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Parable of the Prodigal Son
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"Prodigal son" redirects here. For other uses, see The Prodigal Son (disambiguation).
"The Return of the Prodigal Son" redirects here. For the painting by Rembrandt, see The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt). For Egyptian film by Youssef Chahine, see The Return of the Prodigal Son (film).
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1773) by Pompeo Batoni
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (also known as the Two Brothers, Lost Son, Loving Father, or Lovesick Father)[1][2] is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15:11–32. Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples, the Pharisees and others.
In the story, a father has two sons. The younger son asks for his inheritance and after wasting his fortune (the word prodigal means "wastefully extravagant"), becomes destitute. He returns home with the intention of begging his father to be made one of his hired servants, expecting his relationship with his father is likely severed.
The father welcomes him back and celebrates his return. The older son refuses to participate. The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything. But, they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found.
It is the third and final part of a cycle on redemption, following the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin. In Revised Common Lectionary and Latin Rite Catholic Lectionary, this parable is read on the fourth Sunday of Lent (in Year C);[3] in the latter it is also included in the long form of the Gospel on the 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C, along with the preceding two parables of the cycle.[4] In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son.
Contents
[hide]
1 Narrative
2 Context and interpretation
3 Commemoration and use
3.1 Orthodox
3.2 Catholic
4 In the arts
4.1 Art
4.2 Stage
4.3 Popular music
4.4 Literature
5 Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Narrative[edit]
James Tissot - The Return of the Prodigal Son (Le retour de l'enfant prodigue) - Brooklyn Museum
The parable begins with a young man, the younger of two sons, who asks his father to give him his share of the estate. The implication is the son could not wait for his father's death for his inheritance, he wanted it immediately. The father agrees and divides his estate between both sons.
Upon receiving his portion of the inheritance, the younger son travels to a distant country and wastes all his money in extravagant living. Immediately thereafter, a famine strikes the land; he becomes desperately poor and is forced to take work as a swineherd. (This, too, would have been abhorrent to Jesus' Jewish audience, who considered swine unclean animals.) When he reaches the point of envying the food of the pigs he is watching, he finally comes to his senses:
But when he came to himself he said, "How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough to spare, and I'm dying with hunger! I will get up and go to my father, and will tell him, 'Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in your sight. I am no more worthy to be called your son. Make me as one of your hired servants.'" He arose, and came to his father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and ran towards him, and fell on his neck, and kissed him.
—  Luke 15:17–20, World English Bible
This implies the father was hopefully watching for the son's return.
The son does not even have time to finish his rehearsed speech, since the father calls for his servants to dress him in a fine robe, a ring, and sandals, and slaughter the "fattened calf" for a celebratory meal.
The older son, who was at work in the fields, hears the sound of celebration, and is told about the return of his younger brother. He is not impressed, and becomes angry. He also has a speech for his father:
But he answered his father, "Behold, these many years I have served you, and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours, but you never gave me a goat, that I might celebrate with my friends. But when this, your son, came, who has devoured your living with prostitutes, you killed the fattened calf for him."
—  Luke 15:29–30, World English Bible
The parable concludes with the father explaining that because the younger son had returned, in a sense, from the dead, celebration was necessary:
"But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad, for this, your brother, was dead, and is alive again. He was lost, and is found."
—  Luke 15:32, World English Bible
Context and interpretation[edit]
Engraving of the Prodigal Son as a swineherd by Hans Sebald Beham, 1538.
This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption, following the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin, that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners."[5] The father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love,[5] the "boundless mercy of God",[6] and "God's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."[5]
The request of the younger son for his share of the inheritance is "brash, even insolent"[7] and "tantamount to wishing that the father was dead."[7] His actions do not lead to success, and he eventually becomes an indentured servant, with the degrading job of looking after pigs, and even envying them for the carob pods they eat.[7]
The mention of the son's longing to eat with the swine in Luke 15:16 could refer to how the Pharisees viewed the sinners (and Christ, for eating with them) in Luke 15:2. The Pharisees, caught up in their ideas of ritual cleanliness, might have thought of these people as filthy pigs.[8]
On the son's return, the father treats him with a generosity far more than he has a right to expect.[7] Some have suggested that this mirrors what Christians should do after sinning: feel contrition and return to their Heavenly Father, who will graciously welcome them back.[8]
The older son, in contrast, seems to think in terms of "law, merit, and reward",[7] rather than "love and graciousness."[7] He may represent the Pharisees who were criticizing Jesus.[7]
The father, who represents the Heavenly Father, implies to the older son that his love for both sons is not dependent upon their perfection, but their willingness to return to Him with a broken heart and a contrite spirit.
Commemoration and use[edit]
Stained glass window based on the parable, Charleston, South Carolina.
Orthodox[edit]
The Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally reads this story on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son,[9] which in their liturgical year is the Sunday before Meatfare Sunday and about two weeks before the beginning of Great Lent. One common kontakion hymn of the occasion reads,
I have recklessly forgotten Your glory, O Father;
And among sinners I have scattered the riches which You gave to me.
And now I cry to You as the Prodigal:
I have sinned before You, O merciful Father;
Receive me as a penitent and make me as one of Your hired servants.
Catholic[edit]
In his 1984 apostolic exhortation titled Reconciliatio et paenitentia (Latin for Reconciliation and Penance), Pope John Paul II used this parable to explain the process of conversion and reconciliation. Emphasizing that God the Father is "rich in mercy" and always ready to forgive, he stated that reconciliation is a gift on his part. He stated that for the Church her "mission of reconciliation is the initiative, full of compassionate love and mercy, of that God who is love."[10][11] He also explored the issues raised by this parable in his second encyclical Dives in misericordia (Latin for Rich in Mercy) issued in 1980.[12]
In the arts[edit]
Rembrandt, The Return of the Prodigal Son, 1662–1669 (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg)
Gerard van Honthorst, 1623, like many works of the period, allows a genre scene with moral content.
The Polish Rider — Possibly the prodigal son. The subject is of much discussion.
Art[edit]
Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels, this was one of the four that were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others, but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ (the others were the Wise and Foolish Virgins, Dives and Lazarus, and the Good Samaritan.[13] The Labourers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works).
From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly, and the various scenes – the high living, herding the pigs, and the return – of the Prodigal Son became the clear favourite. Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs (1496), a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance. Rembrandt depicted several scenes from the parable, especially the final episode, which he etched, drew, or painted on several occasions during his career.[14] At least one of his works, The Prodigal Son in the Tavern, a portrait of himself as the Son, revelling with his wife, is like many artists' depictions, a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene - if the title was indeed the original intention of the artist. His late Return of the Prodigal Son (1662–1669, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg) is one of his most popular works.
Stage[edit]
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the theme was a sufficiently popular subject that the Prodigal Son Play can be seen as a subgenre of the English morality play. Examples include The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune, The Disobedient Child, and Acolastus.[15]
Notable adaptations for performance include an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan, an 1884 cantata by Claude Debussy, a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev, a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén,[16] and an opera, The Prodigal Son by Benjamin Britten (1968).
Many of these adaptations added to the Biblical material to lengthen the story; for example, the 1955 film The Prodigal took considerable liberties, such as adding a temptress priestess of Astarte to the tale.[17]
Popular music[edit]
The parable is referenced in the last verse of the traditional Irish folk tune "The Wild Rover" ("I'll go home to me parents, confess what I've done / and I'll ask them to pardon their prodigal son").
Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins, who told the story of this parable in the song "Prodigal Son", which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar's Banquet. "Prodigal Man" was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album "Migration" by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969. The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled "Prodigal Son", based on the parable of the same name, which appeared on their second release, Killers, in 1981. U2 recorded a song titled "The First Time" on their 1993 album Zooropa. While based on the parable, it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story. It could be argued that Kelly Willard's 1982 song, Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home. The Prodigal Son is the first posthumous release by piano player and gospel singer Keith Green (1983).
Detroit musician, Kid Rock, also recorded a song titled "Prodigal Son", which appeared on his second album The Polyfuze Method, in 1993. Kid Rock later re-recorded the track for his 2000 album The History of Rock. The Christian Rock trio BarlowGirl recorded the song "She Walked Away", influenced by the parable,[18] as part of their 2004 self-titled album. "Indie" rock band Two Gallants covered the parable in the song "The Prodigal Son" on their 2006 album What the Toll Tells. Musician Dustin Kensrue wrote a song about the Prodigal Son entitled "Please Come Home" on the album of the same name released in 2007.[19] Rock band Sevendust has a track titled "Prodigal Son" on their 2008 album, Chapter VII: Hope and Sorrow. The band Bad Religion has a song of the same title on their album New Maps of Hell. The band Extreme recorded a song titled "Who Cares?", which appeared on the album III Sides to Every Story, which is influenced by this parable. Brantley Gilbert released a song called "Modern Day Prodigal Son". British Reggae band Steel Pulse recorded a song titled "Prodigal Son" on their debut album Handsworth Revolution, recreating the Biblical story as a Rastafarian parable. The Post-Hardcore band "Gideon" released a song called "Prodigal Son", which appeared on their second album Milestone. Christian rock outfit The Chinese Express opened and closed their 2006 release with a two part telling of the parable with songs titled "Said the son to the Father" and "Said the Father to the Son". Post-hardcore band "Jamie's Elsewhere" also released a song titled "Prodigal Son". The Irish rap group House of Pain references the parable in one of the verses of their song, "Jump Around". English indie rock band alt-J references the parable in the first verse of their song "Left Hand Free". On their 2015 album Something Different, the Christian band Sidewalk Prophets included an uplifting song titled "Prodigal" with lyrics that are directed towards the Prodigal Son from the parable, or any person who is or has felt like they are in a similar situation.
In 2006 Country artist Dierks Bentley wrote a song for his album "Long Trip Alone" entitled "The Prodigal Son's Prayer" The song is based on the son's prospective of coming home after he's ruined himself in the world.
Literature[edit]
The Return of the Prodigal Son (Leonello Spada, Louvre, Paris)
Another literary tribute to this parable is Dutch theologian Henri Nouwen's 1992 book, The Return of the Prodigal Son: A Story of Homecoming, in which he describes his own spiritual journey infused with understanding based on an encounter with Rembrandt's painting of the return of the Prodigal and deals with three personages: the younger, prodigal son; the self-righteous, resentful older son; and the compassionate father – all of whom the author identifies with personally.[20] An earlier work with similarities to the parable is "Le retour de l'enfant prodigue" ("The Return of the Prodigal Son"), a short story by André Gide.[21]
Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem[22] giving an interpretation of the younger brother's perspective.[23]
The Parable of the Prodigal Son is also a recurring theme in the works of Rainer Maria Rilke, who interpreted the parable in a different way to the conventional reading. His version of the parable was not so concerned with redemption and the forgiveness of family; the love of the family, and human love in general, was seen as less worthy than unreciprocated love, which is the purest form of love. In loving the family less, the Son can love God more, even if this love is not returned.[24][25]
The theme of the Prodigal Son plays a major role in Anne Tyler's novel A Spool of Blue Thread.[26]
The Prodigal Son was also referred to in the play As You Like It, a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare. The Prodigal Son is also mentioned in Shakespeare's romance, The Winter's Tale (Act 4, Scene 4 line 89).
Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism[edit]
A similar parable of a lost son can also be found in the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra.[27][28] The two parables are so similar in their outline and many details that several scholars have assumed that one version has influenced the other or that both texts share a common origin.[29] However, an influence of the biblical story on the Lotus sutra is regarded as unlikely given the early dating of the stratum of the sutra containing the Buddhist parable.[29] In spite of their similarities, both parables continue differently after the two meet for the first time at the son's return. In the biblical story, there is an immediate reunion of the two. In contrast, in the Lotus sutra, the poor son does not recognize the rich man as his father. When the father sends out some attendants to welcome the son, the son panics, fearing some kind of retribution. The father then lets the son leave without telling him of their kinship. However, he gradually draws the son closer to him by employing him in successively higher positions, only to tell him of their kinship in the end.[27] In the Buddhist parable, the father symbolises the Buddha, and the son symbolises any human being. Their kinship symbolises that any being has Buddha nature. The concealment of the kinship of the father to his son is regarded as a skillful means (Sanskrit:upāya).[30]
See also[edit]
Ministry of Jesus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016. Luke 15:11–32 The Parable of the Lost Son - Jesus.
Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016. Parable of the Forgiving Father (15:11-32) - The IVP New Testament Commentary Series
Jump up ^ "Lent 4C". TextWeek.com. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Proper 19 (24th Sunday of Ordinary Time)". TextWeek.com. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard N. Longenecker, The Challenge of Jesus' Parables, Eerdmans, 2000, ISBN 0-8028-4638-6, pp. 201–213.
Jump up ^ Scott Hahn, Curtis Mitch, and Dennis Walters, Gospel of Luke: The Ignatius Study Guide, 2nd ed, Ignatius Press, 2001, ISBN 0-89870-819-2, p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Arland J. Hultgren, The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary, Eerdmans Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-8028-6077-X, pp. 70–82.
^ Jump up to: a b "Love, Minus the Condemnation". Answering Protestants. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Scripture Readings Throughout the Year". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ The post-synodal apostolic exhortations of John Paul II by Catholic Church 1998 ISBN 0-87973-928-2 pages 234–239
Jump up ^ "Vatican website ''Reconciliatio et paenitentia''". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Vatican website ''Dives in misericordia''". Vatican. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Emile Mâle, The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century, p 195, English translation of 3rd ed, 1913, Collins, London (and many other editions), ISBN 978-0064300322
Jump up ^ Roland E. Fleischer and Susan C. Scott, Rembrandt, Rubens, and the art of their time: recent perspectives, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-915773-10-4, pp. 64-65.
Jump up ^ Craig, Hardin (April 1950). "Morality Plays and Elizabethan Drama". Shakespeare Quarterly. 1 (2): 71. ISSN 0037-3222. doi:10.2307/2866678.
Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel, The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-674-37299-9, pp. 13-14,
Jump up ^ Paul Hammond, The shadow and its shadow: surrealist writings on the cinema, 3rd ed, City Lights Books, 2000, ISBN 0-87286-376-X, p. 70.
Jump up ^ BarlowGirl by BarlowGirl CD review at NewReleaseTuesday.com
Jump up ^ Dustin Kensrue at YouthMinistry.com
Jump up ^ Deirdre LaNoue, The Spiritual Legacy of Henri Nouwen, Continuum, 2000, ISBN 0-8264-1283-1, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Turnell, Martin. "André Gide and the Disintegration of the Protestant Cell". Yale French Studies. Yale University Press (7): 21–31.
Jump up ^ "The Prodigal Son". Famouspoetsandpoems.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Andrew Keith Malcolm Adam, Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible: A reader, Chalice Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8272-2970-4, pp. 202–203.
Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
Jump up ^ Sinkler, Rebecca Pepper (February 13, 2015). "Sunday Book Review: 'A Spool of Blue Thread' by Anne Tyler". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lotus Sutra, Chapter 4, translated By H. Kern
Jump up ^ Suzuki, Takayasu (2015). Two parables on "The wealthy father and the poor son" in the Saddharmapundarika and the Mahaberisutra, Journal of Indian and Budddhist Studies 63 (3), 169-176
^ Jump up to: a b Lai, Whalen W. "The Buddhist Prodigal Son': A Story of Misperceptions". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4.2 (1981), p. 91
Jump up ^ Nhất Hạnh, Thích (2003). Opening the Heart of the Cosmos. Parallax Press. pp. 37–41. ISBN 9781888375336.
Further reading[edit]
Wiggins, James, 2010. What Did Jesus Teach? A Detailed Survey of His Parables ISBN 978-1477699065
David A. Holgate, Prodigality, liberality and meanness in the parable of the prodigal son: a Greco-Roman perspective on Luke 15.11-32, Continuum, 1999, ISBN 1-84127-025-3.
Father Raniero Cantalamessa, Pontifical Household preacher, "Comments on Fourth Sunday of Lent Readings", Zenit News Agency, March 17, 2007.
Rev. George Dimopoulos, "The Prodigal Son", Orthodoxy and the world, February 24, 2008.
G. Campbell Morgan, The Parable of the Father's Heart.
E. Di Rocco (a cura di), Il romanzo della misericordia. La parabola del figliol prodigo nella letteratura in Studium, 4 (2013), nº 109
E. Di Rocco, Leggere le Scritture con le Scritture: Ugo di Santo Caro e Nicola di Lira lettori di Luca (15, 11-32), in Studium, 4 (2013), nº 109.
E. Di Rocco (a cura di), Il romanzo della misericordia. La parabola di Luca nella letteratura moderna e contemporanea. in Studium, 2 (2014), nº 110.
E. Di Rocco, Heimkehr: wohin?, Auszug: wohin?: la parabola esistenziale del figliol prodigo nella letteratura del Novecento. in Studium, 2 (2014), nº 110.
External links[edit]
Brooks, David. "The Prodigal Sons", The New York Times, February 17, 2014
Media related to Prodigal son at Wikimedia Commons
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Parable of the Prodigal Son media
Source
Luke 15
Parables of Jesus
Art
The Wayfarer (1500s)
The Prodigal Son in the Brothel (1637)
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1660s)
The Prodigal Son (1922)
Film
L'Enfant prodigue (1907)
The Prodigal (1955)
The Gospel (2005)
The Prodigal Trilogy (2008)
The Imposter (2008)
Preacher's Kid (2010)
Stage
The London Prodigal (1605 play)
The Prodigal Son (1929 ballet)
Opera
L'enfant prodigue (1850)
The Prodigal Son (1968)
Music
The Prodigal Son (1869)
L'enfant prodigue (1884)
Songs
Symphony No. 4
"Walkin' to Missouri" (1952)
"Prodigal Son" (1994)
Album
Ants'hillvania (1981)
The Prodigal Son (1983)
Literature
Tears of the Prodigal Son (1622)
Le retour de l'enfant prodigue (1907)
"Home-Coming"
Papal
Dives in misericordia (1980)
Reconciliatio et paenitentia (1984)
Other
Fatted calf
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's (2007)
"Michael"
"The Burglar's Christmas"
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Volkswagen Group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Volkswagen AG
Volkswagen Headquarters
Type
Public (AG)
Traded as
FWB: VOW, VOW3
OTCQX: VLKPY, OTCQX: VLKAY [1]
ISIN
DE0007664005
Industry
Automotive
Founded
Berlin, Germany
(May 28, 1937; 80 years ago (1937-05-28))
Headquarters
Wolfsburg, Germany
Number of locations
100 production facilities across 27 countries
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Hans Dieter Pötsch (Chairman of the Supervisory Board)
Matthias Müller (Chairman of the Board of Management)[2]
Products
Automobiles, commercial vehicles, engines, motorcycles, turbomachinery
Production output
10.41 million (2016)[3]
Services
Banking, financing, fleet management, insurance, leasing[4]
Revenue
€217.267 billion (2016)[3]
Operating income
€7.103 billion (2016)[3]
Profit
€5.144 billion (2016)[3]
Total assets
€409.732 billion (2016)[5]
Total equity
€92.910 billion (2016)[5]
Owner
Porsche Automobil Holding SE[6][7] (52.2%)
State of Lower Saxony[6][7] (20.0%)
Qatar Investment Authority[6][7] (17.0%)
Number of employees
626,715 (2016)[3]
Divisions
Automotive Division
Financial Services Division [4]
Subsidiaries
Transportation:[8][show]
Audi
*Lamborghini
**Ducati
Bentley Motors
Bugatti Automobiles
MAN SE
Porsche
Porsche Holding
Scania
SEAT
Škoda Auto
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Volkswagen Marine
Here
Designing Facilities:[show]
Italdesign Giugiaro
Financial Services:[show]
Volkswagen Financial Services AG
Volkswagen Leasing GmbH
Volkswagen Immobilien
Logistics:[show]
Volkswagen Group Fleet International
Volkswagen Group Supply
Volkswagen Air Service
Industrial:[show]
Volkswagen Industrial Motor
International:[show]
Volkswagen Group China
Volkswagen Group India
Volkswagen Group of America
Volkswagen Group Australia
Volkswagen Group Malaysia
Volkswagen do Brasil
Volkswagen Group Ireland
Volkswagen Group Italia
Volkswagen of South Africa
Volkswagen Group United Kingdom
Website
volkswagenag.com
Volkswagen AG (German: [ˈfɔlksˌvaːgn̩]), known internationally as Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, selling 10.7 million vehicles.[9] It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades.[10] It ranked sixth in the 2017 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies. Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and commercial vehicles under the marques MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. It is divided into two primary divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies.[11] VW also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.
Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the latter became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and acquired control of Škoda in 1994, of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, Scania in 2008 and of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market.
Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013.[1][12] The state of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it 20% of the voting rights.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1937 to 1945
1.2 1945 to 1970
1.3 1970 to 2000
1.4 2000 to present
1.4.1 Emissions scandal
1.4.2 Electrification strategy 2025
2 Operations
2.1 Subsidiaries and marques
3 Corporate affairs
3.1 Ownership
3.2 Stock market listings
3.3 Leadership, sales and market share
4 Sponsorships
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Corporate documents
7 External links
History[edit]
May 26, 1938: Laying the foundation stone of the first Volkswagen plant by Adolf Hitler. In the front right is Ferdinand Porsche.
1937 to 1945[edit]
A 1951 Volkswagen Beetle
Volkswagen was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to Gezuvor) by the National Socialist Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front).[14][15][16] The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle.[17] This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler.[18] On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").[14]
Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.
1945 to 1970[edit]
After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst[17] of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise".[19] In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn."[20] Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers.[21] The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.
The Audi F103, in production from 1965 to 1972
Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.
In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft (usually abbreviated to Volkswagenwerk AG).
On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.[22]
Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).[22]
1970 to 2000[edit]
A Volkswagen Golf Mk1; the Golf is the third best-selling car of all-time, selling over 30 million up to 2013
From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the name of the Volkswagen Group.[23]
On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.[22]
In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the Volkswagenwerk in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (Volkswagen AG).
On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.[22]
In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer,[22] raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.[24]
Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.[22]
2000 to present[edit]
The Škoda Superb B6, in production since 2008
On 30 May 2000, Volkswagen AG, after having gradually raised its equity share, turned Škoda Auto into a wholly owned subsidiary.[22]
From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with differentiated profile would be formed,[25] the Audi Brand Group focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the Volkswagen Brand Group on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti[26][27] – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.
Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection.[28] In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.[29]
In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche.[30][31][32] The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement." As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place."[33][34] On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014.[35] Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.[36]
Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010.[37][38] Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen.[39] In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.[40]
On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.[41] In only less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group.[42]
In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Vokswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.[43][undue weight? – discuss]
On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion.[44] This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.
Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki.[45] Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.[46] On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete a stock buy-back just hours prior to news broke out regarding the Volkswagen common-rail TDI engine emissions scandal which engulfed Volkswagen.[46]
Emissions scandal[edit]
Main article: Volkswagen emissions scandal
On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15.[47] The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain.[48][49] The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation.[50] The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure.[51] On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US.[52] The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation,[47] and the California Air Resources Board letter[53] dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.
On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud.[54] On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board;.[55] On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO.[56] Mr. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.[57]
On April 21, 2017, a US federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests." The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017.[58]
Electrification strategy 2025[edit]
In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that aims to offer 20 new electric cars or plug-in hybrid models by 2020 and 30 all-electric models by 2025. The electric cars will utilize the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis for all forms and types of cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.[59][60]
VW Caddy (diesel) vehicles will be replaced by StreetScooter vans in the Deutsche Post/DHL fleet
In June 2016, it was apparent that Deutsche Post/DHL Express - which operates a fleet of approximately 70,000 vehicles worldwide -- would be replacing many of the Volkswagen Caddy vehicles with electric StreetScooter vans made by their own subsidiary over the subsequent years. The company had also begun to market the StreetScooter to other potential customers.[61] VW Chief Executive Matthias Mueller admitted annoyance. "I, of course, ask myself why Post did not talk to our VW Commercial vehicles division about doing something similar. Let's see if we can still get a foot in the door there."[62]
Operations[edit]
Part of the Volkswagen factory in Wolfsburg, Germany, its largest worldwide
Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries.[63] Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.[64]
Subsidiaries and marques[edit]
The Volkswagen Group comprises 12 principal vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding marques:
AUDI AG, the Audi Group, and the Audi marque: ~99.55% ownership;[8] formed through the acquisitions of Auto Union from Daimler-Benz on 30 December 1964, and NSU Motorenwerke on 9 March 1969 - Audi being the sole surviving marque from the Auto Union combine. Audi Sport GmbH is Audi's performance engineering and manufacturing subsidiary.[8]
Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., and the Lamborghini marque: 100% ownership.[8] AUDI AG acquired Lamborghini S.p.A. in September 1998.[65]
Porsche headquarters in Stuttgart
Bentley Motors Ltd including the Bentley marque: 100% ownership by Volkswagen AG.[8] Volkswagen purchased Rolls-Royce & Bentley from Vickers on 28 July 1998,[65] however the purchase did not include the license to use the Rolls-Royce trademark on automobiles, which is controlled by Rolls-Royce Plc.[66] BMW outmaneuvered Volkswagen, succeeding in obtaining the rights to use the Rolls-Royce trademark on automobiles. From July 1998 until December 2002, BMW continued to supply engines for the Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph and the Bentley division sold cars under both the Bentley and Rolls-Royce marques, under an agreement with BMW.
Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S., and the Bugatti marque: 100% ownership.[8] Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Groupe VOLKSWAGEN France s.a.[67] Volkswagen acquired Bugatti International S.A. Holding in July 1998.[65]
Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, and the Porsche marque: Volkswagen AG purchased 49.9% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH (the holding company of Porsche AG) in December 2009.[68] Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.[36]
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. 100% ownership by Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.;[8] company was bought on 19 July 2012.
MAN SE, and the MAN marque (controlling shareholder)[8] Acquired a controlling stake in July 2011, making MAN the 10th marque of the Volkswagen Group. 75.03% ownership since as of 6 June 2012[update].
Scania AB and the Scania marque: Acquired controlling stake in July 2008, making Scania the 9th marque of the Volkswagen Group. 100% ownership since 15 January 2015.[69]
SEAT, S.A. and the SEAT marque: 100% ownership;[8] initially in 1982 a co-operation agreement with AUDI AG; 51% and 75% ownership in 1986, and full ownership in 1990. SEAT was the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group.[22]
Škoda auto a.s., Škoda Auto, and the Škoda marque: 100% ownership.[8] initially in 1991 a co-operation agreement and 30% ownership;[22] 60.3% and 70% ownership on 1994 and 1995 respectively, 100% ownership since 2000[24]
The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles assembly plant in Hannover, Germany
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (VWCV), or German: Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge (VWN): 100% ownership;[8] started operations as an independent entity in 1995.
Volkswagen Passenger Cars, and the Volkswagen marque: the founding and flagship marque of the company, 100% ownership.[8]
The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:
Auto Union (the Auto Union company, together with NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU), were merged into "Audi NSU Auto-Union AG" in 1969. The name was shortened to "AUDI AG" in 1985, and the interlocked four-ring badge from Auto Union is still used by AUDI AG).
Dampf-Kraft-Wagen (DKW)
Horch
NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) – bought in 1969 by Volkswagen AG, and merged into "Audi NSU Auto-Union AG"; the NSU brand has not been used since 1977, while the former NSU manufacturing plant at Neckarsulm is still used for Audi assembly. However, the current AUDI AG shares trade under the ticker symbol "NSU".
Wanderer
Other subsidiaries:
IAV, 50% ownership
MOIA, new mobility services company, 100% ownership[70]
Navistar International, 16.6% ownership since February 2017
Corporate affairs[edit]
Ownership[edit]
Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding.[71] This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers.[72] In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.[73]
On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.[74] On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent.[75] By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent.[76] thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options.[77] Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions[78] The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009.[79] Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen.[80] In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE owns 31 percent shares of Volkswagen AG while maintaining its 50.7 percent of voting rights in the company.[81]
As of 31 December 2016[update], share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:[6]
Subscribed capital:
Percentage
Shareholder name
30.8% Porsche Automobil Holding SE
22.5% Foreign institutional investors
14.6% Qatar Holding LLC
11.8% State of Lower Saxony
18.0% Private shareholders / Others
02.3% German institutional investors
Voting rights:
Percentage
Shareholder name
52.2% Porsche Automobil Holding SE
20.0% State of Lower Saxony
17.0% Qatar Holding LLC
10.8% Others
Stock market listings[edit]
Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange,[82] and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share,[82] Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'.[82] The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.[82]
Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).[82]
Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.[82]
From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.[83]
Leadership, sales and market share[edit]
Volkswagen (mbH, GmbH, AG) leaders
Tenure
Leader(s)
1937 to 1945 Bodo Lafferentz, Ferdinand Porsche, Jakob Werlin[84]
June 1945 to December 1947 Ivan Hirst (Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers)[17]
1 January 1948 to April 1967 Heinrich Nordhoff[85]
1 May 1968 to September 1971 Kurt Lotz[85]
1 October 1971 to February 1975 Rudolf Leiding[85]
10 February 1975 to December 1980 Toni Schmücker[85]
1 January 1982 to December 1992 Carl Hahn[85]
1 January 1993 to 16 April 2002 Ferdinand K. Piëch[85]
16 April 2002 to 31 December 2006 Bernd Pischetsrieder[85]
1 January 2007 to 23 September 2015 Martin Winterkorn[85][86][87]
since 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller[2]
Top 3 Automakers Global, 2012[88]
Group
Units
Toyota 10,104,424
GM 9,285,425
Volkswagen 9,254,742
Top 3 automakers 2012 by global volume, based on OICA data.
The worldwide ranking of automakers is compiled once per year by the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers OICA.[89]
In 2013, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 3.27 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.16 million units. Divided by regions, Western Europe was the largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 3.65 million units in 2013, followed by Asia-Pacific with 3.64 million, and South America with 908,000 units delivered in 2013.[90]
Top 3 Automakers EU27, 2013[91]
Group
Units
share
Volkswagen 2,957,653 25.0
PSA 1,311,406 11.1
RENAULT 1,076,367 10.4
Top 3 automakers 2013 by EU27 new passenger car volume, based on ACEA data
The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA.[91] Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.[92]
The company narrowly missed being the top global automaker in the first half of 2014, selling 5.07 million vehicles in the six months ending June 30, 2014, just behind Toyota which notched up 5.1 million vehicle sales.[93]
Sponsorships[edit]
Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics,[94][95] as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg;[96] the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
See also[edit]
Lower Saxony portal
Companies portal
Germany portal
List of automobile manufacturers
List of automobile manufacturers of Germany
List of Volkswagen Group platforms
Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant
References[edit]
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Corporate documents[edit]
"1937-1945 The Foundation of the Volkswagen Plant". Volkswagen Chronicle. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
"VOLKSWAGEN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Articles of Association As at August 2012" (PDF). volkswagenag.com. VOLKSWAGEN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT. August 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
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"Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Facts and Figures 2012" (PDF). volkswagenag.com. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. 11 June 2012. 272.802.497.20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
"Volkswagen Group Production Plants". volkswagenag.com. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volkswagen Group.
Official website
Clippings about Volkswagen Group in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW).
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