicles are not required to be fitted with seat belts on all seats.
New Zealand Approved Marks for child restraints[edit]
All child restraints must meet the standards set by the NZ Transport Agency. There are different marks to indicate this approval from the safety perspective. Approved marks/symbols are shown in the table below:[44]
Symbol Description
Standard followed
Tick Mark Australia and New Zealand standard - AS/NZ 1754
'E' mark and a number European Standard - ECE 44
'S' mark United States Standard - FMVSS 213
The number after 'E' in the ECE 44 standard indicates as to which country certifies the child restraint. Hence the number differs between countries. The EU (European Union) also has similar symbols to indicate safety standards for children travelling in a vehicle.
Spain[edit]
Front seats: children younger than 12 years or smaller than 4 feet 5 inches must use a child-safety seat. Persons bigger than 135 cm (4 ft 5 in) may use the adult safety belt.
Rear seats: persons smaller than 135 cm must use a child-safety seat. Also true for kids younger than 12 years.
United Kingdom[edit]
From September 18, 2006, All children under the age of 12 have to use some form of child car seat, unless they are taller than 135 cm (4 ft 5in).[45]
United States[edit]
Child restraint requirements differ for the various states in the United States.
In Florida and South Dakota, children who are four years or older can use an adult seat belt without a child safety seat. In the rest of the country, a booster seat or otherwise appropriate child restraint is required until the child is between five and nine years old, depending on the state.
Most states include in their law a requirement that all infants ride rear-facing until they are BOTH one year of age AND at least 20 pounds.[46] Though it is not included in every state's law, no child safety restraint marketed to the US will accommodate an infant less than 20 pounds, some no less than 22 pounds, in a forward-facing position. As of 2011, most children ride rear-facing until they are at least 2 years of age.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) advises the use of a child restraint or a booster seat for all children who are shorter than 4 ft 9 in, regardless of age and weight, or even longer if the belts hit the child at the wrong place. Some booster seats can be used for children up to 60 inches and 120 pounds.
Many state laws prefer that children 12 years and younger sit in the back seat if available. Some states, as is the case in Michigan, forbid placing a child under the age of 4 years in a front seat if a rear seat is available.
Some states require that all child safety seats be used in full accordance with the manufacturer's instructions in what is sometimes referred to as a "proper use clause".
Manufacturing[edit]
Though there are hundreds of variations of makes and models in the world of child safety seats, the materials used in the manufacturing process are basically the same. Factories in which the seats are put together receive loads of polypropylene pellets.[47] Foam makes up the padding of the individual seats, while vinyl and fabrics are used to make up the covers for the seats as well as the harnesses.
A safety seat increases the safety of a properly restrained child in the case of a motor vehicle accident. The safety seat includes foam padding, fabric covers, a harness, and buckles or attaching mechanisms. Labels and instructions are also attached. Every child safety seat will have an expiration date on it. The Safe Kids USA organization does not recommend using a child safety seat that is more than 6 years old[citation needed]. Periodically, child safety seats are recalled by manufacturers for safety reasons. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration posts a link to recent recall information at nhtsa.gov.
Types[edit]
Child safety seat
There are different types of child safety seats for children of different sizes and ages.
Infant seats - Child safety seats made specifically for infants are the smallest and have carrying handles for easy carrying and loading. Newborns are most often placed in a rear-facing seat. These seats are designed for infants is up to 22 pounds (10.0 kg) to 32 pounds (15 kg), depending on the model.
Convertible seats - Similar to the infant seat, the convertible seat can be used in a rear- or forward-facing position and is used for children typically beginning at 5 pounds (2.3 kg) up to 50 pounds (23 kg). The rear-facing position is used for children until they weigh more than 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and are at least two years old. Research studies and crash test results show that children are safer in a rear-facing child safety seat. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends keeping children in a rear-facing seat until “they are 2 years of age or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by their car safety seat’s manufacturer” (www.healthychildren.org).
Some seats allow the child to stay rear-facing until 45 pounds (20 kg). Once the child has reached the minimum requirements to be forward facing, the seat can be turned around and used as a forward-facing seat.[citation needed]
Combination seats - The combination seat or five-point booster is a forward-facing seat that has a five-point harness system. It can be modified to a belt-positioning booster by removing some webbing[48]
Booster seats - The earlier described combination seat can become a high-back belt-positioning booster. There is also a high-back belt positioning-booster that is available for that purpose only. The other type of belt-positioning booster is the low-back or no-back booster. The major differences between the low- and high-back booster seats are head support and improved protection in side-impact collisions. Vehicles with a bench seating and no headrest are required to use a high back booster. The purpose of the booster seats is to provide elevation to the child so the shoulder belt rests appropriately on the shoulder blade and does not ride up the child’s neck. It also provides “hips” that the seat belt can rest securely across and remain on the large bones of the child instead of resting across the soft tissue of the abdomen. This seat is available for children over 40 pounds (18 kg) up to over 100 pounds (45 kg).[49] From the ages of eight to twelve, children may have outgrown their booster seats and can be permitted to use regular adult seat restraints. It is suggested that, until the age of thirteen, the child remains in the back seat.
Hazards[edit]
Manufacturers have quality controls to ensure seats are properly put together and packaged. However, it is not guaranteed that the included instructions are always adhered to and correctly followed. Up to 95% of the safety seats that are installed may not be the right seat for the child, may be hooked into the vehicle loosely, may be hooked with an incompatible belt in the vehicle, may have harnesses incorrectly fastened in some way, or may be incorrectly placed in front of air bags. In 1997, six out of ten children who were killed in vehicle crashes were not correctly restrained.[47]
Child Safety Seat Inspection site by the Maui Police Department
Along with the problem of instructions not being followed properly, there are other hazards that can affect children involving these safety seats. A recent study[clarification needed] attributed many cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) to the prolonged sitting or lying position these infants are in when putting the safety seats to use. When researchers reviewed more than 500 infant deaths, it was found that 17 of these deaths occurred while the infant was in a device such as a child safety seat. The age of the most occurring rates of death by SIDS in a child safety device was found to be under one month, having six of the 17 deaths happen in this age group. Although SIDS has been found to be a high risk regarding child safety seats, a coroner in Quebec also stated that “putting infants in car seats…causes breathing problems and should be discouraged."[50] His warning came after the death of a two-month-old boy who was left to nap in a child safety seat positioned inside his crib rather than the crib itself. The death was linked to positional asphyxiation.[50] This means that the child was in a position causing him to slowly lose his supply of oxygen. Coroner Jacques Robinson said it's common for a baby's head to slump forward while in a car seat that is not properly installed in a car and that can diminish a baby's ability to take in oxygen. "The car seat is for the car," he said. "It's not for a bed or sleeping." Robinson added, however, he has nothing against car seats when they are properly used. The coroner said that it is common for a baby’s head to “slump forward while in a car seat and that it diminishes oxygen”.[50]
The American Academy of Pediatrics says to “make sure the seat is at the correct angle so your infant’s head does not flop forward. Many seats have angle indicators or adjusters that can help prevent this. If your seat does not have an angle adjuster, tilt the car safety seat back by putting a rolled towel or other firm padding (such as a pool noodle) under the base near the point where the back and bottom of the vehicle seat meet.” Safety seats come with an instruction booklet with additional information on the appropriate angle for the seat.
Criticism[edit]
There has been some criticism of forward-facing child safety seats, in particular by the economist Steven D. Levitt, author of the popular book Freakonomics. In a 2005 article in the New York Times, Levitt suggests that the available data does not support the necessity of forward-facing child safety seats for children over two years old, arguing that the cheaper and simpler alternative of seat belts offers similar protection as forward-facing seats.[51] Levitt was a guest at the TED conference in the same year, and gave a lecture making the same case.[29] Levitt's study and findings have been criticized and refuted by subsequent peer reviewed studies, which found child safety seats offer a considerable safety advantage over seat belts alone.[52]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Infant automobile seats.
BeSeatSmart Child Passenger Safety Program
Bike child seat
National Child Passenger Safety Board
Seat belt
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State of New Jersey". Nj.gov. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Car Seats | Parents Central | Keeping Kids Safe". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ John Persing, MD, et al., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Plastic Surgery and Section on Neurological Surgery, "Prevention and Management of Positional Skull Deformities in Infants," Pediatrics 112, no. 1 (July 2003): 199-202.
Jump up ^ International Standard ISO 13216. Anchorages in vehicles and attachments to anchorages for child restraint systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of 7 Baby Basics". Mental Floss. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Child Safety Seat". Made How. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "USPTO Full-Text and Image Database. Patent #3,107,942". United States Patent and Trademark Office. March 5, 1962. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Regulation No 44 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of restraining devices for child occupants of power driven vehicles (‘child restraint systems’) - Retrieved 2014-08-04
Jump up ^ "AAP Updates Recommendation on Car Seats". archive.org. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "AAP - Car Safety Seats: A Guide for Families - 2005". Web.archive.org. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Carlsson G, Norin H, Ysander L: Rearward-facing child seats – the safest car restraint for children? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23(2-3):175-182, 1991.
Jump up ^ Kamrén B, von Koch M, Lie A, Tingvall C, Larsson S, Turbell T. The Protective Effect of Rearward Facing CRS. An Overview of possibilities and problems associated with child restraint for children aged 0-3 years. Child Occupant Protection symposium, San Antonio, November 1993. Society of Automotive engineers (SAE), Inc Warredale, PA. SAE technical paper 933093.
Jump up ^ Isaksson-Hellman I, Jakobson L, Gustafsson C, Norin H: Trends and effects of child restraint systems based on Volvo’s Swedish accident database. SAE Technical paper 973299. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Warrendale, PA, 1997.
Jump up ^ Jacobsson L, Isaksson –Hellman I, Lundell B: Safety for the growing child – experiences from Swedish accident data. ESV conference 2005. Paper no 05-0330.
Jump up ^ Tingvall C. Children in cars. Doctor thesis. Some aspects of the safety of children as car passengers on road traffic accidents. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 339:1-35,1987. (Doctoral thesis)
Jump up ^ Turbell T. Child restraint systems: Frontal Impact Performance. VTI rapport 36A. Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI) Stockholm Sweden. 1974.
Jump up ^ Fuchs S, Barthel MJ, Flannery, AM and Christoffel KK: Cervical spine fractures sustained by young children in forward facing car seats. Pediatrics 84(2), 348-354, 1989.
Jump up ^ Stalnaker RL: Spinal cord injuries to children in real world accidents. SAE SP-986. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Warrendale, PA. 1993. Pp 173-183.
Jump up ^ Arbogast KB, Cornejo RA, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR: Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 46th (AAAM). Annual Conference, Tempe, AX 2002. Pp 213-230.
Jump up ^ Henary B, Sherwood, C P, Crandall J R, Kent R W, Vaca F E, Arbogast K B, Bull M J. Car safety seats for children: rear facing for best protection. Injury Prevention 2007; 13:398-402.
Jump up ^ Sherwood C P, Crandall J R. Frontal sled tests comparing rear and forward facing child restraints with 1-3 year old dummies. Annual Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:169-80.
Jump up ^ "Tips", CPS, US: NHTSA DoT, 2, archived from the original on May 15, 2008
Jump up ^ "Child safety week", Car safety & child seats, UK: Which, 2010, archived from the original on April 22, 2012
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "NHTSA Advises Parents, Caregivers: Child Safety Seats Can Be Reused after Minor Crash". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2 August 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Keeping You Safe - Safercar - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)". Odi.nhtsa.dot.gov. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winter coats and car seats: Keeping your child safe and warm". Consumer Reports. December 20, 2012. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Lecture by Levitt at TED Retrieved June 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "The Last Word: Forgotten Baby Syndrome". The Week. March 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Directive 2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 April 2003 amending Council Directive 91/671/EEC, Official Journal L 115 , 2003-05-09 P. 63.
Jump up ^ "European Commission Rules on Seat Belts". European Commission. European Commission. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Child car seat design and production regulations". childseatcentre.com. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Child restraints < Children < NSW Centre for Road Safety". archive.org. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "ADAC Germany - Child restraint systems and booster seats". Adac.de. 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
Jump up ^ [3][dead link]
Jump up ^ [4][dead link]
Jump up ^ [5][dead link]
Jump up ^ קניות לקראת לידה : תפוז, משפחה/הריון_ולידה_-_תמיכה , 01.12.2012
Jump up ^ "נהלי שחרור". Shvil-haleida.co.il. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Find a child restraint technician". New Zealand: NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Car seat rules: child safety and booster seats". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Promoting Road Safety". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to tell if a child restraint is safe for New Zealand". NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Q&A: New child car seat law". News.bbc.co.uk. 28 August 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Child safety". iihs.org. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b AAP. "Car Safety Seats: A Guide For Families 2009." American Academy of Pediatrics. 2009. American Academy of Pediatrics. 22 Feb. 2009".
Jump up ^ NHTSA. "National Child Passenger Safety Certification Training Program Manual. Some combination seats must be converted to a booster after the child reaches 40 pounds (18 kg), while others have much higher weight limits for use of the 5-point harness (e.g., up to 85 pounds (39 kg)). Children are safest in a 5-point harness provided it is installed correctly and the child is within the height and weight limits for that particular seat." Safe Kids Worldwide, April 2007.
Jump up ^ NHTSA. "National Child Passenger Safety Certification Training Program Manual." Safe Kids Worldwide, April 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How child safety seat is made - manufacture, history, used, parts, components, product, industry, History, Raw Materials". Madehow.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Levitt, Steven D., The Seat Belt Solution, New York Times, July 10, 2005 Retrieved June 2011
Jump up ^ Elliot, Michael R. et. al. "Effectiveness of Child Safety Seats vs Seat Belts in Reducing Risk for Death in Children in Passenger Vehicle Crashes". JAMA Pediatrics. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Safercar.gov For information on child restraint use in the U.S.
2007 RTA / NRMA / RACV (Australian) Crash Test Results
National Child Passenger Safety Board: Standardized curriculum used to train and certify child passenger safety technicians and instructors
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text:
The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Secret Life (disambiguation)
The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1)
Season 1 Volume 1 DVD Cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
23
Release
Original network
ABC Family
Original release
July 1, 2008 – March 23, 2009[1]
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager episodes
The first season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on July 1, 2008.[2] The first season comprises 23 episodes, the first eleven of which ended on September 9, 2008. Despite marketing issues, the remaining twelve ended up as part of the first season, which concluded its initial airing on March 23, 2009.[1] Season one regular cast members include Shailene Woodley, Molly Ringwald, Daren Kagasoff, Kenny Baumann, Francia Raisa, Megan Park, India Eisley, Greg Finley II, Jorge Pallo, Mark Derwin, and Luke Zimmerman.
Kyle XY was ABC Family's highest rated original series from June 2006 - July 2008, but lost its reign when the series premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager brought in 2.8 million viewers.[3] The season finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, 2.4 million of whom were females. The show was the number one scripted telecast on March 23, 2009 in viewers 12-34 and the number one telecast that night in viewers.[4]
The season focuses on the relationships between families and friends dealing with the unexpected teen pregnancy of character Amy Juergens, portrayed by Shailene Woodley. Probably the last girl anyone would expect to suffer such a scandalous event, Amy's world begins to expand as she discovers that virtually every student at her high school deals with some secret or unexpected problems, from the religious good-girl Grace to the tough-kid Ricky and to clingy loving Ben.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main cast
2 Episodes
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Main cast[edit]
Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens
Kenny Baumann as Ben Boykewich
Mark Derwin as George Juergens
India Eisley as Ashley Juergens
Greg Finley as Jack Pappas
Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood
Jorge-Luis Pallo as Marc Molina
Megan Park as Grace Bowman
Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee
Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens
Episodes[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Falling In Love" Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 1, 2008 (2008-07-01) 2.82[5]
After losing her virginity to 16-year-old Ricky Underwood at band camp, 15-year-old Amy Juergens discovers that she is pregnant. Scared to tell her parents and unsure what to do, she turns to her two best friends, Lauren and Madison, for help. To confirm the pregnancy they run out and buy her three different pregnancy tests, all of which turn up positive. They encourage her to go to her doctor but not to tell until she is absolutely certain. Meanwhile, in a quest to lose his virginity, Ben Boykewich, sees Amy across the crowded hallway and is encouraged by his best friends, Henry and Alice, to ask her out. He joins the band to meet her and one day asks her to the homecoming dance after the school's big football game. There he becomes completely enamored by her, as does she, however Amy struggles with having to tell him that she's pregnant. Lauren and Madison attempt to convince Amy to have sex with Ben and tell him the baby is his, but she refuses. Ricky comes up to Amy telling her she shouldn't be with Ben. Meanwhile, Jack Pappas, longtime boyfriend to the adherently Christian Grace Bowman, struggles with the idea of having to wait at least ten more years to have sex with Grace. Under pressure he secretly spends the night with Adrian Lee, the school majorette and Ricky's girlfriend. At the dance he begs her not to tell anyone about their night spent together. They kiss and are caught by Tom Bowman, Grace's brother, who alerts Grace (as well as the entire school) to Jack's infidelity.
2
2 "You Are My Everything" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08) 2.81[6]
Despite Madison and Lauren's insistence that Amy tell her parents about their pregnancy, Amy insists on convincing herself that Ricky and her pregnancy never happened and tries to go about her life as normal. As they discuss Amy's situation, they are overheard by Henry and Alice in the hallway and the rumor spreads throughout the school that Ricky and Amy had sex. Meanwhile, Ricky attempts to pursue Amy, despite her insistence that she is seeing someone else and is not interested. Despite the new rumor about Ricky and Amy and despite Adrian's kiss with Jack, Adrian and Ricky continue to see each other, however their relationship is wrought with constant bickering. Ben continues to be completely enamored by Amy, even going to far as admitting to Henry and Alice that he can see himself marrying her. They warn him about the rumor they overheard and he begins to fear that he is in competition with Ricky. He tells Amy he heard the rumors but that they mean nothing to him, telling Amy he loves her. During this time, Jack is also pleading with Grace for forgiveness but she refuses to speak to him. At school, she calls her mother and asks to take her home. Her mother encourages her not to blame herself (or Jack and Adrian) and to just let things go. When Jack comes by Grace's house her father shoos him off the porch, however, hearing that Jack came to see her makes her begin to want Jack back again, despite her father's warnings to stay away from him from now on. She tells Jack the next day at school that she is willing to forgive Jack and go back out with him as long as she gets her parent's permission and as long as he doesn't try to pressure her into having sex until she's ready and Jack agrees.
3
3 "I Feel Sick" Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 15, 2008 (2008-07-15) 2.48[7]
Ben continues to fall hard for Amy, and the two share their first kiss. Elsewhere, Amy tells her sister about her pregnancy before she tells her parents , Grace uses Ricky as a cover to sneak around with Jack, and a jealous Adrian feels like Ricky is just using her for sex.
4
4 "Caught" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 22, 2008 (2008-07-22) 3.09[8]
Amy can't stand Ben's clingy behavior, especially in the face of her parents' increasingly strained relations with one another. Elsewhere, Ricky continues to play a part in Grace and Jack's plot to see each other, but as things backfire, Jack seeks comfort from Adrian.
5
5 "What Have You Done to Me?" Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 29, 2008 (2008-07-29) 3.58[9]
Ben and Amy are at odds about what to do: he's thinking marriage and that the baby might be his, while she's thinking about having an abortion. Elsewhere, Ashley pleads with her dad not to leave home and Grace learns that Jack did more than kiss Adrian.
6
6 "Love for Sale" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05) 4.10[10]
After much delay, Amy tells her mother that she's pregnant. Meanwhile, on a day Amy doesn't show up at school, rumors circulate that she took off in order to "take care" of her problem.
7
7 "Absent" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffery Rodgers August 12, 2008 (2008-08-12) 3.70[11]
Amy weighs her options regarding her residency situation. Meanwhile, Ricky wrestles with taking responsibility for his actions.
8
8 "Your Cheatin' Heart" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata August 19, 2008 (2008-08-19) 3.91[12]
Amy's grandmother, "Mimsy" (Alice Hirson), visits the family and offers to help out with Amy's situation. Later on they, find out that she has Alzheimer's. Elsewhere, Adrian makes sure her budding friendship with Grace is on display for all to see.
9
9 "Slice of Life" Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton, Jeff Olsen, & Chris Olsen August 26, 2008 (2008-08-26) 3.65[13]
Amy and Ashley spend some time bonding with their dad, while Adrian locates her estranged father. Elsewhere, Tom has a little party for himself, complete with pizza and a prostitute (Jennifer Coolidge) he calls, and Jason and Madison see Lauren kissing Ricky. Amy finds out that her dad, George, is seeing Adrian's mom. Meanwhile, Adrian finds her dad as she waits out by his house. Near the end, Anne find out that George was sleeping with Adrian's mom and is now sleeping in the furniture store. Anne and Ashley now think that George is broke and they are now in poverty.
10
10 "Back to School Special" Keith Truesdell Caroline Kepnes September 2, 2008 (2008-09-02) 3.90[14]
Amy finally makes a decision regarding where she will go to school. Elsewhere, Adrian's mom suggests that Adrian develop a relationship with her dad; and Henry and Alice take a new step in their relationship. When Amy returns to school the next day, Ben, Grace, Jack, Henry, Alice, Lauren, Madison, Jason, and Ricky supports Amy's decision to come back to school.
11
11 "Just Say No" Jason Priestley Teleplay by: Jeff Olson & Caroline Kepnes
Story by: Elaine Arata & Brenda Hampton September 9, 2008 (2008-09-09) 4.54[15]
Adrian disappears from school, which sparks a salacious rumor and a call to the police from her dad. Meanwhile, Grace receives multiple warnings about Ricky, and Amy and Ben mull the next move in their relationship.
12
12 "The Secret Wedding of the American Teenager" Lindsley Parsons III Brenda Hampton January 5, 2009 (2009-01-05) 4.37[16]
After hearing that she will need to get a job and accept responsibility if she was to keep her baby, Amy plans to get married to Ben with fake IDs. Ricky finds out and goes to a boy at school to get one for himself--as do Henry, Alice, Ashley, Adrian, Grace, Lauren, Madison, Jason, and Jack. George moves into the Juergens' garage.
13
13 "Baked Nevada" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton January 12, 2009 (2009-01-12) 3.10[17]
Party's over when George and Leo catch Amy and Ben at their wedding reception. Back at the chapel, Tom wants to marry Tammy but Grace stops him. Elsewhere, Ricky starts visiting Adrian again and Amy and Ben learn that their marriage is not legally valid. Jack steps up and falsely confesses to creating the fake IDs, and is forced to do community service. Anne talks with Amy and Ben and gives them advice on what they should do with the baby, when Amy feels her baby kick for the first time.
14
14 "The Father and the Son" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton January 19, 2009 (2009-01-19) 3.91[18]
Ashley enlists the help of Reverend Stone (Tom Virtue) to ensure that her parents will stay together. Ricky's estranged father, Bob (MADtv's Bryan Callen), returns to town on parole in search of his son. He pays a visit to Amy and her family and later threatens Ricky with the possibility of giving the baby up for adoption. Amy reveals to her parents that Ricky has been sexually abused by his father and Anne suggests that they should seriously consider what's best for the baby-–adoption. Amy seriously considers this option and discusses it with Ben and Ricky, who both want her to keep the baby, but for very different reasons. Anne seeks out the advice of Reverend Stone to see if he knows any nice families who are looking to adopt.
15
15 "That's Enough of That" Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers January 26, 2009 (2009-01-26) 3.10[19]
Ricky tells Adrian about his abusive father and reveals that as long as his father is around, he won't see Grace. Come time to find out the sex of the baby, Ben is disappointed when Amy tells him she doesn't want him to come with her to her appointment. Meanwhile, Bob (Bryan Callen) again approaches Ricky with the idea of giving up the baby for adoption, and Jack's community service starts out very unexpectedly. Anne begins to fully accept the consequences of Amy being pregnant and Ben records a video of Amy, revealing that she is having a boy. Ricky's father goes back to jail for possession of illegal drugs.
16
16 "Chocolate Cake" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers February 2, 2009 (2009-02-02) 3.05[20]
Ben is distraught over the fact that Ricky and Amy were planning to meet to talk about the baby without him. Frustrated, he decides to join them in their decision. Meanwhile, Anne goes to meet Reverend Stone and finds out about Ashley's plan to stop her parents' divorce. Jack finds out Shawna isn't interested in him and goes to see Grace to tell her that Ricky and Adrian are still having sex and Adrian's father catches her in a compromising position with her stepbrother, Max. Meanwhile, George finds out his two gay co-workers are interested in adopting Amy's baby and Ashley admits to Anne that she has been upset and promises not to act out anymore. Later, Ricky agrees to let Amy give the baby up for adoption.
17
17 "Unforgiven" Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata February 9, 2009 (2009-02-09) 3.50[21]
Ben tells Amy that he needs some space and starts to doubt about his relationship with Amy who becomes aggravated. Jack and Shawna agree to see each other. Adrian and Grace argue over Ricky, but become closer to each other as a result. Elsewhere, Grace's parents apologize to each other and George interviews people who are interested in adopting Amy's baby. Meanwhile, Ricky and Amy get into a heated discussion about her breakup with Ben and putting the baby up for adoption. Making her hurt and upset by his objections, Ricky then tries to console her. George's gay co-workers come by and talk to George and Anne about them wanting to adopt Amy's baby, and Amy agrees. Ricky tells Jack that he is through with both of Adrian and Grace for good and wants to be with Amy.
18
18 "Making Up Is Hard to Do" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton, Chris Olsen, & Jeff Olsen February 16, 2009 (2009-02-16) 3.51[22]
Ricky sees Dr. Fields and tells him that he has his mind set on Amy. He also tells him that he's going to try and sabotage the adoption. Ashley skips school, and runs into a schoolmate, Thomas. Then, Ashley tries to talk Ben into pursuing Amy. Elsewhere, Max comes over to Adrian's condo and go on their first date. Duncan tells Jack that if he hurts Shawna, he will pay the consequences. Later on, Amy and Ricky meet with Donovan and Leon. After the interview, Donovan and Leon decide that they want to try to adopt their foster kids instead.
19
19 "Money for Nothing, Chicks for Free" Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton & Caroline Kepnes February 23, 2009 (2009-02-23) 3.27[23]
Anne receives a potential job offer, Adrian tries to change her style by "becoming a virgin again", and Jack raises money for underprivileged children. Elsewhere, Amy and Ben get back together, Donovan and Leon tell the Juergens they don't want to adopt Amy's baby, and Amy decides not to go through with adoption. Ashley sneaks around with Thomas and gets to know him better. Because of Amy's decision, Anne and Ben pressure her into getting a job.
20
20 "Maybe Baby" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 2, 2009 (2009-03-02) 3.32[24]
Ben and Ricky both get a job together at Ben's dad's sausage shop. Meanwhile, George gets a loan on a foreclosed house, and Amy begins to worry about her diet. Ashley is clearly upset over Amy wanting to get rid of the baby and expresses her anger when she finds the tape that Amy and Ben made for the baby. Amy fights with Ashley and George, admitting she really does care about her son and Ashley tells Amy that she is a smart girl and that she can handle the baby. However, both envious Grace and Adrian want to make sure she does NOT keep the baby because it gives her a tie to Ricky. Amy's friends mysteriously all show up at her house and Grace tells Amy she found her a job at the Church where she could get day care and insurance. With the support of her friends and her father and sister, Amy changes her mind about keeping the baby. She asks her mother if she can keep the baby and her mother agrees.
21
21 "Whoomp! (There It Is)" Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton March 9, 2009 (2009-03-09) 3.35[25]
A baby shower is planned for Amy. In the mean time, Grace and Jack reconnect and Ricky practices how to change a diaper. George tells Anne and Ashley that he is moving out, however, on her way to her baby shower, Amy goes into labor and George gets a call so he can meet Amy, Anne, and Ashley at the hospital. Ben suggests to Amy to call Ricky and tell him that she is in labor.
22
22 "One Night at Band Camp" John Schneider Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers March 16, 2009 (2009-03-16) 3.11[26]
As Amy goes into labor, she becomes cranky and flashes back to the first time she met Ricky at band camp and how he charmed her. Tom tries to get Grace and Jack back together and Grace asks her parents for their permission. Amy realizes the sex between her and Ricky wasn't entirely his fault and feels bad for blaming it all on him. Elsewhere, Ricky tells Ashley that he wants to care for the baby and help Amy by being a good friend and Adrian realizes she still cares for Ricky.
23
23 "And Unto Us, A Child Is Born" Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23) 4.49[4]
Friends and family gather at the hospital to give their support to the Juergens family, who eagerly await the arrival of Amy's baby. At the same time, Ben and Ricky agree to forge a friendship as they discuss their future relationship. When Adrian arrives at the hospital to support Ricky, Grace tells Ricky that she's getting back together with Jack. Several hours later, Amy's baby is finally born, Amy's classmates all get to see the baby, and Amy and Ashley decide to name him John. Upon returning home, however, Amy struggles with adjusting to being a new mom. Later, Ricky visits his newborn son and realizes he might like fatherhood, while Ashley and George surprise Anne by moving out of the family home.
Reception[edit]
The series received a mixed reception when it began broadcasting. Many mainstream critics praised the messages presented in the series, although it was also criticized for its direction and writing. New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are "...real and come from families of all stripes — from intact to single-parent households to one boy in foster care..."[27] The pilot episode broke the record for highest rated debut for ABC Family, beating Kyle XY, with 2.82 million viewers. The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, beating the night's 90210 which had almost half its usual number of viewers.[4]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "ABC Family's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Show listings: The Secret Life of the American Teenager". TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Millions of viewers tune-in to discover who is 'Kyle XY'" (PDF). ABC FamilyNet. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2006-07-02. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (March 31, 2009). "Kids' Choice Awards, Penguins of Madagascar and WWE RAW lead cable". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jul 2, 2008 03:19 PM (2008-07-02). "'American Teenager' sets ABC Family record - The Live Feed | THR". Thrfeed.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick. (July 15 208) TV originals drive small ratings gain Variety. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick. (July 23, 2008) Secret a teen dream Variety. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick. (6 August 2008) 'American Teenager' stays hot Variety. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick. (August 6, 2008) American Teenager stays hot Variety. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family scores with 'Teenager' - Entertainment News, Weekly TV, Media". Variety. 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick. (August 19, 2008) Olympic Games wins ratings gold Variety. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Top 20: The Closer, Cheetah Girls and Law & Order: CI". TV by the Numbers. August 27, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Obama and CNN Best 'The Closer' and NASCAR on Cable". TV by the Numbers. September 3, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - ABC Family's "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" Defeats the First Hour of CW's Highly-Promoted "90210" Debut in Viewers 12-34 and Females 12-34". TheFutonCritic.com. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick (September 10, 2008). "Fringe underwhelms but wins night". Variety.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (January 7, 2009). "Secret Life handily defeats CW's Gossip Girl". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kyle XY debut disappoints; Real Chance soars". THRfeed.com. January 13, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Ratings: Top cable shows for the week ending January 25, 2009 including Obama inauguration coverage, WWE RAW, Burn Notice, Psych, SpongeBob, Back at the Barnyard, Battlestar Galactica, Kyle XY and Damages - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "The Closer, Monk and Burn Notice lead weekly Nielsen Ratings for cable viewing for the week ending February 1, 2009 - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Monk , WWE RAW , The Closer and Burn Notice lead cable viewing - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Updated: NBA All-Star festivities, The Closer, WWE RAW, and Monk lead week, Damages to return despite ratings - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "WWE RAW, The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "WWE RAW, The Closer and President Obama lead cable viewing - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "iCarly, Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "WWE RAW, Cars, Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ "WWE RAW, Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Jump up ^ Stasi, Linda (June 30, 2008). "Good Daughter Comes Home with Bad News in Secret Life". New York Post. NYPost.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb
The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com
Villarreal, Yvonne (January 3, 2009). "Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy". The Los Angeles Times. LATimes.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
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