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Pueblo Revolt
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Pueblo Revolt
Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas
Date
August 10–21, 1680
Location
New Mexico, New Spain
Result
Puebloan victory, expulsion of Spanish settlers
Belligerents
Spanish Empire
Puebloans
Taos
Picuris
Jemez
Kha'p'oo Owinge
Kewa
Tesuque
Ohkay Owingeh
Nambé
Commanders and leaders
Antonio de Otermín Popé
see list below for others
Casualties and losses
400, including civilians over 600
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Indian wars and conflicts in New Spain
Mexican Indian Wars
Conquest of Yucatán
Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Conquest of Chiapas
Conquest of Guatemala
Conquest of Petén
Yaqui Wars
Conquest of Cibola
Mixtón War
Tiguex War
Chichimeca War
Acaxee Rebellion
Acoma War
Comanche–Mexico Wars
Apache–Mexico Wars
Navajo Wars
Tepehuán Revolt
Pueblo Revolt
Pima Revolt
First Magdalena massacre
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680—also known as Popé's Rebellion—was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico.[1] The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition.
Contents
1 Background
2 Rebellion
3 Popé's Land
4 Spanish attempt to return
5 Reconquest
6 In the arts
7 Pueblo revolt leaders and their home pueblos
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Background[edit]
For more than 100 years beginning in 1540, the Pueblo Indians of present-day New Mexico were subjected to successive waves of soldiers, missionaries, and settlers. These encounters, referred to as the Entradas, were characterized by violent confrontations between Spanish colonists and Pueblo peoples. The Tiguex War, fought in the winter of 1540–41 by the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen pueblos of Tiwa Indians, was particularly destructive to Pueblo and Spanish relations.
In 1598 Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan Catholic priests plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico. There were at the time approximately 40,000 Pueblo Indians inhabiting the region. Oñate put down a revolt at Acoma Pueblo by killing and enslaving hundreds of the Indians and sentencing all men 25 or older to have their foot cut off. The Acoma Massacre would instill fear of the Spanish in the region for years to come, though Franciscan missionaries were assigned to several of the Pueblo towns to Christianize the natives.[2]
The location of the Pueblo villages and their neighbors in early New Mexico.
Spanish colonial policies in the 1500s regarding the humane treatment of Indians were difficult to enforce on the northern frontier. With the establishment of the first permanent colonial settlement in 1598, the Pueblos were forced to provide tribute to the colonists in the form of labor, ground corn and textiles. Encomiendas were soon established by colonists along the Rio Grande, restricting Pueblo access to fertile farmlands and water supplies and placing a heavy burden upon Pueblo labor.[3] Especially egregious to the Pueblo was the assault on their traditional religion. Franciscan priests established theocracies in many of the Pueblo villages. The priests converted the Pueblos to build the Spanish empire in New Mexico. In 1608, when it looked as though Spain might abandon the province, the Franciscans baptized seven thousand Pueblos to try to convince the Crown otherwise.[4] Although the Franciscans initially tolerated manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray Alonso de Posada (in New Mexico 1656–1665) outlawed Kachina dances by the Pueblo Indians and ordered the missionaries to seize and burn their masks, prayer stick, and effigies.[5] The Franciscan missionaries also forbade the use of entheogenic drugs in the traditional religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. Several Spanish officials, such as Nicolas de Aguilar, who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the Inquisition.
In the 1670s drought swept the region, causing a famine among the Pueblo and increased raids by the Apache, which Spanish and Pueblo soldiers were unable to prevent. Fray Alonso de Benavides wrote multiple letters to the King, describing the conditions, noting "the Spanish inhabitants and Indians alike to eat hides and straps of carts".[6] The unrest among the Pueblos came to a head in 1675. Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing "sorcery".[7][8] Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño was forced to accede to the Pueblo demand for the release of the prisoners. Among those released was a San Juan ("Ohkay Owingeh" in the Tewa Language) Indian named "Popé".[7]
Rebellion[edit]
Statue of Popé, or Po'Pay, now in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the US Capitol Building as one of New Mexico's two statues.
Following his release, Popé, along with a number of other Pueblo leaders (see list below), planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt. Popé took up residence in Taos Pueblo far from the capital of Santa Fe and spent the next five years seeking support for a revolt among the 46 Pueblo towns. He gained the support of the Northern Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Tano, and Keres-speaking Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley. The Pecos Pueblo, 50 miles east of the Rio Grande pledged its participation in the revolt as did the Zuni and Hopi, 120 and 200 miles respectively west of the Rio Grande. The Pueblos not joining the revolt were the four southern Tiwa (Tiguex) towns near Santa Fe and the Piro Pueblos south of the principal Pueblo population centers near the present day city of Socorro. The southern Tiwa and the Piro were more thoroughly integrated into Spanish culture than the other groups.[9] The Spanish population of about 2,400, including mixed-blood mestizos, and Indian servants and retainers, was scattered thinly throughout the region. Santa Fe was the only place that approximated being a town. The Spanish could only muster 170 men with arms.[10] The Pueblos joining the revolt probably had 2,000 or more adult men capable of using native weapons such as the bow and arrow. It is possible that some Apache and Navajo participated in the revolt.
The Pueblo revolt was typical of millenarian movements in colonial societies. Popé promised that, once the Spanish were killed or expelled, the ancient Pueblo gods would reward them with health and prosperity.[9] Popé's plan was that the inhabitants of each Pueblo would rise up and kill the Spanish in their area and then all would advance on Santa Fe to kill or expel all the remaining Spanish. The date set for the uprising was August 11, 1680. Popé dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords. Each morning the Pueblo leadership was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison. On August 9, however, the Spaniards were warned of the impending revolt by southern Tiwa leaders and they captured two Tesuque Pueblo youths entrusted with carrying the message to the pueblos. They were tortured to make them reveal the significance of the knotted cord.[11]
Taos Pueblo served as a base for Popé during the revolt.
Popé then ordered the revolt to begin a day early. The Hopi pueblos located on the remote Hopi Mesas of Arizona did not receive the advanced notice for the beginning of the revolt and followed the schedule for the revolt.[12] On August 10, the Puebloans rose up, stole the Spaniards' horses to prevent them from fleeing, sealed off roads leading to Santa Fe, and pillaged Spanish settlements. A total of 400 people were killed, including men, women, children, and 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. Survivors fled to Santa Fe and Isleta Pueblo, 10 miles south of Albuquerque and one of the Pueblos that did not participate in the rebellion. By August 13, all the Spanish settlements in New Mexico had been destroyed and Santa Fe was besieged. The Puebloans surrounded the city and cut off its water supply. In desperation, on August 21, New Mexico Governor Antonio de Otermín, barricaded in the Palace of the Governors, sallied outside the palace with all of his available men and forced the Puebloans to retreat with heavy losses. He then led the Spaniards out of the city and retreated southward along the Rio Grande, headed for El Paso del Norte. The Puebloans shadowed the Spaniards but did not attack. The Spaniards who had taken refuge in Isleta had also retreated southward on August 15, and on September 6 the two groups of survivors, numbering 1,946, met at Socorro. About 500 of the survivors were Indian slaves. They were escorted to El Paso by a Spanish supply train. The Puebloans did not block their passage out of New Mexico.[13][14]
Popé's Land[edit]
The Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, seen here in a 1930s postcard, was besieged by the Pueblo in August 1680.
The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico in the power of the Puebloans.[15] Popé was a mysterious figure in the history of the southwest as there are many tales among the Puebloans of what happened to him after the revolt. Later testimony to the Spanish by Pueblo Indians was probably colored by anti-Popé sentiments and a desire to tell the Spanish what they wanted to hear.[16]
Apparently, Popé and his two lieutenants, Alonso Catiti from Santo Domingo and Luis Tupatu from Picuris, traveled from town to town ordering a return "to the state of their antiquity." All crosses, churches, and Christian images were to be destroyed. The people were ordered to cleanse themselves in ritual baths, to use their Puebloan names, and to destroy all vestiges of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees.[17] Popé, it was said, forbade the planting of wheat and barley and commanded those Indians who had been married according to the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives and to take others after the old native tradition.[18]
The Puebloans had no tradition of political unity. Popé was a man of trust and strict policy. Therefore, each pueblo was self-governing, and some, or all, apparently resisted Popé's demands for a return to a pre-Spanish existence. The paradise Popé had promised when the Spanish were expelled did not materialize. A drought continued, destroying Puebloan crops, and the raids by Apache and Navajo increased. Initially, however, the Puebloans were united in their objective of preventing a return of the Spanish.[19][20]
Popé was deposed as the leader of the Puebloans about a year after the revolt and disappears from history.[21] He is believed to have died shortly before the Spanish reconquest in 1692.[22][23]
Spanish attempt to return[edit]
The primary cause of the Pueblo Revolt was probably the attempt by the Spanish to destroy the religion of the Puebloans, banning traditional dances and religious icons such as these kachina dolls.
In November 1681, Antonio de Otermin attempted to return to New Mexico. He assembled a force of 146 Spanish and an equal number of Indian soldiers in El Paso and marched north along the Rio Grande. He first encountered the Piro pueblos, which had been abandoned and their churches destroyed. At Isleta pueblo he fought a brief battle with the inhabitants and then accepted their surrender. Staying in Isleta, he dispatched a company of soldiers and Indians to establish Spanish authority. The Puebloans feigned surrender while gathering a large force to oppose Otermin. With the threat of a Puebloan attack growing, on January 1, 1682 Otermin decided to return to El Paso, burning pueblos and taking the people of Isleta with him. The first Spanish attempt to regain control of New Mexico had failed.[14]
Some of the Isleta later returned to New Mexico, but others remained in El Paso, living in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. The Piro also moved to El Paso to live among the Spaniards, eventually forming part of the Piro, Manso, and Tiwa tribe.[24]
The Spanish were never able to re-convince some Puebloans to join Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and the Spanish often returned seeking peace instead of reconquest. For example, the Hopi remained free of any Spanish attempt at reconquest; though they did, at several non-violent attempts, try for unsuccessful peace treaties and unsuccessful trade agreements.[25] For some Puebloans, the Revolt was a success in its objective to drive away European influence.
Reconquest[edit]
The Spanish return to New Mexico was prompted by their fears of French advances into the Mississippi valley and their desire to create a defensive frontier against the increasingly aggressive nomadic Indians on their northern borders.[26][27] In August 1692, Diego de Vargas marched to Santa Fe unopposed along with a converted Zia war captain, Bartolomé de Ojeda. De Vargas, with only sixty soldiers, one hundred Indian auxiliaries, seven cannons (which he used as leverage against the Pueblo inside Santa Fe), and one Franciscan priest, arrived at Santa Fe on September 13. He promised the 1,000 Pueblo people assembled there clemency and protection if they would swear allegiance to the King of Spain and return to the Christian faith. After a while the Pueblo rejected the Spaniards. After much persuading, the Spanish finally made the Pueblo agree to peace. On September 14, 1692,[28] de Vargas proclaimed a formal act of repossession. It was the thirteenth town he had reconquered for God and King in this manner, he wrote jubilantly to the Conde de Galve, viceroy of New Spain.[28] During the next month de Vargas visited other Pueblos and accepted their acquiescence to Spanish rule.
Though the 1692 agreement to peace was bloodless, in the years that followed de Vargas maintained increasingly severe control over the increasingly defiant Pueblo. De Vargas returned to Mexico and gathered together about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe in December 1693. This time, however, 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town opposed his entry. De Vargas and his forces staged a quick and bloody recapture that concluded with the surrender and execution of the 70 Pueblo warriors and with their families sentenced to ten years' servitude.[29]
In 1696 the Indians of fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the murders of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the Indians over the years; de Vargas's retribution was unmerciful, thorough and prolonged.[29][30] By the end of the century the last resisting Pueblo town had surrendered and the Spanish reconquest was essentially complete. Many of the Pueblos, however, fled New Mexico to join the Apache or Navajo or to attempt to re-settle on the Great Plains.[26] One of their settlements has been found in Kansas at El Quartalejo.[31]
While the independence of many pueblos from the Spaniards was short-lived, the Pueblo Revolt gained the Pueblo Indians a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts. The Franciscan priests returning to New Mexico did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their traditional religion.[27]
In the arts[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1995, in Albuquerque, La Compañía de Teatro de Albuquerque produced the bilingual play Casi Hermanos, written by Ramon Flores and James Lujan. It depicted events leading up to the Pueblo Revolt, inspired by accounts of two half-brothers who met on opposite sides of the battlefield.
A statue of Po'Pay was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the US Capitol Building in 2005 as one of New Mexico's two statues.[32]
In 2005, in Los Angeles, Native Voices at the Autry produced Kino and Teresa, an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet written by Taos Pueblo playwright James Lujan. Set five years after the Spanish Reconquest of 1692, the play links actual historical figures with their literary counterparts to dramatize how both sides learned to live together and form the culture that is present-day New Mexico.
In 2010, students Clara Natonabah, Nolan Eskeets, Ariel Antone, members of the Santa Fe Indian School Spoken Word Team wrote and performed their spoken word piece telling the story of the Pueblo Revolt, "Po'pay" to critical acclaim in New Mexico and the US. The team performed in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The track can be found on iTunes.
Pueblo revolt leaders and their home pueblos[edit]
Ku-htihth (Cochiti): Antonio Malacate
Galisteo (Galisteo): Juan El Tano
Walatowa (Jemez): Luis Conixu
Nambé (Nambé): Diego Xenome
Welai (Picuris): Luis Tupatu (Ciervo Blanco)
Powhogeh (San Ildefonso): Francisco El Ollito and Nicolas de la Cruz Jonv
Ohkay (San Juan): Po'pay and Tagu
San Lazaro: Antonio Bolsas and Cristobal Yope
Khapo (Santa Clara): Domingo Naranjo and Cajete
Kewa (Santo Domingo): Alonzo Catiti
Teotho (Taos): El Saca
Tehsugeh (Tesuque): Domingo Romero [33]
See also[edit]
Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
New Mexico portal
New Spain portal
List of battles fought in New Mexico
List of conflicts in the United States
Spanish missions in New Mexico
Fiestas de Santa Fe
Zozobra
References[edit]
Jump up ^ David Pike (November 2003). Roadside New Mexico (August 15, 2004 ed.). University of New Mexico Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-8263-3118-1.
Jump up ^ Riley, Carroll L. Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt Salt Lake City: U of UT Press, 1995, pp. 247–251
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Michael V., "The Pueblo Revolt and the Mythology of conquest: an Indigenous archaeology of contact", University of California Press, 2009
Jump up ^ Forbes, Jack D., "Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard", Oklahoma, 1960 pp. 112
Jump up ^ Sando, Joe S., Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1992 pp. 61–62
Jump up ^ Hackett, Charles Wilson. Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizacaya and Approaches Thereto in 1773,3 vols, Washington, 1937
^ Jump up to: a b Sando, Joe S., Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1992 p. 63
Jump up ^ Fring p. 27
^ Jump up to: a b Riley, p. 267
Jump up ^ John, Elizabeth A. H. Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds Lincoln: U of NE Press, 1975, p. 96
Jump up ^ Gutierrez, Ramon A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away Stanford: Stanford U Press, 1991, p. 132
Jump up ^ Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. Neil David’s Hopi World. Schiffer Publishing 2011. ISBN 978-0-7643-3808-3. pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Gutierrez, pp 133–135
^ Jump up to: a b Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing. "Antonio de Otermin and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680[permanent dead link]." New Mexico Office of the State Historian, accessed 29 Oct 2013.
Jump up ^ Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint (2009). "Bartolome de Ojeda". New Mexico Office of the State Historian. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Engañador, Daniel. “Who was Po’pay? The Rise and Disappearance of the Pueblo Revolt’s Mysterious Leader.” New Mexico Historical Review 86.2 (Spring 2011), pp. 141–156.
Jump up ^ Engañador, p. 148
Jump up ^ Gutierrez, p. 136
Jump up ^ John, pp. 106–108
Jump up ^ Engañador, p. 151
Jump up ^ Gutierrez, p. 139
Jump up ^ Popé, Public Broadcasting System, accessed 25 Jul 2012
Jump up ^ Engañador, p. 155
Jump up ^ Campbell, Howard. “Tribal synthesis: Piros, Mansos, and Tiwas through history.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 12, 2006. 310–302
Jump up ^ James, H.C. (1974). Pages from Hopi History. University of Arizona Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8165-0500-5. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing, "de Vargas, Diego Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine.." New Mexico Office of the State Historian, accessed 29 Jul 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Gutierrez, p. 146
^ Jump up to: a b Kessell, John L., 1979. Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540–1840. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior: Washington, DC.
^ Jump up to: a b Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith D. Dodge (eds.), 1995. To the Royal Crown Restored (The Journals of Don Diego De Vargas, New Mexico, 1692–94). University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.
Jump up ^ Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith D. Dodge (eds.), 1998. Blood on the Boulders (The Journals of Don Diego De Vargas, New Mexico, 1694–97). University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.
Jump up ^ "El Cuartalejo Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine." National Park Service
Jump up ^ Sando, Joe S. and Herman Agoyo, with contributions by Theodore S. Jojola, Robert Mirabal, Alfoonso Ortiz, Simon J. Ortiz and Joseph H. Suina, forward by Bill Richardson, Po’Pay: Leader of the First American Revolution, Clear Light Publishing, Santa Fe, Ne Mexico, 2005
Jump up ^ Sando, Joe S. and Herman Agoyo, editors, Po'pay: Leader of the First American Revolution, Clear Light Publishing, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2005 p. 110
Bibliography[edit]
Library resources about
Pueblo Revolt
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Engañador, Daniel. “Who was Po’pay? The Rise and Disappearance of the Pueblo Revolt’s Mysterious Leader.” New Mexico Historical Review Spring 2011, Volume 86/Number 2. pp. 141–156.
Espinosa, J. Manuel. The Pueblo Indian revolt of 1696 and the Franciscan missions in New Mexico :
letters of the missionaries and related documents, Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
Fring, Gustavo. “Where the Blue Corn grows”: A History of Drug Use among the Native Peoples of the American Southwest, from Coronado to the Present. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque, 2008.
Knaut, Andrew L. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. 14.
Ponce, Pedro, "Trouble for the Spanish, the Pueblo Revolt of 1680", Humanities, November/December 2002, Volume 23/Number 6.
PBS The West – Events from 1650 to 1800
Salpointe, Jean Baptiste, Soldiers of the Cross; Notes on the Ecclesiastical History of New-Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, Salisbury, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1977 (reprint from 1898).
Simmons, Mark, New Mexico: An Interpretive History, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977.
Weber, David J. ed., What Caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999.
Preucel, Robert W., 2002. Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the Pueblo World. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.
Wilcox, Michael V., "The Pueblo Revolt and the Mythology of conquest: an Indigenous archaeology of contact", University of California Press, 2009.
External links[edit]
PBS Documentary about the Pueblo Revolt: Frontera!
ancientweb.org/America
PBS: The West – Archives of the West. "Letter of the governor and captain-general, Don Antonio de Otermin, from New Mexico, in which he gives him a full account of what has happened to him since the day the Indians surrounded him. [September 8, 1680.]" Retrieved Nov. 2, 2009.
Pueblo Rebellion
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This Christmas (Donny Hathaway song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"This Christmas"
Single by Donny Hathaway
B-side
"Be There"
Released
1970 (1970)
Format
7-inch
Recorded
1970 (1970)
Genre
Christmas, R&B
Length
3:51
Label
Atco Records
Songwriter(s)
Donny Hathaway (as "Donny Pitts") and Nadine Theresa McKinnor
Donny Hathaway singles chronology
"The Ghetto - Part 1"
(1970) "This Christmas"
(1970) "You've Got a Friend"
(1971)
"The Ghetto - Part 1"
(1970) "This Christmas"
(1970) "You've Got a Friend"
(duet with Roberta Flack)
(1971)
"This Christmas" is a song by American soul musician Donny Hathaway released in 1970 by Atco Records. The song gained renewed interest when it was included in 1991 on Atco Records' revised edition of their 1968 Soul Christmas compilation album[1] and has since become a modern Christmas standard, with the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers reporting that it was the 30th most-performed holiday song of all time.[2]
Phil Upchurch said the song was "absolutely the premiere holiday song written by an African American". It was written by Hathaway and Nadine McKinnor.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Cover versions
3 Credits
4 See also
5 References
Background[edit]
"This Christmas" was recorded at Audio Finishers Studio on Ontario Street, Chicago in the fall of 1970.[1] Ric Powell (see credits below) said that Hathaway was "very upbeat during the session" and that he "knew what he wanted to do musically and the impact he wanted to make with this song" regarding the representation of African Americans in Christmas music.[1] On writing the song with Hathaway (who died in 1979), Nadine McKinnor said she felt "blessed to have written with Donny a song that celebrates the possibilities, the expectations, and the anticipation of Christmas and the good fun and happy loving times", and that the creation of the song "was a God plan. God was in this plan. And Donny Hathaway was a genius."[4]
"This Christmas" was released as a single in 1970, where it saw little success,[5] charting only once on any of Billboard magazine's weekly published music charts. It made Billboard's special Christmas Singles chart on the week of December 23, 1972, peaking at No. 11.[6] In 1991, Atco Records released a revised edition of their 1968 compilation album Soul Christmas that included "This Christmas".
Cover versions[edit]
After the 1991 release of Atco Records' Soul Christmas, the song became particularly notable for the popularity of its numerous covers by other artists, particularly pop and R&B artists. Prior to this re-release, artists who recorded cover versions included The Temptations, Gladys Knight & the Pips, as well as Patti LaBelle, who titled a Christmas album after the song. A previously unheard recording of the song by Diana Ross from 1974 was released on Motown Records' compilation album Christmas in the City in 1993.
More contemporary notable covers include Yutaka Yokokura (1988), Gloria Estefan (1993), Usher (1993), SWV (1997), Christina Aguilera (2000), Destiny's Child (2001), Chicago (2003), Harry Connick, Jr. (2003), Aretha Franklin (2008), Spyro Gyra (2008), Cee Lo Green (2012), Lady Antebellum (2012), Pentatonix (2012), John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John (2012), Mary J. Blige (2013), The Summer Set (2013), Maysa featuring Will Downing (2014), The Dazz Band featuring Jerry Bell (2015), Train (2015), and The Braxtons (2015). A cover of the song by Chris Brown, recorded for the 2007 film of the same name, peaked at No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100.[7][8] Covers by Seal and by American band, Train each went to No. 1 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart in 2015 and 2016, respectively.[9][10]
Credits[edit]
Vocals, keyboard, bass: Donny Hathaway
Writing: Hathaway (as "Donny Pitts"), Nadine McKinnor
Electric guitar: Phil Upchurch
Drums: Morris Jennings
Drums, bass drum, congas, sleigh bells: Ric Powell
Baritone saxophone: Willie Henderson
Trombones: Louis Satterfield
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2016 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Hoekstra, David (December 13, 2009). "Donny Hathaway's "This Christmas"". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ASCAP Unwraps the Top 30 Holiday Songs of the Century". ASCAP. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Christmas - Donny Hathaway". AllMusic. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Waldron, Clarence (December 24, 2007). "Writer Of "This Christmas" Song Describes Its Timeless Appeal". Jet.
Jump up ^ Hildebrand, Lee (1994). Stars of Soul and Rhythm & Blues. Billboard Books. p. 93.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Christmas in the Charts (1920-2004). Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 39. ISBN 0-89820-161-6.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown - Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bowden, Eric. "Which States Have the Most Holiday Spirit?". AccuRadio. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Seal - Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary". Billboard. December 17, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
[hide]
v
t
e
Donny Hathaway
Studio albums
Everything Is Everything
Donny Hathaway
Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway
Extension of a Man
Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway
Live albums
Live
These Songs for You, Live!
Soundtrack album
Come Back, Charleston Blue
Singles
"The Ghetto"
"This Christmas"
"You've Got a Friend"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"
"Giving Up"
"Where Is the Love"
"The Closer I Get to You"
Related articles
Lalah Hathaway
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Christmas_(Donny_Hathaway_song)&oldid=815925273"
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Death Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the valley. For the park, see Death Valley National Park. For other uses, see Death Valley (disambiguation).
Death Valley
Death Valley
Death Valley
California
Floor elevation
−86 m (−282 ft)[1]
Area
3,000 square miles (7,800 km2)
Geography
Coordinates
36°14′49″N 116°49′01″W / 36.24694°N 116.81694°W / 36.24694; -116.81694Coordinates: 36°14′49″N 116°49′01″W / 36.24694°N 116.81694°W / 36.24694; -116.81694 [2]
Rivers
Furnace Creek
Amargosa River
Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California, in the northern Mojave Desert bordering the Great Basin Desert. It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in the Middle East.[3]
Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America, at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level.[1] This point is 84.6 miles (136.2 km) east-southeast of Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m).[4] Death Valley's Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature on Earth at 134 °F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913, as well as the highest recorded natural ground surface temperature on Earth at 201 °F (93.9 °C) on July 15, 1972.[note 1][6][7]
Located near the border of California and Nevada, in the Great Basin, east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, Death Valley constitutes much of Death Valley National Park and is the principal feature of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve. It is located mostly in Inyo County, California. It runs from north to south between the Amargosa Range on the east and the Panamint Range on the west; the Grapevine Mountains and the Owlshead Mountains form its northern and southern boundaries, respectively.[8] It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi (7,800 km2).[9] The highest point in Death Valley itself is Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of 11,043 feet (3,366 m).[10]
Contents
1 Geology
2 Climate
2.1 Flooding
3 Ecology
4 History
5 Notable attractions and locations
6 In popular culture
6.1 Films
6.2 Music
6.3 Television
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geology[edit]
Main article: Geology of the Death Valley area
Death Valley, California, July 3, 2017, Sentinel-2 true color satellite image, scale 1:250,000.
Map showing the system of once-interconnected Pleistocene lakes in eastern California (USGS)
Death Valley is an excellent example of a graben, or a downdropped block of land between two mountain ranges.[11] It lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north to Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.
Death Valley also contains salt pans. According to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, an inland lake referred to as Lake Manly formed in Death Valley. Lake Manly was nearly 100 miles (160 km) long and 600 feet (180 m) deep, the end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake in the north and continued through multiple basins down the Owens River Valley through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley to the immediate west.[12]
As the area turned to desert, the water evaporated, leaving the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and borax, which were later exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.[13]
Climate[edit]
Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters, as well as little rainfall. As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures. When the sun heats the ground, that heat is then radiated upward, but the dense below-sea-level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground. In addition, the high valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor, where it is heated by compression.[14]
This process is especially important in Death Valley, as it provides its specific climate and geography. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is mostly flat and devoid of plants, so much of the sun's heat can reach the ground, absorbed by soil and rock. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep, high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is then reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles, similar to how a convection oven works. This heated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, thus stays mostly within the valley. Such hot wind currents contribute to perpetual drought-like conditions in Death Valley and prevent much cloud formation from passing through the confines of the valley, where precipitation is often in the form of a virga.[15] Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures.
The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures. The valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet (86 m) below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges. The clear, dry air and sparse plant cover allow sunlight to heat the desert surface. Summer nights provide little relief, as overnight lows may only dip into the 82 to 98 °F (28 to 37 °C) range. Moving masses of super-heated air blow through the valley creating extremely high temperatures.[16]
Sand dunes at Mesquite Flats
The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 °F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913, at Furnace Creek,[17] which is the highest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on earth.[6] During the heat wave that peaked with that record, five consecutive days reached 129 °F (54 °C) or above. Some meteorologists dispute the accuracy of the 1913 temperature measurement.[18]
The highest surface temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 201.0 °F (93.9 °C) on July 15, 1972, at Furnace Creek, which is the highest ground surface temperature ever recorded on earth, as well as the only recorded surface temperature of above 200 °F (93.3 °C).[7]
The greatest number of consecutive days with a maximum temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) or above was 154 days in the summer of 2001. The summer of 1996 had 40 days over 120 °F (49 °C), and 105 days over 110 °F (43 °C). The summer of 1917 had 52 days where the temperature reached 120 °F (49 °C) or above with 43 of them consecutive. Four major mountain ranges lie between Death Valley and the ocean, each one adding to an increasingly drier rain shadow effect, and in 1929, 1953, and 1989, no rain was recorded for the whole year.[16] The period from 1931 to 1934 was the driest stretch on record with only 0.64 inches (16 mm) of rain over a 40-month period.[15] On June 30, 2013, during the 2013 extreme heat wave, the mercury reached 129 °F (54 °C) at Furnace Creek station, which is the all-time highest air temperature recorded for June.
The mean annual temperature for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Weather Station) is 77.2 °F (25.1 °C) with an average high of 65.2 °F (18 °C) in December, 66.9 °F (19 °C) in January, and 116.5 °F (47 °C) in July.[19] From 1934 to 1961, the weather station at Cow Creek recorded a mean annual temperature of 77.2 °F (25.1 °C).[20]
The longest number of consecutive days where temperatures reached 90 °F (32 °C) or more was 205 from April to October 1992.[21] On average, 192 days per year in Death Valley have temperatures that reach 90 °F or more.[22] Before being moved to Furnace Creek, the weather station at Greenland Ranch averaged 194.4 days annually where temperatures reached 90 °F or more.[23]
View from Badwater Basin
The lowest temperature recorded at Greenland Ranch was 15 °F (−9 °C) in January 1913.[24]
The period from July 17–19, 1959, was the longest string of consecutive days where nighttime low temperatures did not drop below 100 °F (38 °C).[25] The highest overnight or low temperature recorded in Death Valley is 110 °F (43 °C), recorded on July 5, 1918, and the current world record for highest overnight low.[26] As recently as July 12, 2012, the low temperature at Death Valley dropped to just 107 °F (42 °C) after a high of 128 °F (53 °C) on the previous day. The only other location which matches Death Valley's overnight low temperature of 107 °F in recent years is Khasab Airport in Oman, which also recorded a low of 107 °F (42 °C) on June 27, 2012,[27] and later one of 111.6 °F (44.2 °C) on June 21, 2017.[28] Also on July 12, 2012, the mean 24-hour temperature recorded at Death Valley was 117.5 °F (47.5 °C), which makes it the world's warmest 24-hour temperature on record.[29]
The average annual precipitation in Death Valley is 2.36 inches (60 mm), while the Greenland Ranch station averaged 1.58 in (40 mm).[30] The wettest month on record is January 1995, when 2.59 inches (66 mm) fell on Death Valley.[15] The wettest period on record was mid-2004 to mid-2005, in which nearly 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell in total, leading to ephemeral lakes in the valley and the region and tremendous wildflower blooms.[31] Snow with accumulation has only been recorded in January 1922, while scattered flakes have been recorded on other occasions.
hideClimate data for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Station)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
87
(31) 97
(36) 102
(39) 113
(45) 122
(50) 129
(54) 134
(57) 127
(53) 123
(51) 113
(45) 98
(37) 89
(32) 134
(57)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
77.0
(25) 83.9
(28.8) 93.4
(34.1) 103.4
(39.7) 112.1
(44.5) 120.4
(49.1) 123.7
(50.9) 121.9
(49.9) 116.0
(46.7) 104.2
(40.1) 88.8
(31.6) 77.0
(25) 124.5
(51.4)
Average high °F (°C)
66.9
(19.4) 73.3
(22.9) 82.1
(27.8) 90.5
(32.5) 100.5
(38.1) 109.9
(43.3) 116.5
(46.9) 114.7
(45.9) 106.5
(41.4) 92.8
(33.8) 77.1
(25.1) 65.2
(18.4) 91.4
(33)
Daily mean °F (°C)
53.4
(11.9) 59.8
(15.4) 68.4
(20.2) 76.3
(24.6) 86.6
(30.3) 95.5
(35.3) 102.2
(39) 100.2
(37.9) 91.1
(32.8) 77.1
(25.1) 62.6
(17) 51.7
(10.9) 77.2
(25.1)
Average low °F (°C)
40.0
(4.4) 46.3
(7.9) 54.8
(12.7) 62.1
(16.7) 72.7
(22.6) 81.2
(27.3) 88.0
(31.1) 85.7
(29.8) 75.6
(24.2) 61.5
(16.4) 48.1
(8.9) 38.3
(3.5) 62.9
(17.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
28.4
(−2) 34.4
(1.3) 41.4
(5.2) 48.7
(9.3) 56.6
(13.7) 65.4
(18.6) 75.7
(24.3) 73.5
(23.1) 62.7
(17.1) 48.8
(9.3) 35.5
(1.9) 28.8
(−1.8) 26.3
(−3.2)
Record low °F (°C)
15
(−9) 20
(−7) 26
(−3) 35
(2) 42
(6) 49
(9) 62
(17) 65
(18) 41
(5) 32
(0) 24
(−4) 19
(−7) 15
(−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.39
(9.9) 0.51
(13) 0.30
(7.6) 0.12
(3) 0.03
(0.8) 0.05
(1.3) 0.07
(1.8) 0.13
(3.3) 0.21
(5.3) 0.07
(1.8) 0.18
(4.6) 0.30
(7.6) 2.36
(59.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
217 226 279 330 372 390 403 372 330 310 210 186 3,625
Source #1: NOAA 1981–2010 US Climate Normals[32]
Source #2: weather2travel.com[33]
hideClimate data for Death Valley (Cow Creek Station)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
84
(29) 89
(32) 100
(38) 110
(43) 120
(49) 125
(52) 126
(52) 125
(52) 123
(51) 111
(44) 95
(35) 84
(29) 126
(52)
Average high °F (°C)
64.4
(18) 71.6
(22) 80.6
(27) 90.9
(32.7) 100.0
(37.8) 109.3
(42.9) 116.0
(46.7) 113.8
(45.4) 106.9
(41.6) 92.1
(33.4) 75.4
(24.1) 65.9
(18.8) 90.6
(32.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)
52.5
(11.4) 59.1
(15.1) 67.4
(19.7) 77.5
(25.3) 86.4
(30.2) 95.3
(35.2) 102.1
(38.9) 99.9
(37.7) 92.1
(33.4) 78.1
(25.6) 62.3
(16.8) 54.1
(12.3) 77.2
(25.1)
Average low °F (°C)
40.6
(4.8) 46.6
(8.1) 54.3
(12.4) 64.1
(17.8) 72.7
(22.6) 81.2
(27.3) 88.4
(31.3) 86.0
(30) 77.4
(25.2) 64.0
(17.8) 49.3
(9.6) 42.4
(5.8) 63.9
(17.7)
Record low °F (°C)
19
(−7) 30
(−1) 33
(1) 45
(7) 52
(11) 54
(12) 69
(21) 69
(21) 57
(14) 40
(4) 32
(0) 27
(−3) 19
(−7)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.24
(6.1) 0.32
(8.1) 0.20
(5.1) 0.20
(5.1) 0.10
(2.5) 0.02
(0.5) 0.10
(2.5) 0.11
(2.8) 0.12
(3) 0.11
(2.8) 0.20
(5.1) 0.29
(7.4) 2.00
(50.8)
Source: www.wrcc.dri.edu[34]
Flooding[edit]
A Landsat 5 satellite photo of Lake Badwater on February 9, 2005
A Landsat 5 satellite photo of Badwater Basin dry lake on February 15, 2007
In 2005, Death Valley received four times its average annual rainfall of 1.5 inches (38 mm). As it has done before for hundreds of years, the lowest spot in the valley filled with a wide, shallow lake, but the extreme heat and aridity immediately began evaporating the ephemeral lake.
The pair of images (seen at right) from NASA's Landsat 5 satellite documents the short history of Death Valley's Lake Badwater: formed in February 2005 (top) and evaporated by February 2007 (bottom). In 2005, a big pool of greenish water stretched most of the way across the valley floor. By May 2005 the valley floor had resumed its more familiar role as Badwater Basin, a salt-coated salt flats. In time, this freshly dissolved and recrystallized salt will darken.
The western margin of Death Valley is traced by alluvial fans. During flash floods, rainfall from the steep mountains to the west pours through narrow canyons, picking up everything from fine clay to large rocks. When these torrents reach the mouths of the canyons, they widen and slow, branching out into distributary channels. The paler the fans, the younger they are.
Ecology[edit]
Death Valley in 2005 springtime bloom
In spite of the overwhelming heat and sparse rainfall, Death Valley exhibits considerable biodiversity. Wildflowers, watered by snowmelt, carpet the desert floor each spring, continuing into June.[31] Bighorn sheep, red-tailed hawks, and wild burros may be seen. Death Valley has over 600 springs and ponds. Salt Creek, a mile-long shallow depression in the center of the valley, supports pupfish.[35] These isolated pupfish populations are remnants of the wetter Pleistocene climate.[35]
Darwin Falls, on the western edge of Death Valley Monument, falls 100 feet (30 m) into a large pond surrounded by willows and cottonwood trees. Over 80 species of birds have been spotted around the pond.[36]
History[edit]
Death Valley is home to the Timbisha tribe of Native Americans, formerly known as the Panamint Shoshone, who have inhabited the valley for at least the past millennium. The Timbisha name for the valley, tümpisa, means "rock paint" and refers to the red ochre paint that can be made from a type of clay found in the valley. Some families still live in the valley at Furnace Creek. Another village was in Grapevine Canyon near the present site of Scotty's Castle. It was called in the Timbisha language maahunu, whose meaning is uncertain, although it is known that hunu means "canyon".
Badlands at Zabriskie Point in Death Valley
The valley received its English name in 1849 during the California Gold Rush. It was called Death Valley by prospectors[37] and others who sought to cross the valley on their way to the gold fields, after 13 pioneers perished from one early expedition of wagon trains.[38][39] During the 1850s, gold and silver were extracted in the valley. In the 1880s, borax was discovered and extracted by mule-drawn wagons.
On the afternoon of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) in Death Valley.[6] This temperature stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth. (A report of a temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F) recorded in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate.)[17]
Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed on February 11, 1933, by President Herbert Hoover, placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated as Death Valley National Park, as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys.
Notable attractions and locations[edit]
Flash flood near Panamint Butte, Death Valley
Main article: Places of interest in the Death Valley area
Badwater Basin
China Ranch
Dante's View
Darwin Falls
Devils Hole
Father Crowley Viewpoint
Furnace Creek
Harmony Borax Works
Hells Gate
Myers Ranch
Oasis at Death Valley
Russell Camp
New Ryan
Upper and Lower Noonday Camp
Racetrack Playa, a large dry lakebed within the Valley
Sailing stones, famous moving stones of Death Valley
Shoreline Butte
Stovepipe Wells
Tecopa
Tecopa Hot Springs
West Side Borax Camp
Wilson Ranch
Wildrose Ranger Station
In popular culture[edit]
Films[edit]
A number of movies have been filmed in Death Valley, such as the following:[40]
3 Godfathers (1948)
Cattle Drive (1951)
Chimmie Fadden Out West (1915)
Danger Valley (1937)
Death Valley (1946 film), starring Robert Lowery
Death Valley (1982 film), starring Paul Le Mat
Escape from Fort Bravo (1953)
Fair Warning (1931)
Greed (1924)
One-Eyed Jacks (1961)
Star Wars (1977)
Surrender (1950 film)
The Border Patrolman (1936)
The Gunfighter (1950)
The Law and Jake Wade (1958)
The Legend of God's Gun (2007)
The Professionals (1960 film)
The Reward (1965)
The Walking Hills (1949)
Twenty Mule Team (1940 film)
Tumbleweed (1953 film)
Westward the Women (1951)
War Paint (1953 film)
Yellow Sky (1948)
Zabriskie Point (1970)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Music[edit]
Death Valley Suite (1949), a symphonic suite by Ferde Grofe, inspired by the history and geography of Death Valley
Television[edit]
Death Valley (TV series), a 2011 MTV horror comedy series[41]
Death Valley Days (1930–1945 radio series; 1952–1970 TV series), an American radio and television anthology series featuring true stories of the old American West, particularly the Death Valley area.
Death Valley serves as the fictional home town of WWE Legend, The Undertaker.
See also[edit]
Death Valley portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The record air temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) has been contested by other weather experts.[5]
^ Jump up to: a b "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) - National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)". United States Geological Survey. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Feature Detail Report for: Death Valley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ "World Heat Record Overturned – A Personal Account". WunderBlog. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Consequently, the WMO assessment is that the official highest recorded surface temperature of 56.7°C (134°F) was measured on 10 July 1913 at Greenland Ranch (Death Valley) CA
Jump up ^ "Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 13 August 2010. Entered coordinates for Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W; and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W
Jump up ^ Wagner, David. "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-Year Heat Record".
^ Jump up to: a b c "World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive". Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kubecka, Paul (2001). "A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature". Weather. 56 (7): 218–221. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..218K. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x.
Jump up ^ Death Valley National Monument: Proposed Natural and Cultural Resources Management Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1981. p. 72.
Jump up ^ Wright, JW, ed. (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 456. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Bill; Cunningham, Polly (2016). Hiking Death Valley National Park. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 209.
Jump up ^ Sharp, RP; Glazner, AF (1997). Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley. Mountain Press Publishing. p. 195.
Jump up ^ "Image of the Day: Lake Badwater, Death Valley". Earth Observing System. NASA. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Celeste Cosby; Jeanette Hawkins; Jani Kushla; Molly Robinson (2009). "Boron Minerals of Death Valley". Clark Science Center, Smith College. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. July 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Weather and Climate". Death Valley National Park. U.S. National Park Service. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service. "Weather and Climate" (PDF). Death Valley. NPS.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b El Fadli, KI; et al. (September 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1.
Jump up ^ Masters, Jeff. "Historic Heat Wave Reponsible(sic) for Death Valley's 129°F Gradually Weakening". WunderBlog. Wunderground. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "State Extremes". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Temperature". General Climate Summary. Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Temperature". General Climate Summary. Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature". Greenland Ranch, California. Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Parzybok, TW (2005). Weather Extremes of the West. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 103. ISBN 978-0878424733.
Jump up ^ "July Daily Normals And Records" (PDF). The Death Valley Climate Book. National Weather Service. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
Jump up ^ Masters, Jeff (16 July 2013). "Death Valley records a low of 107°F (41.7°C): a world record". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Masters, Jeff (June 21, 2017). "A World Record Low Humidity? 116°F With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran by Dr. Jeff Masters | Category 6". Weather Underground. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jeff Masters. "Death Valley records a low of 107°F (41.7°C): a world record". Blog. Weather Underground. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Monthly Climate Summary". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wet Winter Brings Life to Death Valley".
Jump up ^ NOAA. "1981–2010 US Climate Normals". NOAA. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Weather2travel.com. "Weather2travel Death Valley Climate". Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Lema, Sean (2008). "Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley's Pupfish". American Scientist.
Jump up ^ Kettmann, Matt; Grondahl, Paul; Watrous, Monica; Chase, Nan (May 2008). "Not So Dead". Smithsonian Magazine. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Lingenfelter, Richard E.; Dwyer, Richard A. (1988). Death Valley Lore, Classic Tales of Fantasy, Adventure and Mystery. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-136-9.
Jump up ^ Manly, William Lewis (1894). "Death Valley in '49". Project Gutenberg. The Pacific Tree and Vine Co.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Jerry. "Paradise Found". Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Jerry L. (2016). Western Filming Locations California, Book 6. CP Entertainment Books. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780692722947.
Jump up ^ Hart, Hugh (August 29, 2011). "Cops Chase Zombies in MTV's Goofy Death Valley". Wired.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Death Valley (category)
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Death Valley.
National Park Service: Official Death Valley National Park website
Fossils In Death Valley National Park
Historical photographs of Death Valley (1926), The Bancroft Library
UNESCO Biosphere Preserve: Mojave and Colorado Deserts
Strange moving rocks of the valley
The Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley's Pupfishes an American Scientist article by Sean Lema
Death Valley Area Interactive Map
Surficial Geologic Map of the Death Valley Junction 30' x 60' Quadrangle, California and Nevada United States Geological Survey
Death Valley Weather
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Death Valley
Death Valley Nonprofit Support Organization
Death Valley on National Geographic
Strauss, Brandon (January 18, 2018). "Rare Photos From The Wild West You Wouldn't Believe Existed: Death Valley". Eternal Lifestyle.
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values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: وادي الموت – Arabic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-az
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values: Даліна Смерці – Belarusian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Долина на смъртта – Bulgarian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
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interlanguage-link interwiki-br
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmaorg
Surmaorg – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κοιλάδα του Θανάτου – Greek

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interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: دره مرگ – Persian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
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interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Մահվան հովիտ – Armenian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: मौत की घाटी – Hindi

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interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ಸಾವಿನ ಕಣಿವೆ – Kannada

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: სიკვდილის ველი – Georgian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Ажал өрөөнү – Kyrgyz

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: मृत उपत्यका – Maithili

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Долина на Смртта – Macedonian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഡെത് വാലി – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
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interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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values: मृत उपत्यका – Nepali

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
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values: デスヴァレー (カリフォルニア州) – Japanese

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਮੌਤ ਦੀ ਘਾਟੀ – Punjabi

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interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Долина Смерти – Russian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Долина смрти – Serbian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சாவுப் பள்ளத்தாக்கு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: డెత్ వ్యాలీ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: หุบเขามรณะ – Thai

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interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Долина Смерті – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: وادئ موت – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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