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Justin Guarini
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Justin Guarini
Guarini at the Hard Rock Cafe in Atlanta, 2012
Background information
Birth name
Justin Eldrin Bell
Born
(1978-10-28) October 28, 1978 (age 39)
Columbus, Georgia, U.S.
Origin
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
Genres
Pop, rock, R&B
Occupation(s)
Singer
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
2002–present
Labels
RCA, Justice Entertainment
Website
www.justinguarini.com
Justin Guarini (born Justin Eldrin Bell; October 28, 1978) is an American singer who was runner-up on the first season of American Idol.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Beginnings
2.2 American Idol
2.2.1 American Idol performances
2.3 2003–2004: Justin Guarini
2.4 2005–2007: Stranger Things Have Happened
2.5 2008–2009: Revolve
2.6 2010–present: Acting, hosting and performing
3 Discography
3.1 Albums
3.1.1 Studio albums
3.1.2 Other contributions
3.2 EPs
3.3 Songs
4 Filmography and theater
4.1 Films
4.2 Theater roles
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Guarini was born in Columbus, Georgia. His father, Eldrin Bell, is African-American and is a former Atlanta, Georgia, Chief of Police, and former Chairperson of Clayton County Commission (Georgia). His mother, Kathy Pepino Guarini is Italian American, and was a journalist for WTVM TV in Columbus, and later for CNN. Guarini was primarily raised by his mother and stepfather, physicist Jerry Guarini, in Philadelphia's suburb of Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He attended Central Bucks High School East.
Career[edit]
Beginnings[edit]
Guarini's musical experience started at age four when he was accepted by the Atlanta Boy Choir.[1][2] After moving to Pennsylvania in 1985, he joined the Archdiocese of Philadelphia Boys Choir.[3] Throughout his school years Guarini sang in school choirs, and from 1996 to 2000 was the lead soloist in an award-winning a cappella group named The Midnight Voices. The group released an independent album in 1999 with proceeds benefiting a music scholarship fund at Guarini's alma mater, Central Bucks High School East in Buckingham, Pennsylvania. He was a director/performer at the Riverside Haunted Woods in Bridgeton, Pennsylvania, in 2001.
His high school and college theatre credits include the lead roles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood, The Little Prince, The Pirates of Penzance, The Taming of the Shrew, and Once on This Island. In addition to singing and stage performing, Guarini plays the piano, guitar, and banjo.
After studying vocal performance and theater studies at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, Guarini later moved to New York City, where he attended the School for Film and Television. He worked in New York nightclubs, and auditioned for New York Theatre before successfully auditioning for American Idol in April 2002. Shortly after being chosen for American Idol, he was offered a role in the Broadway production of The Lion King. Guarini wrote about his decision between the two offers in his exclusive 2008 blog for the television site, Fancast, stating, "I had attended master classes… I learned Zulu and Sotho phrases, as well as the music from the show. It was a dream almost come true at the time. But, now I knew I was onto something, and I wasn’t letting go. I politely declined the offer of a role...". He was also considering a contract offer from an independent record label, but the show's rules prohibited participants from having existing record contracts.
American Idol[edit]
Idol judge Simon Cowell praised Guarini's performance in the show's first season, at one early audition telling him "Justin, you know, occasionally you're very privileged when you do a competition like this to hear somebody undiscovered who has a voice like yours", with Guarini ultimately becoming the runner-up to winner Kelly Clarkson in September 2002. Soon after, Guarini signed with American Idol's 19 Management and secured a record deal with RCA. Prior to the American Idol Tour, he was the only contestant asked to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show, on which Oprah Winfrey told him, "Justin, you have it."
Justin leaping down stairs as he sings on the American Idol Tour in Atlanta, Georgia (2002).
American Idol performances[edit]
Week
Theme
Song Sung
Artist
Order
Result
Top 30 Semifinal Group 2 "Ribbon in the Sky" Stevie Wonder 10 Advanced
Top 10 Motown "For Once in My Life" Stevie Wonder 6 Safe
Top 8 1960s "Sunny" Bobby Hebb 7 Safe
Top 7 1970s "Someday We'll All Be Free" Donny Hathaway 4 Bottom 2
Top 6 Big Band "Route 66" Nat King Cole 2 Safe
Top 5 Burt Bacharach Love Songs "The Look of Love" Dusty Springfield 4 Safe
Top 4 1980s
1990s "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)"
"Get Here" Michael Jackson
Brenda Russell 4
8 Safe
Top 3 Idol's Choice
Judges' Choice "Let's Stay Together"
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" Al Green
Elton John 2
5 Safe
Top 2 Finale "Before Your Love"
"Get Here"
"A Moment Like This" Justin Guarini
Oleta Adams
Justin Guarini 1
3
5 Runner-Up
2003–2004: Justin Guarini[edit]
JustinGuarini concert screencap
His self-titled album, Justin Guarini, debuted in June 2003, coinciding with the single releases of the current second season American Idol top two finalists and the movie From Justin to Kelly, in which Guarini co-starred with Kelly Clarkson. The film was critically panned,[4] while the album sold 146,000 copies. In December 2003 Guarini was dropped from RCA Records.[5]
Guarini had a role in the 2004 pre-Broadway New York Stage and Film Powerhouse Theater workshop/presentation of the musical Good Vibrations at Vassar College. His performance (which included singing, dancing, acting, and playing guitar) landed Guarini an offer to continue the role in the original Broadway production, which he eventually declined.[6]
2005–2007: Stranger Things Have Happened[edit]
Guarini co-produced his second album Stranger Things Have Happened, independently released in December 2005 through his own production company, Justice Entertainment, Ltd.. The album of reinvented jazz standards was described by Allmusic as "a successful reinvention... where his natural skills shine", The Philadelphia Inquirer said that "Guarini displays an agile, attractive voice with good phrasing, supported by a sophisticated and funky backing ensemble."
Guarini wrote, co-arranged and recorded a benefit song released with H.H. Gayuna Cealo, and a song for the documentary series Project Everlasting, in August 2006 and featured on the Today Show. The title track from his album Stranger Things Have Happened was also used in the documentary.
From 2007 to 2011, TV Guide Network signed Guarini as permanent co-host for Idol Wrap and Idol Tonight. On-air duties with the network expanded to include guest hosting/appearances on other TV Guide Network shows, hosting movie premiere specials, and serving as a member of TV Guide Network's awards show team with on-air coverage of awards shows such as the Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards.
2008–2009: Revolve[edit]
Guarini in The American Idol Experience motorcade at Walt Disney World in 2009.
In May 2008, Guarini released an acoustic EP titled Revolve comprising three songs ("Sweet Time", "Rock Bottom", and "When She Cries") co-written and co-produced with Shaun Ingram. Versions of the songs are planned to be included on a future solo album.
While stepping out to support the opening of The American Idol Experience at Disney's Hollywood Studios[7] in February 2009, Guarini confirmed his impending marriage to his fiancée, Reina Capodici. In an exclusive pictorial of the wedding, People reported that the couple married on September 26, 2009.[8]
2010–present: Acting, hosting and performing[edit]
Wicked with Justin Guarini as Fiyero.
Guarini became a part of the Broadway community with his 2010 Broadway debut as Carlos in a musical adaptation of Pedro Almodovar's film, Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown.[9] Critics called Guarini's debut "surprisingly charming", "captivating" and "extremely likeable".[10][11][12]
Guarini played Will, one of the three male leads in Green Day's rock musical American Idiot performing March 1, 2011, through the show's closing night, April 24, 2011.[13]
On April 26, 2011, his first child with Capodici, William Neko Bell Guarini, was born.[14] His second child, Asher, was born on February 25, 2013.[15]
In 2013, Guarini was cast in a modern Broadway production of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet as Paris. After its Broadway run, the live-filmed stage play was released in movie theaters.[16] Guarini joined the Broadway production of Wicked, in the role of Fiyero from February 25 to December 14, 2014.[17][18]
Other stage work includes lead roles in regional reproductions of Rent, Chicago, Company and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Original regional productions include Ghost Brothers of Darkland County as one of two feuding brothers in 2012 at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia.[19][20] In It's a Wonderful Life, A Live Radio Play Guarini voiced George Bailey in a 2015 on-stage comedic production.[21]
In 2015, he starred in the New York City Center Encores presentation Paint Your Wagon. Praised by critics,[22][23] Guarini played the outcast Mexican miner. Guarini starred in the 2015 original musical "Moonshine: The Hee Haw Musical" premiering at the Dallas Theater Center on September 2 through October 11,[24][25][26] and Mamma Mia! in 2016.[27] Also in 2016, Guarini was cast in Broadway's new In Transit, the first a cappella musical with book, music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez.[28]
Guarini participates in Equity staged readings of The Awakening of Angel DeLuna,[29] hosts and/or performs for various Broadway and stage-related benefits,[30][31] and other industry-related events including Broadway on the Hudson,[31][32] the Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast in 2014 and 2015,[33] adding executive producer duties in 2015.[34] He was an executive producer for the 2015 revival of the musical Side Show.
In 2016 Guarini attended the Tony Awards, and co-hosted backstage coverage of the live broadcast in conjunction with BroadwayHD.com.[35][36]
He's also acted in independent film projects such as the drama and action film Fast Girl, The Unknown: Frankie The Squirrel, Mafioso II: The Son and short film Tilt-a-Whirl for the Dances With Films festival.
Since 2015, Guarini has been starring as Lil' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials, and web marketing.[37][38][39] In 2016, Dr Pepper "promoted" tunes for a Lil' Sweet "album" with video clips, promotional pictures of the character, and the character's own Twitter page.[40][41] All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper's YouTube channel.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
An EP of original music will be released by Guarini approximately July 30, 2016.[42]
Studio albums[edit]
Year
Album details
Peak
Certifications
(sales threshold)
US
1999 The Midnight Voices
As lead vocalist
Released: 1999
—
US sales: N/A
2003 Justin Guarini
Released: June 10, 2003
Label: RCA Records
20
US sales:146,000[43]
2005 Stranger Things Have Happened
Released: December, 2005
Label: Justice Entertainment, Ltd
—
US sales: N/A
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Other contributions[edit]
Foreign Shores by David Hughes (featured vocalist) 2009
The Awakening of Angel DeLuna (cast album) 2009
I Could Use a Drink by Drew Gasparini (featured vocalist) 2012
Where the Sky Ends: Music by Michael Mott by Michael Mott (featured vocalist) 2014[44]
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Original Broadway Cast) 2011
Paint Your Wagon (cast album) 2014
EPs[edit]
Revolve (Acoustic) (May 2008)
Songs[edit]
Did You Know That I Know Your Journey? (2006) (vocals, music, co-produced)
Everlasting for documentary Project Everlasting (2006) (vocals, music, lyrics, piano)
What You Won't Do for Love for Drivetime Reflections (2010) (vocals)
Filmography and theater[edit]
Films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2003 From Justin to Kelly Justin Bell
2008 Fast Girl Darryl K. Sands
2014 Romeo and Juliet Paris
Theater roles[edit]
Good Vibrations (2004) as Jan[45]
The Awakening of Angel DeLuna (2009) as Fred[46]
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (2010–2011 Broadway) as Carlos[47]
American Idiot (2011 Broadway) as Will[48]
Rent (2011 Regional) as Roger Davis[49]
Chicago (2011 Regional) as Billy Flynn[50]
Ghost Brothers of Darkland County (2012 Regional) as Drake McCandless[51]
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (2012 Regional) as Joseph[52]
It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play (2012 Regional) as Jake[21]
Romeo and Juliet (2013 Broadway) as Paris[53]
Wicked (2014 Broadway) as Fiyero[54]
Paint Your Wagon (2015 New York City Center) as Julio [55][56]
Company (2015 Regional) as Bobby[57]
Moonshine: That Hee Haw Musical (2015 Regional)[58][59]
First Gentleman (2016 NYC)[60]
Mamma Mia! (2016 Regional) as Sam Carmichael [27]
Cake Off (2016 Regional) multiple roles [61]
In Transit (2016 Broadway) as Trent [28][62]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Atlanta Boy Choir to perform at the Monastery of the Holy Spirit | News". Rockdalecitizen.com. 2011-11-24. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini in world premiere of Stephen King musical". Philly.com. 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "A Comeback for Justin Guarini". TV Fanatic. 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "From Justin To Kelly (2003)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moss, Corey (2003-12-02). "Where's Justin Guarini These Days? Not On RCA Records, Apparently - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Idol Star Guarini Leaves Company of Good Vibrations". Broadway.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'American Idol' Alumni Justin Guarini Planning Summer Wedding | Access Hollywood - Celebrity News, Photos & Videos". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
Jump up ^ "American Idol's Justin Guarini Marches Down the Aisle". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Justin Guarini Joins Broadway's Women on the Verge; Casting Complete Archived August 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, August 19, 2010
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini's 'Breakdown' getting a beatdown from theater critics". Content.usatoday.com. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Marks, Peter (5 November 2010). "Broadway's 'Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown' lacks an edge" – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "Theater review: 'Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown' at the Belasco Theatre | Culture Monster | Los Angeles Times". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Davey Havok, Justin Guarini, Van Hughes Will Be New Leads of Broadway's American Idiot". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini Welcomes Son William Neko – Moms & Babies – Moms & Babies - People.com". Celebritybabies.people.com. 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini Welcomes Son Asher – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Broadway s Romeo and Juliet with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad Coming to Fathom Events Network of Movie Theaters Nationwide". The Gilmer Mirror. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Amabile Angermiller, Michele (February 5, 2014). "Justin Guarini Nabs Lead in 'Wicked' on Broadway". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael (November 20, 2014). "Caroline Bowman and Kara Lindsay Will Be Broadway's New Wicked Witches; Robin De Jesus, Matt Shingledecker to Also Join Cast". Playbill. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bert Osborne. ""Ghost Brothers of Darkland County" a musical horror story that t". Accessatlanta.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Emily Skinner, Shuler Hensley, Justin Guarini Set for GHOST BROTHERS OF DARKLAND COUNTY Workshop, 12/5". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Photo Flash: First Look at Justin Guarini, Lauren Molina, Jill Paice and More in Bucks County's IT'S A WONDERFUL LIFE". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Paint Your Wagon,' Starring Keith Carradine, Opens at Encores!". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Theater Review: At Encores!, Paint Your Wagon". Vulture. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "First Look! Take a Gander at Broadway-Aimed Moonshine: That Hee Haw Musical | Broadway Buzz". Broadway.com. 2015-09-17. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Photo Flash: Meet the 'MOONSHINE' Cast & Creative Team, Beginning Previews Tonight in Dallas!". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Blank, Matthew (2015-09-17). "Drink Up! See Justin Guarini and Rose Hemingway Go Country in Moonshine: That Hee Haw Musical". Playbill. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayley Levitt (2016-05-31). "Justin Guarini Joins the Muny Cast of Mamma Mia!". TheaterMania.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Viagas, Robert (2016-08-30). "Telly Leung, Justin Guarini Among Cast of A Cappella Broadway Musical In Transit". Playbill. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
Jump up ^ Eddie Varley. "Justin Guarini's 'AWAKENING'". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wicked Star Justin Guarini and More Join NYCLU's Broadway Stands Up for Freedom". TheaterMania.com. July 11, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini & Krysta Rodriguez to Host BROADWAY ON THE HUDSON on 9/27". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini and Kerry Butler to Host Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini and Deborah Cox Will Host Times Square Simulcast of Tony Awards". Playbill. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "News: 38". BroadwayHD. 2016-06-06. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Writer, Matt Smith2; Theatre, Specialties Include; Entertainment, Other Forms of (24 June 2016). "16 Fun Facts We Learned on the Tonys Behind-the-Scenes Livestream Show". Huffingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "Diet Dr Pepper – Lil' Sweet Self Employed". youtube.com. 2015-02-19.
Jump up ^ Diet Dr Pepper – Lil’ Sweet ‘Birthday’ (2015). YouTube. March 20, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Beltrone, Gabriel (2016-01-25). "Diet Dr Pepper's Lil' Sweet Is Back, and Sweet-Talking All Over Your House, in New Ads". Adweek. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Lil' Sweet". Diet Dr Pepper. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Lil' Sweet (@DietDrPepper)". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini: New EP on PledgeMusic". Pledgemusic.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes (23 May 2011). "American Idol finale: After 10 years, the beat goes on". Washington Post. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ David Clarke. "BWW CD Reviews: Broadway Records' WHERE THE SKY ENDS: THE MUSIC OF MICHAEL MOTT Awakens Dreamers". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "USATODAY.com - Guarini to star in 'Good Vibrations'". usatoday.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Eddie Varley. "Justin Guarini's 'AWAKENING'". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brian Scott Lipton (2010-11-10). "Justin Guarini Is Happy on the Verge". TheaterMania.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Ask a Star: Justin Guarini of American Idiot | Videos". Broadway.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Full Cast Announced for Justin Guarini-Led RENT at Surflight". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Idiot's Justin Guarini Will Star in Media Theatre's Chicago". Playbill. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini Will Star in Muny Production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat". Playbill. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Christine Dwyer, Jenni Barber, Justin Guarini & More to Join Cast of WICKED in February". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Highlights From Paint Your Wagon With Keith Carradine, Alexandra Socha and Justin Guarini". Playbill. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "First Look at Keith Carradine, Alexandra Socha, and Justin Guarini in Paint Your Wagon". TheaterMania.com. March 18, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Photo Call: First Look at Justin Guarini in Bucks County Playhouse Production of Company". Playbill. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini, Rose Hemingway & More Will Star in MOONSHINE: THAT HEE HAW MUSICAL at Dallas Theater Center". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andy Lefkowitz (June 18, 2015). "Justin Guarini Leads Cast of Moonshine: That Hee Haw Musical". TheaterMania.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (2016-02-10). "Justin Guarini, Rachel Bay Jones, Michael Rupert, Sally Struthers Set for Reading of First Gentleman Musical". Playbill. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Justin Guarini, Michele Ragusa and Euan Morton to Lead New Musical CAKE OFF at Bucks County Playhouse". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Derschowitz, Jessica (2016-08-30). "In Transit on Broadway: Justin Guarini joins a capella musical cast". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
External links[edit]
Official website
Justin Guarini on IMDb
Justin Guarini at AllMusic
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United States at the Olympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States at the
Olympics
Flag of the United States
IOC code
USA
Medals
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1,127 905 795 2,827
Summer appearances
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Winter appearances
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics, during which it led a boycott. The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.
U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals (1,022 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games, the most of any nation, and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games, the second highest result. The United States has topped the gold medal count (as the medals are listed on the IOC website, and internationally by tradition) at seventeen Summer Olympics, the most of any nation, and one Winter Olympics. The United States holds the record both for the most medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics and the most gold medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hosted Games
2 Medal tables
2.1 Medals by Summer Games
2.2 Medals by Winter Games
2.3 Medals by summer sport
2.4 Medals by winter sport
3 Flagbearers
4 Amateurism and professionalism
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Hosted Games[edit]
The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions, more than any other country, and is planning to host the ninth:
Games
Host city
Dates
Nations
Participants
Events
1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis, Missouri 1 July – 23 November 12 651 91
1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid, New York 7 – 15 February 17 252 14
1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles, California 30 July – 14 August 37 1,332 117
1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley, California 2 – 20 February 30 665 27
1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid, New York 13 – 24 February 37 1,072 38
1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles, California 28 July – 12 August 140 6,829 221
1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta, Georgia 19 July – 4 August 197 10,318 271
2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City, Utah 8 – 24 February 77 2,399 78
2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles, California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA
Medal tables[edit]
See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count
Red border color indicates host nation status.
Medals by Summer Games[edit]
See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics
Games
Athletes
Gold Silver Bronze
Total
Gold medals
Overall medals
1896 Athens 14 11 7 2 20 1 2
1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 2 2
1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1 1
1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 2 2
1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1 2
1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1 1
1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1 1
1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1 1
1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1 1
1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 2 2
1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1 1
1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1 1
1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 2 2
1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 2 2
1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90 1 2
1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1 1
1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 2 2
1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 3 2
1980 Moscow Did not participate
1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1 1
1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 3 3
1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 2 2
1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 1 1
2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 1 1
2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 1 1
2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2 1
2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 1 1
2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 1 1
2020 Tokyo Future event
2024 Paris Future event
2028 Los Angeles Future event
Total
1022
795
705
2522
1
1
Medals by Winter Games[edit]
See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics
Games
Athletes
Gold Silver Bronze
Total
Gold medals
Overall medals
1924 Chamonix 24 1 2 1 4 5 3
1928 St. Moritz 24 2 2 2 6 2 2
1932 Lake Placid 64 6 4 2 12 1 1
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 55 1 0 3 4 8 6
1948 St. Moritz 69 3 4 2 9 4 4
1952 Oslo 65 4 6 1 11 2 2
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 2 3 2 7 6 5
1960 Squaw Valley 79 3 4 3 10 3 2
1964 Innsbruck 89 1 2 4 7 8 8
1968 Grenoble 95 1 5 1 7 9 8
1972 Sapporo 103 3 2 3 8 5 6
1976 Innsbruck 106 3 3 4 10 3 3
1980 Lake Placid 101 6 4 2 12 3 3
1984 Sarajevo 107 4 4 0 8 3 4
1988 Calgary 118 2 1 3 6 9 9
1992 Albertville 147 5 4 2 11 5 6
1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 2 13 5 5
1998 Nagano 186 6 3 4 13 5 6
2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 3 2
2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2 2
2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 3 1
2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 4 2
2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 4 4
2022 Beijing Future event
Total
105
110
90
305
2
2
Medals by summer sport[edit]
Leading in that sport
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
Athletics 337 260 207 802 1
Swimming 246 172 135 553 1
Wrestling 54 43 35 132 2
Shooting 54 29 27 110 1
Boxing 50 24 40 114 1
Diving 49 44 45 138 1
Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 2
Rowing 33 32 24 89 1
Basketball 23 2 3 28 1
Tennis 21 6 12 39 1
Sailing 19 23 18 60 2
Cycling 16 21 20 57 5
Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 3
Archery 14 11 9 34 2
Equestrian 11 21 20 52 4
Beach volleyball 6 2 2 10 1
Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15
Synchronized swimming 5 2 2 9 2
Football 4 2 1 7 1
Golf 3 3 5 11 1
Volleyball 3 3 4 10 3
Softball 3 1 0 4 1
Fencing 2 9 14 25 14
Water polo 2 5 4 11 5
Judo 2 4 8 14 15
Taekwondo 2 2 5 9 3
Rugby union 2 0 0 2 1
Roque 1 1 1 3 1
Tug of war 1 1 1 3 2
Baseball 1 0 2 3 2
Triathlon 1 0 1 2 7
Jeu de paume 1 0 0 1 1
Modern pentathlon 0 6 3 9 12
Polo 0 1 1 2 4
Lacrosse 0 1 0 1 2
Field hockey 0 0 2 2 12
Total*
1022
794
704
2520
1
Updated on October 1, 2017
*This table does not include two medals – one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
Medals by winter sport[edit]
Leading in that sport
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
Speed skating 29 22 17 68 2
Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 3
Figure skating 15 16 20 51 1
Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 1
Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 2
Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 3
Ice hockey 4 11 2 17 3
Short track speed skating 4 7 9 20 4
Skeleton 3 4 1 8 2
Nordic combined 1 3 0 4 9
Cross country skiing 1 1 0 2 19
Curling 1 0 1 2 8
Luge 0 3 3 6 9
Ski jumping 0 0 1 1 15
Total*
105
111
91
307
2
Updated on March 10, 2018
*This table includes two medals – one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
Flagbearers[edit]
See also: List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics
Summer Olympics
Games
Athlete
Sport
1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics
1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics
1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics
1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics
1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics
1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics
1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics
1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing
1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing
1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage[1] Fencing
1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics
1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics
1968 Mexico City Janice Romary[2] Fencing
1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics
1976 Montreal Gary Hall, Sr. Swimming
1980 Moscow USA did not participate
1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics
1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics
1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics
1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling
2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing
2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball
2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics
2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing
2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming
Winter Olympics
Games
Athlete
Sport
1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey
1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing (team manager)
1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing
1948 St. Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh
1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh
1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating
1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating
1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating
1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating
1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing
1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating
1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge
1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon
1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing
1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge
1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating
2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track
2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating
2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge
2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined
2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge
Amateurism and professionalism[edit]
The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics. The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics. His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds.[3]
The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[4][5][6] As a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes.
See also[edit]
United States at the Paralympics
List of United States Olympic medalists
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the (Equestrian) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia
Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics
Jump up ^ "Jim Thorpe Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/
Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf
External links[edit]
"United States of America". International Olympic Committee.
"Results and Medalists". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.
"Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee.
"United States". Sports-Reference.com.
[show]
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text:
Lug nut
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Lugnut (disambiguation).
Lug-nuts on an Acura.
A lug nut or wheel nut is a fastener, specifically a nut, used to secure a wheel on a vehicle. Typically, lug nuts are found on automobiles, trucks (lorries), and other large vehicles using rubber tires.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Removal and installation
3 Detecting loose nuts
4 Anti-theft nuts or bolts
5 History
6 See also
7 References
Design[edit]
A lug nut is a nut with one rounded or conical (tapered) end, used on steel and most aluminum wheels. A set of lug nuts are typically used to secure a wheel to threaded wheel studs and thereby to a vehicle's axles.
Wheel bolt and washer, for alloy wheel
Some designs (Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Saab, Volkswagen) use lug bolts instead of nuts, which screw into a tapped (threaded) hole in the wheel's hub or drum brake or disc. This configuration is commonly known as a bolted joint.
The conical lug's taper is normally 60 degrees (although 45 is common for wheels designed for racing applications), and is designed to center the wheel accurately on the axle, and to reduce the tendency for the nut to loosen, due to fretting induced precession, as the car is driven. One popular alternative to the conical lug seating design is the spherical, or ball seat. Automotive manufactures as Audi, BMW and Honda use this design rather than a tapered seat, but the nut performs the same function.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Older style (non-ferrous) alloy wheels have a 1/2 to 1 inch cylindrical shank slipping into the wheel to center it and a washer that applies pressure to clamp the wheel to the axle.
Wheel lug nuts may have different shapes. Aftermarket alloy and forged rims often require specific lug nuts to match their mounting holes, so it is often required to get a new set of lug nuts when the rims are changed.
There are 4 common lug nut types:
cone seat
bulge cone seat
under hub cap
spline drive.
Removal and installation[edit]
Disc brake with 5 wheel studs sticking out
Lug nuts may be removed using a lug, socket or impact wrench. If the wheel is to be removed then an automotive jack to raise the vehicle and some wheel chocks would be used as well. Wheels that have hubcaps or hub covers need these removed beforehand, typically with a screwdriver,[1] flatbar, or prybar. Lug nuts can be difficult to remove, as they may become frozen to the wheel stud. In such cases a breaker bar or repeated blows from an impact wrench can be used to free them. Alternating between tightening and loosening can free especially stubborn lug nuts.
Lug nuts must be installed in an alternating pattern, commonly referred to as a star pattern.[2] This ensures a uniform distribution of load across the wheel mounting surface. When installing lug nuts, it is recommended to tighten them with a calibrated torque wrench. While a lug, socket or impact wrench may be used to tighten lug nuts the final tightening should be performed by a torque wrench, ensuring an accurate and adequate load is applied. Torque specifications vary by vehicle and wheel type. Both vehicle and wheel manufacturers provide recommended torque values which should be consulted when an installation is done. Failure to abide by the recommended torque value can result in damage to the wheel and brake rotor/drum. Additionally, under tightened lug nuts may come loose with time.
Detecting loose nuts[edit]
In order to allow early detection of loose lug nuts, some large vehicles are fitted with loose wheel nut indicators. The indicator spins with the nut, so that it can be detected with a visual inspection.
Anti-theft nuts or bolts[edit]
A US semi-trailer truck with novelty spiked lug nuts
In countries where the theft of alloy wheels is a serious problem, locking nuts (or bolts, as applicable) are available - or already fitted by the vehicle manufacturer - which require a special adaptor ("key") between the nut and the wrench to fit and remove. The key is normally unique to each set of nuts. Only one locking nut per wheel is normally used, so they are sold in sets of four. Most designs can be defeated using a hardened removal tool which uses a left-hand self-cutting thread to grip the locking nut, although more advanced designs have a spinning outer ring to frustrate such techniques.
History[edit]
In the United States, vehicles manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation used left-hand and right-hand screw thread for different sides of the vehicle to prevent loosening prior to the 1975 models. Most Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles used both left-handed and right-handed lug nuts prior to model year 1965.[3] It was later realized that the taper seat performed the same function. Modern vehicles use right-hand threads on all wheels.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lug nuts.
Center cap
Wheel sizing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Removing and Installing Wheels". NSX Prime. 1997. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ "What Order Do I Tighten My Lug Nuts?". Matthew Wright, About.com. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Junkyard Crawl - Left Hand Lug Nuts Not Just for Mopars". Car Craft Magazine. 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
[hide]
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axial barrel nut
barrel nut
cage nut
cross dowel
captive nut
castellated nut
clip-on nut
coupling nut
distorted thread locknut
flange nut
frangible nut
insert nut
interfering thread nut
internal wrenching nut
jam nut
jet nut
Keps nut
knurled nut
locknut
lug nut
Nyloc nut
Palnut
panel nut
plate nut
rivet nut
self-aligning nut
serrated face nut
sleeve nut
speed nut
split beam nut
split nut
square nut
swage nut
T-nut
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weld nut
well nut
wingnut
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URL
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see URL (disambiguation).
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address,[1] is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI),[2] although many people use the two terms interchangeably.[3][a] URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL could have the form http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Syntax
3 Internationalized URL
4 Protocol-relative URLs
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
History
Uniform Resource Locators were defined in RFC 1738 in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, and the URI working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),[6] as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents Birds of a feather session in 1992.[7][8]
The format combines the pre-existing system of domain names (created in 1985) with file path syntax, where slashes are used to separate directory and filenames. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, preceded by a double slash (//).[9]
Berners-Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the domain name within URIs, wishing he had used slashes throughout,[9] and also said that, given the colon following the first component of a URI, the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary.[10]
An early (1993) draft of the HTML Specification[11] referred to "Universal" Resource Locators. This was dropped some time between June 1994 (RFC 1630) and October 1994 (draft-ietf-uri-url-08.txt).[12]
Syntax
Main article: Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. A generic URI is of the form:
 scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]][/path][?query][#fragment]

It comprises:
The scheme, consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (+), period (.), or hyphen (-). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. It is followed by a colon (:). Examples of popular schemes include http(s), ftp, mailto, file, data, and irc. URI schemes should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), although non-registered schemes are used in practice.[b]
Two slashes (//): This is required by some schemes and not required by some others. When the authority component (explained below) is absent, the path component cannot begin with two slashes.[14]
An authority part, comprising:
An optional authentication section of a user name and password, separated by a colon, followed by an at symbol (@)
A "host", consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a hostname), or an IP address. IPv4 addresses must be in dot-decimal notation, and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ([ ]).[15][c]
An optional port number, separated from the hostname by a colon
A path, which contains data, usually organized in hierarchical form, that appears as a sequence of segments separated by slashes. Such a sequence may resemble or map exactly to a file system path, but does not always imply a relation to one.[17] The path must begin with a single slash (/) if an authority part was present, and may also if one was not, but must not begin with a double slash. The path is always defined, though the defined path may be empty (zero length), therefore no trailing slash.
Query delimiter
Example
Ampersand (&) key1=value1&key2=value2
Semicolon (;)[d][incomplete short citation] key1=value1;key2=value2
An optional query, separated from the preceding part by a question mark (?), containing a query string of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute–value pairs separated by a delimiter.
An optional fragment, separated from the preceding part by a hash (#). The fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an HTML document, the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.
A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host, by default on port number 80. URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website.
Internationalized URL
Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets. An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a form of URL that includes Unicode characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path.[19][20]
The domain name in the IRI is known as an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into punycode usable by the Domain Name System; for example, the Chinese URL http://例子.卷筒纸 becomes http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/. The xn-- indicates that the character was not originally ASCII.[21]
The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system. If not already encoded, it is converted to UTF-8, and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as hexadecimal using percent-encoding; for example, the Japanese URL http://example.com/引き割り.html becomes http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html. The target computer decodes the address and displays the page.[19]
Protocol-relative URLs
Protocol-relative links (PRL), also known as protocol-relative URLs (PRURL), are URLs that have no protocol specified. For example, //example.com will use the protocol of the current page, either HTTP or HTTPS.[22][23]
See also
CURIE (Compact URI)
Use of slashes in networking
Fragment identifier
Internationalized resource identifier (IRI)
Semantic URL
Typosquatting
URL normalization
Notes
Jump up ^ A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism, which is not true of every URI.[4][3] Thus http://www.example.com is a URL, while www.example.com is not.[5]
Jump up ^ The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by RFC 2717, and are now defined by RFC 7595, published in June 2015.[13]
Jump up ^ For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow .0 portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.[16]
Jump up ^ Historic RFC 1866 (obsoleted by RFC 2854) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.[18]
Citations
Jump up ^ W3C (2009).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group (2002).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998).
Jump up ^ Miessler, Daniel. "The Difference Between URLs and URIs".
Jump up ^ W3C (1994).
Jump up ^ IETF (1992).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee (1994).
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee (2000).
Jump up ^ BBC News (2009).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (March 1993). Hypertext Markup Language (draft RFCxxx) (Technical report). p. 28.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, T; Masinter, L; McCahill, M (October 1994). Uniform Resource Locators (URL) (Technical report). cited in Ang, C.S.; Martin, D.C. (January 1995). Constituent Component Interface++ (Technical report). UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management.
Jump up ^ IETF (2015).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.2.2.
Jump up ^ Lawrence (2014).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998), §3.3.
Jump up ^ RFC 1866 (1995), §8.2.1.
^ Jump up to: a b W3C (2008).
Jump up ^ W3C (2014).
Jump up ^ IANA (2003).
Jump up ^ J. D. Glaser (2013). Secure Development for Mobile Apps: How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript. CRC Press. p. 193. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Steven M. Schafer (2011). HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
References
"Berners-Lee "sorry" for slashes". BBC News. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
"Living Documents BoF Minutes". World Wide Web Consortium. 18 March 1992. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Berners-Lee, Tim (21 March 1994). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Masinter, Larry; McCahill, Mark (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim (2015) [2000]. "Why the //, #, etc?". Frequently asked questions. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
Connolly, Dan; Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., eds. (21 May 2009). "Web addresses in HTML 5". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (14 February 2003). "Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix". IETF-Announce mailing list. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Hansen, T.; Hardie, T. (June 2015). Thaler, D., ed. "Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes". Internet Engineering Task Force. ISSN 2070-1721.
Mealling, M.; Denenberg, R., eds. (August 2002). "Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (January 2005). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses". 9 May 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Phillip, A. (2014). "What is Happening with "International URLs"". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
External links
URL specification at WHATWG
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