text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Bowers
Produced by
Nina Jacobson
Brad Simpson
Screenplay by
Jeff Kinney
David Bowers
Based on
Hard Luck, The Long Haul and Old School
by Jeff Kinney
Starring
Jason Drucker
Alicia Silverstone
Tom Everett Scott
Charlie Wright
Owen Asztalos
Narrated by
Jason Drucker
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures[1]
Color Force[1]
TSG Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
Running time
91 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[4]
Box office
$40.1 million[3]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers. It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series, The Long Haul and Old School, and one element based on the eighth book, Hard Luck about Meemaw. Despite not being a reboot, the original cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles.[5]
It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget, and was panned by critics and audiences alike, mainly due to its recasting.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Pre production
3.3 Filming
3.4 Cultural references
4 Release
4.1 Trailer reactions
4.2 Box office
4.3 Critical response
4.4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands".
Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity. He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where Greg, Rodrick, Frank, and Manny's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology-free.
After arriving at a motel, Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.
Going to sleep, Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings, who playfully crash a trolley into a wall, and storms out of the room. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley — which is meant for Greg — into their car, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him. Greg returns to his room, but the next morning, he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo, who chases him again, but he manages to escape from the motel with his family.
The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig, but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again. Back at the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw. However, after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV, they go to get the boys themselves.
Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition. Desperate to be in one of his videos, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost. But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public, causing them to chant at him. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he wants, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.
On the road again, the tarp on the boat — hitched to the car — carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road. The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes. This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster. Greg saw his family hit rock bottom. He encourages them to continue the trip. They found the Beardos. They get into the motel room, where the Beardos occupied, and successfully retrieve their belongings.
After encountering some obstacles, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's and get their car fixed, but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way. A Spanish-speaking man, Mr. Luis, who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them, but none of the Heffleys can understand him, except Manny, who speaks in fluent Spanish (thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip) to the man and explains their current situation.
Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is, and the two reunite. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing. He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a new van, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.
In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.
Cast[edit]
Jason Drucker as Gregory "Greg" Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]
Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]
In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."
Pre production[edit]
On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a fourth live action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production, and will have a completely different cast, as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles.[citation needed] Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley, with David Bowers returning as the director. Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg's parents, Susan and Frank, and Charlie Wright portrays Greg's older brother Rodrick.[4]
Filming[edit]
Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20, 2016, in Atlanta, and concluded on November 18, 2016.
Cultural references[edit]
The film somewhat acts as a parody film, referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds, where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls. The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act, where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower, which Greg is stuck in, which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him, and wet mud goes down the drain. Additionally, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet?. When Greg Heffley was in the ball pit in the start of the film, the film referenced a scene in Jingle All the Way.
Release[edit]
The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]
Trailer reactions[edit]
On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters, most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick. To further express their outrage, the fans took to social media and started the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick" (a parody of the "#NotMyPresident" trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump), which has spawned countless online memes. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]
Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences, and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes, compared to only 9 thousand likes.[11]
Box office[edit]
As of August 12, 2017[update], Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40,077,469 million, against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[3]
In North America, the film was released alongside Everything, Everything and Alien: Covenant, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[12] When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of The Caribbean: Salazars Revenge with £1,444,092.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested – and largely unfunny – development."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Home media[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017.[17][18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rechtshaffen, Michael (May 15, 2017). "'Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Alien: Covenant,' No. 8 in the franchise, is poised to unseat 'Guardians' at the box office". Los Angeles Times. May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diary Of A Wimpy Kid: new film confirmed for 2017".
Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid (1 November 2016). "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek" – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zachary Gordon Talks "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days"". ClevverTV. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid: Dog Days". HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Cavna (3 August 2012). "Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film, 'Dog Days'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Hiramine, Brie. "YIKES: 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley". J-14. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul | Official Trailer [HD] | 20th Century FOX". www.youtube.com. 20th Century Fox. March 16, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why ‘Alien: Covenant’ Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1M Opening, -34% From ‘Prometheus’". Deadline.com. May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekend box office 26th May 2017 - 28th May 2017". www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Release Date, News & Reviews - Releases.com". www.releases.com. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
External links[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul on IMDb
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul at Tomatazos
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Time Stands Still (Degrassi: The Next Generation)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Time Stands Still"
Degrassi: The Next Generation episode
A humiliated Rick getting revenge with a gun trying to shoot Emma.
Episode no.
Season 4
Episode 7 & 8
Directed by
Stefan Sciani
Production code
407 & 408
Original air date
5 & 12 October 2004 (Canada)
3 & 10 December 2004 (US)
Guest appearance(s)
Ephraim Ellis as Rick Murray
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Islands in the Stream" Next →
"Back in Black"
Degrassi: The Next Generation (season 4)
List of Degrassi: The Next Generation episodes
"Time Stands Still" is a two-part episode of the Canadian teen drama Degrassi: The Next Generation. It aired near the beginning of the fourth season, and originally aired on 5 and 12 October 2004 in Canada, on the CTV Television Network. Despite being a two-part episode, many events were still unresolved until later in the season. The American teen network, The N, which aired first run episodes, was airing episodes two months later at the time.
Part two of the episode earned director Stefan Sciani, an award for "Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series – Family" at the Directors Guild of Canada Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Synopsis
2.1 Summary
2.1.1 Part One
2.1.2 Part Two
2.2 Extended Overview
2.2.1 Sub-plot
2.2.2 Part One
2.2.3 Part Two
3 Absences
4 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Executive producer Aaron Martin wanted to deal with this subject since Degrassi: The Next Generation started. He said, "It wasn't an issue when the original Degrassi was on, and it's become much more of an issue in the last 10 years. And with any teen shows, there are only so many issues you can cover, and new ones are harder and harder to find."[1] The producers enlisted bullying expert Barbara Coloroso, who worked with the families of survivors of the Columbine High School shooting. "She gave us amazing insights into how (bullies) work and how this cycle of violence keeps happening over and over again", they said. The N aired public service announcements to warn of the episode's content.[2]
Synopsis[edit]
Summary[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Time Stands Still
Part One[edit]
The episode starts out with best friends Spinner Mason and Jimmy Brooks bullying Rick, then throwing him into a dumpster. This bullying has been going on since Rick came back to Degrassi a year after putting his then-girlfriend Terri into a coma, with the students disapproving, and showing their disapproval by bullying him. Rick, however, has made friends with Toby and Emma, even developing a crush on her later. He's even on a popular quiz show "Whack Your Brain" with Toby and Emma. However, the bullying by others continue.
Rick gets revenge on Spinner for throwing him in the dumpster the next day, when he spray paints an 'X' on the door of Spinner's car. He also does this on Jay's, another one of his bullies, car. Spinner, Jay, Jay's girlfriend Alex, and their friend Sean meet up and discuss the incident. Spinner says how he's going to tell Mr. Raditch, the principal, though Sean reminds him that if they tell him, he's going to want to know why Rick sprayed their cars. Spinner changes his mind on telling Mr. Raditch and assures his revenge on Rick.
Due to his intelligence, especially in sports, Jimmy is placed on the "Whack Your Brain" team after one of the contestants got sick with mono. Both Jimmy and Rick detest his decision, and Rick tried to go to Mr. Raditch to tell him to get Jimmy off the team. However, he is quickly dismissed by Mr. Raditch who says he can't force Jimmy to be friends with him, and for Rick to try to make a better relationship with him. Rick is discouraged by this, but he and Jimmy soon start to get along. Jimmy even defends him when Spinner, Jay, and Alex tried to bully him. Because of this, Rick mocks them and reminds them it was him who sprayed their cars. Spinner and Jay vow for their revenge.
The next day, Toby meets up with Rick at Rick's house, where Rick informs his mother how he, Toby, Emma, and Jimmy are inseparable, and how they will soon rule the school. Toby, however, does not believe him, but nevertheless hesitantly agrees with him. At school, Rick talks with Emma and compliments her encouraging words, hinting his crush on her. He then meets up with Jimmy and the two playfully talk about the upcoming quiz show. Paige, a popular girl and one of Rick's bullies since he was going out with Terri, insults his outfit, but with his new confidence, he brushes her aside.
At the quiz show, the Degrassi team is neck-to-neck with another school named Northern, but they soon win, mostly due to the help of Rick. For the final round, the team chooses Rick to go up. A short break follows, and Jimmy and Rick head to the bathroom.
In the bathroom, Jimmy compliments Rick's intelligence and they talk. Spinner and Jay enter and also compliment Rick, telling him how they're cool with him now. However, when Rick and Jimmy leave, Spinner and Jay talk about their prank they will put on Rick, Jay saying how Alex will set it up easily with no suspicion, since she is Student Council Vice-President.
In the final round, Rick gets most of the answers correct and beats Northern, thus winning the game. Emma, Toby, and Jimmy compliment him. However, while on stage, the prank including a bucket of yellow paint and feathers fall on Rick, and he is drenched with it. The audience laughs, and Rick stands there, frozen.
While leaving the school still in shock, Emma runs up to him to hand him the trophy. He says how the pranksters (unknown to anyone at the time) are life runners, but Emma assures him he's the smartest guy in school and how no one will forget that. Rick then kisses Emma to her disapproval, and she states she was only friends with him because she felt sorry for him, and for him to get a clue. Rick stands alone, stunned.
Rick goes home and discovers his parents are not there. He then pulls out a box from a drawer, opens it, and finds his father's gun. He takes off his glasses, shakes, and intently stares at it.
Part Two[edit]
Part two picks up where it left off in part one where Rick opens the box and finds his father's gun, takes off his glasses, shakes, and intently stares at it. Rick comes back to school, still coated in the feathers and paint, after being humiliated during the "Whack Your Brain" contest. He has become the laughing stock of many people in the school, including JT and Danny. Toby Isaacs and Mr. Raditch tell him to take the afternoon off, but Rick chooses to stay. Having plans to get revenge on his bullies, he goes after Paige first. However, Paige encounters him, and right when Rick was about to pull the gun out to shoot her, she tells him that she thought the prank was sickening and that she was sorry. Because of this, Rick does not take out the gun to shoot her, he apologizes for hurting Terri and leaves. This, supposedly, was to end his rage, and he was not going to shoot anyone. However, while trying to clean himself up in the bathroom, Spinner and Jay trick Rick into thinking the prank was Jimmy's idea, and he recommits to revenge. He sees Jimmy in a now empty hallway afterwards and shoots him in the back, though Jimmy was unaware that Rick thought he set up the prank. The bullet in Jimmy's back severed his spine which paralyzes him.
Rick then sees Toby, Emma, and Sean, and is mad at Emma because she admits she never had feelings for him. He tells her that he thought she loved him, but she just played him, and that she "made his list". Sean tries to talk him out of shooting her, but to no avail. He points the gun at Emma, but Sean attacks him and tries to point the gun away. However, he accidentally shoots and kills Rick in the process.
The school is put on a lockdown, though the students are unaware of what happened. In Paige, Ellie, and Hazel's classroom, it's discovered that there was a shooting. Right after this, Hazel is pulled out of class and is informed that Jimmy, her boyfriend, was shot.
After a while, the lockdown ends and students are released from school. Jay assures Alex that they will be fine and that nobody will find out, though Alex is very regretful of her involvement. Spinner meets up with them and is filled with guilt and regret, telling Jay they need to know who did it, and how they could have killed Jimmy. Jay tells him not to tell anyone, and that it would be all right.
Toby and Emma leave the school and are greeted by their parents, and Toby finds out that Rick had died. They meet up at Emma's house and watch the news about the shooting, and Toby is so distraught by the fact that his friend shot someone and was going to shoot more people, so he goes to a candlelight vigil for Jimmy at Degrassi with Emma. The two tearfully embrace, and the episode ends.
Extended Overview[edit]
Sub-plot[edit]
Part One: The sub-plot starts with Joey, in his home, being told by his Realtor that his open house is the day after tomorrow and that he has to clean. He is desperate to sell his house, asking his realtor Helen, what else he can do besides clean to ensure the sale. While they're discussing the sale, Craig Manning walks down the stairs and says he is too sick for school. Joey agrees and tells Helen that their meeting's gone on too long and that he has to go to work. Helen seems upset that they didn't get to finish discussing the sale and Joey seems frustrated that Helen can't just get the house sold.
After work, Joey comes home to find his ex-girlfriend, Sydney at his house as a result of Craig calling her. Craig has told her about their money problems and Sydney wants to help Joey sell his home. Sydney ends up leaving since Joey seems practically speechless and somewhat upset about her being there suddenly.
The next day, Craig is just as sick but decides to go to school after Joey yells at him for calling Sydney. Joey feels embarrassed about his financial situation. Craig tells Joey that he called Sydney because she would at least sell the house for good money.
Sydney comes back to Joey's house after Joey decides that Craig was right about taking Sydney's help. Joey apologizes about how things ended with them. Sydney brushes his apology off and suggests he make an atmosphere for the open house using music and maybe baking a pie in the oven. Her expertise in real estate is already evident.
While cleaning up the house for the open house, Caitlin comes back from Africa and asks why Sydney's name is on his lawn.
Part One[edit]
The episode opens with Rick being bullied by Spinner and Jimmy who toss him into a dumpster. Following the opening credits, Spinner pulls up to school in his car and heads inside as the bell rings. Rick comes out from hiding with spray paint and vandalizes Spinner's car. Heading to class, Rick literally runs into Jimmy rounding a corner. They exchange words which Snake Simpson is witness to. Seizing an opportunity, Snake asks Jimmy to name the world's three longest rivers in order and asks a question about the NBA championships. Jimmy answers correctly and, as a result, is now one of Rick's team members for a trivia show called "Whack Your Brain". Heather Sinclair was supposed to be on the team but, according to Snake, she came down with mono.
Later in the day, Emma Nelson runs up to Toby and Rick who are walking together. She has index cards to study from for the contest and is about to quiz Rick on them when he announces that he's quitting. Emma replies that the finals are tomorrow and they discuss the fact that Jimmy has now joined the team. Toby encourages Rick to talk to Snake about the bullying, like he's said before, and to ask Snake to reconsider. But Rick doesn't want Jimmy to guess that it was him who got him kicked off the team. Emma encourages Rick to work with Jimmy on the team since Rick said he came back to Degrassi to show people's he's changed. Rick is not convinced but Emma tells him that they need him on the team and smiles at him before leaving. Rick seems very flattered by this and smiles to himself.
Rick, encouraged by Emma and Toby, tries to talk to Mr. Raditch, the principal, about the fact that Jimmy is harassing him. Mr. Raditch does not take Rick seriously and seems to think that Rick is only upset that Jimmy is less-than-friendly toward him, even though this is not the first time Rick's approached him about it. Mr. Raditch tells Rick he needs to put effort into making friends with Jimmy and asks him to come back if anything serious happens. Throughout this talk, Mr. Raditch does not give Rick much room to tell him what's really happening but Rick is not being forward about it either.
In the parking lot, Spinner and Sean Cameron find the damage done to Spinner's car and Jay and Alex pull up in Jay's also-vandalized car. They guess that the damage was done by Rick and Spinner wants to tell Mr. Raditch about it. Sean retorts that Mr. Raditch will want to know why Rick did it and Jay agrees. They decide to leave the principal out of it and to get Rick back another way.
While drinking at a water fountain, Toby is approached by Spinner, Alex, and Jay, who ask him where they can find Rick. Toby refuses to tell them and Jay pushes his head into the fountain head causing his lip to bleed. Arriving at the preparation for "Whack Your Brain", Toby is confronted by Snake about why he's bleeding but Toby brushes it off as a skateboard accident. Rick and Jimmy argue about who hurt Toby's lip, and Jimmy tells Rick to back off. Rick says he's been suffering for weeks and that no one deserves that. Jimmy seems affected by his words.
As they practice for the contest, Rick is answering all of the questions Snake throws at them until a sports question comes up. He puts his hand over his bell but doesn't answer, to let Jimmy answer the question instead. While leaving practice, Rick and Jimmy exchange compliments about their trivia skills. Alex, Spinner, and Jay approach them and pick on Rick. Jimmy stands up for Rick, telling them to give it a rest. While Rick, Emma, Jimmy, and Toby walk away, Rick turns around and makes an X with his arms, taunting Alex, Jay, and Spinner with what he did.
Toby comes over to Rick's house after school where Rick seems overjoyed over the events of the day. Rick's mom says that Rick told her that him, Jimmy, Emma, and Toby have become practically inseparable. Toby seems confused but goes along with it. Rick is feeling confident about winning Jimmy over.
The next day, Rick approaches Emma and thanks her for her advice about Jimmy, adding that she is his guide. Emma seems uncomfortable but smiles and replies that she's glad things worked out for him. Rick has a friendly talk with Jimmy about the competition when he comes into school and brushes off a tease about his suit from Paige Michalchuk.
During the "Whack Your Brain" contest, Rick answers a sports question that causes them to tie the game. Celebrating their tie, Rick hold Emma's hand too long for it to just be friendly. Emma yanks her hand away but Rick brushes it off. In the bathroom during the break before the tie breaker, Jimmy compliments Rick about knowing so much and Rick asks Jimmy why he didn't answer the sports question. Jimmy says he had a brain fart and that golf is not a sport anyway. While they're about to leave the bathroom, Spinner and Jay come into the bathroom and compliment Rick about how much he knows, asking if Rick will do the lightning round (aka the tie breaker). Rick replies that he will, seeming confident but hesitates as he's about to walk between the two to leave. They tell Rick that things are cool between them now. Once Rick and Jimmy are gone, Spinner asks whether Alex will be able to set up the prank that they've planned for sure. Jay assures him she will have no problem.
Before playing his part of the lightning round, Rick whispers to Emma that it's all for her. Emma, once again, feels uncomfortable. Rick answers enough of the questions to beat the other team and win the game for Degrassi. The crowd cheers and Rick looks like his life is turning around, but while still in the center of the stage, yellow paint and feather drop down on him. The audience cheers turn silent and then turn into laughs. Rick seems mortified.
After the game, Emma approaches him to comfort him about what happened, saying that it just makes the other people look childish and telling him that he's the smartest person in Degrassi and no one will forget that. Already thinking Emma liked him, Rick grabs the back of Emma's head and tries to kiss Emma with more force than necessary. Emma is shocked and ends up telling him she only pitied him.
Rick returns home to an empty house and takes out a wooden box. Inside the box, lying in padding is what is presumed to be his father's gun. He removes his glasses and looks up before the episode ends.
Part Two[edit]
Rick heads to Degrassi, backpack in hand, despite being given permission to go home until everybody has calmed down and the issue has been resolved. Toby tells him this fact, but he responds that this is the one day he wants to be here. Mr. Raditch, the principal, also tells him he can go home. Seeing Paige, he reaches for the gun in his bag until Paige tells him that she thought that the prank was sickening, childish, and out of line. He puts the gun away, apologizes for hurting Terri, and leaves the cafeteria. Rick decides to forget his plans and places the gun in his locker.
Still covered in paint, he goes into a restroom and begins to clean up. When Spinner and Jay walk into the same restroom, Rick hides and Spinner and Jay begin talking about the event. Noticing Rick is in one of the stalls, Jay turns the blame from themselves to Jimmy, and Spinner goes along with it, both of them implying the prank would have been impossible without Jimmy.
Rick approaches Jimmy, backpack back in his arms. He is unaware that Jimmy intends to find whoever did that and bring them to the Principal. Jimmy asks Rick how he's holding up and says he has Rick's back if anyone bothers him again. Rick replies, "You stabbed me in the back." Jimmy is confused, especially as Rick pulls the gun out of his bag. With the gun pointed at him, Jimmy freezes for a second, and backs away slowly. Jimmy turns to run away when Rick turned his head before firing. The bullet hits Jimmy in the back, knocking him to the ground. As other students are running away, Craig walks down the hall to see Jimmy lying on the floor. Rick finds Emma with Toby and Sean, and says that he is sorry he kissed Emma, the gun in his hand at his side. They turn to run away but Rick demands that they don't turn away from him. Rick starts saying how Emma flirted with him and made him think she care when really it was a lie. Sean calmly tries to reason with Rick, and tells Rick that it's just going to make his life worse, but Rick replies that it is too late because he already shot somebody. He lifts the gun, pointing it straight at Emma, but Sean gets in front of her and grabs the gun. While Rick and Sean wrestle with it, the gun goes off. Jimmy, Sean, and Rick are taken to the hospital.
Toby's stepmother, Kate Kerwin, (also Ashley Kerwin's mother), rushes to Degrassi and is allowed into the school to look for Toby and Ashley and is shocked at the sight of Jimmy as she had been entering the building at the time as Jimmy was being taken out. Snake and Mr. Raditch argue that Rick's bullying was not taken seriously enough, while Spike comforts Emma. Emma says that she was horrified that Rick pointed the gun right at her head. Meanwhile, Joey and Caitlin rush over to Degrassi to look for Craig.
In class, Ashley, Paige, Hazel and Ellie remain confused and unnotified about the incident. Paige gets a phone call from her mother saying that she heard that there was a school shooting. Paige informs Ellie, Ashley and Hazel. Hazel glances at Jimmy's empty chair and notices that he is missing. Ms. Sauve suddenly arrives and asks to speak with Hazel. They go into the hall and she tells her that Jimmy had been shot and Hazel starts to panic and says that she needs to go. Ms. Sauve tells her not to leave and that the lockdown will be over soon, while Hazel cries on her shoulder.
Jay, Alex, and a clearly guilt ridden Spinner are in the halls talking about what happened with Jay telling Spinner that he thought it might have been him. Spinner responds that it was Jimmy, and knowing that someone will find out he wants to go tell. But Jay stops him and tells him that he needs to shut up. Into which Spinner responds that Jimmy's is his best friend. Jay tells him that if Jimmy lives or dies he was Spinner's best friend. Spinner tells Jay that they might have killed Jimmy and Rick.
Sean is eventually released with one of his arms in a sling, while Jimmy's condition is unknown. Toby is confronted by a news reporter as he tries to leave Degrassi and, upset about Rick's actions, he responds that he wishes he never met Rick and that there was nothing that he could have done. Not wavering, the reporter asks if Rick said anything before he died. Toby is shocked and has not yet discovered that Rick has died.
Later at their home, Ashley Kerwin, very upset about Jimmy being in the hospital, ends a conversation about Rick with, "...so who is this guy, if not some psycho?!" Toby is upset by this but is still torn between having been friends with Rick and the fact that Rick did something so horrible. Emma stands up for Toby saying that Toby and Rick were friends.
As appeared, Ashley remains upset that Jimmy has been shot, as does Craig. Kate, Spike, Snake, Joey and Caitin all seem to be in horror due to the previous events, Paige and Hazel are distraught as they look at Jimmy in the hospital bed from the window in the hospital. Also, Toby and Emma are upset but mostly shocked, Sean is honored as a hero but feels guilty and shocked, Ellie's feelings are unspecified, but it can be assumed that she is shocked as well, as she is later seen comforting Sean while they watch the news,Darcy Edwards is unseen in either episode therefore her feelings are unclear as well, seeing as she never knew why so many picked on Rick in the first place. JT and Danny are not seen after the shooting, just prior to it, so their reactions are unclear, Jay does not appear to be affected at all, Alex's feelings towards the event are not revealed yet, however, she tells Jay and Spinner that she should never have gotten involved in this, and Spinner is guilt-ridden for Jimmy, as he is seen crying many times.
A service organized by the students is held with candles and pictures of Jimmy and Rick, including a few pictures of Jimmy and Rick together. One picture is a collage of pictures of Jimmy and Rick with a one word statement "Why?," which states the feelings of why any student would shoot another one, and subtly asks why would a student shoot one of his friends. The episode ends with Toby and Emma staring at the collages and crying.
Absences[edit]
The following characters did not appear in either episodes, despite being regular characters that season.
Sarah Barrable-Tishauer as Liberty Van Zandt
Cassie Steele as Manny Santos
Adamo Ruggiero as Marco Del Rossi
Ratings[edit]
Part I was rated TV-PG-V in the United States, and Part II was rated TV-14-VL.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Degrassi' to Address School Violence". FoxNews.com. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Rodman, Sarah (1 December 2004). "Tragedy 101: `Degrassi' pushes limits with school-shooting episode". Degrassi Online. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
External links[edit]
Degrassi: The Next Generation; Time Stands Still: Part 1 on IMDb
Degrassi: The Next Generation; Time Stands Still: Part 2 on IMDb
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Crassulacean acid metabolism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The pineapple is an example of a CAM plant.
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.[1] In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acid malate in vacuoles at night, and then in the daytime, the malate is transported to chloroplasts where it is converted back to CO2, which is then used during photosynthesis. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. This metabolism was first studied in plants of the family Crassulaceae. These mainly include succulents. The first time it was studied, Crassula was used as a model organism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
2 Overview: a two-part cycle
2.1 During the night
2.2 During the day
2.3 Benefits
2.4 Comparison with C4 metabolism
3 Biochemistry
4 Use by plants
5 Aquatic CAM
6 Ecological and taxonomic distribution of CAM-using plants
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Historical background[edit]
CAM was first suspected by de Saussure in 1804 in his Recherches Chimiques sur la Vegetation, confirmed and refined by Aubert, E. in 1892 in his Recherches physiologiques sur les plantes grasses and expounded upon by Richards, H. M. 1915 in Acidity and Gas Interchange in Cacti, Carnegie Institution. The term CAM may have been coined by Ranson and Thomas in 1940, but they were not the first to discover this cycle. It was observed by the botanists Ranson and Thomas, in the succulent family Crassulaceae (which includes jade plants and Sedum).[2] Its name refers to acid metabolism in Crassulaceae, not the metabolism of "crassulacean acid".
Overview: a two-part cycle[edit]
Overview of CAM
CAM is an adaptation for increased efficiency in the use of water, and so is typically found in plants growing in arid conditions.[3]
During the night[edit]
During the night, a plant employing CAM has its stomata open, allowing CO2 to enter and be fixed as organic acids that are stored in vacuoles. During the day the stomata are closed (thus preventing water loss), and the carbon is released to the Calvin cycle so that photosynthesis may take place.
Overnight graph of CO2 absorbed by a CAM plant
The carbon dioxide is fixed in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells by a PEP reaction similar to that of C4 pathway. But, unlike the C4 mechanism, the resulting organic acids are stored in vacuoles for later use; that is, they are not immediately passed on to the Calvin cycle. The latter cannot operate during the night because the light reactions that provide it with ATP and NADPH cannot take place.
During the day[edit]
During the day, the CO2-storing organic acids are released from the vacuoles of the mesophyll cells and enter the stroma of the chloroplasts where an enzyme releases the CO2, which then enters into the Calvin cycle.
Benefits[edit]
The most important benefit of CAM to the plant is the ability to leave most leaf stomata closed during the day.[4] Plants employing CAM are most common in arid environments, where water comes at a premium. Being able to keep stomata closed during the hottest and driest part of the day reduces the loss of water through evapotranspiration, allowing such plants to grow in environments that would otherwise be far too dry. Plants using only C3 carbon fixation, for example, lose 97% of the water they uptake through the roots to transpiration - a high cost avoided by plants able to employ CAM.[5][What percentage is lost in CAM plants?]
Comparison with C4 metabolism[edit]
CAM is named after the family Crassulaceae, to which the jade plant belongs
The C4 pathway bears resemblance to CAM; both act to concentrate CO2 around RuBisCO, thereby increasing its efficiency. CAM concentrates it temporally, providing CO2 during the day, and not at night, when respiration is the dominant reaction. C4 plants, in contrast, concentrate CO2 spatially, with a RuBisCO reaction centre in a "bundle sheath cell" being inundated with CO2. Due to the inactivity required by the CAM mechanism, C4 carbon fixation has a greater efficiency in terms of PGA synthesis
Biochemistry[edit]
Biochemistry of CAM
Plants with CAM must control storage of CO2 and its reduction to branched carbohydrates in space and time.
At low temperatures (frequently at night), plants using CAM open their stomata, CO2 molecules diffuse into the spongy mesophyll's intracellular spaces and then into the cytoplasm. Here, they can meet phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is a phosphorylated triose. During this time, the plants are synthesizing a protein called PEP carboxylase kinase (PEP-C kinase), whose expression can be inhibited by high temperatures (frequently at daylight) and the presence of malate. PEP-C kinase phosphorylates its target enzyme PEP carboxylase (PEP-C). Phosphorylation dramatically enhances the enzyme's capability to catalyze the formation of oxaloacetate, which can be subsequently transformed into malate by NAD+ malate dehydrogenase. Malate is then transported via malate shuttles into the vacuole, where it is converted into the storage form malic acid. In contrast to PEP-C kinase, PEP-C is synthesized all the time but almost inhibited at daylight either by dephosphorylation via PEP-C phosphatase or directly by binding malate. The latter is not possible at low temperatures, since malate is efficiently transported into the vacuole, whereas PEP-C kinase readily inverts dephosphorylation.
In daylight, plants using CAM close their guard cells and discharge malate that is subsequently transported into chloroplasts. There, depending on plant species, it is cleaved into pyruvate and CO2 either by malic enzyme or by PEP carboxykinase. CO2 is then introduced into the Calvin cycle, a coupled and self-recovering enzyme system, which is used to build branched carbohydrates. The by-product pyruvate can be further degraded in the mitochondrial citric acid cycle, thereby providing additional CO2 molecules for the Calvin Cycle. Pyruvate can also be used to recover PEP via pyruvate phosphate dikinase, a high-energy step, which requires ATP and an additional phosphate. During the following cool night, PEP is finally exported into the cytoplasm, where it is involved in fixing carbon dioxide via malate.
Use by plants[edit]
Cross section of a CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plant, specifically of an agave leaf. Vascular bundles shown. Drawing based on microscopic images courtesy of Cambridge University Plant Sciences Department.
Plants use CAM to different degrees. Some are "obligate CAM plants", i.e. they use only CAM in photosynthesis, although they vary in the amount of CO2 they are able to store as organic acids; they are sometimes divided into "strong CAM" and "weak CAM" plants on this basis. Other plants show "inducible CAM", in which they are able to switch between using either the C3 or C4 mechanism and CAM depending on environmental conditions. Another group of plants employ "CAM-cycling", in which their stomata do not open at night; the plants instead recycle CO2 produced by respiration as well as storing some CO2 during the day.[3]
Plants showing inducible CAM and CAM-cycling are typically found in conditions where periods of water shortage alternate with periods when water is freely available. Periodic drought – a feature of semi-arid regions – is one cause of water shortage. Plants which grow on trees or rocks (as epiphytes or lithophytes) also experience variations in water availability. Salinity, high light levels and nutrient availability are other factors which have been shown to induce CAM.[3]
Since CAM is an adaptation to arid conditions, plants using CAM often display other xerophytic characters, such as thick, reduced leaves with a low surface-area-to-volume ratio; thick cuticle; and stomata sunken into pits. Some shed their leaves during the dry season; others (the succulents[verification needed]) store water in vacuoles. CAM also causes taste differences: plants may have an increasingly sour taste during the night yet become sweeter-tasting during the day. This is due to malic acid being stored in the vacuoles of the plants' cells during the night and then being used up during the day.[6]
Aquatic CAM[edit]
CAM photosynthesis is also found in aquatic species in at least 4 genera, including: Isoetes, Crassula, Littorella, Sagittaria, and possibly Vallisneria,[7] being found in a variety of species e.g. Isoetes howellii, Crassula aquatica.
These plants follow the same nocturnal acid accumulation and daytime deacidification as terrestrial CAM species.[8] However, the reason for CAM in aquatic plants is not due to a lack of available water, but a limited supply of CO2.[7] CO2 is limited due to slow diffusion in water, 10000x slower than in air. The problem is especially acute under acid pH, where the only inorganic carbon species present is CO2, with no available bicarbonate or carbonate supply.
Aquatic CAM plants capture carbon at night when it is abundant due to a lack of competition from other photosynthetic organisms.[8] This also results in lowered photorespiration due to less photosynthetically generated oxygen.
Aquatic CAM is most marked in the summer months when there is increased competition for CO2, compared to the winter months. However, in the winter months CAM still has a significant role.[9]
Ecological and taxonomic distribution of CAM-using plants[edit]
The majority of plants possessing CAM are either epiphytes (e.g., orchids, bromeliads) or succulent xerophytes (e.g., cacti, cactoid Euphorbias), but CAM is also found in hemiepiphytes (e.g., Clusia); lithophytes (e.g., Sedum, Sempervivum); terrestrial bromeliads; wetland plants (e.g., Isoetes, Crassula (Tillaea), Lobelia;[10] and in one halophyte, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum; one non-succulent terrestrial plant, (Dodonaea viscosa) and one mangrove associate (Sesuvium portulacastrum).
Plants which are able to switch between different methods of carbon fixation include Portulacaria afra, better known as Dwarf Jade Plant, which normally uses C3 fixation but can use CAM if it is drought-stressed,[11] and Portulaca oleracea, better known as Purslane, which normally uses C4 fixation but is also able to switch to CAM when drought-stressed.[12]
CAM has evolved convergently many times.[13] It occurs in 16,000 species (about 7% of plants), belonging to over 300 genera and around 40 families, but this is thought to be a considerable underestimate.[14] It is found in quillworts (relatives of club mosses), in ferns, and in Gnetopsida, but the great majority of plants using CAM are angiosperms (flowering plants).
The following list summarizes the taxonomic distribution of plants with CAM:
Division
Class/Angiosperm group
Order
Family
Plant Type
Clade involved
Lycopodiophyta Isoetopsida Isoetales Isoetaceae hydrophyte Isoetes[15] (the sole genus of class Isoetopsida) - I. howellii (seasonally submerged), I. macrospora, I. bolanderi, I. engelmanni, I. lacustris, I. sinensis, I. storkii, I. kirkii
Pteridophyta Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Polypodiaceae epiphyte, lithophyte CAM is recorded from Microsorium, Platycerium and Polypodium,[16] Pyrrosia and Drymoglossum[17] and Microgramma
Pteridopsida Polypodiales Pteridaceae[18] epiphyte Vittaria[19]
Anetium citrifolium[20]
Cycadophyta Cycadopsida Cycadales Zamiaceae Dioon edule[21]
Pinophyta Gnetopsida Welwitschiales Welwitschiaceae xerophyte Welwitschia mirabilis[22] (the sole species of the order Welwitschiales)
Magnoliophyta magnoliids Magnoliales Piperaceae epiphyte Peperomia camptotricha[23]
eudicots Caryophyllales Aizoaceae xerophyte widespread in the family; Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is a rare instance of an halophyte that displays CAM[24]
Cactaceae xerophyte Almost all cacti have obligate Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in their stems; the few cacti with leaves may have C3 Metabolism in those leaves;[25] seedlings have C3 Metabolism.[26]
Portulacaceae xerophyte recorded in approximately half of the genera (note: Portulacaceae is paraphyletic with respect to Cactaceae and Didiereaceae)[27]
Didiereaceae xerophyte
Saxifragales Crassulaceae hydrophyte, xerophyte, lithophyte CAM is widespread in the family
eudicots (rosids) Vitales Vitaceae[28] Cissus,[29] Cyphostemma
Malpighiales Clusiaceae hemiepiphyte Clusia[29][30]
Euphorbiaceae[28] CAM is found is some species of Euphorbia[29][31] including some formerly placed in the sunk genera Monadenium,[29] Pedilanthus[31] and Synadenium. C4 photosynthesis is also found in Euphorbia (subgenus Chamaesyce).
Passifloraceae[18] xerophyte Adenia[32]
Geraniales Geraniaceae CAM is found in some succulent species of Pelargonium,[33] and is also reported from Geranium pratense[citation needed]
Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae Xerosicyos danguyi,[34] Dendrosicyos socotrana[citation needed], Momordica[citation needed]
Celastrales Celastraceae[citation needed]
Oxalidales Oxalidaceae[35] Oxalis carnosa var. hirta[35]
Brassicales Moringaceae Moringa[citation needed]
Salvadoraceae[35] CAM is found in Salvadora persica.[35] Salvadoraceae were previously placed in order Celastrales, but are now placed in Brassicales.
Sapindales Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa
Fabales Fabaceae[35] CAM is found in Prosopis juliflora (listed under the family Salvadoraceae in Sayed's (2001) table,[35]) but is currently in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) according to The Plant List[36]).
Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllum[citation needed]
eudicots (asterids) Ericales Ebenaceae
Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea[citation needed] (Some species of Ipomoea are C3[29][37] - a citation is needed here.)
Gentianales Rubiaceae epiphyte Hydnophytum and Myrmecodia
Apocynaceae CAM is found in subfamily Asclepidioideae (Hoya,[29] Dischidia, Ceropegia, Stapelia,[31] Caralluma negevensis, Frerea indica,[38] Adenium, Huernia), and also in Carissa[citation needed] and Akocanthera[citation needed]
Lamiales Gesneriaceae epiphyte CAM was found Codonanthe crassifolia, but not in 3 other genera[39]
Lamiaceae Plectranthus marrubioides, Coleus[citation needed]
Plantaginaceae hydrophyte Littorella uniflora[15]
Apiales Apiaceae hydrophyte Lilaeopsis lacustris
Asterales Asteraceae[28] some species of Senecio[40]
Magnoliophyta monocots Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae hydrophyte Hydrilla,[28] Vallisneria
Alismataceae hydrophyte Sagittaria
Araceae Zamioculcas zamiifolia is the only CAM plant in Araceae, and the only non-aquatic CAM plant in Alismatales[41]
Poales Bromeliaceae epiphyte Bromelioideae (91%), Puya (24%), Dyckia and related genera (all), Hechtia (all), Tillandsia (many)[42]
Cyperaceae hydrophyte Scirpus,[28] Eleocharis
Asparagales Orchidaceae epiphyte Orchidaceae has more CAM species than any other family (CAM Orchids)
Agavaceae[30] xerophyte Agave,[29] Hesperaloe, Yucca and Polianthes[32]
Asphodelaceae[28] xerophyte Aloe,[29] Gasteria,[29] and Haworthia
Ruscaceae[28] Sansevieria[29][35] (This genus is listed under the family Dracaenaceae in Sayed's (2001) table, but currently in the family Asparagaceae according to The Plant List), Dracaena[citation needed]
Commelinales Commelinaceae Callisia,[29] Tradescantia, Tripogandra
See also[edit]
C2 photosynthesis
C3 carbon fixation
C4 carbon fixation
RuBisCO
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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