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Amir Khusrow
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Aamir Khusrow
Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushshaq by Husayn Bayqarah.
Background information
Birth name
Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau
Born
1253
Patiyali, Delhi Sultanate
Died
October 1325 (aged 71-72)
Delhi, Delhi Sultanate
Genres
Ghazal, Qawwali, Ruba'i, Tarana
Occupation(s)
Sufi, musician, poet, composer, author, scholar
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Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325) (Urdu: ابوالحسن یمین‌الدین خسرو), better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī, was a Sufi musician, poet and scholar from the Indian subcontinent. He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. He was a mystic and a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi. He wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi. A vocabulary in verse, the Ḳhāliq Bārī, containing Arabic, Persian, and Hindavi terms is often attributed to him.[1] Khusrow is sometimes referred to as the "voice of India" (Tuti-e-Hind), and has been called the "father of Urdu literature."[2][3][4][5]
Khusrow is regarded as the "father of qawwali" (a devotional music form of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the ghazal style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.[6][7] Khusrow was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in medieval Persia, from Khāqānī's qasidas to Nizami's khamsa. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.[8]
Alexander Visits the Sage Plato, from the Khamsa of Amir Khusrow
Contents
[hide]
1 Family background
2 Early years
3 Career
4 Qawwali
5 Legacy
5.1 Development of Hindavi
5.2 700th Birth Anniversary
6 Shalimar Bagh Inscription
7 Works
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 Further reading
12 External links
Family background[edit]
Amīr Khusrow was born in 1253 at Patiyali near Etah in modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India, in what was then the Delhi Sultanate, the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man of Turkic extraction, by his Indian Rajput wife Bibi Daulatnaz.
Amīr Khusrow's father, Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, was born a member of the Lachin tribe of Transoxania, themselves belonging to the Kara-Khitai set of Turkic tribes.[8][9][10] He belonged to Kesh, a small town near Samarkhand in what is now Uzbekistan, and that is where he grew up. When he was a young man, that country was despoiled and ravaged by Genghis Khan's invasion of Central Asia, and much of the population fled to other lands, India being a favored destination. Amir Saif ud-Din migrated from his hometown of Kesh to Balkh (now in northern Afghanistan), which was a relatively safe place; from here, they sent representations seeking refuge and succour to the Sultan of distant Delhi. This was granted, and the group then travelled to Delhi. Sultan Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, ruler of Delhi, was himself a Turk like them; indeed, he had been raised in the same region of central Asia, and had undergone somewhat similar circumstances in earlier life. He not only welcomed the refugees to his court but also granted high offices and landed estates to some of them. Iltutmish provided shelter and lavish patronage to exiled princes, artisans, scholars and rich nobles. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was granted a fief in the district of Patiyali.
Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulatnaz, the daughter of Rawat Arz of the Rajput caste who was the famous war minister of Ghiyas ud-Din Balban, the ninth Sultan of Delhi. Daulatnaz's family belonged to the Rajput community of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.[10][11]
Early years[edit]
Amir Saif ud-Din and his Rajput-born Indian wife Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of four children: three sons (one of whom was Khusrow) and a daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrow was only seven years old. After the death of her husband, Khusrow's mother moved back to her father's house in Delhi with her children. It was thus in the house of his Rajput maternal grandfather, Rawat Arz (known by his title as Imad-ul-Mulk), that Khusrow was raised. He thus grew up very close to the culture and traditions of Indian society, and was not alienated from real Indian society in the way that the ruling Turkic classes may have been. He grew up rooted in his environment, and not hankering after some foreign land. Over and over again in his poetry, and throughout his life, he affirmed that he was Indian and nothing else ("I have not the noteds of Misr or fars he says).
Khusrow was an intelligent child. He started learning and writing poetry at the age of eight. His first divan, Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. In 1273, when Khusrow was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years old, died.
Career[edit]
After Khusrow's grandfather's death, Khusrow joined the army of Malik Chajju, a nephew of the reigning Sultan, Ghiyas ud-Din Balban. This brought his poetry to the attention of the Assembly of the Royal Court where he was honored.
Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan, the second son of Balban, was invited to listen to Khusrow. He was impressed and became Khusrow's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then appointed ruler of Bengal, and Khusrow visited him in 1279 while writing his second divan, Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life). Khusrow then returned to Delhi. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in Multan), arrived in Delhi, and when he heard about Khusrow he invited him to his court. Khusrow then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from Baghdad, Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrow wrote that:
I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.
On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed in battle while fighting Mongols who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrow wrote two elegies in grief of his death. In 1287, Khusrow travelled to Awadh with another of his patrons, Amir Ali Hatim. At the age of eighty, Balban called his second son Bughra Khan back from Bengal, but Bughra Khan refused. After Balban's death in 1287, his grandson Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Delhi at the age of 17. Khusrow remained in Qaiqabad's service for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288 Khusrow finished his first masnavi, Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), which was about Bughra Khan meeting his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. After Qaiqabad suffered a stroke in 1290, nobles appointed his three-year-old son Shams ud-Din Kayumars as Sultan. A Turk named Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji then marched on Delhi, killed Qaiqabad and became Sultan, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and starting the Khalji dynasty.
Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated poetry and invited many poets to his court. Khusrow was honoured and respected in his court and was given the title "Amir". He was given the job of "Mushaf-dar". Court life made Khusrow focus more on his literary works. Khusrow's ghazals which he composed in quick succession were set to music and were sung by singing girls every night before the Sultan. Khusrow writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz:
The King of the world Jalal ud-Din, in reward for my infinite pain which I undertook in composing verses, bestowed upon me an unimaginable treasure of wealth.
In 1290 Khusrow completed his second masnavi, Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to the Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294 Khusrow completed his third divan, Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime of Perfection), which consisted of poems composed between the ages of 34 and 41.
After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, Ala ud-Din Khalji ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. Khusrow wrote the Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures of Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's construction works, wars and administrative services. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, known as Khamsa-e-Khusrow (Khamsa of Khusrow), completing it in 1298. The khamsa emulated that of the earlier poet of Persian epics, Nizami Ganjavi. The first masnavi in the khamsa was Matla ul-Anwar (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with ethical and Sufi themes. The second masnavi, Khusrow-Shirin, consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, Laila-Majnun, was a romance. The fourth voluminous masnavi was Aina-e-Sikandari, which narrated the heroic deeds of Alexander the Great in 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was Hasht-Bihisht, which was based on legends about Bahram V, the fifteenth king of the Sasanian Empire. All these works made Khusrow a leading luminary in the world of poetry. Ala ud-Din Khalji was highly pleased with his work and rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future successor Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji was born, Khusrow prepared the horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is included in the masnavi Saqiana.[12]
In 1300, when Khusrow was 47 years old, his mother and brother died. He wrote these lines in their honour:
A double radiance left my star this year
Gone are my brother and my mother,
My two full moons have set and ceased to shine
In one short week through this ill-luck of mine.
Khusrow's homage to his mother on her death was:
Where ever the dust of your feet is found is like a relic of paradise for me.
In 1310 Khusrow became close to a Sufi saint of the Chishti Order, Nizamuddin Auliya. In 1315, Khusrow completed the romantic masnavi Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), about the marriage of the Vaghela princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.
After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi. Khusrow wrote a masnavi on Mubarak Shah Khalji called Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), which described the events of Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign. He classified his poetry in nine chapters, each part of which is considered a "sky". In the third chapter he wrote a vivid account of India and its environment, seasons, flora and fauna, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign by name of Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrow), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrow compiled Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), a work of prose that contained the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.
In 1320 Mubarak Shah Khalji was killed by Khusro Khan, who thus ended the Khalji dynasty and briefly became Sultan of Delhi. Within the same year, Khusro Khan was captured and beheaded by Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, who became Sultan and thus began the Tughlaq dynasty. In 1321 Khusrow began to write a historic masnavi named Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs) about the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.
Khusrow died in October 1325, six months after the death of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrow's tomb is next to that of his spiritual master in the Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi.[13] Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death.
Qawwali[edit]
Play media
Friday evening qawwali at the Tomb of Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Khusrow is credited with fusing the Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Indian musical traditions in the late 13th century to create qawwali, a form of Sufi devotional music.[14] Qaul (Arabic: قَوْل) is an "utterance (of the prophet)", Qawwāl is someone who often repeats (sings) a Qaul, and Qawwāli is what a Qawwāl sings. The word sama is often still used in Central Asia and Turkey to refer to forms very similar to qawwali.
Legacy[edit]
An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrow's poems.
Amir Khusrow was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful riddles, songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of Hindavi poetry today.[15] It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.[15] Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.[15] Through his literary output, Khusrow represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, tarana and khyal, but there is insufficient evidence for this.[16][17]
Amir Khusro’s putative associations with the Tarana run much deeper. One of the most persistent legends of Hindustani music relates to the encounter between Amir Khusro, who was then associated with the court of emperor Allauddin Khalji, and Gopal Nayak, court-musician to the king of Devagiri. Allauddin commanded Gopal Nayak to present the Raga Kadambak for six evenings running. During the entire performance, Khusro lay concealed under the emperor’s throne, and stealthily absorbed all that the Nayak had sung. On the seventh day, he astonished everyone present in the court by reproducing all that Gopal Nayak had presented. However, since he couldn’t follow the Nayak’s language, he substituted the text of the compositions with meaningless syllables. And that is how the Tarana was born! (Willard 1834: 121) [18]
Development of Hindavi[edit]
Khusrow wrote primarily in Persian. Many Hindustani (historically known as Hindavi) verses are attributed to him, although there is no evidence for their composition by Khusrow before the 18th century.[19][20] The language of the Hindustani verses appear to be relatively modern. He also wrote a war ballad in Punjabi.[21] In addition, he spoke Arabic and Sanskrit.[10][22][23][24][25][26][27] His poetry is still sung today at Sufi shrines throughout Pakistan and India.
700th Birth Anniversary[edit]
In 1976 the renowned Pakistani musician Khurshid Anwar played a key role in observing the 700th birth anniversary of Amir Khusrow. Since he was also a musicologist, he wrote one of his rare music articles on Amir Khusrow, "A gift to posterity". In addition, he actively planned music events and activities throughout 1976. In Pakistan, Anwar had also been praised for his efforts to keep alive classical music not only through his many film compositions in Pakistan, but also through his unique collection of classical music performances recorded by EMI Pakistan, known as Aahang-e-Khusravi in two parts in 1978. The second part of the Aahang-e-Khusravi recordings was known as Gharanon Ki Gaiyki which consisted of audio recordings of representatives of the main gharanas of classical singers in Pakistan on 20 audio cassettes. All this was meant to be a tribute to Amir Khusrow.[28]
Shalimar Bagh Inscription[edit]
Inscribed in the top terrace of the Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar (now in Jammu and Kashmir, India), are some famous phrases in Persian, which are sometimes attributed to Khusrow, although are not found in any of his written works:
Agar Firdaus bar ru-ye zamin ast,
Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast.
In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."[29][30][31] This verse is also found on several Mughal structures, supposedly in reference to Kashmir.[32]
Works[edit]
Mughal illustrated page from the Hasht-Bihisht, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrow's first divan, contains poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18.
Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrow's second divan.
Qiran us-Sa’dain (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), 1289 - Khusrow's first masnavi, which detailed the historic meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity.
Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrow's second masnavi, in praise of the victories of Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.
Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrow between the ages of 34 and 41.
Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - details of Ala ud-Din Khalji's construction works, wars, and administrative services.
Khamsa-e-Khusrow (Khamsa of Khusrow), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of five masnavis: Matla ul-Anwar, Khusrow-Shirin, Laila-Majnun, Aina-e-Sikandari and Hasht-Bihisht.
Saqiana - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji.
Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy about the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan.
Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrow's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of India and its culture.
Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrow) - an assortment of prose consisting of five volumes.
Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrow at the age of 64.
Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose containing the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.
Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty.
Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrow probably a few weeks before his death.
Qissa Chahar Dervesh (The Tale of the Four Dervishes) - a dastan told by Khusrow to Nizamuddin Auliya, resulting in Auliya becoming cured from his illness.
Ḳhāliq Bārī - a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi words and phrases often attributed to Amir Khusrow. Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani argued that it was completed in 1622 in Gwalior by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.[33]
Jawahir-e-Khusravi - a divan often dubbed as Khusrow's Hindavi divan.
See also[edit]
Poetry portal
Indian literature
List of Persian poets and authors
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rashid, Omar (23 July 2012). "Chasing Khusro". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Amīr Khosrow - Indian poet".
Jump up ^ Jaswant Lal Mehta (1980). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 9788120706170.
Jump up ^ Bakshi, Shiri Ram; Mittra, Sangh (2002). Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti. Criterion.
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, Vivek Ranjan (1982). Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages. Sagar Publications.
Jump up ^ Latif, Syed Abdulla (1979) [1958]. An Outline of the Cultural History of India. Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers). p. 334. ISBN 81-7069-085-4.
Jump up ^ Regula Burckhardt Qureshi, Harold S. Powers. Sufi Music of India. Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1989), pp. 702–705. doi:10.2307/604123.
^ Jump up to: a b Schimmel, A. "Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Eisenbrauns Inc. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Амир Хосров Дехлеви", Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1970 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Central Asia and Iran". www.angelfire.com.
Jump up ^ Asad, Muhammad (16 February 2018). "Islamic Culture". Islamic Culture Board – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Hazrat Mehboob-E-Elahi (RA)". www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org.
Jump up ^ Nizamuddin Auliya
Jump up ^ "'Aaj rang hai' - Qawwali revisited". TwoCircle.net. Retrieved 2013-03-08. , Retrieved 16 September 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c Sharma, Sunil (2005). Amir Khusraw : the poet of Sufis and sultans. Oxford: Oneworld. p. 79. ISBN 1851683623.
Jump up ^ "'Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Music Practices of Pakistan'".
Jump up ^ "'Amir Khusro and his influence on Indian classical music'".
Jump up ^ Willard, N. Augustus (1834). A Treatise on the Music of Hindoostan. Calcutta.
Jump up ^ Losensky, Paul E. (15 July 2013). "In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amir Khusrau". Penguin UK – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Khusrau's Hindvi Poetry, An Academic Riddle? Yousuf Saeed, 2003
Jump up ^ Tariq, Rahman. "Punjabi Language during British Rule" (PDF). JPS. 14 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Habib, Mohammad (16 February 2018). "Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi". Islamic Book Service – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Asad, Muhammad (16 February 2018). "Islamic Culture". Islamic Culture Board – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (16 February 1975). "Amir Khusrau: Memorial Volume". Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (16 February 1975). "Amir Khusrau: Memorial Volume". Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Devy, G. N. (16 February 2018). "Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation". Orient Blackswan – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (16 February 1975). "Amir Khusrau: Memorial Volume". Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ http://films.hindi-movies-songs.com/k-anwar.html, Pakistani musician Khurshid Anwar's tribute to Amir Khusrow in 1976 on his 700th Birth Anniversary, Retrieved 18 Jan 2017
Jump up ^ Rajan, Anjana (29 April 2011). "Window to Persia". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
Jump up ^ India, Press Trust of (7 September 2013). "Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerises Kashmir" – via Business Standard.
Jump up ^ "Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - The Times of India". The Times Of India.
Jump up ^ Blake, Stephen P. (30 April 2002). "Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739". Cambridge University Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Shīrānī, Ḥāfiż Mahmūd. "Dībācha-ye duvum [Second Preface]." In Ḥifż ’al-Lisān (a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī), edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.
Further reading[edit]
E.G. Browne. Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998. ISBN 0-7007-0406-X
Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K
R.M. Chopra, "The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", Iran Culture House New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata, 2nd Ed. 2013.
Sunil Sharma, Amir Khusraw: Poets of Sultans and Sufis. Oxford: Oneworld Press, 2005.
Paul Losensky and Sunil Sharma, In the Bazaar of Love: Selected Poetry of Amir Khusrau. New Delhi: Penguin, 2011.
R.M. Chopra, "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, ISBN 978-81-89140-75-5
Further reading[edit]
Important Works of Amir Khusrau (Complete)
The Khaza'inul Futuh (Treasures of Victory) of Hazarat Amir Khusrau of Delhi English Translation by Muhammad Habib (AMU). 1931.
Poems of Amir Khusrau The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866-177. page 523-566.
Táríkh-i 'Aláí; or, Khazáínu-l Futúh, of Amír Khusrú The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866-177. Page:67-92.
For greater details refer to "Great Poets of Classical Persian" by R. M. Chopra, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, (ISBN 978-81-89140-75-5)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amir Khusrow.
Works by Amir Khusraw Dihlavi at Project Gutenberg
Works by Amir Khusrow at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrow at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 76503034
LCCN: n79065219
ISNI: 0000 0001 0124 0717
GND: 11884783X
SELIBR: 35469
SUDOC: 073341630
BNF: cb13929460p (data)
BIBSYS: 90636968
MusicBrainz: b8ee65ce-8592-4b22-9e07-37fe233bdf29
NLA: 35006030
ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\121957
SNAC: w6057qd8
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Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrow&oldid=836424912"
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Middle College High School at LaGuardia Community College
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Middle College High School
Address
45-35 Van Dam Street (Long Island City, NY)
Coordinates
40°44′42″N 73°56′02″W / 40.74499°N 73.9338°W / 40.74499; -73.9338Coordinates: 40°44′42″N 73°56′02″W / 40.74499°N 73.9338°W / 40.74499; -73.9338
Information
Type
Public high school, (Specialized/Non-SHSAT)
Established
1974
Faculty
30+
Grades
9–12
Enrollment
500+
Color(s)
Red and White (Green, Black and White for sports teams under Robert F. Wagner HS banner)
Mascot
Panthers
Website
www.mchslic.com
Middle College High School at LaGuardia Community College (MCHS) is a public high school located on the campus of LaGuardia Community College in the Long Island City neighborhood in Queens, New York City, New York, United States. MCHS houses approximately 500 students in 45-35 Van Dam Street, the former L building of LaGuardia College's campus. It is a school within the New York City Department of Education. It is a member of the Middle College National Consortium.
Contents
[hide]
1 About
2 Early College Program
3 Athletics
4 External links
About[edit]
Housed on the LaGuardia Community College campus and founded in 1974 as one of the city's first alternative high schools, Middle College is designed for students who would flounder in a traditional high school setting. It is recognized for its success in turning around at-risk students and is one of 209 schools that the chancellor exempted from the citywide uniform curriculum mandated in 2003. It is also one of 29 schools that the city Department of Education selected for a pilot program that grants schools more freedom in curriculum and budget matters if they adhere to higher standards.
Middle College offers a more collegiate and independent atmosphere than a typical high school. Helping students to blend in, rather than be set apart from the greater college environment. Middle College is a five-year, early college model where students take classes not only for high school but also for college credit at LaGuardia. After completing four years at Middle College, students can earn a diploma and at least 12 or more college credits. If they stay at the school for a fifth year, they can receive an associate's college degree as well.
As a member of the New York Performance Consortium, MCHS has a waiver from the city and state of New York for NY State Regents Exams. Students are only required to take and pass the NY State English Regents, another move away from traditional high-stakes testing. Under the waiver, students are required to create a portfolio of final projects from their classes during their time at MCHS. In 10th grade, students participate in a "Gateway Presentation". Students are mentored and must present a final project from 9th or 10th grade to a panel of students and teachers. In 12th grade, as a graduation requirement, students must do an "Oral Defense Presentation", in which they must present three projects to a panel of teachers. Students are given a faculty mentor as a senior in order to prepare for their presentation.
Classes run on 55-minute schedules, with eight periods per day. Half-days are granted on Wednesday where classes run on 40-minutes. Students are given more autonomy than average high school students, where they are on an open campus. In addition, students and teachers are on first-name basis, creating for a casual learning environment.
Early College Program[edit]
In 1974, an innovative educational dream became a reality. Middle College High School, a public secondary school committed to meeting the academic, vocational and affective needs of under-served youth, opened its doors on the campus of LaGuardia Community College in New York City. The dream was grand: To provide a seamless secondary post-secondary educational continuum, use innovative curricula and pedagogy, and create a small nurturing environment. The mix of these elements together with the power of the site, a high school on a college campus, would produce an exciting path to learning for students who have traditionally been the least well served by public education.
The intended outcomes were noble: To decrease the high school dropout rate and increase the college-going and completion rate. The location of the high schools on college campuses would symbolically signal these under-served students that a college education was possible and the natural, logical next step. Their fellow students would be college students with similar socioeconomic backgrounds who overcame similar obstacles to learning. Financially both institutions would profit from the cost effective sharing of resources and a reduction in college level remediation courses.
Transforming the dream into a reality was complex. An educational collaboration between a high school and a college required two traditionally closed institutions to examine the assumptions that had allowed each to exist as if the other did not. It needed their financial, administrative and programmatic support to create a hybrid institution of learning for under-served youth. A dedicated, visionary cadre of administrators and faculty came forward, pursued the dream and persisted in making it a reality. The dropout rate decreased, attendance and course pass rates increased, graduation rates exceeded 80%, and college-going rates soared to better than 85%
Athletics[edit]
Middle College High School athletics is affiliated with International High School and Robert F. Wagner High School located in Long Island City, NY. All teams play under the Robert F. Wagner banner in the Public School Athletic League (PSAL). The school offers participation in 13 sports during the school year.
External links[edit]
Middle College High School
Middle College High School (DOE Page)
Middle College National Consortium
New York Performance Consortium
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8 Simple Rules
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
8 Simple Rules
Original title card
Also known as
8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter (season 1–2)
Created by
Tracy Gamble
Based on
8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter by W. Bruce Cameron
Starring
John Ritter
Katey Sagal
Kaley Cuoco
Amy Davidson
Martin Spanjers
James Garner
David Spade
Composer(s)
Dan Foliart
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
76 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Tom Shadyac
Michael Bostick (entire run)
Tracy Gamble (seasons 1–2)
Flody Suarez (seasons 1–2)
James Widdoes (seasons 2–3)
Judd Pillot
John Peaslee (season 3)
Camera setup
Film; Multi-camera
Running time
22 minutes
Production company(s)
Shady Acres Entertainment
FlodyCo
Tracy Gamble Productions (season 3)
Touchstone Television
Distributor
Buena Vista Television
(U.S. syndication)
Buena Vista International Television
(international syndication)
Release
Original network
ABC
Picture format
16:9
480i (SDTV)
720p (HDTV)
Original release
September 17, 2002 (2002-09-17) – April 15, 2005 (2005-04-15)
8 Simple Rules (originally 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter for the first season) is an American sitcom, originally starring John Ritter and Katey Sagal as middle-class parents Paul and Cate Hennessy raising a family of three. Kaley Cuoco, Amy Davidson and Martin Spanjers co-starred as their teenage kids; Bridget, Kerry and Rory Hennessy. The series ran on ABC from September 17, 2002 to April 15, 2005. The first season focused on Paul being left in charge of the kids after Cate takes a full-time job as a nurse, with comedic emphasis on his often strict rules concerning his daughters and dating. The series' name and premise were derived from the book 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter: And Other Tips from a Beleaguered Father (Not That Any of Them Work) by W. Bruce Cameron.[1]
While 8 Simple Rules was renewed for a second season and production had begun, Ritter's sudden death in September 2003 left the series in an uncertain position. After a hiatus, the series returned and continued without Ritter, with the producers deciding to kill off Paul and not replace him. James Garner and David Spade later joined the main cast as Cate's father and nephew, Jim Egan and C.J. Barnes, in an attempt to fill the void left by Ritter. After three seasons, ABC cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005 due to low ratings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Production
2.1 Ritter's death
2.2 Third season and cancellation
3 Cast of characters
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring cast
4 Episodes
5 Syndication
6 DVD releases
7 Accolades
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
The rules are:
Use your hands on my daughter and you'll lose them after.
You make her cry, I make you cry.
Safe sex is a myth. Anything you try will be hazardous to your health.
Bring her home late, there's no next date.
If you pull into my driveway and honk, you better be dropping off a package because you're sure not picking anything up (Alternative rule #5: Only delivery men honk. Dates ring the doorbell. Once.)
No complaining while you're waiting for her. If you're bored, change my oil.
If your pants hang off your hips, I'll gladly secure them with my staple gun.
Dates must be in crowded public places. You want romance? Read a book.
The third season (after Ritter's death) took a creative turn, revolving more around cousin C.J. (David Spade) and grandfather Jim (James Garner), than the immediate Hennessy family, more specifically not revolving around the raising of the Hennessy girls. After the novelty of newly added ensemble characters wore off, the series returned to its original format.
Production[edit]
Ritter's death[edit]
The first three episodes of the series' second season had been completed when Ritter experienced discomfort during a rehearsal on the afternoon of September 11, 2003.[2] Crew members took him to a nearby hospital, Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center, where he was misdiagnosed as having a heart attack and as a result, his condition had worsened when physicians later diagnosed him with an aortic dissection, and he died that evening at the age of 54.[3][4][5] Following Ritter's death, ABC announced that 8 Simple Rules would continue after a hiatus, and would incorporate the death of his character. The three new episodes that Ritter completed were aired with Sagal introducing them.
8 Simple Rules returned two months after Ritter's death with a one-hour episode, "Goodbye", which was turned into a tribute to Ritter's character. Subsequent episodes dealt with the family's reaction to his death and how they moved on from it. The first four post-Ritter episodes were shot without a live audience with James Garner and Suzanne Pleshette guest-starring as Cate's strict parents and David Spade guest-starring as Cate's wayward nephew, C.J. Barnes. Garner and Spade later received starring roles in order to fill the void left by Ritter for the remainder of the series' run.
Third season and cancellation[edit]
Before Ritter's death, 8 Simple Rules ranked 42nd in the Nielsen ratings. After Ritter's death, it had slipped to 50th, but was renewed for a third season, in which ABC moved the series to Friday at 8:00 pm as part of its TGIF comedy line-up. The series' creator and showrunner, Tracy Gamble, left the series for a time over creative differences prior to the third season, but he later returned as a consulting producer midway through the third season. Gamble was replaced by Judd Pillot and John Peaslee, who had performed the same role in the final season of Spade's sitcom, Just Shoot Me!.[6] The series plunged to 94th in the ratings. Even before the third-season finale's airing, rumors began circulating that 8 Simple Rules was facing cancellation due to Ritter's death and poor ratings. The Friday night "death slot" ratings took their toll on 8 Simple Rules. The third season finale was not aired for May sweeps. The finale received a 3.9/8 rating share which gave ABC a third-place finish behind NBC's Dateline (5.8/11) and CBS's Joan of Arcadia (4.9/10), which starred Ritter's son, Jason. Shortly afterwards, ABC officially cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005.[7]
Cast of characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Paul Hennessy, portrayed by John Ritter (2002–2003), is a former sports writer who worked from home as a Lifestyle columnist described as being "the master of the double standard" and a "Psycho-Dad", as well as a perceived hypocrite who often embarrasses his children, even if he wants what is best for them. Nonetheless, he loves his children, and wants them to have happy futures. Paul dies in the second season after collapsing in the store while buying milk. (Though no real reason is given for why he collapsed, it is believed that it had something to do with his heart, as was the reason for John Ritter's death.)
Cate S. Hennessy (née Egan), portrayed by Katey Sagal, is the wife, mother, nurse, and easily the most sane and composed person in the family. She takes a nursing job at the kids' school so she can work standard hours and spend more time with the kids. Cate starts dating her kids' high-school principal, Ed Gibb (portrayed by Adam Arkin), towards the end of season three. During her teens, she was more or less just as popular, scheming, and rebellious as Bridget, thus she is usually the first to notice when Bridget is up to something. She received her middle name "Stinky" as a result of her father promising his best friend he would name one of his children after him after accidentally stabbing him with a bayonet while they were drunk in Korea; to hide this, she claims that the S stands for "Stacy."
Bridget Erin "Beach" Hennessy, portrayed by Kaley Cuoco, is the beautiful, ditzy oldest child. She is depicted as a stereotypical blonde, a popular bombshell who is preoccupied with her looks, teenaged boys, and little else. She sometimes displays intelligence or profundity, but these are initially few and far between, yet often poignant. Her favorite book is J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.[8] After her father dies, she begins to steadily mature. Bridget initially felt guilty about Paul's death because the last words she ever spoke to him were "I hate you" after arguing with him earlier that morning, because he said no to her using the car. In season two, Bridget was revealed to have been conceived on a beach.[9]
Kerry "Care Bear" Hennessy, portrayed by Amy Davidson, is the middle child, but is not very happy about it. She is often seen as unattractive when compared to her beautiful older sister, Bridget. She was accused by Bridget of stealing her (ex-) boyfriend, Kyle, though clearly Bridget's actions drove Kyle away. Kerry is sarcastic, often making snide remarks about essentially everybody, though less to her mother. She is also a passionate activist who cares about animal rights. She lost her virginity to Bruno (her boyfriend in Europe) later in the third season. She is often annoyed at her sister and is easily upset, yet frequently the two girls team up against their parents' authority or at the expense of their younger rascal brother. Kerry is also very artistic and keeps a sketchbook. She is the smart child, but often shows naiveté. After she starts dating Bridget's popular ex-boyfriend Kyle, her own popularity increases, and she begins to act a little more like her older sister.
Rory Joseph Hennessy, portrayed by Martin Spanjers, is Cate and Paul's son and their youngest child. He constantly tattles on his sisters, getting twisted pleasure out of it, as per his remark when he had stirred the pot to his liking: "This is just like my birthday!" Usually he waits until his sisters already commit an infraction, then he tattles to see his father explode. Rory is his father's favorite, being the boy. He becomes involved in money-making schemes with C.J. He is commonly seen playing in the living room and mentions wanting a monkey, which he once had by trading some of his father's baseball cards; the monkey was later traded for a guitar, which was short-lived, as Rory annoyed the family with it. He also delights in showing his friends the private aspects of his sister Bridget's life, mentioning once that his friends looted Bridget's underwear drawer. Rory was hit hard by Paul's death and ended up punching a hole in his wall out of anger, cutting his hand. He covered for it saying he burnt it taking a casserole out of the oven. After he enters high school, Rory matures, leaving C.J. to be the wisecracker of the family. However, Rory still had his moments.
Jim Egan, portrayed by James Garner (2003–2005), is Cate's father. Jim served in the Korean War and is proud of his service (he angers whenever it is mentioned as a "police action"). He is very protective of the family. He often sneaks away to smoke tobacco. He is divorced, having formerly resided in Florida before moving into Cate's basement, and often used to try to beat C.J. with his cane. He takes pride in C.J.'s success as a teacher. When C.J.'s biological father comes to visit his son, Jim feels out of place and angry because he prepared a car for C.J. after he becomes a full-fledged teacher, but then Mr. Barnes gives C.J. a sports car.
C.J. Barnes, portrayed by David Spade (2004–2005), is Cate's nephew. He was once in the Army and claims to have studied aerial photography during the Gulf War, and to have received a Purple Heart in combat, which is in complete contrast with his generally childish attitude. He is a teacher at the school and often pursues women, albeit unsuccessfully. When C.J. first arrives, the family is initially surprised. He reveals to them that he was ashamed that he did not live up to be the person Paul had once said he would be and avoided them because of that. He lives along with his grandfather, Jim, in the basement (having previously lived in a van, which was burned by that same grandfather). He once dated Mrs. Krupp, his cousins' (Kerry and Bridget) math teacher, but he ended up cheating on her with his ex-girlfriend Cheryl. He once revealed that his first initial stands for Corey, but Rory said that was untrue. C.J. previously smoked marijuana heavily (and in fact used to smoke with Kyle's older brother), but at the start of his appearances, he claims not to have touched it in two years (he originally claimed it was five, though he relented after Jim expressed disbelief).
Recurring cast[edit]
Kyle, portrayed by Billy Aaron Brown, is Bridget's – and later Kerry's – boyfriend. He is often seen spending time with Rory when not with either Kerry or Bridget. His father, Tommy, used to work with Paul.
Ed Gibb, portrayed by Adam Arkin, is the principal of the local high school. Cate and he knew each other in high school, and even dated. When discussing it, their account of their first romantic encounter varied, with either believing they had more self-control and admitting to the other that they liked the other as just friends. Despite this, they have had some very intimate moments.
Coach Scott, portrayed by Dan Cortese, is a high-school coach on whom Bridget had a crush. He likes Cate, and Cate initially likes him, but then discovers Bridget's crush, which causes her to deny Scott's romantic advances towards her.
Jenna Sharpe, portrayed by Nikki Danielle Moore (2003–2005), is Paul's boss Nick's daughter, and one of Bridget's rivals, who later becomes her friend. She has a younger sister, Rachael (Nicole Mansour), who is a friend of Kerry.
Missy Kleinfeld, portrayed by Daniella Monet (2003–2004), is Rory's love interest in season two. She has a sister, Sissy (Elena Lyons), who likes C.J.
Jeremy, portrayed by Jonathan Taylor Thomas (2004), is Bridget's tutor and eventual boyfriend. He is considered a nerd at school, and because of this, Bridget at first denies her interest in him by saying it was only because he was her tutor.
Anthony W., portrayed by Cole Williams (2002–2003), is a student in Bridget's class. He was a white boy who spoke like a black rapper, often resulting in confusion. In "Cool Parent", he is shown to play lacrosse.
Maggie Barnes (née Egan), portrayed by Cybill Shepherd, is Cate's sister and C.J.'s mother. Maggie shares the same sensitive, moody nature as Kerry. However, it appears (from a conversation between Ed Gibb and Cate) that Cate was the smarter one, as well as being more popular.
Fred Doyle, portrayed by John Ratzenberger, is a persistent and over-friendly neighbor of the Hennessys, and husband of Mary Ellen (portrayed originally by Shelley Long and then by Cindy Williams). He is the father of Donald "Donny" Doyle, who has dated Bridget for some time. Fred was the head of the neighborhood watch, and his family is revealed as religious when Bridget claims she is going over for Bible study in an episode in season two.
Mrs. Crupp, portrayed by Suzy Nakamura, is a math teacher from school.
Damian, portrayed by Paul Wesley, is Bridget's ex-boyfriend. He appeared in two episodes.
Lacey/Lacy, portrayed by Kala Savage (2003-2004), a sometimes friend of Bridget, appeared in three episodes.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of 8 Simple Rules episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings
First aired
Last aired
Average viewers
(in millions)
Rank
1 28 September 17, 2002 (2002-09-17) May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20) 10.9[10] #46[10]
2 24 September 23, 2003 (2003-09-23) May 18, 2004 (2004-05-18) 10.0[11] #50[11]
3 24 September 24, 2004 (2004-09-24) April 15, 2005 (2005-04-15) 6.8[12] #90[12]
Syndication[edit]
While 8 Simple Rules ratings were well above those of the surrounding TGIF shows during its third season, ABC cancelled it due to the perceived inability to sell reruns of the show into syndication (a fourth season would have given the show the 100 episodes necessary to enter daily syndication).
On July 11, 2005 (less than two months after ABC officially cancelled it), The WB network announced it would air back-to-back repeats of all 76 episodes of 8 Simple Rules from 4–5 p.m. as part of the replacement of Kids' WB with the more broad-audience Daytime WB block. It aired weekdays from January 2, 2006 to September 15, 2006 when it was replaced by Reba upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW.[13]
On Tuesday, June 12, 2007, the show joined the ABC Family line-up, airing weekdays from 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm Then in September 2008, the show started airing from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm, until October 10, 2008. On October 3, 2009, 8 Simple Rules returned to ABC Family, having been absent for a year, airing on Saturdays from 10:00 am to 11:00 am, and Sundays at 11:00 a.m.-12:00 pm[14] Airings have been sporadic due to the channel's unpredictable movie schedule and holiday programming block. On February 8, 2010, the series was added back to ABC Family's weekday lineup, airing from 6-7PM/ET, replacing The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. After a few months of being absent on the channel, 8 Simple Rules resumed airings on ABC Family at 7/6 c on select weekend mornings, beginning July 18, 2010. In mid-December 2012, 8 Simple Rules was removed from ABC Family's weekday line-up, only to be added back in September 2013.
In 2003, the show began airing in the UK on the Disney Channel, which was edited for children's viewing.[15] It was picked up by ABC1 which aired the show until the channel's closure in 2007. The same year, Channel 5 began airing the series, in which season one only aired, then from 2008, was shown on 5*, which aired all three seasons.[16] The series was aired uncut on subsequent channels following its cancellation by Disney Channel. Both Channel 5 and 5* aired the series in its originally-produced widescreen format.
Danish channel TV3 and the Canadian channels YTV and ABC Spark (the Canadian version of ABC Family) also have carried the series.
The series was shown on Irish channel RTÉ Two, then later, rights to the show were acquired by TG4, which aired the series weeknights at 5.35 pm. The series was shown on both these channels full uncut, despite the fact it was shown pre-watershed (9.00 pm), although, the show was issued an age rating. On RTÉ Two it was issued a 'PS' rating and on TG4, a '12' rating.
Comedy Central UK obtained the rights to the show and will start airing it in the UK on 12 June 2017.
DVD releases[edit]
On August 7, 2007, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of 8 Simple Rules on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 was released in Britain on September 1, 2008.[17]
In August 2008, Lionsgate Home Entertainment announced that they had acquired the rights to the series from ABC Studios. They subsequently released Season 2 on DVD in Region 1 on May 19, 2009.[18]
DVD Name
Ep #
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
The Complete First Season 28 August 7, 2007 September 1, 2008 November 12, 2008[19]
The Complete Second Season 24 May 19, 2009 TBA TBA
The Complete Third Season 24 TBA TBA TBA
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref(s)
56th Primetime Emmy Awards Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series Bruce L. Finn Won [20]
Lead Actor in a Comedy Series John Ritter (posthumously) Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Ritter". CBS News. Page 1 of 17. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "John Ritter Legacy Lives in "Ritter Rules"". cbsnews.com. March 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Considine, Bob (February 4, 2008). "John Ritter's widow talks about wrongful death suit". today.com.
Jump up ^ "John Ritter: 1948–2003". people.com. September 18, 2003. p. 2.
Jump up ^ http://www.biography.com/people/john-ritter-9542508
Jump up ^ Snauffer, Douglas (2008). The Show Must Go On: How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television Series. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7864-3295-0.
Jump up ^ http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/8-simple-rules-for-dating-my-teenage-daughter-last-episode/
Jump up ^ "Drummer Boy (part 2)". 8 Simple Rules. Season 1. Episode 18. 2003-02-11. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Sex Ed". 8 Simple Rules. Season 2. Episode 2. 2003-09-30. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nielsen's TOP 156 Shows for 2002–03 Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "2003–2004 TV Ratings Archived 2008-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "2004–2005 TV Ratings Retrieved July 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Futon Critic
Jump up ^ ABC Family October 2009
Jump up ^ "8 Simple Rules... for dating my teenage daughter". disney.co.uk. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fiver to air 8 Simple Rules". the8rules.co.uk. April 21, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Listing at Amazon.uk
Jump up ^ Season 2 on DVD at TV Shows on DVD
Jump up ^ "8 Simple Rules – Complete Season 1 (3 Disc Set)". Mighty Ape.
Jump up ^ 8 Simple Rules at emmys.com
External links[edit]
8 Simple Rules on IMDb
8 Simple Rules at TV.com
8 Simple Rules at epguides.com
An online (archived) version of Bruce Cameron's article presenting the premise of the 8 Simple Rules
James Garner Interview on the Charlie Rose Show
James Garner interview at Archive of American Television
Camacho, Melissa. "8 Simple Rules". Common Sense Media. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
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