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Toddler
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v
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Vincent van Gogh, First Steps, after Millet
Toddlers in a kibbutz
A toddler is a child 12 to 36 months old.[1][2][3] The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from "to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Developmental milestones
2 One year old
2.1 Physical and motor skills
2.2 Sensory and cognitive development
3 Two years old
4 Two and half years old
5 Motor development
5.1 14 months
5.2 18 months
5.3 Two years
6 Vocalization and socialization
6.1 15 months
6.2 18 months
6.3 Two years
6.4 2½ years
7 Major learning events
7.1 Toilet training
7.2 Play (parallel play)
8 Squatting
9 Language
10 Emotions and self-image
11 Overview
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Developmental milestones
Learning to walk pushing a wheeled toy
Normal vital parameters of toddlers
Blood Pressure
(mmHg) Systolic 80–110[5]
Diastolic 50–80[5]
Heart rate (BPM) 90–140[5]
Respiratory rate 20–40[5]
Toddler development can be broken down into a number of interrelated areas.[6] There is reasonable consensus about what these areas may include:
Physical: growth or an increase in size.
Gross motor: the control of large muscles which enable walking, running, jumping and climbing.
Fine motor: the ability to control small muscles; enabling the toddler to feed themselves, draw and manipulate objects.
Vision: the ability to see near and far and interpret what is seen.
Hearing and speech: the ability to hear and receive information and listen (interpret), and the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively.[citation needed]
Social: the ability to interact with the world through playing with others, taking turns and fantasy play.
Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development, it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum, with considerable individual differences between children.[citation needed] There is a wide range of what may be considered 'normal' development.
One year old
12-month-old toddler sitting in a bucket
At one year of age, the typical toddler will be able to display the following skills:[7]
Physical and motor skills
A typical one-year-old toddler's body proportions
Triple the birth weight
Grow to a height of 50% over birth length
Have a head circumference equal to that of the chest
Have one to eight teeth
Pull to stand
Walk with help or alone
Sit down without help
Bang two blocks together
Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time
Have a pincer grasp
Sleep 8–10 hours a night and take one to two naps
Sensory and cognitive development
Learning to eat independently
Follows a fast moving object
Can respond to sounds
Responds to his or her name
Understands several words
Can say mama, papa, and at least one or two other words
Understands simple commands
Tries to imitate animal sounds
Connects names with objects
Understands that objects continue to exist, even when they are not seen (object permanence)
Points to objects with index finger
Waves bye bye
May develop attachment to a toy or object
Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents
May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings
Two years old
Weight: about 11–13 kg
Height: about 80–82 cm
Teeth: 12 temporary
Two and half years old
Learning to ride a toy car
Teeth: full set of 20 temporary
Decreased need for naps
Becoming inquisitive
Motor development
Running and falling
14 months
Using a spoon
Walks well alone with wide based gait
Creeps upstairs
Builds with blocks
Drinks from a cup, uses spoon
Enjoys throwing objects and picking them up
18 months
Walks sideways and backwards, runs well, falls easily
Climbs stairs or up on furniture
Scribbles vigorously, attempting a straight line
Drinks well from a cup, still spills with a spoon
Two years
Gross motor skills are quite well refined, can walk up and down stairs on both feet with one step at a time while holding on to a rail
Builds tower of five cubes
Control of spoon well-developed
Toilet trained during day time
Vocalization and socialization
15 months
Can use 10-15 words
Says "no" (see holophrasis)
Indicates when diaper is wet
18 months
Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns
Begins to have temper tantrums
Very ritualistic, has favorite toy or blanket
Thumb sucking may be at peak
Two years
Vocabulary of about 350 words
Obeys simple commands
Helps undress self and put on simple clothes
Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality
Does not share possessions—everything "mine" as in the "Toddler's Creed":[8]
"If I want it, it's mine.
If I give it to you and change my mind later, it's mine.
If I can take it away from you, it's mine.
If I had it a little while ago, it's mine.
If it's mine it will never belong to anyone else, no matter what.
If we are building something together, all the pieces are mine.
If it looks like mine, it's mine."
—Burton L. White in his Raising a Happy, Unspoiled Child[8]
2½ years
Begins to see self as separate individual; still sees other children as "objects"[citation needed]
Major learning events
Toilet training
Psychological readiness
Process training
Parental response
Play (parallel play)
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Child plays alongside other children but not with them
Mostly free and spontaneous, no rules or regulations
Attention span very short and change of toys occurs at frequent intervals
Imitation and make-believe play begins by end of the second year
Games: throwing and retrieving objects
Suggested toys:
Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, play telephone, puzzles with large pieces, pedal propelled toys, rocking horse, clay crayons, finger paints, pounding toys, blocks, push-pull toys, balls
Squatting
Main article: Squatting position
Young child playing at ease in a squatting position
Young children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level. One- and two-year-olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position, with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor, although at first they need to hold on to something to stand up again.[9]
Language
Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first word most often occurs around 12 months, but again this is only an average.[citation needed] The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7–9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play".[citation needed] Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion.
Emotions and self-image
23-month-old crying girl
There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend not to emphasize as much as walking and talking. Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler. This generally happens before a child's first birthday.[citation needed]
This age is sometimes referred to as "the terrible twos",[10] because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous. This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment. Toddlers tend to have temper tantrums because they have such strong emotions but do not know how to express themselves the way that older children and adults do.[11] They also throw tantrums to let others know that they are free and can do what they want.[citation needed] The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works. Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase, it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation.[12][13] Research has shown that parents with histories of maltreatment, violence exposure, and related psychopathology may have particular difficulty in responding sensitively and in a developmentally appropriate manner to their toddlers' tantrums and thus may benefit from parent-child mental health consultation.[14][15] This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence.[citation needed]
Self-awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting. Around 18 months of age, a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his/her own thoughts and actions.[citation needed] A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves. One way to test this is the rouge test: putting lipstick on the child's face and showing them their own reflection. Upon seeing the out-of-the-ordinary mark, if the child reaches to his or her own face, the child has achieved this important milestone. Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced.[citation needed]
Overview
The toddler developmental timeline shows what an average toddler can do at what age. Times vary greatly from child to child. It is common for some toddlers to master certain skills such as walking well before other skills, like talking.[citation needed] Even close siblings can vary greatly in the time taken to achieve each key milestone.[citation needed]
Age
Physical
Mental
Emotional
12–14 months
Walk alone well.
Drink from a cup (poorly).
Turn pages in a book (a few at a time).
Play ball by rolling or tossing it.
Uses one or two syllable words such as "ball" or "cookie"
Can follow a simple command with an associated gesture, such as: bringing a cup to you when you point at it and saying "Please bring me the cup".
Use gestures or words to convey objects, such as: Pointing at a book, raising arms to be picked up, or saying "cup".
Mimic actions such as covering eyes while playing Peekaboo.
15–18 months
Hold a crayon well enough to scribble.
Lift cup up to mouth for drinking.
Climb onto furniture.
Uses 10–20 words.
May be able to follow a command without a gesture.
Stack two blocks.
Address others with greetings.
Mimic parental activities such as cleaning up or talking on a telephone.
19–24 months
Feed self with a spoon.
Run.
Climb into a small chair.
Walk up steps.
Helps with dressing: Likes to dress and undress self.
Speaks 20–50 words; understands many more
Stack six blocks
Understands non-physical relationships such as turning on lights or pushing buttons.
Sorting toys.
Searching for hidden objects.
Problem solving through experimentation.
Wants to be independent at times. Will throw a tantrum or possibly say "No!".
Mimics social behavior such as hugging a teddy bear or feeding a doll.
Self recognition.
Displays attachment.
Separation anxiety.
Can play turn-taking games.
Begins to be ready for toilet learning
25–36 months
Advanced mobility and climbing skills.
Increased dexterity with small objects, puzzles.
Able to dress oneself.
Speaking in sentences.
Ability to be independent to primary care giver.
Easily learns new words, places and people's names.
Anticipates routines.
Toilet learning continues
Plays with toys in imaginative ways.
Attempts to sing in-time with songs.
Knows boys from girls.
Shows preferences, such as clothes and entertainment.
Knows how to play different games.
See also
Child development stages
Early childhood
Early childhood education
Sign language in infants and toddlers
References
Jump up ^ "toddler". The Free Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Barker, Robin (2001) The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, p1.
Jump up ^ Lieberman, Alicia F, (1993) The Emotional Life of the Toddler, The Free Press, New York, p1.
Jump up ^ Brown, Stephanie (December 19, 2015). "What Is the Definition of a Toddler?". verywell.com, an About.com site. About, Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2016. The term toddler comes from the way that children first walk, which is at first unsteady and more like a toddle than actual walking.
^ Jump up to: a b c d PEDIATRIC AGE SPECIFIC, page 6. Revised 6/10. By Theresa Kirkpatrick and Kateri Tobias. UCLA Health System
Jump up ^ Barker, Robin (2001) The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, p19.
Jump up ^ Feigelman S. The first year. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chapter 8 quoted in Developmental milestones record - 12 months MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
^ Jump up to: a b Burton L. White, Raising a Happy, Unspoiled Child (Simon and Schuster [Fireside Book], 1995), 161.
Jump up ^ Slentz K, Krogh S Early Childhood Development and Its Variations (2001)
Jump up ^ "The Terrible Twos Explained - Safe Kids (UK)". Safe Kids. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
Jump up ^ Kuersten-Hogan, Regina; McHale, James P. (1998). "Talking About Emotions During the Toddler Years and Beyond: Mothers' and Fathers' Coaching of Children's Emotion Understanding". Infant Behavior and Development. 21: 514. ISSN 0163-6383. doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91727-1.
Jump up ^ Fields-Olivieri, Margaret A.; Cole, Pamela M.; Maggi, Mirella C. "Toddler Emotional States, Temperamental Traits, and their Interaction: Associations with Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting". Journal of Research in Personality. 67: 106–119. ISSN 0092-6566. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.007.
Jump up ^ "Toddlers World". Archived from the original on 2011-02-07.
Jump up ^ Gudmundson, Jessica A.; Leerkes, Esther M. "Links Between Mothers’ Coping Styles, Toddler Reactivity, and Sensitivity to Toddler's Negative Emotions". Infant Behavior and Development. 35 (1): 158–166. ISSN 0163-6383. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.07.004.
Jump up ^ Schechter DS, Moser D, Wang Z, Marsh R, Hao XJ, Duan Y, Yu S, Gunter B, Murphy D, McCaw J, Kangarlu A, Willheim E, Myers M, Hofer M, Peterson BS (2012). "An fMRI Study of the Brain Responses of Traumatized Mothers to Viewing their Toddlers During Separation and Play". Journal of Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 7 (8): 969–79. doi:10.1093/scan/nsr069.
External links
The dictionary definition of toddle at Wiktionary
Media related to Toddlers at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by
Infancy Stages of human development
Toddlerhood Succeeded by
Childhood
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