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School corporal punishment
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1888 cartoon depicting J.S. Kerr, an Australian proponent of punishment by caning
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School corporal punishment refers to causing deliberate pain or discomfort in response to undesired behaviour by students in schools. It often involves striking the student either across the buttocks[1] or on the hands,[2] with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand, especially at the elementary school level.
In the English-speaking world, the use by schools of corporal punishment has historically been justified by the common-law doctrine in loco parentis, whereby teachers are considered authority figures granted the same rights as parents to punish children in their care.
Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, as opposed to suspension from school. Opponents, including a number of medical and psychological societies, along with human-rights groups, argue that physical punishment is ineffective in the long term, interferes with learning, leads to antisocial behaviour as well as various forms of mental distress, and is a form of violence that breaches the rights of children.
Poland in 1783 was the first nation to outlaw corporal punishment in schools. School corporal punishment is no longer practised in any European country. As of 2015, most developed countries have abolished the practice, with the exception of some parts of the United States, some Australian states, and Singapore. It is still in common use in a number of countries in Africa and Asia. It was banned in state-funded schools, throughout the United Kingdom, in 1986. It was banned in UK Public and private schools that received no state funding, in 1999 in England and Wales, 2000 in Scotland, and 2003 in Northern Ireland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Prevalence
3 Effects on students
3.1 Injuries to students
3.2 Promotion of violence
4 Alternatives
5 Student rights
6 By country
6.1 Argentina
6.2 Australia
6.3 Austria
6.4 Bolivia
6.5 Brazil
6.6 Burma (Myanmar)
6.7 Canada
6.7.1 School Corporal Punishment Bans in Canadian Provinces
6.8 China
6.9 Costa Rica
6.10 Czech Republic
6.11 Denmark
6.12 Egypt
6.13 Finland
6.14 France
6.15 Germany
6.16 Greece
6.17 India
6.18 Ireland
6.19 Italy
6.20 Japan
6.21 Luxembourg
6.22 Malaysia
6.23 Netherlands
6.24 New Zealand
6.25 Norway
6.26 Pakistan
6.27 Philippines
6.28 Poland
6.29 Russia
6.30 Singapore
6.31 South Africa
6.32 South Korea
6.33 Spain
6.34 Sweden
6.35 Taiwan
6.36 Thailand
6.37 Ukraine
6.38 United Arab Emirates
6.39 United Kingdom
6.40 United States
6.41 Venezuela
7 See also
8 References
Definitions[edit]
Medieval schoolboy birched on the bare buttocks
Corporal punishment in the context of schools in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been variously defined as: causing deliberate pain to a child in response to the child's undesired behaviour and/or language,[3] "purposeful infliction of bodily pain or discomfort by an official in the educational system upon a student as a penalty for unacceptable behavior",[4] and "intentional application of physical pain as a means of changing behavior" (not the occasional use of physical restraint to protect student or others from immediate harm).[5]
Prevalence[edit]
Corporal punishment used to be prevalent in schools in many parts of the world, but in recent decades it has been outlawed in most of Europe, most of South America, as well as in Canada, Korea, South Africa, New Zealand and several other countries. It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East (see list of countries, below).
While most U.S. states have outlawed corporal punishment in state schools, it continues to be allowed mainly in the Southern and Western United States.[6] According to the United States Department of Education, more than 216,000 students were subjected to corporal punishment during the 2008–09 school year.[7]
Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys.[8] There is a vast amount of literature on this, in both popular and serious culture.[9][10] Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools[11][12][13] and more recently for all schools.[14][15]
The doctrine of in loco parentis lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures.[4] The doctrine has its origins in an English common-law precedent of 1770.[5]
1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school flogging
Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning (for boys) as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used. (See list of countries, below.)
In most of continental Europe, school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer, depending on the country (see the list of countries below).
From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to communist ideology.[16] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems.[17] In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys there.[18] Other communist regimes followed suit: for instance, corporal punishment was "unknown" by students in North Korea in 2007.[19] In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,[20] although the practice remains common, especially in rural areas.[21]
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are three broad rationales for the use of corporal punishment in schools: beliefs, based in traditional religion, that adults have a right, if not a duty, to physically punish misbehaving children; a disciplinary philosophy that corporal punishment builds character, being necessary for the development of a child's conscience and their respect for adult authority figures; and beliefs concerning the needs and rights of teachers, specifically that corporal punishment is essential for maintaining order and control in the classroom.[4]
Effects on students[edit]
School officials and policymakers often rely on personal anecdotes to argue that school corporal punishment improves students' behavior and achievement.[22] However, there is a lack of empirical evidence showing that corporal punishment leads to better control in the classroom. In particular, evidence does not suggest that it enhances moral character development, increases students' respect for teachers or other authority figures, or offers greater security for teachers.[23]
A number of medical, pediatric or psychological societies have issued statements opposing all corporal punishment in schools, citing such outcomes as poorer academic achievement, increases in antisocial behaviour, injuries to students, and an unwelcoming learning environment. They include the American Medical Association,[24] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,[3] the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP),[4][25][26] the Society for Adolescent Medicine,[5][27] the American Psychological Association,[28] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,[29][30] the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[31] the Canadian Paediatric Society[32] and the Australian Psychological Society,[33] as well as the United States' National Association of Secondary School Principals.[34]
According to the AAP, research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools, and "praise, discussions regarding values, and positive role models do more to develop character, respect, and values than does corporal punishment".[4] They say that evidence links corporal punishment of students to a number of adverse outcomes, including: "increased aggressive and destructive behaviour, increased disruptive classroom behaviour, vandalism, poor school achievement, poor attention span, increased drop-out rate, school avoidance and school phobia, low self-esteem, anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, suicide and retaliation against teachers".[4] The AAP recommends a number of alternatives to corporal punishment including various nonviolent behaviour-management strategies, modifications to the school environment, and increased support for teachers.[4]
Injuries to students[edit]
An estimated 1 to 2 percent of physically punished students in the United States are seriously injured, to the point of needing medical attention. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death.[4][5] Other reported injuries to students include "sciatic nerve damage"[4] "extensive hematomas", and "life-threatening fat hemorrhage".[5]
Promotion of violence[edit]
The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others' behaviour.[4] According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, "Corporal punishment signals to the child that a way to settle interpersonal conflicts is to use physical force and inflict pain".[3] And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine, "The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society. It sanctions the notion that it is meritorious to be violent toward our children, thereby devaluing them in society's eyes. It encourages children to resort to violence because they see their authority figures or substitute parents doing it [...] Violence is not acceptable and we must not support it by sanctioning its use by such authority figures as school officials".[5]
Alternatives[edit]
The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing "a milieu of effective communication, in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students", as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student's abilities, various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques, and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals. They suggest that student self-governance can be an effective alternative for managing disruptive classroom behaviour, while stressing the importance of adequate training and support for teachers.[5]
The AAP remarks that there has been "no reported increase in disciplinary problems in schools following the elimination of corporal punishment" according to evidence.[4]
Student rights[edit]
A number of international human-rights organizations including the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have stated that physical punishment of any kind is a violation of children's human rights.[35][36][37]
According to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, "Children do not lose their human rights by virtue of passing through the school gates [...] the use of corporal punishment does not respect the inherent dignity of the child nor the strict limits on school discipline".[38] The Committee interprets Article 19 of the Convention on the rights of the child, which obliges member states to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse […] while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child", to imply a prohibition on all forms of corporal punishment.
Other international human-rights bodies supporting prohibition of corporal punishment of children in all settings, including schools, include the European Committee of Social Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. In addition, the obligation of member states to prohibit corporal punishment in schools and elsewhere was affirmed in the 2009 Cairo Declaration on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Islamic Jurisprudence.[39]
By country[edit]
School corporal punishment in the United States
Corporal punishment of minors in the United States
Corporal punishment banned in both schools and the home
Corporal punishment prohibited in schools only
Corporal punishment not prohibited
Legality of corporal punishment of minors in Europe
Corporal punishment banned in both schools and the home
Corporal punishment banned in schools only
Corporal punishment allowed in schools and in the home
According to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, all forms of corporal punishment in schools are outlawed in 125 countries as of May 2015 (46 of these countries also prohibit corporal punishment of children in the home).[39]
Argentina[edit]
Banned in 1813, corporal punishment was re-legalised in 1817 and punishments by physical pain lasted until the 1980s. The instruments were rebenques, slappings in the face and others.[40][41] All corporal punishment has now been prohibited; the ban came into effect in 2016.[42]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, laws on corporal punishment in schools are determined at individual state or territory level.[43][44] While still legal in private schools in some states, in practice, very few schools impose corporal punishment.[45]
State
Government schools
Non-government schools
Victoria Banned in 1983.[46] Banned in 2006.
Queensland[47] Banned in 1994.[48] Not banned.[49]
New South Wales[50] First banned in 1987.[46][51][52] Ban repealed in 1989 but was in disuse.[53]
Banned again in 1995.[54][55] Banned in 1997.[54]
Tasmania[56] Banned in 1999.[57][58] Banned in 1999.[57]
Australian Capital Territory[59] Banned in 1988.[60][61] Banned in 1997.
Northern Territory[62] Banned in 2016.[citation needed] Banned in 2009.
South Australia Banned in 1991. Not banned
Western Australia Banned in 1999.[63]
Effectively abolished by Education Department policy in 1987.[64] Banned in 2015.[65][66]
Austria[edit]
Corporal punishment in schools was banned in Austria in 1974.[67]
Bolivia[edit]
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Bolivia in 2014. According to the Children and Adolescents Code, "The child and adolescent has the right to good treatment, comprising a non-violent upbringing and education... Any physical, violent and humiliating punishment is prohibited".[68]
Brazil[edit]
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Brazil in 2014. According to an amendment to the Code on Children and Adolescents 1990, "Children and Adolescents are entitled to be educated and cared for without the use of physical punishment or cruel or degrading treatment as forms of correction, discipline, education or any other pretext".[69]
Burma (Myanmar)[edit]
Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment in schools.[70] The cane is applied on the students' buttocks, calves or palms of the hands in front of the class. Tramline cane marks could be left. Sit-ups with ears pulled and arms crossed, kneeling, and standing on the bench in the classroom are other forms of corporal punishments used in schools. Common reasons for punishment include talking in class, not finishing homework, mistakes made with classwork, fighting and truancy.[71][72]
Canada[edit]
In Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (2004) the Supreme Court outlawed school corporal punishment.[73] In public schools, the usual implement was a rubber/canvas strap applied to the hands,[74] while private schools often used a paddle or cane administered to the student's posterior.[75][76] In many parts of Canada, 'the strap' had not been used in public schools since the 1970s or even earlier: thus, it has been claimed that it had not been used in Quebec since the 1960s,[77] and in Toronto it was banned in 1971.[2] However, some schools in Alberta had been using the strap up until the ban in 2004.[78]
School Corporal Punishment Bans in Canadian Provinces[edit]
In 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada outlawed corporal punishment in all schools, public or private. The practice itself had largely been abandoned in the 1970s when parents placed greater scrutiny on the treatment of children at school.[79] The subject received extensive media coverage, and corporal punishment became obsolete as the practice was widely seen as degrading and inhumane. Despite the fact that the tradition had been forgone for nearly 30 years, legislation banning the practice entirely by law was not implemented until 2004.[80]

Some Canadian provinces banned corporal punishment in public schools prior to the national ban in 2004. They are, in chronological order by year of provincial ban:[citation needed]
British Columbia - 1973
Nova Scotia - 1989
New Brunswick - 1990
Yukon - 1990
Prince Edward Island - 1993
Northwest Territories - 1995
Nunavut - 1995* (banned while Nunavut was still part of Northwest Territories. Remained banned in Nunavut when it became a separate Territory in 1999.)
Newfoundland and Labrador - 1997
Quebec - 1998
China[edit]
Corporal punishment in China was officially banned after the communist revolution in 1949. The Compulsory Education Law of 1986 states: "It shall be forbidden to inflict physical punishment on students".[20] In practice, beatings by schoolteachers are common, especially in rural areas.[21][81]
Costa Rica[edit]
All corporal punishment, both in school and in the home, has been banned since 2008.[82]
Czech Republic[edit]
Corporal punishment is outlawed under Article 31 of the Education Act.[83]
Denmark[edit]
Corporal punishment was prohibited in the public schools in Copenhagen Municipality in 1951 and by law in all schools of Denmark in 1967.[84][85][86]
Egypt[edit]
A 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers, using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches and kicks as most common methods of administration. The most common reported injuries were bumps and contusions.[87]
Finland[edit]
Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914, but remained de facto commonplace until 1984, when a law banning all corporal punishment of minors, even by parents, was introduced.[88][89]
France[edit]
The systematic use of corporal punishment has been absent from French schools since the 19th century.[90] There is no explicit legal ban on it,[91] but in 2008 a teacher was fined €500 for what some people describe as slapping a student.[92][93][94]
Germany[edit]
School corporal punishment, historically widespread, was outlawed in different states via their administrative law at different times. It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983.[95] Since 1993, use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal offence. In that year a sentence by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof, case number NStZ 1993,591) was published which overruled the previous powers enshrined in unofficial customary law (Gewohnheitsrecht) and upheld by some regional appeal courts (Oberlandesgericht, Superior State Court) even in the 1970s. They assumed a right of chastisement was a defense of justification against the accusation of "causing bodily harm" per Paragraph (=Section) 223 Strafgesetzbuch (Federal Penal Code).
Greece[edit]
Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was banned in 1998, and in secondary schools in 2005.[96]
India[edit]
See also: Socio-economic issues in India
Corporal punishment is still used in most of India. The Delhi High Court banned its use in Delhi schools in 2000. 17 out of 29 states claim to apply the ban, though enforcement is lax.[97] A number of social and cultural groups, including Shankaracharya, are campaigning against corporal punishment in India. In many states, corporal punishment is still practised within most schools. Society for Prevention of Injuries & Corporal Punishment (SPIC) is actively running awareness campaigns to educate the teachers and students through conferences and scientific publications.[98]
Ireland[edit]
In schools in Ireland, corporal punishment was banned by regulation in 1982, and its use became a criminal offence in 1996. [99]
Italy[edit]
Corporal punishment in Italian schools was banned in 1928.[100]
Japan[edit]
Although banned in 1947, corporal punishment is still commonly found in schools in the 2010s and particularly widespread in school sports clubs. In late 1987, about 60% of junior high school teachers felt it was necessary, with 7% believing it was necessary in all conditions, 59% believing it should be applied sometimes and 32% disapproving of it in all circumstances; while at elementary (primary) schools, 2% supported it unconditionally, 47% felt it was necessary and 49% disapproved.[101] As recent as December 2012, a high school student committed suicide after having been constantly beaten by his basketball coach.[102] An education ministry survey found that more than 10,000 students received illegal corporal punishment from more than 5,000 teachers across Japan in 2012 fiscal year alone.[103]
Luxembourg[edit]
Corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1845 and became a criminal offence in 1974 (Aggravated Assault on Minors under Authority). [104][105]
Malaysia[edit]
See also: Caning in Malaysia
A picture showing the marks left on a Malaysian female student's palm after a caning
Caning is a common form of discipline in many Malaysian schools. Legally it should be applied only to male students, but the idea of making the caning of girls lawful has recently been debated. This would be applied to the palm of the hand, whereas boys are typically caned across the seat of the trousers.[106]
Netherlands[edit]
Banned in 1920.[107]
New Zealand[edit]
Corporal punishment in New Zealand schools was abolished in 1987, but wasn't abolished legislatively until 23 July 1990, when Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 was inserted by the Education Amendment Act 1990. Section 139A prohibits anyone employed by a school or ECE provider, or anyone supervising or controlling students on the school's behalf, from using force by way of correction or punishment towards any student at or in relation to the school or the student under their supervision or control.[108] Teachers who administer corporal punishment can be found guilty of physical assault, resulting in termination and cancellation of teacher registration, and possibly criminal charges, with a maximum penalty of five years' imprisonment.[109]
As enacted, the law had a loophole: parents, provided they were not school staff, could still discipline their children on school grounds. In early 2007, a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole to discipline students by corporal punishment, by making the student's parents administer the punishment.[110] This loophole was closed in May 2007 by the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, which enacted a blanket ban on parents administering corporal punishment to their children.
Norway[edit]
Corporal punishment in Norwegian schools was strongly restricted in 1889, and was prohibited outright in 1936.[citation needed]
Pakistan[edit]
School corporal punishment in Pakistan is not very common in modern educational institutions although it is still used in schools across the rural parts of the country as a means of enforcing student discipline. The method has been criticised by some children's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren. According to one report, corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts and subsequently, street children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school pupils in Pakistan are said to drop out of the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school.[111]
Philippines[edit]
Corporal punishment is prohibited in private and public schools.[112]
Poland[edit]
In 1783, Poland became the first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment.[113] Peter Newell assumes that perhaps the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke, whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the central role of corporal punishment in education. Locke's work was highly influential, and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783. Today, the ban of corporal punishment in all forms is vested in Constitution of Poland[114][115]
Russia[edit]
Corporal punishment was banned in USSR (and hence, Russian) schools in 1917.[16] In addition,the Article 336 (since 2006) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that any teacher who has used corporal punishment on a pupil shall be dismissed.
Singapore[edit]
Main article: Caning in Singapore § School caning
Corporal punishment is legal in Singapore schools (for male students only, it is illegal to inflict it on female students) and fully encouraged by the government in order to maintain strict discipline.[116] Only a light rattan cane may be used.[117] This must be administered in a formal ceremony by the school management after due deliberation, not by classroom teachers. Most secondary schools (whether independent, autonomous or government-controlled), and also some primary schools, use caning to deal with misconduct by boys.[118] At the secondary level, the rattan strokes are nearly always delivered to the student's clothed buttocks. The Ministry of Education has stipulated a maximum of six strokes per occasion. In some cases the punishment is carried out in front of the rest of the school instead of in private.[119]
South Africa[edit]
The use of corporal punishment in schools was prohibited by the South African Schools Act, 1996. According to section 10 of the act:
(1) No person may administer corporal punishment at a school to a learner.
(2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for assault.[120]
In the case of Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education the Constitutional Court rejected a claim that the constitutional right to religious freedom entitles private Christian schools to impose corporal punishment.
South Korea[edit]
Liberal regions in South Korea have completely banned all forms of caning beginning with Gyeonggi Province in 2010, followed by Seoul Metropolitan City, Gangwon Province, Gwangju Metropolitan City and North Jeolla Province in 2011.[121] Other more conservative regions are governed by a national law enacted in 2011 which states that while caning is generally forbidden, it can be used indirectly to maintain school discipline.[122] but it is still known to be practised[123]
Spain[edit]
Corporal punishment in Spanish schools was banned in 1985.[124]
Sweden[edit]
Corporal punishment at school has been prohibited in folkskolestadgan (the elementary school ordinance) since 1 January 1958. Its use by ordinary teachers in grammar schools had been outlawed in 1928.[125]
Taiwan[edit]
In 2006 Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal,[126] but it is still known to be practised (see Corporal punishment in Taiwan).
Thailand[edit]
Corporal punishment in schools is illegal under the Ministry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment (2005) and the National Committee on Child Protection Regulation on Working Procedures of Child Protection Officers Involved in Promoting Behaviour of Students (2005), pursuant to article 65 of the Child Protection Act.[127]
Ukraine[edit]
Corporal punishment was banned in USSR (and hence, Ukrainian) schools in 1917.[16] In Ukraine, "physical or mental violence" against children is forbidden by the Constitution (Art.52.2) and the Law on Education (Art.51.1, since 1991) which states that students and other learners have the right “to the protection from any form of exploitation, physical and psychological violence, actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour and dignity”.[128] Standard instructions for teachers provided by the Ministry of Science and Education state that a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil (even once), shall be dismissed.
United Arab Emirates[edit]
A federal law was implemented in 1998 which banned school corporal punishment. The law applied to all schools, both public and private.[129][130] Any teacher who engages in the practice would not only lose their job and teaching license, but will also face criminal prosecution for engaging in violence against minors and will also face child abuse charges.[131]
United Kingdom[edit]
In state-run schools, and in private schools where at least part of the funding came from government, corporal punishment was outlawed by the British Parliament in 1986.[132] In other private schools, it was banned in 1998 (England and Wales), 2000 (Scotland) and 2003 (Northern Ireland).[133] Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted,[134] and there are occasional press reports of examples of these "punishment books" having survived.[135][136]
The implement used in many state and private schools in England and Wales was often a rattan cane, struck either across the student's hands or (especially in the case of teenage boys) the clothed buttocks. "Slippering"—striking the buttocks with a rubber-soled gym shoe, or plimsoll shoe—was widely used in many schools, for example King's School, Macclesfield, a boys grammar school in Cheshire.[137] In a few English cities, a strap was used instead of the cane.[138] In Scotland a leather strap, the tawse, administered to the palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[139] but some private schools used the cane.[140]
Prior to the ban in private schools in England, the "slippering" of a student at an independent boarding school was challenged in 1993 before the European Court of Human Rights.[141] The Court ruled 5–4 in that case that the punishment was not severe enough to infringe the student's "freedom from degrading punishment" under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The dissenting judges argued that the ritualised nature of the punishment, given after several days and without parental consent, should qualify it as "degrading punishment".[142]
R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment (2005) was an unsuccessful challenge to the prohibition of corporal punishment contained in the Education Act 1996, by several headmasters of private Christian schools who argued that it was a breach of their religious freedom.
In response to a 2008 poll of 6,162 UK teachers by the Times Educational Supplement, 22% of secondary school teachers and 16% of primary school teachers supported "the right to use corporal punishment in extreme cases". The National Union of Teachers said that it "could not support the views expressed by those in favour of hitting children".[143][144]
United States[edit]
Main article: School corporal punishment in the United States
There is no federal law addressing corporal punishment in public or private schools. In 1977, the Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v. Wright held that the Eighth Amendment clause prohibiting "cruel and unusual punishments" did not apply to school students, and that teachers could punish children without parental permission.
As of 2015, 31 states and the District of Columbia have banned corporal punishment in public schools, though in some of these there is no explicit prohibition. Corporal punishment is also unlawful in private schools in Iowa and New Jersey. In 19 U.S. states, corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools.[145] It is still common in some schools in the South, and more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011-2012 school year in American public schools.[146] Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school, meaning that even legal adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials.[147]
Venezuela[edit]
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Venezuela in 2007. According to the Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, "All children and young people have a right to be treated well. This right includes a non-violent education and upbringing... Consequently, all forms of physical and humiliating punishment are prohibited".[148]
See also[edit]
Corporal punishment in the home
Campaigns against corporal punishment
Blab school
School bullying
School discipline
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Toronto abolishes the strap". Globe and Mail (Toronto). 23 July 1971.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Corporal Punishment in Schools". American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. September 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Greydanus, D.E.; Pratt, H.D.; Spates, Richard C.; Blake-Dreher, A.E.; Greydanus-Gearhart, M.A.; Patel, D.R. (May 2003). "Corporal punishment in schools: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine" (PDF). J Adolesc Health. 32 (5): 385–93. PMID 12729988. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00042-9.
Jump up ^ "Spanking Lives On In Rural Florida Schools" (15 March 2012). NPR.
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Jump up ^ Privy Council of the United Kingdom. Education (Corporal Punishment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1987.
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text:
List of All England Men's Singles champions
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Below is the list of the winners at the All England Open Badminton Championships. Between 1915-1919 the All England was cancelled because of World War I. Between 1940-1946 the All England was cancelled because of World War II.
Year
Champion
Runner-up
Score
1900 Sydney Howard Smith D. Oakes
1901 H. W. Davies Ralph George Watling
1902 Ralph Watling E. Young
1903 Ralph Watling Henry Norman Marrett
1904 Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas
1905 Henry Norman Marrett Ralph George Watling 15-6, 15-2
1906 Norman Wood Henry Norman Marrett 15-8, 18-13
1907 Norman Wood Frank Chesterton
1908 Henry Norman Marrett Arthur M. Cave 12-15, 18-14, 15-9
1909 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15-8, 8-15, 15-10
1910 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15-4, 15-10
1911 Guy A. Sautter J. H. Colin Prior 15-6, 15-11
1912 Frank Chesterton Guy A. Sautter 15-10, 15-13
1913 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15-7, 15-8
1914 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15-4, 15-10
1915
1919 No competition
1920 George Alan Thomas W. M. Swinden 15-9, 14-17, 15-5
1921 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15-7, 8-15, 15-3
1922 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15-14, 15-5
1923 George Alan Thomas Herbert Uber 15-10, 15-10
1924 Gordon 'Curly' Mack George Alan Thomas 17-15, 9-15, 15–6
1925 Frank Devlin Frank Hodge 11-15, 15-7, 18-15
1926 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 7-15, 15-5, 15-6
1927 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15-3, 15-7
1928 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15-10, 15-6
1929 Frank Devlin Donald C. Hume 15-4, 15-1
1930 Donald C. Hume Alan Titherley 15-12, 15-12
1931 Frank Devlin T. P. Dick 3-15, 15-10, 15-3
1932 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 5-15, 15-11, 18–16
1933 Raymond White Donald C. Hume
1934 Ralph C.F. Nichols T. P. Dick 15-11, 15-8
1935 Raymond White Ralph C. F. Nichols 15-10, 15-7
1936 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 18–16, 17–18, 15–10
1937 Ralph C.F. Nichols T. P. Dick 15-8, 15-7
1938 Ralph C.F. Nichols Jesper Bie 15-4, 15-5
1939 Tage Madsen Ralph C. F. Nichols 10–15, 18–13, 15–7
1940
1946 No competition
1947 Conny Jepsen Prakash Nath 15-7, 15-11
1948 Jørn Skaarup Poul Holm 15–3, 15–13
1949 Dave G. Freeman Ooi Teik Hock 15–1, 15–6
1950 Wong Peng Soon Poul Holm 15–7, 15–10
1951 Wong Peng Soon Ong Poh Lim 15–18, 18–14, 15–7
1952 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15–11, 18–13
1953 Eddy B. Choong Heah Hock Aun 15–4, 15–4
1954 Eddy B. Choong Donald Smythe 15–5, 15–6
1955 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15–7, 14–17, 15–10
1956 Eddy B. Choong Finn Kobberø 11–15, 15–3, 15–11
1957 Eddy B. Choong Erland Kops 15–9, 15–3
1958 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15–10, 8–15, 15–8
1959 Tan Joe Hok Ferry Sonneville 15–8, 10–15, 15–3
1960 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15–11, 11–15, 15–6
1961 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15–10, 15–6
1962 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15–10, 15–5
1963 Erland Kops Channarong Ratanaseangsuang 15–7, 15–7
1964 Knud Aage Nielsen Henning Borch 8–15, 17–14, 15–4
1965 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15–13, 15–12
1966 Tan Aik Huang Masao Akiyama 15–7, 15–4
1967 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15–12, 15–10
1968 Rudy Hartono Tan Aik Huang 15–12, 15–9
1969 Rudy Hartono Darmadi 15–1, 15–3
1970 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15-7, 15-1
1971 Rudy Hartono Muljadi 15-1, 15-5
1972 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15-9, 15-4
1973 Rudy Hartono Christian Hadinata 15–4, 15–2
1974 Rudy Hartono Punch Gunalan 8–15, 15–9, 15–10
1975 Svend Pri Rudy Hartono 15–11, 17–14
1976 Rudy Hartono Liem Swie King 15-7, 15-6
1977 Flemming Delfs Liem Swie King 15-18, 15-11, 15-8
1978 Liem Swie King Rudy Hartono 15-10, 15-3
1979 Liem Swie King Flemming Delfs 15-7, 15-8
1980 Prakash Padukone Liem Swie King 15-3, 15-10
1981 Liem Swie King Prakash Padukone 11-15, 15-4, 15-6
1982 Morten Frost Luan Jin 11-15, 15-2, 15-7
1983 Luan Jin Morten Frost 15-2, 13-15, 15-4
1984 Morten Frost Liem Swie King 9-15, 15-10, 15-10
1985 Zhao Jianhua Morten Frost 6-15, 15-10, 18-15
1986 Morten Frost Misbun Sidek 15-2, 15-8
1987 Morten Frost Icuk Sugiarto 15-10, 15-0
1988 Ib Frederiksen Morten Frost 8-15, 15-7, 15-10
1989 Yang Yang Morten Frost 15-6, 15-7
1990 Zhao Jianhua Joko Suprianto 15-4, 15-1
1991 Ardy Wiranata Foo Kok Keong 15-12, 15-10
1992 Liu Jun Zhao Jianhua 15-13, 15-13
1993 Heryanto Arbi Joko Suprianto 15-7, 4-15, 15-11
1994 Heryanto Arbi Ardy Wiranata 15-12, 17-14
1995 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen Heryanto Arbi 17-16, 15-6
1996 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen Rashid Sidek 15-7, 15-6
1997 Dong Jiong Sun Jun 15-9, 15-5
1998 Sun Jun Ong Ewe Hock 15-1, 15-7
1999 Peter Gade Taufik Hidayat 15-11, 7-15, 15-10
2000 Xia Xuanze Taufik Hidayat 15-6, 15-13
2001 Pullela Gopichand Chen Hong 15-12, 15-6
2002 Chen Hong Budi Santoso 7-4, 7-5, 7-1
2003 Muhammad Hafiz Hashim Chen Hong 17-14, 15-10
2004 Lin Dan Peter Gade 9-15, 15-5, 15-8
2005 Chen Hong Lin Dan 8-15, 15-5, 15-2
2006 Lin Dan Lee Hyun-il 15-7, 15-7
2007 Lin Dan Chen Yu 21-13, 21-12
2008 Chen Jin Lin Dan 22-20, 25-23
2009 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21-19, 21-12
2010 Lee Chong Wei Kenichi Tago 21-19, 21-19
2011 Lee Chong Wei Lin Dan 21-17, 21-17
2012 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21-19, 6-2
2013 Chen Long Lee Chong Wei 21-17, 21-18
2014 Lee Chong Wei Chen Long 21-13, 21-18
2015 Chen Long Jan O Jorgensen 15–21, 21–17, 21–15
2016 Lin Dan Tian Houwei 21-9, 21-10
2017 Lee Chong Wei Shi Yuqi 21-12, 21-10
2018 Shi Yuqi Lin Dan 21-19, 16-21, 21-9
Contents
1 Number of titles by country
2 List of badminton players with most titles
3 Trivia
4 References
Number of titles by country[edit]
Rank
Country
No. of Titles
First title
Last title
First champion
Last champion
1 England 27 1900 1938 Sydney Howard Smith Ralph C.F. Nichols
2 Denmark
China 20 1939
1983 1999
2018 Tage Madsen
Luan Jin Peter Gade
Shi Yuqi
4 Indonesia 15 1959 1994 Tan Joe Hok Heryanto Arbi
5 Malaysia 14 1950 2017 Wong Peng Soon Lee Chong Wei
6 Ireland 7 1924 1931 Gordon 'Curly' Mack Frank Devlin
7 India 2 1980 2001 Prakash Padukone Pullela Gopichand
8 Sweden
United States 1 1947
1949 1947
1949 Conny Jepsen
Dave G. Freeman Conny Jepsen
Dave G. Freeman
List of badminton players with most titles[edit]
Bold indicates active players.
Rank
Name
Country
No. of Titles
First title
Last title
1 Rudy Hartono Indonesia 8 1968 1976
2 Erland Kops Denmark 7 1958 1967
3 Frank Devlin
Lin Dan Ireland
China 6 1925
2004 1931
2016
5 Ralph C.F. Nichols England 5 1932 1938
6 George Alan Thomas
Wong Peng Soon
Eddy B. Choong
Morten Frost
Lee Chong Wei England
Malaysia
Malaysia
Denmark
Malaysia 4 1920
1950
1953
1982
2010 1923
1955
1957
1987
2017
11 Henry Norman Marrett
Frank Chesterton
Guy A. Sautter
Liem Swie King England
England
England
Indonesia 3 1904
1909
1911
1978 1908
1912
1914
1981
15 Ralph Watling
Norman Wood
Raymond White
Zhao Jianhua
Heryanto Arbi
Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen
Chen Hong
Chen Long England
England
England
China
Indonesia
Denmark
China
China 2 1902
1906
1933
1985
1993
1995
2002
2013 1903
1907
1935
1990
1994
1996
2005
2015
Trivia[edit]
In 1913 & 1914 Guy Sautter competed under the alias of U.N.Lappin and in 1920 George Thomas played under the alias of George Allen.
Between 2003 & 2018 either or both Lin Dan and Lee Chong Wei have contested the final with the exception of the final in 2015, which saw Lin eliminated in the semi-finals and Lee unable to compete due to a doping ban.[1][2]
References[edit]
All England Champions 1899-2007
BadmintonEngland.co.uk
badmintoneurope.com
Pat Davis: The Encyclopaedia of Badminton. Robert Hale, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7090-2796-6
hide
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Men's Singles – Women's Singles – Men's Doubles – Women's Doubles – Mixed Doubles
Jump up ^ "Lin loses for 1st time to Chen in All-England Open semis". China Daily. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Badminton player Lee Chong Wei given backdated eight-month doping ban". The Guardian. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_All_England_Men%27s_Singles_champions&oldid=866110160"
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