text:
Wireless network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wireless icon
A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes.[1]
Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations.[2] Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.[3]
Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless sensor networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial microwave networks.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Wireless links
3 Types of wireless networks
3.1 Wireless PAN
3.2 Wireless LAN
3.3 Wireless ad hoc network
3.4 Wireless MAN
3.5 Wireless WAN
3.6 Cellular network
3.7 Global area network
3.8 Space network
4 Different uses
5 Properties
5.1 General
5.2 Performance
5.3 Space
5.4 Home
5.5 Wireless Network Elements
5.6 Difficulties
5.6.1 Interferences
5.6.2 Absorption and reflection
5.6.3 Multipath fading
5.6.4 Hidden node problem
5.6.5 Shared resource problem
5.7 Capacity
5.7.1 Channel
5.7.2 Network
6 Safety
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand ALOHAnet in 1969 at the University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network was the WaveLAN product family, developed by NCR in 1986.
1991 2G cell phone network
June 1997 802.11 "WiFi" protocol first release
1999 803.11 VoIP integration
Wireless links[edit]
Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links, e.g. WLANs
Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart.
Communications satellites – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.
Radio and spread spectrum technologies – Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. IEEE 802.11 defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as .
Free-space optical communication uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.
Types of wireless networks[edit]
Wireless PAN[edit]
Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) internet devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach.[5] For example, both Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN applications.[6] Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel "My WiFi" and Windows 7 "virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.[7]
Wireless LAN[edit]
Wireless LANs are often used for connecting to local resources and to the Internet
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for internet access. The use of spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network.
Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. Fixed wireless technology implements point-to-point links between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated microwave or modulated laser light beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link.
Wireless ad hoc network[edit]
A wireless ad hoc network, also known as a wireless mesh network or mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes and each node performs routing. Ad hoc networks can "self-heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power. Various network layer protocols are needed to realize ad hoc mobile networks, such as Distance Sequenced Distance Vector routing, Associativity-Based Routing, Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector routing, and Dynamic source routing.
Wireless MAN[edit]
Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs.
WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard.[8]
Wireless WAN[edit]
Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighbouring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public Internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band, rather than omnidirectional antennas used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems.
Cellular network[edit]
Main article: cellular network
Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern 1/4
A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference.
When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
Although originally intended for cell phones, with the development of smartphones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.[9]
Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.
Global area network[edit]
A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs.[10]
Space network[edit]
Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft, usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA's Space Network.
Different uses[edit]
Some examples of usage include cellular phones which are part of everyday wireless networks, allowing easy personal communications. Another example, Intercontinental network systems, use radio satellites to communicate across the world. Emergency services such as the police utilize wireless networks to communicate effectively as well. Individuals and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data rapidly, whether it be in a small office building or across the world.
Properties[edit]
General[edit]
In a general sense, wireless networks offer a vast variety of uses by both business and home users.[11]
"Now, the industry accepts a handful of different wireless technologies. Each wireless technology is defined by a standard that describes unique functions at both the Physical and the Data Link layers of the OSI model. These standards differ in their specified signaling methods, geographic ranges, and frequency usages, among other things. Such differences can make certain technologies better suited to home networks and others better suited to network larger organizations."[11]
Performance[edit]
Each standard varies in geographical range, thus making one standard more ideal than the next depending on what it is one is trying to accomplish with a wireless network.[11] The performance of wireless networks satisfies a variety of applications such as voice and video. The use of this technology also gives room for expansions, such as from 2G to 3G and, most recently, 4G technology, which stands for the fourth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. As wireless networking has become commonplace, sophistication increases through configuration of network hardware and software, and greater capacity to send and receive larger amounts of data, faster, is achieved.[12]
Space[edit]
Space is another characteristic of wireless networking. Wireless networks offer many advantages when it comes to difficult-to-wire areas trying to communicate such as across a street or river, a warehouse on the other side of the premises or buildings that are physically separated but operate as one.[12] Wireless networks allow for users to designate a certain space which the network will be able to communicate with other devices through that network.
Space is also created in homes as a result of eliminating clutters of wiring.[13] This technology allows for an alternative to installing physical network mediums such as TPs, coaxes, or fiber-optics, which can also be expensive.
Home[edit]
For homeowners, wireless technology is an effective option compared to Ethernet for sharing printers, scanners, and high-speed Internet connections. WLANs help save the cost of installation of cable mediums, save time from physical installation, and also creates mobility for devices connected to the network.[13] Wireless networks are simple and require as few as one single wireless access point connected directly to the Internet via a router.[11]
Wireless Network Elements[edit]
The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many interconnected wireline network elements (NEs). These NEs can be stand-alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single manufacturer or are assembled by the service provider (user) or system integrator with parts from several different manufacturers.
Wireless NEs are the products and devices used by a wireless carrier to provide support for the backhaul network as well as a mobile switching center (MSC).
Reliable wireless service depends on the network elements at the physical layer to be protected against all operational environments and applications (see GR-3171, Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria).[14]
What are especially important are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the base station (BS) cabinet. The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated closures and cables are required to have adequate strength, robustness, corrosion resistance, and resistance against wind, storms, icing, and other weather conditions. Requirements for individual components, such as hardware, cables, connectors, and closures, shall take into consideration the structure to which they are attached.
Difficulties[edit]
Interferences[edit]
Compared to wired systems, wireless networks are frequently subject to electromagnetic interference. This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio waves that are within, or close, to the radio bands used for communication. Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail.[4]
Absorption and reflection[edit]
Some materials cause absorption of electromagnetic waves, preventing it from reaching the receiver, in other cases, particularly with metallic or conductive materials reflection occurs. This can cause dead zones where no reception is available. Aluminium foiled thermal isolation in modern homes can easily reduce indoor mobile signals by 10 dB frequently leading to complaints about the bad reception of long-distance rural cell signals.
Multipath fading[edit]
In multipath fading two or more different routes taken by the signal, due to reflections, can cause the signal to cancel out at certain locations, and to be stronger in other places (upfade).
Hidden node problem[edit]
The hidden node problem occurs in some types of network when a node is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other nodes communicating with that AP. This leads to difficulties in media access control.
Shared resource problem[edit]
The wireless spectrum is a limited resource and shared by all nodes in the range of its transmitters. Bandwidth allocation becomes complex with multiple participating users. Often users are not aware that advertised numbers (e.g., for IEEE 802.11 equipment or LTE networks) are not their capacity, but shared with all other users and thus the individual user rate is far lower. With increasing demand, the capacity crunch is more and more likely to happen. User-in-the-loop (UIL) may be an alternative solution to ever upgrading to newer technologies for over-provisioning.
Capacity[edit]
Channel[edit]
Main article: Channel capacity in wireless communications
Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. Using multiple antennas and transmitting in different frequency channels can reduce fading, and can greatly increase the system capacity.
Shannon's theorem can describe the maximum data rate of any single wireless link, which relates to the bandwidth in hertz and to the noise on the channel.
One can greatly increase channel capacity by using MIMO techniques,[15][16][16] where multiple aerials or multiple frequencies can exploit multiple paths to the receiver to achieve much higher throughput – by a factor of the product of the frequency and aerial diversity at each end.
Under Linux, the Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) controls the setting of channels.[17]
Network[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
The total network bandwidth depends on how dispersive the medium is (more dispersive medium generally has better total bandwidth because it minimises interference), how many frequencies are available, how noisy those frequencies are, how many aerials are used and whether a directional antenna is in use, whether nodes employ power control and so on. there are two bands for now 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. mostly 5 gigahertz band gives better connection and speed.
Cellular wireless networks generally have good capacity, due to their use of directional aerials, and their ability to reuse radio channels in non-adjacent cells. Additionally, cells can be made very small using low power transmitters this is used in cities to give network capacity that scales linearly with population density.[4]
Safety[edit]
See also: Wireless electronic devices and health
Wireless access points are also often close to humans, but the drop off in power over distance is fast, following the inverse-square law.[18] The position of the United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency (HPA) is that “...radio frequency (RF) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones.” It also saw “...no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment.”[19] In October 2007, the HPA launched a new “systematic” study into the effects of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government, in order to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent period up to that time".[20] Dr Michael Clark, of the HPA, says published research on mobile phones and masts does not add up to an indictment of WiFi.[21]
See also[edit]
Exposed terminal problem
Physical layer
Rendezvous delay
Wireless access point
Wireless community network
Wireless LAN client comparison
Wireless site survey
Network simulation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A New Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Overview of Wireless Communications". cambridge.org. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology". informit.com. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Guowang Miao, Jens Zander, Ki Won Sung, and Ben Slimane, Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107143217, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wireless Networks: Bluetooth To Mobile Phones".
Jump up ^ "Wireless Network Industry Report". Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Wi-Fi Personal Area Networks get a boost with Windows 7 and Intel My WiFi". Retrieved 27 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Future of Wireless Broadband"".
Jump up ^ "GSM World statistics". GSM Association. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mobile Broadband Wireless connections (MBWA)". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dean Tamara (2010). Network+ Guide to Networks (5th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4239-0245-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wireless LAN Technologies". Source Daddy website. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "WLAN Benefits". Wireless Center commercial web site. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
Jump up ^ GR-3171-CORE,Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria
Jump up ^ Golbon-Haghighi, M.H. (2016). Beamforming in Wireless Networks (PDF). InTech Open. pp. 163–199. doi:10.5772/66.399. ISBN 9781466557529.
^ Jump up to: a b Golbon-Haghighi, M.H.; B. Mahboobi; M. Ardebilipour (July 2014). "Linear Pre-coding in MIMO-CDMA Relay Networks". Wireless Personal Communications (Springer). 79 (2): 1321–1341.
Jump up ^ Anadiotis, Angelos-Christos; et al. (2010). "Towards Maximising Wireless Testbed Utilization Using Spectrum Slicing". In Thomas Magedanz; Athanasius Gavras; Huu Thanh Nguyen; Jeffrey S. Chase. Testbeds and Research Infrastructures, Development of Networks and Communities: 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010. 46. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 302. Retrieved 2015-07-19. […] Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) […] controls the channels to be set on the system, based on the regulations of each country.
Jump up ^ Foster, Kenneth R (March 2007). "Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi-Fi technology". Health Physics. 92 (3): 280–289. doi:10.1097/01.HP.0000248117.74843.34. PMID 17293700.
Jump up ^ "WiFi". Health Protection Agency. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Health Protection Agency announces further research into use of WiFi". Health Protection Agency. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Nicki (11 December 2006). "Wi-fi: should we be worried?". The Times. London. Retrieved 16 September 2007. All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks. … When we have conducted measurements in schools, typical exposures from WiFi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation. As a comparison, a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 percent of guideline levels. So a year sitting in a classroom near a wireless network is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a mobile. If WiFi should be taken out of schools, then the mobile phone network should be shut down, too—and FM radio and TV, as the strength of their signals is similar to that from WiFi in classrooms....
Further reading[edit]
Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure (PDF) (2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425.
Pahlavan, Kaveh; Levesque, Allen H (1995). Wireless Information Networks. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-10607-0.
Geier, Jim (2001). Wireless LANs. Sams;. ISBN 0-672-32058-4.
Goldsmith, Andrea (2005). Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83716-2.
Lenzini, L.; Luise, M.; Reggiannini, R. (June 2001). "CRDA: A Collision Resolution and Dynamic Allocation MAC Protocol to Integrate Date and Voice in Wireless Networks". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. IEEE Communications Society. 19 (6): 1153–1163. ISSN 0733-8716.
Molisch, Andreas (2005). Wireless Communications. Wiley-IEEE Press. ISBN 0-470-84888-X.
Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002). Principles of Wireless Networks – a Unified Approach. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-093003-2.
Rappaport, Theodore (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-042232-0.
Rhoton, John (2001). The Wireless Internet Explained. Digital Press. ISBN 1-55558-257-5.
Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless Communication. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84527-0.
Kostas Pentikousis (March 2005). "Wireless Data Networks". Internet Protocol Journal. 8 (1). Retrieved 29 August 2011.
Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2009). Networking Fundamentals – Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-99290-6.
External links[edit]
Wireless at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
[hide]
v
t
e
Telecommunications
History
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Drums
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepay mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Smartphone
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
Timeline of communication technology
Undersea telegraph line
Videoconferencing
Videophone
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
Alexander Graham Bell
Tim Berners-Lee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Donald Davies
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Erna Schneider Hoover
Charles K. Kao
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Antonio Meucci
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Johann Philipp Reis
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
Transmission line
Network topology
and switching
Links
Nodes
Terminal node
Network switching (circuit
packet)
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Networks
ARPANET
BITNET
Cellular network
Computer
CYCLADES
Ethernet
FidoNet
Internet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
NPL network
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Telecommunications equipment
Television
Telex
WAN
Wireless
World Wide Web
Category
Portal
Authority control
GND: 4216132-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&oldid=827937840"
Categories:
Wireless networking
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from October 2012
Articles to be expanded from April 2013
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Articles with Curlie links
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Македонски
Mirandés
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 16:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/File:Wifi.svg internal Enlarge

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Network_node
mw-redirect
Network node

value: sup

value: p

values:
/wiki/Radio_communication
mw-redirect
Radio communication

values:
/wiki/Satellite_of_Earth
mw-redirect
Satellite of Earth

values: Edit section: Types of wireless networks

values:
/wiki/Laser_light
mw-redirect
Laser light

values: Distance Sequenced Distance Vector (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Associativity-Based_Routing
mw-redirect
Associativity-Based Routing

values: Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector routing (page does not exist)

values: Dynamic source routing (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Parabolic_dish
mw-redirect
Parabolic dish

values:
/wiki/Global_area_network
mw-redirect
Global area network

values:
/wiki/Mobile_switching_center
mw-redirect
Mobile switching center

values:
/wiki/Multipath_fading
mw-redirect
Multipath fading

values:
/wiki/Media_Access_Control
mw-redirect
Media Access Control

values:
/wiki/Shannon%27s_theorem
mw-redirect
Shannon's theorem

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Exposed_terminal_problem
mw-redirect
Exposed terminal problem

values:
/wiki/Wireless_LAN_client_comparison
mw-redirect
Wireless LAN client comparison

values:
nofollow
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.5772%2F66.399

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17293700

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8716

values:
/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg
image
Telecommunications symbol

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Telecommunications padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4216132-0

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2013

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Wireless_network
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: شبكة لاسلكية – Arabic

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionet
Radionet – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: Kabellose Übertragungsverfahren – German

values: Ασύρματο δίκτυο – Greek

values: شبکه ی بی سیم – Persian

values: 무선 네트워크 – Korean

values: Безжична мрежа – Macedonian

values: ကြိုးမဲ့ ကွန်ယက်များ – Burmese

values: Беспроводная вычислительная сеть – Russian

values: Бежичне мреже – Serbian

values: கம்பியில்லாப் பிணையம் – Tamil

values: Бездротова мережа – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Wireless_network rootpage-Wireless_network skin-vector action-view


text:
List of countries by sex ratio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2014)
Sex ratio by country for total population. Red represents more females, blue more males than the world average of 1.01 males/females.
Sex ratio by country for population aged below 15. Red represents more girls, blue more boys than the world average of 1.06 males/females.
Sex ratio by country for population aged above 65. Red represents more women, blue more men than the world average of 0.79 males/females.
The human sex ratio is the number of males for each female in a population. This is a list of sex ratios by country or region.
Contents
[hide]
1 Methodology
2 Countries
3 See also
4 References
Methodology[edit]
The table's data is derived from The World Factbook,[1] except when otherwise indicated. It shows the male to female sex ratio as estimated by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency. However, there are differences between the estimates by The World Factbook and numbers reported by the census offices of respective countries. The world average for the ratio of males/females is 1.00, which means there are 1.01 males for every female (more males than females).
For example, The World Factbook in 2001 reported Switzerland's sex ratio at birth as 1.05,[2] while Switzerland's Federal Office of Statistics in 2011 reported Switzerland's sex ratio at birth as 1.07 per its birth records census data.[3] Similar differences between estimates by "The World Factbook" and census numbers from birth records are known for Sweden, Norway, Ireland, India and Japan.
A ratio above 1, e.g. 1.1, means there are 1.1 males for every 1 female (more males than females). A ratio below 1, e.g. 0.8, means there are 0.8 males for every 1 female (more females than males). A ratio of 1 means there are equal numbers of females and males.[4]
Countries[edit]
Number of males in relation to each female:
Country/region
at birth
(CIA estimate, 2016)[1]
0-14 years
15-24 years
25-54 years
55-64 years
over 65
total
at birth
(WDB estimate, 2012)[5]
- World 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.02 0.95 0.805 1.015 1.07
Afghanistan 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.97 0.86 1.03 1.07
Albania 1.10 1.12 1.07 0.91 0.98 0.89 0.98 1.07
Algeria 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.03 0.86 1.03 1.05
American Samoa 1.06 0.96 0.96 1.06 0.96 0.85 1.00
Andorra 1.07 1.05 1.08 1.05 1.15 1.02 1.06
Angola 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.94 1.5 1.02 1.03
Anguilla 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.82 0.90 0.98 0.91
Antigua and Barbuda 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.84 0.82 0.76 0.90
Argentina 1.05 1.06 1.05 1 0.94 0.71 0.98 1.04
Armenia 1.13 1.14 1.06 0.93 0.84 0.67 0.94 1.15
Aruba 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.93 0.87 0.64 0.90 1.05
Australia 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.98 0.86 1.01 1.06
Austria 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.76 0.96 1.06
Azerbaijan 1.11 1.15 1.09 0.96 0.86 0.62 0.98 1.16
Bahamas, The 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.00 0.81 0.62 0.96 1.06
Bahrain 1.03 1.03 1.30 1.88 1.81 0.95 - 1.05
Bangladesh 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.98 0.97 0.97 1.05
Barbados 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.88 0.66 0.94 1.04
Belarus 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.97 0.79 0.46 0.87 1.06
Belgium 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.76 0.97 1.05
Belize 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.97 0.89 1.03 1.03
Benin 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.76 0.66 1.01 1.04
Bermuda 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.89 0.73 0.94
Bhutan 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.14 1.16 1.10 1.09 1.04
Bolivia 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.86 0.79 0.98 1.05
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.01 0.92 0.64 0.95 1.07
Botswana 1.03 1.04 0.99 1.15 0.82 0.66 1.04 1.03
Brazil 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.89 0.74 0.97 1.05
British Virgin Islands 1.05 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.95 0.95 0.92
Brunei 1.05 1.06 0.99 0.92 1.04 0.95 0.98 1.06
Bulgaria 1.06 1.06 1.09 1.06 0.88 0.69 0.95 1.06
Burkina Faso 1.03 1.00 1.01 1.03 0.77 0.60 0.99 1.05
Burma 1.06 1.04 1.03 0.99 0.89 0.77 0.99
Burundi 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.74 0.99 1.03
Cambodia 1.05 1.02 0.98 0.96 0.65 0.60 0.94 1.05
Cameroon 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.95 0.87 1.01 1.03
Canada 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.80 0.98 1.05
Cape Verde 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.94 0.75 0.61 0.94 1.03
Cayman Islands 1.02 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.95
Central African Republic 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.84 0.64 0.98 1.03
Chad 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.83 0.79 0.71 0.93 1.03
Chile 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.89 0.72 0.97 1.04
China 1.15 1.17 1.14 1.04 1.02 0.92 1.06 1.19
Colombia 1.06 1.05 1.04 0.98 0.88 0.72 0.98 1.05
Comoros 1.03 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.80 0.88 0.94 1.05
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.89 0.73 1.00 1.03
Congo, Republic of the 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.78 1.01 1.03
Cook Islands 1.04 1.12 1.14 1.00 1.17 0.97 1.07
Costa Rica 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.95 0.86 1.01 1.05
Cote d'Ivoire 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.01 0.93 1.02 1.02
Croatia 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.69 0.93 1.06
Cuba 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.01 0.94 0.81 0.99 1.06
Curacao 1.05 1.04 1.09 0.96 0.76 0.70 0.92
Cyprus 1.05 1.06 1.19 1.11 0.92 0.77 1.04 1.07
Czech Republic 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.94 0.70 0.97 1.06
Denmark 1.06 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.81 0.97 1.06
Djibouti 1.03 1.01 0.89 0.71 0.85 0.82 0.84 1.04
Dominica 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.15 0.79 1.02
Dominican Republic 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.01 0.86 1.03 1.05
Ecuador 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.99 1.05
Egypt 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.82 1.05 1.05
El Salvador 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.86 0.80 0.80 0.93 1.05
Equatorial Guinea 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.00 0.76 0.72 0.99 1.03
Eritrea 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.74 0.75 0.97 1.03
Estonia 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.01 0.81 0.51 0.88 1.06
Ethiopia 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.95 0.82 0.99 1.03
European Union 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.95 0.75 0.96 1.06
Faroe Islands 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.18 1.06 0.94 1.08
Fiji 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.03 0.85 1.03 1.06
Finland 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.97 0.76 0.97 1.05
France 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.93 0.75 0.96 1.05
French Polynesia 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.06 0.94 1.05 1.05
Gabon 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.75 0.99 1.03
Gambia, The 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.88 0.98 1.03
Gaza Strip/Palestine 1.06 1.05 1.01 0.96 1.10 0.71 1.02 1.05
Georgia 1.08 1.11 1.11 0.95 0.81 0.64 0.92 1.11
Germany 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.78 0.97 1.06
Ghana 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.94 0.95 0.86 0.97 1.06
Gibraltar 1.07 1.05 1.10 1.03 0.81 0.97 1.01
Greece 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.99 0.96 0.78 0.95 1.07
Greenland 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.10 1.26 1.15 1.10
Grenada 1.10 1.08 0.99 1.05 1.05 0.85 1.03 1.05
Guam 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.03 1.02 0.85 1.03 1.06
Guatemala 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.91 0.91 0.87 0.97 1.05
Guernsey 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.83 0.99
Guinea 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 0.92 0.79 1.00 1.06
Guinea-Bissau 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.99 0.62 0.60 0.96 1.03
Guyana 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.09 0.82 0.71 1.02 1.05
Haiti 1.01 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.91 0.81 0.98 1.05
Honduras 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.88 0.77 1.01 1.05
Hong Kong 1.12 1.12 1.08 0.74 0.94 0.89 0.87 1.07
Hungary 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.01 0.85 0.60 0.91 1.06
Iceland 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.01 0.88 1.01 1.05
India 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.90 1.08 1.08
Indonesia 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.84 0.77 1.00 1.05
Iran 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.97 0.86 1.03 1.05
Iraq 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.91 0.80 1.02 1.07
Ireland 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.86 1.00 1.07
Isle of Man 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.02 0.87 1.00
Israel 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.96 0.81 1.01 1.05
Italy 1.06 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.94 0.75 0.93 1.06
Jamaica 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.93 0.81 0.98 1.05
Japan 1.06 1.06 1.11 0.98 1.00 0.77 0.94 1.06
Jersey 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.74 0.97
Jordan 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.89 1.02 1.05
Kazakhstan 0.94 0.98 1.04 0.95 0.78 0.53 0.92 1.07
Kenya 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.02 0.84 0.77 1.00 1.03
Kiribati 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.93 0.82 0.65 0.95 1.05
Korea, North 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.01 0.90 0.53 0.94 1.05
Korea, South 1.07 1.07 1.12 1.06 0.98 0.71 1.00 1.10
Kosovo 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.01 0.72 1.06
Kuwait 1.05 1.08 1.22 1.72 1.31 0.89 1.41 1.03
Kyrgyzstan 1.07 1.05 1.03 0.96 0.77 0.62 0.96 1.06
Laos 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.83 0.99 1.05
Latvia 1.05 1.05 1.07 0.98 0.79 0.48 0.86 1.05
Lebanon 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.88 0.79 1.00 1.05
Lesotho 1.03 1.01 0.91 0.96 1.14 1.03 0.98 1.03
Liberia 1.03 1.02 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.06
Libya 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.10 1.04 1.01 1.07 1.06
Liechtenstein 1.26 1.17 0.99 1.00 0.95 0.84 0.99
Lithuania 1.06 1.05 1.07 0.97 0.79 0.51 0.86 1.05
Luxembourg 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.79 1.01 1.06
Macau 1.05 1.09 1.11 0.80 1.01 0.88 0.91 1.05
Republic of Macedonia 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.03 0.96 0.75 0.99 1.08
Madagascar 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.95 0.83 1.00 1.03
Malawi 1.02 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.79 0.98 1.03
Malaysia 1.07 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.03 0.90 1.03 1.06
Maldives 1.05 1.04 1.37 1.34 1.00 0.89 1.23 1.06
Mali 1.03 1.01 0.91 0.87 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.05
Malta 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.05 0.98 0.81 0.99 1.06
Marshall Islands 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.97 1.04
Mauritania 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.86 0.82 0.74 0.93 1.05
Mauritius 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.90 0.68 0.97 1.04
Mexico 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.93 0.85 0.82 0.96 1.05
Micronesia, Federated States of 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.94 0.97 0.81 0.98 1.07
Moldova 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.01 0.85 0.62 0.95 1.06
Monaco 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.00 0.99 0.81 0.95
Mongolia 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.94 0.85 0.69 0.96 1.03
Montenegro 1.06 0.97 0.83 1.17 1.00 0.66 0.99 1.08
Montserrat 1.03 1.07 1.08 0.92 0.83 1.60 1.00
Morocco 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.94 0.99 0.82 0.97 1.06
Mozambique 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.92 0.85 0.96 1.03
Namibia 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.91 0.82 0.75 0.96 1.03
Nauru 0.83 0.77 1.02 1.01 0.64 0.63 0.89
Nepal 1.04 1.07 1.00 0.82 0.95 0.86 0.95 1.05
Netherlands 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.82 0.98 1.06
New Caledonia 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.01 0.94 0.80 1.00 1.05
New Zealand 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.00 0.95 0.86 0.99 1.06
Nicaragua 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.95 1.05
Niger 1.03 1.02 0.98 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.01 1.05
Nigeria 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.05 0.95 0.91 1.04 1.06
Northern Mariana Islands 1.06 1.06 1.28 0.73 1.14 0.92 0.93
Norway 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.02 0.84 1.02 1.06
Oman 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.38 1.14 0.99 1.19 1.05
Pakistan 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.01 0.88 1.06 1.05
Palau 1.06 1.07 1.00 1.57 0.54 0.37 1.09
Panama 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.85 1.01 1.05
Papua New Guinea 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.06 1.03 1.06 1.04 1.08
Paraguay 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.00 1.04 0.88 1.01 1.05
Peru 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.92 0.94 0.90 0.97 1.05
Philippines 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.84 0.72 1.01 1.06
Poland 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.02 0.90 0.64 0.94 1.06
Portugal 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.03 0.88 0.69 0.96 1.06
Puerto Rico 1.02 1.04 1.05 0.92 0.83 0.76 0.91 1.05
Qatar 1.02 1.03 2.64 4.91 3.38 1.71 3.41 1.04
Romania 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.02 0.88 0.68 0.95 1.06
Russia 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.96 0.75 0.45 0.86 1.06
Rwanda 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.70 1.00 1.01
Saint Barthelemy 1.06 1.06 1.10 1.19 1.19 1.00 1.13
Saint Helena 1.05 1.04 1.05 0.98 1.09 1.04 1.02
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.02 1.01 0.94 1.05 1.00 0.83 1.00
Saint Lucia 1.06 1.06 1.03 0.93 0.86 0.83 0.95 1.03
Saint Martin 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.87 0.81 0.93
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1.05 1.06 1.08 0.97 1.10 0.72 0.95
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.08 1.06 0.87 1.03 1.03
Samoa 1.05 1.07 1.05 1.07 1.04 0.77 1.04 1.08
San Marino 1.10 1.14 1.06 0.89 0.99 0.81 0.94
Sao Tome and Principe 1.03 1.03 1.03 0.96 0.84 0.81 1.00 1.03
Saudi Arabia 1.05 1.05 1.15 1.31 1.21 1.05 1.19 1.03
Senegal 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.85 0.76 0.82 0.94 1.03
Serbia 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.02 0.93 0.70 0.95 1.08
Seychelles 1.03 1.05 1.10 1.12 1.06 0.64 1.06
Sierra Leone 1.03 1.00 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.73 0.95 1.02
Singapore 1.07 1.05 0.97 0.95 1.00 0.83 0.96 1.07
Sint Maarten 1.05 1.09 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.98
Slovakia 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.02 0.90 0.62 0.94 1.05
Slovenia 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.02 0.97 0.68 0.95 1.05
Solomon Islands 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.02 0.92 1.04 1.09
Somalia 1.03 1.00 1.02 1.07 0.96 0.64 1.01 1.03
South Africa 1.02 1.01 0.98 1.02 0.87 0.73 0.98 1.03
South Sudan 1.05 1.03 1.06 0.94 1.10 1.19 1.02
Spain 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.04 0.95 0.74 0.98 1.06
Sri Lanka 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.96 0.86 0.74 0.96 1.04
Sudan 1.05 1.03 1.06 0.94 1.10 1.19 1.02 1.05
Suriname 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.96 0.76 1.01 1.08
Swaziland 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.08 0.66 0.64 1.00 1.03
Sweden 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.85 1.00 1.06
Switzerland 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.78 0.97 1.06
Syria 1.06 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.98 0.82 1.01 1.05
Taiwan 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.99
Tajikistan 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.85 0.72 0.99 1.05
Tanzania 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.78 0.75 0.99 1.03
Thailand 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.98 0.89 0.78 0.97 1.06
Timor-Leste 1.07 1.06 1.03 0.93 1.04 0.91 1.01 1.05
Togo 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.89 0.76 0.98 1.02
Tonga 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.00 0.98 0.84 1.01 1.05
Trinidad and Tobago 1.03 1.04 1.09 1.09 0.99 0.77 1.03 1.04
Tunisia 1.07 1.06 1.01 0.94 1.03 0.97 0.99 1.05
Turkey 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.99 0.80 1.01 1.05
Turkmenistan 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.89 0.77 0.98 1.05
Turks and Caicos Islands 1.05 1.04 0.97 1.02 1.18 0.80 1.02
Tuvalu 1.05 1.05 1.10 0.99 0.69 0.69 0.98
Uganda 1.03 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.93 0.79 0.99 1.03
Ukraine 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.96 0.75 0.50 0.86 1.06
United Arab Emirates 1.05 1.05 1.47 3.20 2.93 1.69 2.18 1.05
United Kingdom 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.98 0.81 0.99 1.05
United States 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.00 0.93 0.79 0.97 1.05
United States Virgin Islands 1.06 1.02 0.82 0.82 0.93 0.83 0.87 1.06
Uruguay 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.89 0.66 0.94 1.05
Uzbekistan 1.06 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.90 0.74 0.99 1.05
Vanuatu 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.00 1.07
Venezuela 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.79 0.99 1.05
Vietnam 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.01 0.85 0.63 1.00 1.05
Wallis and Futuna 1.05 1.09 1.11 1.01 0.97 0.92 1.03
West Bank/Palestine 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.06 0.73 1.04 1.05
Western Sahara 1.04 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.87 0.78 0.99
Yemen 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.05 0.85 0.87 1.02 1.05
Zambia 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.02 0.88 0.76 1.00 1.03
Zimbabwe 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.10 0.58 0.64 1.01 1.02
See also[edit]
List of Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html
Jump up ^ "Europe-Switzerland-People-Sex Ratio-at birth". 2001.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Data on Switzerland 2011, see page 6 for sex ratio at birth". Switzerland Federal Statistics Office.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook 2010 (CIA's 2009 Editthan ion)".
Jump up ^ "Gender Statistics Highlights from 2012 World Development Report". World DataBank, a compilation of databases by the World Bank. February 2012.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of countries by population statistics
Global
Current population
Current population (United Nations)
(Sub-)Continents
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Caribbean
Oceania
South America
Intercontinental
Americas
Arab world
Commonwealth of Nations
Eurasia
European Union
Islands
Latin America
Middle East
Cities/urban regions
National capitals
Cities proper
Metropolitan areas
Urban areas
Megacities
Megalopolises
Past and future
Past population (United Nations)
Past and future population
1
1000
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
1907
1939
1989
2000
2005
2010
Future population
Population density
Current density
Current real density based on food growing capacity
Growth indicators
Population growth rate
Natural increase
Birth rate
Mortality rate
Fertility rate
Other
demographics
Age at first marriage
Divorce rate
Ethnic and cultural diversity level
Foreign-born population
Immigrant population
Linguistic diversity
Median age
Net migration rate
Number of households
Sex ratio
Urban population
Urbanization
Health
Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
Infant and under-five mortality rates
Life expectancy
Percentage suffering from undernourishment
Health expenditure covered by government
Suicide rate
Total health expenditure per capita
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Education
and innovation
Bloomberg Innovation Index
Education Index
International Innovation Index
Innovation Union Scoreboard
Literacy rate
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
Student skills
Tertiary education attainment
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
Women's average years in school
World Intellectual Property Indicators
Economic
Development aid given
Official Development Assistance received
Employment rate
Irrigated land area
Human Development Index
by country
inequality-adjusted
Human Poverty Index
Imports
Income equality
Job security
Labour force
Number of millionaires (US dollars)
Number of billionaires (US dollars)
Percentage living in poverty
Public sector
Sen social welfare function
Unemployment rate
List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio&oldid=839943339"
Categories:
Gender
Lists of countries
Demographic lists
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Español
فارسی
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Basa Jawa
Lietuvių
தமிழ்
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 May 2018, at 18:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Template:Lists of countries by population statistics

values: Template talk:Lists of countries by population statistics

values:
/wiki/Population_statistics
mw-redirect
Population statistics

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries by population (United Nations)

values: List of European countries by population

values: List of North American countries by population

values: List of Caribbean island countries by population

values: List of Oceanian countries by population

values: List of South American countries by population

values: List of countries in the Americas by population

values: List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population

values: List of Eurasian countries by population

values: List of European Union member states by population

values: List of Latin American countries by population

values: List of Middle East countries by population

values: List of metropolitan areas by population

values:
/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)
mw-redirect
Megalopolis (city type)

values: List of countries by past population (United Nations)

values: List of countries by past and future population

values: List of countries by future population (United Nations, medium fertility variant)

values: List of countries and territories by population density

values: List of countries by real population density based on food growing capacity

values: List of countries by population growth rate

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate

values: List of countries by age at first marriage

values: List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level

values: List of countries by foreign-born population

values: List of countries by immigrant population

values: List of countries by number of households

values: Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza

values: List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

values: List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates

values: List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment

values: List of countries by health expenditure covered by government

values: List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

values:
/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index
mw-redirect
Bloomberg Innovation Index

values: List of countries by tertiary education attainment

values: List of countries by women's average years in school

values: List of countries by Official Development Assistance received

values: List of countries by irrigated land area

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_job_security
mw-redirect
List of countries by job security

values: List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires

values: List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty

values: List of countries by Sen social welfare function

values: List of top international rankings by country

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: قائمة الدول حسب نسبة الجنس – Arabic

values: লিংগ অনুপাত অনুসৰি দেশৰ তালিকা – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: লিঙ্গ অনুপাত অনুযায়ী রাষ্ট্রসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla

values: Anexo:Índice de masculinidad por países – Spanish

values: فهرست کشورهای جهان بر پایه نسبت جنسی جمعیت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 성비에 따른 나라 목록 – Korean

values: Daftar negara menurut perbandingan gender dalam populasi – Indonesian

values: Daftar negara miturut rasio kelamin – Javanese

values: Sąrašas:Šalys pagal lyčių santykį – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: ஆண்-பெண் இருபால் விகிதத்தின் அடிப்படையில் நாடுகளின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: Список країн за співвідношенням населення чоловічої та жіночої статі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: فہرست ممالک بلحاظ جنسی تناسب – Urdu

values: Danh sách các nước theo tỷ lệ giới tính – Vietnamese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio rootpage-List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio skin-vector action-view