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Saint Kitts
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Saint Kitts
Formerly Liamuiga
Map showing Saint Kitts and Nevis
Geography
Location
Caribbean Sea
Coordinates
17°15′N 62°40′W / 17.250°N 62.667°W / 17.250; -62.667
Archipelago
Leeward Islands
Total islands
1
Major islands
1
Area
174 km2 (67 sq mi)
Length
29 km (18 mi)
Width
8 km (5 mi)
Highest elevation
1,156 m (3,793 ft)
Highest point
Mount Liamuiga
Administration
Saint Kitts and Nevis
2 divisions of St.Kitts
Largest settlement
Basseterre (pop. 15,500)
Demographics
Population
34,983[1] (2011)
Pop. density
208.33 /km2 (539.57 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
African descent, Indo-Pakistani, British, Portuguese, Lebanese[2]
Saint Kitts, also known more formally as Saint Christopher Island, is an island in the West Indies. The west side of the island borders the Caribbean Sea, and the eastern coast faces the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Kitts and the neighbouring island of Nevis constitute one country: the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis are separated by a shallow 3-kilometre (2 mi) channel known as "The Narrows".
Saint Kitts became home to the first Caribbean British and French colonies in the mid-1620s.[3][4] Along with the island nation of Nevis, Saint Kitts was a member of the British West Indies until gaining independence on September 19, 1983.[5]
The island is one of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It is situated about 2,100 km (1,300 mi) southeast of Miami, Florida. The land area of St. Kitts is about 168 km2 (65 sq mi), being approximately 29 km (18 mi) long and on average about 8 km (5.0 mi) across.
Saint Kitts has a population of around 40,000, the majority of whom are mainly of African descent. The primary language is English, with a literacy rate of approximately 98%.[6] Residents call themselves Kittitians.
Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest fortress ever built in the Eastern Caribbean. The island of Saint Kitts is home to the Warner Park Cricket Stadium, which was used to host 2007 Cricket World Cup matches. This made St. Kitts and Nevis the smallest nation to ever host a World Cup event. Saint Kitts is also home to several institutions of higher education, including Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, and the University of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Geology
2 History
2.1 Slavery
3 Government
4 Economy
5 Transportation
6 Notable residents
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Geography[edit]
The capital of the two-island nation, and also its largest port, is the town of Basseterre on Saint Kitts. There is a modern facility for handling large cruise ships there. A ring road goes around the perimeter of the island with smaller roads branching off it; the interior of the island is too steep for habitation.
Saint Kitts is 10 km (6.2 mi) away from Sint Eustatius to the north and 3 km (1.9 mi) from Nevis to the south. St. Kitts has three distinct groups of volcanic peaks: the North West or Mount Misery Range; the Middle or Verchilds Range and the South East or Olivees Range. The highest peak is Mount Liamuiga, formerly Mount Misery, a dormant volcano 1,156 m high.
Geology[edit]
The youngest volcanic center is Mt. Liamuiga, 5 km in diameter and rising to an elevation of 1155 m. Its last eruption was 1620 years ago, corresponding with the Steel Dust series of pyroclastic deposits on the western flank. The Mansion Series of pyroclastic deposits and andesite with basalt layers occur on the northern flank, along with mudflows. This volcano has a crater 900 m wide and 244 m deep, plus two distinct parasitic domes consisting primarily of andesite, Brimstone Hill and Sandy Point Hill which is coalesced with Farm Flat. Brimstone Hill is noted for having limestone on its flanks, which was dragged upward with the formation of the dome 44,400 years ago. Mt. Liamuiga partially overlays the Middle Range to the southeast. This Middle Range is another stratovolcano 976 m in height with a small summit crater containing a lake. Next in line is the 900 m South East Range, 1 Myr in age, consisting of four peaks. Ottley's dome and Monkey Hill dome are on the flanks, while the older volcanoes represented by Canada Hills, and Conaree Hills lie past the airport and Bassaterre on the southeast flank. The Salt Dome Peninsula contains the oldest volcanic deposits, 2.3-2.77 Myr in age, consisting of at least nine Pelean domes rising up to 319 m in height, which includes Williams Hill and St. Anthony's Peaks.[7][8][9][10]
History[edit]
French and English partitions of west St. Kitts. Note the location of Fort Charles and the sulfur mine further to the west.
French and English partitions of east St. Kitts. Note the location of Fort Basseterre.
Siege of Brimstone Hill, 1782, as described by an observer in a French engraving titled "Attaque de Brimstomhill".
Main article: History of Saint Kitts and Nevis
During the last Ice Age, the sea level was up to 300 feet (91 m) lower and St. Kitts and Nevis were one island along with Saba and Sint Eustatius (also known as Statia).[11]
St. Kitts was originally settled by pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic "Archaic people", who migrated south down the archipelago from Florida. In a few hundred years they disappeared, to be replaced by the ceramic-using and agriculturalist Saladoid people around 100 BC, who migrated to St. Kitts north up the archipelago from the banks of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Around 800 AD, they were replaced by the Igneri people, members of the Arawak group.
Around 1300, the Kalinago, or Carib people arrived on the islands. These war-like people quickly dispersed the Igneri, and forced them northwards to the Greater Antilles. They named Saint Kitts "Liamuiga" meaning "fertile island", and would likely have expanded further north if not for the arrival of Europeans.
A Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus arrived and claimed the island for Spain in 1493.
The first English colony was established in 1623, followed by a French colony in 1625. The English and French briefly united to massacre the local Kalinago (preempting a Kalinago plan to massacre the Europeans),[12] and then partitioned the island, with the English colonists in the middle and the French on either end. In 1629, a Spanish force sent to clear the islands of foreign settlement seized St. Kitts. The English settlement was rebuilt following the 1630 peace between England and Spain.
The island alternated repeatedly between English (then British) and French control during the 17th and 18th centuries, as one power took the whole island, only to have it switch hands due to treaties or military action. Parts of the island were heavily fortified, as exemplified by the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Brimstone Hill and the now-crumbling Fort Charles.
Since 1783, St. Kitts has been affiliated with the Kingdom of Great Britain, which became the United Kingdom.
Slavery[edit]
The island originally produced tobacco; but it changed to sugar cane in 1640, due to stiff competition from the colony of Virginia. The labour-intensive cultivation of sugar cane was the reason for the large-scale importation of African slaves. The importation began almost immediately upon the arrival of Europeans to the region.
The purchasing of enslaved Africans was outlawed in the British Empire by an Act of Parliament in 1807. Slavery was abolished by an Act of Parliament which became law on 1 August 1834. This emancipation was followed by four years of apprenticeship, put in place to protect the planters from losing their labour force.
August the 1st is now celebrated as a public holiday and is called Emancipation Day. In 1883, St. Kitts, Nevis, and Anguilla were all linked under one presidency, located on St. Kitts, to the dismay of the Nevisians and Anguillans. Anguilla eventually separated out of this arrangement, in 1971, after an armed raid on St. Kitts.[13]
Sugar production continued to dominate the local economy until 2005, when, after 365 years of having a mono-culture, the government closed the sugar industry. This was due to huge losses and European Union plans to greatly cut sugar prices.
Government[edit]
Main article: Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis
For purposes of governing, the island is divided into nine parishes:
Christ Church Nichola Town
Saint Anne Sandy Point
Saint George Basseterre
Saint John Capisterre
Saint Mary Cayon
Saint Paul Capisterre
Saint Peter Basseterre
Saint Thomas Middle Island
Trinity Palmetto Point
Economy[edit]
St. Kitts & Nevis uses the Eastern Caribbean dollar, which maintains a fixed exchange rate of 2.7-to-one with the United States dollar.[14] The US dollar is almost as widely accepted as the Eastern Caribbean dollar.[15]
For hundreds of years, St. Kitts operated as a sugar monoculture, but due to decreasing profitability, the government closed the industry in 2005. Tourism is a major and growing source of income to the island, although the number and density of resorts is less than on many other Caribbean islands. Transportation, non-sugar agriculture, manufacturing and construction are the other growing sectors of the economy.[16]
St. Kitts is dependent on tourism to drive its economy. Tourism has been increasing since 1978. In 2009, there were 587,479 arrivals to Saint Kitts compared to 379,473 in 2007, which represents an increase of just under 40% growth in a two-year period. As tourism grows, the demand for vacation property increases in conjunction.
St. Kitts & Nevis also acquires foreign direct investment from their unique citizenship by investment program, outlined in their Citizenship Act of 1984.[17] Interested parties can acquire citizenship if they pass the government's strict background checks and make an investment into an approved real estate development. Purchasers who pass government due diligence and make a minimum investment of US$400,000, into qualifying government approved real estate, are entitled to apply for citizenship of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis. Many projects are approved under the citizenship by investment program, and the main qualifying projects of interest can be found within the Henley Estates market overview .[18]
The country hosts an annual St. Kitts Music Festival.
Transportation[edit]
Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport serves St. Kitts. British Airways (BA) flies in twice a week from London and daily connections from Charlotte, Miami and New York are available.
The Basseterre Ferry Terminal facilitates travel between St. Kitts and sister island Nevis.
The narrow-gauge (30 inches[19]) St Kitts Scenic Railway circles the island and offers passenger service from its headquarters near the airport, although the service is geared more for tourists than as day-to-day transportation for residents. Built between 1912 and 1926 to haul sugar cane from farms to the sugar factory in Basseterre, since 2003 the railway has offered a 3.5 hour, 30-mile circle tour of the island on specially designed double-decker open-air coaches, with 12 miles of the trip being by bus.[20]
Notable residents[edit]
Saint Kitts is or was the residence of:
Joan Armatrading, a British singer-songwriter.
George Astaphan, born in St. Kitts, was a physician who gave steroids to the sprinter Ben Johnson.
Imruh Bakari, born in St. Kitts, film maker and writer.
Hutchens C. Bishop, pre-civil rights era clergyman who led the 1917 Negro Silent Protest Parade in New York.[21]
Robert Bradshaw, first Premier of Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Burt Caesar, born in St. Kitts, actor, broadcaster and director.
Pogus Caesar is a British artist, television producer and director.
Kim Collins is a former world champion sprinter (2003).
Felix Dexter was an actor, comedian, and writer.
Bertil Fox was born in St. Kitts, became a professional bodybuilder and was convicted of murder.[22][23][24][25]
James Grainger, doctor and planter, who published the georgic poem The Sugar Cane in 1764 and also wrote about diseases among the slaves.
Keith Gumbs is an International football player who currently plays as a striker for the Liga Indonesia side Sriwijaya FC.
Sir James Harford was Administrator of Saint Christopher from 1940 to 1946.
Atiba Harris is a Kittitian footballer who currently plays for FC Dallas in Major League Soccer.[26]
Virgil Hodge is a female sprinter specialising in the 200 metres event.
Konris Maynard is a Calypso musician and politician.
Major-General Sir Robert Nickle was governor of Saint Christopher from 1830.
Caryl Phillips, born in St. Kitts, novelist playwright and essayist.
Tiandra Ponteen is a female sprinter specialising in the 200 metres and the 400 metres.
Lord Hercules George Robert Robinson was governor of Saint Christopher from 1855 to 1859.
Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of St Kitts-Nevis from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2012, his retirement.
Joseph Matthew Sebastian was a Caribbean trade union leader and politician.
Julius Soubise was a freed Afro-Caribbean slave who became a well-known fop in the UK during the 1760s and 1770s.
Neil Strauss is an American author and journalist.
Roger Ver is an early investor in bitcoin related startups.
Desai Williams is a former sprinter who won a bronze medal in the 1984 Olympics.
Gallery[edit]
View from Sir Timothy's Hill
Southeast Peninsula (Saint Kitts). The island on the left is Nevis.
St. Kitts at dawn as seen from a ship entering the port of Basseterre
Downtown Basseterre
Diver and fish, MV River Taw wreck
Brimstone Hill Fortress
Ruins at Brimstone Hill
Battle of St. Kitts in January 1782
Flying towards the north end of the island, looking down part of the west or Caribbean coast
See also[edit]
Culture of St. Kitts and Nevis
Map of Saint Kitts
Nevis, St. Kitts' sister island
List of people on stamps of Saint Kitts
Chief Justices
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ST. KITTS AND NEVIS". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon (2000). "Saint Kitts and Nevis". WorldStatesmen. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "A Historical Geography of the British Colonies: The West Indies". Retrieved 2017-07-30.
Jump up ^ "St Kitts: the Gibraltar of the West Indies". Telegraph.co.uk Newspaper (UK). Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Caribbean's St. Kitts gets independence, new name". Retrieved 2017-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Saint Kitts and Nevis | CIA World Factbook". www.ciaworldfactbook.us. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
Jump up ^ "St. Kitts - Geology". University of West Indies Seismic Research Centre.
Jump up ^ "St. Kitts Geology". Caribbean Volcanoes.
Jump up ^ "Volcanic Hazard Assessment for St. Kitts". Volcanic Hazard Assessment for St. Kitts, Lesser Antilles.
Jump up ^ Wetsermann, J.H.; Kiel, H. (1961). The Geology of Saba and St. Eustatius. Utrecht: Kemink & Zn. pp. 158–161.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, Vincent (2002). A History of St. Kitts. Macmillan Caribbean. p. 1. ISBN 9780333747605.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 attractions in St Kitts". The Guardian. October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Introduction ::Anguilla".
Jump up ^ "USD/XCD Chart". XE.com. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
Jump up ^ St Kitts Tourism Authority Eastern Caribbean Dollar (XCD$). U.S. bills are accepted by most stores and businesses and change is given in E.C. currency. U.S. coins are not accepted.
Jump up ^ [1][permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Citizenship-by-Investment Introduction". Henley Estates. Retrieved 2014-11-02. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Citizenship-by-Investment Download". Henley Estates. Retrieved 2014-11-02. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Schwartzman, M. T. "St. Kitts Railway: One Sweet Ride," Cruise Travel, December 2005, accessed 15 December 2012.
Jump up ^ St. Kitts Scenic Railway, official site, accessed 15 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Milward, Jessica. "Finding Charity's Folks". Google Books. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "A letter from Bertil: Bertil Fox is serving a life sentence for double murder on the island of St. Kitts. In this FLEX exclusive, he gives his version of what happened on that fateful day in 1997". Flex. 2005. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Muscle Murders". CNN. 18 May 1998.
Jump up ^ "BERTIL FOX: STARS OF BODYBUILDING | MRO Fansite | History of Mr. and Masters Olympia | The Best Bodybuilders, Muscle Gallery, Bodybuilder, photos, links, pics, videos, biography, news, interview". Schwarzenegger.it. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [3]Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Kitts.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Kitts.
Official Government of Saint Kitts & Nevis website
Saint Kitts & Nevis News
Saint Kitts & Nevis Media Portal
Mustrad.org.uk: "Christmas Sports in Saint Kitts"
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Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Cookie Jar Song" redirects here. For the Gym Class Heroes song, see Cookie Jar (song).
"Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?" or the Cookie Jar Song is a sing along and game of children's music. The song is an infinite-loop motif, where each verse directly feeds into the next. The game begins with the children sitting or standing, arranged in an inward-facing circle.
The song usually begins with the group leader asking who stole a cookie from an imaginary (or sometimes real) cookie jar, followed by the name of one of the children in the circle. The child questions the "accusation," answered by an affirmation from the "accuser," followed by continued denial from the "accused." The accuser asks who stole the cookie, followed by the name of another child in the circle. The call-and-answer is potentially infinitely recursive, limited only by the number of participants or the amount of time the participants wish to spend on it.
Sometimes, a clapping or snapping beat is used by the children in the circle. Sometimes, the other children in the group sing along with the "accuser" after the "accused" has been identified. Some variations on the theme include the use by teachers of the song as a lesson in keeping with a beat and improvisation. As with many children's songs, there can be many variations on the execution of the performance.
The song's lyrics are usually:
Accuser: Who stole/took the cookie/cookies from the cookie jar?
(name of a child in the circle) stole/took the cookie/cookies from the cookie jar.
Accused: Who, me?
Accuser/Group: Yes, you!/Yeah, you!
Accused: Couldn't be!/Not me!/Wasn't me!
Accuser/Group: Then who?

This is followed by the "accused" saying the name of someone else, as "(name of a child in the circle) stole the cookie from the cookie jar," and the subsequent back-and-forth lines are repeated. The song may be repeated ad infinitum or it may end - if it is being performed as part of a game, where members of the group are eliminated by failing to keep up with the prescribed beat or eliminated as a result of being chosen as one of the accused.
The song, and game, is featured as one of the sequences in Grandpa's Magical Toys; the only accusation that is missing is that of the Dutch Girl, and she reveals that she got all the toys and the last cookie. The song was also done on three episodes of Barney & Friends. A variation of the song has been used in Smart4life commercials in the US beginning in 2009. The song was also used in the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein." The song was used in The Simpsons episode "Kamp Krustier" where Chief Wiggum arrests two kids after they sing it in a group activity.
See also[edit]
The Priest of the Parish
External links[edit]
Example of a lesson plan used by teachers, with lyrics, and appropriate grade level.
A variation on the performance of the piece, noting the importance of keeping to a rhythm.
hide
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
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"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Three Little Kittens"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Stella Ella Ola"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Stole_the_Cookie_from_the_Cookie_Jar%3F&oldid=834546477"
Categories:
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Nursery rhymes
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text:
The Night Chicago Died
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Night Chicago Died"
Single by Paper Lace
from the album And Other Bits of Material, Paper Lace (US Version)
B-side
"Can You Get It When You Want It"
Released
15 June 1974
Format
7" single
Recorded
1974
Genre
Power pop, pop rock
Length
3:30
Label
Philips (UK), Mercury Records (US)
Songwriter(s)
Peter Callander, Mitch Murray
Producer(s)
Peter Callander, Mitch Murray
Paper Lace singles chronology
"Billy Don't Be a Hero"
(1974) "The Night Chicago Died"
(1974) "The Black Eyed Boys"
(1974)
"Billy Don't Be a Hero"
(1974) "The Night Chicago Died"
(1974) "The Black Eyed Boys"
(1974)
"The Night Chicago Died" is a song by the British group Paper Lace, written by Peter Callander and Mitch Murray. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week in 1974, reached number 3 in the UK charts, and number 2 in Canada. It is about a fictional shoot-out between the Chicago Police and members of the Al Capone Syndicate. The narrator retells his mother's anguish while awaiting news of the fate of her husband, a Chicago policeman. The song is featured in the theatrical trailer of the 2000 comedy-drama film High Fidelity. The song is also featured in the Season 1 episode of That '70s Show.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Accuracy
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly singles charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Covers
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
"The Night Chicago Died" was Paper Lace's follow-up single to "Billy Don't Be a Hero", a #1 hit in the U.K. but virtually unheard in the U.S. where Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' cover reached #1. Callander and Murray wrote both songs.
The U.S. single received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, signifying sales of at least one million copies. Though the song's story is set in the United States, Paper Lace were unable to perform the song live in the U.S. at the height of its popularity because of contractual issues.[1]
Accuracy[edit]
"The Night Chicago Died" is about a shoot-out between the Chicago Police and gangsters tied to Al Capone. It was inspired by the real-life Saint Valentine's Day Massacre,[2] although that involved Capone's men killing seven of Bugs Moran's gang members and had nothing to do with the police.
The song's events supposedly take place "on the East Side of Chicago". Chicago has three commonly referred-to regions: the North Side, the West Side and the South Side. There is no East Side, as Lake Michigan is immediately east of Downtown Chicago. While there is an area of Chicago known as "East Side", it is a neighborhood on the Far South Side on the Illinois/Indiana state line. East Side is also several miles away from where Capone lived on Prairie Avenue in Chicago. Furthermore, in the 1920s, East Side was known for being a quiet, residential, and predominantly Eastern European neighborhood—a sharp contrast from the site of the bloodbath described in the song.
Songwriters Peter Callender and Mitch Murray said in interviews (most notably on Beat Club shortly after the song's smash success) that they had never been to the Windy City before that time, and that their knowledge of the city and that period of its history had been based on gangster films. (Callender defended his interpretation of Chicago's geography by saying, "There's an East Side of everywhere!")
As reported by History.com:
"...in England there were at least a few young men that didn’t have all the facts straight, and in the 1970s their pop group from Nottingham turned their romantic misunderstanding of American history into a historically dubious yet gloriously catchy hit record. Though it was never intended for the American market, Paper Lace’s “The Night Chicago Died” crossed the Atlantic and became a #1 hit on the U.S. pop charts..."[2]
Paper Lace did send the song to Mayor Richard J. Daley, who was not impressed with the song and greatly disliked it.[3] A member of Daley's staff is quoted as saying that Paper Lace should “jump in the Chicago River, placing your heads under water three times and surfacing twice. Pray tell us, are you nuts?”[4]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia [5] 1
Canada 2
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[7] 2
New Zealand 1
UK[8] 3
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary 27
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia [5] 4
Canada [9] 26
Netherlands [10] 25
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [11] 46
Covers[edit]
In 1974 Venezuelan singer Mirla Castellanos recorded her version of this song (translated to Spanish by her husband at the time, Miguel Ángel Landa) titled "La Noche De Chicago", which appeared on her album of the same name. Subsequently Castellanos made a new version of this song, which was included in her 1984 compilation album 16 Grandes Éxitos.
Also, in 1974, Mexican group La Super Banda Macho recorded their own version of this song in Spanish titled "La Noche Que Murió Chicago", whose lyrics are very different from the previous version.
In 1975 the Finnish singer Vicky Rosti recorded this song in Finnish language titled "Kun Chicago kuoli" (When Chicago Died), which was her debut single. The Finnish lyrics are almost verbatim translation of the English originals.
In 1994 Mexican group Banda Toro recorded this song titled "La Noche Que Chicago Murió" in a Banda music style (but with the same lyrics of La Super Banda Macho's version). This song appeared on their debut album Banda Toro.
In 2004 Mexican group Banda Machos covered this song titled "La Noche Que Murió Chicago" -and sounds very similar at the La Super Banda Macho's version- as part of their album Pura Pasión.
Notes[edit]
The Night Chicago Died is used with some irony by Fox Mulder on "Die Hand Die Verletzt" episode of The X-Files as an example of "Devil's music".[12]
Preceded by
"Feel Like Makin' Love" by Roberta Flack Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
17 August 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"(You're) Having My Baby" by Paul Anka and Odia Coates
Preceded by
"Evie" by Stevie Wright Australian number-one single
23 September 1974 (eight weeks) Succeeded by
"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John
Preceded by
"Band on the Run" by Paul McCartney and Wings New Zealand number-one single
23 August 1974 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Kissin' in the Back Row of the Movies" by The Drifters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Paper Lace Interview - Nottingham Culture". Leftlion.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "1974: "The Night Chicago Died" by Paper Lace tops the U.S. pop charts". History.com. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fred Bronson. The Billboard book of number 1 hits. p. 373.
Jump up ^ "Back in the Bad Old Days". faithandfearinflushing.com. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Steffen Hung. "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – The Night Chicago Died". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1974" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ UK Official Charts, 4 May 1974
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1974" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Chris Carter (1994–1995). Chris Carter Talks About Season 2: "Die Hand Die Verletzt" (featurette)|format= requires |url= (help). The X-Files: The Complete Second Season: Fox.
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Four Great Inventions
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Four Great Inventions
Traditional Chinese
四大發明
Simplified Chinese
四大发明
Literal meaning
four great inventions
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
sì dà fā míng
Wade–Giles
ssu⁴ ta⁴ fa¹ ming²
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
sei³ daai⁶ faat³ ming⁴
Jyutping
sei³ daai⁶ faat³ ming⁴
Further information: List of Chinese inventions
The Four Great Inventions (simplified Chinese: 四大发明; traditional Chinese: 四大發明) are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as symbols of ancient China's advanced science and technology.[1]
The Four Great Inventions are:
Compass[2]
Gunpowder[3]
Papermaking[4]
Printing[5]
These four discoveries had a large impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization – the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Inventions
2.1 Compass
2.2 Gunpowder
2.3 Papermaking
2.4 Printing
3 Cultural influence
3.1 2005 Hong Kong stamp issue
3.2 2008 Beijing Olympics
4 Scholarly critiques
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
Name[edit]
History of science and
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Four Great Inventions
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Although Chinese culture is replete with lists of significant works or achievements (e.g. Four Great Beauties, Four Great Books of Song, Four Great Classical Novels, Four Books and Five Classics, Five Elders, Three Hundred Tang Poems, etc.), the concept of the Four Great Inventions originated from the West, and is adapted from the European intellectual and rhetorical commonplace of the Three Great (or, more properly, Greatest) Inventions. This commonplace spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 16th century and was appropriated only in recent times by Chinese scholars. The origin of the Three Great Inventions—these being the printing press, firearms, and the nautical compass—was originally ascribed to Europe, and specifically to Germany in the case of the printing press and firearms. These inventions were a badge of honor to modern Europeans, who proclaimed that there was nothing to equal them among the ancient Greeks and Romans. After reports by Portuguese sailors and Spanish missionaries began to filter back to Europe beginning in the 1530s, the notion that these inventions had existed for centuries in China took hold. By 1620, when Francis Bacon wrote in his Instauratio magna that "printing, gunpowder, and the nautical compass . . . have altered the face and state of the world: first, in literary matters; second, in warfare; third, in navigation," this was hardly an original idea to most learned Europeans.[7]
In the 19th century, Karl Marx commented on the importance of gunpowder, the compass and printing, "Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press were the three great inventions which ushered in bourgeois society. Gunpowder blew up the knightly class, the compass discovered the world market and found the colonies, and the printing press was the instrument of Protestantism and the regeneration of science in general; the most powerful lever for creating the intellectual prerequisites."[8]
Western writers and scholars from the 19th century onwards commonly attributed these inventions to China. The missionary and sinologist Joseph Edkins (1823–1905), comparing China with Japan, noted that for all of Japan's virtues, it did not make inventions as significant as paper-making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.[9] Edkins' notes on these inventions were mentioned in an 1859 review in the journal Athenaeum, comparing the contemporary science and technology in China and Japan.[10] in 1880 Johnson's New Universal Cyclopædia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge.[11]The Chautauquan in 1887,[12] and the distinguished sinologist, Berthold Laufer in 1915.[13] None of these, however, referred to four inventions or called them "great."
In the 20th century, this list was popularized and augmented by the noted British biochemist, historian, and sinologist Joseph Needham, who devoted the later part of his life to studying the science and civilization of ancient China.[14]
Inventions[edit]
See also: List of Chinese inventions
Compass[edit]
Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
A lodestone compass was used in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE, where it was called the "south-governor" (sīnán 司南).[15] It was not used for navigation, but rather for geomancy and fortune-telling.[15] The earliest reference to a magnetic device used for navigation is in a Song Dynasty book dated to 1040-1044, where there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night."[16] The first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[17] According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.[18]
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the lodestone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction.[18] Although the 14th-century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.[14]
Gunpowder[edit]
Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s (decade).
Main article: Gunpowder
Gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.[19] By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%.[20] By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.[21]
In 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which produced such a large explosion that a team of inspectors at the site a week later deduced that 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.[22]
By the time of Hanzo Yu and his Huolongjing (which describes military applications of gunpowder in great detail) in the mid-14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%,[20] with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder.[20] By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive round shot by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.[23] An excavated trove of early Ming land mines showed that corned gunpowder was present in China by 1370. There is evidence suggesting that corned powder may have been used in East Asia from as far back as the thirteenth century. [24]
Papermaking[edit]
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.[25] However, a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from Gansu of paper with Chinese characters on it dating to 8 BC.[26]
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC,[27] paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century.[28] By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well.[29] During the Tang Dynasty (618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea.[27] The Song Dynasty (960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.
Printing[edit]
Main article: History of printing in East Asia
The Chinese invention of woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), produced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age."[30] Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introduced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.[31]
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220.[32] It reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards.[33][34]
Printing in Northern China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.[35] Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) who invented respectively wooden type setting, which later influenced developing metal moveable type printing in Korea (1372-1377). Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of individual characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private industries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing during the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.[36]
Cultural influence[edit]
2005 Hong Kong stamp issue[edit]
In 2005, the Hong Kong postal service created a special stamp issue that featured the Four Great Inventions.[37] The stamp series was first issued on August 18, 2005 during a ceremony where an enlarged first day cover was stamped.[38] Allan Chiang (Postmaster General) and Prof. Chu Ching-wu (President of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) marked the issue of the special stamps by personally stamping the first day cover.[38]
2008 Beijing Olympics[edit]
Dancing boxes representing movable-type printing blocks at the 2008 Olympics opening ceremony.
The Four Great Inventions was featured as one of the main themes of the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.[39] Paper making was represented with a dance and an ink drawing on a huge piece of paper, printing by a set of dancing printing blocks, a replica of an ancient compass was showcased, and gunpowder by the extensive firework displays during the ceremony. A survey by the Beijing Social Facts & Public Opinion Survey Center found that Beijing residents found the program on the Four Great Inventions the most moving part of the opening ceremony.[40]
Scholarly critiques[edit]
Recently, scholars have questioned the importance placed on the inventions of paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass. Chinese scholars in particular question if too much emphasis is given to these inventions, over other significant Chinese inventions. They have pointed out that other inventions in China were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact within China.[6]
In the chapter "Are the Four Major Inventions the Most Important?" of his book Ancient Chinese Inventions, Chinese historian Deng Yinke writes:[41]
The four inventions do not necessarily summarize the achievements of science and technology in ancient China. The four inventions were regarded as the most important Chinese achievements in science and technology, simply because they had a prominent position in the exchanges between the East and the West and acted as a powerful dynamic in the development of capitalism in Europe. As a matter of fact, ancient Chinese scored much more than the four major inventions: in farming, iron and copper metallurgy, exploitation of coal and petroleum, machinery, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, porcelain, silk, and wine making. The numerous inventions and discoveries greatly advanced China's productive forces and social life. Many are at least as important as the four inventions, and some are even greater than the four.
See also[edit]
History of Imperial China portal
Technology portal
Dream Pool Essays
Gunpowder warfare
History of science and technology in China
List of Chinese inventions
Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Technology of the Song Dynasty
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Four Great Inventions". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China -- Compass". ChinaCulture.org. Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China -- Gunpowder". ChinaCulture.org. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2007-11-11. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China -- Paper". ChinaCulture.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-11-11. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China -- Printing". ChinaCulture.org. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2007-11-11. External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Do We Need to Redefine the Top Four Inventions?". Beijing Review (35). 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
Jump up ^ Boruchoff, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl. "Division of Labour and Mechanical Workshop. Tool and Machinery". Economic Manuscripts of 1861-63.
Jump up ^ Edkins, Joseph (1859). The religious condition of the Chinese: With observations on the prospects of christian conversion amongst that people. Routledge-Warnes and Routledge. p. 2. [1]
Jump up ^ Maurice, Frederick Denison, Charles Wentworth Dilke, Thomas Kibble Hervey, William Hepworth Dixon; et al. (1859). The Athenæum: a journal of literature, science, the fine arts, music, and the drama. J. Francis. p. 839. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, Arnold Guyot (1880). Johnson's New universal cyclopædia: a scientific and popular treasury of useful knowledge ... Volume 1, Part 2 of Johnson's New Universal Cyclopædia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. A.J. Johnson & Co. p. 924. Retrieved 2011-11-28. Though the Chinese are skilled in imitative workmanship, they seem at present to be singularly destitute of inventive genius. Anciently, however, it must have been otherwise, for the mariner's compass, gunpowder, printing, and the manufacture of porcelain, paper, silk, and clocks, all were certainly first invented in China. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Theodore L. Flood, Frank Chapin Bray, Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, Chautauqua Institution (1887). The Chautauquan: a weekly newsmagazine, Volume 8. 8. p. 59. Retrieved 2011-11-28. 10. "The mariner's compass." The Chinese, doubtless, originated the compass, as more than one thousand years B. C, they were able to guide themselves by the use of the loadstone, and soon after the Christian era they navigated their vessels by the use of the magnetic needle. The compasses which came into use among the Italians in the 13th century were exactly like those used in China. The earliest mention to be found of this instrument, is made by Guyot, of Provence, in 1190. The date and the author of the invention of gunpowder are lost in obscurity. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Some Fundamental Ideas of Chinese Culture, Clark University (Worcester, Mass.) (1915). The Journal of international relations, Volume 5. p. 171. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Needham, IV 1, p. 290
^ Jump up to: a b Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W. (1983). The Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and planetary perspective (2nd printing ed.). San Francisco: Academic press. p. 1. ISBN 0-12-491242-7.
Jump up ^ Shu-hua, Li (July 1954). "Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Bousso". Isis. Oxford: Oxford Student Publications. 45: 175–196. doi:10.1086/348315.
Jump up ^ Kreutz, p. 373
^ Jump up to: a b Needham, IV 1, p. 255
Jump up ^ Buchanan (2006), p. 42
^ Jump up to: a b c Needham, V 7, pp. 345
Jump up ^ Needham, V 7, pp. 347
Jump up ^ Needham, V 7, pp. 209-210
Jump up ^ Needham, V 7, pp. 264.
Jump up ^ Andrade (2016), p. 110
Jump up ^ "Papermaking". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
Jump up ^ "World Archaeological Congress eNewsletter". 2006-08-11. Archived from the original on 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Needham, V 1, p. 122
Jump up ^ Needham, V 1
Jump up ^ Needham, V 1, p. 123
Jump up ^ A Hyatt Mayor (1971). Prints and People. Nos 1-4. Princeton: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-691-00326-2.
Jump up ^ McGovern, Melvin (1967). "Early Western Presses in Korea". Korea Journal: 21–23.
Jump up ^ Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed) (1990). Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. British Museum publications. p. 112. ISBN 0-7141-1447-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ A Hyatt Mayor (Nos 5-18). Prints and People. Princeton: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-691-00326-2. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Arthur M. Hind (1963) [1935]. An Introduction to a History of Woodcut. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 64–127. ISBN 0-486-20952-0.
Jump up ^ Needham, V 1, p. 201.
Jump up ^ Olympics bring unexpected luck to China's sole village using age-old movable-type printing, People's Daily
Jump up ^ "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China" stamp issue, Hongkong Post
^ Jump up to: a b "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China" Special Stamps Issuing Ceremony, Hongkong Post
Jump up ^ Beijing Olympics opening features four inventions of ancient China, China Daily
Jump up ^ "Four great inventions" at Olympic opening warmly-welcomed, People's Daily
Jump up ^ Deng (2005), pp. 14.
Sources[edit]
Andrade, Tonio, ed. (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Boruchoff, David A. (2012), "The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public", in Hock, Klaus, Gesa; Mackenthun, Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference, Münster: Waxmann, pp. 133–163, ISBN 978-3-8309-2729-7
Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006). Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5259-9.
Deng Yinke (2005). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
Li Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole". Isis. Vol. 45 no. 2: July. Oxford. pp. 175–196.
Needham, Joseph (1962). Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 4. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Needham, Joseph, ed. (1985). Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Tsien Hsuen-Hsuin, Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Needham, Joseph, ed. (1994). Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Robin D.S. Yates, Krzysztof Gawlikowski, Edward McEwen, Wang Ling (collaborators) Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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