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Land of Confusion
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"Land of Confusion"
Original single cover parodying 1963's With the Beatles
Single by Genesis
from the album Invisible Touch
B-side
"Feeding the Fire"
Released
1986
Format
7", 12", CD
Length
4:45
Label
Atlantic US
Virgin UK
Songwriter(s)
Mike Rutherford
Tony Banks
Phil Collins
Producer(s)
Genesis
Hugh Padgham
Genesis singles chronology
"In Too Deep"
(1986) "Land of Confusion"
(1986) "Tonight, Tonight, Tonight"
(1987)
"In Too Deep"
(1986) "Land of Confusion"
(1986) "Tonight, Tonight, Tonight"
(1987)
Invisible Touch track listing
"Tonight, Tonight, Tonight"
(2) "Land of Confusion"
(3) "In Too Deep"
(4)
Audio sample
file
help
"Land of Confusion" is a song by the English rock band Genesis from their 1986 album Invisible Touch. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 4 in the U.S.[1] and No. 14 in the UK in late 1986.[2] It also reached No. 8 in the Netherlands. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist Mike Rutherford.[3] The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show Spitting Image.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Singles track listings
2.1 7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK)
2.2 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.)
2.3 12": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK)
2.4 12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany)
2.5 CD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK)
2.6 12": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.)
2.7 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.)
3 Personnel
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Live performances
6 In popular culture
7 Notable covers
7.1 Disturbed
7.1.1 Music video
7.1.2 UK enhanced version
7.1.3 UK, European and US vinyl 12" limited edition picture disc
7.1.4 European version
7.1.5 Personnel
8 Charts
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Music video[edit]
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The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.
The song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on MTV. The video features caricature puppets by the British television show Spitting Image. After Phil Collins saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, Peter Fluck and Roger Law, to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.
The video opens with a caricatured Ronald Reagan (voiced by Chris Barrie), Nancy Reagan, and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film Bedtime for Bonzo), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Nancy is absorbed in reading His Way, Kitty Kelley's unauthorized biography of Frank Sinatra, in which claims are made of sexual relations between Sinatra and the then actress Nancy Davis prior to her marriage to Reagan. Reagan, holding a teddy bear, goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of Cold War-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an allusion to Motel Hell).
Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: Tony Banks on an array of synthesizers (as well as a cash register full of cookies), Mike Rutherford on a four-necked guitar (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two Phil Collins puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.
During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows Benito Mussolini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Mikhail Gorbachev and his aides (appearing like Frank Sinatra's 'Rat Pack'), and Muammar Gaddafi. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a Superman suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,
Oh Superman where are you now
When everything's gone wrong somehow
The men of steel, the men of power
Are losing control by the hour.
Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown blowing bubbles in a puddle of his own sweat (at one point, a rubber duck floats by).
During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a Monoclonius-type dinosaur (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the Spitting Image show itself), including Johnny Carson, Walter Cronkite, Richard Nixon, Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock (with a Rubik's Cube), and Bob Hope. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the Monoclonius-type and a theropod-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the chimpanzee from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an allusion to 2001: A Space Odyssey).
As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s Pete Townshend is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, "My Generation") and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of David Bowie and Bob Dylan, but misses Mick Jagger). Reagan is then shown riding the Monoclonius through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including Tina Turner, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bill Cosby, Queen Elizabeth and Hulk Hogan singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity-driven song "We Are the World", with Pope John Paul II playing an electric guitar.
At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a snorkel. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face, afflicting him with "drinking problems", à la Airplane!), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "Nuke", setting off a nuclear explosion. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.
The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video during the 30th Annual Grammy Awards.[4] The video was also nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year in 1987, but lost to "Sledgehammer" by Peter Gabriel (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau's top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, Pazz & Jop (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").[5][6]
Singles track listings[edit]
7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" – 4:45
"Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" (LP Version) – 4:45
"Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
12": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
"Land of Confusion" – 4:45
"Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
"Land of Confusion" – 4:45
"Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
CD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" – 4:45
"Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
"Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
"Do the Neurotic" – 7:08
12": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
"Land of Confusion" – 4:45
7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.)[edit]
"Land of Confusion" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53
"Land of Confusion" (Album Version) – 4:45
Remixes by John Potoker
Personnel[edit]
Phil Collins – drums, percussion, vocals
Tony Banks – keyboards, synth bass
Mike Rutherford – electric guitar, bass guitar
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1986–1987)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 21
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 27
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[9] 14
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[10] 8
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[11] 18
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 7
Ireland (IRMA)[13] 9
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[14] 8
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[15] 10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[16] 9
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[17] 10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[18] 8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[2] 14
US Billboard Album Rock Tracks[1] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[1] 4
US Cash Box[19] 5
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [20] 94
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Rank
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[21] 63
Germany (Official German Charts)[22] 57
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[23] 95
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 40
Live performances[edit]
The song was played on their Invisible Touch,[25] The Way We Walk,[26] Calling All Stations[27] (with Ray Wilson on vocals) and Turn It On Again: The Tour[28] tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.
It also appears on their live albums The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts, and Live over Europe 2007. As well as on their DVDs Live at Wembley Stadium, The Way We Walk - Live in Concert and When in Rome 2007.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017)
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show Miami Vice (in which Phil Collins once played a con artist) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show Crockett (Don Johnson) and Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.
This song is mentioned in American Psycho.
The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of Bigger, Stronger, Faster*.
Notable covers[edit]
The song has been variously re-recorded as cover versions by several artists spanning a number of genres:
One-time Genesis guitarist Daryl Stuermer reworked the song into a jazz tune on his album Another Side of Genesis.[29]
Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames covered the song for their 2003 EP Trigger.[30]
Canadian singer Nelly Furtado covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the Mi Plan Tour, as a mash-up with her single "Powerless (Say What You Want)".[citation needed]
Swedish Eurodance group Alcazar adapted the chorus for their song "This Is the World We Live In".[citation needed]
Norwegian folk-pop band Katzenjammer covered the song for their album A Kiss Before You Go. A music video of the song was also filmed; it was released in CD/DVD format in May 2012.[citation needed]
Disturbed [edit]
"Land of Confusion"
Single by Disturbed
from the album Ten Thousand Fists
Released
2006
Format
Compact disc
12" picture LP
Length
4:47
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Mike Rutherford
Tony Banks
Phil Collins
Producer(s)
Johnny K
Disturbed singles chronology
"Just Stop"
(2006) "Land of Confusion"
(2006) "Ten Thousand Fists"
(2006)
"Just Stop"
(2006) "Land of Confusion"
(2006) "Ten Thousand Fists"
(2006)
The American heavy metal band Disturbed released a cover of the song on their third studio album, Ten Thousand Fists. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist David Draiman commented that the aim of covering the song was "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."[31] The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".
It was accompanied by a music video animated by Todd McFarlane, known as the creator of the comics series Spawn. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "Freak on a Leash" by Korn and "Do the Evolution" by Pearl Jam. According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."[32] "Land of Confusion" reached No. 1 in the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks; making it Disturbed's first No. 1 single on that chart.
Music video[edit]
The video starts out with The Guy, Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of a dollar sign[32] within a circle of white within a field of red, followed by legions of black-clad soldiers reminiscent of Adolf Hitler's Schutzstaffel.[33] The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to George W. Bush, Vladimir Putin, Jacques Chirac, Junichirō Koizumi and Tony Blair) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the headquarters of the United Nations[33] where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real power behind the throne, a gigantic, bloated Fat Cat. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilized, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.
UK enhanced version[edit]
"Land of Confusion"
"Sickened"
"Land of Confusion" (Video)
UK, European and US vinyl 12" limited edition picture disc[edit]
"Land of Confusion"
"Sickened"
European version[edit]
"Land of Confusion" (Version 1)
"Land of Confusion" (Version 2)
Personnel[edit]
David Draiman – lead vocals
Dan Donegan – guitars, electronics
John Moyer – bass guitar, backing vocals
Mike Wengren – drums
Charts[edit]
Chart (2006)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34] 79
US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks[35] 1
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks[35] 18
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 2000s
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Genesis – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Prasad, Anil. "Genesis: Turning it on again". Innerviews. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Awards – 1987". Archived from the original on 21 September 2005. . About.com.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (3 March 1987). "Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List". The Village Voice. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (3 March 1987). "The 1986 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". The Village Voice. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Genesis – Land Of Confusion" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Genesis – Land Of Confusion" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0775." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Genesis – Land Of Confusion". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Land of Confusion". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Genesis Land Of Confusion" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Genesis – Land Of Confusion" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Genesis – Land Of Confusion". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Genesis – Land Of Confusion". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Genesis – Land Of Confusion". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending JANUARY 31, 1987". Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of '87". RPM. Vol. 47 no. 12. 26 December 1987. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ (in German) "Jahrescharts – 1987". Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. . Offiziellecharts.de. GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1987" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1987". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Invisible Touch". Genesis-movement.org. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "We Can't Dance". Genesis-movement.org. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Calling All Stations". Genesis-movement.org. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Studio & Misc". Genesis-movement.org. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Widran, Jonathan. "Daryl Stuermer – Another Side of Genesis". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "In Flames – Trigger EP". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "DISTURBED Frontman: 'I See Ourselves As Being A Three-Decade Spanning Band'". Blabbermouth.net. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Chris (10 March 2006). "Todd McFarlane to Make Genesis' 'Confusion' Clip Even More Disturbed". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Khouri, Andy (22 July 2006). "CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Disturbed – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
External links[edit]
"Genesis - Land Of Confusion" on YouTube
"Disturbed - Land Of Confusion" on YouTube
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Ripple marks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ancient wave ripple marks in sandstone, Moenkopi Formation, Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
In geology, ripple marks are sedimentary structures (i.e. bedforms of the lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.
Contents
[hide]
1 Defining ripple cross-laminae and asymmetric ripples
2 Ripple marks in different environments
2.1 Wave-formed ripples
2.2 Ripple marks formed by aeolian processes
3 Definitions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Defining ripple cross-laminae and asymmetric ripples[edit]
Ripple marks in Cretaceous Dakota Formation, east side of Dinosaur Ridge. Scale bar on notebook is 10 cm.
Ripple beds in the Wren's Nest National Nature Reserve, Dudley, England
Wave/symmetrical ripple, Nomgon, Mongolia
Cross-section through asymmetric climbing ripples, seen in the Zanskar Gorge, Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya. Ripples climb when sediment fluxes in the flow are very high.
Current ripple marks, unidirectional ripples, or asymmetrical ripple marks are asymmetrical in profile, with a gentle up-current slope and a steeper down-current slope. The down-current slope is the angle of repose, which depends on the shape of the sediment. These commonly form in fluvial and aeolian depositional environments, and are a signifier of the lower part of the Lower Flow Regime.
Ripple cross-laminae forms when deposition takes place during migration of current or wave ripples. A series of cross-laminae are produced by superimposing migrating ripples. The ripples form lateral to one another, such that the crests of vertically succeeding laminae are out of phase and appear to be advancing upslope. This process results in cross-bedded units that have the general appearance of waves in outcrop sections cut normal to the wave crests. In sections with other orientations, the laminae may appear horizontal or trough-shaped, depending upon the orientation and the shape of the ripples. Ripple cross-laminae will always have a steeper dip downstream, and will always be perpendicular to paleoflow meaning the orientation of the ripples will be in a direction that is ninety degrees to the direction that current if flowing.[1] Scientists suggest current drag, or the slowing of current velocity, during deposition is responsible for ripple cross-laminae.[2]
Types[3]
Straight
Straight ripples generate cross-laminae that all dip in the same direction, and lay in the same plane. These forms of ripples are constructed by unidirectional flow of the current.
Sinuous
Sinuous ripples generate cross-laminae that are curvy. They show a pattern of curving up and down as shown in picture. Sinuous ripples produce trough cross lamination. All laminae formed under this type of ripple dip at an angle to the flow as well as downstream. These are also formed by unidirectional flow of current.
Catenary
Catenary ripples generate cross-laminae that are curvy but have a unidirectional swoop. They show a pattern similar to what a repeated "W" would look like. Like the sinuous ripples, this form of ripple is created by unidirectional flow with the dip at an angle to the flow as well as downstream.
Linguoid / Lunate
Linguoid ripples have lee slope surfaces that are curved generating a laminae similar to caternary and sinuous ripples. Linguoid ripples generate an angle to the flow as well as downstream. Linguoid ripples have a random shape rather than a "W" shape, as described in the catenary description. Lunate ripples, meaning crescent shaped ripples, are exactly like linguoid ripples except that the stoss sides are curved rather than the lee slope. All other features are the same.
Size (scale)[4]
Size
Description
Very small
Very small cross-lamination means that the ripple height is roughly one centimeter. It is lenticular, wavy and flaser lamination.
Small
Small cross-bedding are ripples set at a height less than ten centimeters, while the thickness is only a few millimeters. Some ripples that may fit this category are wind ripples, wave ripples, and current ripples.
Medium
Medium cross-lamination are ripples with a height greater than ten centimeters, and less than one meter in thickness. Some ripples that may fit this category would be current-formed sand waves, and storm-generated hummocky cross stratification.
Large
Large cross-bedding are ripples with a height greater than one meter, and a thickness equivalent to one meter or greater. Some ripples that may fit this category would be high energy river-bed bars, sand waves, epsilon cross-bedding and Gilbert-type cross-bedding.
Ripple marks in different environments[edit]
Wave-formed ripples[edit]
Tidal megaripples in the Random Formation [5]
Main article: Wave-formed ripple
Also called bidirectional ripples, or symmetrical ripple marks have a symmetrical, almost sinusoidal profile; they indicate an environment with weak currents where water motion is dominated by wave oscillations.
In most present-day streams, ripples will not form in sediment larger than coarse sand. Therefore, the stream beds of sand-bed streams are dominated by current ripples, while gravel-bed streams do not contain bedforms. The internal structure of ripples is a base of fine sand with coarse grains deposited on top since the size distribution of sand grains correlates to the size of the ripples. This occurs because the fine grains continue to move while the coarse grains accumulate and provide a protective barrier.
Ripple marks formed by aeolian processes[edit]
See also: aeolian processes
Wind ripples on crescent-shaped sand dunes (Barchans) in Southwest Afghanistan (Sistan).
Normal ripples
Also known as impact ripples, these occur in the lower part of the lower flow regime sands with grain sizes between 0.3-2.5 mm and normal ripples form wavelengths of 7-14 cm Normal ripples have straight or slightly sinuous crests approximately transverse to the direction of the wind.
Megaripples
These occur in the upper part of the lower flow regime where sand with bimodal particle size distribution forms unusually long wavelength of 1-25 m where the wind is not strong enough to move the larger particles but strong enough to move the smaller grains by saltation.
Fluid drag ripples
Also known as aerodynamic ripples, these are formed with fine, well-sorted grain particles accompanied by high velocity winds which result in long, flat ripples. The flat ripples are formed by long saltation paths taken by grains in suspension and grains on the ground surface.
Definitions[edit]
Crest and trough
Crest
The point on a wave with the maximum value or height. It is the location at the peak of the wave cycle as shown in picture to the right.
Trough
The opposite of a crest, so the minimum value or height in a wave. It is the location at the very lowest point of a wave cycle also shown in picture to right.
Lee
The lee side has a steeper slope than the stoss. The lee is always on the back side of the ripple, which is also on the opposite side of where the current flow meets the ripple. The current flows down the lee side.
Stoss
The stoss is the side of a wave or ripple that has a gentle slope versus a steeper slope. Current always flows up the stoss side and down the lee side. This can be used to determine current flow during the time of ripple formation.
See also[edit]
Capillary wave
Giant current ripples
Water on Mars - sedimentary ripple marks show indirect evidence of ancient water flows on our neighbor planet
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ripple marks.
Easterbrook, Don J. Surface processes and landforms. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1999. Print. ISBN 0-13-860958-6 pp. 479-480.
Greeley, Ronald, and James D. Iversen. Wind as a Geological Process On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan (Cambridge Planetary Science Old). New York: Cambridge UP, 1987. ISBN 0-521-35962-7 pp. 153-154
Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution, 2nd ed. Belmont: West Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-314-09577-2 pp. 114-15, 352.
Jump up ^ Boggs Jr., Sam. (2006) Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 4th ed.
Jump up ^ Potter, Pettijohn. (1977) Paleocurrents and Basin Analysis
Jump up ^ Nichols, Gary. (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Wiley, ISBN 978-1405135924
Jump up ^ Stow, Dorrik A.V., (2009) Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Color Guide, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0123694515
Jump up ^ Tidal deposits of the Lower Cambrian Random Formation, eastern Newfoundland: facies and paleoenvironments. Richard N. Hiscott. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1982, 19(10): 2028-2042, https://doi.org/10.1139/e82-180 ...
External links[edit]
Ripple Marks and Uniformitarianism
Unidirectional flow: Sand ripples and grain distribution 2D model
Unidirectional flow: Sand ripples and topography 2D model
Waves: Sand ripples and grain distribution 2D model
Waves: Sand ripples and topography 2D model
Authority control
NDL: 00569398
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Rainbow flag
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the LGBT pride flag, see Rainbow flag (LGBT movement).
A six-band rainbow flag.
A rainbow flag of the LGBT movement at the Taiwan Pride (2004).
A rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the rainbow. The actual colors shown differ, but many of the designs are based on the traditional scheme of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
There are several independent rainbow flags in use today. The most widely known worldwide is the pride flag representing LGBT pride (since 1978). The peace flag is especially popular in Italy (since 1961). The International Co-operative Alliance adopted a rainbow flag in 1925. A similar flag is used in Andean indigenism in Peru and Bolivia to represent the legacy of the Inca Empire (since ca. 1920).
Contents
1 Rainbow flags in various cultures and movements
1.1 Reformation
1.2 Andean indigenism
1.3 Thomas Paine
1.4 Buddhist flag (1885)
1.5 First Armenian Republic proposal (1919)
1.6 Cooperative movement (1921)
1.7 Meher Baba (1924)
1.8 Peace movement (1961)
1.9 Bene Ohr Jewish movement, U.S. (1961)
1.10 Basque nationalism
1.11 LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) Pride (1978)
1.12 South African flag (1994)
1.13 Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1996)
1.14 Patriots of Russia political party (2005)
2 Gallery of rainbow flags
3 References
Rainbow flags in various cultures and movements[edit]
Reformation[edit]
The reformer Thomas Müntzer (1489–1525) connected socially revolutionary claims with his preaching of the gospel. He is often portrayed with a rainbow flag in his hand. The Thomas Müntzer statue in the German town of Stolberg also shows him holding a rainbow flag in his hand. In the German Peasants' War of the 16th century, the rainbow flag together with the peasants' boot ("Bundschuh") was used as the sign of a new era, of hope and of social change. The choice of the rainbow in the form of a flag harkens back to the rainbow as a symbol of biblical promise. According to the Bible, God first created the rainbow as a sign to Noah that there would never again be a worldwide flood,[1][2] also known as the Rainbow covenant.
Andean indigenism[edit]
Wiphala
Current flag of the city of Cusco, wrongly associated with the Inca Empire.
Main articles: Wiphala and Flag of Cusco
A flag with a seven-striped rainbow design is used in Peru,[3] Bolivia and Ecuador as a symbol of native peoples, and is anachronistically associated with Tawantin Suyu, or Inca territory. Although commonly believed in Peru to be a flag of the Incan Empire, the oldest known rainbow flag dates back only to 18th century and was used by Túpac Amaru II during his pro-indigenous revolt against the Spanish.[4] María Rostworowski, a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications about Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the Inca Empire, said about this: "I bet my life, the Inca never had that flag, it never existed, no chronicler mentioned it".[5] The National Academy of Peruvian History has stated on the topic:
"The official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In the pre-Hispanic Andean world the concept of flags did not exist, it did not belong to their historic context".[6]
National Academy of Peruvian History
The Flag of Cusco was introduced in 1978 and is still the official city emblem. In Ecuador, a rainbow flag is used by the Pachakutik political party (1995), which is composed mostly of left-wing indigenous people.
Thomas Paine[edit]
American Revolutionary War writer Thomas Paine had proposed that the rainbow flag be used as a maritime flag, to signify neutral ships in time of war.[7][8][9]
Buddhist flag (1885)[edit]
Main article: Buddhist flag
A flag to represent Buddhism was designed in Sri Lanka in 1885 and modified to its current form in 1886. In 1950 it was adopted by the World Fellowship of Buddhists to be a symbol of all forms of Buddhism around the world.
It consists of six vertical colored segments, the first five of which are usually blue, yellow, red, white, and orange, while the sixth is a combination of the first five. Variant colors are often found.
First Armenian Republic proposal (1919)[edit]
Rainbow flag proposed for Armenia by artist Martiros Saryan.
Rainbow flag proposed after Armenia regained independence after World War I. It was designed by famous Armenian artist Martiros Saryan. It was not adopted as the country instead went with three stripes using the colors used in a past Armenian kingdom. The artists used muted, richer, "oriental" colors reflecting Armenian fabrics and carpets.
Cooperative movement (1921)[edit]
Until 2001, the International Co-operative Alliance used a rainbow flag
A seven-colour rainbow flag is a common symbol of the international cooperative movement. The rainbow flag has been the cooperative emblem since 1921 when the International Co-operative Congress of World Co-op Leaders met in Basel, Switzerland to identify and define the growing cooperative movement’s common values and ideals to help unite co-ops around the world.
In Essen, Germany in 1922, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) designed an international co-op symbol and a flag for the first "Co-operators' Day," which was held in July 1923. After some experiments with different designs, a famous French cooperator, Professor Charles Gide, suggested using the seven colours of the rainbow for the flag. He pointed out that the rainbow symbolized unity in diversity and the power of light, enlightenment and progress. The first co-op rainbow flag was completed in 1924 and was adopted as an official symbol of the international cooperative movement in 1925.
In 2001, the ICA's official flag was changed from a rainbow flag to a rainbow logo flag on a white field, to clearly promote and strengthen the cooperative image, but still use the rainbow image. Other organizations sometimes use the traditional rainbow flag as a symbol of cooperation.
Like the rainbow, this flag is a symbol of hope and peace. The seven colours from flags around the world fly in harmony. Each of the seven colours in the co-operative flag have been assigned the following meaning:
red: stands for courage;
orange: offers the vision of possibilities;
yellow: represents the challenge that GREEN has kindled;
green: indicates a challenge to co-operators to strive for growth of membership and of understanding of the aims and values of co-operation;
light blue: suggests far horizons, the need to provide education and help less fortunate people and strive toward global unity.
dark blue: suggests pessimism: a reminder that less fortunate people have needs that may be met through the benefits of cooperation.
violet: is the colour of warmth, beauty, and friendship.
The ICA has been flying a flag with its official logo since April 2001, when its Board decided to replace the traditional rainbow flag. Its use by a number of non-cooperative groups led to confusion in several countries around the world.
—  ICA, [10]
Meher Baba (1924)[edit]
Meher Baba flag
During a debate among Hindus, Parsis, and Iranis regarding the creation of a flag to be flown near a shelter, Meher Baba responded that the flag "should be of seven colors" because they represented "the seven planes of consciousness." He specified that "red should be at the bottom" because it symbolized lust and anger, and "sky blue at the top" because it symbolized the "highest state of spirituality and oneness with God". Baba later added that the colors "also represent sanskaras". However, he left the selection of the other specific colors to personal conclusion. The finished flag was first raised on April 23, 1924. [11][12]
The flag is flown each year near Meher Baba's samadhi (tomb-shrine) in Meherabad, India during the week of Amartithi (the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969).
Peace movement (1961)[edit]
PACE flag (Italian for 'peace')
Main article: Peace flag
This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. It became popular with the Pace da tutti i balconi ("peace from every balcony") campaign in 2002, started as a protest against the impending war in Iraq. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, azure, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word PACE, meaning "peace".[13][14]
Common variations include moving the purple stripe down below the azure one, and adding a white stripe on top (the original flag from the 60s had a white stripe on top). This flag has been adopted internationally as a symbol of the peace movement.
Bene Ohr Jewish movement, U.S. (1961)[edit]
In 1961, Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi designed the rainbow tallit (prayer shawl) as a symbol of the Kabalah for the members of the Jewish Bene Ohr ("The Children of Light"). It is a vertically presented rainbow, with each colour separated by black stripes of varying thicknesses. The colors represent aspects of God; the black stripes and white spaces represent aspects of creation and protection.[15]
Basque nationalism[edit]
Herri Batasuna flag
The leftist Herri Batasuna party used a rainbow version of the Ikurriña (Basque national flag) from 1978 until it was dissolved in 2001.
LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) Pride (1978)[edit]
Rainbow flag (LGBT movement), the most widely recognized version
Main article: Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)
The rainbow flag was popularized as a symbol of the gay community by San Francisco artist Gilbert Baker in 1978. The different colors are often associated with "diversity" in the gay community (but actually have literal meanings). The flag is used predominantly at gay pride events and in gay villages worldwide in various forms including banners, clothing and jewelry. Since the 1990s, its symbolism has been transferred to represent the extended "LGBT" (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community . For the 25th Anniversary of the Stonewall riots, held in 1994 in New York city, a mile-long rainbow flag was created and post-parade cut up in sections that have since been used around the world.
The flag was originally created with eight colors, but pink and turquoise were removed for production purposes, and since 1979 it has consisted of six colored stripes. It is most commonly flown with the red stripe on top, as the colors appear in a natural rainbow.[16] Aside from the obvious symbolism of a mixed LGBT community, the colors were determined to symbolize:
life (red),
healing (orange),
sunlight (yellow),
nature (green),
harmony/peace (blue), and
spirit (purple/violet).[17]
The removed colors stood for sexuality (pink) and art/magic (turquoise).[18]
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, a black stripe was sometimes used to represent the AIDS victims.
South African flag (1994)[edit]
The South African flag is sometimes referred to as the "Rainbow flag".
Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1996)[edit]
Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Main article: Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Another variation of rainbow flag is used by Jewish Autonomous Oblast, situated in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia, by the Chinese border. Proportions 2:3. Adopted first of October 1996.[19]
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast has a flag with a seven-colour rainbow. The number of colours is meant to symbolize the seven-branched Jewish Menorah.
Patriots of Russia political party (2005)[edit]
Rainbow is used as an element of flag of Patriots of Russia (Russian: Патриоты России, Patrioty Rossii) political party.
Gallery of rainbow flags[edit]
Rainbow "pace" (peace) flag
Greek peace flag
International Co-operative Alliance's rainbow flag
Flag of Cusco, Peru
Meher Baba's flag
LGBT pride
(original eight-color version)
LGBT pride flag
(seven-color version)
LGBT pride flag
(six-color version)
The Aymara Wiphala
Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia
Flag of Lingua Franca Nova
The Rainbow Family of Living Light
Meher Baba's flag, Silence Day, 2015
Six-color version of the LGBT pride flag at Taiwan Pride (2004)
Marchers carry the LGBT pride flag at the pride parade on Christopher Street Day in Berlin (1997)
Parada Równości, 2006
Circular Rainbow Flag of Wu-Wo Tea Ceremony
"Pace da tutti i balconi": peace flags hanging from windows in Milano, Italy, in March 2003
Rainbow protest flag used by Not in Our Name
Statue of Thomas Müntzer waving a rainbow flag in Stolberg, Germany
A LGBT flag at Ipanema Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rainbow flag.
Jump up ^ Christian symbols Glossary
Jump up ^ Symbol of God's Everlasting Covenant with Mankind
Jump up ^ Flagspot.net
Jump up ^ "Flags of the Inca Empire (and of western South America)", accessed 2017-11-03, http://www.crwflags.com/fotw//flags/xi.html#2b_hist
Jump up ^ Bandera Gay o Bandera del Tahuantinsuyo Terra.com
Jump up ^ "La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2009.
Jump up ^ New York: A Guide to the Empire State, Federal Writers Project, editors. New York State Historical Association, 1940, page 246 (American Guide Series)
Jump up ^ online text from New York: A Guide to the Empire State
Jump up ^ One Life at a Time, Please, Edward Abbey. New York: Henry Holt, 1988, ISBN 0805006036, page 58
Jump up ^ Official website of ICA Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kalchuri, Bhau (1986). Lord Meher. p. 504.
Jump up ^ Kalchuri, Bhau (2002). "Lord Meher". Lord Meher, Online Edition. Ch. 4, "Journeying". p. 504. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Bandiere di Pace.org ('Flags of Peace' in Italian)
Jump up ^ Amnesty International
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-04-26. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) - retrieved 6 December 2011.
Jump up ^ History of the Gay Pride Rainbow Flag Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Haag, Matthew (2017-03-31). "Gilbert Baker, Gay Activist Who Created the Rainbow Flag, Dies at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ Haag, Matthew (2017-03-31). "Gilbert Baker, Gay Activist Who Created the Rainbow Flag, Dies at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ Jewish Autonomous Region (Russia)
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Vertical bar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"｜" redirects here. For the use of a similar-looking character in vertical Japanese writing, see Chōonpu.
" ‖ " redirects here. For the use of a similar-looking character in African languages, see lateral clicks.
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The vertical bar ( | ) is a computer character and glyph with various uses in mathematics, computing, and typography. It has many names, often related to particular meanings: Sheffer stroke (in logic), verti-bar, vbar, stick, broken bar, vertical line, vertical slash, bar, glidus, obelisk, or pipe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
1.1 Mathematics
1.2 Physics
1.3 Computing
1.3.1 Pipe
1.3.2 Disjunction
1.3.3 Concatenation
1.3.4 Delimiter
1.3.5 Backus–Naur form
1.3.6 Concurrency operator
1.3.7 APL
1.3.8 List comprehensions
1.4 Phonetics and orthography
1.5 Literature
1.5.1 Punctuation
1.5.2 Poetry
1.5.3 Notation
2 Encoding
2.1 Solid vertical bar vs broken bar
2.2 In common character maps
2.3 In text processing
3 See also
4 References
Usage[edit]
Mathematics[edit]
The vertical bar is used as a mathematical symbol in numerous ways:
absolute value: | x | {\displaystyle |x|} , read "the absolute value of x"
set-builder notation: { x | x < 2 } {\displaystyle \{x|x<2\}} , read "the set of x such that x is less than two". Often a colon ':' is used instead of a vertical bar
cardinality: | S | {\displaystyle |S|} , read "the cardinality of the set S"
conditional probability: P ( X | Y ) {\displaystyle P(X|Y)} , read "the probability of X given Y"
divisibility: a | b {\displaystyle a|b} , read "a divides b" or "a is a factor of b", though Unicode also provides special ‘divides’ and ‘does not divide’ symbols (U+2223 and U+2224: ∣, ∤)
the Sheffer stroke in logic: a | b {\displaystyle a|b} , read "a nand b"
distance: distance P | a b {\displaystyle P|ab} notes the shortest distance between point P {\displaystyle P} to line a b {\displaystyle ab} , so P | a b {\displaystyle P|ab} is perpendicular to line a b {\displaystyle ab}
evaluate (subscript notation): f ( x ) | x = 4 {\displaystyle f(x)|_{x=4}} , read "f of x, evaluated at x equals 4" (see subscripts at Wikibooks)
length: |s|, read "the length of the string s"
restriction: f | A : A → F {\displaystyle f|_{A}:A\to F} denotes a restriction of function f {\displaystyle f} where it is defined over a domain that is a superset of A {\displaystyle A}
Sometimes a vertical bar following a function, with sub- and super-script limits a and b is used when evaluating definite integrals to mean "f(x) from a to b" or "f(b) – f(a)"
A vertical bar can be used to separate variables from fixed parameters in a function, for example f ( x | μ , σ ) {\displaystyle f(x|\mu ,\sigma )}
The order of a group G is written | G | {\displaystyle |G|}
The determinant of a matrix A is sometimes written | A | {\displaystyle |A|} , and when the matrix entries are written out, the determinant is denoted by surrounding the matrix entries by vertical bars instead of the brackets or parentheses of the matrix, for instance
| a b c d e f g h i | {\displaystyle {\begin{vmatrix}a&b&c\\d&e&f\\g&h&i\end{vmatrix}}}
The double vertical bar, U+2016 ‖ double vertical line is also employed in mathematics.
norm: ∥ x ∥ {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {x} \|} , read "the norm of the vector x"
parallelism in geometry: A B ∥ C D {\displaystyle AB\parallel CD} indicates that the line A B {\displaystyle AB} is parallel to the line C D {\displaystyle CD}
propositional truncation (a type former which truncates a type down to a mere proposition in homotopy type theory): for any a : A {\displaystyle a:A} (read "term a {\displaystyle a} of type A {\displaystyle A} ") we have | a | : ∥ A ∥ {\displaystyle |a|:\left\|A\right\|} [1] (here | a | {\displaystyle |a|} reads "image of a : A {\displaystyle a:A} in ∥ A ∥ {\displaystyle \left\|A\right\|} " and | a | : ∥ A ∥ {\displaystyle |a|:\left\|A\right\|} reads "propositional truncation of A {\displaystyle A} ")[2]
Physics[edit]
The vertical bar is used in bra–ket notation in quantum physics. Examples:
| ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } : the quantum physical state ψ {\displaystyle \psi }
⟨ ψ | {\displaystyle \langle \psi |} : the dual state corresponding to the state above
⟨ ψ | ρ ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \psi |\rho \rangle } : the inner product of states ψ {\displaystyle \psi } and ρ {\displaystyle \rho }
supergroups in physics are denoted G(N|M) which reads "G, M vertical bar N"; here G denotes any supergroup, M denotes the bosonic dimensions, and N denotes the Grassmann dimensions[3]
Computing[edit]
Pipe[edit]
Main article: Pipeline (Unix)
A pipe is an inter-process communication mechanism originating in Unix, which allows the output (standard out and, optionally, standard error) of one process to be used as input (standard in) to another. In this way, a series of commands can be "piped" together, giving users the ability to quickly perform complex multi-stage processing from the command line or as part of a Unix shell script ("bash file"). In most Unix shells (command interpreters), this is represented by the vertical bar character. For example:
grep -i 'blair' filename.log | more

where the output from the "grep" process is piped to the "more" process.
The same "pipe" feature is also found in later versions of DOS and Microsoft Windows.
This usage has led to the character itself being called "pipe".
Disjunction[edit]
In many programming languages, the vertical bar is used to designate the logic operation or, either bitwise or or logical or.
Specifically, in C and other languages following C syntax conventions, such as C++, Perl, Java and C#, a | b denotes a bitwise or; whereas a double vertical bar a || b denotes a (short-circuited) logical or. Since the character was originally not available in all code pages and keyboard layouts, ANSI C can transcribe it in form of the trigraph ??!, which, outside string literals, is equivalent to the | character.
In regular expression syntax, the vertical bar again indicates logical or (alternation). For example: the Unix command grep -E 'fu|bar' matches lines containing 'fu' or 'bar'.
Concatenation[edit]
The double vertical bar operator "||" denotes string concatenation in PL/I, standard ANSI SQL, and theoretical computer science (particularly cryptography).
Delimiter[edit]
Although not as common as commas or tabs, the vertical bar can be used as a delimiter in a flat file. Examples of a pipe-delimited standard data format are LEDES 1998B and HL7. It is frequently used because vertical bars are typically uncommon in the data itself.
Similarly, the vertical bar may see use as a delimiter for regular expression operations (e.g. in sed). This is useful when the regular expression contains instances of the more common forward slash (/) delimiter; using a vertical bar eliminates the need to escape all instances of the forward slash. However, this makes the bar unusable as the regular expression "alternative" operator.
Backus–Naur form[edit]
In Backus–Naur form, an expression consists of sequences of symbols and/or sequences separated by '|', indicating a choice, the whole being a possible substitution for the symbol on the left.
<personal-name> ::= <name> | <initial>
Concurrency operator[edit]
In calculi of communicating processes (like pi-calculus), the vertical bar is used to indicate that processes execute in parallel.
APL[edit]
The pipe in APL is the modulo or residue function between two operands and the absolute value function next to one operand.
List comprehensions[edit]
Main article: List comprehensions
The vertical bar is used for list comprehensions in some functional languages, e.g. Haskell and Erlang. Compare set-builder notation.
Phonetics and orthography[edit]
In the Khoisan languages and the International Phonetic Alphabet, the vertical bar is used to write the dental click (ǀ). A double vertical bar is used to write the alveolar lateral click (ǁ). Since these are technically letters, they have their own Unicode code points in the Latin Extended-B range: U+01C0 for the single bar and U+01C1 for the double bar.
Longer single and double vertical bars are used to mark prosodic boundaries in the IPA.
Literature[edit]
Punctuation[edit]
In medieval European manuscripts, a single vertical bar was a common variant of the virgula ⟨/⟩ used as a period, scratch comma,[4] and caesura mark.[5]
In Sanskrit and other Indian languages, text blocks used to be written in stanzas. Two bars || represent the equivalent of a pilcrow.
Poetry[edit]
A double vertical bar ⟨||⟩ or ⟨‖⟩ is the standard caesura mark in English literary criticism and analysis. It marks the strong break or caesura common to many forms of poetry, particularly Old English verse.
Notation[edit]
In the Geneva Bible and early printings of the King James Version, a double vertical bar is used to mark margin notes that contain an alternative translation from the original text. These margin notes always begin with the conjunction "Or". In later printings of the King James Version, the double vertical bar is irregularly used to mark any comment in the margins.
Encoding[edit]
The vertical bar is encoded in Unicode at U+007C | Vertical line (124decimal · HTML |).
Solid vertical bar vs broken bar[edit]
The code point 124 (7C hexadecimal) is occupied by a broken bar in a dot matrix printer of the late 1980s, which apparently lacks a solid vertical bar. Due to this, broken bar is also used for vertical line approximation. See the full picture (3,000 × 2,500 pixels).
The broken bar (¦) in computing was historically an allograph of the vertical bar and was perceived so before a broad implementation of extended ASCII character sets (namely, ISO/IEC 8859 series), which did distinguish both. Since the 1990s, it is considered a separate character, not a part of ASCII, and also termed "parted rule" in Unicode documentation. But in many fonts, the glyph used for the vertical bar looks exactly like a broken bar.[6]
The broken bar is encoded in Unicode at U+00A6 ¦ Broken Bar (166decimal · HTML ¦ · ¦).
Due to historical confusion between the two, computer keyboards and displays may not clearly or consistently differentiate them:
The typical keyboard layout used in the United Kingdom features separate keys for vertical bar and broken bar; however, in many fonts the vertical bar key produces a broken-bar symbol.[7][8] Some keyboard drivers map the broken bar key to the vertical bar, and the vertical bar key, shared with the grave accent (`), generates the broken bar when pressed in combination with AltGr.
The ANSI QWERTY keyboard has only a broken bar key, producing a vertical bar character.
A key on the French AZERTY keyboard always produces a vertical bar character, but is represented on the key itself as a broken bar. The same holds for many German QWERTZ keyboards, where the “> < |” key in the lower left is labelled “> < ¦” but always produces a vertical bar character.
The broken bar has hardly any practical application and does not appear to have any clearly identified uses distinct from the vertical bar.[9] In non-computing use — for example in mathematics, physics and general typography — the broken bar is not an acceptable substitute for the vertical bar. Aforementioned usages in computing rely on the abstract character with code point 124 (0x7C) in ASCII (or ASCII compatible code page) and do not depend on visual rendering, which actually may be a broken bar in some environments.
Some variants of the EBCDIC family of code pages such as EBCDIC 500 distinguished the broken bar from the solid vertical bar.[citation needed]
In common character maps[edit]
Vertical bar ('|')
Broken bar ('¦')
ASCII,
CP437, CP667, CP720, CP737, CP790, CP819, CP852, CP855, CP860, CP861, CP862, CP865, CP866, CP867, CP869, CP872, CP895, CP932, CP991 124 (7Ch) N/A[10]
CP775 124 (7Ch) 167 (A7h)
CP850, CP857, CP858 124 (7Ch) 221 (DDh)
CP863 124 (7Ch) 160 (A0h)
CP864 124 (7Ch) 219 (DBh)
ISO/IEC 8859-1, -7, -8, -9, -13,
CP1250, CP1251, CP1252, CP1253, CP1254, CP1255, CP1256, CP1257, CP1258 124 (7Ch) 166 (A6h)
ISO/IEC 8859-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -10, -11, -14, -15, -16 124 (7Ch) N/A
Unicode U+007C U+00A6
EBCDIC (CCSID 500 variant) 187 (BBh) 166 (A6h)
Shift-JIS Men-Ku-Ten 1-01-35
HTML | ¦ or ¦
Additional related Unicode characters:
Double vertical line ( ‖ ): U+2016 used in pairs to indicate norm
Parallel to ( ∥ ): U+2225
Latin letter dental click (⟨ǀ⟩): U+01C0
Latin letter lateral click (⟨ǁ⟩): U+01C1
Symbol 'divides' (⟨∣⟩): U+2223
Various Box-drawing characters at U+2500 to U+257F
In text processing[edit]
In LaTeX, the vertical bar can be used as delimiter in mathematical mode. The sequence \| creates a double vertical line (a | b \| c is set as a | b ∥ c {\displaystyle a|b\|c} ). This has different spacing from \mid and \parallel, which are relational operators: a \mid b \parallel c is set as a ∣ b ∥ c {\displaystyle a\mid b\parallel c} . In LaTeX text mode, the vertical bar produces an em dash (—), or one can use the \textbar command instead.
The vertical bar is also used as special character in other lightweight markup languages, notably Wikipedia's own Wikitext.
See also[edit]
Danda
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Univalent Foundations Program (2013). Homotopy Type Theory: Univalent Foundations of Mathematics (GitHub version) (PDF). Institute for Advanced Study. p. 108.
Jump up ^ Univalent Foundations Program (2013). Homotopy Type Theory: Univalent Foundations of Mathematics (print version). Institute for Advanced Study. p. 450.
Jump up ^ Larus Thorlacius, Thordur Jonsson (eds.), M-Theory and Quantum Geometry, Springer, 2012, p. 263.
Jump up ^ "virgula, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917 .
Jump up ^ "virgule, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917 .
Jump up ^ Jim Price (2010-05-24). "ASCII Chart: IBM PC Extended ASCII Display Characters". Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Is Your Pipe Wrong?". 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Two guys walked into a bar, but the bar was broken". 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
Jump up ^ Jukka "Yucca" Korpela (2006-09-20). "Detailed descriptions of the characters". Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ Broken bar is no longer considered a part of ASCII since early 1990s
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_bar&oldid=796845449"
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