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United States two-dollar bill
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Two dollars
(United States)
Value
$2.00
Width
156 mm
Height
66.3 mm
Weight
Approx. 1[1] g
Security features
None
Paper type
75% cotton
25% linen
Years of printing
1862–1966,
1976–present (Federal Reserve Note, current form)
Obverse
Design
Thomas Jefferson
Design date
1928
Reverse
Design
Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
Design date
1976
The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, Treasury or "Coin" Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. Two-dollar bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends about its authenticity and value and has occasionally created problems for those trying to use the bill to make purchases.
Contents
1 Denomination overview
2 Rarity
3 History
3.1 Large-sized notes
3.2 Small size notes
3.2.1 1928–1966
3.2.2 1976–present
3.3 Series dates
3.3.1 Large size
3.3.2 Small size
4 Visual snapshot
5 Usage
5.1 Incidents
6 Uncut currency sheets
7 References
8 External links
Denomination overview[edit]
The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862.[2] The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two-dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue production of all United States Notes, which included the two-dollar bill.[3] The two-dollar denomination was not immediately reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the two-dollar bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976, production of the two-dollar denomination was resumed and the two-dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then.[4] It was estimated that if the two-dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one-dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($112 million adjusted for inflation)[5] over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs.[6]
However, due to their limited use, two-dollar bills are not printed as frequently in a new series as other denominations, which are produced according to demand.[7] Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two-dollar bills, even if the fact is not stated on the label.[8] Although they are generally available at most banks, two-dollar bills are usually not handed out except upon specific request by the customer, and may cause a delay with a trip to the vault.[9]
Rarity[edit]
Printing $2 bills is twice as cost-effective for the government as printing $1 bills, since they both cost the same amount (about $0.05) to make, but the public has not circulated them as widely. During the Great Depression, few Americans had enough money to require $2 bills. In the middle of the 20th century, $2 bills were commonly used at strip clubs, for betting on horse racing, and for bribery when politicians wanted votes (though this may be an urban legend)[10] and so acquired a negative reputation. The unusual reverse design of the 1976 note contributed to hoarding and combined with the earlier discontinuation to give the impression these notes might be valuable as collector's items, above their face value. The public at large continues to be unfamiliar with the notes because they are not being circulated widely.[11]
Today, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer being produced,[12] though bills have been printed in 1996, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2012, and 2013. The U.S. treasury reports that $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills were in circulation worldwide as of April 30, 2007.[12]
Things such as unusual serial numbers (example: A11111111A), and replacement notes designated by a star in the serial number can raise the collector value. "Collectible" two-dollar bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding colors and special graphics to regular issue bills by using computer printers. However, these bills are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors' market.[13]
Certain conventions and tourism/convention bureaus capitalize on the scarcity of $2 bills in circulation, encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring. Sometimes known as "SpendTom" campaigns, the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder. Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes.[14]
History[edit]
Large-sized notes[edit]
First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note.
Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Winfield Scott Hancock
Series 1890 featuring James McPherson. This "Coin Note" was used for government purchases of silver bullion from the mining industry.
(approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)
In March 1862, the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is not the same portrait used currently for the $10 bill. The continental congress based on defending the United States, released on June 25, 1776, began to authorize $2 credit, the circulation of 49,000 copies. Pass two-dollar bill was first used in March 1862. Between 1966 and 1976, two-dollar notes were not printed.
By 1869, the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse. This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE. The reverse was completely redesigned. This series was again revised in 1874; changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting, adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C., and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE. The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878, and by 1880, the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue. This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time.[15]
National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 (Lazy Duce) on the obverse. The reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield.[16]
The second two-dollar denomination in the silver certificate series printed in 1891. This note features United States Secretary of the Treasury William Windom.
In 1886, the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued. This design continued until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse.[17]
Two-dollar Treasury, or "Coin", Notes were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. In 1891, the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy", making it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.[18]
In 1896, the "Educational Series" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture. The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. By 1899, however, The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics.[19]
Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse depicted on the reverse of the 1896 $2 'Educational Series" Silver Certificate.
The final design of the United States' silver certificate series featuring George Washington, printed in 1899.
Large-sized Federal Reserve Bank Notes were issued in 1918. Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a borderless portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship.[20]
Beginning in the 1950s, production of $2 bills began to decrease. The relative scarcity of the bills led some to start saving any they found, with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation. Currently, the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1% of the U.S. currency in circulation.
Small size notes[edit]
(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)
1928–1966[edit]
In 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right.[21]
In 1953, the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO. The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.[22]
The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello.[23] Further, because dollar bills were soon to be no longer redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse. Two-dollar bills, along with $5 and $100 United States Notes, were officially discontinued in August 1966, although they all remain legal tender.
1976–present[edit]
Series 1976 first day of issue $2 bill with a canceled JFK postage stamp.
On April 13, 1976, the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost-saving measure.[24] Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note. The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson. A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes. Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial, it was decided to use a bicentennial-themed design on the reverse, though the bill was not issued specifically because of the bicenntenial. An engraved rendition (not an exact reproduction) of John Trumbull's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse. First-day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date "APR 13 1976". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed.
Currently, stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value. If the bills were stamped in a city with an unusual name, the value may be slightly higher. However, no first-day-issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable.
Despite their age, crisp, uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable. More than half a billion of these notes were printed and a large amount were saved and hoarded upon their original issue. A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value. If the note is circulated, then it is only worth its $2 face value.
In 1996 and 1997, 153,600,000 bills were printed[25] as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta. In 2004, 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all twelve Federal Reserve Banks. In all, 220,800,000 notes were printed.[26]
In February 2012, the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes, in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012. Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012.[27][28]
In November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.[29]
Series dates[edit]
Large size[edit]
Series 1880 $2 Legal Tender note showing a large brown treasury seal. The signatures of Blanche Bruce & A. U. Wyman. are present on the obverse near the bottom
Type
Series
Registerα
Treasurerα
Sealα
Notes
Legal Tender Note 1862 Lucius E. Chittenden F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays Also called a "Greenback".
Legal Tender Note 1869 John Allison F.E. Spinner Large Red Nicknamed: "Rainbow Note" from its
red, white, and blue colors.[30]
Legal Tender Note 1874 John Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays
Legal Tender Note 1875 John Allison New & Wyman Small Red w/rays
Legal Tender Note 1878 Allison & Scofield James Gilfillan Small Red w/rays Scofield/Gilfillan combo is scarce
Legal Tender Note 1880 Scofield, Bruce,
Rosecrans, and Tillman Gilfillan, Wyman, Huston,
Nebeker, and Morgan Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped
Legal Tender Note 1917 Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman John Burke & White Small Red scalloped
National Bank Note Original Colby, Jeffries, and Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays Jeffries/Spinner combo is very rare
National Bank Note 1875 Allison & Scofield New, Wyman, and Gilfillan Small Red scalloped Nicknamed: "Lazy Deuce" along with
the original series from the position
of the "2" on the note.[31]
Silver Certificate 1886 William S. Rosecrans Jordan, Hyatt, and Huston Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped
Silver Certificate 1891 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red
Silver Certificate 1891 Rosecrans & Tillman Nebecker & Morgan Small Red scalloped
Silver Certificate 1896 Tillman & Bruce Morgan & Roberts Small Red w/rays Part of the "Educational Series".
Silver Certificate 1899 Lyons, Vernon, Napier,
Parker, Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman Roberts, Treat, McClung,
Thompson, Burke, and White Blue
Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Huston & Nebecker Large Brown
& Small Red scalloped
Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red
Treasury Note 1891 Rosecrans, Tillman, and Bruce Nebecker, Morgan, and Roberts Small Red scalloped
Federal Reserve Bank Note 1918 Teehee & Elliott John Burke Blue Nicknamed: "Battleship note" from
the reverse design.[32]
Small size[edit]
The first small-size $2 Legal Tender Note printed (Smithsonian)
Type
Series
Treasurerα
Secretaryα
Seal
Legal Tender Note 1928, 1928-A to G Tate, Woods, Julian,
Clark Mellon, Mills, Morgenthau,
Vinson, Snyder Red
Legal Tender Note 1953, 1953-A to C Priest, Smith, Granahan Humphrey, Anderson, Dillon Red
Legal Tender Note 1963, 1963-A Kathryn E. Granahan Dillon & Fowler Red
Federal Reserve Note 1976 Francine I. Neff William E. Simon Green
Federal Reserve Note 1995 Mary Ellen Withrow Robert E. Rubin Green
Federal Reserve Note 2003 Rosario Marin John W. Snow Green
Federal Reserve Note 2003-A Anna Escobedo Cabral John W. Snow Green
Federal Reserve Note 2009 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Timothy F. Geithner Green
Federal Reserve Note 2013 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Jack Lew Green
^α These are sourced by The Official Red Book (Whitman).[33]
Visual snapshot[edit]
A chronological display of the American two-dollar bill.
Visual collection of the two-dollar bill throughout the history of the United States.
Usage[edit]
Over five million $2 bills are entered into the database of the American currency-tracking website Where's George?.[34] Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in the surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy.[35]
Use of the two-dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights, particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises.[36][37] Two-dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged, especially in gentlemen's clubs. This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single, higher-denomination bill as the lowest common note in use.[38]
The use of the two-dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University, who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area. The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened no longer to play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations. Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw (Clemson's logo) on the note as a sign of its origin.[39]
During the 1930s, the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet. Because of the German and Jewish influence, the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a "zwei-buck", and the upper right corner "2" was sometimes torn off to increase the luck.[citation needed]
Incidents[edit]
The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale, as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill.
In 2005, a man in Baltimore, Maryland, was jailed for attempting to use $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place.[40]
In 2016, a 13-year-old girl in Texas was detained by police at Fort Bend Independent School District's Christa McAuliffe Middle School and prevented from eating lunch that day for attempting to use a $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria.[41][42]
Uncut currency sheets[edit]
Uncut Currency delivery from BEP.
Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings. Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills. Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston (A), New York (B), Atlanta (F), Chicago (G), Minneapolis (I), and Dallas (K) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation. Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced, although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made. All two-dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth, Texas, (indicated by "FW" preceding the face plate number on the obverse of the note).[26][43][44]
Tipping $2 uncut currency at Starbucks.
Two-Dollar Bill Challenge - Spend only two dollar bills for an entire month.
Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes. A 32-subject sheet, which is the original-size sheet on which the notes are printed, is available. Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32-subject sheet. These include half (16-note), quarter (8-note), and eighth (4-note) sheets for $2 bills. Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values.[45] Uncut sheets of large size notes (issued before 1928) also exist, but are extremely rare.[46]
Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple Inc., has been using $2 banknotes separated from 4-bill uncut sheets (glued together into pads), to surprise merchants and waiters; also, because of the notes' unusual appearance, he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent.[47][48]
It has become common and trendy for patrons of Wolfgang's Steakhouse located on Park Ave in Manhattan to leave a full sheet (or portion thereof) of $2 bills as a tip for service.[49]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program. "Weight of a US Banknote". uscurrency.gov. US Federal Reserve. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Legal Tender Alexander Hamilton: 1862 $2 Currency". The Kennedy Mint. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency". friesian.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Paper Money - Small-size Bicentennial $2 notes". Coinworld.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stone, Suzanne J. (March–April 1976). "The $2 Bill Returns" (PDF). The Economic Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. 62 (2). Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "$2.00 still printed?". Ustreas.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "$2 accepting vending machines". 4mega-vending.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2002. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Use The $2". Retrieved October 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Why $2 bills are thought to be bad luck - clip from The Two Dollar Bill Documentary
Jump up ^ Why are there so few $2 bills?
^ Jump up to: a b "FAQs: Denominations of currency". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ bbbconsumeralert (January 27, 2010). "Sometimes a $2 Bill is Just a $2 Bill". Tucson Citizen.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Spend Tom 2010". Visit California. January 1, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 88–90. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 91. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 97. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 98. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 99. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Stone, Suzanne J. (March–April 1976). "The $2 Bill Returns". Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing. "Annual Production Figures". Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2003A $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Series 2009 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 BEP Production Info via FOIA". WheresGeorge.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Series 2013 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1869 $2 Legal Tender Rainbow Note". usrarecurrency.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kathy Lawrence (May 19, 2011). ""Lazy Deuces" — $2 National Bank Notes". currency.ha.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fred Reed (July 29, 2009). "Battleship Note Projects American Naval Strength". numismaster.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. & Ira S. Friedberg (2014). A guide Book of United States Paper Money 4th Edition. Whitman. pp. 56–68.
Jump up ^ http://www.wheresgeorge.com/wrapper.php?page=denom
Jump up ^ Tad Walch (May 17, 2003). "Geneva workers give their $2 worth". Deseret News. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2A supporters start Buycott to battle the Starbucks Anti-Firearm Boycott". Military Times. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Starbucks "$2 for 2A" Appreciation Day Going Viral". The Truth About Guns. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "$2 bill increasing in use and shedding its 'play-money' image". USA Today. November 7, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clemson University Traditions". Retrieved October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Man arrested, cuffed after using $2 bills". WND.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Girl Detained By Police After Trying to Buy School Lunch with Real $2 Bill". Reason.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lunchroom Lunacy: ISD cops investigate $2 bill spent on school lunch". abc13.com. Retrieved Feb 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Series 1995 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Series 2003 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BEP to Raise Uncut Currency Sheet Prices". coinnews.net. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Large Size. 1896. Silver Certificates. Bound Presentation Set of the First Educational Uncut Sheets. $1, $2, and $5. Fr-224, 247, and 268. PMG Photo Proof Certificates". stacksbowers.com. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Woz and the Secret Service: "The infamous $2 bill incident"". Woz.org. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Woz's $2 bill sheets - The Engadget Show on YouTube (2011-02-01)
Jump up ^ "Wolfgang's Steakhouse". Wikipedia. 2018-03-15.
General
Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money, 17th edition published by Krause Publications
Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 432. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing website
USpapermoney.info
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2 United States dollar banknotes.
The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing's website
USAToday: "$2 bill increasing in use and shedding its 'play-money' image" 2006-11-06.
The Two Dollar Bill project teaches Americans about the history of the $2 bill"
show
v
t
e
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
2nd U.S. Vice President (1797–1801)
1st U.S. Secretary of State (1790–1793)
U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
Delegate, Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding
documents of
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A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
1776 Declaration of Independence
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Jesse Stone (character)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jesse Stone
Created by
Robert B. Parker
Portrayed by
Tom Selleck
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Law enforcement officer
Title
Paradise, Massachusetts
Police Chief
Spouse(s)
Jenn
Nationality
American
Jesse Stone is the lead character in a series of detective novels written by Robert B. Parker. They were among his last works, and the first series in which the novelist used the third-person narrative. The series consists of nine books, starting with Night Passage (1997) and ending with Split Image (2010), which Parker completed before his death in January 2010 but did not live to see published. The series was initially continued by Michael Brandman.[1] In April 2014, Reed Farrel Coleman assumed the writing of the series.[2] The novels have been adapted as nine TV films. The first eight films were commissioned by CBS, and aired from 2005 to 2012.
A ninth film was picked up by the Hallmark Channel, and aired on October 18, 2015.[3] A tenth film is currently in the works for a potential 2018 release.[4]
The character begins the series at about 35 years old. He is a former minor league baseball shortstop whose career was cut short by a shoulder injury. He was raised in Arizona and California.[5] He was asked to resign from his job as a homicide detective for the LAPD Robbery-Homicide Division because of a drinking problem that began after his divorce from his beautiful wife, Jennifer.[6] Showing up drunk to an interview for a job as police chief for the small town of Paradise, Massachusetts (loosely based on the real town of Marblehead, Massachusetts), Stone is hired because the corrupt president of the town board of selectmen thinks he will be easy to control. Stone quickly notices that the town has big league crimes, struggling with the mob, white supremacists, wildly errant wives and a triple homicide, and that his job will be more difficult than he expected. But, he proves up to the task, beginning with making a corruption case against the town council president and arresting him. In the novels Stone typically carries a .38 Special snub-nosed revolver, the same weapon that he carried as a LAPD detective.[7]
The series chronicles Stone's cases as chief of the Paradise Police Department, as well as his struggles with alcohol and his complicated relationship with his ex-wife Jenn. He is respected and well liked by the police officers in the town police department. He develops a good working relationship and friendship with the State Police Homicide Commander, Captain Healy.
The character of Jesse Stone, a deeply troubled man, was a departure for the author. Parker, comparing Stone to Spenser, the protagonist of his first series and the one for which he was best known, said, "Jesse is a much more damaged individual who is coming to terms with himself as he goes along."[5]
There is some overlap of characters with the Spenser books, notably with Healy and Sunny Randall, and (in Night and Day) indirectly with Susan Silverman.
Contents
1 Novels
2 Television adaptations
2.1 Filmography
3 Characters
3.1 Hiatus and relaunch
4 References
5 External links
Novels[edit]
By Robert B. Parker:
Night Passage (September 1997) ISBN 978-0-399-14304-5
Trouble in Paradise (September 1998) ISBN 978-0-399-14433-2
Death in Paradise (October 2001) ISBN 978-0-399-14779-1
Stone Cold (October 2003) ISBN 978-0-399-15087-6
Sea Change (February 2006) ISBN 978-0-399-15267-2
High Profile (February 2007) ISBN 978-0-399-15404-1
Stranger In Paradise (February 2008) ISBN 978-0-399-15460-7
Night and Day (February 2009) ISBN 978-0-399-15541-3
Split Image (February 2010) ISBN 978-0-399-15623-6
By Michael Brandman:
Robert B. Parker's Killing the Blues (September 2011) ISBN 978-0-399-15784-4
Robert B. Parker's Fool Me Twice (September 2012) ISBN 978-0-399-15949-7
Robert B. Parker's Damned If You Do (September 2013) ISBN 978-0-399-15950-3
By Reed Farrel Coleman
Robert B. Parker's Blind Spot, G.P. Putnam (September 2014) ISBN 978-0-399-16945-8
Robert B. Parker's The Devil Wins, G.P. Putnam (2015)[8]
Robert B. Parker's Debt to Pay, G.P. Putnam (September 13, 2016) ISBN 978-0-399-17143-7
Robert B. Parker's The Hangman's Sonnet, G.P. Putnam (September 12, 2017) ISBN 978-0-399-17144-4
Robert B. Parker's Colorblind G.P. Putnam's Sons (September 11, 2018) ISBN 978-0399574948
Television adaptations[edit]
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CBS (and later the Hallmark Channel) adapted the novels as a series of movie specials starring Tom Selleck in the title role; the first was aired in 2005 and the most recent in 2015. Robert Harmon has directed all but one of the films (Dick Lowry directed Jesse Stone: Innocents Lost), and Jeff Beal has provided original music. Selections from the scores of all the movies to date were released on a limited edition CD by Varèse Sarabande in 2009.
The movies begin out of sequence but stay relatively true to storylines and character, with exceptions made mostly for television network viewing. With the fifth film, Selleck and Michael Brandman took over the screen writing, and took the films in new directions. The town council forced Jesse Stone out of his job as the Paradise Chief of Police. The council dubbed it "early retirement" and granted Stone a partial pension. (As a retired sworn officer, Stone was also granted the right to carry concealed firearms, without having a "concealed carry" permit, which he usually did). Jesse Stone uses a Smith & Wesson SW1911SC .45 ACP pistol throughout the series.[9] The head of the town council wanted to install his son-in-law as the new police chief.
Captain Healey hires Stone as an occasional "temporary consultant" to assist on certain state police investigations. Stone insists that he will get back his old job as chief. In the eighth film of the series, Stone is restored as the Chief of Police after the incumbent is murdered. The chairman of the town council asks Stone to return as Chief and catch the killer. Stone's buddy, his Golden Retriever Reggie (played by Joe the dog), watches over Stone and plays an important supporting role in the series.
Tom Selleck plays the character as straight from the novels as possible; he is older (late fifties/early sixties vs. late thirties in the books) than Stone. The author, Robert B. Parker, said that he found the Jesse Stone movies the most accurate television adaptations of his novels. On his blog, he wrote that "Tom nails the character".[10]
The cast of the films has included the following regular characters:
Kohl Sudduth as Officer Luther "Suitcase" Simpson.
Kathy Baker as Officer Rose Gammon.
Viola Davis as Officer Molly Crane. The character was replaced by Rose Gammon in Sea Change.
Vito Rezza as Officer Anthony D'Angelo, a Paradise Police deputy. The character was written out of the series in Benefit of the Doubt.
Stephen McHattie as Captain Healy, head of the Massachusetts State Police Homicide Division.
William Devane as Dr. Dix, a former cop turned therapist, whom Stone sees for help with his drinking and other personal issues.
Saul Rubinek as Hastings "Hasty" Hathaway, an auto salesman and formerly corrupt town council president who befriends Stone.
William Sadler as Gino Fish, an organized crime boss who likes Stone, despite them being on opposite sides of the law. Gino sometimes assists Stone on cases with information.
Filmography[edit]
Stone Cold (February 20, 2005)
Jesse Stone: Night Passage (January 15, 2006) a prequel to Stone Cold
Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise (April 30, 2006)
Jesse Stone: Sea Change (May 22, 2007)
Jesse Stone: Thin Ice (March 1, 2009)
Jesse Stone: No Remorse (May 9, 2010)
Jesse Stone: Innocents Lost (May 22, 2011)
Jesse Stone: Benefit of the Doubt (May 20, 2012)
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise (October 18, 2015)[3]
Untitled Jesse Stone Project (TBA 2018)[4]
Characters[edit]
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
Character
Film
Stone Cold
Night Passage
Death In Paradise
Sea Change
Thin Ice
No Remorse
Innocents Lost
Benefit of the Doubt
Lost in Paradise
Jesse Stone
Tom Selleck
"Suitcase" Simpson
Kohl Sudduth
Captain Healy
Stephen McHattie
Molly Crane
Viola Davis
Anthony D'Angelo
Vito Rezza Vito Rezza
Dr. Perkins
John Beale John Beale
Carter Hansen
Jeremy Ackerman Jeremy Ackerman
Comden
Tom Gallant Tom Gallant
Jenn
Sylvia Villagran Gil Anderson Gil Anderson
Reggie
Joe the Dog Joe the Dog
Abby Taylor
Polly Shannon
H. Henry Uppman
David Christoffel David Christoffel David Christoffel
Hasty Hathaway
Saul Rubinek Saul Rubinek Saul Rubinek
Cissy Hathaway
Stephanie March Krista Allen
Carol Genest
Liisa Repo-Martel
Dr. Dix
William Devane
Sister Mary John
Kerri Smith Kerri Smith Kerri Smith
Emily Bishop
Mae Whitman Mae Whitman
Rose Gammon
Kathy Baker
Gino Fish
William Sadler
Alan Garner
Todd Hofley
Laura
Laura Kohoot Laura Kohoot Laura Kohoot
William Butler
Gary Levert Jeff Geddis
Sydney Greenstreet
Leslie Hope Leslie Hope
Steven
Christopher Killam
Thelma Gleffey
Gloria Reuben
Amanda
Christine Tizzard
Steve
Ned the Dog
Hiatus and relaunch[edit]
Although Jesse Stone: Benefit of the Doubt attracted nearly 13 million viewers when CBS aired it on May 20, 2012, producer Michael Brandman told Variety a few days later that he and Tom Selleck had been notified that CBS would not be ordering any more episodes. They said the film attracted older viewers, and CBS is moving away from movies and specials in favor of shorter duration TV series.[11] Selleck noted that the movies were expensive to produce, and he had his own money invested in the last few. Selleck said he was not finished with the Stone character.[12] When interviewed by NBC's "Popcornbiz" in August 2012, he said,
Well, right now CBS hasn't ordered another one. That's nothing new. They always seem to order them one at a time even though we kind of hit home runs, which is frustrating. So I'm not sure whether this is the last 'Jesse' or not. I don't think it will be, because there are so many other markets, cable and everything, that I think would want the series.[13]
On March 4, 2015, Hallmark Mysteries & Movies announced it had picked up a ninth film.[14] Selleck himself indicated he was grateful to Hallmark, however he had to produce the movie with $1 million less budget than what CBS provided for the last film done for the network. Only Selleck, Kohl Sudduth, William Devane, and William Sadler returned for the ninth film, with the balance of the cast being new characters. It aired on October 18, 2015.[3] Hallmark has the right to air a tenth film that is scheduled to be aired in 2018.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shanahan, Mark; Meredith Goldstein (April 28, 2011). "Parker's series live on". Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ Deahl, Rachel (April 7, 2014). "Coleman to Handle Jesse Stone for Putnam". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "'Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise' Debuts Oct. 18 on Hallmark Channel". Variety. August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Exclusive: Tom Selleck Talks the Blue Bloods Season 7 Finale and the Next Jesse Stone Movie". May 5, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert B. Parker interview—Penguin Group (Canada)
Jump up ^ Parker, Robert (2006). Blue Screen. New York, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-15351-9
Jump up ^ Night Passage (September 1997) ISBN 978-0-399-14304-5
Jump up ^ "Reed Farrel Coleman". Beaks and Geeks Podcast @9:20. June 10, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Robert B. Parker: Selleck and other matters - Typepad. July 2007
Jump up ^ Variety, May 25, 2012: 'Jesse Stone' over at CBS Retrieved 2012-09-01
Jump up ^ Zap2it, May 20, 2012: 'Jesse Stone: Benefit of the Doubt' may be Tom Selleck's last Stone turn at CBS Archived May 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-09-01
Jump up ^ 5 NBC Chicago Popcornbiz, Aug 10, 2012: "Tom Selleck Back to his Sleuthing Ways", Retrieved 2012-09-01
Jump up ^ "New 'Jesse Stone' Movie Ordered By Hallmark; Tom Selleck Returns As Star". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (2016-04-22). "TV Q&A: 'Blue Bloods,' 'Jesse Stone' and news anchor jewelry". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
External links[edit]
Jesse Stone at Robert Parker's website
Megan Walsh-Boyle interview with Tom Selleck - TV Guide - May 2007
Jesse Stone novels at the Internet Movie Database
Stone Cold
Jesse Stone: Night Passage
Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise
Jesse Stone: Sea Change
Jesse Stone: Thin Ice
Jesse Stone: No Remorse
hide
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Robert B. Parker's Jesse Stone
Novels
Night Passage (1997)
Trouble in Paradise (1998)
Death in Paradise (2001)
Stone Cold (2003)
Sea Change (2006)
High Profile (2007)
Stranger in Paradise (2008)
Night and Day (2009)
Split Image (2010)
Films
Stone Cold (2005)
Night Passage (2006)
Death in Paradise (2006)
Sea Change (2007)
Thin Ice (2009)
No Remorse (2010)
Innocents Lost (2011)
Benefit of the Doubt (2012)
Lost in Paradise (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Stone_(character)&oldid=858855250"
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text:
An Inquiry into the Good
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An Inquiry into the Good
Cover of an English translation
Author
Kitaro Nishida
Original title
Zen no kenkyū
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Subject
Ethics
Published
1911 (in Japanese)
1960 (in English)
Media type
Print
ISBN
978-0300052336
An Inquiry into the Good, also known as A Study of Good, (Japanese: 善の研究, Zen no kenkyū) is a 1911 book by Kitaro Nishida, the foremost Japanese philosopher of the 20th century and founding father of the Kyoto School.[1] The work has been described as a masterpiece.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Summary
3 Influence and reception
4 References
4.1 Footnotes
4.2 Bibliography
Background[edit]
The work was made possible by the Japanese interest in western philosophy that began with the Meiji Restoration of 1868.[2]
Summary[edit]
Nishida articulates a system of thought based on the Zen Buddhist experience in terms borrowed from French, German, and Anglo-American philosophy, psychology, and natural science. Drawing on William James and Henri Bergson, he develops a philosophy based on "pure experience" as that which underlies the subject-object relation.[1] Pure experience does not contain any cognitive perception of oppositions such as those of subject and object, body and mind, and time and space. Nishida aimed to use the concept to define the value of religious experience. By transcending the dichotomous standpoint, Nishida opens a new metaphysical passage to the consideration of immediate experience absent all intervention by judgmental reflection. Nishida, who did not consider ethical problems separate from the problem of self for each individual, understood pure experience to be the realization of true selfhood. The good is the perfection of true individuality, the only foundation for the well-being of all humanity.[3]
Influence and reception[edit]
A path-breaking work, An Inquiry into the Good is Nishida's best known accomplishment.[1] Author Ninian Smart writes that the book "struck many readers as the first truly creative work by a Japanese that did not merely repeat western ideas, and yet made use of modern thinking and terminology." The work was, however, criticized by the philosopher Takahashi Satomi, who found the subjectivism of "pure experience" too psychological.[4] Graham Parkes has described An Inquiry into the Good as a "masterpiece".[2]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Parkes 2005. p. 659.
^ Jump up to: a b Parkes 2005. p. 458.
Jump up ^ Machida 1995. p. 384.
Jump up ^ Smart 2008. pp. 426, 430.
Bibliography[edit]
Books
Machida, Soho (1995). McGreal, Ian P., ed. Great Thinkers of the Eastern World. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-06-270085-5.
Parkes, Graham (2005). Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926479-1.
Smart, Ninian (2008). Leaman, Oliver, ed. World Philosophies, Revised Second Edition. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41189-9.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Inquiry_into_the_Good&oldid=779108325"
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Kyoto School
Zen
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