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Grace and Frankie
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Grace and Frankie
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Marta Kauffman
Howard J. Morris
Starring
Jane Fonda
Lily Tomlin
Sam Waterston
Martin Sheen
Brooklyn Decker
Ethan Embry
June Diane Raphael
Baron Vaughn
Opening theme
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
performed by Grace Potter
Composer(s)
Sam KS
Michael Skloff
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
52 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Marta Kauffman
Howard J. Morris
Jane Fonda
Lily Tomlin
Tate Taylor (pilot)
Paula Weinstein
Dana Goldberg
David Ellison
Marcy Ross
Alexa Junge
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Cinematography
Gale Tattersall
Editor(s)
Lisa Zeno Churgin
Michael Jablow
Sarah Lucky
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
25–35 minutes
Production company(s)
Okay Goodnight
Skydance Television
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (Ultra HD)
Original release
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08) – present
External links
Official website
Grace and Frankie is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix. The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie, two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married. Sam Waterston, Martin Sheen, Brooklyn Decker, Ethan Embry, June Diane Raphael, and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles. It premiered on Netflix on May 8, 2015, with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously. The second, third, and fourth seasons, also consisting of 13 episodes each, have been released on May 6, 2016, and March 24, 2017, and January 19, 2018, respectively.
Despite mixed reviews upon its debut, the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations, including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy.
On February 15, 2018, Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest stars
3 Episodes
4 Production and development
4.1 Casting
4.2 Filming
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
5.2 Controversy
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson, a retired cosmetics mogul of Say Grace
Lily Tomlin as Frances "Frankie" Bergstein (née Mengela), a hippie art teacher
Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson, a successful divorce lawyer and Grace's former husband who later becomes Sol's husband
Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein, a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie's former husband who later becomes Robert's husband
June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson, older daughter of Grace and Robert, head of the company Say Grace
Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike "Bud" Bergstein, son of Frankie and Sol, and also a lawyer at Robert & Sol's firm
Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson, younger daughter of Grace and Robert, a wife and mother of four children
Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein, son of Frankie and Sol, a substitute teacher and recovering addict
Recurring[edit]
Geoff Stults as Mitch, Mallory's husband of more than seven years and a doctor. (seasons 1, 3)
Timothy V. Murphy as Byron, one of Frankie's ex-convict students and Grace's love interest. (season 1)
Craig T. Nelson as Guy, Robert's adventurous college friend and Grace's love interest. (season 1)
Ernie Hudson as Jacob, an organic farmer and Frankie's love interest.
Peter Cambor as Barry, one of Brianna's employees and her love interest.
Tim Bagley as Peter, one of Robert and Sol's friends and Jeff's partner.
Sam Elliott as Phil Milstein, Grace's love interest. (season 2)
Lindsey Kraft as Allison, Bud's love interest with an eccentric personality even by the Bergsteins' standards. (season 3–present)
Peter Gallagher as Nick Skolka, Grace and Frankie's business rival and Grace's potential love interest. (season 3–present)
Guest stars[edit]
Mary Kay Place as Amanda, one of Frankie and Sol's oldest friends.
Joe Morton as Jason, one of Frankie and Sol's oldest friends.
Christine Lahti as Lydia Foster, Robert's sister and a close friend of Grace.
Corbin Bernsen as Dr. Paul Mason, Grace's doctor and her love interest.
Brian Benben as Charlie, Grace's Internet date.
Nicholas D'Agosto as Dutch, who works at a dog shelter, and has a one-night stand with Brianna.
Michael Gross as Jeff, one of Robert and Sol's friends and Peter's partner.
Nora Dunn as Dr. Rossmore, Robert's doctor.
Rita Moreno as Lucy Chambers, Robert and Sol's neighbor.
Jai Rodriguez as Jojo, Robert's hospital nurse.
Conchata Ferrell as Grandma Jean, Mallory's mother-in-law.
Swoosie Kurtz as Janet, one of Grace's close friends.
Marsha Mason as Arlene, another of Grace's close friends.
Carrie Preston as Krystle, Coyote's birth mother.
Estelle Parsons as Babe, an old friend of both Grace and Frankie.
Amy Madigan as Elaine Milstein, Phil's wife.
Lois Smith as Barbara Hanson, Robert's mother.
Millicent Martin as Joan Margaret, Sol's very wise receptionist.
Wendie Malick as Mimi Becker, Grace's longtime business colleague.
Natalie Morales as Mellisa, Frankie's EMT.
Ed Begley Jr. as Mark, Frankie's doctor.
Kevin Chamberlin as Frank, a protestor who Sol gets caught up with.
Michael Charles Roman as Adam, Brianna's executive assistant.
Lisa Kudrow as Sherree (season 4), a lodger in Grace and Frankie’s house. Later moves out into own house.
Talia Shire as Teddie, Frankie's estranged sister who is an economics professor.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Grace and Frankie episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 13 May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)
2 13 May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
3 13 March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
4 13 January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Production and development[edit]
In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]
On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]
On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]
On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]
On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]
Casting[edit]
Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]
Filming[edit]
Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]
Reception[edit]
The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]
The second season received more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]
The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [23]
20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [24]
73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated [25]
Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated [26]
TV Performance of the Year – Actress Jane Fonda Nominated
TV Performance of the Year – Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated
LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated
27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated [27]
19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated [28]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated
2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [29]
[30]
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp Nominated
23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [31]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated [32]
28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated [33]
Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler Nominated [34]
20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [35]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [36]
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Designers[show]
Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp
Nominated
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)
Designers[show]
Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson
Nominated
2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [31]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Controversy[edit]
After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Erik, Pedersen (February 14, 2018). "'Grace And Frankie' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix; RuPaul To Guest Star". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in "Grace and Frankie," A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix". The Futon Critic. March 19, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Grace And Frankie' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix". Deadline.com. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (January 17, 2016). "Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For 'Orange Is The New Black,' 'The Get Down,' 'Flaked' And Others". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (December 10, 2015). "Netflix Renews 'Grace and Frankie' for Season 3". Variety.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 8, 2017). "'Grace And Frankie' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser". Deadline.
^ Jump up to: a b Otterson, Joe (April 12, 2017). "'Grace and Frankie' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix, Adds Lisa Kudrow". Variety.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Kasey (April 12, 2017). "Grace and Frankie Season 4: Official Renewal Status and Release Date". whats-on-netflix.com. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana; Goldberg, Lesley (June 18, 2014). "Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix's Jane Fonda-Lily Tomlin Comedy (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Kaitlin (July 7, 2014). "Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix's Grace and Frankie". TV Guide. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy 'Grace & Frankie'". Deadline.com. July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Development Update: Tuesday, July 29". The Futon Critic. July 29, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fonda, Jane (October 19, 2015). "Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2". JaneFonda.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Starting the New Series, Grace & Frankie, with Lily Tomlin, Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston". JaneFonda.com. August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II". JaneFonda.com. July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie". JaneFonda.com. November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 1 (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 1 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 2 (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 2 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wisener, Jasef (May 18, 2016). "Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review". TVOvermind. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 3 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list". CNN.com. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Satellite Awards (2015)". International Press Academy. IPA. December 2, 2015. pressacademy.com. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (December 10, 2015). "2016 Golden Globes: Lady Gaga, Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race". Variety. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
Jump up ^ "GALECA 2015/16 DORIAN AWARDS". GALECA. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ "2016/01/2016-glaad-media-award-nominations". vulture.com. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
Jump up ^ "19th Annual TV Awards (2014-15)". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/
Jump up ^ "Outstanding Contemporary TV Series". costumedesignersguild.com. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "GLAAD Media Awards Nominees #glaadawards". GLAAD. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016
Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/
Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All
Jump up ^ Kang, Inkoo. "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair 'Grace and Frankie' Paychecks". Women and Hollywood. Indiewire.com. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vanmetre, Elizabeth (May 11, 2015). "Martin Sheen, Sam Waterston agree 'Grace and Frankie', stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gennis, Sadie. "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity". TV Guide. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Grace and Frankie on IMDb
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text:
Cecum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Caecum" redirects here. For the genus of sea snails, see Caecum (genus). For other taxonomic uses, see List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.
Not to be confused with sacrum.
Cecum or caecum
Drawing of colon seen from front
(cecum colored red)
Superior ileocecal fossa
(cecum labeled at bottom left)
Details
Precursor
Midgut
System
Gastrointestinal
Identifiers
Latin
Caecum
MeSH
A03.556.124.526.209
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Caecum
TA
A05.7.02.001
FMA
14541
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Ileocecal junction (Cecum appear in orange color)
The cecum or caecum (/ˈsiːkəm/, plural ceca /ˈsiːkə/; from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is an intraperitoneal pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is typically located on the right side of the body (the same side of the body as the appendix, to which it is joined).
It receives chyme from the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve (ICV) or Bauhin's valve. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. While the cecum is usually intraperitoneal, the ascending colon is retroperitoneal.[1]
In herbivores, the cecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose. This function no longer occurs in the human cecum (see appendix), so in humans it is simply a dead-end pouch forming a part of the large intestine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
2 History
2.1 Etymology
3 Clinical significance
4 In animals
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Development[edit]
The cecum and appendix are formed by the enlargement of the postarterial segment of the midgut loop. The proximal part of the bud grows rapidly to form the cecum. The lateral wall of the cecum grows much more rapidly than the medial wall, with the result that the point of attachment of the appendix comes to lie on the medial side.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The term cecum comes from the Latin caecum, literally "blind", here in the sense "blind gut" or "cul de sac".[citation needed]
In dissections by the Greek philosophers, the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood. Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures.[citation needed]
The junction between the small intestine and the colon, called the ileocecal valve, is so small in some animals that it was not considered to be a connection between the small and large intestines. During a dissection, the colon could be traced from the rectum, to the sigmoid colon, through the descending, transverse, and ascending sections. The cecum is an end point for the colon with a dead-end portion terminating with the appendix.[2]
The connection between the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the start (as viewed from the perspective of food being processed) of the colon (cecum) is now clearly understood, and is called the ileocolic orifice. The connection between the end of the cecum and the beginning of the ascending colon is called the cecocolic orifice.
Clinical significance[edit]
A cecal carcinoid tumor is a carcinoid tumor of the cecum. An appendiceal carcinoid tumor (a carcinoid tumor of the appendix) is sometimes found next to a cecal carcinoid.[citation needed]
In animals[edit]
Gastric cecum of dissected cockroach. Scale bar, 2 mm.
A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes.[3] Parrots do not have ceca.[4]
Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the appendix.[3] Mammalian species which do not develop a cecum include raccoons, bears, and the red panda. Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut flora are anaerobes,[5][6][7][8][9] but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.[5]
Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.[3] Some invertebrates, such as squid,[10] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates.
Additional images[edit]
Illustration of the large intestine
Diagram of human gastrointestinal tract
Cecum and ileum
Ileo-cecal valve
Cecum
Ileocecal orifice
Location of McBurney's point (#1)
The superior mesenteric artery and its branches
Arteries of cecum and vermiform process
Inferior ileocecal fossa
Interior of the cecum and lower end of ascending colon, showing colic valve
Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera
Endoscopic image of cecum with arrow pointing to ileocecal valve in foreground
See also[edit]
McBurney's point
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Large Intestine". VideoHelp.com.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Tim. "Anatomy and Physiology Instructor". InnerBody.com. Howtomedia, Inc. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 353–54. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Clench, Mary H.; Mathias, John R. (1995). The Avian Cecum: A Review. Ann Arbor, MI: Wilson Bulletin. pp. 93–121, vol. 107(1) March.
^ Jump up to: a b Guarner F, Malagelada JR (February 2003). "Gut flora in health and disease". Lancet. 361 (9356): 512–19. PMID 12583961. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0.
Jump up ^ Sears CL (October 2005). "A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora". Anaerobe. 11 (5): 247–51. PMID 16701579. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001.
Jump up ^ University of Glasgow. 2005. The normal gut flora. Available through web archive. Accessed May 22, 2008
Jump up ^ Beaugerie L, Petit JC (April 2004). "Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 18 (2): 337–52. PMID 15123074. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.002.
Jump up ^ Vedantam G, Hecht DW (October 2003). "Antibiotics and anaerobes of gut origin". Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6 (5): 457–61. PMID 14572537. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.006.
Jump up ^ Williams, L. W. (1910). The anatomy of the common squid : Loligo pealii, Lesueur. American Museum Of Natural History.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecum.
Photo at mgccc.cc.ms.us
Anatomy figure: 37:03-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"Abdominal organs in situ."
Anatomy figure: 37:06-09 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"The larger intestine."
Anatomy figure: 39:05-09 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"The cecum with the distal portion of the ileum."
Anatomy photo:39:14-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"Incisions of the Cecum"
Cross section image: pelvis/pelvis-e12-2—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
Video clip of worms in the Cecum
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth
Upper
Pharynx
Muscles
Spaces
peripharyngeal
retropharyngeal
parapharyngeal
retrovisceral
danger
prevertebral
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Ileum
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Peyer's patches
Microfold cell
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Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Ascending colon
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Continuous
taenia coli
haustra
epiploic appendix
Rectum
Transverse folds
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Anus
Anal columns
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Anal sinuses
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Submucosa
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text:
In God We Trust
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see In God We Trust (disambiguation).
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the Flag of Florida
"In God We Trust" is the official motto of the United States of America and of the U.S. state of Florida. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as a replacement or alternative to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782.[1][2]
"In God We Trust" first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864[3] and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared "In God We Trust" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957.[3] The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto.[4][5][6]
Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use, citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[7] These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property. In lawsuits, this argument has so far not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism, which allows government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally.[8] According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[9]
In 2006, "In God We Trust" was designated as the motto of the U.S. state of Florida.[10][11] Its Spanish equivalent, En Dios Confiamos, is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Society and culture
2.1 Religion
2.2 Pop culture
2.3 License plates
3 Criticism
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is our Trust," scratches out "is our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.[13]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the obverse side of the Two-cent piece in 1864[3]
In 1860, the phrase was used in the Coat of arms of New Westminster, Canada. The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio-patriotic songs. During the American Civil War, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862.[14][15][16] William W. Wallace, coiner, circa August 1862, of the motto "In God We Trust"[17] was Captain of Company C of the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry.
The Reverend Mark R. Watkinson of 'Ridleyville', Pennsylvania, (pastor of Prospect Hill Baptist Church in present-day Prospect Park, Pennsylvania) in a letter dated November 13, 1861, petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing "Almighty God in some form on our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism".[18][19] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War.[20] Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint, James Pollock, to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863.[21]
In December 1863, Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury decided on a new motto, "In God We Trust," to engrave on U.S. coins. Lincoln's involvement in this decision is unclear.[22]
A version of the motto made an early appearance on obverse side of the twenty dollar interest bearing note issued in 1864 along with the motto "God and our Right".
As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress. Such legislation was introduced and passed as the Coinage Act of 1864 on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins.[20]
An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon".[20][23] In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto".
The similar phrase 'In God is our Trust' appears in "The Star-Spangled Banner", adopted as the national anthem of the United States in 1931. Written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, the fourth stanza includes the phrase, "And this be our motto: 'In God is our Trust'", which was adapted as the national motto.[24][better source needed]
The use of "In God We Trust" has been interrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938.[20] However, at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto,[citation needed] including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar. The omission of the motto "In God We Trust" on the Indian Head eagle coin caused public outrage, and prompted Congress to pass a bill mandating its inclusion. Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber added the words and made minor modifications to the design. In 1908, Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto.[25] The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908.[20] Since 1938, all US coins have borne the motto.[3]
A quarter dollar with the United States' official motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" on the obverse side
During the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union, which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation.[26] The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States". The resolution passed both the House and the Senate unanimously and without debate.[27][28] The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956.[29] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto."
The same day, the President signed into law[30] a requirement that "In God We Trust" be printed on all U.S. currency and coins. On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.[20][31] (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)
Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House, saying "In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [32]
Aronow v. United States was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency.[33] The law it challenged was "31 U.S.C. § 324a "the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins".[33] O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978) challenged the inclusion of the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency. A similar decision was reached by the Fifth Circuit in Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs W. Michael Blumenthal in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular."[34]
In March 2001, Ronnie Musgrove Governor of Mississippi signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every public school classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state.[35][36]
A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms". The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters.[37]
According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[9]
In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official national motto of the United States of America.[38] In Florida House Bill no. 1145, Florida adopted 'In God We Trust' as the official state motto, effective July 1, 2006.[10][11]
In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States, in a 396–9 vote.[39][40]
In 2013, a federal court rejected a challenge, brought by Michael Newdow and the Freedom From Religion Foundation, to remove "In God We Trust" from American currency.[41]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the Seal of Mississippi
On January 31, 2014, purporting to defend religious freedom, the Mississippi senate voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal and the change was made effective on July 1, 2014.[42][43]
In 2015 the county police department of Jefferson County, Illinois announced that the words "In God We Trust" will be on police squad cars.[44] In 2015, the Freedom from Religion Foundation demanded that local authorities remove decals of the motto from Childress, Texas Police Department patrol vehicles. In response, Police Chief Adrian Garcia told the organization, in a written letter, to “go fly a kite.”[45]
In early 2018, Kimberly Daniels, a pastor[46] who currently serves as the representative for Florida House of Representatives District 14 as a member of the Democratic Party, introduced HB 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On Tuesday, January 23, 2018, the bill received unanimous approval from the House PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee.[47] Later, in a vote on February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House.[48][49] As part of Florida's March 2018 K-12 education law, Gov. Rick Scott mandated that all public schools post the state motto ("In God We Trust") in a prominent location.[50]
In March 2018, Act 911, sponsored by State Rep. Jim Dotson, made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for schools to display posters with the national motto ("In God We Trust").[51][52]
In March 2018, a bill requiring Tennessee schools to prominently display the national motto ("In God We Trust") sponsored by Rep. Susan Lynn passed the state House with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it.[53]
Society and culture[edit]
Religion[edit]
In Judaism and Christianity, the official motto "In God We Trust" resounds with several verses from the Bible, including Psalm 118:8, Psalm 40:3, Psalm 73:28, and Proverbs 29:25.[54] In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul; the phrase "In God We Trust" is found in two places of the Koran, in Surah 10 Yunus, as well as Surah 7 Al-A'raf, although several other verses reinforce this concept.[55][not in citation given] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not."[56]
Pop culture[edit]
In Miracle on 34th Street (1994 film), just as Henry is about to make his decision, Susan walks up to him with a Christmas card containing a $1 bill. On the back, the words "In God We Trust" are circled. He realizes that, since the U.S. Department of Treasury can put its official faith in God with no hard evidence, then the people can believe in Santa in the same way. Left with no choice, an elated Henry dismisses the case and declares that Santa is real, existing in the person of Kris.
An e-mail conspiracy theory is that "In God We Trust" was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007.[57] The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the "In God We Trust" inscription along their edges (along with the "E Pluribus Unum" inscription, the year of production, and the mint mark; these coins, unlike normal dollar coins, had completely blank edges), but these coins, known as "godless dollars", were the result of a minting error, not a deliberate omission.[58][59]
Marty Feldman's satirical comedy In God We Tru$t (1980).
The film They Live plays on the idea. Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them. Advertising is seen as "OBEY", "CONSUME" and "MARRY AND REPRODUCE". Dollar bills are all marked "THIS IS YOUR GOD".[60]
In January 2006, Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie were offered a place on the Valentine's Day celebrity couples edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? They appeared on the show managing to reach the £1 million question, before answering it incorrectly and dropping from £500,000 all the way down to just £32,000 (a loss of £468,000). For the first time ever, Celador allowed Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife retry the show after the company claimed that the last question "didn't meet their standards".[citation needed] After returning and being shown a different £1 million question, the couple decided not to risk losing £468,000 for the second time and won £500,000 for their chosen charity, The Shooting Star Children's Hospice, of which Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife are both patrons. Their new question was about the first man to travel to space twice, and the correct answer to the question was Gus Grissom. They decided not to risk it this time and walked away with the £500,000. This amount is the highest amount that any celebrity couple has won on any British edition of Who Wants To Be a Millionaire?[61] The £468,000 they originally lost was also the greatest loss ever seen on the show, and no other contestant has ever answered the final question incorrectly in the United Kingdom version.[62][63] The allegedly misleading question was "Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?" The answer given was "In God We Trust" which is originally English and has in fact been the motto of the United States since 1956. The intended answer had been "One Out of Many" which is a translation of the Latin phrase E pluribus unum, which is not actually the current United States motto. E pluribus unum had been the de facto motto but was never legally declared as such.[61]
License plates[edit]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002
As of April 1, 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
Florida (Which also offers a speciality plate) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of "In God We Trust" in place of the County Name.
Criticism[edit]
Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution, prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting an establishment of religion.[64] Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.[64]
"In God We Trust" as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits.[65] The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled: "It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."[66] In Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), the Supreme Court wrote that acts of "ceremonial deism" are "protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content".[67] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.[68]
In November 2005, Michael Newdow announced he wants to have "In God We Trust" removed from U.S. coins and banknotes. In 2004, he received the special Recognition Freethought Hero Award for his case to remove "In God We Trust" from currency.[69] In a November 14, 2005 interview with Fox News's Neil Cavuto, Newdow compared "In God We Trust" appearing on United States currency with racial segregation (specifically separate drinking fountains), saying, "How can you not compare those? What is the difference there? Both of them [whites and blacks] got equal water. They both had access. It was government saying that it's okay to separate out these two people on the basis of race. Here we're saying it's okay to separate two people on the basis of their religious beliefs."
In June 2006, a federal judge rejected Newdow's Establishment Clause lawsuit on the grounds that the minted words amount to a secular national slogan, and do not dictate anyone's beliefs. Newdow stated that he would appeal the ruling,[70] although it should be noted that Aronow v. United States was decided on the same grounds in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the lower court was required to return the same ruling, likewise the Ninth Circuit does not traditionally overrule previous Ninth Circuit rulings.
On December 4, 2007, Newdow argued before a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit to remove both "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance (Roe v. Rio Linda Union School District),[citation needed] and "In God We Trust" from United States currency.[71] The Ninth Circuit rejected Newdow's challenge. In a decision published March 11, 2010, the court held that its earlier decision in Aronow, which "held the national motto is of a “patriotic or ceremonial character,” has no “theological or ritualistic impact,” and does not constitute “governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise," foreclosed Newdow's argument.[72] In an opinion concurring only in the judgment, even the extremely liberal Judge Stephen Reinhardt[73] agreed that Aronow was controlling precedent.[74]
Newdow v. Congress, 598 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2010) cert. denied 131 S. Ct. 1612 (U.S. 2011). AKA: The "In God We Trust Case" – A prominent atheist, Michael Newdow, filed a suit to declare the national motto – In God We Trust – unconstitutional and to have it removed from coins and currency.[75][76][77] Pacific Justice Institute intervened as a defendant and defended the against the suit.[75][76][77] The case was dismissed by the trial court and the Ninth Circuit affirmed that decision.[75][76][77]
In 2015, David F. Bauman dismissed a case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase “under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers “second-class citizens”.[78][79] He noted; “As a matter of historical tradition, the words ‘under God’ can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ‘In God We Trust’ from every coin in the land, than the words ‘so help me God’ from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”
Aside from constitutional objections, President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God's name on money to be sacrilege.[80]
In September 2014, a proposal to add displays of "In God We Trust" on public property in Ballwin, Missouri was defeated following a plea to a meeting of aldermen by a local atheist.[81][82]
Gallery[edit]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" motto over the tribune in the United States House of Representatives Chamber (between the clock and the flag)
Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Indian Head eagle, revised design of 1908 adding "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto to reverse
Dollar coin stack showing "IN GOD WE TRUST" on edge
United States one-dollar bill, reverse, series 2009 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States two-dollar bill, reverse, series 2003A with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
2013 Lincoln cent obverse, showing "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Saint-Gaudens double eagle, revised design of 1908 adding "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto to reverse
Seal of Florida with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States five-dollar bill, reverse, series 2006 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Grand Army of the Republic Memorial (Siloam Springs, Arkansas) engraved with the words "IN GOD WE TRUST"
United States twenty-dollar bill, reverse, series 2006 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States one hundred-dollar bill, reverse, series 2009 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Coat of arms of New Westminster, Canada
See also[edit]
Religion in the United States
Trust in God and keep your powder dry
Dieu et mon droit
God Save the Queen
May God have mercy upon your soul
So help me God
Gott mit uns
Deus seja louvado
In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Refiguring Mass Communication: A History. University of Illinois Press. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012. He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, e pluribus unum, even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated.
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Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 National motto
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^ Jump up to: a b "USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll results". USA Today. 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. C. The inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; 2003 Sep 19–21; Approve 90; Disapprove 8; No opinion 2
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Jump up ^ As shown on the Córdoba (bank notes and coins); see for example Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012-05-06 at the Wayback Machine.
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Jump up ^ According to The Congressional Record (1908, House), p. 3387, the motto was adopted "doubtless with his [Lincoln's] knowledge and approval."
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Jump up ^ Merriman, Scott A. Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print. "In 1956, the United States, changed its motto to "In God We Trust," in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union, its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism."
Jump up ^ "New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814". Palladium-Item. Richmond, Indiana. 13 Aug 1956. p. 8. Retrieved 2018-02-15 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Miller, Douglas and Nowak, Marion, The Fifties: The Way We Really Were. 1977, 89. "'In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate."
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-851
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-140
Jump up ^ Steven B. Epstein, "Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism" Columbia Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 8. (Dec., 1996), p. 2083–2174, quoting the peroration (abridged here) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett, sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess, Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs, had approved of the legislation! 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)
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Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez (1 November 2011). "Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2011. In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States," Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. "Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer (3 November 2011). "In God We Trust, With the House's Help". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2011. Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution "reaffirming 'In God We Trust' as the official motto of the United States."
Jump up ^ Todd Starnes (3 November 2011). "See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'". Fox News. Retrieved 7 November 2011. The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).
Jump up ^ "Lawsuit to remove 'In God We Trust' from money gets dismissed - KSL.com". ksl.com.
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^ Jump up to: a b Richard H. Fallon (2004). The Dynamic Constitution: an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-60078-1. "Strict separationists" believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way – for example, by providing tax breaks to churches, assisting parochial schools, including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies, or inscribing "In God We Trust" on the currency. Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices (such as the inscription of "In God We Trust" on the currency) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties: The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another.
Jump up ^ Markoe, Lauren (2014-05-29). "Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove 'In God We Trust' From U.S. Currency". huffingtonpost.com. Religion News Service. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
Jump up ^ Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243.
Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY, 465 U.S. 668 (1984) U.S. Supreme Court
Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God".
Jump up ^ "Freethought Hero Award 2004 - Mike Newdow". Archived from the original on 2007-07-29. Retrieved 2007-07-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , Freedom From Religion Foundation 2004-10-30
Jump up ^ "Federal Judge Nixes 'In God We Trust' Lawsuit". Fox News Channel. 2006-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Newdow v. Congress of the United States" (PDF). findlaw.com.
Jump up ^ "Newdow v. Lefevre, No. 06-16344, at 4210 (9th Cir. Mar. 11, 2010) (citing Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243-44)" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Matt Rees, The Judge the Supreme Court Loves to Overturn, The Weekly Standard, May 5, 1997;". compare "David G. Savage, Crusading Liberal Judge Keeps High Court Busy, L.A. Times, Mar. 3, 1996." The Los Angeles Times. 1996-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Newdow, at 4210-11 (Reinhardt, J., concurring)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c Bob Egelko, 'In God We Trust' suit rejected by Supreme Court, San Francisco Chronicle, [1] March 8, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Newdow v. Congress, [2] March 11, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c C-SPAN Video Library, Establishment of Religion Clause Oral Arguments, Part 1, [3] December 7, 2007
Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo. "Hearing 'Under God' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students, NJ judge rules". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools". Forbes. February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ROOSEVELT DROPPED 'IN GOD WE TRUST'; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence, Close to Sacrilege. NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity". The New York Times. November 14, 1907. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2014/09/24/ballwin-rejects-in-god-we-trust-sign-after-atheist-mothers-passionate-plea-video
Jump up ^ http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/ballwin-rejects-in-god-we-trust-sign/article_ed39ceaf-242c-509d-aed6-1f9892489ae3.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to In God We Trust.
Final answer? Not quite as star gets second chance to play for a million – article in The Guardian about a disputed quiz question about the motto of the United States.
Local documentary on origin of phrase
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