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List of highest mountain peaks of Africa
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Kilimanjaro from the air.
This is a list of the highest mountains of Africa. It aims to include the 75 highest mountains with a prominence of at least 500 m. Some regions are still poorly described and the list is likely to be both incomplete and not completely accurate. This is especially true for the Ethiopian Highlands, where heights on maps and in the literature differ between each other by up to 500 m. All elevations have been checked or chosen to match the SRTM-based contour lines in the Google terrain maps.
The highest African mountain is Kilimanjaro, which has three peaks, named Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira, of which Kibo is the tallest. Kibo and Mawenzi are listed separately below; Shira is not tall enough to qualify for this list.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
Rank[1]
Mountain[2]
Height (m)[3]
Prominence (m)[4]
Range
Country
Coordinates[5]
Parent mountain[6]
First ascent[7]
1 Kibo (Uhuru Pk) 5895 5885 Kilimanjaro Tanzania 03°04′33″S 37°21′09″E / 3.07583°S 37.35250°E / -3.07583; 37.35250 (1. Kibo (Uhuru Pk) (5895 m)) 1889
2 Mount Kenya (Batian) 5199 3825 Mount Kenya Kenya 00°09′07″S 37°18′30″E / 0.15194°S 37.30833°E / -0.15194; 37.30833 (2. Mt Kenya (Batian) (5199 m)) Kibo 1899
3 Mawenzi (Hans Meyer Pk) 5148 850 Kilimanjaro Tanzania 03°05′33″S 37°27′21″E / 3.09250°S 37.45583°E / -3.09250; 37.45583 (3. Mawenzi (Hans Meyer Pk) (5148 m)) Kibo 1912
4 Ngaliema / Mt Stanley
(Margherita Pk) 5109 3951 Rwenzori DR Congo
Uganda 00°23′08″N 29°52′21″E / 0.38556°N 29.87250°E / 0.38556; 29.87250 (4. Mt Stanley (Margherita Pk) (5109 m)) Kibo 1906
Mount Kenya (Lenana) 4985 130 Mount Kenya Kenya 00°09′18″S 37°19′03″E / 0.15500°S 37.31750°E / -0.15500; 37.31750 (Mt Kenya (Lenana) (4985 m)) Nelion 1899
Ngaliema / Mt Stanley
(Savoia Pk) 4977 110 Rwenzori Uganda 00°22′26″N 29°52′34″E / 0.37389°N 29.87611°E / 0.37389; 29.87611 (Mt Stanley (Savoia Pk) (4977 m)) Margherita 1906
5 Duwoni / Mt Speke
(Vittorio Emanuele Pk) 4890 720 Rwenzori Uganda 00°23′53″N 29°53′33″E / 0.39806°N 29.89250°E / 0.39806; 29.89250 (5. Duwoni / Mt Speke (4890 m)) Stanley 1906
6 Kiyanja / Mt Baker (Edward Pk) 4844 507 Rwenzori Uganda 00°21′40″N 29°53′34″E / 0.36111°N 29.89278°E / 0.36111; 29.89278 (6. Kiyanja / Mt Baker (4844 m)) Stanley 1906
7 Mount Emin (sv) (Umberto Pk) 4798 495 Rwenzori DR Congo 00°25′42″N 29°54′00″E / 0.42833°N 29.90000°E / 0.42833; 29.90000 (7. Mt Emin (Umberto Pk) (4798 m)) Speke 1906
8 Mount Gessi (sv) (Iolanda Pk) 4715 565 Rwenzori Uganda 00°25′19″N 29°55′06″E / 0.42194°N 29.91833°E / 0.42194; 29.91833 (8. Mt Gessi (Iolanda Pk) (4715 m)) Emin 1906
Mount Luigi di Savoia (de) (Sella Pk) 4627 345 Rwenzori Uganda 00°19′48″N 29°53′16″E / 0.33000°N 29.88778°E / 0.33000; 29.88778 (Mt Luigi di Savoia (Sella Pk) (4627 m)) Baker 1906
9 Mount Meru (Socialist Pk) 4566 3170 Mount Meru Tanzania 03°14′39″S 36°45′00″E / 3.24417°S 36.75000°E / -3.24417; 36.75000 (9. Mt Meru (Socialist Pk) (4566 m)) Kibo 1904
10 Ras Dashen 4550 3997 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°14′12″N 38°22′21″E / 13.23667°N 38.37250°E / 13.23667; 38.37250 (10. Ras Dashen (4550 m)) Kenya 1841
11 Karisimbi 4507 3312 Virunga Mountains DR Congo
Rwanda 01°30′22″S 29°27′01″E / 1.50611°S 29.45028°E / -1.50611; 29.45028 (11. Karisimbi (4507 m)) Stanley 1903 [8]
Ancua / Ankwa / Weynobar 4462 380 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°16′09″N 38°24′44″E / 13.26917°N 38.41222°E / 13.26917; 38.41222 (Ankwa / Weynobar (4462 m)) Ras Dashen
12 Kidis Yared 4453 730 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°18′01″N 38°19′40″E / 13.30028°N 38.32778°E / 13.30028; 38.32778 (12. Kidis Yared (4453 m)) Ras Dashen
13 Mikeno 4437 1190 Virunga Mountains DR Congo 01°27′47″S 29°25′11″E / 1.46306°S 29.41972°E / -1.46306; 29.41972 (13. Mikeno (4437 m)) Karisimbi 1927 [8]
14 Bwahit 4437 810 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°14′37″N 38°13′03″E / 13.24361°N 38.21750°E / 13.24361; 38.21750 (14. Bwahit (4437 m)) Kidis Yared
15 Portal Peaks (Kihuma) 4391 565 Rwenzori Uganda 00°24′18″N 29°57′30″E / 0.40500°N 29.95833°E / 0.40500; 29.95833 (15. Portal Peaks (Kihuma) (4391 m)) Gessi 1945
16 Tullu Demtu[9] 4377 2527 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 06°49′36″N 39°49′09″E / 6.82667°N 39.81917°E / 6.82667; 39.81917 (16. Tullu Demtu (4377 m)) Ras Dashen
17 Mount Elgon (Wagagai) 4321 2458 Mount Elgon Uganda 01°07′06″N 34°31′35″E / 1.11833°N 34.52639°E / 1.11833; 34.52639 (17. Mt Elgon (Wagagai) (4321 m)) Kenya 1911
Mount Elgon (Sudek) 4302 150 Mount Elgon Kenya
Uganda 01°05′59″N 34°34′26″E / 1.09972°N 34.57389°E / 1.09972; 34.57389 (Mt Elgon (Sudek) (4302 m)) Wagagai 1890
18 Amba Farit 4270 2061 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10°57′02″N 39°06′16″E / 10.95056°N 39.10444°E / 10.95056; 39.10444 (18. Amba Farit (4270 m)) Bwahit
19 Abune Yosef / Guliba Amba 4260 1909 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12°08′28″N 39°11′01″E / 12.14111°N 39.18361°E / 12.14111; 39.18361 (19. Abune Yosef / Guliba Amba (4260 m)) Ras Dashen
Ioll / Yoll 4220 350 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 11°00′31″N 39°05′46″E / 11.00861°N 39.09611°E / 11.00861; 39.09611 (Ioll (4220 m)) Amba Farit
20 Bada 4195 1605 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07°54′34″N 39°23′35″E / 7.90944°N 39.39306°E / 7.90944; 39.39306 (20. Bada (4195 m)) Tullu Demtu
21 Kaka / Kecha / Chiqe 4193 1215 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07°21′50″N 39°09′28″E / 7.36389°N 39.15778°E / 7.36389; 39.15778 (21. Kaka / Chiqe (4193 m)) Bada
22 Jbel Toubkal 4167 3755 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°03′36″N 07°54′54″W / 31.06000°N 7.91500°W / 31.06000; -7.91500 (22. Jbel Toubkal (4167 m)) Stanley 1923
23 Muhavura 4127 1530 Virunga Mountains Rwanda
Uganda 01°22′58″S 29°40′40″E / 1.38278°S 29.67778°E / -1.38278; 29.67778 (23. Muhavura (4127 m)) Karisimbi 1898 [8]
24 Hey / Hay 4125 660 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°18′58″N 38°27′05″E / 13.31611°N 38.45139°E / 13.31611; 38.45139 (24. Hey (4125 m)) Weynobar
25 Guna 4120 1510 Guna Massif Ethiopia 11°42′26″N 38°14′13″E / 11.70722°N 38.23694°E / 11.70722; 38.23694 (25. Guna (4120 m)) Abune Yosef
26 Choqa / Choke / Birhan 4100 2225 Choqa Mountains Ethiopia 10°42′51″N 37°50′59″E / 10.71417°N 37.84972°E / 10.71417; 37.84972 (26. Choqa / Birhan (4100 m)) Bwahit
Ouanoukrim 4088 420 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°02′11″N 07°56′49″W / 31.03639°N 7.94694°W / 31.03639; -7.94694 (Ouanoukrim (4088 m)) Toubkal
27 Chilalo 4071 610 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07°54′55″N 39°15′44″E / 7.91528°N 39.26222°E / 7.91528; 39.26222 (27. Chilalo (4071 m)) Bada
28 Inatye 4070 500 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°15′38″N 38°09′52″E / 13.26056°N 38.16444°E / 13.26056; 38.16444 (29. Inatye (4070 m)) Bwahit
29 Ighil Mgoun 4068 1904 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°30′30″N 06°26′38″W / 31.50833°N 6.44389°W / 31.50833; -6.44389 (30. Ighil Mgoun (4068 m)) Toubkal
28 Mount Cameroon 4045 3905 Cameroon line Cameroon 04°13′00″N 09°10′20″E / 4.21667°N 9.17222°E / 4.21667; 9.17222 (28. Mt Cameroon (4045 m)) Stanley 1861
Weshema / Wasema? 4030 420 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 06°58′15″N 39°37′01″E / 6.97083°N 39.61694°E / 6.97083; 39.61694 (Weshema (4030 m)) Tullu Demtu
31 Oldoinyo Lesatima 4001 2081 Aberdare Range Kenya 00°18′40″S 36°36′58″E / 0.31111°S 36.61611°E / -0.31111; 36.61611 (31. Oldoinyo Lesatima (4001 m)) Mt Kenya
32 Jebel n'Tarourt / Tifnout / Iferouane[10] 3996 910 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°04′53″N 07°45′52″W / 31.08139°N 7.76444°W / 31.08139; -7.76444 (32. Jebel n'Tarourt / Iferouane (3996 m)) Toubkal
33 Muggia 3950 500 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12°04′25″N 39°22′41″E / 12.07361°N 39.37806°E / 12.07361; 39.37806 (33. Muggia (3950 m)) Abune Yosef
34 Dubbai 3941 1540 Tigray Mountains Ethiopia 12°51′32″N 39°29′52″E / 12.85889°N 39.49778°E / 12.85889; 39.49778 (34. Dubbai (3941 m)) Abune Yosef
Taska n’Zat[11] 3912 460 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°09′49″N 07°38′53″W / 31.16361°N 7.64806°W / 31.16361; -7.64806 (Taska n’Zat (3912 m)) Tarourt
Aksouâl[12] 3903 450 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°07′05″N 07°51′30″W / 31.11806°N 7.85833°W / 31.11806; -7.85833 (Aksouâl (3903 m)) Toubkal
35 Mount Kinangop 3902 530 Aberdare Range Kenya 00°37′37″S 36°42′28″E / 0.62694°S 36.70778°E / -0.62694; 36.70778 (35. Mt Kinangop (3902 m)) Lesatima
36 Cimbia 3900 590 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10°52′27″N 39°16′05″E / 10.87417°N 39.26806°E / 10.87417; 39.26806 (36. Cimbia (3900 m)) Amba Farit
Anrhemer / Ingehmar 3892 380 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°09′05″N 07°47′36″W / 31.15139°N 7.79333°W / 31.15139; -7.79333 (Anrhemer / Ingehmar (3892 m)) Aksoual
37 Ieciuol ? 3840 560 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10°53′02″N 39°28′10″E / 10.88389°N 39.46944°E / 10.88389; 39.46944 (37. Ieciuol ? (3840 m)) Cimbia
Kawa / Caua / Lajo 3830 475 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 07°13′02″N 39°38′49″E / 7.21722°N 39.64694°E / 7.21722; 39.64694 (Kawa / Lajo (3830 m)) Weshema
Pt 3820 3820 450 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10°54′55″N 39°20′15″E / 10.91528°N 39.33750°E / 10.91528; 39.33750 (Pt 3820 (3820 m)) Cimbia
38 Jbel Tignousti 3819 930 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°29′52″N 06°43′00″W / 31.49778°N 6.71667°W / 31.49778; -6.71667 (38. Jbel Tignousti (3819 m)) Mgoun
39 Filfo / Encuolo 3805 770 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07°22′08″N 39°21′19″E / 7.36889°N 39.35528°E / 7.36889; 39.35528 (39. Filfo / Encuolo (3805 m)) Bada
40 Kosso Amba 3805 530 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11°47′32″N 39°26′14″E / 11.79222°N 39.43722°E / 11.79222; 39.43722 (40. Kosso Amba (3805 m)) Pt 3950
Jbel Ghat 3781 470 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°31′17″N 06°44′30″W / 31.52139°N 6.74167°W / 31.52139; -6.74167 (Jbel Ghat (3781 m)) Tignousti
41 Baylamtu / Gavsigivla 3777 1120 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12°21′10″N 39°03′48″E / 12.35278°N 39.06333°E / 12.35278; 39.06333 (41. Baylamtu / Gavsigivla (3777 m)) Abune Yosef
42 Ouaougoulzat (fr) 3763 860 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°39′17″N 06°15′20″W / 31.65472°N 6.25556°W / 31.65472; -6.25556 (42. Ouaougoulzat (3763 m)) Irhil MGoun
43 Somkaru 3760 530 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 06°49′25″N 39°16′56″E / 6.82361°N 39.28222°E / 6.82361; 39.28222 (43. Somkaru (3760 m)) Tullu Demtu
44 Abieri 3750 780 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13°31′25″N 38°21′22″E / 13.52361°N 38.35611°E / 13.52361; 38.35611 (44. Abieri (3750 m)) Ras Dashen
45 Arin Ayachi 3747 1400 East High Atlas Morocco 32°28′36″N 04°55′37″W / 32.47667°N 4.92694°W / 32.47667; -4.92694 (45. Arin Ayachi (3747 m)) Ouaougoulzat
46 Teide 3718 3718 Tenerife Spain (Canary Islands) 28°16′21″N 16°38′32″W / 28.27250°N 16.64222°W / 28.27250; -16.64222 (46. Teide (3718 m)) Island high point 1582
47 Visoke / Bisoke 3711 585 Virunga Mountains DR Congo
Rwanda 01°27′29″S 29°29′07″E / 1.45806°S 29.48528°E / -1.45806; 29.48528 (47. Visoke (3711 m)) Karisimbi 1908 [8]
48 Sarenga 3700 1160 Tigray Mountains Ethiopia 12°40′12″N 39°29′45″E / 12.67000°N 39.49583°E / 12.67000; 39.49583 (48. Sarenga (3700 m)) Dubbai
49 Woti / Uoti 3700 1050 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 09°43′36″N 39°43′46″E / 9.72667°N 39.72944°E / 9.72667; 39.72944 (49. Woti (3700 m)) Pt 3840
Pt 3700 (Kulsa?) 3700 490 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07°24′37″N 39°01′08″E / 7.41028°N 39.01889°E / 7.41028; 39.01889 (Pt 3700 (Kulsa?) (3700 m)) Kecha
50 Loolmalassin 3682 2040 Crater Highlands Tanzania 03°02′56″S 35°49′15″E / 3.04889°S 35.82083°E / -3.04889; 35.82083 (50. Loolmalassin (3682 m)) Meru
51 Biala? 3680 870 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12°27′17″N 39°00′12″E / 12.45472°N 39.00333°E / 12.45472; 39.00333 (51. Biala (3680 m)) Baylamtu
52 Azurki / Azourki 3677 790 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°44′48″N 06°15′40″W / 31.74667°N 6.26111°W / 31.74667; -6.26111 (52. Azurki (3677 m)) Ouaougoulzat
53 Pt 3645 3645 910 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11°30′02″N 39°32′11″E / 11.50056°N 39.53639°E / 11.50056; 39.53639 (53. Pt 3645 (3645 m)) Koso Amba
54 Sabyinyo 3634 1010 Virunga Mountains Rwanda
DR Congo
Uganda 01°23′15″S 29°35′30″E / 1.38750°S 29.59167°E / -1.38750; 29.59167 (54. Sabyinyo (3634 m)) Karisimbi 1907 [8]
55 Mount Gurage / Guraghe 3620 1400 Gurage Mountains Ethiopia 08°16′37″N 38°21′55″E / 8.27694°N 38.36528°E / 8.27694; 38.36528 (55. Mt Gurage (3620 m)) Uoti
Angour 3616 444 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31°10′29″N 07°49′31″W / 31.17472°N 7.82528°W / 31.17472; -7.82528 (Angour (3616 m)) Anrhemer
56 Jbel Igdat 3615 1609 West High Atlas Morocco 30°57′39″N 08°25′50″W / 30.96083°N 8.43056°W / 30.96083; -8.43056 (56. Jbel Igdat (3615 m)) Toubkal 1888
57 Jbel n'Anghomar 3609 1420 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°20′11″N 06°59′51″W / 31.33639°N 6.99750°W / 31.33639; -6.99750 (57. Jbel n'Anghomar (3609 m)) Ighil MGoun
Yegura / Amba Moka 3605 420 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11°29′45″N 39°27′39″E / 11.49583°N 39.46083°E / 11.49583; 39.46083 (Yegura / Amba Moka (3605 m)) Pt 3645
58 Pt 3600 (Kitir?) 3600 870 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 10°38′22″N 39°41′53″E / 10.63944°N 39.69806°E / 10.63944; 39.69806 (58. Pt 3600 (Kitir?) (3600 m)) Uoti
59 Pt 3600 3600 610 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11°38′40″N 39°32′52″E / 11.64444°N 39.54778°E / 11.64444; 39.54778 (59. Pt 3600 (3600 m)) Koso Amba
60 Bar Meda high point 3580 520 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 10°22′28″N 39°48′15″E / 10.37444°N 39.80417°E / 10.37444; 39.80417 (60. Bar Meda (3580 m)) Pt 3600 (Kitir ?)
61 Jbel Erdouz 3579 690 West High Atlas Morocco 31°02′46″N 08°24′25″W / 31.04611°N 8.40694°W / 31.04611; -8.40694 (61. Jbel Erdouz (3579 m)) Igdat
62 Mount Gugu 3570 940 Mount Gugu Ethiopia 08°12′18″N 39°58′00″E / 8.20500°N 39.96667°E / 8.20500; 39.96667 (62. Mt Gugu (3570 m)) Bada
63 Gesh Megal (?) 3570 520 Gurage Mountains Ethiopia 08°23′16″N 38°23′29″E / 8.38778°N 38.39139°E / 8.38778; 38.39139 (63. Gesh Megal (?) (3570 m)) Gurage
64 Gughe 3568 2013 Balta Mountains Ethiopia 06°12′13″N 37°23′21″E / 6.20361°N 37.38917°E / 6.20361; 37.38917 (64. Gughe (3568 m)) Gurage
65 Megezez 3565 690 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 09°17′11″N 39°32′00″E / 9.28639°N 39.53333°E / 9.28639; 39.53333 (65. Megezez (3565 m)) Uoti
Pt 3555 3555 475 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11°33′29″N 39°34′12″E / 11.55806°N 39.57000°E / 11.55806; 39.57000 (Pt 3555 (3555 m)) Pt 3645
66 Jbel Tinergwet 3551 880 West High Atlas Morocco 30°48′46″N 08°49′41″W / 30.81278°N 8.82806°W / 30.81278; -8.82806 (66. Jbel Tinergwet (3551 m)) Igdat
67 Amba Alagi[13] 3550 820 Tigray Mountains Ethiopia 12°57′44″N 39°34′13″E / 12.96222°N 39.57028°E / 12.96222; 39.57028 (67. Amba Alagi (3550 m)) Dubbai
68 Chemnirot (Kamelogon Pk)[14] 3530 1510 Cherangani Hills Kenya 01°16′10″N 35°29′50″E / 1.26944°N 35.49722°E / 1.26944; 35.49722 (68. Chemnirot (Kamelogon Pk) (3530 m)) Elgon
69 Gara Guda /Kara Gada 3530 900 Salale Mountains Ethiopia 09°48′31″N 38°38′09″E / 9.80861°N 38.63583°E / 9.80861; 38.63583 (69. Gara Guda (3530 m)) Megezez
70 Amonewas[15] 3530 870 Choqa Mountains Ethiopia 10°58′13″N 38°15′46″E / 10.97028°N 38.26278°E / 10.97028; 38.26278 (70. Amonewas (3530 m)) Choke
71 Amedamit[16] 3530 760 Choqa Mountains Ethiopia 11°07′29″N 37°21′23″E / 11.12472°N 37.35639°E / 11.12472; 37.35639 (71. Amedamit (3530 m)) Choke
72 Igoudamene 3519 550 Central High Atlas Morocco 31°35′08″N 06°25′47″W / 31.58556°N 6.42972°W / 31.58556; -6.42972 (72. Igoudamene (3519 m)) Mgoun
Abuye Meda[17] 3505 230 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 10°29′34″N 39°45′37″E / 10.49278°N 39.76028°E / 10.49278; 39.76028 (Abuye Meda (3505 m)) Bar Meda high point
73 Thabana Ntlenyana 3482 2390 Drakensberg Lesotho 29°27′46″S 29°15′59″E / 29.46278°S 29.26639°E / -29.46278; 29.26639 (73. Thabana Ntlenyana (3482 m))
74 Mont Mohi (fr) 3480 1592 Mitumba Mountains[18] DR Congo 02°57′12″S 28°47′04″E / 2.95333°S 28.78444°E / -2.95333; 28.78444 (74. Mont Mohi (3480 m)) Karisimbi
Gahinga 3474 425 Virunga Mountains Uganda
Rwanda 01°23′12″S 29°38′47″E / 1.38667°S 29.64639°E / -1.38667; 29.64639 (Gahinga (3474 m)) Muhavura 1906 [8]
75 Nyiragongo 3470 1440 Virunga Mountains DR Congo 01°31′04″S 29°15′13″E / 1.51778°S 29.25361°E / -1.51778; 29.25361 (75. Nyiragongo (3470 m)) Karisimbi 1894 [8]
See also[edit]
Mountains portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Only mountains with a prominence of 500 m or more are ranked.
Jump up ^ Many mountains are known by multiple names, each with multiple spellings
Jump up ^ Most "round" heights for mountains in the Ethiopian Highlands are crude estimates from contour lines on Google terrain maps.
Jump up ^ The prominence data were extracted from a combination of maps and Google terrain data. Values for mountains with prominences over 1,500 m were copied from this website.
Jump up ^ Extracted from the Google terrain maps
Jump up ^ Here defined as the first higher 500-m-prominent mountain connected via the highest saddle.
Jump up ^ These are the first documented ascents. Most mountains in this list are not technically difficult to climb, so that earlier local ascents are likely.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g André Meyer, Exploration of the Albert National Park - Mission for volcanic studies, Brussels 1955. Page 23
Jump up ^ Tullu Demtu and Batu are two hills 6 km apart on a high plateau in the Bale Mountains and separated by a ca. 4135 m high depression. According to SRTM data Batu appears the somewhat lower of the two (ca. 4350 m)
Jump up ^ Once thought to be the highest peak of the High Atlas. Until recently estimated at 4,001 m
Jump up ^ Often said to be 3,805 m high, but 3,880 contour lines are consistent with the 3,912 m height.
Jump up ^ Brown favors a 3,842 m height, with 3,903 as alternative, but broad 3,860 m contour lines are consistent with the higher value
Jump up ^ Often given a height of 3,949 m, which is not supported by SRTM data
Jump up ^ Peak heights given in the literature include 3581m, 3517m, 3505m and 3450m. SRTM contour lines suggest 3510-3540 m. Summit at 1°16'20" N, 35°31'07" E looks equally high.
Jump up ^ Often given a height of 3,664 m, which is not supported by SRTM data
Jump up ^ Often given a height of 3,619 m, which is not supported by SRTM data
Jump up ^ Often given a height of 4,000 m, which is not supported by SRTM data
Jump up ^ Within the Itombwe Massif subrange
Sources[edit]
Jamish Brown, Climbing in the Atlas Mountains, The Alpine Journal, 2002, pp. 81–91.
Des Clark, Mountaineering in the Moroccan High Atlas, Cicerone, 2011
Bernhard Lindahl, Local History of Ethiopia, 2005/2008 (for verification of names)
Lists and/or maps covering all peaks in the world with 1500 m+ prominence at Peaklist.org
"Africa Range3 High Points". Peakbagger.com.
"Africa 4000-meter Peaks". Peakbagger.com. (an unverified list)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_mountain_peaks_of_Africa&oldid=863107260"
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Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Single by Christopher Cross
from the album Arthur – The Album
B-side
"Minstrel Gigolo"
Released
August 14, 1981
Format
LP; Cassette
Recorded
1981
Genre
Soft rock
Length
3:52
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Christopher Cross, Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Peter Allen[1]
Producer(s)
Michael Omartian
Christopher Cross singles chronology
"Spinning"
(1980) "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
(1981) "All Right"
(1983)
"Spinning"
(1980) "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
(1981) "All Right"
(1983)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" is a song performed and co-written by American singer-songwriter Christopher Cross, which was the main theme for the 1981 film Arthur starring Dudley Moore and Liza Minnelli. The song won the Oscar for Best Original Song in 1982.[1] In the US, it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and on the Hot Adult Contemporary charts during October 1981, remaining at the top on the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks. Overseas, it also went to number one on the VG-lista chart in Norway, and was a top ten hit in several other countries. The song became the second and last American number one hit by Christopher Cross.[2] It was included as a bonus track only on the CD & Cassette versions of his second album Another Page, released in 1983.
The B-side of record, "Minstrel Gigolo," was the same song used on the back of Cross's debut single, "Ride Like the Wind."
Indie pop band Fitz and The Tantrums recorded a cover of this song for the soundtrack to the 2011 remake of the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 Cover versions
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Charts
4.2 Certifications
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The song was written in collaboration between Cross, pop music composer Burt Bacharach, and Bacharach's frequent writing partner Carole Bayer Sager. A fourth writing credit went to Minnelli's ex-husband and Australian songwriter Peter Allen,[1] also a frequent collaborator with Bayer Sager: the line "When you get caught between the moon and New York City" from the chorus was taken from an unreleased song Allen and Bayer Sager had previously written together.[3] Allen came up with the line while his plane was in a holding pattern during a night arrival at John F. Kennedy International Airport.[4]
The song won the 1981 Academy Award for Best Original Song,[1] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[5] In 2004 it finished at #79 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of the top tunes in American cinema. In 2008 Barry Manilow released a cover version.
Music video[edit]
The music video consisted of two acts, which are edited together in fade outs. Christopher Cross in one offers the song with some studio musicians in a recording studio and the other is the story the song illustrates.[6]
Cover versions[edit]
On July 13, 2004 this song was officially covered by Billy Joel of the 2004 film remake The Magic Of Idents. In 2012 They also have covered by Nina, Jaya, Kyla, Aicelle Santos and Jona during the Music Lets Party "Chinese Zodiac" episode last January 29. But in October 28, 2014 Manly Ocampo also covered for the soundtrack Ruea Puang Satan or in English Make Friendship With Each Other.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1981–1982)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report) 13
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[7] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[8] 2
Ireland (IRMA)[9] 7
Italy (FIMI)[10] 5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 10
Norway (VG-lista)[12] 1
South Africa (Springbok SA Top 20)[13] 7
Spain (AFYVE)[14] 14
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[15] 6
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[1] 7
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[16] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 1
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[18] 13
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[19]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1981 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1981 (U.S.)
List of number-one hits in Norway
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 136. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Cross Artist Biography by Jason Ankeny - Awards". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
Jump up ^ Bremer, K. (2013-04-26). "Peter Allen". Blue Desert Music. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Song Facts". Retrieved 2017-03-18.
Jump up ^ Arthur (1981) Awards, IMDb.com
Jump up ^ Rachid (2006-06-30). "Christopher Cross - Arthur's Theme". Dailymotion.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Irish Singles Chart – Search for song". Irish Recorded Music Association. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: C". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Christopher Cross – Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Christopher Cross – Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ > http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html. Retrieved February 27, 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Christopher Cross – Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Cross Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Cross Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Cross Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Cross, Christopher – Arthur_s Theme (The Best You Can Do)". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
1980s portal
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Christopher Cross
Studio albums
Christopher Cross
Another Page
Every Turn of the World
Back of My Mind
Rendezvous (1993)
Window (1995)
Walking in Avalon
Red Room (2000)
A Christopher Cross Christmas (2007)
The Café Carlyle Sessions (2008)
Christmas Time Is Here (2010)
Doctor Faith (2011)
A Night in Paris (2013)
Secret Ladder (2014)
Singles
"Ride Like the Wind"
"Sailing"
"Never Be the Same"
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
"All Right"
"Think of Laura"
Book:Christopher Cross
[show]
v
t
e
Peter Allen
Studio albums
Peter Allen (1971)
Tenterfield Saddler (1972)
Continental American (1974)
Taught by Experts (1976)
I Could Have Been a Sailor (1979)
Bi-Coastal (1980)
Not the Boy Next Door (1983)
Making Every Moment Count (1990)
Compilation albums
It Is Time for Peter Allen (1977)
The Very Best of Peter Allen (1982)
Captured Live at Carnegie Hall (1985)
The Very Best of Peter Allen: The Boy from Down Under (1992)
The Ultimate Peter Allen (2006)
Notable singles
"Tenterfield Saddler" (1972)
"I Honestly Love You" (1975)
"The More I See You" (1976)
"I Go to Rio" (1976)
"Don't Cry Out Loud" (1978)
"I Still Call Australia Home" (1980)
Productions
Soon (1971)
Legs Diamond (1988)
The Boy from Oz (1998)
Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door (2015)
Related articles
The Allen Brothers
Liza Minnelli
Bernadette Peters
"I'd Rather Leave While I'm in Love" (1979)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" (1980)
"I Don't Go Shopping" (1981)
ARIA Hall of Fame
[show]
v
t
e
Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You (Disney song)"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
1960s
"Town Without Pity" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1961)
"Circus World" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1964)
"Forget Domani" Lyrics by Norman Newell, Music by Riz Ortolani (1965)
"Strangers in the Night" Lyrics by Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder, Music by Bert Kaempfert (1966)
"If Ever I Would Leave You" Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, Music by Frederick Loewe (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Michel Legrand (1968)
"Jean" Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen (1969)
1970s
"Whistling Away the Dark" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini (1970)
"Life Is What You Make It" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1971)
"Ben" Lyrics by Don Black, Music by Walter Scharf (1972)
"The Way We Were" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1973)
"I Feel Love" Lyrics by Betty Box, Music by Euel Box (1974)
"I'm Easy" Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen" Lyrics by Paul Williams, Music by Barbra Streisand (1976)
"You Light Up My Life" Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance" Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara (1978)
"The Rose" Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom (1979)
1980s
"Fame" Lyrics by Dean Pitchford, Music by Michael Gore (1980)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen, Burt Bacharach, Christopher Cross, & Carole Bayer Sager (1981)
"Up Where We Belong" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte-Marie (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" Lyrics by Irene Cara, Keith Forsey, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me" Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away" Lyrics by Tom Whitlock, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" Lyrics by Franke Previte, Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz (1987)
"Let the River Run" Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon/"Two Hearts" Lyrics by Phil Collins, Music by Lamont Dozier (1988)
"Under the Sea" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
"Blaze of Glory" Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi (1990)
"Beauty and the Beast" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1991)
"A Whole New World" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Alan Menken (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Elton John (1994)
"Colors of the Wind" Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, Music by Alan Menken (1995)
"You Must Love Me" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by James Horner (1997)
"The Prayer" Music & Lyrics by David Foster, Tony Renis, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart" Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins (1999)
2000s
"Things Have Changed" Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan (2000)
"Until..." Music and lyrics by Sting (2001)
"The Hands That Built America" Music and lyrics by Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. (2002)
"Into the West" Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox, Howard Shore & Frances Walsh (2003)
"Old Habits Die Hard" Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart (2004)
"A Love That Will Never Grow Old" Lyrics by Bernie Taupin, Music by Gustavo Santaolalla (2005)
"The Song of the Heart" Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson (2006)
"Guaranteed" Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder (2007)
"The Wrestler" Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (2008)
"The Weary Kind" Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett (2009)
2010s
"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren (2010)
"Masterpiece" Music & Lyrics by Madonna, Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry (2011)
"Skyfall" by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Ordinary Love" by U2 and Danger Mouse (2013)
"Glory" by Common and John Legend (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes (2015)
"City of Stars" by Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"This Is Me" by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
Complete List
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%27s_Theme_(Best_That_You_Can_Do)&oldid=843048143"
Categories:
1981 songs
1981 singles
Christopher Cross songs
Liza Minnelli songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
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Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
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Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles
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Linebacker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the position in American and Canadian football. For other uses, see Linebacker (disambiguation).
Base 4–3 defense, the central middle linebacker in blue
Lance Briggs and Brian Urlacher of the Chicago Bears lined up at linebacker on Lambeau Field in 2011.
A linebacker (LB or backer) is a playing position in American football and Canadian football. Linebackers are members of the defensive team, and line up approximately three to five yards (4 m) behind the line of scrimmage, behind the defensive linemen, and therefore "back up the line." Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a "two-point stance" (as opposed to the defensive linemen, who put one or two hands on the ground for a "three-point stance" or "four-point stance" before the ball is snapped).
The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run protection or extra pass protection based on the particular defensive play being executed. Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing. A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap. When a blitz is called by the defense, it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense's quarterback.
Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense, due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass protection, when required. Similar to the "free safety" position, linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap, to determine their role during that particular play.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
2.1 Middle linebacker
2.2 Outside linebacker
2.2.1 Strongside linebacker
2.2.2 Weakside linebacker
3 Formations
3.1 4–3 defense
3.2 3–4 defense
3.3 46 defense
3.4 4–4 defense
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Bibliography
History[edit]
Germany Schulz, the sport's first linebacker.
Before the advent of the two-platoon system with separate units for offense and defense, the player who was the team's center on offense was often, though not always, the team's linebacker on defense. Hence today one usually sees four defensive linemen to the offense's five or more. Most sources claim coach Fielding H. Yost and center Germany Schulz of the University of Michigan invented the position.[1][2][3][4][5] Schulz was Yost's first linebacker in 1904 when he stood up from his usual position on the line. Yost was horrified at first, but came to see the wisdom in Schulz's innovation.[6] William Dunn of Penn St. was another Western linebacker soon after Schulz.
However, there are various historical claims tied to the linebacker position, including some before 1904. For example, Percy Given of Georgetown is another center with a claim to the title "first linebacker," supposedly standing up behind the line well before Schulz in a game against Navy in 1902.[7] Despite Given, most sources have the first linebacker in the South as Frank Juhan of Sewanee.[8] In the East, Ernest Cozens of Penn was "one of the first of the roving centers,"[9] another, archaic term for the position, supposedly coined by Hank Ketcham of Yale.[10] Walter E. Bachman of Lafayette was said to be "the developer of the "roving center" concept."[11] Edgar Garbisch of Army was credited with developing the "roving center method" of playing defensive football in 1921.[12]
In professional football, Cal Hubbard is credited with pioneering the linebacker position. He starred as a tackle and end, playing off the line in a style similar to that of a modern linebacker.[13]
Types[edit]
Middle linebacker[edit]
The middle or inside linebacker (MLB or ILB), sometimes called "Mike" or "Mohr",[14] is often referred to as the "quarterback of the defense."[15] Often it is the middle linebacker who receives the defensive play calls from the sideline and relays that play to the rest of the team–and in the NFL he is usually the defensive player with the electronic sideline communicator. A jack-of-all-trades, the middle linebacker can be asked to blitz (though they often blitz less than the outside linebacker), cover, spy the quarterback, or even have a deep middle-of-the-field responsibility in the Tampa 2 defense. In standard defenses, middle linebackers commonly lead the team in tackles. The terms middle and inside linebacker are often used interchangeably;[16] they are also used to distinguish between a single middle linebacker playing in a 4–3 defense, and two inside linebackers playing in a 3–4 defense.[17] In a 3–4 defense that has these two inside linebackers, the larger, more run-stopping-oriented linebacker is usually still called "Mike", while the smaller, more pass protection/route coverage-oriented player is called "Will". "Mikes" usually line up towards the strong side or on the side the offense is more likely to run on (based on personnel matchups) while Wills may line up on the other side or even a little farther back between the defensive line and the secondary.
Outside linebacker[edit]
The outside linebacker (OLB), sometimes called the "Buck, Sam, and Rebel" is usually responsible for outside containment. This includes the strongside and weakside designations below. They are also responsible for blitzing the quarterback.
Strongside linebacker[edit]
The strongside linebacker (SLB) is often nicknamed "Sam" or striker[14] for purposes of calling a blitz. Since the strong side of the offensive team is the side on which the tight end lines up, or whichever side contains the most personnel, the strongside linebacker usually lines up across from the tight end. Often the strongside linebacker will be called upon to tackle the running back on a play, because the back will be following the tight end's block. He is most often the strongest linebacker; at the least he possesses the ability to withstand, shed, and fight off blocks from a tight end or fullback blocking the backside of a pass play. The linebacker should also have strong safety abilities in pass situation to cover the tight end in man on man situations. He should also have considerable quickness to read and get into coverage in zone situations. The strongside linebacker is also commonly known as the left outside linebacker (LOLB).
Weakside linebacker[edit]
The weakside linebacker (WLB), or the "Will" in 4–3 Defense, sometimes called the backside linebacker, or "Buck", as well as other names like Jack or Bandit[14] must be the fastest of the three, because he is often the one called into pass coverage. He is also usually chasing the play from the backside, so the ability to maneuver through traffic is a necessity for the Will. The Will usually aligns off the line of scrimmage at the same depth as Mike. Because of his position on the weakside, the Will does not often have to face large interior linemen one on one unless one is pulling. In coverage, the Will often covers the back that attacks his side of the field first in man coverage, while covering the weak flat in Texas Loop or hook/curl areas in zone coverage. The weakside linebacker is also commonly known as the right outside linebacker (ROLB). The ROLB needs to be strong in all areas of the physical realm.
Formations[edit]
The number of linebackers is dependent upon the formation called for in the play; formations can call for as few as none, or as many as seven. Most defensive schemes call for three or four, and they are generally named for the number of linemen, followed by the number of linebackers (with the 46 defense being an exception). For example, the 4–3 defense has four defensive linemen and three linebackers; conversely, the 3–4 defense has three linemen and four linebackers.
4–3 defense[edit]
Main article: 4–3 defense
In the 4–3 defense there are four down linemen and three linebackers. The middle linebacker is designated "Mike" (or "Mac") and two outside linebackers are designated "Sam" and "Will" according to how they line up against the offensive formation. If there is a strong call, the linebacker on the strongside is called "Sam", while the linebacker on the weakside is called "Will". The outside linebacker's job is to cover the end to make sure a run doesn't escape, and to watch the pass and protect from it. The middle linebacker's job is to stop runs between the tackles and watch the entire field to see the play develop. On pass plays, the linebackers' responsibilities vary based upon whether a man or zone coverage is called. In a zone coverage, the linebackers will generally drop into hook zones across the middle of the field. However, some zones will send the outside linebackers into the flats (area directly to the left and right of the hash marks, extending 4–5 yards downfield). In a man-to-man call, the "Sam" will often cover the tight end with help from a safety over the top, while at other times, the "Sam" and "Will" will be responsible for the first man out of the backfield on their side of the center, with the "Mike" covering if a second man exits on that side of the field.
In the "Tampa 2" zone defense the middle linebacker is required to drop quickly into a deep middle zone pass coverage thus requiring a quick player at this position.
3–4 defense[edit]
Main article: 3–4 defense
Base 3–4 defense
In the 3–4 defense there are three linemen playing the line of scrimmage with four linebackers backing them up, typically two outside linebackers and two inside linebackers. The weak side inside linebacker is typically called the "Will," while the strong side or middle inside linebacker is called the "Mike". "Sam" is a common designation for strong outside linebacker, while the other position is usually called "Jack" and is often a hybrid DE/LB. Usually, teams that run a 3–4 defense look for college defensive ends that are too small to play the position in the pros and not quite fluid enough to play outside linebacker in a 4–3 defense as their "Jack" linebacker.
The idea behind the 3–4 defense is to disguise where the fourth rusher will come from. Instead of the standard four down-linemen in the 4–3, only three players are clearly attacking on nearly every play. A key for running this defense successfully is having a defensive front of three large defensive linemen who command constant double teams. In particular, the nose tackle, who plays over the offensive center, must be able to hold ground and to occupy several offensive blockers to allow the linebackers to make plays. The focus of the 3–4 defensive line is to occupy offensive linemen thus freeing the linebackers to tackle the running back or to rush the passer or otherwise drop into pass coverage.
Generally, the primary responsibilities for both outside linebackers are to stop the run and rush the quarterback in passing situations, in which they line in front of the tackles like true defensive ends. The outside linebackers in a 3–4 defense are players who are very skilled at rushing the quarterback and they would be playing defensive end in a 4–3 defense. When it comes to the inside linebackers, one is generally a run-stuffing player who is better able to handle offensive linemen and stop running backs when the offense features a running play, while the other is often a smaller, faster player who excels in pass coverage. However, the smaller or cover LB should also be able to scrape and plug running lanes decently.
The design concept of the 3–4 defense is to confuse the offensive line in their blocking assignments, particularly in pass blocking, and to create a more complex read for the quarterback. Many 3–4 defenses have the ability to quickly hybrid into a 4–3 on the field.
46 defense[edit]
Main article: 46 defense
In the 46 defense there are four linemen, three linebackers and a safety who is moved up behind the line of scrimmage. Thus, it appears as if there are 4 linebackers, but it is really 3 linebackers with one safety playing up with the other linebackers.
Three of the defensive linemen are over both of the offensive guards and the center, thereby making it difficult to double team any one of the three interior defensive linemen. This can also take away the ability of the offense to pull the guards on a running play, because this would leave one of the defenders unblocked, or, at best, give another lineman a very difficult block to make on one of the defenders. The safety, like the linebacker, can blitz, play man-on-man, play zone, or drop back into deep coverage like a normal safety would do. The 46 is used in heavy run situations to stop the run, when a team wants to bring lots of pressure, or merely to confuse the quarterback and offensive line.
4–4 defense[edit]
This defense is effective at run-stopping but is weaker than a 4–3 defense at pass coverage because it uses only three defensive backs. One of the outside linebackers is usually called into either blitz or pass coverage to make up for the missing DB. In the NFL and college football, this alignment is used mainly in short yardage situations or near the goal line. It is commonly used in high school football.
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Big Ten Football, Its Life and Times, Great Coaches, Players, and Games, page 193, Mervin D. Hyman, Gordon S. White, Macmillan, 1977, ISBN 0-02-558070-1.
Jump up ^ "First linebacker found". The Newark Advocate. October 30, 1974. p. 27. Retrieved June 4, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "More Trivia". The Pantagraph. September 10, 1967. p. 28. Retrieved June 4, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Dave Lewis, "Once Over Lightly," The Long Beach Independent, July 29, 1954.
Jump up ^ "Germany Schulz".
Jump up ^ Malcolm Bingay, "A Little About This and That: How Schulz Entered Michigan Still A Mystery," The Morning Herald, May 1, 1951; ; "Frankly Speaking: Schulz' Great Grid Exploits Reviewed," The Long Beach Press-Telegram, April 17, 1951.
Jump up ^ Alexander M. Weyand (1962). Football Immortals. p. 128.
Jump up ^ "Frank Juhan".
Jump up ^ "Ernest B. Cozens". Pennsylvania Gazette. June 28, 1929. p. 751.
Jump up ^ "Henry 'Hank' Ketcham player profile". College Football Hall of Fame.
Jump up ^ "Walter Bachman".
Jump up ^ "Col. Edward Garbisch and His Wife, Bernice, Die". Palm Beach Daily News. December 16, 1979. p. A1, A15.
Jump up ^ Richard Whittingham. What a Game They Played: An Inside Look at the Golden Era of Pro Football. p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zimmer, Ben (September 9, 2012). "How Sam, Mike and Will Became Football Positions". The Boston Globe. Boston. Retrieved October 5, 2013. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ JW Nix (August 30, 2011). "NFL Defensive Quarterbacks: The 10 Best Middle Linebackers in Football Today". Bleacher Report. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Michael (2003). Football All-Stars: The Nfl's Best. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 55. ISBN 0823936902.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Larry (August 5, 2008). "Mayo leaning on 'old guys' to pick up Pats system on the fly". USA Today.
Bibliography[edit]
Complete Book of Linebacker Play, Joe Giampalmi, Parker Pub. Co., 1984, ISBN 0-13-157511-2
Positions in American football and Canadian football
Offense (Skill position)
Defense
Special teams
Linemen Guard, Tackle, Center Linemen Tackle, End Kicking players Placekicker, Punter, Kickoff specialist
Quarterback (Dual-threat, Game manager, System) Linebacker Snapping Long snapper, Holder
Backs Halfback/Tailback, Fullback, H-back, Wingback, Triple-threat Backs Cornerback, Safety, Halfback Returning Punt returner, Kick returner, Jammer
Receivers Wide receiver (Eligible), Tight end, Slotback, End Nickelback, Dimeback Tackling Gunner, Upback, Utility
Formations (List) — Nomenclature — Strategy

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List of United Kingdom censuses
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The census in the United Kingdom is decennial, that is, held every ten years, although there is provision in the Census Act 1920 for a census to take place at intervals of five years or more. There have only been two occasions where the census has not been decennial: There was no census in 1941 due to the war; and a mini-census using a ten percent sample of the population was conducted on 24 April 1966. There are actually three separate censuses in the United Kingdom - in England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, although they are often coordinated. From 1821 until 1911, the census included the whole of Ireland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Previous censuses
1.1 Published censuses
1.2 Unpublished censuses
2 References
3 See also
Previous censuses[edit]
Published censuses[edit]
The census records which have been published relate to the occupants of each household on the date given below:
United Kingdom Census 1801 - Tuesday, 10 March
United Kingdom Census 1811 - Monday, 27 May
United Kingdom Census 1821 - Monday, 28 May
United Kingdom Census 1831 - Monday, 30 May
United Kingdom Census 1841 - Sunday, 6 June
United Kingdom Census 1851 - Sunday, 30 March
United Kingdom Census 1861 - Sunday, 7 April
United Kingdom Census 1871 - Sunday, 2 April
United Kingdom Census 1881 - Sunday, 3 April
United Kingdom Census 1891 - Sunday, 5 April
United Kingdom Census 1901 - Sunday, 31 March
United Kingdom Census 1911 - Sunday, 2 April
National Registration Act 1939 - Friday, 29 September Second World War (Published 2 Nov 2015)
Unpublished censuses[edit]
Because the 100-year closure rule was established after the 1911 census, information in later censuses will not be released until the dates stated.
United Kingdom Census 1921 - Sunday, 19 June (scheduled publication date 1 January 2022)
United Kingdom Census 1931 - Sunday, 26 April (destroyed in a fire in 1942, which was not caused by enemy action and appears to have been an accident; the Scottish Census for this year survived as it was stored in Edinburgh)[1]
United Kingdom Census 1941 - no census taken due to World War II.
United Kingdom Census 1951 - 8 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2052)
United Kingdom Census 1961 - 23 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2062)
United Kingdom Census 1966 - 24 April mini-census using a ten percent sample (publication date 1 January 2067)
United Kingdom Census 1971 - 25 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2072)
United Kingdom Census 1981 - 5 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2082)
United Kingdom Census 1991 - 21 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2092)
United Kingdom Census 2001 - 29 April (scheduled publication date 1 January 2102)
United Kingdom Census 2011 - 27 March (scheduled publication date 1 January 2112)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 1931 Census
See also[edit]
Census of Ireland, 1911
[hide]
v
t
e
Census in the United Kingdom
Censuses
Published
1801
1811
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
1911
Ireland
1939
Unpublished
1921
1931
1951
1961
1966
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Future
2021
Census Acts
1800
1900
1920
1969 (Northern Ireland)
1991
2000
See Also
Annual Population Survey
Beyond 2011
Census Enumerators' Books
UK Data Service
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_Kingdom_censuses&oldid=750044257"
Categories:
Demographics of the United Kingdom
Censuses in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom-related lists
Genealogy
Irish genealogy
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