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Hip bone
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Hip bone
Position of the hip bones (shown in red)
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Os coxa(e), os innominatum
MeSH
D010384
TA
A02.5.01.001
FMA
16585
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The hip bone (os coxa, innominate bone, pelvic bone[1] or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and together with the sacrum and coccyx (the pelvic part of the spine) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis – the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity. They are connected to the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton, at the sacroiliac joint. Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton) through the large ball and socket joint of the hip.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Ilium
1.2 Ischium
1.3 Pubis
1.4 Development
2 Function
2.1 Muscle attachment
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Fractures
4 In animals
5 Additional images
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The skeleton of the human pelvis:
2–4. Hip bone (os coxae)
1. Sacrum (os sacrum), 2. Ilium (os ilium), 3. Ischium (os ischii)
4. Pubic bone (os pubis) (4a. corpus, 4b. ramus superior, 4c. ramus inferior, 4d. tuberculum pubicum)
5. Pubic symphysis, 6. Acetabulum (of the hip joint), 7. Foramen obturatum, 8. Coccyx/tailbone (os coccygis)
Dotted. Linea terminalis of the pelvic brim
The hip bone is formed by three parts: ilium, ischium, and pubis. At birth, these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage. They join each other in a Y-shaped portion of cartilage in the acetabulum. By the end of puberty the three regions will have fused together, and by the age of 25 they will have ossified. The two hip bones join each other at the pubic symphysis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones form the pelvis.[2]
Ilium[edit]
Main article: Ilium (bone)
Ilium (plural ilia) is the uppermost and largest region. It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum. It is divisible into two parts: the body and the ala or wing of ilium; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum. The body of ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S-shaped iliac crest which is easily located through the skin. The iliac crest shows clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles.[2]
Ischium[edit]
Main article: Ischium
The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and behind the pubis. The ischium is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone. It is divisible into three portions: the body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus. The body forms approximately one-third of the acetabulum.
The ischium forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium, also referred to colloquially as the "sit bone". When sitting, the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity. The gluteus maximus covers it in the upright posture, but leaves it free in the seated position.[2]
Pubis[edit]
Main article: Pubis (bone)
The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum. The body forms the wide, strong, medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis.[2] The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones, that secures the pubic symphysis, is called the interpubic disc.
The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen. It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side. It is conveniently described in two portions: a medial flattened part and a narrow lateral prismoid portion.
The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat. It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus. It becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen.
Development[edit]
Plan of ossification of the hip bone. Left hip bone, external surface.
The hip bone is ossified from eight centers: three primary, one each for the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and five secondary, one each for the iliac crest, the anterior inferior spine (said to occur more frequently in the male than in the female), the tuberosity of the ischium, the pubic symphysis (more frequent in the female than in the male), and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum. The centers appear in the following order: in the lower part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic notch, about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous. By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone. About the thirteenth or fourteenth year, the three primary centers have extended their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum, and are there separated from each other by a Y-shaped portion of cartilage, which now presents traces of ossification, often by two or more centers. One of these, the os acetabuli, appears about the age of twelve, between the ilium and pubis, and fuses with them about the age of eighteen; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum. The ilium and ischium then become joined, and lastly the pubis and ischium, through the intervention of this Y-shaped portion. At about the age of puberty, ossification takes place in each of the remaining portions, and they join with the rest of the bone between the twentieth and twenty-fifth years. Separate centers are frequently found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine, and for the crest and angle of the pubis.
Function[edit]
The male pelvis, formed by left and right hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
The female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis to accommodate childbirth.
Muscle attachment[edit]
Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic, abdominal muscles, back muscles, all the gluteal muscles, muscles of the lateral rotator group, hamstring muscles, two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh and even a single shoulder muscle.
Abdominal muscles
The abdominal external oblique muscle attaches to the iliac crest.
The abdominal internal oblique muscle attaches to pecten pubis.
The transversus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic crest and pecten pubis via a conjoint tendon
Back muscles
The multifidus muscle in the sacral region attaches to the medial surface of posterior superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and several places to the sacrum.
Gluteal muscles
The gluteus maximus muscle arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium, and the rough portion of bone including the iliac crest, the fascia covering the gluteus medius (gluteal aponeurosis), as well as the sacrum, coccyx, the erector spinae (lumbodorsal fascia), the sacrotuberous ligament.
The gluteus medius muscle: originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below. The gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface.
Gluteus minimus muscle originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and from the margin of the greater sciatic notch.
Lateral rotator group
The piriformis muscle originates from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament and part of the spine and sacrum.
The superior gemellus muscle arises from the outer surface of the ischial spine
The obturator internus muscle arises from the inner surface of the antero-lateral wall of the hip bone, where it surrounds the greater part of the obturator foramen, being attached to the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, and at the side to the inner surface of the hip bone below and behind the pelvic brim, reaching from the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen above and behind to the obturator foramen below and in front. It also arises from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane except in the posterior part, from the tendinous arch, and to a slight extent from the obturator fascia, which covers the muscle.
The inferior gemellus muscle arises from the upper part of the tuberosity of the ischium, immediately below the groove for the obturator internus tendon.
The obturator externus muscle arises from the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturator foramen, from the rami of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium; it also arises from the medial two-thirds of the outer surface of the obturator membrane, and from the tendinous arch.
Hamstrings
The long head biceps femoris arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the semitendinosus, and from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament;[3]
The semitendinosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the long head of the biceps femoris; it also arises from an aponeurosis which connects the adjacent surfaces of the two muscles to the extent of about 7.5 cm. from their origin.
The semimembranosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium
Anterior compartment of thigh
The rectus femoris muscle arises by two tendons: one, the anterior or straight, from the anterior inferior iliac spine; the other, the posterior or reflected, from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum.
The sartorius muscle arises by tendinous fibres from the anterior superior iliac spine,
Shoulder muscles
The latissimus dorsi muscle attaches to the iliac crest and several places on the spine and ribs.
Clinical significance[edit]
The proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth. Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis[4] in relation to the birth of a baby in order to detect an increased risk for obstructed labor.
Fractures[edit]
Main article: Pelvic fracture
Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures, and should not be confused with hip fractures, which are actually femoral fractures[5] that occur in the proximal end of the femur.
In animals[edit]
The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column.[6]
In the early tetrapods, this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis, while the ilium formed as a new structure, initially somewhat rod-like in form, but soon adding a larger bony blade. The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet. In these early forms, the connection with the vertebral column is not complete, with a small pair of ribs connecting the two structures; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found in most subsequent forms.[6]
In practice, modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure, based on their varied forms and lifestyles. The obturator foramen is generally very small in such animals, although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium, referred to as the thyroid fenestra, which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in mammals. In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs.[6]
In therapsids, the hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise, relatives to its position in reptiles, so that the ilium moved forward, and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear. The same pattern is seen in all modern mammals, and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have merged to form a single space. The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals, but is much larger in ungulates and humans, in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles. Monotremes and marsupials also possess a fourth pair of bones, the prepubes or "marsupial bones", which extend forward from the pubes, and help to support the abdominal muscles and, in marsupials, the pouch. In placental mammals, the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in females than in males, to allow for the birth of the young.[6]
The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial, but they are now known to play a role in sexual selection.[7]
Additional images[edit]
Female pelvis.
Position of the hip bones (shown in red). Animation.
Right hip bone. Animation.
Right hip bone. External surface.
Right hip bone. Internal surface.
Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis.
Hip bone.Medial view.
Hip bone. Lateral view.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 231 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hip+bone
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 237–239. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ "Gray's Anatomy". 1918. Archived from the original on 2009-12-22.
Jump up ^ "pelvimetry" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > hip fracture Citing: McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Copyright 2002
^ Jump up to: a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188–192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Dines, James P., et al. "Sexual selection targets cetacean pelvic bones." Evolution 68.11 (2014): 3296-3306.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hip bone.
hip/hip%20bones/bones3[dead link] at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
hide
v
t
e
Bones of the pelvis
General
sacrum
coccyx
hip bone
Ilium
body
arcuate line
wing
gluteal lines
posterior
anterior
inferior
iliac spines
anterior superior
anterior inferior
posterior superior
posterior inferior
other:
crest
tuberosity
tubercle
fossa
Ischium
body
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
superior ramus
tuberosity of the ischium
inferior ramus
no substructures
Pubis
body
pubic crest
superior ramus
pubic tubercle
obturator crest
inferior ramus
pectineal line
Compound
acetabulum
acetabular notch
iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line
linea terminalis
ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch
Foramina
obturator foramen
greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch
lesser sciatic foramen
Landmarks
pelvic inlet
pelvic brim
pelvic outlet
Anatomy portal
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Twist and Shout
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Twist and Shout (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Twist and Shout"
B-side label of the US single
Single by The Top Notes
A-side
"Always Late (Why Lead Me On)"
Released
1961
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
February 23, 1961
Studio
Atlantic Studios, New York City
Genre
Rock and roll, R&B
Length
2:05
Label
Atlantic (45-2115)
Songwriter(s)
Bert Berns, Phil Medley
Producer(s)
Phil Spector
The Top Notes singles chronology
"Hearts of Stone"
(1961) "Twist and Shout"
(1961) "Wait For Me Baby"
(1962)
"Twist and Shout" is a 1961 song written by Phil Medley and Bert Berns (later credited as "Bert Russell"). The song was originally recorded by the Top Notes. It first became a chart hit as a cover single by the Isley Brothers in 1962. The song has since been covered by several artists, including the Beatles on their first album Please Please Me (1963), as well as the Tremeloes in 1962 and the Who in 1970 and 1984.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Top Notes
2 The Isley Brothers
2.1 Personnel
3 The Beatles' version
3.1 1986 recharting
3.2 2010 UK chart entry
3.3 Personnel
3.4 Charts and certifications
3.4.1 Charts
3.4.2 Certifications
4 The Who's version
5 Brian Poole and the Tremeloes' version
6 Other cover versions
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
The Top Notes[edit]
In 1961, one year after Phil Spector became a staff producer at Atlantic Records, he was asked to produce a single by an up-and-coming vocal group, The Top Notes. This was before Spector perfected his "Wall of Sound" technique, and the recording, at the Atlantic Studios on February 23, 1961, arranged by Teddy Randazzo with musicians including saxophonist King Curtis, guitarist John Pizzarelli, and drummer Panama Francis, with backing vocals by the Cookies,[1] lacked much of the energy the Top Notes exhibited in their live performances.[2]
The Top Notes included singers Howard "Howie" Guyton (also known as Guy Howard), a cousin of Dave "Baby" Cortez; and Derek Martin, also known as Derek Ray.[3] Guyton provided the lead vocals on "Twist and Shout".[4] Guyton, Martin and Cortez had previously all been members of vocal groups the Pearls (also known as the Five Pearls) in their home city of Detroit, and then of the Sheiks in New York;[3] and Guyton and Martin later recorded as members of Jimmy Ricks & the Raves. Derek Martin later recorded a succession of singles, mostly on the Roulette label, in the 1960s and early 1970s, including a version of Otis Blackwell's "Daddy Rollin' Stone", before moving to live in France where he has continued to perform.[5][6][7] Guyton later sang in a touring version of the Platters, and died of a heart attack in 1977, aged 39, while touring in Argentina.[8][9]
Songwriter Bert Berns felt Spector had ruined the song, and went out to show Spector how it should be done.[10]
The Isley Brothers[edit]
"Twist and Shout"
A-side label of the US single
Single by The Isley Brothers
B-side
"Spanish Twist"
Released
June 16, 1962
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
New York City, 1962
Genre
Rock and roll, R&B
Length
2:27
Label
Wand (653)
Songwriter(s)
Phil Medley, Bert Russell
Producer(s)
Bert Russell
The Isley Brothers singles chronology
"Shout"
(1962) "Twist and Shout"
(1962) "Twistin' With Linda"
(1962)
When the Isley Brothers decided to record the song in 1962, Bert Berns (who also used the name Bert Russell) opted to produce, and thus demonstrate to Spector what he had intended to be the "sound" of the record.[10] The resulting recording captured the verve of an Isley Brothers performance, and became the trio's first record to reach a Top 20 position in the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.
The Isley Brothers' version, with Ronald Isley on lead vocals, was the first major hit recording of the song, peaking at No. 17 on the U.S. pop top 40 charts, and No. 2 on the US R&B charts. The song quickly became a frequently covered R&B tune in the early 1960s. According to Ronald, the song was supposed to be the B-side to the Burt Bacharach standard, "Make It Easy on Yourself", which had been a hit for Jerry Butler. When the Isleys recorded "Twist and Shout", the brothers did not think the song would do well, as they had not had a hit in the three years since "Shout" established them. To their surprise, it became their first Top 40 hit on both the pop and R&B charts, and for a time established the group's reputation for producing fast-paced songs during their earlier career.
Personnel[edit]
Ronald Isley – lead vocals
O'Kelly Isley Jr. – backing vocals
Rudolph Isley – backing vocals
King Curtis – saxophone
Eric Gale – guitar
Trade Martin – guitar
Cornell Dupree – guitar
Paul Griffin – piano
Chuck Rainey – bass
Gary Chester – drums
Production by Bert Russell
The Beatles' version[edit]
"Twist and Shout"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Please Please Me
Released
March 22, 1963
Format
LP record
Recorded
February 11, 1963
Studio
EMI, London
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
2:32
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Phil Medley, Bert Russell
Producer(s)
George Martin
Released on the Beatles' first UK album, Please Please Me (1963), the complete recording of which on February 11, 1963, was their first album session and is notable for 10 songs recorded in a mere 13 hours. "Twist and Shout", with John Lennon on lead vocals, was the last song recorded; producer George Martin knew Lennon's voice would suffer from the performance, so he left it until last, with only 15 minutes of scheduled recording time remaining.
Lennon was suffering from a cold, and was drinking milk and sucking on cough drops to soothe his throat. His coughing is audible on the album, as is the cold's effect on his voice. Even so, he produced a memorable vocal performance: a raucous, dynamic rocker. He later said his voice was not the same for a long time afterward, and that "every time [he] swallowed, it felt like sandpaper".[11]
A second take was attempted, but Lennon had nothing left and it was abandoned.[12] George Martin said, "I did try a second take ... but John's voice had gone."[13]
Released as a single in the US on March 2, 1964, with "There's a Place" as its B-side,[14] by Chicago-based Vee-Jay Records on the Tollie label, it reached number 2 on April 4, 1964, during the week that the top five places on the chart were all Beatles singles (in the Cashbox singles chart for the same week, "Twist and Shout" was No. 1). In the United States, "Twist and Shout" was the only million-selling Beatles single that was a cover record, and the only Beatles cover single to reach the Top 10 on a national record chart. The song failed to hit #1 because the Beatles had another song occupying the top spot, "Can't Buy Me Love".
In the UK, "Twist and Shout" was released by Parlophone on an EP with three other tracks, "Do You Want to Know a Secret", "A Taste of Honey", and "There's a Place", from the Please Please Me (1963) album. Both the EP and album reached No. 1 (see Twist and Shout (EP)). In Canada, it became the title track to the second album of Beatles material to be issued by Capitol Records of Canada, on February 3, 1964.
It is regarded as one of the finest examples of British rock and roll for its vocal performance.[15] The song was used as a rousing closing number on Sunday Night at the London Palladium in October 1963 and at The Royal Variety Show in November 1963, the former signalling the start of "Beatlemania"; the latter was included on the Anthology 1 compilation album in 1995. In addition, the group performed it on one of their Ed Sullivan Show appearances in February 1964.
The Beatles continued to play the song live until the end of their August 1965 tour of North America. Additionally, they recorded "Twist and Shout" on nine occasions for BBC television and radio broadcasts, the earliest of which was for the Talent Spot radio show on November 27, 1962. The intro sounds very similar to "La Bamba" by Ritchie Valens, and the famous vocal buildup resembles that in "Do You Love Me" by the Contours.
1986 recharting[edit]
The song enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in 1986 after Matthew Broderick lip-synced to the Beatles' version of it in the film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Coincidentally, the Rodney Dangerfield film Back to School (released two days after Ferris) also featured the song, this one sung by Dangerfield himself and patterned after the Beatles' arrangement. The use in the two films helped propel the single up the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at No. 23 late that summer, giving the group their second chart single of the 1980s (the other being "The Beatles Movie Medley" in 1982).[16] The song's seven-week run in the U.S. Top 40 in 1986, combined with its original 16-week run in 1964, makes "Twist and Shout" the longest-running Top 40 hit for the Beatles, at 23 weeks. Its overall chart longevity, combined with its original four-week run at #2, statistically makes it the Beatles' second most successful single in the U.S. next to "Hey Jude".
2010 UK chart entry[edit]
In November 2010, 47 years after its recording, the Beatles' version of "Twist and Shout" made a debut on the UK Singles Chart. The highest charting Beatles track in the aftermath of their new availability on iTunes, it entered the charts at #48 in the first of a two-week run.
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – bass, backing vocals
George Harrison – lead guitar, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums
Engineered by Norman Smith[17][better source needed]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
Australian Kent Music Report[18] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[19] 9
Norway (VG-lista)[20] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[21] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[22] 1
West German Media Control Singles Chart[23] 10
Chart (1986)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[21] 23
Chart (2010)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24] 48
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[25]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
The Who's version[edit]
"Twist & Shout"
Single by The Who
from the album The Isle of Wight Festival and Who's Last
B-side
"I Can't Explain"
Released
1970 and November 1984
Format
7"
Recorded
December 17, 1982
Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Canada
Genre
Rock
Label
MCA Records
Songwriter(s)
Phil Medley and Bertrand Russell Berns
Producer(s)
David "Cyrano" Langston
The Who singles chronology
"It's Hard"
(1982) "Twist & Shout"
(1970) "Real Good Looking Boy"
(2004)
"It's Hard"
(1982) "Twist and Shout (live)"
(1984) "Real Good Looking Boy"
(2004)
English rock band the Who covered the song live during their career, with Roger Daltrey singing lead vocals on the first version which is on the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970, and on their 1982 Farewell Tour,[26] with their bassist John Entwistle singing the lead vocals. The 1982 version can be heard on the live album Who's Last (recorded at the Richfield Coliseum on December 14, 1982 and released in November 1984), Live From Toronto (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 17, 1982 and released in 2006), as well as on the 1994 compilation Thirty Years of Maximum R&B (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 16, 1982, misdated in the liner notes for the concert at Toronto's CNE stadium on October 9, 1982).
Brian Poole and the Tremeloes' version[edit]
In 1962 the Decca label signed Brian Poole and the Tremeloes, a British group from Dagenham, East London, in preference to the Beatles. Both groups auditioned on the same day, and it has become legend that the Beatles were rejected by the label. Ironically, Brian Poole and the Tremeloes had no chart success until the beat boom in British rock surfaced, following the success of the Beatles. This triggered the frenzied signing of most of the popular Liverpool rock groups of that period by the major record labels, and their distinctive "sound" became known as Merseybeat. Brian Poole and the Tremeloes imitated this style, and covered "Twist and Shout" four months after the Beatles had released their version, and achieved the number four position in the UK Singles Chart.[27]
Other cover versions[edit]
In 1964, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their album The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits.[28]
In 1966, Buck Owens performed the song on his famous "Carnegie Hall Concert" album.[29]
In 1967, the song was also covered by the Mamas & the Papas in the style of a ballad on their album Deliver.
In 1988, Salt-n-Pepa recorded a cover version on their album A Salt with a Deadly Pepa. It was released as a single in the UK, and reached No. 4.[30]
In 1993, Chaka Demus & Pliers recorded a reggae version featuring Jack Radics, which went to No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart on 2 January 1994.[27]
In 2001, The Orchestra (a band made up mainly of former members of Electric Light Orchestra), recorded a minor-key version of the song for their album No Rewind.
See also[edit]
Twist and Shout (Deacon Blue song)
Twist songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joel Selvin (2014-04-15). Here Comes the Night: The Dark Soul of Bert Berns and the Dirty Business of ... Books.google.co.uk. p. 369. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ Cad, Saint. "Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals". Listverse.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b ]Andrew Hamilton. "The Pearls | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ Bob Leszczak. Who Did It First?: Great Rhythm and Blues Cover Songs and Their Original Artists. Books.google.co.uk. p. 228. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ Steve Leggett. "Derek Martin | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
Jump up ^ "topnotes". Soulfulkindamusic.net. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ Mitch Rosalsky. Encyclopedia of Rhythm & Blues and Doo-Wop Vocal Groups. Books.google.co.uk. p. 436. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Atlantic Story". Bsnpubs.com. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Beatles. The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books, LLC, 2000.
Jump up ^ Ian MacDonald, "Revolution in the Head"
Jump up ^ Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions
Jump up ^ "USA Discography". Norwegianwood.org. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ian Macdonald, Revolution in the Head, p.67
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, Billboard Books, New York, 1992
Jump up ^ "Twist and Shout". The Beatles Bible. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book (1940–1969). Turramurra: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – Twist and Shout" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Beatles – Twist and Shout". VG-lista. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Beatles – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for The Beatles. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank (1983). The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950-1981. Metuchen, NJ & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 32–34.
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (Enter "Beatles" in the search box) (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 2010-27-11" UK Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Beatles – Twist and Shout". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 14, 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Live Performance". YouTube. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 565. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Lindsay Planer. "The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits - The Chipmunks | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "The Carnegie Hall Concert - Buck Owens | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ Brown, Tony, Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick, The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles and Albums, Omnibus Press, London, 2002
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley
Marvin Isley
O'Kelly Isley, Jr.
Ronald Isley
Rudolph Isley
Chris Jasper
Studio albums
Shout!
Twist & Shout
Twisting and Shouting
This Old Heart of Mine
Soul on the Rocks
It's Our Thing
The Brothers: Isley
Get into Something
Givin' It Back
Brother, Brother, Brother
3 + 3
Live It Up
The Heat Is On
Harvest for the World
Go for Your Guns
Showdown
Winner Takes All
Go All the Way
Grand Slam
Inside You
The Real Deal
Between the Sheets
Masterpiece
Smooth Sailin'
Spend the Night
Tracks of Life
Mission to Please
Eternal
Body Kiss
Baby Makin' Music
Live albums
Live at Yankee Stadium
The Isleys Live
Live!
Compilation albums
Timeless
Singles
"I'm Gonna Knock on Your Door"
"Shout (Part 1)"
"How Deep Is the Ocean?"
"Twist and Shout"
"Nobody but Me"
"Testify (Part 1)"
"Love Is a Wonderful Thing"
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)"
"I Guess I'll Always Love You"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)"
"Behind a Painted Smile"
"Put Yourself in My Place"
"It's Your Thing"
"I Turned You On"
"Keep On Doin'"
"Freedom"
"Love the One You're With"
"Spill the Wine"
"Lay Lady Lay"
"Lay-Away"
"Pop That Thang"
"Work to Do"
"It's Too Late"
"That Lady (Part 1)"
"What It Comes Down To"
"Summer Breeze"
"Live It Up"
"Fight the Power (Part 1)"
"For the Love of You"
"Harvest for the World"
"The Pride"
"Livin' in the Life"
"Voyage to Atlantis"
"Take Me to the Next Phase (Part 1)"
"Groove with You"
"I Wanna Be with You (Part 1)"
"It's a Disco Night (Rock Don't Stop)"
"Don't Say Goodnight (It's Time for Love) (Parts 1 & 2)"
"Between the Sheets"
"Choosey Lover"
"Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)"
"Contagious"
See also
Discography
T-Neck Records
Isley-Jasper-Isley
Book:The Isley Brothers
Category:The Isley Brothers
Portal:R&B and Soul Music
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
[show]
v
t
e
Please Please Me
Songs
Side one
"I Saw Her Standing There"
"Misery"
"Anna (Go to Him)"
"Chains"
"Boys"
"Ask Me Why"
"Please Please Me"
Side two
"Love Me Do"
"P.S. I Love You"
"Baby It's You"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret"
"A Taste of Honey"
"There's a Place"
"Twist and Shout"
Outtakes
"Tip of My Tongue"
"Hold Me Tight"
"Bésame Mucho"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
Preceded by
"Mr Blobby" by Mr Blobby UK Singles Chart Number 1 single by Chaka Demus and Pliers
January 2, 1994 for 2 weeks Succeeded by
"Things Can Only Get Better" by D:Ream
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twist_and_Shout&oldid=802319090"
Categories:
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Samoans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Girl Scout cookies, see Samoas.
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sāmoans
Total population
500,000–621,225
Regions with significant populations
Samoa
194,320
United States
184,440[1]
New Zealand
131,103[2]
American Samoa
55,519
Australia
55,843[3]
Languages
Samoan, English
Religion
Predominantly Christianity of Protestant denominations (chiefly Congregational Christians, Methodists, Latter-day Saints, and Assemblies of God) and also Roman Catholicism. Non-Christian minorities include the Bahá'í Faith and Islam.[4]
Related ethnic groups
Māori, Fijians, other Polynesian peoples, Malays, Filipinos and other Austronesian People
The Samoan people are a Polynesian ethnic group of the Samoan Islands, sharing genetics, language, history and culture. As a result of colonialism, the home islands are politically and geographically divided between the country of Samoa, official name Independent State of Samoa (formerly Western Samoa until country name change in 1997) and American Samoa, an unincorporated territory of the United States.
Samoans living in Samoa in 2006 were estimated at 188,000.[5] The majority of ethnic Samoans now reside in other countries, primarily in the United States (180,000 in 2012),[6] New Zealand (115,000 in 2001)[7] and Australia (55,843 in 2011).[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Migration
2 Culture
2.1 Tattooing
2.2 Music
2.2.1 Christian music
2.3 Dance
2.4 Sports
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Migration[edit]
Main article: Archaeology in Samoa
A Samoan family, circa 1909
Although the Samoan Natives (Tagata Māo‘i) have long claimed to be the indigenous people of their islands — holding firm to the belief that Samoans were birthed by special creation in Samoa — it has been theorized by many linguists and anthropologists, based on linguistic commonalities as well as archaeological findings, that migrants from Southeast Asia arrived in the Samoan Islands approximately 3500 years ago, settling in what has come to be known as Polynesia further to the east. This approximation is based on the Lapita pottery that has been dated to that time.
It is possible, as the natives suggest, that the Samoan Islands were settled some time before 1000 BC and that the original settlement predates the arrival of those to whom the pottery was culturally relevant. Furthermore, the Samoans have developed a language, culture, and social practice most divergent from the other ethnic groups associated with the Lapita pottery.
Early contact with Europeans was established in the 18th century. Christianity was formally introduced with the arrival of L.M.S. Christian missionaries in August 1830.
During the early 20th century the Samoan Islands were partitioned by Germany, Great Britain and the USA. Tutuila and Aunu'u islands were claimed by the USA and later joined by the Kingdom of Manu'a (1904) to become the current Territory of American Samoa. The western islands became German Samoa. In 1914, New Zealand forces captured the islands from Germany, thus becoming Western Samoa. Western Samoa regained its independence on January 1, 1962. In 1997 it formally changed its name to Samoa.[9]
Culture[edit]
Main article: Samoan culture
Samoan family
Tattooing[edit]
Main articles: Pe'a and Malu
Tattooing taking place circa 1895.
Traditional Samoan tattoo (tatau), pe'a (male tatau), malu (female tatau), demonstrate the strong ties many Samoans feel for their culture. Samoans have practiced the art of tattooing men and women for over 2,000 years. To this day, a man's tattoo extensively covers from mid-back, down the sides and flanks, to the knees. A woman's tattoo is not as extensive or heavy. The geometric patterns are based on ancient designs that often denote rank and status. The va'a (canoe), for example, stretches across a man's mid-back.
Samoan oral tradition generally recognizes that two Fijian women, Taema and Tilafaiga, introduced the practice of tattooing. Before the arrival of Christian missionaries, starting in 1830, all Samoan males got a traditional tattoo. Though the early missionaries did not succeed in outlawing the practice (which they considered as defacement of the body and heathenish), they eventually succeeded in refocusing the custom on the sons of chiefs.
In Samoa's cultural past most males were tattooed between the ages of 14–18, when it was determined they had stopped growing, so the designs would not stretch and suffer in beauty. Today, there has been a strong revival of traditional tattooing in the past generation, not only in Samoa but throughout Polynesia, often as a symbol of cultural identity.
Tatau, the Samoan word for tattoo has a number of meanings including correct or rightness. It also signifies the correct quadrangular figures in reference to the fact that Samoan tattoo designs do not include circular lines, although other Polynesian tattoo motifs do. Early Englishmen mispronounced the word tatau and borrowed it into popular usage as tattoo.
Traditional tattooing is a painful process. The Samoan tattoo master dips his cutting tools into black ink made from the soot of burnt candlenut shells and then punctures designs into the skin. The cutting tool consists of a short piece of bamboo or light wood with a piece of tortoiseshell bound at right angles at one end. A little bone comb is bound to the lower broad end of the tortoiseshell. The larger the comb, the greater the area on the skin is covered with fewer strokes. The master uses a small mallet to repeatedly tap a short-handled instrument. The process takes days and is sometimes partially accomplished over longer periods, with recuperation in between.
Tattoo designs have changed to include freehand symbols such as the kava bowl representing hospitality; the characterization of the Samoan house or fale signifying kinship; emblems of nature — shells, fish, birds, waves, centipedes; and the traditional geometric lines and angles of different lengths and sizes.[10]
Music[edit]
Modern pop and rock have a large audience in Samoa, as do several native bands; these bands have abandoned most elements of Samoan traditional music, though there are folky performers. Recently, the population has seen a resurgence of old Samoan songs, remixed in the style of Hawaiian reggae but with some traditional elements, such as the use of the pate and old chord structure.
Initially in Samoan music,
"there were just two instruments in use; the pate, a hollowed out log drum that comes in various sizes, and the fala, a rolled up mat beaten with sticks. In addition to this was the human voice. This limited range of instrumentation had no effect on the importance of music in Samoan life. Because there was no written language many stories and legends were propagated through song and the complex rhythms from the pate are essential in the performance of many Samoan dances. In fact in many dances, the dancers themselves add to the rhythm by clapping their hands, and dependent upon the way in which the hand is held produce a range of different sounds. Two instruments were developed that are now synonymous with Samoan music, the selo and the ukulele. The selo is a stringed instrument made from a broomstick, or similar object, attached to a large box, bucket or other object that acts as a sounding board. A single length of string joins the top of the stick to the box, which is plucked to produce a sound similar to that of a bass. The ukele is a small guitar-like instrument but with only four strings. It can be found in two forms, one which is like a miniaturised guitar, the other where the body is made from half a coconut shell."[11]
Western string instruments such as guitars are widely available across the Pacific Islands, with many bands performing and recording acoustic and amplified music in Samoa since the 1970s. Younger generations continue to perform in string bands as well as gravitate toward genres such as rap, R&B, gospel and soul.
The nearly three decades of Samoan involvement in street dance and rap music in the United States has significantly impacted cultural production in places where Samoans settled, particularly New Zealand.[12] Nesian Mystik, a New Zealand hip-hop outfit with several Polynesian members, features Samoan-Chinese member Sabre Strickson-Pua. Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E., featuring several Samoan brothers from Carson, California, have been working with music since 1988. Boo-Yaa came into the hip-hop game at the same time as Ice Cube, and they often resemble the West Coast hip-hop style.[13]
Christian music[edit]
As with many South Pacific peoples, Samoans are heavily religious. Over 90% of all Samoans in Samoa and American Samoa are Christian with over 90% of that population attending church weekly. Similarly high numbers are seen across the Samoan diaspora. Samoan choral music is vital in every religion practiced by Samoans and a number of prominent composers are well known among Samoans whether composing simple hymns or a classical "Salamo" (Psalms), a multi-movement choral piece. The most notable of these are from the Ekalesia Faapotopotoga Iesu i Samoa (EFIS or CCJS, the Congregational Church of Jesus in Samoa), the Ekalesia Faapotopotoga Kerisiano i Samoa (EFKS or CCCS, the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa), the Ekalesia Faapotopotoga Kerisiano i Amerika Samoa (EFKAS or CCCAS, the Congregational Christian Church of Am. Samoa), and the Ekalesia Metotisi i Samoa (Methodist Church in Samoa).
The two pioneers and prolific composers of church music were HC Mata'utia Pene Solomona (EFIS, Apia)and his nephew Elder Dr. Ioselani Pouesi (EFIS, Apia; EFKS, Fasitoouta). They began writing music for EFIS in 1941 and for the first EFIS hymnal Pese ma Viiga i le Atua (220 hymns, published 1953) and also composed music for the EFKS, EFKAS, Catholic, and Methodist churches. Prof. Ueta Solomona (Mata'utia Pene Solomona's son) retired from the University of the South Pacific in 2008 and was one of the music committee members who composed music for the EFKS hymnal. Namulauulu Dr. Paul Pouesi (Elder Ioselani Pouesi's son) is currently serving EFKAS in Vatia and EFIS in Pago Pago as Minister of Music. He published his second hymn book Ole Pese Fou i le Alii (445 hymns and psalms, pub. 2005) dedicated to the EFKAS 25th anniversary. Flo Wendt continues to write and record music for EFIS choir in Fagatogo. Dr. Polo Manuma and his father Viavia Manuma wrote music for their EFIS choir in Pago Pago.
The music of all the above composers is published in the EFIS hymnal Pese ma Viiga i le Atua 2nd edition (361 hymns and psalms, pub. 1994, music compiled by Namulauulu Paul Pouesi). Samoan gospel music is a newer subgenre in the genre of "Pese Lotu" (Samoan Church music). Heavily influenced by African-American gospel it is most heard in the Samoan Assemblies of God churches (Ekalesia Faapotopotoga a le Atua i Samoa) although the style is very popular amongst youth groups (Autalavou) in religions amongst Samoan people known for its often upbeat and Black gospel influence.
Although originally most pieces were written for choir and piano or organ, electronic keyboards and synthesizers are very popular. Brass and orchestral accompaniment though less common in early church music are often specified by composers today.
Typically though, Samoan Christian music is most commonly heard in the daily worship held by Samoan families around the world. In the Samoas this time is sacred as most villages and towns ban traffic in the streets during evening family worship ("Lotu"). Families raise their voices in song without accompaniment which can heard all throughout the village. Whether out of love for God or out of unbreakable tradition, families sing the hymns of old or newer songs of praise.
There are also various types of Samoan instruments
Dance[edit]
Traditionally, Samoans have incorporated dance in their customs. The original Samoan dance form is known to be one of the few areas of their culture which has not been heavily influenced by American tradition.
The fire dance or Siva Afi is a big part of the Samoan culture. The slap dance, performed by males, consists of fierce slapping of the body in rhythmic motion to drum beats; it is called faataupati.[14] Other Samoan dances include the maulu'ulu which is an all-female dance and is more elegant. The taualuga is a dance for the chief's son or daughter. When a girl does taualuga she is called a taupou. When a boy does a tauluga he is called a manaia.
Sports[edit]
Several Samoan athletes have won medals at the Summer Olympic Games representing Samoa, United States and New Zealand. They include Greg Louganis(United States) who won four gold medals and one silver for Diving in consecutive Games from 1976 to 1988.[15] Louganis also took five gold medals at the FINA World Aquatics Championships. Other Olympic champions are Robin Leamy (swimmer) a 1984 gold medalist with the United States mens 4×100-meter freestyle relay team,[16][17] Eric Fonoimoana an American gold medalist for Beach Volleyball [18] at the 2000 Summer Olympics and Tumua Anae [19] who won gold with the United States women's Water polo squad at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[20] David Tua representing New Zealand secured a bronze medal for boxing[21] in the heavyweight division at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Tua had previously won a bronze medal at 1991 World Amateur Boxing Championships. Ele Opeloge created history for Samoa by earning the nation's first ever Olympic medal, a silver in the Women's +75 kg Weightlifting class at the 2008 Summer Olympics.[22] Niall Williams was part of the New Zealand Black Ferns sevens team which won silver for Women's rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[23]
Maselino Masoe became the first Samoan professional boxer to win a major world title, defeating Kenyan born Evans Ashira on May 1, 2004 for the regular WBA world middleweight crown via second round Technical Knockout.[24]
Lupesoliai La’auli Joseph Parker became the first Samoan professional boxer boxer to win a major world heavyweight title, taking the WBO heavyweight crown in defeating Mexican-American Andy Ruiz on December 10, 2016.[25]
Samoan Australian Jai Opetaia won the Light heavyweight gold medal at the 2011 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships[26] held in Astana, Kazakhstan. With his historic victory, Opetaia became the first Pacific Islander and Australian amateur boxer to win a world championship.
In Professional bodybuilding, Australian based Samoan Sonny Schmidt became the first Pacific Islander to win a Mr. Olympia event when he was crowned the 1995 Masters Olympia winner for contestants over 40 years of age.[27][28]
Samoan New Zealander Beatrice Faumuina won the gold medal for Discus at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics.[29] She would compete at four Olympic Games from 1996 to 2008, her highest placing - 6th in 2004.
Lisa Misipeka won a bronze medal at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Athletics for the Women's hammer throw. Her third placing giving American Samoa its first ever medal at a world athletics championship event.[30]
On 8 December 2001, tournament underdog Mark Hunt made history when he became the first and only non-European kickboxer to win the coveted K-1 World Grand Prix title in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Frenchman Jérôme Le Banner, German Stefan Leko and Brazilian Francisco Filho in a single night.[31] The following year Hunt would advance to the semi-final round of the Finals before losing a decision to Le Banner.
In the world of Sumo, Fiamalu Penitani aka Musashimaru Kōyō was only the second non-Japanese ever to achieve the highest honour in the sport, earning the rank of yokozuna in 1999. Musashimaru is only one of six foreigners to achieve the rank of yokozuna during the sport's long history. He retired in 2003. Popular Saleva'a Fuauli Atisanoe nicknamed The Dump Truck reached the rank of ōzeki-the second highest rank in the sport-in 1987.[32]
In Rugby union, Samoan New Zealander Tana Umaga became the first Samoan to captain the world number one New Zealand All Blacks for the 2004 and 2005 test seasons. The New Zealand All Blacks have won three Rugby World Cup tournaments in 1987, 2011 and 2015. Samoan players featured for each of those winning sides-Michael Jones (rugby union) and Joe Stanley in 1987, eight players (Keven Mealamu, Mils Muliaina, Ma'a Nonu, Jerome Kaino, Victor Vito, John Afoa, Isaia Toeava and Sonny Bill Williams) in 2011 and also eight (Keven Mealamu, Jerome Kaino, Ma'a Nonu, Charlie Faumuina, Victor Vito, Sonny Bill Williams, Liam Messam and Julian Savea) in 2015. Following their World Cup winning efforts, the New Zealand All Blacks were named Team of the Year at the 2016 Laureus World Sports Awards.[33]
In the abbreviated version of the code Rugby union sevens the Manu Samoa sevens team won the 2009–10 IRB Sevens World Series,[34] taking four of the eight tournament legs. Winger Mikaele Pesamino was the tournament's top tryscorer and was awarded the 2010 IRB World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year.[35] Teammate Uale Mai had previously won this award in 2006.[36] Other Samoans who have won this award are Orene Ai'i(2005), Afeleke Pelenise(2007) and DJ Forbes(2008), all three representing New Zealand.
In Rugby league, players of Samoan descent are well represented in the code's best club competition the NRL. At the end of the 2013 season, Sonny Bill Williams was voted the RLIF International Player of the Year, one of the most prestigious individual honours in the game. At international test level, Samoan representatives have been in World Cup winning sides, Josh Papalii with the 2013 Australian Kangaroos. At the 2008 Rugby League World Cup the winning New Zealand Kiwi squad featured eight Samoan players-David Fa'alogo, Steve Matai, Thomas Leuluai, Krisnan Inu, Jerome Ropati, Evarn Tuimavave, Jeremy Smith and Setaimata Sa. Iosia Soliola and Jeff Lima were both named in the final squad but withdrew due to injury.
Despite its small population, the island of American Samoa produces a disproportionately large number of world-class American football players.[37] Samoan Mosi Tatupu was a member of NFL team the New England Patriots. Samoan Troy Polamalu was a member of the NFL team the Pittsburgh Steelers until he retired after the 2014 football season. Polamalu was voted the 2010 NFL Defensive Player of the Year. Marcus Mariota, the 2014 Heisman Trophy winner and former Oregon Ducks quarterback is of Samoan descent through his father.
There are a vast number of people of Samoan descent in the wrestling industry, such as Dwayne Johnson, of Samoan descent through his mother, who is an American actor and semi-retired professional wrestler of World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. Other WWE superstars of Samoan descent include Roman Reigns who is a 3 time WWE Champion, Jimmy and Jey Uso (The Usos), Hall of Famers Rikishi (the Usos' real-life father) and Yokozuna, and the late Umaga.
Mixed martial artists of Samoan ancestry who have fought in the UFC are Mark Hunt, Max Holloway, Kendall Grove, Andre Fili, Robert Whittaker, Tyson Pedro, Falaniko Vitale and Kailin Curran. Both Whittaker and Grove are previous tournament winners of The Ultimate Fighter in the middleweight and welterweight divisions respectively. Max Holloway became the first fighter of Samoan descent to win a UFC world title, defeating Anthony Pettis for the interim UFC Featherweight Championship on December 10, 2016.[38] Mark Hunt the 2001 K-1 World Grand Prix kickboxing Champion has challenged for both the UFC and Pride FC heavyweight titles. On September 24, 2016 Mighty Mo won the Road FC Openweight Tournament at Road FC 33 by knocking out Choi Hong-man of South Korea in the final.[39]
See also[edit]
Samoan Americans
Samoan New Zealanders
Samoan Australians
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Census AmericanFactfinder". United States Census. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Samoans: Facts and Figures". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
Jump up ^ "20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Australia" (Microsoft Excel download). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-06-02. Total count of persons: 19,855,288.
Jump up ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Samoa. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Population of Samoa + their flag and capital city. Population-of.com (2006-12-14). Retrieved on 2011-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Honolulu Mayor honors National Samoan Language Week". Samoa News. 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
Jump up ^ [1]. search.stats.govt.nz
Jump up ^ 2006 Census Table : Australia. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved on 2011-08-22.
Jump up ^ Samoan History. Embassy of the United States.
Jump up ^ Samoan Tattoos, Tatau, Tribal Tattoos, Designs | Polynesian Cultural Center. Polynesia.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Samoan music". Samoa.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 7, 2000. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cultural Self-Esteem – The Resource. The Next. Retrieved on 2011-08-22.
Jump up ^ Rap News Network – Hip-Hop News: Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. Shows Their 'Angry Samoan' Side. Rapnews.net. Retrieved on 2011-08-22.
Jump up ^ Samoa-Dance. samoa.co.uk. 4 May 2004
Jump up ^ Ron Flatter Davis. "Louganis never lost drive to dive". espn.go.com. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ Nesian Village (2016-02-13). "PROFILE: ROBIN LEAMY (OLYMPIC SWIMMER)". nesianvillage.com. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ David Davis (2012-04-05). "Robin Leamy ('86) Follows His Dreams". ucla.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ Sharon Robb (2003-04-06). "Fonoimoana Makes Name For Himself". sun-sentinel.com. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ The Circle Staff (2012-08-24). "Four Native women compete in the 2012 Olympic Games". thecirclenews.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ "TUMUA ANAE". olympic.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ "David Tua New Zealand Olympian 684". olympic.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ Barbara Dreaver (2017-03-24). "Samoa receives its first Olympic medal after Ukranian drug cheats exposed". tvnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ "Rio Olympics 2016: NZ women's sevens team celebrate with McDonalds run". stuff.co.nz. 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Peter Jessup (2017-05-03). "Boxing: South Auckland welder claims world middleweight title". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ Vatapuia Maiava (2017-01-01). "Lupesoliai La’auli Joseph Parker - Samoa’s very own world champion". Samoanobserver.ws. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Boxing Australia Annual Report 2011-2012" (PDF). clearinghouseforsport.gov.au. p. 21. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ Robin Chang (2012-06-12). "IFBB MASTERS OLYMPIA MOVING TO MIAMI, FLORIDA". flexonline.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ Marty Gallagher (1996-01-01). "Sonny Schmidt: How he won the Masters Olympia". highbeam.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Beatrice Faumuina wins athletics world championship gold". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "HAMMER THROW WOMEN 7TH IAAF WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS". iaaf.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ Alex MacDonald (2001-12-10). "Mark Hunt Crowned 2001 K-1 Grand Prix Champion". ikfkickboxing.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ Rowan Hooper (2016-08-20). "The gene that may benefit sumo giants". japantimes.co.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "All Blacks, Dan Carter winners at the prestigious Laureus Sport Awards". stuff.co.nz. 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ scrum.com (2010-05-30). "Samoa claim IRB Sevens Series crown". en.espn.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ Mike Jansen (2010-06-01). "Mikaele Pesamino: A true champion!". blitzbokke.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Samoa claim IRB Sevens Series crown". gettyimages.co.uk. 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ American Samoa: Football Island, cbsnews.com
Jump up ^ "Max Holloway Ready to Prove He's Featherweight King". flocombat.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "video-Mighty Mo knocks out 7-foot-2 giant Hong Man Choi". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
External links[edit]
US Embassy Samoa
Culture of American Samoa
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoans&oldid=802471627"
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