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Beagle
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This article is about the dog breed. For other uses, see Beagle (disambiguation).
Beagle
Tricolor Beagle
Other names
English Beagle
Origin
England
[hide]Traits
Weight
Male 22–25 lb (10.0–11.3 kg)
Female 20–23 lb (9.1–10.4 kg)
Height
13–16 in (33–41 cm)
Coat
Short haired, hard coat of medium length
Color
Tricolor or white in combination with black & tan/brown or brown/tan
Life span
12–15 years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 6, Section 1.3 Scenthounds: Small #161 standard
AKC
Hound standard
ANKC
Group 4 (Hounds) standard
CKC
Group 2 – Hounds standard
KC (UK)
Hound standard
NZKC
Hound standard
UKC
Scenthound standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Beagle is a breed of small hound that is similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. With a great sense of smell and superior tracking instinct, the beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems.
Although beagle-type dogs have existed for 2,500 years, the modern breed was developed in Great Britain around the 1830s from several breeds, including the Talbot Hound, the North Country Beagle, the Southern Hound, and possibly the Harrier.
Beagles have been depicted in popular culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings, and more recently in film, television, and comic books. Snoopy of the comic strip Peanuts has been called "the world's most famous beagle".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Development of the modern breed
1.2 Export
2 Popularity
3 Name
4 Appearance
5 Sense of smell
6 Variations
6.1 Breed varieties
6.2 Crossbreeds
7 Temperament
8 Health
9 Hunting
10 Detection
11 Testing
12 Other roles
13 In popular culture
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Dogs of similar size and purpose to the modern beagle[a] can be traced in Ancient Greece[2] back to around the 5th century BC. Xenophon, born around 430 BC, in his Treatise on Hunting or Cynegeticus refers to a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed on foot. Small hounds are mentioned in the Forest Laws of Canute which exempted them from the ordinance which commanded that all dogs capable of running down a stag should have one foot mutilated.[3] If genuine, these laws would confirm that beagle-type dogs were present in England before 1016, but it is likely the laws were written in the Middle Ages to give a sense of antiquity and tradition to Forest Law.[4]
The Southern Hound is thought to be an ancestor of the beagle
In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a predominantly white, slow, deep-throated, scent hound derived from the St. Hubert Hound which had been developed in the 8th century. At some point the English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to give them an extra turn of speed.[5] Long extinct, the Talbot strain probably gave rise to the Southern Hound which, in turn, is thought to be an ancestor of the modern-day beagle.[b]
From medieval times, beagle was used as a generic description for the smaller hounds, though these dogs differed considerably from the modern breed. Miniature breeds of beagle-type dogs were known from the times of Edward II and Henry VII, who both had packs of Glove Beagles, so named since they were small enough to fit on a glove, and Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) at the shoulder. Small enough to fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt. The larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush. Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates and cups.[6] 19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety. In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, the early 17th-century poet and writer Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the:
little small mitten-beagle, which may be companion for a ladies kirtle, and in the field will run as cunningly as any hound whatere, only their musick is very small like reeds.[7]
Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901; these genetic lines are now extinct, although modern breeders have attempted to recreate the variety.[8]
This image from the turn of the 19th century shows a dog with a heavier body and lacking the features of later strains.
By the 18th century two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit: the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle (or Northern Hound). The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, and long, soft ears, was common from south of the River Trent and probably closely related to the Talbot Hound. Though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability. The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties. It was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set and with a more pointed muzzle. It was faster than its southern counterpart but its scenting abilities were less well developed.[9] As fox hunting became increasingly popular, numbers of both types of hound diminished. The beagle-type dogs were crossed with larger breeds such as Stag Hounds to produce the modern Foxhound. The beagle-size varieties came close to extinction but some farmers in the South ensured the survival of the prototype breeds by maintaining small rabbit-hunting packs.
Development of the modern breed[edit]
Reverend Phillip Honeywood established a beagle pack in Essex in the 1830s and it is believed that this pack formed the basis for the modern breed. Although details of the pack's lineage are not recorded it is thought that North Country Beagles and Southern Hounds were strongly represented; William Youatt suspected that Harriers formed a good majority of the beagle's bloodline, but the origin of the Harrier is itself obscure.[10] Honeywood's Beagles were small, standing at about 10 inches (25 cm) at the shoulder, and pure white according to John Mills (writing in The Sportsman's Library in 1845). Prince Albert and Lord Winterton also had Beagle packs around this time, and royal favour no doubt led to some revival of interest in the breed, but Honeywood's pack was regarded as the finest of the three.[11]
Early images of the Beagle (clockwise from top left): 1833, 1835, Stonehenge's Medium (1859, reusing Youatt's 1852 "Beagle" image) and Dwarf Beagle (1859).
Although credited with the development of the modern breed, Honeywood concentrated on producing dogs for hunting and it was left to Thomas Johnson to refine the breeding to produce dogs that were both attractive and capable hunters. Two strains were developed: the rough- and smooth-coated varieties. The rough-coated beagle survived until the beginning of the 20th century, and there were even records of one making an appearance at a dog show as late as 1969, but this variety is now extinct, having probably been absorbed into the standard beagle bloodline.[12]
In the 1840s, a standard beagle type was beginning to develop; the distinction between the North Country Beagle and Southern Hound had been lost, but there was still a large variation in size, character, and reliability among the emerging packs.[13] In 1856, "Stonehenge" (the pseudonym of John Henry Walsh), writing in the Manual of British Rural Sports, was still dividing beagles into four varieties: the medium beagle; the dwarf or lapdog beagle; the fox beagle (a smaller, slower version of the Foxhound); and the rough-coated or terrier beagle, which he classified as a cross between any of the other varieties and one of the Scottish terrier breeds.[14] Stonehenge also gives the start of a standard description:
In size the beagle measures from 10 inches, or even less, to 15. In shape they resemble the old southern hound in miniature, but with more neatness and beauty; and they also resemble that hound in style of hunting.[14]
By 1887 the threat of extinction was on the wane: there were 18 beagle packs in England.[15] The Beagle Club was formed in 1890 and the first standard drawn up at the same time.[16] The following year the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles was formed. Both organisations aimed to further the best interests of the breed, and both were keen to produce a standard type of beagle.[17] By 1902, the number of packs had risen to 44.[15]
Export[edit]
Beagles were in the United States by the 1840s at the latest, but the first dogs were imported strictly for hunting and were of variable quality. Since Honeywood had only started breeding in the 1830s, it is unlikely these dogs were representative of the modern breed and the description of them as looking like straight-legged Dachshunds with weak heads has little resemblance to the standard. Serious attempts at establishing a quality bloodline began in the early 1870s when General Richard Rowett from Illinois imported some dogs from England and began breeding. Rowett's Beagles are believed to have formed the models for the first American standard, drawn up by Rowett, L. H. Twadell, and Norman Ellmore in 1887.[18] The beagle was accepted as a breed by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885.[19] In the 20th century the breed has spread worldwide.
Popularity[edit]
An attractive uniform type for the breed developed at the start of the 20th century
On its formation, the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles took over the running of a regular show at Peterborough that had started in 1889, and the Beagle Club in the UK held its first show in 1896.[16] The regular showing of the breed led to the development of a uniform type, and the beagle continued to prove a success up until the outbreak of World War I when all shows were suspended. After the war, the breed was again struggling for survival in the UK: the last of the Pocket Beagles was probably lost during this time, and registrations fell to an all-time low. A few breeders (notably Reynalton Kennels) managed to revive interest in the dog and by World War II, the breed was once again doing well. Registrations dropped again after the end of the war but almost immediately recovered.[20]
As purebred dogs, beagles have always been more popular in the United States and Canada than in their native country England. The National Beagle Club of America was formed in 1888 and by 1901 a beagle had won a Best in Show title. As in the UK, activity during World War I was minimal, but the breed showed a much stronger revival in the U.S. when hostilities ceased. In 1928 it won a number of prizes at the Westminster Kennel Club's show and by 1939 a beagle – Champion Meadowlark Draughtsman – had captured the title of top-winning American-bred dog for the year.[21] On 12 February 2008, a beagle, K-Run's Park Me In First (Uno), won the Best In Show category at the Westminster Kennel Club show for the first time in the competition's history.[22] In North America they have been consistently in the top-ten most-popular breeds for over 30 years. From 1953 to 1959 the beagle was ranked No. 1 on the list of the American Kennel Club's registered breeds;[23] in 2005 and 2006 it ranked 5th out of the 155 breeds registered.[24] In the UK they are not quite so popular, placing 28th and 30th in the rankings of registrations with the Kennel Club in 2005 and 2006 respectively.[25] In the United States the beagle ranked 4th most popular breed in 2012 and 2013, behind the Labrador Retriever (#1), German Shepherd (#2) and Golden Retriever (#3) breeds.[26]
Name[edit]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first mention of the beagle by name in English literature dates from c. 1475 in The Squire of Low Degree. The origin of the word "beagle" is uncertain, although it has been suggested that the word derives from the French begueule.[27]
It is not known why the black and tan Kerry Beagle, present in Ireland since Celtic times, has the beagle description, since at 22 to 24 inches (56 to 61 cm) it is significantly taller than the modern day beagle, and in earlier times was even larger. Some writers suggest that the beagle's scenting ability may have come from cross-breeding earlier strains with the Kerry Beagle. Originally used for hunting stags, it is today used for hare and drag hunting.[28]
Appearance[edit]
The Kennel Club (UK) standard states the beagle should give the impression of quality without coarseness.
The general appearance of the beagle resembles a miniature Foxhound, but the head is broader and the muzzle shorter, the expression completely different and the legs shorter in proportion to the body.[29] They are generally between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) high at the withers and weigh between 18 and 35 lb (8.2 and 15.9 kg), with females being slightly smaller than males on average.[30]
They have a smooth, somewhat domed skull with a medium-length, square-cut muzzle and a black (or occasionally liver) gumdrop nose. The jaw is strong and the teeth scissor together with the upper teeth fitting perfectly over the lower teeth and both sets aligned square to the jaw. The eyes are large, hazel or brown, with a mild hound-like pleading look. The large ears are long, soft and low-set, turning towards the cheeks slightly and rounded at the tips. Beagles have a strong, medium-length neck (which is long enough for them to easily bend to the ground to pick up a scent), with little folding in the skin but some evidence of a dewlap; a broad chest narrowing to a tapered abdomen and waist and a long, slightly curved tail (known as the "stern") tipped with white. The white tip, known as the flag has been selectively bred for, as it allows the dog to be easily seen when its head is down following a scent.[31] The tail does not curl over the back, but is held upright when the dog is active. The beagle has a muscular body and a medium-length, smooth, hard coat. The front legs are straight and carried under the body while the rear legs are muscular and well bent at the stifles.[32]
The tricolored beagle—white with large black areas and light brown shading—is the most common. Tricolored beagles occur in a number of shades, from the "Classic Tri" with a jet black saddle (also known as "Blackback"), to the "Dark Tri" (where faint brown markings are intermingled with more prominent black markings), to the "Faded Tri" (where faint black markings are intermingled with more prominent brown markings). Some tricolored dogs have a broken pattern, sometimes referred to as pied. These dogs have mostly white coats with patches of black and brown hair. Tricolor beagles are almost always born black and white. The white areas are typically set by eight weeks, but the black areas may fade to brown as the puppy matures. (The brown may take between one and two years to fully develop.) Some beagles gradually change color during their lives, and may lose their black markings entirely.
Two-color varieties always have a white base color with areas of the second color. Tan and white is the most common two-color variety, but there is a wide range of other colors including lemon, a very light tan; red, a reddish, almost orange, brown; and liver, a darker brown, and black. Liver is not common and is not permitted in some standards; it tends to occur with yellow eyes. Ticked or mottled varieties may be either white or black with different colored flecks (ticking), such as the blue-mottled or bluetick beagle, which has spots that appear to be a midnight-blue color, similar to the coloring of the Bluetick Coonhound. Some tricolor beagles also have ticking of various colors in their white areas.[33][34]
Sense of smell[edit]
Alongside the Bloodhound and Basset Hound, the beagle has one of the best developed senses of smell of any dog.[35] In the 1950s, John Paul Scott and John Fuller began a 13-year study of canine behavior. As part of this research, they tested the scenting abilities of various breeds by putting a mouse in a one-acre field and timing how long it took the dogs to find it. The beagles found it in less than a minute, while Fox Terriers took 15 minutes and Scottish Terriers failed to find it at all. Beagles are better at ground-scenting (following a trail on the ground) than they are at air-scenting, and for this reason they have been excluded from most mountain rescue teams in favor of collies, which use sight in addition to air-scenting and are more biddable.[35] The long ears and large lips of the beagle probably assist in trapping the scents close to the nose.[36]
Variations[edit]
Breed varieties[edit]
The American Kennel Club recognizes two separate varieties of beagle: the 13-inch for hounds less than 13 inches (33 cm), and the 15-inch for those between 13 and 15 inches (33 and 38 cm). The Canadian Kennel Club recognizes a single type, with a height not exceeding 15 inches (38 cm). The Kennel Club (UK) and FCI affiliated clubs recognize a single type, with a height of between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm).
A Puggle, a beagle/pug cross, shows traits from both breeds.
English and American varieties are sometimes mentioned. However, there is no official recognition from any Kennel Club for this distinction. beagles fitting the American Kennel Club standard – which disallows animals over 15 inches (38 cm) – are smaller on average than those fitting the Kennel Club standard which allows heights up to 16 inches (41 cm).
Pocket Beagles are sometimes advertised for sale but while the UK Kennel Club originally specified a standard for the Pocket Beagle in 1901, the variety is not now recognized by any Kennel Club.
A strain known as Patch Hounds was developed by Willet Randall and his family from 1896 specifically for their rabbit hunting ability. They trace their bloodline back to Field Champion Patch, but do not necessarily have a patchwork marking.[37][38]
Crossbreeds[edit]
In the 1850s, Stonehenge recommended a cross between a Beagle and a Scottish Terrier as a retriever. He found the crossbreed to be a good worker, silent and obedient, but it had the drawback that it was small and could barely carry a hare.[39]
More recently the trend has been for "designer dogs" and one of the most popular has been the Beagle/Pug cross known as a Puggle. Some puppies of this cross are less excitable than a Beagle and with a lower exercise requirement, similar to the Pug parent; but many are highly excitable and require vigorous exercise.[40]
Temperament[edit]
Beagles are happy to rest without being exercised to exhaustion.
The beagle has an even temper and gentle disposition. Described in several breed standards as "merry", they are amiable and typically neither aggressive nor timid, although this depends on the individual. They enjoy company, and although they may initially be standoffish with strangers, they are easily won over. They make poor guard dogs for this reason, although their tendency to bark or howl when confronted with the unfamiliar makes them good watch dogs. In a 1985 study conducted by Ben and Lynette Hart, the beagle was given the highest excitability rating, along with the Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White Terrier, and Fox Terrier.[41][c]
Beagles are intelligent but, as a result of being bred for the long chase, are single-minded and determined, which can make them hard to train. They can be difficult to recall once they have picked up a scent, and are easily distracted by smells around them. They do not generally feature in obedience trials; while they are alert, respond well to food-reward training, and are eager to please, they are easily bored or distracted. They are ranked 72nd in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, as Coren places them among the group with the lowest degree of working/obedience intelligence. Coren's scale, however, does not assess understanding, independence, or creativity.[42][43]
Beagles are excellent with children and this is one of the reasons they have become popular family pets, but they are pack animals, and are prone to separation anxiety,[44] a condition which causes them to destroy things when left unattended. Not all beagles will howl, but most will bark when confronted with strange situations, and some will bay (also referred to as "speaking", "giving tongue", or "opening") when they catch the scent of potential quarry.[45] They also generally get along well with other dogs. They are not too demanding with regard to exercise; their inbred stamina means they do not easily tire when exercised, but they also do not need to be worked to exhaustion before they will rest. Regular exercise helps ward off the weight gain to which the breed is prone.[46]
Health[edit]
Day-old beagle puppies
The typical longevity of beagles is 12–15 years,[47] which is a common lifespan for dogs of their size.[48]
Beagles may be prone to epilepsy, but this can often be controlled with medication. Hypothyroidism and a number of types of dwarfism occur in beagles. Two conditions in particular are unique to the breed: "Funny Puppy", in which the puppy is slow to develop and eventually develops weak legs, a crooked back and although normally healthy, is prone to a range of illnesses;[49] Hip dysplasia, common in Harriers and in some larger breeds, is rarely considered a problem in beagles.[50] Beagles are considered a chondrodystrophic breed, meaning that they are prone to types of disk diseases.[51]
Weight gain can be a problem in older or sedentary dogs, which in turn can lead to heart and joint problems.
In rare cases, beagles may develop immune mediated polygenic arthritis (where the immune system attacks the joints) even at a young age. The symptoms can sometimes be relieved by steroid treatments.[49] Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration. Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall more often and don't have a normal gait. It has an estimated carrier rate of 5% and affected rate of 0.1%. A genetic test is available.[52][53]
Their long floppy ears can mean that the inner ear does not receive a substantial air flow or that moist air becomes trapped, and this can lead to ear infections. Beagles may also be affected by a range of eye problems; two common ophthalmic conditions in beagles are glaucoma and corneal dystrophy.[54] "Cherry eye", a prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, and distichiasis, a condition in which eyelashes grow into the eye causing irritation, sometimes exist; both these conditions can be corrected with surgery.[49] They can suffer from several types of retinal atrophy. Failure of the nasolacrimal drainage system can cause dry eye or leakage of tears onto the face.[49]
As field dogs they are prone to minor injuries such as cuts and sprains, and, if inactive, obesity is a common problem as they will eat whenever food is available and rely on their owners to regulate their weight.[49] When working or running free they are also likely to pick up parasites such as fleas, ticks, harvest mites, and tapeworms, and irritants such as grass seeds can become trapped in their eyes, soft ears, or paws.[55]
Beagles may exhibit a behaviour known as reverse sneezing, in which they sound as if they are choking or gasping for breath, but are actually drawing air in through the mouth and nose. The exact cause of this behaviour is not known, but it can be a common occurrence and is not harmful to the dog.[56]
Hunting[edit]
Main article: Beagling
The Caynsham Foot Beagles (c. 1885)
Beagles were developed primarily for hunting hare, an activity known as beagling. They were seen as ideal hunting companions for the elderly who could follow on horseback without exerting themselves, for young hunters who could keep up with them on ponies, and for the poorer hunters who could not afford to maintain a stable of good hunting horses.[57] Before the advent of the fashion for foxhunting in the 19th century, hunting was an all day event where the enjoyment was derived from the chase rather than the kill. In this setting the tiny beagle was well matched to the hare, as unlike Harriers they would not quickly finish the hunt, but because of their excellent scent-tracking skills and stamina they were almost guaranteed to eventually catch the hare. The beagle packs would run closely together ("so close that they might be covered with a sheet"[10]) which was useful in a long hunt, as it prevented stray dogs from obscuring the trail. In thick undergrowth they were also preferred to spaniels when hunting pheasant.[58]
With the fashion for faster hunts, the beagle fell out of favour for chasing hare, but was still employed for rabbit hunting. In Anecdotes of Dogs (1846), Edward Jesse says:
In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover, nothing can be more cheerful than the beagle. They also are easily heard over long distances and in thick cover. They have been called rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired.[6]
The Beagle has been used for rabbit-hunting since the earliest development of the breed.
In the United States they appear to have been employed chiefly for hunting rabbits from the earliest imports. Hunting hare with beagles became popular again in Britain in the mid-19th century and continued until it was made illegal in Scotland by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and in England and Wales by the Hunting Act 2004. Under this legislation beagles may still pursue rabbits with the landowner's permission. Drag hunting is popular where hunting is no longer permitted or for those owners who do not wish to participate in hunting a live animal, but still wish to exercise their dog's innate skills.
The traditional foot pack consists of up to 40 beagles, marshaled by a Huntsman who directs the pack and who is assisted by a variable number of whippers-in whose job is to return straying hounds to the pack. The Master of the Hunt is in overall day-to-day charge of the pack, and may or may not take on the role of Huntsman on the day of the hunt.
As hunting with beagles was seen as ideal for young people, many of the British public schools traditionally maintained beagle packs. Protests were lodged against Eton's use of beagles for hunting as early as 1902 but the pack is still in existence today,[59] and a pack used by Imperial College in Wye, Kent was stolen by the Animal Liberation Front in 2001.[60] School and university packs are still maintained by Eton, Marlborough, Wye, Radley, the Royal Agricultural University and Christ Church, Oxford.[61]
In addition to organized beagling, beagles have been used for hunting or flushing to guns (often in pairs) a wide range of game including snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbits, game birds, roe deer, red deer, bobcat, coyote, wild boar and foxes, and have even been recorded as being used to hunt stoat.[62][63] In most of these cases, the beagle is employed as a gun dog, flushing game for hunter's guns.[62]
Detection[edit]
Beagles have excellent noses; this dog is employed by the US Customs and Border Protection Agency.
Beagles are used as detection dogs in the Beagle Brigade of the United States Department of Agriculture. These dogs are used to detect food items in luggage being taken into the United States. After trialling several breeds, beagles were chosen because they are relatively small and unintimidating for people who are uncomfortable around dogs, easy to care for, intelligent and work well for rewards.[64] They are also used for this purpose in a number of other countries including by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in New Zealand, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and in Canada, Japan and the People's Republic of China.[65] Larger breeds are generally used for detection of explosives as this often involves climbing over luggage and on large conveyor belts, work for which the smaller Beagle is not suited.[66]
Testing[edit]
Beagles are the dog breed most often used in animal testing, due to their size and passive nature. Beagles are used in a range of research procedures: fundamental biological research, applied human medicine, applied veterinary medicine, and protection of man, animals or the environment.[67][68] Of the 8,018 dogs used in testing in the UK in 2004, 7,799 were beagles (97.3%).[69] In the UK, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 gave special status to primates, equids, cats and dogs and in 2005 the Animal Procedures Committee (set up by the act) ruled that testing on mice was preferable, even though a greater number of individual animals were involved.[70] In 2005 beagles were involved in less than 0.3% of the total experiments on animals in the UK, but of the 7670 experiments performed on dogs 7406 involved beagles (96.6%).[67] Most dogs are bred specifically for this purpose, by companies such as Harlan. In the UK companies breeding animals for research must be licensed under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act.[70]
Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community,[71] although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted.[72] It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[73] When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses beagles and miniature pigs as surrogates for direct human testing.[74] Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed with research testing.[75]
Anti-vivisection groups have reported on abuse of animals inside testing facilities. In 1997 footage secretly filmed by a freelance journalist inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK showed staff punching and screaming at beagles.[76] Consort Kennels, a UK-based breeder of beagles for testing, closed down in 1997 after pressure from animal rights groups.[77]
Other roles[edit]
Although bred for hunting, Beagles are versatile and are nowadays employed for various other roles in detection, therapy, and as family pets.[31]
Beagles are used as sniffer dogs for termite detection in Australia,[78] and have been mentioned as possible candidates for drug and explosive detection.[79][80] Because of their gentle nature and unimposing build, they are also frequently used in pet therapy, visiting the sick and elderly in hospital.[81] In June 2006, a trained Beagle assistance dog was credited with saving the life of its owner after using her owner's mobile phone to dial an emergency number.[82] In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a Beagle search and rescue dog with a Colombian rescue squad was credited with locating the owner of the Hôtel Montana, who was subsequently rescued after spending 100 hours buried in the rubble.[83] Beagles were hired by New York City to help with bedbug detection,[84] while the role of such dogs in this type of detection may have doubts.[85]
In popular culture[edit]
A male tricolor Beagle
Beagles have been featured across a wide range of media. References to the dog appear before the 19th century in works by such writers as William Shakespeare, John Webster, John Dryden, Thomas Tickell, Henry Fielding, and William Cowper, as well as in Alexander Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad.[d][third-party source needed] Beagles appeared in funny animal comic strips and animated cartoons from the 1950s with Courage the Cowardly Dog and the Peanuts character Snoopy billed as "the world's most famous Beagle".[86][1]
Former US President Lyndon Baines Johnson had several beagles, and caused an outcry when he picked up one of them by its ears during an official greeting on the White House lawn.[87] The ship on which Charles Darwin made the voyage which provided much of the inspiration for On the Origin of Species was named HMS Beagle after the breed, and, in turn, lent its name to the ill-fated British Martian lander Beagle 2. A Canadian bred 15 inch female Beagle with the registered name of Gr Ch Tashtins Lookin For Trouble and the pet name of "Miss P" won the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.[88]
References[edit]
Informational notes
a. ^ In this article "Beagle" (with a capital B) is used to distinguish the modern breed from other beagle-type dogs.
b. ^ Youatt states that the Southern Hound may have been native to the British Isles and used on hunts by the Ancient Britons.[89]
c. ^ The Harts posed the following question to a panel of 96 experts, half of which were veterinary surgeons and the other half dog obedience trial judges:
A dog may normally be quite calm but can become very excitable when set off by such things as a ringing doorbell or an owner's movement toward the door. This characteristic may be very annoying to some people. Rank these seven breeds from least to most excitable.
d. ^ The specific references in each of the author's works are as follows:
Shakespeare: "Sir Toby Belch: She's a beagle, true-bred, and one that adores me: what o' that?" Twelfth Night (c. 1600) Act II Scene III
Webster: "Mistress Tenterhook': You are a sweet beagle" Westward Ho (1607) Act III Scene IV:2
Dryden: "The rest in shape a beagle's whelp throughout, With broader forehead and a sharper snout" The Cock and the Fox, and again: "About her feet were little beagles seen" in Palamon and Arcite both from Fables, Ancient and Modern (1700)
Tickell: "Here let me trace beneath the purpled morn, The deep-mouth'd beagle, and the sprightly horn" To a Lady before Marriage (published posthumously in 1749)
Fielding: "'What the devil would you have me do?' cries the Squire, turning to Blifil, 'I can no more turn her, than a beagle can turn an old hare.'" The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) Chapter 7.
Cowper: "For persevering chase and headlong leaps, True beagle as the staunchest hound he keeps" The Progress of Error (1782)
Pope: "Thus on a roe the well-breath'd beagle flies, And rends his hide fresh-bleeding with the dart" The Iliad of Homer (1715–20) Book XV:697–8
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b "World's Most Famous Beagle", The Victoria Advocate, Victoria, Texas, p. 54, 15 December 1974, retrieved 31 May 2013
Jump up ^ "Breed Information". The Beagle Club of NSW (Australia). Retrieved 14 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Daglish p.7
Jump up ^ Rackham p.130
Jump up ^ Smith p.209
^ Jump up to: a b Jesse (1858) pp.438–9
Jump up ^ G. Jesse vol II, pp.223–232
Jump up ^ "What is a Pocket Beagle?". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "The New Sporting Magazine". 4. Baldwin and Craddock. 1833.
^ Jump up to: a b Youatt. p.110
Jump up ^ Mills p.172
Jump up ^ Kraeuter p.7
Jump up ^ Scott pp.75–8
^ Jump up to: a b "Stonehenge" pp.98–9
^ Jump up to: a b Krauter p.9
^ Jump up to: a b Arnold p.12
Jump up ^ Daglish p.9
Jump up ^ Arnold p.14
Jump up ^ "Get to know the Beagle". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Daglish pp.10–12
Jump up ^ Arnold pp.14–5
Jump up ^ "Beagle Breakthrough: Westminster Crowd Favorite Uno Is Top Dog". Bloomberg. 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "AKC Registration Statistics" (PDF). American Kennel Club. 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "AKC Breed Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Registration statistics for all recognised dog breeds – 2005 and 2006". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Beagle". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 3 October 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Kerry Beagle". Breeds of Dog. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Daglish p.37
Jump up ^ Rice p.147
^ Jump up to: a b "What you need to know about Beagles" (PDF). The Beagle Club of Queensland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
Jump up ^ See various breed standards linked from the breed box at the top of the article.
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Jump up ^ "Beagle Colors". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Fogle p.40
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Jump up ^ Fisher, Dave (2002). Rabbit hunting. Woods N' Water, Inc. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-9707493-6-8.
Jump up ^ Libby, Ray. "Randall. The Patch Era at Beaver Meadows" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Stonehenge p.46
Jump up ^ Raakhee Mirchandani (4 November 2005). "Designer Dogs: Meet the Puggle". Fox News. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
* "Designing A Cuter Dog". CBS. 6 August 2006. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
* "Stars fuel designer dogs fashion". BBC News. 6 February 2006. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Fogle pp.176–7
Jump up ^ "The Intelligence of Dogs. Ranks 70 to 79". Ranking of Dogs for Obedience/Working Intelligence by Breed. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Stanley Coren (15 July 2009). "Canine Intelligence—Breed Does Matter". Canine Corner. The human-animal bond. Psychology Today. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Kraeuter pp.77–8
Jump up ^ Kraeuter pp.96
Jump up ^ Daglish p.55
Jump up ^ K. M. Cassidy (2007). "Dog Longevity: Breed Longevity Data". Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
Jump up ^ K. M. Cassidy (2007). "Dog Longevity: Breed Weight and Lifespan". Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Beagle Health Problems". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Rice p.161
Jump up ^ "Spine – Abstract: Volume 31(10) May 1, 2006 p 1094-1099 Notochord Cells Regulate Intervertebral Disc Chondrocyte Proteoglycan Production and Cell Proliferation". Spinejournal.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Neonatal Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration". Animal Health Trust. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Frequency of the neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration (NCCD) mutations in beagles in the UK" (PDF). Kennel Club Genetics Centre at the Animal Health Trust. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelatt, Kirk N. (ed.) (1999). Veterinary Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. pp. 656, 718. ISBN 0-683-30076-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Rice pp.167–74
Jump up ^ "FAQ". Beagle Club of Victoria. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Maxwell p.42
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Jump up ^ Hendrick, George (1977). Henry Salt: Humanitarian Reformer and Man of Letters. University of Illinois Press. pp. 68–71. ISBN 0-252-00611-9.
Jump up ^ "Activists steal beagle pack". BBC News. 5 January 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Directory of UK hunts 2006/2007". Horse and Hound. 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Kraeuter pp.97–104
Jump up ^ "Submission to Lord Burns' Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs". The Mammal Society. 16 March 2000. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "USDA's Detector Dogs: Protecting American Agriculture: Why Beagles?". United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "A beagle honored as a defender at national gate". People's Daily Online. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
* "Old dogs — new tricks Original quarantine K9's on the scent of retirement". Australian Government: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 30 November 2000. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
* M.E. Nairn; P.G. Allen; A.R. Inglis; C. Tanner (1996). "Australian Quarantine a shared responsibility" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries and Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "USDA's Detector Dogs: Protecting American Agriculture: More Detector Dog Programs". United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2005" (PDF). Home Office. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report". House of Lords. 2002. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2004" (PDF). Home Office. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Report of the Animal Procedures Committee for 2004" (PDF). Home Office. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cosmetics and animal tests". European Commission — Enterprise and Industry Directorate General. 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Animal-Testing Ban for Cosmetics to Be Upheld, EU Court Rules". Bloomberg. 24 May 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Animal Testing". US Food and Drug Administration. 1999. Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "How to do Business with FDA". US Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 3 August 2005. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Beagle Freedom Law makes history in Minnesota". Minnesota Star Tribune. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Zoe Broughton (March 2001). "Seeing Is Believing — cruelty to dogs at Huntingdon Life Sciences". The Ecologist. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015 – via dbsst.org.
Jump up ^ Nicola Woolcock (25 August 2005). "Extremists seek fresh targets close to home". The Times. London. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Termite Detection Dogs". K9 Centre.com. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Police Powers (Drug Detection Dogs) Bill". Parliament of New South Wales. 13 December 2001. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Tom Geoghegan (13 July 2005). "The unlikely enemy of the terrorist". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Kraeuter pp.89–92
Jump up ^ "Dog praised for life-saving call". BBC News. 20 June 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "In Haiti, a shattered symbol reluctantly yields dead". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press. (17 November 2011). "NYC Enlists Pair Of Bedbug-Detecting Dogs". CBS-NY. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Cara Buckley (11 November 2010). "Doubts Rise on Bedbug-Sniffing Dogs". New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cartoons we want as movies". The Hans India. 22 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "President Johnson's Dogs". Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Canadians triumph at Westminster". Dog World. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Youatt p.133
Bibliography
Arnold, David and Hazel (1998). A New Owner's Guide to Beagles. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-7938-2785-X.
Blakey, Robert (1854). Shooting. George Routledge and Co.
Daglish, E. Fitch (1961). Beagles. London: Foyles. ISBN 0-7071-0631-1.
Fogle, Bruce (1990). The Dog's Mind. Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-513-7.
Jesse, George (1866). Researches into the History of the British Dog Volume II. London: Robert Hardwicke.
Jesse, Edward (1858). Anecdotes of Dogs. H. G. Bohn.
Kraeuter, Kristine (2001). Training Your Beagle. Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-1648-7.
Maxwell, William Hamilton (1833). The Field Book: Or, Sports and Pastimes of the United Kingdom. E. Wilson.
Mills, John (1845). The Sportsman's Library. W. Paterson.
Rackham, Oliver (2000). The History of the Countryside. Weidenfeld & Nicholson History. ISBN 1-84212-440-4.
Rice, Dan (2000). The Beagle Handbook. Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-1464-6.
Scott, John (1845). The Sportsman's Repository. Henry G. Bohn.
Smith, Steve (2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 1-57223-501-2.
"Stonehenge" (pseudonym of J. H. Walsh) (1856). Manual of British Rural Sports. London: G. Routledge and Co.
Xenophon (translated by H. G. Dakyns) (1897) [c. 380 BC]. On Hunting (Cynegeticus). Macmillan and Co. (published online by eBooks@Adelaide). Archived from the original on 13 June 2007.
Youatt, William (1852). The Dog. Blanchard and Lea.
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text:
Nigeria at the FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nigeria national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final.
Nigeria have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on six occasions, the first being in 1994 where they reached the second round. Their sixth and most recent appearance at the finals was the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.[1]
Contents
1 FIFA World Cup record
1.1 By Opponent
2 By match
3 Squads
4 Record Players
5 Top Goalscorers
6 References
7 External links
FIFA World Cup record[edit]
FIFA World Cup record
Year
Host(s)
Round
Position
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
1930 Uruguay Did not enter
1934 Italy
1938 France
1950 Brazil
1954 Switzerland
1958 Sweden
1962 Chile Did not qualify
1966 England Withdrew[n 1][2]
1970 Mexico Did not qualify
1974 West Germany
1978 Argentina
1982 Spain
1986 Mexico
1990 Italy
1994 United States Round of 16 9th
4
2
0
2
7
4
1998 France Round of 16 12th
4
2
0
2
6
9
2002 South Korea and Japan Group stage 27th
3
0
1
2
1
3
2006 Germany Did not qualify
2010 South Africa Group stage 27th
3
0
1
2
3
5
2014 Brazil Round of 16 16th
4
1
1
2
3
5
2018 Russia Group Stage 21st
3
1
0
2
3
4
2022 Qatar To be decided
World Cup total
6/21
21
6
3
12
23
30
Notes
Jump up ^ All African nations withdrew due to a lack of qualifying berths.
By Opponent[edit]
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)
Opponent
Total
Wins
Draws
Losses
GF
GA
GD
Argentina 5 0 0 5 4 9 -5
Bulgaria 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4
Greece 2 1 0 1 3 2 +1
Iceland 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2
Spain 1 1 0 0 3 2 +1
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1
South Korea 1 0 1 0 2 2 0
England 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Iran 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Italy 1 0 0 1 1 2 -1
Sweden 1 0 0 1 1 2 -1
Paraguay 1 0 0 1 1 3 -2
France 1 0 0 1 0 2 -2
Croatia 1 0 0 1 0 2 -2
Denmark 1 0 0 1 1 4 -3
By match[edit]
World Cup
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Nigeria scorers
1994 Group stage Bulgaria 3–0 W Dallas Yekini, Amokachi, Amuneke
Argentina 1–2 L Foxborough Siasia
Greece 2–0 W Foxborough George, Amokachi
Round of 16 Italy 1–2 (aet) L Foxborough Amuneke
1998 Group stage Spain 3–2 W Nantes Adepoju, Zubizarreta (og), Oliseh
Bulgaria 1–0 W Paris Ikpeba
Paraguay 1–3 L Toulouse Oruma
Round of 16 Denmark 1–4 L Saint-Denis Babangida
2002 Group stage Argentina 0–1 L Ibaraki &
—
Sweden 1–2 L Kobe Aghahowa
England 0–0 D Osaka &
—
2010 Group stage Argentina 0–1 L Johannesburg &
—
Greece 1–2 L Bloemfontein Uche
South Korea 2–2 D Durban Uche, Yakubu (pen)
2014 Group stage Iran 0–0 D Curitiba &
—
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1–0 W Cuiabá Odemwingie
Argentina 2–3 L Porto Alegre Musa (2)
Round of 16 France 0–2 L Brasília &
—
2018 Group stage Croatia 0–2 L Kaliningrad &
—
Iceland 2–0 W Volgograd Musa (2)
Argentina 1–2 L Saint Petersburg Moses (pen)
Squads[edit]
show
Nigeria squads – FIFA World Cup
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Rufai (c)
2 Eguavoen
3 Iroha
4 Keshi
5 Uche
6 Nwanu
7 George
8 Oliha
9 Yekini
10 Okocha
11 Amunike
12 Siasia
13 Ezeugo
14 Amokachi
15 Oliseh
16 Agu
17 Ikpeba
18 Ekoku
19 Emenalo
20 Okafor
21 Adepoju
22 Agbonavbare
Coach: Westerhof
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Rufai
2 Oparaku
3 Babayaro
4 Kanu
5 Uche (c)
6 West
7 Finidi
8 Adepoju
9 Yekini
10 Okocha
11 Lawal
12 W. Okpara
13 Babangida
14 Amokachi
15 Oliseh
16 Okafor
17 Eguavoen
18 Oruma
19 Iroha
20 Ikpeba
21 G. Okpara
22 Baruwa
Coach: Milutinović
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Shorunmu
2 Yobo
3 Babayaro
4 Kanu
5 Okoronkwo
6 West
7 Ikedia
8 Adepoju
9 Ogbeche
10 Okocha (c)
11 Lawal
12 Ejide
13 Afolabi
14 Udeze
15 Justice
16 Sodje
17 Aghahowa
18 Akwuegbu
19 Ejiofor
20 Obiorah
21 Utaka
22 Enyeama
23 Opabunmi
Coach: Onigbinde
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Enyeama
2 Yobo
3 Taiwo
4 Kanu (c)
5 Afolabi
6 Shittu
7 Utaka
8 Yakubu
9 Martins
10 Ideye
11 Odemwingie
12 Uche
13 Yussuf
14 Kaita
15 Haruna
16 Ejide
17 Odiah
18 Obinna
19 Obasi
20 Etuhu
21 Echiéjilé
22 Adeleye
23 Aiyenugba
Coach: Lagerbäck
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Enyeama
2 Yobo (c)
3 Uzoenyi
4 Gabriel
5 Ambrose
6 Egwuekwe
7 Musa
8 Odemwingie
9 Emenike
10 Mikel
11 Moses
12 Odunlami
13 Oshaniwa
14 Oboabona
15 Azeez
16 Ejide
17 Onazi
18 Babatunde
19 Nwofor
20 Uchebo
21 Agbim
22 Omeruo
23 Ameobi
Coach: Keshi
show
v
t
e
Nigeria squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Ezenwa
2 Idowu
3 Echiéjilé
4 Ndidi
5 Troost-Ekong
6 Balogun
7 Musa
8 Etebo
9 Ighalo
10 Mikel (c)
11 Moses
12 Abdullahi
13 Simy
14 Iheanacho
15 Obi
16 Akpeyi
17 Onazi
18 Iwobi
19 Ogu
20 Awaziem
21 Ebuehi
22 Omeruo
23 Uzoho
Coach: Rohr
Record Players[edit]
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Joseph Yobo 10 2002, 2010 and 2014
2 Jay-Jay Okocha 9 1994, 1998 and 2002
3 Finidi George 8 1994 and 1998
Sunday Oliseh 8 1994 and 1998
Peter Rufai 8 1994 and 1998
Rashidi Yekini 8 1994 and 1998
Vincent Enyeama 8 2002, 2010 and 2014
8 Mutiu Adepoju 7 1994 and 1998
Uche Okechukwu 7 1994 and 1998
John Obi Mikel 7 2014 and 2018
Ahmed Musa 7 2014 and 2018
Top Goalscorers[edit]
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Ahmed Musa 4 2014 (2) and 2018 (2)
2 Daniel Amokachi 2 1994
Emmanuel Amunike 2 1994
Kalu Uche 2 2010
5 Finidi George 1 1994
Samson Siasia 1 1994
Rashidi Yekini 1 1994
Mutiu Adepoju 1 1998
Tijani Babangida 1 1998
Victor Ikpeba 1 1998
Sunday Oliseh 1 1998
Wilson Oruma 1 1998
Julius Aghahowa 1 2002
Yakubu 1 2010
Peter Odemwingie 1 2014
Victor Moses 1 2018
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nigeria beat Ethiopia to book berth in Brazil". BBC Sport. 16 November 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "VIII WORLD CUP (ENGLAND 1966) QUALIFYING STAGE". Lingua Sport. Retrieved 2 January 2012. [permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Nigeria at FIFA
World Cup Finals Statistics
show
v
t
e
Nigeria national football team
General
Nigeria Football Federation
History
Managers
Venues
Godswill Akpabio International Stadium
Abuja National Stadium
Lagos National Stadium
Ahmadu Bello Stadium
Statistics
All-Time Record
World Cup record
Individual Records
All-time goalscorers
Players
Players (by caps)
Other players
Nigerian foreign players
Born outside Nigeria
World Cup Finals
1994
1998
2002
2010
2014
2018
CAN Finals
1963
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2013
Other Cup's tournaments
African Nations Championship
Noted rivalries
Ghana
Games's tournaments
Olympic Games
All-Africa Games
Other NFF teams
Men
Under-23
Under-20
Under-17
Beach Soccer
Women
show
v
t
e
Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
All-time table
AFC
Australia2
China
Indonesia1
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kuwait
North Korea
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United Arab Emirates
CAF
Algeria
Angola
Cameroon
DR Congo1
Egypt
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
CONCACAF
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
CONMEBOL
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
OFC
New Zealand
UEFA
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic1
Denmark
East Germany3
England
France
Germany1
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel2
Italy
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia1
Scotland
Serbia1
Slovakia1
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=848772179"
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Lamassu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lamassu from Dur-Sharrukin. University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Gypsum (?) Neo-Assyrian Period, c. 721–705 BCE
A lamassu (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒆗, an.kal; Sumerian: dlammař; Akkadian: lamassu; sometimes called a lamassus[1][2]) is an Assyrian protective deity, often depicted as having a human head, the body of a bull or a lion, and bird wings.[3] In some writings, it is portrayed to represent a female deity.[4] A less frequently used name is shedu (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒆘, an.kal×bad; Sumerian: dalad; Akkadian, šēdu; Hebrew: שד), which refers to the male counterpart of a lamassu.[5] Lammasu represent the zodiacs, parent-stars or constellations.[6][7]
Contents
1 Iconography
2 Terminology
3 Mythology
4 In modern culture
4.1 Games
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Iconography[edit]
Human-headed winged bulls from Sargon II's palace in Dur-Sharrukin, modern Khorsabad (Louvre)
In art, lamassu were depicted as hybrids, with bodies of either winged bulls or lions and heads of human males. The motif of a winged animal with a human head is common to the Near East, first recorded in Ebla around 3000 BCE. The first distinct lamassu motif appeared in Assyria during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser II as a symbol of power.[8][9]
Assyrian sculpture typically placed prominent pairs of lamassu at entrances in palaces, facing the street and also internal courtyards. They were represented as "double-aspect" figures on corners, in high relief. From the front they appear to stand, and from the side, walk, and in earlier versions have five legs, as is apparent when viewed obliquely. Lumasi do not generally appear as large figures in the low-relief schemes running round palace rooms, where winged genie figures are common, but they sometimes appear within narrative reliefs, apparently protecting the Assyrians.[10]
The colossal entranceway figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion, also colossal in scale and in high relief. In the palace of Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the "throne room", "a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power."[11] They also appear on cylinder seals. Notable examples include those at the Gate of All Nations at Persepolis in Iran, the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris, the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Several examples left in situ in northern Iraq were destroyed in the 2010s by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant when they occupied the area, as were those in the Mosul Museum.
Terminology[edit]
Lamassu represent the zodiacs, parent-stars, or constellations.[6][7] They are depicted as protective deities because they encompass all life within them. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, they are depicted as physical deities as well, which is where the lammasu iconography originates, these deities could be microcosms of their microcosmic zodiac, parent-star, or constellation. Although lamassu had a different iconography and portrayal in the culture of Sumer, the terms "lamassu", "alad", and "shedu" evolved throughout the Assyro-Akkadian culture from the Sumerian culture to denote the Assyrian-winged-man-bull symbol and statues during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Female lamassu were called "apsasû".[3]
Five-legged lamassu with lion's feet, Berlin
The motif of the Assyrian-winged-man-bull called Aladlammu and Lamassu interchangeably is not the lamassu or alad of Sumerian origin, which were depicted with different iconography.[clarification needed] These monumental statues were called aladlammû or lamassu which meant "protective spirit".[3][clarification needed] In Hittite, the Sumerian form dlamma is used both as a name for the so-called "tutelary deity", identified in certain later texts with Inara, and a title given to similar protective gods.[12]
Mythology[edit]
The lamassu in Persepolis
The lamassu is a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head, bull's body, sometimes with the horns and the ears of a bull, and wings. It appears frequently in Mesopotamian art. The lamassu and shedu were household protective spirits of the common Babylonian people, becoming associated later as royal protectors, and were placed as sentinels at entrances.[13] The Akkadians associated the god Papsukkal with a lamassu and the god Išum with shedu.
To protect houses, the lamassu were engraved in clay tablets, which were then buried under the door's threshold. They were often placed as a pair at the entrance of palaces. At the entrance of cities, they were sculpted in colossal size, and placed as a pair, one at each side of the door of the city, that generally had doors in the surrounding wall, each one looking towards one of the cardinal points.
The ancient Jewish people were influenced by the iconography of Assyrian culture. The prophet Ezekiel wrote about a fantastic being made up of aspects of a human being, a lion, an eagle and a bull. Later, in the early Christian period, the four Gospels were ascribed to each of these components. When it was depicted in art, this image was called the Tetramorph.
In modern culture[edit]
The British 10th Army, which operated in Iraq and Iran in 1942–1943, adopted the lamassu as its insignia. A bearded man with a winged bull body appears on the logo of the United States Forces – Iraq.
A man with a bull's body is found among the creatures that make up Aslan's army in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch "with a great bellowing voice". In the film Alexander (2004), lamassu are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney movie Aladdin (1992), a gold lamassu can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp.
Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the Lamassu that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from 700 BC until it was destroyed by ISIS in 2015. Rakowitz's sculpture will be displayed in London's Trafalgar Square beginning in 2018.[14]
Games[edit]
Lammasu [sic] and shedu are two distinct types of good-aligned creatures in the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. Lammasu also appear in the Magic: The Gathering trading card game as the white card Hunted Lammasu[15] in the Ravnica expansion, as well as the white card Venerable Lammasu[16] found in the Khans of Tarkir expansion.
In the Games Workshop miniatures wargame, Warhammer Fantasy Battle, the Lamasu was a mount for the Chaos Dwarf army. It has since returned as part of the Storm of Magic expansion release. A Lammasu briefly appears in the Fablehaven series.
In the video-game Might Ang Magic Heroes VI the lamassu (though with only one S) is a recruitable elite creature of the necropolis faction (undead).
Gallery[edit]
The British Museum - Human Headed Winged Lions and Reliefs from Nimrud with the Gates of Balawat
The British Museum - Human Headed Winged Bulls from Dur-Sharrukin
The British Museum - Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull from Nimrud, companion pieces in Metropolitan Museum of Art
Louvre - Human Headed Winged Bulls from Dur-Sharrukin
Louvre - Human Headed Winged Bulls, Sculpture and Reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin; note the lamassu in the foreground is a cast from the University of Chicago Oriental Institute
Louvre - Human Headed Winged Bulls and Reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin, in their wider setting of reliefs
Louvre - Human Headed Winged Bulls and Reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin
The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull from Nimrud, companion pieces to those in the British Museum
Detail, University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Gypsum(?), Dur-Sharrukin, entrance to the throne room, c. 721-705 B.C
Cuneiform script on the back of a lamassu in the University of Chicago Oriental Institute.
Modern impression of Achaemenid cylinder seal, fifth century BCE. A winged solar disc legitimises the Achaemenid emperor, who subdues two rampant Mesopotamian lamassu figures
Insignia of the British 10th Army
Insignia of the SAVAK of Iran
The entrance of a fire temple in Fort Mumbai displaying a lamassu
Seal of United States Forces – Iraq
Head of lamassu. Marble, 8th century BCE, from Assur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
Head of a lamassu from the palace of Esarhaddon, from Nimrud, Iraq, 7th century BC. The British Museum
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shedu.
Mythology portal
Ancient Near East portal
External video
Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull (Lamassu), Smarthistory[17]
Anzû (older reading: Zû), Mesopotamian monster
Apis
Buraq
Cherub
Chimera, Greek mythological hybrid monster
Enlil
Fire Temples
Griffin or griffon, lion-bird hybrid
Jinn
Kamadhenu, Hindu bovine goddess
Manticore, Persian sphinx-like creature
Minotaur
Mythological hybrid
List of hybrid creatures in mythology
Pamola, the Abenaki-origin indigenous American "winged-moose" spirit protecting Mount Katahdin
Pegasus, winged stallion in Greek mythology
Sharabha, Hindu mythology: lion-bird hybrid
Simurgh, Iranian mythical flying creature
Sphinx, mythical creature with lion's body and human head
Yali, Hindu mythological lion-elephant-horse hybrid
Ziz, giant griffin-like bird in Jewish mythology
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Kriwaczek, Paul. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization, p. 37.
Jump up ^ http://www.torrossa.it/resources/an/2401509#page=241
^ Jump up to: a b c Livius.org
Jump up ^ Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period. Brill. ISBN 90-04-13024-1.
Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (2003). An Illustrated dictionary, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. The British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1705-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewitt, J.F. History and Chronology of the Myth-Making Age. p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b W. King, Leonard. Enuma Elish Vol 1 & 2: The Seven Tablets of Creation; The Babylonian and Assyrian Legends Concerning the Creation of the World and of Mankind. p. 78.
Jump up ^ "History – Mesopotamia". BBC.
Jump up ^ "Lamassu". ancientneaeast.net.
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 147–148
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 147–148, 148 quoted
Jump up ^ McMahon, John Gregory (1991). The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-918986-69-6.
Jump up ^ Castor, Marie-José. "Winged human-headed bull". Louvre.fr. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Lamassu, Resurrected".
Jump up ^ "Hunted Lammasu".
Jump up ^ "Venerable Lammasu".
Jump up ^ "Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull (Lamassu)". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
References[edit]
Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561072
External links[edit]
Webpage about the Šêdu in the Louvre Museum (in French)
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