text:
Chicago Pile-1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Site of the First Self Sustaining Nuclear Reaction
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Chicago Landmark
Location
Chicago, Illinois, US
Coordinates
41°47′33″N 87°36′4″W / 41.79250°N 87.60111°W / 41.79250; -87.60111Coordinates: 41°47′33″N 87°36′4″W / 41.79250°N 87.60111°W / 41.79250; -87.60111
Built
1942[2]
NRHP reference #
66000314[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
15 October 1966 (66000314)[1]
Designated NHL
18 February 1965[2]
Designated CL
27 October 1971[3]
Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1)
Reactor concept
Research reactor
Designed and build by
Metallurgical Laboratory
Operational
1942 to 1943
Status
Dismantled
Location
Chicago, Illinois
Main parameters of the reactor core
Fuel (fissile material)
Natural uranium
Fuel state
Solid (pellets)
Neutron energy spectrum
Information missing
Primary control method
Control rods
Primary moderator
Nuclear graphite (bricks)
Primary coolant
None
Reactor usage
Primary use
Experimental
Remarks
The Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) is the world's first nuclear reactor.
Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first nuclear reactor. On 2 December 1942, the first human-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1, during an experiment led by Enrico Fermi. The reactor's development was part of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create atomic bombs during World War II. It was built by the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, under the west viewing stands of the original Stagg Field. Fermi described the apparatus as "a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers".[4]
The reactor was assembled in November 1942, by a team that included Fermi, Leo Szilard (who had previously formulated an idea for non-fission chain reaction), Leona Woods, Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Zinn, Martin D. Whitaker, and George Weil. It contained 45,000 graphite blocks weighing 400 short tons (360 t) used as neutron moderators, and was fueled by 6 short tons (5.4 t) of uranium metal and 50 short tons (45 t) of uranium oxide. In the pile, some of the free neutrons produced by the natural decay of uranium were absorbed by other uranium atoms, causing nuclear fission of those atoms, and the release of additional free neutrons. Unlike most subsequent nuclear reactors, it had no radiation shielding or cooling system as it operated at very low power – about one-half watt. The shape of the pile was intended to be roughly spherical, but as work proceeded, Fermi calculated that critical mass could be achieved without finishing the entire pile as planned.
In 1943, CP-1 was moved to Red Gate Woods, and reconfigured to become Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). There, it was operated until 1954, when it was dismantled and buried. The stands at Stagg Field were demolished in August 1957; the site is now a National Historic Landmark and a Chicago Landmark.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Government support
3 Development
4 Choice of site
5 Construction
6 First nuclear chain reaction
7 Later operation
8 Significance and commemoration
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Origins[edit]
The idea of chemical chain reactions was first suggested in 1913 by the German chemist Max Bodenstein for a situation in which two molecules react to form not just the final reaction products, but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the original substances to cause more to react.[5] The concept of a nuclear chain reaction was first hypothesized by the Hungarian scientist Leo Szilard on 12 September 1933.[6] Szilard realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons or dineutrons, which then caused further nuclear reactions, the process might be self-perpetuating. Szilard proposed using mixtures of lighter known isotopes which produced neutrons in copious amounts, and also entertained the possibility of using uranium as a fuel.[7] He filed a patent for his idea of a simple nuclear reactor the following year.[8] The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938,[9][10] and its theoretical explanation (and naming) by their collaborators Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch,[11][12] opened up the possibility of creating a nuclear chain reaction with uranium or indium, but initial experiments were unsuccessful.[13][14][15][16]
In order for a chain reaction to occur, fissioning uranium atoms had to emit additional neutrons to keep the reaction going. At Columbia University in New York, Italian physicist, Enrico Fermi, with Americans John Dunning, Herbert L. Anderson, Eugene T. Booth, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States on 25 January 1939.[17][18] Subsequent work confirmed that fast neutrons were indeed produced by fission.[19][20] Szilard obtained permission from the head of the Physics Department at Columbia, George B. Pegram, to use a laboratory for three months, and persuaded Walter Zinn to become his collaborator.[21] They conducted a simple experiment on the seventh floor of Pupin Hall at Columbia, using a radium-beryllium source to bombard uranium with neutrons. They discovered significant neutron multiplication in natural uranium, proving that a chain reaction might be possible.[22]
Fermi and Szilard still believed that enormous quantities of uranium would be required for an atomic bomb, and therefore concentrated on producing a controlled chain reaction.[23] Fermi urged Alfred O. C. Nier to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and, on 29 February 1940, Nier separated the first uranium-235 sample, which, after being mailed to Dunning at Columbia, was confirmed to be the isolated fissile material.[24] When he was working in Rome, Fermi had discovered that collisions between neutrons and neutron moderators can slow the neutrons down, and thereby make them more likely to be captured by uranium nuclei, causing the uranium to fission.[25][26] Szilard suggested to Fermi that they use carbon in the form of graphite as a moderator. As a back-up plan, he considered heavy water. This contained deuterium, which would not absorb neutrons like ordinary hydrogen, and was a better neutron moderator than carbon; but heavy water was expensive and difficult to produce, and several tons of it might be needed.[27] Fermi estimated that a fissioning uranium nucleus produced 1.73 neutrons on average. It was enough, but a careful design was called for to minimize losses.[28][29] (Today the average number of neutrons emitted per fissioning uranium-235 nucleus is known to be about 2.4).[30]
Szilard estimated he would need about 50 short tons (45 t) of graphite and 5 short tons (4.5 t) of uranium.[27] In December 1940, Fermi and Szilard met with Herbert G. MacPherson and Victor C. Hamister at National Carbon to discuss the possible existence of impurities in graphite, and the procurement of graphite of a purity that had never been produced commercially.[31] National Carbon, a chemical company, had taken the then unusual step of hiring MacPherson, a physicist, to research carbon arc lamps, a major commercial use for graphite at that time. Because of his work studying the spectroscopy of the carbon arc, MacPherson knew that the major relevant contaminant was boron, both because of its concentration and its affinity for absorbing neutrons,[31] confirming a suspicion of Szilard's.[32] More importantly, MacPherson and Hamister believed that techniques for producing graphite of a sufficient purity could be developed. Had Fermi and Szilard not consulted MacPherson and Hamister, they might have concluded, as the Germans did, that graphite was unsuitable for use as a neutron moderator.[33]
Over the next two years, MacPherson, Hamister and Lauchlin M. Currie developed thermal purification techniques for the large scale production of low boron content graphite.[31][34] The resulting product was designated AGOT graphite ("Acheson Graphite Ordinary Temperature") by National Carbon. With a neutron absorption cross section of 4.97 mbarns, the AGOT graphite is considered as the first true nuclear-grade graphite.[35] By November 1942 National Carbon had shipped 255 tons of AGOT graphite to the University of Chicago,[36] where it became the primary source of graphite to be used in the construction of Chicago Pile-1.[37]
Government support[edit]
Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning of a German nuclear weapon project, explaining the possibility of nuclear weapons, and encouraging the development of a program that could result in their creation. With the help of Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller, he approached his old friend and collaborator Albert Einstein in August 1939, and convinced him to sign the letter, lending his prestige to the proposal.[38] The Einstein–Szilard letter resulted in the establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government.[39] An Advisory Committee on Uranium was formed under Lyman J. Briggs, a scientist and the director of the National Bureau of Standards. Its first meeting on 21 October 1939, was attended by Szilard, Teller and Wigner. The scientists persuaded the Army and Navy to provide $6,000 for Szilard to purchase supplies for experiments—in particular, more graphite.[40]
Pupin Hall at Columbia University
In April 1941, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) created a special project headed by Arthur Compton, a Nobel-Prize-winning physics professor at the University of Chicago, to report on the uranium program. Compton's report, submitted in May 1941, foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapons, nuclear propulsion for ships, and nuclear weapons using uranium-235 or the recently discovered plutonium.[41] In October he wrote another report on the practicality of an atomic bomb. For this report, he worked with Fermi on calculations of the critical mass of uranium-235. He also discussed the prospects for uranium enrichment with Harold Urey.[42]
Niels Bohr and John Wheeler had theorized that heavy isotopes with odd atomic mass numbers were fissile. If so, then plutonium-239 was likely to be.[43] In May 1941, Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg at the University of California produced 28 μg of plutonium in the 60-inch cyclotron there, and found that it had 1.7 times the thermal neutron capture cross section of uranium-235. At the time only such minute quantities of plutonium-239 had been produced, in cyclotrons, and it was not possible to produce a sufficiently large quantity that way.[44] Compton discussed with Wigner how plutonium might be produced in a nuclear reactor, and with Robert Serber about how that plutonium might be separated from uranium. His report, submitted in November, stated that a bomb was feasible.[42]
The final draft of Compton's November 1941 report made no mention of plutonium, but after discussing the latest research with Ernest Lawrence, Compton became convinced that a plutonium bomb was also feasible. In December, Compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project.[45] Its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium, to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from the uranium, and to design and build an atomic bomb.[46][43] It fell to Compton to decide which of the different types of reactor designs the scientists should pursue, even though a successful reactor had not yet been built.[47] He proposed a schedule to achieve a controlled nuclear chain reaction by January 1943, and to have an atomic bomb by January 1945.[46]
Development[edit]
On the fourth anniversary of the team's success, 2 December 1946, members of the CP-1 team gathered at the University of Chicago. Back row, from left: Norman Hilberry, Samuel Allison, Thomas Brill, Robert Nobles, Warren Nyer, and Marvin Wilkening. Middle row: Harold Agnew, William Sturm, Harold Lichtenberger, Leona Woods and Leo Szilard. Front row: Enrico Fermi, Walter Zinn, Albert Wattenberg and Herbert L. Anderson.
In a nuclear reactor, criticality is achieved when the rate of neutron production is equal to the rate of neutron losses, including both neutron absorption and neutron leakage. When a uranium-235 atom undergoes fission, it releases an average of 2.4 neutrons.[30] In the simplest case of an unreflected, homogeneous, spherical reactor, the critical radius was calculated to be approximately:[48]
R c r i t ≈ π M k − 1 {\displaystyle R_{crit}\approx {\frac {\pi M}{\sqrt {k-1}}}} ,
where M is the average distance that a neutron travels before it is absorbed, and k is the average neutron multiplication factor. The neutrons in succeeding reactions will be amplified by a factor k, the second generation of fission events will produce k2, the third k3 and so on. In order for a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction to occur, k must be at least 3 or 4 percent greater than 1. In other words, k must be greater than 1 without crossing the prompt critical threshold that would result in a rapid, exponential increase in the number of fission events.[48][49]
Fermi christened his apparatus a "pile". Emilio Segrè later recalled that:
I thought for a while that this term was used to refer to a source of nuclear energy in analogy with Volta's use of the Italian term pila to denote his own great invention of a source of electrical energy. I was disillusioned by Fermi himself, who told me that he simply used the common English word pile as synonymous with heap. To my surprise, Fermi never seemed to have thought of the relationship between his pile and Volta's.[50]
Another grant, this time of $40,000, was obtained from the S-1 Uranium Committee to purchase more materials, and in August 1941 Fermi began to plan the building of a sub-critical assembly to test with a smaller structure whether a larger one would work. The so-called exponential pile he proposed to build was 8 feet (2.4 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) wide and 11 feet (3.4 m) high.[51] This was too large to fit in the Pupin Physics Laboratories. Fermi recalled that:
We went to Dean Pegram, who was then the man who could carry out magic around the University, and we explained to him that we needed a big room. He scouted around the campus and we went with him to dark corridors and under various heating pipes and so on, to visit possible sites for this experiment and eventually a big room was discovered in Schermerhorn Hall.[52]
One of at least 29 experimental piles that were constructed in 1942 under the West Stands of Stagg Field. Each tested elements incorporated into the final design.
The pile was built in September 1941 from 4-by-4-by-12-inch (10 by 10 by 30 cm) graphite blocks and tinplate iron cans of uranium oxide. The cans were 8-by-8-by-8-inch (20 by 20 by 20 cm) cubes. When filled with uranium oxide, each weighed about 60 pounds (27 kg). There were 288 cans in all, and each was surrounded by graphite blocks so the whole would form a cubic lattice structure. A radium-beryllium neutron source was positioned near the bottom. The uranium oxide was heated to remove moisture, and packed into the cans while still hot on a shaking table. The cans were then soldered shut. For a workforce, Pegram secured the services of Columbia's football team. It was the custom at the time for football players to perform odd jobs around the university. They were able to manipulate the heavy cans with ease. The final result was a disappointing k of 0.87.[49][53]
Compton felt that having teams at Columbia University, Princeton University, the University of Chicago and the University of California was creating too much duplication and not enough collaboration, and he resolved to concentrate the work in one location. Nobody wanted to move, and everybody argued in favor of their own location. In January 1942, soon after the United States entered World War II, Compton decided on his own location, the University of Chicago, where he knew he had the unstinting support of university administration.[54] Chicago also had a central location, and scientists, technicians and facilities were more readily available in the Midwest, where war work had not yet taken them away.[54] In contrast, Columbia University was engaged in uranium enrichment efforts under Harold Urey and John Dunning, and was hesitant to add a third secret project.[55]
Before leaving for Chicago, Fermi's team made one last attempt to build a working pile at Columbia. Since the cans had absorbed neutrons, they were dispensed with. Instead, the uranium oxide, heated to 250 °C (480 °F) to dry it out, was pressed into cylindrical holes 3 inches (7.6 cm) long and 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter drilled into the graphite. The entire pile was then canned by soldering sheet metal around it, and the contents heated above the boiling point of water to remove moisture. The result was a k of 0.918.[56]
Choice of site[edit]
Augustus Knuth joints a wooden block for the timber frame
In Chicago, Samuel K. Allison had found a suitable location 60 feet (18 m) long, 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and 26 feet (7.9 m) high, sunk slightly below ground level, in a space under the stands at Stagg Field originally built as a rackets court.[57][58] Stagg Field had been largely unused since the University of Chicago had given up playing American football in 1939,[48][59] but the rackets courts under West Stands were still used for playing squash and handball. Leona Woods and Anthony L. Turkevich played squash there in 1940. Since it was intended for strenuous exercise, the area was unheated, and very cold in the winter. The nearby North Stands had a pair of ice skating rinks on the ground floor, which although they were unrefrigerated, seldom melted in winter.[60] Allison used the rackets court area to construct a 7-foot (2.1 m) experimental pile before Fermi's group arrived in 1942.[57]
The United States Army Corps of Engineers assumed control of the nuclear weapons program in June 1942, and Compton's Metallurgical Laboratory became part of what came to be called the Manhattan Project.[61] Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. became director of the Manhattan Project on 23 September 1942.[62] He visited the Metallurgical Laboratory for the first time on 5 October.[63] Between 15 September and 15 November 1942, groups under Herbert Anderson and Walter Zinn constructed 16 experimental piles under the Stagg Field stands.[64]
Fermi designed a new pile, which would be spherical to maximize k, which was predicted to be around 1.04, thereby achieving criticality.[65] Leona Woods was detailed to build boron trifluoride neutron detectors as soon as she completed her doctoral thesis. She also helped Anderson locate the large number of 4-by-6-inch (10 by 15 cm) timbers required at lumber yards in Chicago's south side.[66] Shipments of high-purity graphite arrived, mainly from National Carbon, and high-purity uranium dioxide from Mallinckrodt in St Louis, which was now producing 30 short tons (27 t) a month.[67] Metallic uranium also began arriving in larger quantities, the product of newly developed techniques.[68]
On 25 June, the Army and the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) had selected a site in the Argonne Forest near Chicago for a plutonium pilot plant. This became known as Site A. 1,025 acres (415 ha) were leased from Cook County in August,[69][70] but by September it was apparent that the proposed facilities would be too extensive for the site, and it was decided to build the pilot plant elsewhere.[71] The subcritical piles posed little danger, but Groves felt that it would be prudent to locate a critical pile—a fully functional nuclear reactor—at a more remote site. A building at Argonne to house Fermi's experimental pile was commenced, with its completion scheduled for 20 October. Due to industrial disputes, construction fell behind schedule, and it became clear the materials for Fermi's new pile would be on hand before the new structure was completed. In early November, Fermi came to Compton with a proposal to build the experimental pile under the stands at Stagg Field.[72]
CP-1 under construction: 4th layer
The risk of building an operational reactor running at criticality in a populated area was a significant issue, as there was a danger of a catastrophic nuclear meltdown blanketing one of the United States' major urban areas in radioactive fission products. But the physics of the system suggested that the pile could be safely shut down even in the event of a runaway reaction. When a fuel atom undergoes fission, it releases neutrons that strike other fuel atoms in a chain reaction.[72] The time between absorbing the neutron and undergoing fission is measured in nanoseconds. Szilard had noted that this reaction leaves behind fission products that may also release neutrons, but do so over much longer periods, from microseconds to as long as minutes. In a slow reaction like the one in a pile where the fission products build up, these neutrons account for about three percent of the total neutron flux.[72][73][74]
Fermi argued that by using the delayed neutrons, and by carefully controlling the reaction rates as the power is ramped up, a pile can reach criticality at fission rates slightly below that of a chain reaction relying solely on the prompt neutrons from the fission reactions. Since the rate of release of these neutrons depends on fission events taking place some time earlier, there is a delay between any power spikes and the later criticality event. This time gives the operators leeway; if a spike in the prompt neutron flux is seen, they have several minutes before this causes a runaway reaction. If a neutron absorber, or neutron poison, is injected at any time during this period, the reactor will shut down. Consequently, the reaction can be controlled with electromechanical control systems such as control rods. Compton felt this delay was enough to provide a critical margin of safety,[72][73] and allowed Fermi to build Chicago Pile-1 at Stagg Field.[75][73]
Compton later explained that:
As a responsible officer of the University of Chicago, according to every rule of organizational protocol, I should have taken the matter to my superior. But this would have been unfair. President Hutchins was in no position to make an independent judgment of the hazards involved. Based on considerations of the University's welfare, the only answer he could have given would have been—no. And this answer would have been wrong.[75]
Compton informed Groves of his decision at the 14 November meeting of the S-1 Executive Committee.[73] Although Groves "had serious misgivings about the wisdom of Compton's suggestion", he did not interfere.[76] James B. Conant, the chairman of the NDRC, was reported to have turned white. But because of the urgency and their confidence in Fermi's calculations, no one objected.[77]
Construction[edit]
CP-1 under construction: 7th layer
Chicago Pile 1 was encased within a balloon so that the air inside could be replaced by carbon dioxide. Anderson had a dark gray balloon manufactured by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. A 25-foot (7.6 m) cube-shaped balloon was somewhat unusual, but the Manhattan Project's AAA priority rating ensured prompt delivery with no questions asked.[64][78] A block and tackle was used to haul it into place, with the top secured to the ceiling and three sides to the walls. The remaining side, the one facing the balcony from which Fermi directed the operation, was furled like an awning. A circle was drawn on the floor, and the stacking of graphite blocks began on the morning of 16 November 1942.[79] The first layer placed was made up entirely of graphite blocks, with no uranium. Layers without uranium were alternated with two layers containing uranium, so the uranium was enclosed in graphite.[79] Unlike later reactors, it had no radiation shielding or cooling system, as it was only intended to be operated at very low power.[80]
The work was carried out in twelve-hour shifts, with a day shift under Zinn and a night shift under Anderson.[81] For a work force they hired thirty high school dropouts that were eager to earn a bit of money before being drafted into the Army.[82] They machined 45,000 graphite blocks enclosing 19,000 pieces of uranium metal and uranium oxide.[83] The graphite arrived from the manufacturers in 4.25-by-4.25-inch (10.8 by 10.8 cm) bars of various lengths. They were cut into standard lengths of 16.5 inches (42 cm), each weighing 19 pounds (8.6 kg). A lathe was used to drill 3.25-inch (8.3 cm) holes in the blocks for the control rods and the uranium. A hydraulic press was used to shape the uranium oxide into "pseudospheres", cylinders with rounded ends. Drill bits had to be sharpened after each 60 holes, which worked out to be about once an hour.[79] Graphite dust soon filled the air and made the floor slippery.[75]
Another group, under Volney C. Wilson, was responsible for instrumentation.[81] They also fabricated the control rods, which were cadmium sheets nailed to flat wooden strips, cadmium being a potent neutron absorber, and the scram line, a manila rope that when cut would drop a control rod into the pile and stop the reaction.[82] Richard Fox, who made the control-rod mechanism for the pile, remarked that the manual speed control that the operator had over the rods was simply a variable resistor, controlling an electric motor that would spool the clothesline wire over a pulley that also had two lead weights attached to ensure it would fail-safe and return to its zero position when released.[84]
CP-1 under construction: 10th layer
About two layers were laid per shift.[79] Woods' boron trifluoride neutron counter was inserted at the 15th layer. Thereafter, readings were taken at the end of each shift.[85] Fermi divided the square of the radius of the pile by the intensity of the radioactivity to obtain a metric that counted down to one as the pile approached criticality. At the 15th layer, it was 390; at the 19th it was 320; at the 25th it was 270 and by the 36th it was only 149. The original design was for a spherical pile, but as work proceeded, it became clear that this would not be necessary. The new graphite was purer, and 6 short tons (5.4 t) of very pure metallic uranium began to arrive from the Ames Project at Iowa State University,[86] where a team under Frank Spedding had developed a new process to produce uranium metal. Westinghouse Lamp Plant supplied 3 short tons (2.7 t), which it produced in a rush with a makeshift process.[87][88]
The 2.25-inch (5.7 cm) metallic uranium cylinders, known as "Spedding's eggs", were dropped in the holes in the graphite in lieu of the uranium oxide pseudospheres. The process of filling the balloon with carbon dioxide would not be necessary, and twenty layers could be dispensed with. According to Fermi's new calculations, the countdown would reach 1 between the 56th and 57th layers. The resulting pile was therefore flatter on the top than on the bottom.[79] Anderson called a halt after the 57th layer was placed.[89] When completed, the wooden frame supported an elliptical-shaped structure, 20 feet (6.1 m) high, 6 feet (1.8 m) wide at the ends and 25 feet (7.6 m) across the middle.[82][90] It contained 6 short tons (5.4 t) of uranium metal, 50 short tons (45 t) of uranium oxide and 400 short tons (360 t) of graphite, at an estimated cost of $2.7 million.[91]
First nuclear chain reaction[edit]
The Chianti fiasco purchased by Eugene Wigner to help celebrate the first self-sustaining, controlled chain reaction. It was signed by the participants.
The next day, 2 December 1942, everybody assembled for the experiment. There were 49 scientists present.[92] Although most of the S-1 Executive Committee was in Chicago, only Crawford Greenewalt was present, at Compton's invitation.[93] Other dignitaries present included Szilard, Wigner and Spedding.[92] Fermi, Compton, Anderson and Zinn gathered around the controls on the balcony, which was originally intended as a viewing platform.[94] Samuel Allison stood ready with a bucket of concentrated cadmium nitride, which he was to throw over the pile in the event of an emergency. The startup began at 09:54. Walter Zinn removed the zip, the emergency control rod, and secured it.[94][95] Norman Hilberry stood ready with an axe to cut the scram line, which would allow the zip to fall under the influence of gravity.[95][96] While Leona Woods called out the count from the boron trifluoride detector in a loud voice, George Weil, the only one on the floor, withdrew all but one of the control rods. At 10:37 Fermi ordered Weil to remove all but 13 feet (4.0 m) of the last control rod. Weil withdrew it 6 inches (15 cm) at a time, with measurements being taken at each step.[94][95]
The process was abruptly halted by the automatic control rod reinserting itself, due to its trip level being set too low.[97] At 11:25, Fermi ordered the control rods reinserted. He then announced that it was lunch time.[94]
The experiment resumed at 14:00.[94] Weil worked the final control rod while Fermi carefully monitored the neutron activity. Fermi announced that the pile had gone critical (reached a self-sustaining reaction) at 15:25. Fermi switched the scale on the recorder to accommodate the rapidly increasing electrical current from the boron trifluoride detector. He wanted to test the control circuits, but after 28 minutes, the alarm bells went off to notify everyone that the neutron flux had passed the preset safety level, and he ordered Zinn to release the zip. The reaction rapidly halted.[98][95] The pile had run for about 4.5 minutes at about 0.5 watts.[99] Wigner opened a bottle of Chianti, which they drank from paper cups.[100]
Compton notified Conant by telephone. The conversation was in an impromptu code:
Compton: The Italian navigator has landed in the New World.
Conant: How were the natives?
Compton: Very friendly.[101]
Later operation[edit]
On 12 December 1942 CP-1's power output was increased to 200 W, enough to power a light bulb. Lacking shielding of any kind, it was a radiation hazard for everyone in the vicinity, and further testing was continued at 0.5 W.[102] Operation was terminated on 28 February 1943,[103] and the pile was dismantled and moved to Site A in the Argonne Forest, now known as Red Gate Woods.[104][105] There the original materials were used to build Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). Instead of being spherical, the new reactor was built in a cube-like shape, about 25 feet (7.6 m) tall with a base approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) square. It was surrounded by concrete walls 5 feet (1.5 m) thick that acted as a radiation shielding, with overhead protection from 6 inches (15 cm) of lead and 50 inches (130 cm) of wood. More uranium was used, so it contained 52 short tons (47 t) of uranium and 472 short tons (428 t) of graphite. No cooling system was provided as it only ran at a few kilowatts. CP-2 became operational in March 1943, with a k of 1.055.[106][107][108] During the war Zinn allowed CP-2 to be run around the clock, and its design was suitable for conducting experiments.[109] CP-2 was joined by Chicago Pile-3, the first heavy water reactor, which went critical on 15 May 1944.[107][108]
Commemorative boulder at Site A
The reactors were used to undertake research related to weapons, such as investigations of the properties of tritium. Wartime experiments included measuring the neutron absorption cross-section of elements and compounds. Albert Wattenberg recalled that about 10 elements were studied each month, and 75 over the course of a year.[110] An accident involving radium and beryllium powder caused a dangerous drop in his white blood cell count that lasted for three years. As the dangers of things such as inhaling uranium oxide became more apparent, experiments were conducted on the effects of radioactive substances on laboratory test animals.[70]
The Red Gate Woods later became the original site of Argonne National Laboratory, which replaced the Metallurgical Laboratory on 1 July 1946, with Zinn as its first director.[111] CP-2 and CP-3 operated for ten years before they outlived their usefulness, and Zinn ordered them shut down on 15 May 1954.[70] Their remaining usable fuel was transferred to Chicago Pile-5 at the Argonne National Laboratory's new site in DuPage County, and the CP-2 and CP-3 reactors were dismantled in 1955 and 1956. Some of the graphite blocks from CP-1/CP-2 were reused in the reflector of the TREAT reactor. High-level nuclear waste such as fuel and heavy water were shipped to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for disposal. The rest was encased in concrete and buried in a 40-foot-deep (12 m) trench in what is now known as the Site A/Plot M Disposal Site. It is marked by a commemorative boulder.[70]
Leo Szilard (right) and Norman Hilberry under the plaque commemorating Chicago Pile-1 on the West Stands of Old Stagg Field. While the stands were later demolished, the plaque is now located at the site memorial.
By the 1970s there was increased public concern about the levels of radioactivity at the site, which was used by the local residents for recreational purposes. Surveys conducted in the 1980s found strontium-90 in the soil at Plot M, trace amounts of tritium in nearby wells, and plutonium, technetium, caesium, and uranium in the area. In 1994, the United States Department of Energy and the Argonne National Laboratory yielded to public pressure and earmarked $24.7 million and $3.4 million respectively to rehabilitate the site. As part of the clean up, 500 cubic yards (380 m3) of radioactive waste was removed and sent to the Hanford Site for disposal. By 2002, the Illinois Department of Public Health had determined that the remaining materials posed no danger to public health.[70]
Significance and commemoration[edit]
A commemorative plaque was unveiled at Stagg Field on 2 December 1952, the occasion of the tenth anniversary of CP-1 going critical.[112] It read:
On December 2, 1942 man achieved here the first self-sustaining chain reaction and thereby initiated the controlled release of nuclear energy.[113]
The plaque was saved when the West Stands were demolished in August 1957.[114] The site of CP-1 was designated as a National Historic Landmark on 18 February 1965.[2] When the National Register of Historic Places was created in 1966, it was immediately added to that as well.[1] The site was also named a Chicago Landmark on 27 October 1971.[3]
Today the site of the old Stagg Field is occupied by the University's Regenstein Library, which was opened in 1970, and the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which was opened in 2011.[115] A Henry Moore sculpture, Nuclear Energy, stands in a small quadrangle just outside the Regenstein Library.[2] It was dedicated on 2 December 1967, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of CP-1 going critical. The commemorative plaques from 1952, 1965 and 1967 are nearby.[113] A graphite block from CP-1 can be seen at the Bradbury Science Museum in Los Alamos, New Mexico; another is on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.[116] On 2 December 2017, the 75th anniversary, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in restoring a research-graphite pile, similar in design to Chicago Pile-1, ceremonially inserted the final uranium slugs.[117]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c National Park Service (9 July 2010). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Site of the First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction". National Historic Landmark Summary Listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Site of the First Self-Sustaining Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction". City of Chicago. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Fermi 1982, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Ölander, Arne. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 – Award Ceremony Speech". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 13, 28.
Jump up ^ Wellerstein, Alex (16 May 2014). "Szilard's chain reaction: visionary or crank?". Restricted Data. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Szilard, Leo. "Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements, British patent number: GB630726 (filed: 28 June 1934; published: 30 March 1936)". Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 251–254.
Jump up ^ Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27: 11. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 256–263.
Jump up ^ Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 267–271.
Jump up ^ Lanouette & Silard 1992, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (December 8, 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
Jump up ^ Lanouette & Silard 1992, pp. 172–173.
Jump up ^ Anderson, H. L.; Booth, E. T.; Dunning, J. R.; Fermi, E.; Glasoe, G. N.; Slack, F. G. (1939). "The Fission of Uranium". Physical Review. 55 (5): 511–512. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..511A. doi:10.1103/physrev.55.511.2.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 267–270.
Jump up ^ Anderson, H. L.; Fermi, E.; Hanstein, H. (16 March 1939). "Production of Neutrons in Uranium Bombarded by Neutrons". Physical Review. 55 (8): 797–798. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..797A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.797.2.
Jump up ^ Anderson, H.L. (April 1973). "Early Days of Chain Reaction". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.
Jump up ^ Lanouette & Silard 1992, pp. 182–183.
Jump up ^ Lanouette & Silard 1992, pp. 186–187.
Jump up ^ Lanouette & Silard 1992, p. 227.
Jump up ^ "Alfred O. C. Nier". American Physical Society. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Bonolis 2001, pp. 347–352.
Jump up ^ Amaldi 2001, pp. 153–156.
^ Jump up to: a b Lanouette & Silard 1992, pp. 194–195.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Anderson, H.; Fermi, E.; Szilárd, L. (1 August 1939). "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium". Physical Review. 56 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..284A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.284.
^ Jump up to: a b International Atomic Energy Agency. "Nuclear Data for Safeguards". www-nds.iaea.org. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Weinberg, Alvin (1994). "Herbert G. MacPherson". Memorial Tributes. National Academy of Engineering Press. 7 (7): 143–147. Bibcode:1993PhT....46g.103W. doi:10.1063/1.2808987. ISSN 1075-8844.
Jump up ^ Bethe, Hans A. (2000). "The German Uranium Project". Physics Today. American Institute of Physics. 53 (7): 34–36. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..34B. doi:10.1063/1.1292473.
Jump up ^ Bethe, Hans A. (2000). "The German Uranium Project". Physics Today. American Institute of Physics. 53 (7): 34. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..34B. doi:10.1063/1.1292473.
Jump up ^ Currie, Hamister & MacPherson 1955
Jump up ^ Eatherly, W. P. (1981). "Nuclear graphite - the first years". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 100: 55–63. Bibcode:1981JNuM..100...55E. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(81)90519-5.
Jump up ^ Salvetti 2001, pp. 177–203.
Jump up ^ Nightingale 1962, p. 4.
Jump up ^ "Einstein's Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt". Atomic Archive. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pa, this requires action!". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 19–21.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 36–38.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 46–49.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson 1975, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Salvetti 2001, pp. 192–193.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 50–51.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 54–55.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 180–181.
^ Jump up to: a b c Weinberg 1994, p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Rhodes 1986, pp. 396–397.
Jump up ^ Segrè 1970, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1975, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Embrey 1970, p. 385.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1975, pp. 86–87.
^ Jump up to: a b Rhodes 1986, pp. 399–400.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1975, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 400–401.
^ Jump up to: a b Rhodes 1986, p. 401.
Jump up ^ Zug 2003, pp. 134–135.
Jump up ^ Bearak, Barry (16 September 2011). "Where Football and Higher Education Mix". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Libby 1979, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 74–75.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 427–428.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 431.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson 1975, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 429.
Jump up ^ Libby 1979, p. 85.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 430.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 65–66, 83–88.
Jump up ^ Jones 1985, pp. 67–68.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Red Gate Woods: 'Site A'". Forest Preserves of Cook County. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones 1985, pp. 71–72, 111–114.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Compton 1956, pp. 136–137.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 107–109.
Jump up ^ Weinberg 1994, p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Compton 1956, pp. 137–138.
Jump up ^ Groves 1962, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Nichols 1987, pp. 66.
Jump up ^ Salvetti 2001, p. 197.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rhodes 1986, p. 433.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 436.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson 1975, pp. 91–92.
^ Jump up to: a b c Holl, Hewlett & Harris 1997, p. 16.
Jump up ^ "How the first chain reaction changed science". University of Chicago. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 1: Wartime Laboratory". ORNL Review. 25 (3 and 4). 2002. ISSN 0048-1262. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Libby 1979, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 434.
Jump up ^ "Frontiers Research Highlights 1946–1996" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 1996. p. 11. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1975, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Fermi, Enrico (1952). "Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction". American Journal of Physics. 20 (9): 536–558. Bibcode:1952AmJPh..20..536F. doi:10.1119/1.1933322. ISSN 0002-9505.
Jump up ^ Holl, Hewlett & Harris 1997, pp. 16–17.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Chicago Pile 1 Pioneers – Reactors designed/built by Argonne National Laboratory". Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 28 November 2015. The Chicago Pile 1 Pioneers were: Harold Agnew, Herbert L. Anderson, Wayne Arnold, Hugh M. Barton, Thomas Brill, Robert F. Christy, Arthur H. Compton, Enrico Fermi, Richard J. Fox, Stewart Fox, Carl C. Gamertsfelder, Alvin C. Graves, Crawford Greenewalt, Norman Hilberry, David L. Hill, William H. Hinch, Robert E. Johnson, W.R. Kanne, August C. Knuth, Phillip Grant Koontz, Herbert E. Kubitschek, Harold V. Lichtenberger, George M. Maronde, Anthony J. Matz, George Miller, George D. Monk, Henry P. Newson, Robert G. Nobles, Warren E. Nyer, Wilcox P. Overbeck, J. Howard Parsons, Gerard S. Pawlicki, Theodore Petry, David P. Rudolph, Leon Sayvetz, Leo Seren, Louis Slotin, Frank H. Spedding, William J. Sturm, Leo Szilard, Albert Wattenberg, Richard J. Watts, George Weil, Eugene P. Wigner, Marvin H. Wilkening, Volney C. (Bill) Wilson, Leona Woods and Walter Zinn
Jump up ^ Groves 1962, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "CP-1 Goes Critical". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Libby 1979, pp. 120–123.
Jump up ^ Allardice & Trapnell 1982, p. 14.
Jump up ^ "George Weil - from activator to activist" (PDF). New Scientist. 56 (822): 530–531. 30 November 1972. ISSN 0262-4079. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 440.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1975, p. 95.
Jump up ^ "Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy: The Italian Navigator Lands". Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Manhattan District 1947, p. 3.9.
Jump up ^ Holl, Hewlett & Harris 1997, p. 23.
Jump up ^ "Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Chicago Pile 1". Argonne National Laboratory. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Atoms Forge a Scientific Revolution". Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Manhattan District 1947, p. 3.13.
^ Jump up to: a b Holl, Hewlett & Harris 1997, p. 428.
^ Jump up to: a b Fermi, Enrico (1946). "The Development of the first chain reaction pile". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 90: 20–24. JSTOR 3301034.
Jump up ^ McNear, Claire (5 March 2009). "The Way Things Work: Nuclear waste". The Chicago Maroon. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Wattenberg 1975, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Holl, Hewlett & Harris 1997, p. 47.
Jump up ^ "U. of C. to Raze Stagg Field's Atomic Cradle". Chicago Tribune. 26 July 1957. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Site of the Fermi's "Atomic Pile" – First Nuclear Reactor. YouTube. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Remove Nuclear Site Plaque". Chicago Tribune. 16 August 1957. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stagg Field / Mansueto Library". University of Chicago. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "First-Hand Recollections of the First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction". Department of Energy. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Milestone for new LEU research reactor fuel". World Nuclear News. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
References[edit]
Allardice, Corbin; Trapnell, Edward R. (December 1982). "The First Pile". The First Reactor (PDF). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 1–21. OCLC 22115. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Amaldi, Ugo (2001). "Nuclear Physics from the Nineteen Thirties to the Present Day". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa. Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 151–176. ISBN 88-7438-015-1. OCLC 56686431.
Anderson, Herbert L. (1975). "Assisting Fermi". In Wilson, Jane. All In Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Chicago: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 66–104. OCLC 1982052.
Bonolis, Luisa (2001). "Enrico Fermi's Scientific Work". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa. Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 314–394. ISBN 88-7438-015-1. OCLC 56686431.
Compton, Arthur (1956). Atomic Quest. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 173307.
Currie, L. M.; Hamister, V. C.; MacPherson, H. G. (1955). The Production and Properties of Graphite for Reactors. National Carbon Company. OCLC 349979.
Embrey, Lee Anna (1970). "George Braxton Pegram 1876–1958" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 41: 357–407. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
Fermi, Enrico (December 1982). "Fermi's Own Story". The First Reactor (PDF). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 22–26. OCLC 22115. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Groves, Leslie (1962). Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-306-70738-1. OCLC 537684.
Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-520-07186-7. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Holl, Jack M.; Hewlett, Richard G.; Harris, Ruth R. (1997). Argonne National Laboratory, 1946–96. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02341-5.
Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875.
Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard: The Man Behind The Bomb. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 1-62636-023-5. OCLC 25508555.
Libby, Leona Marshall (1979). The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak. ISBN 0-8448-1300-1. OCLC 4665032.
Manhattan District (1947). Manhattan District History, Book IV – Pile Project X-10, Volume 2 – Research, Part 1 – Metallurgical Laboratory (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Manhattan District.
Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987). The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-06910-X. OCLC 15223648.
Nightingale, R.E. (1962). "Graphite in the Nuclear Industry". In Nightingale, R.E. Nuclear Graphite. Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-4832-5848-5. OCLC 747492.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44133-7.
Salvetti, Carlo (2001). "The Birth of Nuclear Energy: Fermi's Pile". In Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa. Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. pp. 177–203. ISBN 88-7438-015-1. OCLC 56686431.
Segrè, Emilio (1970). Enrico Fermi, Physicist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-74473-6. OCLC 118467.
Wattenberg, Albert (1975). "Present at Creation". In Wilson, Jane. All In Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Chicago: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 105–123. OCLC 1982052.
Weinberg, Alvin (1994). The First Nuclear Era: The Life and Times of a Technological Fixer. New York: AIP Press. ISBN 1-56396-358-2.
Zug, J. (2003). Squash: A History of the Game. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-2990-6. OCLC 52079735.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Pile-1.
Photos of CP-1 The University of Chicago Library Archive. Includes photos and sketches of CP-1.
Video of west stands of Stagg Field, Institute for the Study of Metals (Metallurgical Laboratory), Enrico Fermi, and an active experiment using CP-1
The First Pile 11 page story about CP-1
"First-Hand Recollections of the First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction". Department of Energy. Retrieved 23 September 2015. Video of two of the last surviving CP-1 pioneers, Harold Agnew and Warren Nyer.
Audio files of Fermi recounting the success of the reactor on the 10th anniversary in 1952
[show]
v
t
e
Manhattan Project
Timeline
Sites
Ames
Berkeley
Chicago
Dayton
Hanford
Inyokern
Los Alamos
Montreal
New York
Oak Ridge
Trinity
Wendover
Heavy water sites
Administrators
Vannevar Bush
Arthur Compton
James Conant
Priscilla Duffield
Thomas Farrell
Leslie Groves
John Lansdale
Ernest Lawrence
James Marshall
Franklin Matthias
Dorothy McKibbin
Kenneth Nichols
Robert Oppenheimer
Deak Parsons
William Purnell
Frank Spedding
Charles Thomas
Paul Tibbets
Bud Uanna
Harold Urey
Stafford Warren
Ed Westcott
Roscoe Wilson
Scientists
Luis Alvarez
Robert Bacher
Hans Bethe
Aage Bohr
Niels Bohr
Norris Bradbury
James Chadwick
John Cockcroft
Harry Daghlian
Enrico Fermi
Richard Feynman
Val Fitch
James Franck
Klaus Fuchs
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
George Kistiakowsky
George Koval
Willard Libby
Edwin McMillan
Mark Oliphant
Norman Ramsey
Isidor Isaac Rabi
James Rainwater
Bruno Rossi
Glenn Seaborg
Emilio Segrè
Louis Slotin
Henry DeWolf Smyth
Leo Szilard
Edward Teller
Stanisław Ulam
John von Neumann
John Wheeler
Eugene Wigner
Robert Wilson
Leona Woods
Operations
Alsos Mission
Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Operation Crossroads
Operation Peppermint
Project Alberta
Silverplate
509th Composite Group
Enola Gay
Bockscar
The Great Artiste
Weapons
Fat Man
Little Boy
Pumpkin bomb
Thin Man
Related topics
Atomic Energy Act of 1946
British contribution
Chicago Pile-1
Demon core
Einstein–Szilárd letter
Interim Committee
Oppenheimer security hearing
Plutonium
Quebec Agreement
RaLa Experiment
S-1 Executive Committee
S-50 Project
Smyth Report
Uranium
X-10 Graphite Reactor
Manhattan Project
[show]
v
t
e
Chicago Landmark memorials and monuments
National Historic Landmark,
National Register of Historic Places,
Chicago Landmark
Site of the Haymarket Tragedy
Site of First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction (Nuclear Energy)
Union Stock Yard Gate
National Historic Landmark,
National Register of Historic Places
Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite
National Register of Historic Places,
Chicago Landmark
Douglas Tomb
Getty Tomb
Victory Monument
Chicago Landmark
Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
Site of the Origin of the Chicago Fire of 1871
Site of Fort Dearborn
Heald Square Monument
Site of the Origins of the I&M Canal
Illinois-Indiana State Line Boundary Marker
Abraham Lincoln: The Man statue
Site of the John and Mary Jones House
Wigwam (Site of the Sauganash Hotel)
Statue of The Republic
See also
Rosehill Cemetery entrance
[show]
v
t
e
Chicago Landmark education
National Historic Landmark,
National Register of Historic Places,
Chicago Landmark
Lorado Taft Midway Studios
Site of First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction (Nuclear Energy)
National Historic Landmark,
National Register of Historic Places
George Herbert Jones Laboratory
National Register of Historic Places,
Chicago Landmark
Immaculata High School and Convent Buildings
Main Building and Machinery Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology
Mundelein College Skyscraper Building
St. Ignatius College Prep Building
Chicago Landmark
American School of Correspondence
Assumption School Building
Wendell Phillips Academy High School
Rockefeller Chapel
Schurz High School
Sexton School
James Ward Public School
Robert Lindblom Math & Science Academy
DuSable High School
[show]
v
t
e
University of Chicago
Academics
Schools
The College
Booth School of Business
Divinity School
Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies
Harris School of Public Policy Studies
Law School
Pritzker School of Medicine
School of Social Service Administration
Other
Argonne National Laboratory
Becker Friedman Institute
Center for Middle Eastern Studies
Center for Population Economics
Center for Research in Security Prices
Chicago school of economics
Committee on Social Thought
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Enrico Fermi Institute
Fermilab
James Franck Institute
Institute of Politics
Laboratory Schools
Marine Biological Laboratory
Medical Center
National Opinion Research Center
Obama Presidential Center
Oriental Institute
Paulson Institute
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Toyota Technological Institute
University of Chicago Press
Yerkes Observatory
Residence halls
Burton–Judson Courts
Snell–Hitchcock
Housing at the University of Chicago
Campus
Bartlett Hall
George Herbert Jones Laboratory
Gerald Ratner Athletics Center
Henry Crown Fieldhouse
Hutchinson Commons
Ida Noyes Hall
Library
Joe and Rika Mansueto Library
John Crerar Library
Regenstein Library
Lorado Taft Midway Studios
Midway Plaisance
Quadrangle Club
Renaissance Society
Robie House
Rockefeller Chapel
Seminary Co-op
Smart Museum of Art
Stagg Field
History
Cannon v. University of Chicago
Chicago Pile-1
Nuclear Energy
Graduate Library School
University of Chicago sit-ins
Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory
Metallurgical Laboratory
Old University of Chicago
Sports and traditions
Maroons
Football
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Latke–Hamantash Debate
Scavenger Hunt
University Athletic Association
Student organizations
Band
The Chicago Maroon
Chicago Review
Contemporary Chamber Players
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
Poetry Club
Student Government
Voices in Your Head
WHPK
People
Alumni
School of Business
Faculty
School of Business
Nobel Laureates
Founded: 1890
Students: 15,726
Endowment: 7.550 billion
Chicago portal
History of Science portal
NRHP portal
Nuclear technology portal
World War II portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Pile-1&oldid=840984488"
Categories:
History of the Manhattan Project
Enrico Fermi
Argonne National Laboratory
Graphite moderated reactors
Nuclear research reactors
Nuclear history of the United States
National Historic Landmarks in Chicago
Landmarks in Chicago
1942 in Illinois
Infrastructure completed in 1942
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
20th century in Chicago
South Side, Chicago
University of Chicago
1942 establishments in Illinois
1942 in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Hidden categories:
Featured articles
Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision
Coordinates on Wikidata
Use dmy dates from September 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
한국어
Italiano
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 May 2018, at 09:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: width:100%; font-size:105%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; background: #87CEEB

values:
/wiki/Chicago_Landmark
mw-redirect
Chicago Landmark

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #aaccff

values: Chicago Pile-1 is located in Greater Chicago

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Atomic_bomb
mw-redirect
Atomic bomb

values:
/wiki/Otto_Frisch
mw-redirect
Otto Frisch

values:
/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter
mw-redirect
Einstein–Szilard letter

values:
/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Uranium
mw-redirect
Advisory Committee on Uranium

values:
/wiki/Lyman_J._Briggs
mw-redirect
Lyman J. Briggs

values:
/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards
mw-redirect
National Bureau of Standards

values:
/wiki/Radiological_weapon
mw-redirect
Radiological weapon

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_weapons
mw-redirect
Nuclear weapons

values:
/wiki/Uranium_enrichment
mw-redirect
Uranium enrichment

values:
/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg
mw-redirect
Glenn Seaborg

values:
/wiki/Thermal_neutron
mw-redirect
Thermal neutron

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Allison
mw-redirect
Samuel Allison

values: vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:15.695ex; height:6.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Samuel_K._Allison
mw-redirect
Samuel K. Allison

values:
/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Leslie R. Groves, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Neutron_detector
mw-redirect
Neutron detector

values:
/wiki/Chicago%27s_south_side
mw-redirect
Chicago's south side

values: Office of Scientific Research and Development

values:
/wiki/Cook_County
mw-redirect
Cook County

values:
/wiki/Fission_product
mw-redirect
Fission product

values:
/wiki/James_B._Conant
mw-redirect
James B. Conant

values:
/wiki/Control_rods
mw-redirect
Control rods

values:
/wiki/Variable_resistor
mw-redirect
Variable resistor

values: Edit section: First nuclear chain reaction

values:
/wiki/Radiation_shield
mw-redirect
Radiation shield

values: Image of the granite marker. The text reads: "The world's first nuclear reactor was rebuilt at this site in 1943 after initial operation at the University of Chicago. This reactor (CP-2) and the first heavy water moderated reactor (CP-3) where major facilities around which developed the Argonne National Laboratory. This site was released by the laboratory in 1956 and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission then buried the reactors here."

values:
/wiki/DuPage_County
mw-redirect
DuPage County

values: Edit section: Significance and commemoration

values: Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)

values:
/wiki/City_of_Chicago
mw-redirect
City of Chicago

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01488241

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F143239a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F134880a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrev.55.511.2

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.55.797.2

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.56.284

values:
/wiki/Alvin_Weinberg
mw-redirect
Alvin Weinberg

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2808987

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-8844

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1292473

values:
nofollow
http://fpdcc.com/site-a/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1262

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17746246

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1933322

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505

values:
/wiki/Arthur_H._Compton
mw-redirect
Arthur H. Compton

values:
/wiki/Frank_H._Spedding
mw-redirect
Frank H. Spedding

values:
/wiki/Eugene_P._Wigner
mw-redirect
Eugene P. Wigner

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079

values: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3301034

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22115

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56686431

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1982052

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/173307

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/349979

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/537684

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/637004643

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/25508555

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4665032

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/15223648

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/747492

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/118467

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52079735

values: The rising mushroom cloud from the Nagaskai "Fat Man" bomb, August 9, 1945

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values: British contribution to the Manhattan Project

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Chicago Landmark memorials and monuments

values: Template talk:Chicago Landmark memorials and monuments

values: Illinois-Indiana State Line Boundary Marker

values: Site of the John and Mary Jones House (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Chicago Landmark education

values: Illinois Institute of Technology Academic Campus

values: James Ward Public School (page does not exist)

values: background-color:#800000;color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: background-color:#800000;color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676;;width:1%

values: width:1%;background-color:#800000;color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #767676, inset -2px -2px 0 #767676;

values: University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration

values: Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics

values: Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago

values: University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center

values: University of Chicago Institute of Politics

values: University of Chicago Laboratory Schools

values: University of Chicago Oriental Institute

values: Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago

values: University of Chicago Graduate Library School

values: University of Chicago Contemporary Chamber Players

values: University of Chicago Student Government

values: List of University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni

values: List of University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty

values: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science
mw-redirect
Portal:History of Science

values: Heinkel He 111 during the Battle of Britain.jpg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:History of the Manhattan Project

values: Category:Nuclear history of the United States

values: Category:National Historic Landmarks in Chicago

values: Category:Infrastructure completed in 1942

values: Category:Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places

values: Category:1942 establishments in Illinois

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Chicago

values: Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: شيكاغو بايل -1 – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: シカゴ・パイル1号 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Чикагская поленница-1 – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Чиказька дровітня-1 – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: شکاگو پائیل – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chicago_Pile-1 rootpage-Chicago_Pile-1 skin-vector action-view


text:
Judy Greer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Judy Greer
Greer in July 2014
Born
Judith Therese Evans
(1975-07-20) July 20, 1975 (age 43)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Alma mater
DePaul University
Occupation
Actress
model
author
Years active
1997–present
Spouse(s)
Dean E. Johnsen (m. 2011)
Judith Therese Evans (born July 20, 1975),[1][2][3] known as Judy Greer, is an American actress, model, and author. Her notable television roles include Kitty Sanchez in the comedy series Arrested Development, Ingrid Nelson in the comedy series It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia, Trixie in the comedy-drama series Californication, and Cheryl Tunt in the animated comedy series Archer.
In film, Greer is known for her supporting roles in romantic comedies, with appearances in What Women Want (2000), The Wedding Planner (2001), 13 Going on 30 (2004), 27 Dresses (2008) and Love & Other Drugs (2010). Her other notable film appearances include roles in Adaptation (2002), The Village (2004), The Descendants (2011), Carrie (2013), Jurassic World (2015), and Halloween (2018). Greer has also portrayed Cornelia in the Planet of the Apes reboot series. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, she portrays Maggie Lang in Ant-Man (2015) and Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018).
In 2011, Greer began hosting an online series of workout videos called Reluctantly Healthy, which was adapted into a series by Litton Entertainment in 2014 as part of their Saturday morning One Magnificent Morning block for The CW.[4] Also in 2014, she released her first autobiographical novel, titled I Don't Know What You Know Me From: Confessions of a Co-Star.[5]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Published works
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
She was born Judith Therese Evans in Detroit, Michigan. Her mother, Mollie Ann (née Greer), is a hospital administrator, and her father, Rich Evans, is a mechanical engineer.[1][6] Her mother was once a nun who left the convent after eight years, when she was "kicked out" for wild behavior, including owning a red bathing suit.[7] Greer was raised Catholic and grew up in Redford Township and Livonia.[8] She attended Churchill High School[9] and graduated from The Theatre School at DePaul University in 1997.[10] She later adopted her mother's maiden name for her stage name, as there were several other actresses named Judy or Judi Evans.
Career[edit]
Greer had small parts in the films What Women Want (2000) and The Wedding Planner (2001). She was cast in a 2002 pilot for NBC alongside Stephen Colbert, Untitled Ken Finkleman Project (Imagine Entertainment), based on the Canadian show The Newsroom from Ken Finkleman. Colbert portrayed Finkleman and Greer played his sister.[7]
Greer at the premiere of 27 Dresses, January 2008
Greer had recurring role on the Fox comedy series Arrested Development (2003–2005, 2013, 2018), playing Kitty Sanchez in 10 episodes total and appearing in each of the series' three original seasons. In a 2009 interview, Greer said that she is most recognized for this role.[11] Greer also had supporting roles in Jawbreaker (1999), What Women Want (2000), The Wedding Planner (2001), Adaptation (2002), 13 Going on 30 (2004), The Village (2004), Elizabethtown (2005), 27 Dresses (2008), and Love Happens (2009).
Greer made guest appearances on Just Shoot Me! (2003), CSI: Miami (2005), My Name Is Earl (2006), It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2007, 2011), Californication (2007–2008, 2012), ER (2009), House (2009), Modern Family (2010), The Big Bang Theory (2010), How I Met Your Mother (2010) and Warren the Ape (2010). She took on a starring role in the ABC sitcom Miss Guided (2008), but it was canceled in its first season.[12] She also starred in the indie satire Visioneers (2008).
In April 2008, Greer appeared as a yoga instructor in the "Get a Mac" ad series featuring John Hodgman and Justin Long.[13] Greer starred in a CBS sitcom entitled Mad Love, which premiered in February 2011 as a mid-season replacement.[14] The show was canceled after the first season.[15]
Greer is also a voice actress, voicing the character of Cheryl on the animated comedy series Archer, a character which has been compared to her role on Arrested Development,[16] and the character of Wendy Park on the stop-motion animated sitcom Glenn Martin, DDS.[11] Greer has also portrayed two characters on Two and a Half Men; Bridget Schmidt the ex-wife of Walden Schmidt (Ashton Kutcher), and Myra Melnick, a love interest of Charlie Harper (Charlie Sheen) and the sister of Herb Melnick (Ryan Stiles).[17]
In November 2011, Greer was honored with the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award at the Denver Film Festival, where two films featuring Greer were in the festival's programming, including a red carpet screening of Alexander Payne's The Descendants and Jay and Mark Duplass' Jeff, Who Lives at Home. She is the first actress to be honored with the award.[18] She played the gym teacher Miss Desjardin in the 2013 film adaptation, Carrie, alongside Chloë Grace Moretz and Julianne Moore, and played female chimp Cornelia in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014).[19] In 2014, Greer made her directorial debut, with a short film for AOL, Quiet Time.[20] Greer starred with Nat Faxon in the FX comedy series Married, which premiered in July 2014.[21]
In 2015, Greer co-starred in the films Tomorrowland, Jurassic World and Ant-Man, among others.[22] In 2016, she debuted in the lead voice role of Beep in the Netflix children's animated programs, Ask the StoryBots and StoryBots Super Songs. In 2017, she reprised her role as Cornelia in the film sequel War for the Planet of the Apes,[23] and in 2018, she again played her role as Maggie Lang, in the superhero film Ant-Man and the Wasp. She will next co-star as Karen Strode, the daughter of Laurie Strode, in the 2018 horror sequel film Halloween. Greer will also voice the titular character, Luna, in the animated television series Let's Go Luna!, which is set to premiere in November 2018.
Personal life[edit]
Greer is married to Dean E. Johnsen, an executive producer of Real Time with Bill Maher.[24]
Greer grew up Catholic, although at age 10 she convinced her parents let her go to a Presbyterian church as she thought she would be closer to God there, although the real reason was she thought there were cuter boys at that church.[7] During a 2014 interview, Greer stated that she is no longer a practicing Catholic.[25]
In 2014, she told Glamour, "I had been wanting to try and learn how to meditate, and I did research on the different types of meditation. TM seemed the easiest, and I liked that it wasn't religious in any way."[20]
Filmography[edit]
Greer at Comic-Con International in July 2010
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998 Stricken Cynthia
1998 Kissing a Fool Andrea
1999 The Reel Secretary Short film
1999 Jawbreaker Fern Mayo/Vylette
1999 Three Kings Cathy Daitch
1999 The Big Split Tracy
2000 What Planet Are You From? Rebecca
2000 Sunset Strip Younger Waitress
2000 The Specials Deadly Girl
2000 Desperate But Not Serious Molly
2000 What Women Want Erin the File Girl
2001 Audit Julie Leer Short film
2001 Without Charlie Vicky
2001 The Wedding Planner Penny
2002 Rules of Love Maisie Short film
2002 Adaptation Alice the Waitress
2003 The Hebrew Hammer Esther Bloomembergensteinenthal
2003 The Cat Returns Yuki (voice) English dub
2003 I Love Your Work Samantha
2004 13 Going on 30 Lucy Wyman
2004 The Village Kitty Walker
2004 The Last Shot Girl with Emily French at Movie Premiere
2004 LolliLove Judy
2005 Cursed Joanie
2005 The Amateurs Ellie
2005 The Great New Wonderful Allison Burbage Segment: "David and Allison's Story"
2005 In Memory of My Father Judy
2005 Elizabethtown Heather Baylor
2005 Full Disclosure Brinn Short film
2006 American Dreamz Accordo
2006 The TV Set Alice
2007 The Go-Getter Better Than Toast
2007 The Grand Sharon Andrews
2008 27 Dresses Casey
2008 Visioneers Michelle
2009 The Casting Director The Casting Agent Short film
2009 Wig Dr. Almay Short film
2009 Love Happens Marty
2010 Barry Munday Ginger Farley
2010 Marmaduke Debbie Winslow
2010 Henry's Crime Debbie Torne
2010 Peep World Laura
2010 Love & Other Drugs Cindy
2011 The Key Man Karen
2011 The Descendants Julie Speer
2011 Jeff, Who Lives at Home Linda
2012 Republicans, Get in My Vagina Woman #2 Video short
2012 Playing for Keeps Barb
2013 Carrie Miss Desjardin
2014 Jamie Marks Is Dead Lucy
2014 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cornelia Motion capture
2014 Men, Women & Children Joan Clint
2015 Grandma Olivia
2015 Addicted to Fresno Shannon
2015 Tomorrowland Jenny Newton
2015 Entourage Casting Director
2015 Jurassic World Karen Mitchell
2015 Ant-Man Maggie Lang
2016 All We Had Patti
2016 Ordinary World Christy
2017 Lemon Ramona
2017 Wilson Shelly
2017 A Happening of Monumental Proportions[26] N/A Director
2017 War for the Planet of the Apes Cornelia Motion capture
2017 Our Souls at Night Holly Waters
2017 Adventures in Public School Claire Heap
2017 Pottersville Parker
2018 The 15:17 to Paris Joyce Eskel
2018 Measure of a Man Lenore Marks
2018 Ant-Man and the Wasp Maggie Lang
2018 Halloween Karen Strode Post-production
2018 Driven Ellen Hoffman Post-production
2019 Where'd You Go, Bernadette Dr. Kurtz Post-production
2019 Buffaloed Kathy Dahl Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997 Early Edition Cindy Episode: "Angels and Devils"
1998 Oh Baby Gail Episode: "The Hut"
1999 Maggie Winters Tawny Episode: "Girls Night Out"
1999–2000 Love & Money Puff Conklin 13 episodes
2002,
2011–2012 Family Guy Pregnant Dancer/Hope/Various voices 3 episodes
2003 Just Shoot Me! Bridget Episode: "Rivals in Romance"
2003–2005,
2013, 2018 Arrested Development Kitty Sanchez 13 episodes
2005 CSI: Miami Pamela Warren Episode: "Shootout"
2006 Love Monkey Brandy 'Bran' Lowenstein 8 episodes
2006 My Name Is Earl Maggie Lester, the Bearded Lady Episode: "Sticks & Stones"
2007,
2011–2015 Two and a Half Men Myra Melnick/Bridget Schmidt 13 episodes
2007, 2011 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Ingrid 'Fatty Magoo' Nelson 2 episodes
2007–2012 Californication Trixie 4 episodes
2008 Miss Guided Becky Freeley 7 episodes
2009 ER Tildie Mulligan Episode: "T-Minus-6"
2009 House Morgan West Episode: "Here Kitty"
2009 Maneater Joanne "Gravy" Hardgrave 2 episodes
2009 WordGirl Desiree Dewey (voice) Episode: "Robo-Camping/The Stew, the Proud..."
2009–2011 Glenn Martin, DDS Wendy Park (voice) 39 episodes
2009–present Archer Cheryl Tunt (voice)
2010 Modern Family Denise Episode: "Truth Be Told"
2010 The Big Bang Theory Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton Episode: "The Plimpton Stimulation"
2010 How I Met Your Mother Royce Episode: "The Wedding Bride"
2010 Warren the Ape Mrs. Hanson Episode: "Crash Course"
2011 Mad Love Connie Grabowski 13 episodes
2012 Dan Vs. Jennifer (voice) Episode: "Dan vs. the Neighbors"
2012 Royal Pains Miss Match-Maker Episode: "You Give Love a Bad Name"
2013 Robot Chicken Dorothy Gale/Jane Jetson (voices) Episode: "Robot Fight Accident"
2014–2015 Married Lina Bowman 23 episodes
2014 BoJack Horseman Pam (voice) Episode: "BoJack Hates the Troops"
2015–2016 Masters of Sex Alice Logan 2 episodes
2015 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: "Judy Greer Wears a Navy Blouse and Strappy Sandals"
2015 Mom Michelle Episode: "Mozzarella Sticks and a Gay Piano Bar"
2016–present Ask the StoryBots Beep (voice) 6 episodes
2016 StoryBots Super Songs Beep (voice) 5 episodes
2017 Portlandia Shawna Episode: "Separation Anxiety"
2017 Animals. Ali (voice) Episode: "Humans"
2017–2018 American Dad! Stacey / Christmas Shop Owner / Waitress (voices) 3 episodes
2017 Casual Judy 8 episodes
2017 I'm Sorry Maureen 3 episodes
2017 Lady Dynamite Em Bezzler Episode: "Hypnopup"
2017 Easy Gretchen Episode: "Prodigal Daughter"
2017 Do You Want To See a Dead Body? Herself Episode: "A Body and a Breakup"
2017 A StoryBots Christmas Beep (voice) Special
2018 Let's Go Luna! Luna (voice) Upcoming animated series
2018 Kidding Jill
Published works[edit]
Greer, Judy (2014). I Don't Know What You Know Me From: Confessions of a Co-Star. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53788-9.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Villain 13 Going on 30 Nominated [27]
2011 Gotham Awards Best Ensemble The Descendants Nominated [28]
2011 Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role The Descendants Nominated [29]
2011 Denver Film Festival John Cassavetes Award N/A Won [30]
2012 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Descendants Nominated
2012 Annie Awards Voice Acting in a Television Production Archer Nominated
2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Acting Ensemble The Descendants Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Greer, Judy (2014). I Don't Know What You Know Me From: Confessions of a Co-Star. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53788-9.
Jump up ^ Ahearn, Victoria (April 9, 2014). "Judy Greer laments rom-com decline while promoting new book". CTV News. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ LeVasseur, Andrea. "Judy Greer; Alternate Name: Judy Evans Greer, Judith Laura Evans, Judy Evans, Judith Laura Evans". AllMovie / Rovi via The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Reluctantly Healthy Video". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Luberecki, Beth (May 14, 2014). "Judy Greer dishes on her new book 'I Don't Know What You Know Me From'". The Washingtonpost. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoby, Hermione (December 27, 2012). "Judy Greer: 'I get flashed all the time. It's mostly men'". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Judy Greer Starred Alongside Stephen In A Rejected 2002 Pilot". The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. June 16, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Henbest, Danielle. "Judy Greer - 13 Going on 30". DVD Talk. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Toby, Mekeisha (July 1, 2010). "Judy Greer is eager to work in Detroit". The Detroit News. Retrieved July 30, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Awards For Excellence In The Arts". The Theater School at DePaul University. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldman, Eric (August 14, 2009). "Judy Greer Gets Animated with Glenn Martin, DDS and Archer". IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "The Defenders, S#*! My Dad Says and Mad Love Cancelled by CBS" http://www.tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com Archived 2015-03-17 at the Wayback Machine.. May 15, 2011
Jump up ^ Foresman, Chris (2008-04-02). "New Get a Mac ads feature some geek chic co-stars". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 26, 2010). "Judy Greer Joins CBS' Comedy 'Mad Love,' Which Is Now A Go For A Midseason Run". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Defenders Cancelled by CBS; $#*! My Dad Says Cancelled by CBS; Mad Love Cancelled by CBS - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
Jump up ^ Lasker, Jake (July 23, 2010). "SDCC 2010: ARCHER Interviews with Judy Greer, Chris Parnell, and Creator Adam Reed". Collider.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Greer to star on Two and a Half Men". September 2, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Cangialosi, Jason (November 4, 2011). "An Evening With Judy Greer at Starz Denver Film Festival". Yahoo! Movies News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Judy Greer Joins Planet of the Apes -- Vulture". Vulture. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Radloff, Jessica. "Judy Greer Has the Perfect Solution for Coping With Stress in Her New AOL Short". Retrieved 14 May 2014. Greer is adding director to her resume as she showcases why Transcendental Meditation has become such a huge part of her life.
Jump up ^ "FX Orders Judy Greer–Nat Faxon Series". vulture.com. 2014-01-24. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Judy Greer Joins 'Jurassic World'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (October 20, 2015). "Judy Greer Returning to "Planet of the Apes" (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zach Johnson (December 19, 2011). "Actress Judy Greer Marries Dean Johnsen". usmagazine.com. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Interviewly -Judy Greer April 2014 - reddit AMA". Interviewly. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Saval, Malina (May 5, 2017). "Judy Greer Talks Directing for the First Time and How to Find a Story to Tell". Variety. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2004 Teen Choice Awards". Awards and Winners. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "And So It Begins, 'The Descendants' & 'Martha Marcy May Marlene' Lead Gotham Award Nominees". indiewire.com.
Jump up ^ "2011". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Actor Judy Greer To Receive Cassavetes Award at 2011 Starz Denver Film Festival". Denver Film Festival. October 25, 2011. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judy Greer.
Judy Greer on IMDb
Judy Greer on Twitter
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1728481
BNF: cb14641352w (data)
GND: 1026017661
ISNI: 0000 0003 6340 2982
LCCN: no2001031666
SUDOC: 158163966
VIAF: 226412695
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judy_Greer&oldid=854583238"
Categories:
1975 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American writers
21st-century women writers
Actresses from Detroit
American film actresses
American memoirists
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
DePaul University alumni
Living people
People from Livonia, Michigan
Transcendental Meditation practitioners
Writers from Detroit
Women memoirists
Former Roman Catholics
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2014
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with dead external links from December 2016
Articles with permanently dead external links
Infobox person using alma mater
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
تۆرکجه
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 11:20 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values: List of recurring Arrested Development characters

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Winston Churchill High School (Wayne County, Michigan)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: 2010–2011 United States network television schedule

values: Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award

values:
/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con_International
mw-redirect
San Diego Comic-Con International

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Maneater_(2009_miniseries)
mw-redirect
Maneater (2009 miniseries)

values: The Plimpton Stimulation (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Do_You_Want_To_See_a_Dead_Body%3F
mw-redirect
Do You Want To See a Dead Body?

values: Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

values:
/wiki/Annie_Awards
mw-redirect
Annie Awards

values: Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0339460/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://twitter.com/missjudygreer

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/1026017661

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000363402982

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/158163966

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/226412695

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2014

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Infobox person using alma mater

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Judy_Greer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: جودي جرير – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: Джуди Гриър – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: جودی گریر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 주디 그리어 – Korean

values: Ջուդի Գրիր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: ג'ודי גריר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ジュディ・グリア – Japanese

values: Грир, Джуди – Russian

values: Џуди Грир – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Джуді Грір – Ukrainian

values: جوڈی گریر – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Judy_Greer rootpage-Judy_Greer skin-vector action-view