text:
Fernando Sucre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fernando Sucre
Prison Break character
First appearance
"Pilot"
Portrayed by
Amaury Nolasco
Information
Aliases
Jorge Rivera; Mr. Miller
Occupation
Former Warehouse worker Sona Grave Digger (season 3)
Family
Hector Avila (cousin),
Manche Sanchez (cousin),
Lila Maria Sucre (daughter)
Significant other(s)
Maricruz Delgado (wife)
Fernando Sucre, played by Amaury Nolasco, is a fictional character from the American television series, Prison Break. He is introduced to the series in the pilot episode as the prison cellmate of the series protagonist, Michael Scofield (played by Wentworth Miller).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Appearances
2.1 Season 2
2.2 Season 3
2.3 Season 4
2.4 Season 5
3 Characteristics
4 References
Background[edit]
Of Puerto Rican descent, Sucre grew up in Chicago where he had several run-ins with the law. However, he later finds a steady job at a warehouse and his girlfriend, Maricruz Delgado. He ends up in prison after he attempts to rob a liquor store. In the flashback episode, "Brother's Keeper", it is revealed that the reason Sucre had held up the store was to get enough money to pay for an engagement ring for Maricruz. His cousin Hector then tips him off to the cops, as he was also infatuated with Maricruz. After his incarceration, Sucre has conjugal visits from Maricruz, but is occasionally worried about her seeming indecision about her future with him, as she is contemplating dating Hector.
Appearances[edit]
Fernando Sucre was first introduced as a main character in the series premiere. He appeared in every episode except ten: "First Down", "Unearthed", "John Doe", "Chicago", "Orientación", "The Sunshine State", "The Mother Lode", "VS.", "S.O.B." and "Cowboys & Indians".
Season 2[edit]
After parting ways with his fellow escapees, Sucre focuses his attention on reuniting with Maricruz. He learns that Hector and Maricruz are getting married in Las Vegas and attempts to stop the wedding but fails when he is again betrayed by Hector, who calls the police, forcing Sucre to flee. Following this disappointment, Sucre decides to find the Westmoreland's hidden money in Utah, and eventually reunites with the other escapees. When the money is found and packed, Sucre holds the others at gunpoint, forcing them to hand over the money. In "Dead Fall", it is revealed this was a ruse planned by Sucre and Michael, but they have been fooled by T-Bag, who switched the money bag for a bag of magazines. As they run from the police, Sucre falls into a river and is pinned by a fallen tree. Michael refuses to abandon Sucre and eventually saves his life, which Sucre repays when he saves Michael from the coyote in "Bolshoi Booze", arriving at the meet to reunite with the brothers and flee to Mexico. Because the brothers decide to stay and solve the conspiracy, Sucre gets on the escape plane alone, having made plans to meet Maricruz, who left Hector at the altar in Vegas.
After being forced to eject from the plane, Sucre lands in the Mexican desert and struggles to reach Maricruz at the Ixtapa airport, just in time to flee from airport security. They arrive safely at Sucre's aunt's home in "Wash", but Sucre is soon captured by Bellick. Sucre offers Bellick a deal to lead him to T-Bag and the five million dollars, which Sucre has surmised is in the airport. While heading to Panama to look for T-Bag, Bellick tells Sucre that he has left Maricruz in a hole to die, and if she is to live Sucre must lead him to the money. Michael joins their hunt in the next episode, wanting to turn T-Bag in. Unfortunately, Bellick is shot in the leg by T-Bag and arrested. Michael and Sucre corner T-Bag with the intention of turning him in, but T-Bag stabs Sucre in the chest and flees. Sucre receives treatment for this injury but leaves the hospital AMA, to find Maricruz, whom he believes has been trapped by Bellick somewhere back in Mexico. He chases after Bellick, but collapses and blacks out, just as he finds Bellick. His fate is left open at the end of the season.
Season 3[edit]
By the beginning of the third season, Sucre remained the only member of the Fox River Eight to be still at large. The second episode of the third season Fire/Water shows Sucre to be alive and he is seen purchasing a gun at a local store. He proceeds to confront Bellick at Sona prison and threatens to shoot him if he doesn't tell him where Maricruz is. He reveals he never really had her and that he chased her off by threatening to arrest them for accessory. Sucre eventually finds out that Maricruz is in Chicago and calls her and tearfully tells her that he must stay in Panama until he gets his life back together. In Call Waiting, Sucre asks Lincoln to split the money of Westmoreland. But Lincoln rebukes Sucre, saying they lost the money, and chases him away. Sucre later reappears, this time unconscious with a bottle of alcohol in the front steps of Lincoln's hotel room, after which Lincoln takes Sucre in. At first, Sucre is eager to move down to Colombia as a migrant worker to financially support Maricruz and his unborn child, and refuses to act as an interpreter to aid Lincoln in setting up Michael's escape plan.
Upon hearing of the murder of Sara Tancredi, Sucre changes his mind and commits to preparing a route for the escape from Sona by taking over as gravedigger to secretly damage the electric fence protecting the prison. Lechero's cousin Augusto soon approaches Sucre, to smuggle a package into Sona a single time. Sucre is swayed by the large amount of money offered. Afterwards Augusto asks him to make another delivery. After initially resisting Sucre ultimately agrees. Sucre soon commits himself fully to the escape plan in Photo Finish and Vamonos and almost helps Lincoln free his son L.J. Burrows. He and Lincoln later devise a plan to fool Company operative Gretchen Morgan that Sucre has turned against the brothers.
Later Sucre finds out the alias he chose to get a job at Sona has an arrest warrant, and is locked up in Sona shortly after Michael and Co. escape when T-Bag recognizes him and reveals his true identity. As a result, Sucre became the sixth and final member of the Fox River Eight (as C-Note was placed into witness protection and dropped of all charges, and Lincoln was exonerated) to be taken down by the authorities, and the third member not to die upon interception.
In the third season there is a conversation between Sucre and Gretchen Morgan about the meaning of his family name: Sucre in Catalan language means sugar. That's why she began to call him "azucar" (sugar in Spanish).
At the end of Season 3 Sucre was incarcerated into Sona for refusing to reveal to the guards the whereabouts of Michael Scofield subsequent to his escape. T-Bag convinced them that Sucre was involved, and after being tortured for several hours he was thrown into Sona, just in time to see T-Bag take over as the new ruler of the Panamanian prison after the death of its former ruler, Lechero.
Season 4[edit]
At the beginning of season four, Theodore Bagwell (T-Bag) burns Sona to the ground, and Sucre, with the aid of Brad Bellick, former CO of Fox River, escapes Sona to continue their life on the run. After fleeing and making it back to the United States, Sucre and Bellick are arrested and brought into police custody, where homeland security agent Don Self arranges to have Sucre and Bellick join an "off the books" government mission to retrieve "Scylla", the infamous Company's "little black book" in exchange for their freedoms. The team works together to find all of the missing cards and retrieves Scylla, only to have been double crossed by Self and set up for murder so Self could get away with and sell Scylla. The team then proceeds to try to retrieve Scylla from Self but fails, resulting in Michael being kidnapped by the Company. Eventually, Sucre, in a discussion with Lincoln Burrows (brother of Michael), decides he has had enough of putting his life at risk to bring down the Company, and leaves the group to return to his wife Maricruz and his newborn child.
Season 5[edit]
Upon learning that Michael is alive, Sucre is eager to join Lincoln and C-Note to Yemen to rescue Michael. Lincoln gently rejects him, instead taking C-Note, who has a better knowledge of Yemen.
Characteristics[edit]
In the flashback episode of the first season, "Brother's Keeper", Fernando's first illegal act involved armed robbery with a revolver pointed right at the shopkeeper - only to take 100 dollars. He later repeated the act to earn the money for the engagement ring he intended to give to Maricruz, only to be turned in by his own cousin, Hector. During his time at Fox River Penitentiary he appeared to be in good terms with almost all correctional officers and other inmates prior to the prison break. He's easily one of only two members of the Fox River Eight whose loyalty towards Michael is unquestionable, (as seen in "The Art of the Deal" when at gunpoint, countless times, and while he made to dig up his own grave by the guards, he does not give up any info regarding the whereabouts of Michael) the other one being Lincoln Burrows. Fernando also has a knack for making unconventional and seemingly-mundane yet effective strategies from time to time, as seen when he managed to successfully cover up the hole that Scofield's PI crew dug up. Outside, he displayed being able to hot wire various vehicles in record time, which was a valuable asset for Michael and all the other cons that Scofield took with him on the night of the escape.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Prison Break': The Top 25 Characters, Ranked". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Prison Break
Seasons
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Episodes
"Pilot"
"Allen"
"Cute Poison"
"English, Fitz or Percy"
"Riots, Drills and the Devil"
"Manhunt"
"Rendezvous"
"Bolshoi Booze"
" Disconnect"
"The Killing Box"
"John Doe"
"The Message"
"Chicago"
"Panama"
"Fin Del Camino"
"Scylla"
"Breaking & Entering"
"Shut Down"
"Eagles & Angels"
"Safe & Sound"
"Blow Out"
"Five the Hard Way"
"The Price"
"Greatness Achieved"
"The Legend"
"Quiet Riot"
"Selfless"
"Ogygia"
"Kaniel Outis"
"The Liar"
"The Prisoner's Dilemma
Characters
Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Brad Bellick
Lincoln Burrows
Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Paul Kellerman
Alexander Mahone
Michael Scofield
Fernando Sucre
Sara Tancredi
Minor characters
Cast members
Universe
Fox River State Penitentiary
Penitenciaría Federal de Sona
The Company
Other media
The Final Break (movie)
Proof of Innocence
The Conspiracy
Soundtracks
Seasons 1 & 2
Seasons 3 & 4
Related
Awards and nominations
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Sucre&oldid=807686655"
Categories:
Prison Break characters
Fictional American people of Puerto Rican descent
Fictional characters from Illinois
Television sidekicks
Fictional characters introduced in 2005
Fictional prison escapees
Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people
Fictional criminals
Fictional prisoners and detainees in the United States
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
ქართული
Kiswahili
Magyar
Nederlands
Polski
Română
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 October 2017, at 15:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #cccfff; color: #000000;

values: text-align:center;background: #cccfff; color: #000000;

values:
/wiki/Hector_Avila
mw-redirect
Hector Avila

values:
/wiki/Manche_Sanchez
mw-redirect
Manche Sanchez

values:
/wiki/Maricruz_Delgado
mw-redirect
Maricruz Delgado

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values:
/wiki/Television_series
mw-redirect
Television series

values:
/wiki/Pilot_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Pilot (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people
mw-redirect
Puerto Rican people

values:
/wiki/First_Down_(Prison_Break)
mw-redirect
First Down (Prison Break)

values:
/wiki/Unearthed_(Prison_Break)
mw-redirect
Unearthed (Prison Break)

values:
/wiki/The_Sunshine_State_(Prison_Break)
mw-redirect
The Sunshine State (Prison Break)

values:
/wiki/The_Mother_Lode
mw-redirect
The Mother Lode

values:
/wiki/VS._(Prison_Break)
mw-redirect
VS. (Prison Break)

values:
/wiki/S.O.B._(Prison_Break)
mw-redirect
S.O.B. (Prison Break)

values:
/wiki/Otis_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Otis (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Map_1213_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Map 1213 (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Dead_Fall_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Dead Fall (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Bad Blood (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Wash_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Wash (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Panama_(Prison_Break_episode)
mw-redirect
Panama (Prison Break episode)

values:
/wiki/Against_Medical_Advice
mw-redirect
Against Medical Advice

values:
/wiki/L.J._Burrows
mw-redirect
L.J. Burrows

values:
/wiki/Gretchen_Morgan
mw-redirect
Gretchen Morgan

values:
/wiki/Armed_robbery
mw-redirect
Armed robbery

values:
/wiki/Fox_River_Penitentiary
mw-redirect
Fox River Penitentiary

values:
/wiki/Fox_River_Eight
mw-redirect
Fox River Eight

values:
/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Deal
mw-redirect
The Art of the Deal

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of awards and nominations received by Prison Break

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Fictional American people of Puerto Rican descent

values: Category:Fictional characters from Illinois

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2005

values: Category:Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people

values: Category:Fictional prisoners and detainees in the United States

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fernando_Sucre
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: فرناندو سوكري – Arabic

values: فرناندو سوکره – Persian

values: ფერნანდო სუკრე – Georgian

values: Фернандо Сукре – Serbian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fernando_Sucre rootpage-Fernando_Sucre vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
History of Goa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on the
History of India
Ancient[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE
Neolithic, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE
Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE
Jhusi 7106 BCE
Lahuradewa 7000 BCE
Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE
Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
Early Vedic Period
Rise of Śramaṇa movement
Later Vedic Period
Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha
Spread of Jainism - Mahavira
Rise of Buddhism
Mahajanapadas, c. 500 – c. 345 BCE
Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 – c. 322 BCE
Classical[show]
Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 – c. 185 BCE
Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 – c. 75 BCE
Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 – c. 30 BCE
Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 – c. 230 CE
Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE – c. 220 CE
Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 – c. 550 CE
Early medieval[show]
Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 – c. 753 CE
Harsha's Dynasty, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE
Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 – c. 760 CE
Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE
Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 – c. 973 CE
Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
Rastrakuta Dynasty
Pala Dynasty
Chola Dynasty, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE
2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE
Late medieval[show]
Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
Slave Dynasty
Khalji Dynasty
Tugluq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodhi Dynasty
Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 – c. 1323 CE
Vijayanagara, c. 1336 – c. 1646 CE
Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 – c. 1576 CE
Early modern[show]
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 – c. 1540 CE
Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 – c. 1857 CE
Bengal Subah, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE
Maratha Empire, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE
Company Raj, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE
Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE
Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
Modern[show]
The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 – c. 1858 CE
British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
Independence Movement
Independent India, c. 1947 CE – present
Related articles[show]
Timeline of Indian History
Dynasties in Indian History
Economic History
Demographic History
Linguistic History
Architectural History
Art History
Literary History
Philosophical History
History of Religion
Musical History
Education History
Coinage History
Science and Technology History
List of Inventions and Discoveries
Military History
Naval History
Wars involving India
v
t
e
Goa is a small state on the western coast of India. Though the smallest Indian state, Goa has played an influential role in Indian history. Goa was one of the major trade centres in India, thus it had always been attracting the influential dynasties, seafarers, merchants, traders, monks and missionaries since its earliest known history. Throughout its history Goa has undergone continual transformation, leaving an indelible impression on various aspects of its cultural and socio-economic development.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geological origins
2 Mythological origins
3 Prehistoric period
3.1 Paleolithic and Mesolithic era
3.1.1 Kushavati Shamanic culture
3.2 Neolithic period
4 The Iron age
4.1 The Formations of Gavkaris and the self rule
4.2 The later migrations
5 The age of empires
5.1 The Mauryas
5.2 The Shatavahanas
5.2.1 Goa under the Western Kshatrapas
5.3 Bhojas
6 Medieval period
6.1 Shilaharas
6.2 Kadambas
6.2.1 Port of Goapakapattna
7 Bahmani Sultanate
8 Portuguese rule
8.1 Decline
9 Second World War
10 After the independence of India
11 Indian annexation of Goa
12 See also
13 Footnotes
14 References
15 Further reading
Geological origins[edit]
Some parts of present day Goa appear to have been uplifted from the sea due to geological tectonic plate movement. There is evidence to support this theory as indicated by presence of marine fossils, buried seashells and other features of reclaimed topography in the coastal belt.[1] The evidence provided by the conch shells at Surla village, fossilized marine conch shells discovered in 1863, petrified roots, fossilized branches have been found later in many villages on the foothills of the Sahyadri dating back more than 10,000 BC. Thus the geologists concluded that Goa has risen up from seabed as a result of violent tectonic movements. At the decline of the intensity of pluviation in the last Pleistocenic age around 10.000 BC, the bottom of Deccan plateau was lifted up and out of sea-waters by the tectonic movements, formed the West-coast of India, Goa being a part thereof.[2]
Mythological origins[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: This section makes multiple statements without referencing original sources. Please provide citations that meet Wikipedia's reliable sources standards Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The first[chronology citation needed] literary reference to Goa is in the Bhishma Parva of Mahabharata as Gomanta which translates as the region of cows.[3] A legend states Lord Krishna defeated Jarasandha, the king of Magadha on Gomanchal Mountain, identified as a location in Goa.[1]
Suta Samhita section of Skanda Purana mentions Goa as Govapuri [4]
Govapuri is mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of Skanda Purana, which says the extent of Govapuri was about seven Yojanas.
“ गोकर्णादुत्तरे भागे सप्तयोजनविस्तृतं
तत्र गोवापुरी नाम नगरी पापनाशिनी ”
According to the Parshurama mythology, Parashurama, the sixth reincarnation of Vishnu faced with an order of banishment from the lands that he had once conquered, sets seven arrows fly from the Sahydris to push back the sea and create a stretch of land which he could claim for himself. The sea-god is believed to have acceded his to wish and created a region Shurparaka, which translates literally to winnowing fan. This region is also known as Parashurama Kshetra.[5] The legend further tells us that having created Goa, Parashurama brought Goud Saraswat Brahmins from the North and settled them in this land.(See:Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha) -Ed. Dr. Jarson D. Kunha, Marathi version Ed. By Gajananshastri Gaitonde)[incomplete short citation].The Parashurama mythology thus serves as a symbol of the Sanskritisation that Goan culture experienced with the advent of Brahminical religion to the region, and establishment of Brahminical hegemony[6][7]
The Parashurama myth personifies the geological process of elevation of submerged land along the west coast, which must have taken place around 12,000[citation needed]
Prehistoric period[edit]
Paleolithic and Mesolithic era[edit]
Until 1993 the existence of humans in Goa during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic period was highly debated. The discovery of rock art engravings on lateritic platforms and granite boulders from Usgalimal on the banks of west-flowing river Kushavati River, has shed light on the prehistory of Goa.[8] The rock shelter at Usgalimal has enough space for 25 to 30 people. The perennial stream in the vicinity which might have served Stone age man for centuries as a source of water.[9] An anthropomorphic figure of Mother goddess and tectiforms resembling tree-like motifs have been found.[9] This site was discovered by Dr P.P.Shirodkar. Exploration of several Mesolithic sites of the Mandovi-Zuari basin, at other sites such as Keri, Thane, Anjuna, Mauxim, Kazur in Quepem, Virdi, has led to the discovery of several scrapers, points, bores, cones, et cetera. A hand axe has also been found at Usgalimal.[10] Further unifacial choppers were recovered on a flat-based pebble of quartzite from a pebble conglomerate at Shigaon on the Dudhsagar River.[11] Shirodakar made a detailed study of the rock engravings and dated them to Upper paleolithic and Mesolithic phases, or to 20,000-30,000 BC.[10] These discoveries have demonstrated that the region had been supporting a population of hunter-gatherers well before the advent of agriculture. Evidence of Palaeolithic cave existence can be seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigaon, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, Aquem-Margaon et cetera. Difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock compounds has posed a problem in determining the exact time period.[12]
Rock cut engraving at Usgalimal
Kushavati Shamanic culture[edit]
Dr. Nandkumar Kamat from the University of Goa discovered the prehistoric petroglyphs of Goa.[note 1] More than 125 forms were found scattered on the banks of river Kushavati in south-eastern Goa. According to Kamat, these are evidence of a prehistoric Goan shamanistic practice. For hundreds of years, the Kushavati rock art of Goa was known locally as goravarakhnyachi chitram, or pictures made by cowherds. But people did not know how ancient the works were, nor could anyone interpret them. After thorough study of these forms, scholars have concluded that these petroglyphs differ from those found elsewhere in Goa. Deeper studies and analysis over a period of ten years showed these petroglyphs were an exquisitely carved ocular labyrinth, one of the best in India and Asia. Its ocular nature added to the evidence of prehistoric shamanism.
The studies have shown that the Kushavati culture was a hunter-gatherer culture with deep knowledge of local natural resources and processes - water, fish, plants, game, animal breeding cycles, seasons and natural calamities. The Kushavati culture was greatly concerned with water security, so they set up camps near the streams. The Kushavati found food security in the jungle near the steam. Like every culture, its members confronted the mysteries of illness, death and birth. Kamat believes that this culture dated to 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. On basis of recent DNA-based work on human migration, Dr. Nandkumar Kamat has ruled out the possibility of Kushavati shamans belonging to the first wave of humans to arrive in Goa. They were not negritoes or austrics. Most probably they were the earliest Mediterraneans who had descended the Western Ghats, probably in their search for sea salt on Goa’s coast. As the Kushavati transitioned into a Neolithic society, they began the domestication of animals and were in the last phase of using stone tools. The entire realm of shamanism underwent a radical transition. Today evidence of the metamorphosis in masked dance drama Perni jagor can be seen in the same cultural region.
Neolithic period[edit]
Archaeological evidence in the form of polished stone axes, suggest the first settlements of Neolithic man in Goa.[13] These axes have been found in Goa Velha.[14] During this period tribes of Austric origin such as the Kols, Mundaris and Kharvis may have settled Goa, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC.[13] According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume, the Gauda and Kunbi and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. Dhume notes several words of Mundari origin in the Konkani language. He describes the deities worshipped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming, and its overall effect on modern-day Goan culture.[15] The Negroids were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture and were food-gatherers. Traces of Negroid physical characteristics can be found in parts of Goa, up to at least the middle of the first millennium.[15]
The Proto-Australoid tribe known as the Konkas, from whom is derived the name of the region, Kongvan or Konkan, with the other mentioned tribes, reportedly made up the earliest settlers in the territory.[16] Agriculture had not fully developed at this stage and was being developed. The Kol and Mundari may have been using stone and wood implements, as iron implements were used by the megalithic tribes as late as 1200 BC. The Kol tribe is believed to have migrated from Gujarat.[17]
During this period, the people began worship of a mother goddess in the form of anthill or Santer. The Anthill is called Roen(Konkani:रोयण), which is derived from the Austric word Rono, meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated into Prakrit Santara. They also worshipped the mother earth by the name of Bhumika in Prakrit. Anthill worship still continues in Goa.[15]
The Iron age[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Formations of Gavkaris and the self rule[edit]
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Comunidade
The theocratic democracy of Sumer was transformed into the oligarchic democracy of village-administration in Goa known as Gavkari, when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers, they had right to auction the land, this rent was used for development, and the remainder was distributed amongst the Gavkars. Sumerians view that the village land must belong to the village god or goddess, this was the main feature of the Gavkari system where the village's preeminent deity's temple was the centre of all the activities.[18] It consisted of definite boundaries of land from village to village with its topographic detail, its management and social, religious and cultural interaction. Gavkari thus were in existence long before constitution of the state of Goa itself.[19]
Thus even before any king ruled the territory, oligarchic democracy in the form of Gavkari existed in Goa. This form of village-administration was called as Gaunponn (Konkani:गांवपण), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaunponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers (most of them were extraterritorial).[20] This system for governance became further systematised and fortified, and it has continued to exist ever since. Even today 223 comunidades are still functioning in Goa, though not in the true sense.[19]
The later migrations[edit]
The second wave of migrants arrived sometime between 1700 and 1400 BC. This second wave migration was accompanied by southern Indians from the Deccan plateau. A wave of Kusha or Harappan people moved to Lothal probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.[17] With the admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in early Goan society.[21]
The age of empires[edit]
The Mauryas[edit]
Main article: Mauryan empire
The history of the Mauryas is almost non-existent. The existing records disclose the names of only three of the dynasty's kings, namely Suketavarman, who ruled some time in the 4th or 5th centuries BC, Chandravarman in the 6th century BC, and Ajitavarman in the 7th century BC, who ruled from Kumardvipa or modern Kumarjuve, but beyond that the records provide no clue as to their mutual relationship. These dates were determined by comparing the style of the Nagari script in which these records are written with the evolution of this script, which may be dated fairly accurately. It is possible to infer from the places mentioned in these records and their discovery locations that at its zenith, the Western Maurya Kingdom comprised the Lata or South Gujarat, coastal Maharashtra, Goa, and approximately half of the North Kanara district. After the Maurya Empire had passed its meridian in the 2nd century BC its satrap in Aparanta made himself independent. A scion of the imperial Mauryas, he founded a dynasty that ruled over the west coast for nearly four centuries from its capital Shurparaka or modern Sopara. This dynasty was known as the Konkan Mauryas. Goa was called Sunaparant by the Mauryas.[22]
Chandragupta Maurya incorporated the west coast of India in his province of Aparanta, and the impact of Magadhan Prakrit, the official language of the Mauryan Empire, on the local dialects resulted in the formation of early Konkani, as was the case with other Aryan vernaculars. During this era Buddhism was introduced to Goa. Similarly a native Goan named Purna, also known as Punna in Pali, who traveled to Sarnath is considered a direct disciple of Buddha, who popularised Buddhism in Goa in 5th century BC.[22]
The Shatavahanas[edit]
Main article: Satavahana
The Satavahana dynasty began as vassals of the Mauryan Empire, but declared independence as the Mauryan Empire declined. The Satavahana dynasty ruled Goa through their coastal vassals, the Chutus of Karwar. This period is estimated to have lasted from around the 2nd century BC to 100 AD. The Satavahanas had established maritime power and their contacts with Roman empire from the coastal trade from Sindh to Saurashtra, from Bharuch to Sopara to Goa, where Greek and Roman ships would halt during voyages. The Bhojas fortified themselves after the end of Satavahana Empire.[23] With the fall of the Satavahanas, the lucrative seaborne trade declined.[24] Many Greek converts to Buddhism settled in Goa during this period. Buddha statues in Greek styles have been found in Goa.[25] It can be seen that they ruled a very small part of Goa. Maharashtri prakrit was their language of administration, which influenced medieval Konkani to a great extent.[26]
Goa under the Western Kshatrapas[edit]
In the year 150AD, Vashishtiputra Satakarni was defeated by his son-in-law, the Kshatrapa King Rudradaman I who established his rule over Goa.[27] This dynasty ruled the territory until 249AD. Thereafter the dynasty's power seems to have been weakened by their generals, the Abhiras[28]
Bhojas[edit]
Main article: Bhojas of Goa
First existing as vassals of the Mauryan Empire and later as an independent empire, the Bhojas ruled Goa for more than 500 years, annexing the entirety of Goa. The earliest known record of the Bhoja Empire from Goa dates from the 4th century AD, it was found in the town of Shiroda in Goa. According to Puranik, by tradition the Bhojas belonged to the clan of Yadavas, who may have migrated to Goa via Dwaraka after the Mahabharata war.[29] Two Bhoja copperplates grants dating back to the 3rd century BC were unearthed from Bandora village, written by King Prithvimallavarman. Many other copper plates, have also been recovered from other places in Goa which date from the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. Ancient Chandrapur, modern day Chandor, was the capital of the Bhoja Empire; the Bhojas ruled Goa, Belgaum and North Canara.[citation needed]
From the Bhoja inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan, it is evidenced that the Bhojas used Sanskrit and Prakrit for administration. According to Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri, many Brahmins and Vaishyas arrived with Kshatriyas Bhojas from the north.[30] The Kshatriya Bhojas patronised Buddhism and employed many Buddhist converts of Greek and Persian origin.[31]
Medieval period[edit]
Goa was ruled by several dynasties of various origins from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD.[citation needed] Since Goa had been under the sway of several dynasties, there was no organised judicial or policing system in those days, except for traditional arrangements governed by absolute rulers and local chieftains. There may have been more order under Muslim rule.[32] During this time, Goa was not ruled as a singular kingdom. Parts of this territory were ruled by several different kingdoms. The boundaries of these kingdoms were not clearly defined and the kings were content to consider their dominions as extending over many villages, which paid tribute and owed them allegiance.[33]
Dynasties controlling Goa from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD
Name of the ruler
Reign
Indo-Parthians 2nd–4th centuries AD
Abhiras, Batapuras, Bhojas 4th–6th centuries
Chalukyas of Badami 6th–8th centuries
Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, Shilaharas 8th–10th centuries
Kadambas 1006–1356
Yadavas of Devagiri 12th and 13th centuries
Vijayanagar Empire 14th and 15th centuries
Bahmani Sultanate 15th century
Shilaharas[edit]
The Shilaharas of South Konkan ruled Goa from 755 until 1000 AD. Sannaphulla, the founder of the dynasty, was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas. Their copper-plate inscriptions suggest that they ruled from Vallipattana (there is no unanimity amongst the scholars regarding identification of Vallipattana, some identify it with Balli in Goa, or it may either be Banda or Kharepatan in the modern-day state of Maharashtra), Chandrapura and Gopakapattana.[34] This was a tumultuous period in Goan history. As the Goa Shilahara power waned during the 11th century, the Arab traders gained increasing control of the overseas trade. They enjoyed autonomy from the Shilaharas. In order to control this decline, Kadamba King Guhalladeva I, ruling from Chandor, established secular, political, and economic partnerships with these Arab states. After the Chalukyas defeated the Rashtrakutas, exploiting this situation to their advantage, the Kadamba King, Shashthadeva II, firmly established his rule in Goa.[34]
Kadambas[edit]
Main article: Kadambas of Goa
The Kadambas ruled Goa between the 10th and 14th centuries. In the beginning, the Kadambas ruled only Sashti present day Salcette, a small part of Konkan. They ruled from Chandor, over a large part of Goa, but the port of Gopakapattana was not included in the early years.[35]
Port of Goapakapattna[edit]
Later King Shashthadeva conquered the island of Goa, including the ports of Gopakpattana and Kapardikadvipa, and annexed a large part of South Konkan to his kingdom. He made Gopakpattana as his secondary capital. His successor, King Jayakeshi I, expanded the Goan kingdom. The Sanskrit Jain text Dvayashraya mentions the extent of his capital. Port Gopakapattna had trade contacts with Zanzibar, Bengal, Gujarat and Sri Lanka (mentioned as Zaguva, Gauda, Gurjara, and Simhala in the Sanskrit texts). The city has been described in the contemporary records not only as aesthetically pleasing, but spiritually cleansing as well. Because it was a trading city, Gopakapattna was influenced by many cultures, and its architecture and decorative works showed this cosmopolitan effect. The capital was served by an important highway called Rajvithi or Rajpath, which linked it with Ela, the ruins of which can still be seen. For more than 300 years, it remained a centre for intra-coastal and trans-oceanic trade from Africa to Malaya. Later in the 14th century, the port was looted by the Khalji general Malik Kafur. The capital was transferred to Chandor and then back to Gopakapattna because of Muhammad bin Tughluq's attack on Chandor.[35]
Guhalladeva III, Jayakeshi II, Shivachitta Paramadideva, Vinshuchitta II and Jayakeshi III dominated Goa's political scene in the 12th century. During the rule of Kadambas, the name and fame of Goapuri had reached it zenith. Goa's religion, culture, trade and arts flourished under the rule of these kings. The Kings and their queens built many Shiva temples as they were devout Shaivites. They assumed titles like Konkanadhipati, Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera, Gopakapura varadhishva, Konkanmahacharavarti and Panchamahashabda.[36] The Kings had matrimonial relationships with the Kings of Saurashtra, and even the local chieftains. The Kings patronised Vedic religion and performed major fire sacrifices like the horse sacrifice or Ashvamedha. They are also known for patronising Jainism in Goa.
Though their language of administration was Sanskrit and Kannada, Konkani and Marathi were also prevalent. They introduced Kannada language to Goa, which had a very profound influence on the local tongue. Nagari script, Kadamba script, Halekannada script and Goykanadi scripts were very popular. Kadamba Tribhuvanamalla, inscribed a record, dated saka 1028 or AD 1106, that he established a Brahmapuri at Gopaka.[37] Brahmapuris were ancient universities run by the Brahmins where the Vedas, astrology, philosophy, medicine, and other subjects were studied. Such Brahampuris were found in many places in Goa such as Savoi verem and Gauli moula.
Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 400 years. On 16th October 1345 [38] Goa Kadamba King Suriya Deva was assassinated by Muslim invaders.
Bahmani Sultanate[edit]
In 1350 AD, Goa was ruled by the Bahmani Sultanate. However, in 1370, the Vijayanagar empire, a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi, reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly a century, during which time its harbours were important port of arrival for Arabian horses on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469 Goa was reconquered by the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga. When this Sultanate broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate, which established Goa Velha as its second capital. The former Secretariat building in Panaji is a former Adil Shahi palace, later taken over by the Portuguese Viceroys as their official residence.
Portuguese rule[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main articles: Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510) and Goa Inquisition
A breech-loading swivel gun thought to have been constructed in the 16th century in Portuguese Goa, India. Caliber: 95mm, length: 2880mm. It was exported to Japan and used in the time of Oda Nobunaga.
Goa Market Place in 1583
Vasco da Gama joined the Portuguese navy as a young man, where he learned navigational skills and served with distinction in the war against Castile.[39] He set off from Lisbon in 1497 and a year later, landed in Calicut, India, and broke the Arab monopoly of trade.[39]
In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at the behest of the local chieftain Thimayya. After losing the city briefly to its former ruler, Ismail Adil Shah, the Muslim King of Bijapur, Albuquerque returned in force on 25 November, with a fully renovated fleet.[40] In less than a day, the Portuguese fleet took possession of Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies, who surrendered on 10 December. It is estimated that 6,000 of the 9,000 Muslim defenders of the city died, either in the battle in the streets or while trying to escape.[41] Albuquerque gained the support of the Hindu population, although this frustrated the initial expectations of Thimayya, who aspired to control the city. Afonso de Albuquerque rewarded him by appointing him chief Aguazil of the city, an administrator and representative of the Hindu and Muslim people; he was a learned interpreter of the local customs.[42] Albuquerque made an agreement to lower yearly dues and taxes. In spite of frequent attacks by raiders, Goa became the centre of Portuguese India, with the conquest triggering the compliance of neighboring kingdoms; the Sultan of Gujarat and the Zamorin of Calicut dispatched embassies, offering alliances and local concessions to be fortified.
In Goa, Albuquerque started the first Portuguese mint in the East, after complaints from merchants and Timoja about the scarcity of currency. He used it as an opportunity to announce the territorial conquest by the design of the new coins.[43] The new coin, based on the existing local coins, bore a cross on one side and the design of an armillary sphere (or esfera), King Manuel's badge, on the reverse. Gold, silver and bronze coins were issued: gold cruzados or manueis, esperas and alf-esperas, and leais.[44][45] More mints were built in Malacca in 1511.
Chapel of St. Catherine, built during the Portuguese occupation in Old Goa. It should not to be confused with the Cathedral of Santa Catarina, also in Old Goa.
Albuquerque and his successors left the customs and constitutions of the thirty village communities on the island almost untouched, abolishing only the rite of sati, in which widows were burned on their husband's funeral pyre. A register of these customs (Foral de usos e costumes) was published in 1526; it is among the most valuable historical documents pertaining to Goan customs.[46]
Goa was the base for Albuquerque's conquest of Malacca in 1511 and Hormuz in 1515. Albuquerque intended it to be a colony and a naval base, distinct from the fortified factories established in certain Indian seaports. Goa was made capital of the Portuguese Vice-Kingdom in Asia, and the other Portuguese possessions in India, Malacca and other bases in Indonesia, East Timor, the Persian Gulf, Macau in China and trade bases in Japan were under the suzerainty of its Viceroy. By mid–16th century, the area under occupation had expanded to most of present-day limits.
Goa was granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon. Its senate or municipal chamber maintained direct communications with the king and paid a special representative to attend to its interests at court. In 1563 the governor proposed to make Goa the seat of a parliament representing all parts of the Portuguese east, but this was rejected by the King.
The Portuguese set up a base in Goa to consolidate their control of the lucrative spice trade. Goods from all parts of the East were displayed in its bazaar, and separate streets were designated for the sale of different classes of goods: Bahrain pearls and coral, Chinese porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece-goods, and drugs and spices from the Malay Archipelago.
In 1542, St. Francis Xavier mentions the architectural splendour of the city. It reached the height of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. Travellers marvelled at Goa Dourada, or Golden Goa. A Portuguese proverb said, "He who has seen Goa need not see Lisbon."
Map of Goa, in Histoire générale des Voyages, de la Harpe, 1750.
In the main street, African and Indian slaves were sold by auction. The houses of the rich were surrounded by gardens and palm groves; they were built of stone and painted red or white. Instead of glass, their balconied windows had thin polished oyster-shells set in lattice-work. The social life of Goa's rulers befitted the capitol of the viceregal court, the army and navy, and the church; luxury and ostentation became a byword before the end of the 16th century.[47]
Almost all manual labour was performed by slaves. The common soldiers assumed high-sounding titles, and even the poor noblemen who congregated in boarding-houses subscribed for a few silken cloaks, a silken umbrella and a common man-servant, so that each could take his turn to promenade the streets, fashionably attired and with a proper escort.[48]
Man and Woman of Goa. From Mary Annie Venning, 'A Geographical Present; Being Descriptions of the Principal Countries of the World'
Around 1583, missionary activity in Cuncolim led to conflicts, culminating in the Cuncolim Revolt in which natives killed all the missionaries. The Portuguese authorities called the sixteen chieftains of each ward or vado of the Cuncolim village to the Assolna Fort, ostensibly to form a peace pact with the villagers. At the fort the Portuguese killed the chieftains, except for two who jumped from the fort into the Arabian Sea and presumably swam to Karwar. The villagers lost their traditional leaders and the Portuguese began confiscating the land of the locals. At the same time, they initiated the Goa Inquisition.
In 1556 the printing press was first introduced to India and Asia at Saint Paul's College in Goa; through the spread of the printing press, Goa led the acceleration of the availability of the knowledge and customs of Europe.[49][50][51] After getting established in Goa, the Jesuits introduced the printing press technology for the first time in history into Macau-China in 1588 and into Japan in 1590.[52] The Jesuits founded the university of Santo Tomas in the Philippines, which is the oldest existing university in Asia;[53] in the same period, Goa Medical College was established as the first European medical college in Asia.[54]
The Crown in Lisbon undertook to finance missionary activity; missionaries and priests converted large numbers of people in all spheres of society, especially in Goa.[55] St Francis Xavier in Goa, pioneered the establishment of a seminary, called Saint Paul's College. It was the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia.[56][57][58] St Francis founded the College to train Jesuit missionaries. He went to the Far East, traveling towards China. Missionaries of the Jesuit Order spread out through India, going as far north as the court of the great Moghul Emperor Jallaluddin Akbar. Having heard about the Jesuits, he invited them to come and teach him and his children about Christianity.[59]
From Goa, the Jesuit order was able to set up base almost anywhere in Asia for evangelistic missions, including the founding of Roman Catholic colleges, universities and faculties of education. Jesuits are known for their work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits, and for their missionary efforts. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.;[citation needed] Saint Paul's College Goa was a base for their evangelisation of Macau, and then for their important missionary campaigns into China and Japan. Macau eventually superseded St Paul's College, Goa. They built St Paul College in 1594 (now the University of Macau), known in Latin as the college of Mater Dei.[60] Because of state conflicts with the Jesuits, In 1762 the Marquês de Pombal expelled the order from Macau.[61] The Macau university combined evangelisation with education.[60]
In the year 1600 António de Andrade made the long voyage from Lisbon to Goa, where he pursued his higher studies at St. Paul's College and was ordained a Jesuit priest. He eventually became rector of the same college. He made a landmark missionary expedition from Goa, across the length of India and into Tibet. He overcame incredible hardships in the journey as the first European to cross the Himalaya mountains into Tibet.[62][63] There he founded churches and a mission in 1625.[64] The corpse of the co-founder of the Society of Jesus, Francis Xavier, whose example many Goan missionaries tried to emulate by engaging in evangelising work in Asia, was shipped to Goa on 11 December 1553. Goa has also produced its own saints: the martyrs of Cuncolim; St. Joseph Vaz, whose missionary exploits in Sri Lanka are remembered with gratitude in that country; and the Venerable Angelo de Souza.[65]
The 16th-century monument, the Cathedral or Sé, was constructed during Portugal's Golden Age, and is the largest church in Asia, as well as larger than any church in Portugal. The church is 250 ft in length and 181 ft in breadth. The frontispiece stands 115 ft high. The Cathedral is dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria and is also known as St. Catherine's Cathedral.[66][67] It was on her feast day in 1510 that Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the Muslim army and took possession of the city of Goa.
The Goa Inquisition was the office of the Inquisition acting within the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. It was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774–1778, and finally abolished in 1812. The Goan Inquisition is considered a blot on the history of Roman Catholic Christianity in India by both Christians and non-Christians alike. Based on the records that survive, H. P. Salomon and I. S. D. Sassoon state that between the Inquisition's beginning in 1561 and its temporary abolition in 1774, some 16,202 persons were brought to trial. Of this number, only 57 were sentenced to death and executed; another 64 were burned in effigy. Most were subjected to lesser punishments or penances.
The Inquisition was established to punish relapsed New Christians, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Catholicism, as well as their descendants, but were suspected of practicing their ancestral religion in secret. Numerous Portuguese Jews (as converted Catholics) had come to Goa and worked as traders. Due to persecution during the Inquisition, most left and migrated to Fort St. George (later Madras/Chennai) and Cochin, where English and Dutch rule, respectively, were more tolerant.
In Goa the Inquisition also scrutinised Indian converts from Hinduism or Islam who were thought to have returned to their original ways. It prosecuted non-converts who broke prohibitions against the observance of Hindu or Muslim rites, or interfered with Portuguese attempts to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. While its ostensible goal was to preserve the Catholic faith, the Inquisition was used against Indian Catholics as an instrument of social control, as well as a method of confiscating victims' property and enriching the Inquisitors. Goan Inquisition was abolished in 1812.
Decline[edit]
The appearance of the Dutch in Indian waters was followed by the gradual ruin of Goa. In 1603 and 1639, the city was blockaded by Dutch fleets, though never captured. In 1635 Goa was ravaged by an epidemic.
Trade was gradually monopolised by the Jesuits. Jean de Thévenot in 1666, Baldaeus in 1672, and Fryer in 1675 describe Goa's ever-increasing poverty and decay. After escaping from Agra, Shivaji slowly started gaining the areas which he lost through the Treaty of Purendar to the Moghuls. He conquered most of the area adjoining the Old Conquestas of Goa. He captured Pernem, Bicholim, Sattari, Ponda, Sanguem, Quepem and Canacona. Sawantwadi Bhonsale and Saudekar Rajas became his vassals.
In 1683 Sambhaji, the son of Shivaji, tried to conquer all of Goa, including the areas then in Portuguese control. He almost ousted the Portuguese, but to their surprise a Mughal army prevented the city's capture by the Marathas. In 1739 the whole territory of Bardez was attacked by the Marathas again in order to pressure the northern Portuguese possession at Vasai, but the conquest could not be completed because of the unexpected arrival of a new viceroy with a fleet.
Following the Third Battle of Panipat, Peshawa control over Maratha Empire was weakened. The Portuguese defeated the Rajas of Sawantwadi and the Raja of Sunda to conquer an area that stretched from Pernem to Cancona. This territory formed the Novas Conquistas, the boundaries of present-day Goa.
In the same year the viceroy transferred his residence from the vicinity of Goa city to New Goa (in Portuguese Nova Goa), today's Panaji. In 1843 this was made the official seat of government in 1843; it completed a move that had been discussed as early as 1684. Old Goa city's population fell steeply during the 18th century as Europeans moved to the new city. Old Goa has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because of its history and architecture.[68]
In 1757, King Joseph I of Portugal issued a decree, developed by his minister Marquês de Pombal, granting Portuguese citizenship and representation to all subjects in the Portuguese Indies. The enclaves of Goa, Damão, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli became collectively known as the Estado da Índia Portuguesa, and were represented in the Portuguese parliament. (The first election was held in Goa on 14 Jan 1822, electing 3 locals as members of Parliament.)[69]
In 1787, some priests started a rebellion against Portuguese rule. It was known as the Conspiracy of the Pintos. Goa was peacefully occupied by the British between 1812-1815 in line with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance during the Napoleonic Wars.
Second World War[edit]
Goa remained neutral during the conflict like Portugal. As a result, at the outbreak of hostilities a number of Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchants ships, the Ehrenfels, the Drachenfels and the Braunfels, as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of Mormugao. The Ehrenfels began transmitting Allied ship movements to the U-boats operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that was extremely damaging to Allied shipping.
But the British Navy was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of SOE backed a covert raid using members from the Calcutta Light Horse, a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat, the Phoebe, and sailed round India to Goa, where they sunk the Ehrenfels. The British then sent a decrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces.
The raid was covered in the book Boarding Party by James Leasor. Due to the potential political ramifications of the fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978.[70] In 1980 the story was made into the film, The Sea Wolves, starring Gregory Peck, David Niven and Roger Moore.
After the independence of India[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: Goan independence movement
Play media
Unarmed Indians move against Goa border (newsreel)
When India became independent in 1947, Goa remained under Portuguese control. The Indian government of Jawaharlal Nehru insisted that Goa, along with a few other minor Portuguese holdings, be turned over to India. However, Portugal refused. By contrast, France, which also had small enclaves in India (most notably Puducherry), surrendered all its Indian possessions relatively quickly.[71][72]
In 1954, unarmed Indians[73] took over the tiny land-locked enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. This incident led the Portuguese to lodge a complaint against India in the International Court of Justice at The Hague. The final judgement on this case, given in 1960, held that the Portuguese had a right to the enclaves, but that India equally had a right to deny Portugal access to the enclaves over Indian territory.
In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis,[73] demonstrated against Portugal. At least twenty-two of them were killed by Portuguese gunfire.[73]
Later the same year, the Satyagrahis took over a fort at Tiracol and hoisted the Indian flag. They were driven away by the Portuguese with a number of casualties. On 1 September 1955, the Indian consulate in Goa was closed; Nehru declared that his government would not tolerate the Portuguese presence in Goa. India then instituted a blockade against Goa, Damão, and Diu in an effort to force a Portuguese departure. Goa was then given its own airline by the Portuguese, the Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa, to overcome the blockade.
Indian annexation of Goa[edit]
India made many requisitions to the Salazar regime of Portugal to grant their Indian colonies independence, but when that failed, on 18 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into Goa and "liberated" it. Operation Vijay involved sustained land, sea and air strikes for more than thirty-six hours; it resulted in the unconditional surrender of Portuguese forces on 19 December. A United Nations resolution "condemning" the invasion was proposed by the United States and the United Kingdom in the United Nations Security Council, but would be vetoed by the USSR. The territory of Goa was under military rule for five months. However, the previous civil service was soon restored. Goan voters went to the polls in a referendum and voted to become an autonomous, federally administered territory. Goa was later admitted Indian statehood in 1987. Goa celebrates "Liberation Day" on 19 December every year, which is also a state holiday.
See also[edit]
Goan Inquisition
Goan Catholics under the British Empire
History of Goan Catholics
Timeline of Goan history
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ For pictures of prehistoric Kushavati culture visit:Kushavati Shamanic culture in Goa
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b A Historical and archeological sketch of Goa. New Delhi: Asian Educational services. 1986. pp. See pages–115–116.
Jump up ^ Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 9–25).
Jump up ^ Satoskar, Ba.Da (1982). Gomantak:Prakruti ani Sanskruti,khand ek(in Marath). Pune: Sharda publications. pp. 20–21.
Jump up ^ Esteves, Sarto (1966). Goa and its features. Mumbai: Manaktalas. p. 8.
Jump up ^ yadzani, G (1960). The early history of Deccan. London: Oxford university. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Kamat, Pratima (2008). Tarini and Tar-vir, the unique boat deities of Goa. Panjim: Goa Institute for Culture and Research in History(GOINCARH). p. 5. ISBN 978-81-906485-0-9.
Jump up ^ Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives and Archaeology (Volume 2 ed.). Panaji, Goa: Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Directorate of Archives, Archaeology, and Museum. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, Robert G. Bednarik, Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya (1997). Indian rock art and its global context. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,. pp. 228 pages (see page 34). ISBN 9788120814646. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Goa (India : State). Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa University (2001). Goa in the Indian sub-continent: seminar papers. Goa: Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Govt. of Goa,. pp. 211 pages (see page 24).
^ Jump up to: a b C. R. Srinivasan; K. V. Ramesh; S. Subramonia Iyer (2004). Śrī puṣpāñjali: recent researches in prehistory, protohistory, art, architecture, numismatics, iconography, and epigraphy : Dr. C.R. Srinivasan commemoration volume, Volume 1. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan,. pp. 469 pages (see page4). ISBN 9788180900563.
Jump up ^ Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo, K. Paddayya, Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute (1985). Recent advances in Indian archaeology: proceedings of the seminar held in Poona in 1983. Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, 1985. pp. 115 pages (see page 33). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sakhardande, Prajal. "7th National Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries : Session V". Heritage and history of Goa. NIO Goa. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b De Souza, Teotonio R. (1994). Goa to me. Concept Publishing Company,. pp. 176 pages (see page 33). ISBN 9788170225041.
Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1 Gazetteer of India Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept. Goa: Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu,. 1979. p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 53, 94, 83, 95).
Jump up ^ Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: A Study of Goan Social Structure and Change. S. Chand,. pp. 426 pages.
^ Jump up to: a b Kamat, Nandkumar. "Prehistoric Goan Shamanism". Prehistoric Goan Shamanism. The navahind times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 100–150).
^ Jump up to: a b De Souza, Savio. "THE COMUNIDADES OF GOA". Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 317 pages (see pages 6 and 7). ISBN 9788172016647.
Jump up ^ Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 100–185).
^ Jump up to: a b Moraes, Prof. George. "PRE-PORTUGUESE CULTURE OF GOA". Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention. Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Motichandra (1982). Sartavaha Ancient indian trade routes. New Delhi: Sahitya academy. pp. 144–148.
Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1. panajim Goa: Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 1979. 1979. pp. (see page 70).
Jump up ^ (see Pius Melkandathil,Martitime activities of Goa and the Indian ocean.)
Jump up ^ "History of Konkani language". Goa Konkani akademi. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Yadzani, G (1960). The early history of the deccan (Girnar inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman). London: Oxford university Press. p. 97.
Jump up ^ Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979). Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa. Goa: Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu,. p. 12.
Jump up ^ Nayak, K.D (1968). Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan(in Marathi). Margao: Gomant Vidya Niketan. pp. 37–42.
Jump up ^ (see A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara)
Jump up ^ Satoskar, Ba.Da (1982). Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti,khand II,in Marathi. Pune: Shubhda publishers. p. 106.
Jump up ^ D. Banerjea (2005). Criminal Justice India Series: Goa, 2002. Allied Publishers,. pp. see page 3. ISBN 9788177645170.
Jump up ^ Sakshena, R.N. (2003). Goa: Into the Mainstream. Abhinav Publications,. pp. 156 pages(see page 20–21). ISBN 9788170170051.
^ Jump up to: a b De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history, Volume 2. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 125–127. ISBN 8170222591.
^ Jump up to: a b De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Concept Publishing Company,. pp. 312 pages (see pages11–15). ISBN 9788170222590.
Jump up ^ Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979). Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu. I. Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept. p. 794.
Jump up ^ "Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu : district gazetteer / edited by V.T. Gune". Retrieved 8 Jan 2018.
Jump up ^ De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history, Volume 2. Concept Publishing Company. p. 129. ISBN 9788170222590.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vasco Da Gama", Tudors, BBC
Jump up ^ Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, p. 253, Diffie, Winius 253, Diffie, Winius
Jump up ^ Kerr, Robert (1824)
Jump up ^ Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry, Charles J. Borges, Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763, p. 34-36
Jump up ^ Teotonio R. De Souza, Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History, pp. 220-221, Issue 6, Goa University publication series, ISBN 81-7022-226-5
Jump up ^ Commentarios do grande Afonso Dalboquerque, p. 157
Jump up ^ Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Joseph M. Piel, Glossário luso-asiático, Parte 1,, p. 382
Jump up ^ An abstract of it is given in R. S. Whiteway's Rise of the Portuguese Empire in India (London, 1898).
Jump up ^ Prizeman, Matthew (1903). The Encyclopedia Britannica (11 ed.). New York: The Encyclopedia Britannica Company. p. 160.
Jump up ^ Prizeman, Matthew (1903). The Encyclopedia Britannica (11 ed.). New York: The Encyclopedia Britannica Company. p. 160.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14
Jump up ^ Goa Printing Press
Jump up ^ The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move, By A. J. R. Russell-Wood, p. 204
Jump up ^ " target="_blank" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Pilgrims to the Light: Encounters in a Shared Destiny, edited by Valson Thampu. Har-Anand Publications, 2000. p. 131 (ISBN 8124106436, 9788124106433).
Jump up ^ The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773, edited by John W. O'Malley, p. 480
Jump up ^ http://touristplacesofindia.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/4/ http://touristplacesofindia.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/4/http://gogoa.net/secret_of_st_francis.htm
Jump up ^ http://touristplacesofindia.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/4/
Jump up ^ 'Pilgrims to the Light: Encounters in a Shared Destiny, edited by Valson Thampu. Har-Anand Publications (2000). p. 132 (ISBN 8124106436, 9788124106433).
^ Jump up to: a b Macao's Church of Saint Paul: A Glimmer of the Baroque in China By César Guillén Nuñez. Hong Kong University Press. (2009). p. 70. (ISBN 962209922X, 9789622099227)
Jump up ^ Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao:Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change; Volume 7 of CERC Studies in Comparative Education. By M. Bray, Ramsey Koo (ISBN 1402034059, 9781402034053) p. 113.114
Jump up ^ Antonio de Andrade, BDCC Online
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
Jump up ^ The Christian Discovery of Tibet by Joseph Abdo (ISBN 9729985839)
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013. , Know India
Jump up ^ Se Cathedral, Goa Tourism
Jump up ^ "World Heritage Sites", UNESCO
Jump up ^ Goa and Portugal: history and development By Charles J. Borges, Hannes Stubbe
Jump up ^ Leasor, J. (1978). Boarding Party. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-41026-8. OCLC 4191743.
Jump up ^ Asian recorder 1962, p. 4371
Jump up ^ Asian recorder 1962, p. 4440
^ Jump up to: a b c Time
Further reading[edit]
Bhat, N. Shyam, and Nagendra Rao. "History of Goa with Special Reference to its Feudal Features." Indian Historical Review (2013) 40#2 pp: 249-266. doi:10.1177/0376983613499680
Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva. The Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire (2008)
Rao, R. P. Portuguese rule in Goa: 1510-1961 ( Bombay; New York: Asia Publishing House, 1963)
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese empire in Asia, 1500-1700: a political and economic history (2012)
The Goa Inquisition, Being a Quatercentenary Commemoration Study of the Inquisition in India by Anant Priolkar, Bombay University Press
[show]
v
t
e
History of India
States
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
NCT
Delhi
Territories
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
[show]
v
t
e
Goa
History
History of Goa
Bhojas of Goa
Kadambas of Goa
Goa Inquisition
Portuguese conquest
Portuguese rule
Liberation movement
Indian annexation
Opinion poll
Government
Chief Ministers
Legislative Assembly
State seal
Political parties
Goa Police
Fire and Emergency Services
Goa civil code
Geography
Dudhsagar Falls
Sonsogor
Western Ghats
Rivers
Districts
North Goa
South Goa
Talukas
Bardez
Bicholim
Canacona
Dharbandora
Mormugao
Pernem
Ponda
Quepem
Salcete
Sanguem
Sattari
Tiswadi
Cities
Panjim
Margao
Vasco da Gama
Mapusa
Mormugao
Heritage sites
Basilica of Bom Jesus
Se Cathedral
Old Goa
Fontainhas
Mahadev Temple
Mangueshi Temple
Shanta Durga Temple
Wildlife sanctuaries
Mollem
Netravali
Mahadayi
Cotigao
Bondla
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
Flora and fauna
Education
Goa University
Goa Board
Colleges
Schools
Science
Goans in science
National Institute of Oceanography
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Culture
Comunidades
Cuisine
Goans
Konkani people
Konkani cinema
Konkani language
Literature
Media
Music
Shigmo
Zatra
Goans in sports
Tiatr
Sports
Teams
Goa football team
Goa cricket team
Churchill Brothers S.C.
Dempo S.C.
Salgaocar F.C.
Sesa Football Academy
Sporting Clube de Goa
Vasco S.C.
FC Goa
Stadia
Fatorda Stadium
Tilak Maidan Stadium
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium
Competitions
Goa Professional League
Transport
Dabolim Airport
Kadamba Transport Corporation
Konkan Railway
Portal
Category
Wikiproject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&oldid=835538379"
Categories:
History of Goa
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Use dmy dates from March 2013
Use British English from June 2013
Articles needing cleanup from January 2018
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2018
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2018
Articles lacking chronology/history sources
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Articles needing more detailed references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles needing additional references from January 2018
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011
All Wikipedia articles needing clarification
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011
Articles needing additional references from August 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Français
हिन्दी
മലയാളം
Occitan
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 08:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href title

values: margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;

value: th

value: tr

value: span

attrs: class style

values: background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Satavahana gateway at Sanchi, 1st century CE

attrs: href class title

value: td

values: padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

values:
/wiki/Madrasian_Culture
mw-redirect
Madrasian Culture

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values:
/wiki/Vedic_Period
mw-redirect
Vedic Period

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Classical_India
mw-redirect
Classical India

values:
/wiki/Mauryan_Empire
mw-redirect
Mauryan Empire

values:
/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Chalukya Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Karkota_Empire
mw-redirect
Karkota Empire

values:
/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India
mw-redirect
Caliphate campaigns in India

values:
/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)
mw-redirect
Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)

values: Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent

values: History of education in the Indian subcontinent

values: History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

values: List of Indian inventions and discoveries

values:
/wiki/Template:Part_of_History_of_India
mw-redirect
Template:Part of History of India

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Indian_history
mw-redirect
Indian history

values:
/wiki/Deccan_plateau
mw-redirect
Deccan plateau

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values: This chronology/history reference needs citation to reliable sources (January 2018)

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Timeline Tracer/Chronology source needed

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Timefact

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values: More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2018)

values: Provide details of exactly how the Parshurama myth was inspired by geological evidence and hence personifies the geological process (January 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;

values: Edit section: Paleolithic and Mesolithic era

values:
/wiki/Upper_paleolithic
mw-redirect
Upper paleolithic

values:
/wiki/Carbon_dating
mw-redirect
Carbon dating

values: Edit section: Kushavati Shamanic culture

values:
/wiki/University_of_Goa
mw-redirect
University of Goa

values:
/wiki/Negroid_race
mw-redirect
Negroid race

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Edit section: The Formations of Gavkaris and the self rule

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing

values:
/wiki/Mauryan_empire
mw-redirect
Mauryan empire

values:
/wiki/Nagari_script
mw-redirect
Nagari script

values:
/wiki/Roman_empire
mw-redirect
Roman empire

values: Edit section: Goa under the Western Kshatrapas

values:
/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas
mw-redirect
Western Kshatrapas

values:
/wiki/Mahabharata_war
mw-redirect
Mahabharata war

values:
/wiki/Bandora,_India
mw-redirect
Bandora, India

values:
/wiki/North_Canara
mw-redirect
North Canara

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)

values:
/wiki/Yadavas_of_Devagiri
mw-redirect
Yadavas of Devagiri

values:
/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire
mw-redirect
Vijayanagar Empire

values:
/wiki/Kadamba_script
mw-redirect
Kadamba script

values:
/wiki/Vijayanagar_empire
mw-redirect
Vijayanagar empire

values:
/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate
mw-redirect
Bijapur Sultanate

values: List of colonial heads of Portuguese India

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_Conquest_of_Goa_(1510)
mw-redirect
Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)

values:
/wiki/Sultan_of_Gujarat
mw-redirect
Sultan of Gujarat

values:
/wiki/Mint_(coin)
mw-redirect
Mint (coin)

values:
/wiki/Jesuit_order
mw-redirect
Jesuit order

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
/wiki/Marques_de_Pombal
mw-redirect
Marques de Pombal

values:
/wiki/Himalaya_mountains
mw-redirect
Himalaya mountains

values:
/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cuncolim
mw-redirect
Martyrs of Cuncolim

values:
/wiki/St._Catherine_of_Alexandria
mw-redirect
St. Catherine of Alexandria

values:
/wiki/New_Christians
mw-redirect
New Christians

values:
/wiki/Fort_St._George
mw-redirect
Fort St. George

values:
/wiki/Philip_Balde
mw-redirect
Philip Balde

values: Edit section: After the independence of India

values:
/wiki/Goan_independence_movement
mw-redirect
Goan independence movement

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/320px--Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:320px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="57.5575" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Goa_1955_invasion.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="305192" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 320 × 240 (796 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="795746" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="190440" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Liberation_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Liberation of Goa

values:
/wiki/Operation_Vijay_(1961)
mw-redirect
Operation Vijay (1961)

values:
/wiki/Goan_Inquisition
mw-redirect
Goan Inquisition

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://www.gmcmec.gov.in/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/234

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4191743

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India
mw-redirect
States and territories of India

values:
/wiki/History_of_Arunachal_Pradesh
mw-redirect
History of Arunachal Pradesh

values:
/wiki/History_of_Chhattisgarh
mw-redirect
History of Chhattisgarh

values:
/wiki/History_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir
mw-redirect
History of Jammu and Kashmir

values:
/wiki/History_of_Meghalaya
mw-redirect
History of Meghalaya

values:
/wiki/History_of_Nagaland
mw-redirect
History of Nagaland

values:
/wiki/History_of_Punjab_(India)
mw-redirect
History of Punjab (India)

values:
/wiki/History_of_Chandigarh
mw-redirect
History of Chandigarh

values:
/wiki/History_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli
mw-redirect
History of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

values:
/wiki/History_of_Daman_and_Diu
mw-redirect
History of Daman and Diu

values:
/wiki/History_of_Lakshadweep
mw-redirect
History of Lakshadweep

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_Goa_State
mw-redirect
Portuguese Goa State

values: Directorate of Fire and Emergency Services, Goa

values:
/wiki/Mormugao_taluk
mw-redirect
Mormugao taluk

values: Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park

values:
/wiki/Mahadeyi_Wildlife_Sanctuary
mw-redirect
Mahadeyi Wildlife Sanctuary

values: Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education

values: Category:Universities and colleges in Goa

values:
/wiki/Goans_in_science_and_technology
mw-redirect
Goans in science and technology

values: National Institute of Oceanography, India

values: National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Use British English from June 2013

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from January 2018

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2018

values: Category:Articles lacking chronology/history sources

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_Goa
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: गोवा का इतिहास – Hindi

values: ഗോവയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam

values: கோவாவின் வரலாறு – Tamil

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_Goa rootpage-History_of_Goa skin-vector action-view