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Minnesota State Fair
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Coordinates: 44°58′52″N 93°10′5″W / 44.98111°N 93.16806°W / 44.98111; -93.16806
Minnesota State Fair
The State Fair Gopher 'Fairchild' greets fairgoers.
Genre
State fair
Dates
12 days before and including Labor Day
Location(s)
Falcon Heights, Minnesota
Years active
1859–Present
(excluding 1861, 1862, 1893, 1945, 1946)
Attendance
1,997,320 (2017)[1]
Website
www.mnstatefair.org
The Minnesota State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Its slogan is "The Great Minnesota Get-Together." It is the largest state fair in the United States by average daily attendance.[2] It is also the second-largest state fair in the United States[3] by total attendance, trailing only the State Fair of Texas, which generally runs twice as long as the Minnesota State Fair.[4] The state fairgrounds, adjoining the Saint Paul campus of the University of Minnesota, are in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, midway between the state's capital city of St. Paul and its largest city, Minneapolis, near the Como Park and Saint Anthony Park neighborhoods of Saint Paul. Residents of the state and region come to the fair to be entertained, exhibit their best livestock, show off their abilities in a variety of fields including art and cooking, learn about new products and services, and eat many different types of food—often on a stick. The fair runs for twelve days from late August into early September, ending on Labor Day. The Minnesota State Fair was named the best state fair in the United States in 2015 by readers of USA Today.[5]
The Minnesota State Fair is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the area. Around two million people attend the Fair annually[6]. Attendance in 2017 was a record 1,997,320 people.[1] The highest daily attendance in the history of the fair was 260,374 visitors on Saturday, September 3, 2016.[7]
Contents
1 History
2 Attractions
2.1 Livestock
2.2 Food
2.3 Machinery Hill
2.4 Shows
2.5 Art
2.6 Milk run
2.7 4-H
2.8 Science
3 Entertainment
3.1 Music
3.2 Permanent rides
3.3 Temporary rides
4 Management
5 J.V. Bailey House
6 Mascots
7 Attendance records
8 Off-season use
9 Gallery
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
1910 Minnesota State Fair postcard
Minnesota Territory first held a Territorial Fair in 1854, although the first Minnesota State Fair didn't occur until 1859, the year after statehood. Since then, the fair has run annually except for five different years. In 1861 and 1862, the fair was not held because of the Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862. Scheduling issues between the fair and the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois caused the 1893 show to be canceled. The fair again closed because of war in 1945, as fuel was in short supply. It was again closed in 1946 because of an outbreak of polio.[8] In its early years during the 19th century, the fair was held in many different locations. Some were not far from the current site, but others were held in Greater Minnesota, including years where it was held in Rochester, Owatonna, and Winona. For a time in the 1870s, the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul held competing fairs. Minneapolis, the younger city of the pair, eventually outdid its neighbor by staging the larger fair with the help of William S. King.[9] In 1884, a committee was put together by the Minnesota State Agricultural Society to select a permanent site. One site that was considered was an area around Minnehaha Falls, but the final site chosen was the Ramsey County Poor Farm, the fair's current site. It was a politically neutral site, being about halfway between Minneapolis and St. Paul. The fair first opened its doors there on September 7, 1885. The site was then 210 acres (0.8 km²), but now stands at 320 acres (1.3 km²).
Linda Christensen sculpting Princess Kay in 2010
One of the first annual events to occur is the creation of a butter sculpture. Each year, a new Princess Kay of the Milky Way is selected to promote Minnesota's dairy industry. Part of the job involves posing for several hours in a walk-in, glass-walled refrigerator as a 90-pound (41 kg) block of butter is carved into a head with her likeness. Butter makers started sculpting their products at the fair as far back as 1898, although the head-sculpting tradition didn't begin until 1964.
The main entrance to the fair from Snelling Avenue heads onto a road named Dan Patch Avenue for a pacer horse who won every race he ran in from 1900 to 1909 when he was retired.
One of the most significant dates in the fair's history was September 2, 1901, when then-Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was visiting and first uttered the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Roosevelt became president just 12 days later after William McKinley was assassinated. In 1925, the Minnesota State Fair was the site of the Norse-American Centennial celebration. During his appearance at the Norse-American Centennial, President Calvin Coolidge gave recognition to the contributions of Scandinavian-Americans and noted Leif Erikson as the discoverer of America.[10]
In 1967, attendance was well over a million people and the record day that year was about 197,000 visitors. By 2016, attendance neared 2 million and the record day was about a quarter-million people.[11]
Attractions[edit]
Livestock[edit]
A large portion of the Fairgrounds are occupied by livestock barns, where various farm animals are displayed. The animals and their owners take part in livestock shows to compete for awards. Most of the shows take place in the coliseum, a large indoor arena on the fairgrounds. The Coliseum was constructed to replace the Hippodrome, which was rendered structurally unsound during its use as a Propeller Plant by the A.O. Smith Corporation during WWII and razed in 1946, and was completed for use in the 1951 fair.[12] Open class livestock competitions are held in horses, beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, sheep, dairy goats, llamas, poultry (chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, pigeons) rabbits, and stock dogs.[13] On August 31, 2007, a bull escaped from its handler charging several fairgoers before fatally injuring itself charging a fire hydrant. No people were seriously injured in the mishap.[14]
Food[edit]
A stand selling cheese curds
One of the primary attractions at the State Fair is the wide variety of foods to be had.[original research?] Classic fair foods such as cotton candy and hot dogs are available. Some foods reflect Minnesota's agriculture, including cheese curds, milk shakes, and corn dogs. Many foods at the fair are deep fried or come on a stick; from the classic corn dog to alligator-on-a-stick, lobster-on-a-stick, and deep fried candy bar on a stick. New to the fair in 2006 was hotdish on a stick, a variant of a classic staple of Minnesotan cuisine. In 2007, one new food was spaghetti on a stick. 2008's new foods included two types of bacon, one called "Pig Lickers", which is chocolate covered, and the other, called the "Big Fat Bacon", a quarter pound of maple glazed bacon. Another staple of the state fair is “Sweet Martha’s Cookies” a stand that serves fresh and warm chocolate chip cookies in buckets.[15]
Machinery Hill[edit]
Machinery Hill is a large area of the fairgrounds. For several decades, it held the largest annual display of farm equipment in the world, with many companies showing off tractors, combines, and various attachments. However, modern displays generally focus on cars, trucks, lawn mowers, hot tubs and recreational machines like motorbikes. Farm implement dealers tend to direct their efforts to more targeted "farm shows," abandoning the State Fair to more urban or suburban types of exhibitors. Machinery Hill also contains an interactive exhibit for kids called Little Farm Hands. In this exhibit, children get to experience life on the farm from planting seeds to selling goods at the farmers market. [16]
Shows[edit]
A Prairie Home Companion live at the grandstand
The State Fair is host to numerous shows, including concerts, comedy shows, product demonstrations, and the State Fair Talent Contest. The Grandstand is a large outdoor concert hall that also features 3 floors of interior exhibition space. It hosts the largest of the fairs concerts and until 2002 was also the site of stock car races run on a small oval track. In 2003 the facility completed the first phase of a $35 million remodeling project that removed large sections of bleachers and increased seating capacity to 17,000.[17] Most local television and radio stations set up temporary studios at the State Fair in their permanent buildings or booths, including for example a live broadcast of Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion. As of 2013, the Grandstand hosts the Walker Art Center's Internet Cat Video Festival, in which fairgoers watch the year's most popular cat videos and memes and award the best videos with cat trophies, the most prized being the Golden Kitty.[citation needed] Guest appearances have included Grumpy Cat and Lil Bub, two internet stars, as well as the creator of Nyan Cat, Christopher Torres. The festival began in 2012.
Art[edit]
The fair displays an annual art exhibition that is the result of a juried competition of works of fine art. Media include watercolor, oil, and acrylic paintings, photographs, sculptures, pastels, ceramics, glass, and textiles. Entrants must be living residents of the state. In 2010, a total of 2,330 pieces were submitted, and 413 works were accepted. Jeffery Gauss won the coveted People's Choice award with his "MicroDoodle Topiary", and "Dog Park" by Arden Harrison Bushnell won the Kid's Choice award.[18]
One unusual display at the fair consists of the entrants in the Crop art competition. The artwork must be made of plant matter (seeds, stems, flowers, fruit, etc.) suitable for growing in Minnesota.[19] For decades the display was dominated by Owatonna native Lillian Colton (1912–2007), who created seed portraits, professionally,[20] having effectively captured scores of celebrities such as Ernest Hemingway, Barbra Streisand, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prince, Princess Diana, and Willie Nelson in her crop art. After winning nine purple ribbons, she stopped competing, but continued displaying her work at the fair.[21]
Competitions galore cover dozens of categories in needlecraft, garment-making, wood-working, models, painting, doll-making, taxidermy, stamp-collecting, scrapbooking, baking, food preservation, etc.[22]
Milk run[edit]
The annual 5 km run begins on the fairgrounds, winds its way through the Saint Paul campus of the University of Minnesota and the Saint Anthony Park neighborhood, and ends back at the fairgrounds.[23]
4-H[edit]
4-H[24] has a significant presence at the fair, both in the 4-H Building and in the animal barns and arenas. Contests include herdsmanship, showmanship, judging teams, public presentations and county club exhibits. Livestock displays include beef and dairy cattle, dairy and market goats, poultry (chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and pigeons), rabbits, sheep, and swine.[25] About half of all 4-H projects entered are animal science projects. The 4-H building was opened and dedicated in 1939[26] about 320,000 state fairgoers visit it every year. The non-livestock projects include photography, performing arts, crafts, food & nutrition, clothing & textiles, and many more.
Science[edit]
In recent years the Progress Center has been housing the Eco Experience exhibit, which features activities and exhibits including the design and construction of an eco-friendly house, a rain garden, exhibits addressing climate change, energy conservation, renewable energy, biodiesel fuel and vehicles, and organic farming. The exhibit has received awards from the Western Fair Association, the International Associate of Fairs and Expositions, and the Minnesota Environmental Initiative.[27]
Entertainment[edit]
Music[edit]
Every year there are many musical venues. The most notable venue being the Grandstand which has a capacity of up to 17,000, and has featured headliners such as Alabama, Christina Aguilera, Backstreet Boys, Bob Dylan, Boston, Sheryl Crow, Foreigner, Aretha Franklin, Def Leppard, KISS, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Demi Lovato, Tim McGraw, Mötley Crüe, REO Speedwagon, Rush, Santana, Blake Shelton, Styx, James Taylor, Carrie Underwood, "Weird Al" Yankovic, John Mellencamp, and Usher, featuring Lil'John (2017). There are also many free entertainment venues featuring local bands and a selection of national acts. Entertainment stages include the Leinie Lodge Bandshell, the Schell's Stage at Schilling Amphitheater and the International Bazaar Stage, In 2010, Boyz II Men performed 2 nights at one of the free venues. Performers for the Leinie Lodge scheduled for 2015 include Lou Gramm "The Voice Of Foreigner", and several other national acts. The Cobras, a blues quartet, were slated to appear twice in 2016 at the French Creperie on Carnes Avenue.[needs update]
Permanent rides[edit]
There are several rides that are permanent fixtures at the fair, including the Giant Slide, on which fairgoers ride down a large fiberglass slide on burlap sacks. The Skyride is an aerial lift ride that carried fairgoers across the grounds in a gondola. The Space Tower is a gyro tower that rotates as it lifts people over 300 feet in the air, giving views of the Minneapolis/St. Paul area. There is also a haunted house, located on Judson Ave, a water raft ride, and log chute. The fair's oldest ride, Ye Old Mill (opened in 1915), is located near the food building. It is a tunnel of love style ride that caters to all ages.[tone]
Temporary rides[edit]
The Midway
The Midway is a carnival-like setting that contains most of the rides at the State Fair. The attractions include several funhouses, roller coasters and other thrill rides as well as numerous games of skill.
Adventure Park is where the more extreme thrill rides are located.[citation needed] This includes the Ejection Seat and other rides like it. It is located across the street from the Midway, but is not a part of it. Adventure park also shares this block with a french fry stand.[citation needed]
Kidway is the carnival area on the fairgrounds geared toward children. Kidway is located between Dan Patch and Wright Avenues on the north end of the fairgrounds.
Management[edit]
The Minnesota State Fair is considered a quasi-state agency, under the direction of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society. The management of the fair is handled by the Board of managers. The state fair has not accepted any governmental funds since 1949. Revenue from the fair is reinvested into maintenance and the next year's fair.
The Minnesota State Fair Foundation is an organization that works to improve and preserves historic state fair buildings. The foundation is a 501(c)3 organization, and also supports State Fair agricultural, scientific and educational programs. The foundation provided funding for the new Miracle of Birth center.
The Fair employs about 80 full-time staff members for the entire year; in the summer, some 400 seasonal staff are hired. During the fair-time, around 3,000 people are additionally hired[28].
J.V. Bailey House[edit]
The restored J.V. Bailey House
The J.V. Bailey House, at 1263 Cosgrove Street, is one of the oldest buildings on the fairgrounds. It was built in 1911 and restoration was completed in 2006. It is connected to the greenhouses and was occupied year-round by the greenhouse superintendent until 2004. The State Fair Foundation operates out of the residence. The historic residence is open to Foundation donors and their family and friends during the fair.[29]
Mascots[edit]
The fair's mascots are two anthropomorphized gophers. The choice of gopher as mascots was an homage to the University of Minnesota mascot which is also a gopher and was a historical reference to the expansion of railroads in Minnesota, towns popping up across the state like gophers.[30] For these reasons, Minnesota is sometimes referred to as the gopher state.[31] Fairchild, the original mascot, was suggested in a statewide contest by Gladys Anderson Brown in 1966 in honor of Henry S. Fairchild who advocated using the former Ramsey County Poor Farm as the permanent site of the fair.[32] Dressed like an early barker on the midway with a straw hat and striped jacket, Fairchild has represented the fair since 1966. In 1986, he was joined on promotional materials by his nephew, Fairborn.[33]
Attendance records[edit]
Day
Attendance[34]
Year
First Thursday
122,965 2018
First Friday
141,023 2016
First Saturday
222,194 2018
First Sunday
209,969 1994
First Monday
144,504 2017
First Tuesday
133,595 2014
First Wednesday
128,966 2006
Second Thursday
155,183 1995
Second Friday
187,066 2017
Second Saturday
260,374 2016
Second Sunday
242,759 2017
Second Monday (Labor Day)
178,867 2015
Entire Fair
1,997,320 2017
Off-season use[edit]
Walter Mondale (center) and John F. Kennedy (right) at the Fairground's Coliseum, 1962
The fairgrounds is heavily used for events beyond the Fair. These include many horse shows in the Coliseum & Horse Barn, the Minnesota Horse Expo and the Minnesota Beef Expo, dog shows, antique & hot-rod car shows, motorcycle shows, model railroad shows, clothing & jewellery shows, gun & weapon collectors shows, comic book conventions, flea markets & swap meets, and more. Buildings on the grounds are frequently rented for commercial events such as appliance sales, computer & electronics sales, and boat & car sales. Earlier in the summer, some of the fairground's roads are used to host an annual series of bike races during the week, called the State Fair Affair Criterium Series.
In addition, many of the buildings are rented for winter storage of boats, camping trailers, and similar equipment.
Rental fees for such off-season use of the fairgrounds is a major source of revenue for the State Fair, often surpassing the profits from the Fair itself.
The Coliseum was the home rink for many college and high school hockey teams. After 40 years and a few thousand games the facility saw its final game played in February, 2014.
Gallery[edit]
Audrey Mohr of New Ulm, Minnesota (right), Princess Kay of the Milky Way 2006–2007
Showing a Holstein cow
Draft horses
Skyglider, Machinery Hill
The Fine Arts and 4-H buildings
Jams, jellies and honeys
Riding the carousel
The Giant Slide
August 2010 crowd
Breads and baked goods
August 25, 2007
Golden Gopher Spirit Squads during the Maroon and Gold Day Parade in 2003
Daytime crowd at the Fair
Television interview during the 2006 Fair
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Paul (September 5, 2017). "Minnesota State Fair sets another attendance record". Star Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Detailed Daily Attendance". Minnesota State Fair. Retrieved 2014-09-02.
Jump up ^ http://www.carnivalwarehouse.com/lists/2010list.pdf
Jump up ^ "Fiscal Notes, September 2003". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. September 2003. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-state-fair/
Jump up ^ "Minnesota State Fair".
Jump up ^ "Minnesota State Fair Sets 1-Day Attendance Record Saturday".
Jump up ^ "Minnesota state fair 2006 press kit" (PDF) (Press release). Minnesota state fair. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
Jump up ^ Marling, Karal Ann (1990). Blue Ribbon: A Social and Pictorial History of the Minnesota State Fair. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-252-7.
Jump up ^ The 1925 Norse-American Immigration Centennial and Ethnic Identity (April Schultz. Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 33: Page 267)
Jump up ^ Roper, Eric (September 5, 2017). "Minnesota State Fair on track to set attendance record". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Speer, Ray P. (1964). Minnesota State Fair: The History and Heritage of 100 Years. Argus Publishing Company. pp. 237, 271.
Jump up ^ "Open Class Livestock". Minnesota State Fair. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Bull Escapes At Minnesota State Fair". WCCO. 2007-08-31. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ "new tastes, their takes". twincities.com. St. Paul Pioneer Press. 2008-08-28. pp. 10E.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota State Fair | Little Farm Hands". www.mnstatefair.org. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Greta (2003-08-18). "State Fair Grandstand to get a facelift". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Fine Arts". Minnesota State Fair. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Ag-Hort-Bee Rules and Premiums" (PDF). Minnesota State Fair. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "A remembrance of the Seed Lady". MPR. 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Crop Art". David Steinlicht. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Creative Activities - Rules and Premiums" (PDF). Minnesota State Fair. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Milk Run". Minnesota State Fair. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota State 4-H". Minnesota State 4-H. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
Jump up ^ "4-H Livestock". Minnesota State Fair. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ Speer, Ray P. (1964). Minnesota State Fair: A History and Heritage of 100 Years. Argus Publishing Company. p. 203.
Jump up ^ "The Eco Experience at the Minnesota State Fair". Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "About the Fair". Minnesota State Fair.
Jump up ^ "J.V. Bailey House". Placeography.com. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota State Fair History" (PDF). Minnesota State Fair. Minnesota State Agricultural Society. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Moment: Why we're called the Gopher State". Star Tribune. Star Tribune Media Company, LLC. February 16, 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Berdan, Kathy (August 25, 2016). "Q&A: Usually mute Fairchild is funnier – and punnier – than we thought". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. Digital First Media. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Marling, Karal Ann (1990). Blue Ribbon: A Social and Pictorial History of the Minnesota State Fair. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-87351-252-7.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota State Fair | Attendance". www.mnstatefair.org. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
External links[edit]
Minnesota portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minnesota State Fair.
Minnesota State Fair: Origins and Traditions in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
Minnesota State Fair
Minnesota State Fair Foundation
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Flag of Portugal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the national flag of Portugal. For other flags, see List of Portuguese flags.
Portugal
Names
Bandeira das Quinas (Flag of the Five Escutcheons), Bandeira Verde-Rubra (Green-Red Flag)
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
30 June 1911
Design
A 2:3 vertically striped bicolour of green and red, with the lesser coat of arms of Portugal centred over the colour boundary
Variant flag of Portugal
Use
War flag
Proportion
12:13
Adopted
30 June 1911
Design
As above, but evenly striped (1:1) and with the greater coat of arms, displaying a white scroll with the motto "Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada" ("This is my beloved blissful homeland"), taken from Os Lusíadas, III, 21, v. 1
The Flag of Portugal (Portuguese: Bandeira de Portugal) is a rectangular bicolour with a field unevenly divided into green on the hoist, and red on the fly. The lesser version of the national coat of arms (i.e. armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) is centered over the colour boundary at equal distance from the upper and lower edges. On 30 June 1911, less than a year after the downfall of the constitutional monarchy, this design was officially adopted for the new national flag of the First Portuguese Republic, after selection by a special commission whose members included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas and Abel Botelho.
The conjugation of the new field colours, especially the use of green, was not traditional in the Portuguese national flag's composition and represented a radical republican-inspired change that broke the bond with the former monarchical flag. Since a failed republican insurrection on 31 January 1891, red and green had been established as the colours of the Portuguese Republican Party and its associated movements, whose political prominence kept growing until it reached a culmination period following the Republican revolution of 5 October 1910. In the ensuing decades, these colours were popularly propagandized as representing the hope of the nation (green) and the blood (red) of those who died defending it, as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified, therefore less political, sentiment. Although the flag flown from the Oporto city hall in the morning of 31 January 1891, symbol of the republican uprising was red and green. Totally red with a green circle in the center, to which were added the inscriptions referring to the republican center to whom it belonged - the Centro Democrático Federal 15 de Novembro.'[1]
The current flag design represents a dramatic change in the evolution of the Portuguese standard, which had always been closely associated with the royal arms, blue and white. Since the country's foundation, the national flag developed from the blue cross-on-white armorial square banner of King Afonso I to the liberal monarchy's arms over a blue-and-white rectangle. In between, major changes associated with determinant political events contributed to its evolution into the current design.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
1.1 Construction
1.2 Background
2 Symbolism
2.1 Colours
2.2 Armillary sphere
2.3 Portuguese shield
3 Evolution
3.1 1095–1248
3.2 1248–1495
3.3 1495–1667
3.4 1667–1830
3.5 1830–1910
4 Flag protocol
4.1 Use
4.2 Penalties
4.3 Folding
5 Military flags
5.1 National colours
5.2 Naval jack
5.3 Commissioning pennant
6 Government flags
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Design[edit]
The decree that legally replaced the flag used under the constitutional monarchy with the new design was approved by the Constituent Assembly and published in government journal no. 141 (Portuguese: diário do Governo), on 19 June 1911. On June 30, this decree had its regulations officially published in government diary no. 150.[2]
Construction[edit]
Construction sheet with the official dimensions of the flag. All measures are relative to the length (L).
The flag's length is equal to 1 1⁄2 times its width, which translates into an aspect ratio of 2:3. The background is vertically divided into two colours: dark green on the hoist side, and scarlet red on the fly. The colour division is made in a way that green spans 2⁄5 of the length and the remaining 3⁄5 are filled by red (ratio 2:3).[2] The lesser version of the national coat of arms (without the laurel wreaths)—a white-rimmed national shield on top of a black-highlighted yellow armillary sphere—is positioned over the border between both colours.
The armillary sphere has a diameter equal to 1⁄2 width and is equidistant from the upper and lower edges of the flag.[2] The sphere, drawn in perspective, possesses six edge-embossed arcs, four of which are great circles and two are small circles. The great circles represent the ecliptic (wider oblique arc), the equator, and two meridians. These last three are positioned so that the intersections between each two arcs make a right angle; one meridian lies on the flag's plane while the other is perpendicular to it. The small circles consist of two parallels (the tropics), each tangent to one of the ecliptic-meridian intersections.[3]
Vertically centred over the sphere is the national shield, a white-rimmed curved bottom red shield charged with a white inescutcheon. Its height and width are equal to 7⁄10 and 6⁄10 of the sphere's diameter, respectively. The shield is positioned in a way that its limits intersect the sphere:[3]
at the inflection points of the distal edges of the Tropic of Cancer's anterior half (top) and Tropic of Capricorn's posterior half (bottom);
at the intersection of the lower edges of the ecliptic's posterior half and of the equator's anterior half (dexter or viewer's left side); and
at the intersection of the upper edge of the ecliptic's anterior half with the lower edge of the equator's posterior half (sinister or viewer's right side).
A curious aspect of the official design is the absence of a segment of the Tropic of Capricorn, between the national shield and the ecliptic arc.[3]
The white inescutcheon is itself charged with five smaller blue shields (escudetes) arranged like a Greek cross (1+3+1). Each smaller shield holds five white bezants displayed in the form of a saltire (2+1+2). The red bordure is charged with seven yellow castles: three on the chief portion (one in each corner and one in the middle), two in the middle points of each quadrant of the curved base (rotated 45 degrees), and two more on each side of the bordure, over the flag's horizontal middle line. Each castle is composed by a base building, showing a closed (yellow) gate, on top of which stand three battlemented towers.[3] In heraldic terminology, the shield's blazon is described as Argent, five escutcheons in cross azure each charged with five plates in saltire, on a bordure gules seven towers triple-turreted Or, three in chief.a
The colour tones of the flag are not accurately specified in any legal document. Approximate tones are listed below:[3]
Scheme
Red
Green
Yellow
Blue
White
Black
PMS 485 CVC 349 CVC 803 CVC 288 CVC — Black 6 CVC
RGB 255-0-0 0-102-0 255-255-0 0-51-153 255-255-255 0-0-0
#FF0000 #006600 #FFFF00 #003399 #FFFFFF #000000
CMYK 0-100-100-0 100-35-100-30 0-0-100-0 100-100-25-10 0-0-0-0 0-0-0-100
Background[edit]
João Chagas, commissioner for the creation of the national flag
The Republican revolution of 5 October 1910, brought a need to replace the symbols of the overthrown monarchy, represented in the first instance by the old national flag and anthem. The choice of the new flag was not one without conflict, especially over the colours, as partisans of the republican red-and-green faced opposition from supporters of the traditional royal blue-and-white. Blue also carried a strong religious meaning as it was the colour of Our Lady of the Conception (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora da Conceição), who was crowned Queen and Patroness of Portugal by King John IV, so its removal or replacement from the future flag was justified by Republicans as one of the many measures needed to secularize the state.[4]
After the presentation and discussion of the many proposals,[5] a governmental commission was set up on 15 October 1910. It included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (painter), João Chagas (journalist), Abel Botelho (writer) and two military leaders of 1910: Ladislau Pereira and Afonso Palla.[4] This commission ultimately chose the red-and-green of the Portuguese Republican Party, delivering an explanation based on patriotic reasons,[6] which disguised the political significance behind the choice, as these had been the colours present on the banners of the rebellious during the republican insurrection of 31 January 1891, in Porto, and during the monarchy-overthrowing revolution, in Lisbon.[7]
The new national flag is hoised for the first time on the Monument to the Restorers (Restauradores), in Lisbon, on 1 December 1910
The commission considered that red should "be present as one of the main colours, because it is the battling, warm, virile colour, par excellence. It is the colour of conquest and laughter. A singing, burning, joyful colour ... Recalls the idea of blood and urges to achieve victory". An explanation for the inclusion of the green was harder to come up with, given that it was not a traditional colour of the Portuguese flag's history. Eventually, it was justified on the grounds that, during the 1891 insurrection, this was the colour present on the revolutionary flag that "sparked the redeeming lightning" of republicanism. Finally, white (on the shield) represented "a beautiful and fraternal colour, into which all other colours merge themselves, colour of simplicity, of harmony and peace", adding that "it is this same colour that, charged with enthusiasm and faith by the red cross of Christ, marks the Discoveries epic cycle".[6]
The Manueline armillary sphere, which had been present on the national flag under the reign of John VI, was revived because it consecrated the "Portuguese epic maritime history ... the ultimate challenge, essential to our collective life.". The Portuguese shield was kept, being positioned over the armillary sphere. Its presence would immortalize the "human miracle of positive bravery, tenacity, diplomacy, and audacity, that managed to bind the first links of the Portuguese nation's social and political affirmation", since it is one of the "most vigorous symbols of the national identity and integrity".[6]
The new flag was produced in large numbers at the Cordoaria Nacional ("National Rope House") and was officially presented nationwide on 1 December 1910, on occasion of the 270 years of the Restoration of Independence. This day had already been declared by the government as the "Flag Day" (currently not celebrated). In the capital, it was paraded from the city hall to the Restauradores ("Restorers") Monument, where it was hoisted. This festive presentation did not mask, however, the turmoil caused by a design chosen single-handedly without prior popular consultation, and that represented more of a political regime than a whole nation. To encourage a greater acceptance of the new flag, the government issued all teaching establishments with one exemplar, whose symbols were to be explained to the students; textbooks were changed to intensively display these symbols. Also, 1 December ("Flag Day"), 31 January and 5 October were declared national holidays.[7]
Symbolism[edit]
The Portuguese flag displays three important symbols: the field colours, and the armillary sphere and national shield, which make up the coat of arms.
Colours[edit]
Flag of Portugal at the top of Parque Eduardo VII, Lisboa
The explanation for the green and red colours that make up the background field arose during the Estado Novo period, the nationalist authoritarian regime that held power from 1933 to 1974. It claims that the green represented the hope of the Portuguese people, while the red represented the blood of those who died serving the nation.[8] Sources believe these noble meanings are far from the truth and are nothing more than propaganda, to provide an honourable justification to their choice.[9]
Despite the fact that these colours never constituted a major part of the national flag until 1910, they were present in several historical banners during important periods. King John I included a green Aviz cross on the red bordure of his banner. The red cross of the Order of Christ was used over a white field as a naval pennon during the Discoveries and frequently on ship sails. A green background version was a popular standard of the rebellious during the 1640 revolution that restored Portugal's independence from Spain.[10] There are no registered sources to confirm that this was the origin of the republican colours. Another explanation gives full credit to the flag that was hoisted on the balcony of Porto's city hall during the 1891 insurrection. It consisted of a red field bearing a green disc and the inscription Centro Democrático Federal «15 de Novembro» (English: Federal Democratic Centre «15 of November»), representing one of many masonry-inspired republican clubs.[11] Over the following 20 years, the red-and-green was present on every republican item in Portugal.[4] The 1891 flag-inherited red stands for the colour of the republican-inspired masonry-backed revolutionaries, whereas green was the colour Auguste Comte had destined to be present in the flags of positivist nations, an ideal incorporated into the republican political matrix.[4]
Armillary sphere[edit]
Armillary sphere with astronomical clock, made by Jost Bürgi and Antonius Eisenhoit in 1585 in Kassel, now at Nordiska Museet in Stockholm
The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured into unknown seas during the Age of Discoveries. It was introduced by the Knights Templar, whose knowledge was essential to the Portuguese Discoveries—Henry, the Navigator, the person mainly responsible for the development of Age of Discovery was actually the Grand Master of the Order of Christ. It thus became the symbol of the most important period of the nation—the Portuguese discoveries. In light of this, King Manuel I, who ruled during this period, incorporated the armillary sphere into his personal banner.[12] It was simultaneously used as the ensign of ships plying the route between the metropolis and Brazil,[13] thus becoming a colonial symbol and a fulcral element of the flags of the future Brazilian kingdom and empire.
Adding to the sphere's significance was its common use on every Manueline-influenced architectural work, where it is one of the major stylistic elements, as seen on the Jerónimos Monastery and Belém Tower.[14]
Portuguese shield[edit]
Current design of the Portuguese shield
The Portuguese shield rests over the armillary sphere. Except during the reign of Afonso I, it is present in every single historical flag, in one form or another. It is the prime Portuguese symbol as well as one of the oldest, with the first elements of today's shield appearing during the reign of Sancho I.[15] The evolution of the Portuguese flag is inherently associated with the evolution of the shield.
Within the white inescutcheon, the five small blue shields with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique".[16] The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique on 25 July 1139, an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.[17]
O Milagre de Ourique (The Miracle of Ourique), by Domingos Sequeira (1763)
Boosted by this spiritual experience, Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy. Legend has it that Afonso killed the five Moorish kings of the Seville, Badajoz, Elvas, Évora and Beja taifas, before decimating the enemy troops. Hence, in gratitude to Jesus, he incorporated five shields arranged in a cross—representing his divine-led victory over the five enemy kings—with each one carrying Christ's five wounds in the form of silver bezants. The sum of all bezants (doubling the ones in the central shield) would give thirty, symbolizing Judas Iscariot's thirty pieces of silver.[17]
However, evidence pointing out that the number of bezants on each shield was greater than five during long periods following Afonso I's reign,[16] as well as the fact that only in the 15th century was this legend registered on a chronicle by Fernão Lopes (1419),[18] support this explanation as one of pure myth and highly charged with patriotic feeling in the sense that Portugal was created by divine intervention and was destined for great things.
The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies, under Afonso III, who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve, concluded in 1249. However, this explanation is weakly founded since this king did not have seven castles on his banner, but an unspecified number. Some reconstructions display about sixteen castles; this number changed to twelve in 1385, to seven in 1485 and to eleven in 1495; it then changed back to seven, in 1578, this time definitively. An hypothesis about the origin of the castles on a red bordure lies in the family ties of Afonso III with Castile (both his mother and second wife were Castilian), whose arms consisted of a golden castle on a red field.[19]
Evolution[edit]
Since the foundation of the kingdom, the flag of Portugal was always linked to the Portuguese coat of arms. In fact, until the 19th century, the flag served as a mere support to display the Royal coat of arms, without having any separate meaning. Until the 16th century, the flag consisted in a banner of arms, with its field being totally occupied by the field of the coat of arms, then it came to include the complete coat of arms, including the crown and other external elements laid over a monochrome white field. The flag only acquired a meaning by its own in 1830, when its field was changed from the neutral white to the distinctive blue and white, which were the national colors at that time. Although representing the country since its early beginnings, the flag of Portugal had a limited use until the 19th century, essentially being used as a fortress flag and as naval ensign, with some other flags also existing to represent the nation in other contexts, namely at the sea. In the 19th century, the flag of Portugal started to have a universal use, becoming a real national flag. [20] It evolved in a way that gradually incorporated most of the symbols present on the current coat of arms.
1095–1248[edit]
Count Henry (1095)
King Afonso I (1143)
King Sancho I (1185)
The first heraldic symbol that can be associated with what would become the Portuguese nation was on the shield used by Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal since 1095, during his battles with the Moors. This shield consisted of a blue cross over a white field.[21] Nevertheless, this design has no reliable sources since it is a reconstruction that became popular and widely accepted thanks to the nationalistic purposes of the Estado Novo regime.[7]
Henry's son Afonso Henriques succeeded him in the county and took on the same shield. In 1139, despite being outnumbered, he defeated an army of Almoravid Moors at the Battle of Ourique and proclaimed himself Afonso I, King of Portugal, in front of his troops. Following the official recognition by the neighbouring León, Afonso changed his shield in order to reflect his new political status. Sources state he charged the cross with five sets of an unspecified number of silver bezants (most likely large-headed silver nails), one set on the centre and one on each arm, symbolizing Afonso's newly gained right to issue currency.[21][22]
During the time of Afonso I, it was typical not to repair battle damage inflicted on the shield, so changes such as the breaking off of pieces, colour shifting or stains were very common. When Sancho I succeeded his father Afonso I, in 1185, he inherited a very worn off shield: the blue-stained leather that made the cross had been lost except where the bezants (nails) held it in place. This involuntary degradation was the basis for the next step on the evolution of the national coat of arms, where a plain blue cross transformed into a compound cross of five blue bezant-charged escutcheons—the quina (Portuguese word meaning “group of five”) were thus born.[21][22] Sancho's personal shield (called "Portugal ancien"[15]) consisted of a white field with a compound cross of five shields (each one charged with eleven silver bezants) with the bottom edges of the lateral ones facing towards the centre. Both Sancho's son Afonso II and grandson Sancho II used these arms,[21] as it was usual with direct succession lines (cadency system). A new modification of the royal arms was made when Sancho II's younger brother became king, in 1248.
1248–1495[edit]
King Afonso III (1248)
King John I (1385)
King John II (1485)
Afonso III of Portugal was not the eldest son, therefore heraldic practices stated he should not take his father's arms without adding a personal variation. Before becoming king, Afonso was married to Matilda II of Boulogne but her inability to provide him with a royal heir led Afonso to divorce her, in 1253. He then married Beatrice of Castile, an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X of Castile. It is more likely that it was this family connection with Castile (his mother was also Castilian) that justified the new heraldic addition to the royal arms—a red bordure charged with an undetermined number of yellow castles—rather than the definitive conquest of the Algarve and its Moorish fortresses, considering that the number of castles was only fixed in the late 16th century.
The inner portion contained the arms of Sancho I, although the number of bezants varied between seven, eleven and sixteen (the latter number was used on Afonso's personal standard while he was still Count of Boulogne).[21] This same design was used by the Portuguese kings until the end of the first dynasty, in 1383; a succession crisis put the country at war with Castile and left it without a ruler for two years.
In 1385, in the wake of the Battle of Aljubarrota, a second dynasty was founded when John, Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Peter I, acceded to the throne as John I. To his personal banner, John I added his Order's fleur-de-lys cross, displayed as green flowery points on the red bordure; this inclusion reduced the number of castles to twelve (three around each corner). The number of bezants in each escutcheon was reduced from eleven to seven.[21] This banner lasted a hundred years until John I's great-grandson John II restyled it, in 1485, introducing important changes: the removal of the Aviz cross, a downward arrangement and edge-smoothing of the shields, and the definitive fixing of five saltire-arranged bezants in each shield (summing up six quinas, i.e., six “groups of five”: one quina of shields and five quinas of bezants) and seven castles on the bordure (as it is currently).[23] John II's banner was the last armorial square banner used as the "national" flag or standard.[21] Following his death, in 1495, radical changes were made by his successor.
1495–1667[edit]
King Manuel I (1495)
King John III (1521)
King Sebastian (1578)
King John IV (1640)
John II was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I, in 1495. This king was the first to convert the traditional square armorial banner into a rectangular (2:3) field with the coat of arms on its centre. Specifically, the flag was now a white rectangle centrally charged with the coat of arms (bearing eleven castles) on an ogival or heater-shaped shield and surmounted by an open royal crown.[21] This flag was used exclusively as the kingdom's banner since Manuel I possessed a personal standard which included the armillary sphere for the first time.[12]
In 1521, John III made minor changes to the flag by adopting a coat of arms (bearing only seven castles) with a round shaped shield.
In 1578, during the reign of Sebastian and on the eve of the fatal Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the flag was again modified. The number of castles was permanently fixed at seven and the royal crown was converted into a closed three-arched crown, which symbolized a stronger royal authority.[21] With Sebastian's death and the short-lived reign of his great-uncle Cardinal Henry, in 1580, a dynastic crisis was solved with the Spanish king Philip II acceding to the Portuguese throne as Philip I, installing a Spanish dynasty. The accession was made on the condition that Portugal was ruled as a separate, autonomous state, not as a province. This was fulfilled as Portugal and Spain formed a personal union under Philip I and his successors. A consequence of this administrative situation was the maintenance of the flag created under Sebastian's reign as the Portuguese national flag, while Spain had its own.[21] As the ruling house in Portugal, the Habsburg banner also included the Portuguese arms.[24]
The country regained its independence from Spain, in 1640, in a coup d'état that placed on the throne John, Duke of Bragança, as King John IV. Under his rule, the national flag was slightly changed as the ogival shield became rounded. It was from this reign forward that the royal arms and the kingdom's arms became separate banners.[21]
1667–1830[edit]
King Peter II (1667)
King John V (1707)
King Joseph I (1750)
King John VI (1816)
When Afonso VI's younger brother Peter II replaced him on the throne, in 1667, he adapted the flag's crown to fit the contemporary trends by transforming it into a five-arched crown.[25] The new flag did not remain unchanged for too long, as it was refurbished by Peter's son John V, after he took the throne, in 1707. Heavily influenced by the luxurious and ostentatious court of the French king Louis XIV, and by France's political and cultural impact in Europe, John V wanted to transpose such style into the country's coat of arms. A red beret was then added under the crown. Besides the change of the crown, the shields started to be represented, on the flags, not only in the traditional round bottom shape ("Iberian type"), but also in other formats like the samnitic ("French type"), the horsehead ("Italian type") or the oval ("cartouche") shapes. Instated by an absolute monarch like John V, this flag endured through almost the entire absolutist period in Portugal—John V (1707–1750), Joseph I (1750–1777) and Maria I (1777–1816).[21]
During the second half of the 17th century, the maritime use of the white flag with the Royal coat of arms of Portugal was increasingly restricted to the war ships. An ordinance of 1692 expressly banned the use of this flag by the Portuguese merchant ships, restricting its use to ships with 20 or more cannons and with a complement of 40 or more men. The Portuguese merchant ships flew instead green and white striped flags, which were the national colours of Portugal at that time. The colours green and white were also used in other Portuguese flags, like the naval commissioning pennants.
With the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon's imperial army in 1807, the Portuguese Royal Court fled to Brazil, establishing the capital of the Portuguese Monarchy and Empire in Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the Portuguese state of Brazil was elevated to a kingdom, thus receiving the same status as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. The whole of the Portuguese Monarchy became then the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. To reflect the change of the status of the Portuguese Monarchy, the Prince Regent John (future King John VI, at that time still reigning in name of his mother, Queen Mary I) established a new Royal coat of arms, where the Portuguese shield (representing Portugal and the Algarves) charged a blue-filled yellow armillary sphere (representing Brazil) surmounted by the same beret-bearing five-arched crown. The new coat of arms replaced the previous one in the Portuguese flags.[21]
Despite the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves ceased to exist in 1822, when Brazil became independent, its coat of arms continued to be used, inclusive in flags, until the death of John VI in 1826. From then on, the previous coat of arms, without the armillary sphere, became in use again.
1830–1910[edit]
Queen Maria II (1830)
Queen Maria II (1830)
John VI died in Lisbon in 1826. His elder son Peter, who had declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming Emperor Peter I, succeeded to the Portuguese throne as Peter IV. Because the new Brazilian constitution did not allow further personal unions of Portugal and Brazil, Peter abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his elder daughter Maria da Glória, who became Maria II of Portugal. She was only seven years old, so Peter stated she would marry his brother Miguel who would act as regent. However, in 1828, Miguel deposed Maria and proclaimed himself king, abolishing the 1822 liberal constitution and ruling as an absolute monarch. This started the period of the Liberal Wars.[26]
The liberals formed a separate government exiled on the Azorean island of Terceira. This government issued two decrees establishing modifications to the national flag. While supporters of usurper King Miguel I still upheld the flag established by John VI, the liberal supporters imposed important changes on it. The background was equally divided along its length into blue (hoist) and white (fly); the armillary sphere (associated with Brazil) was removed and the coat of arms was centred over the colour boundary; and the shield reverted to the "French type" shape of John V. This new flag configuration was decreed solely for terrestrial use, but a variation of it was used as the national ensign. This ensign differed in the way the colours occupied the background (blue 1⁄3, white 2⁄3) with a consequent positional shift of the arms.[21]
With the defeat and exile of Miguel in 1834, Queen Maria II returned to the throne and the standard of the victorious side was hoisted in Lisbon as the new national flag. It would survive for 80 years, witnessing the last period of the Portuguese monarchy until its abolition, in 1910. Currently this flag is used by Portuguese monarchists.
Flag protocol[edit]
Use[edit]
Flag hoisted at the Portuguese Parliament, in Lisbon
Flag hoisted at the Castle of São Jorge
The Portuguese legislation concerning the use of the National Flag is mostly limited to the Decree-law 150/87, issued in 30 March 1987, which replaced the previous scarce legislation dated back to the beginning of the 20th century.
The Decree-law 150/87 states that the flag is to be hoisted from 9:00 a.m. to sunset (during the night, it must be properly lit), on Sundays and national holidays, throughout the entire national territory. It can also be displayed on days where official ceremonies or other solemn public sessions are held; in this case, the flag is hoisted on-site. The flag can be hoisted in other days if it is considered appropriate by the central government, or by other regional or local governing bodies, or by heads of private institutions. It must follow the official design standard and be preserved in good condition.[27]
On the headquarters buildings of the bodies of sovereignty, the flag can stay hoisted on a daily basis. It can also be hoisted on civilian and military national monuments; on public buildings associated with the central, regional or local administration; and on headquarters of public corporations and institutions. Citizens and private institutions can also display it, on the condition that they respect the relevant legal procedures. In the facilities of nationally based international organizations or in the case of international meetings, the flag is hoisted according to the protocol used on those situations.[27]
If national mourning is declared, the flag will be flown at half-staff during the fixed number of days; any flag hoisted along with it will be flown in the same manner.[27]
When unfurled in the presence of other flags, the national flag must not have smaller dimensions and must be situated in a prominent, honourable place, according to the relevant protocol.[27]
If there are more than one flagpole, the National Flag should be flown:
Two flagpoles – in the right pole viewed by a person facing the exterior;
Three flagpoles – in the central pole;
More than three flagpoles:
Within a building – if odd number of poles, in the central pole; if even number, in the first pole on the right of the central point;
Outside a building – always in the rightmost pole;
If the flagpoles have not the same height, the flag must be flown in the highest pole. The poles should be placed in honourable locations of the ground, building façades and roofs. On public acts where the flag is not hoisted, it can be suspended from a distinct spot, but never used as decoration, covering or for any purpose that can diminish its dignity.[27]
Penalties[edit]
An early decree, from 28 December 1910, established that "any person who, through speech, published writings or any other public act, shows lack of respect to the national flag, which is the motherland's symbol, will be sentenced to a three to twelve-month prison term with corresponding fine and, in case of relapse, will be sentenced to exile, as stated in the 62nd article of the Penal Code". In its 332nd article, the current penal code punishes infractions with a prison sentence of up to two years. If the sentence is shorter than 240 days, there is a formula for converting it into a fine.[28] If the offense is directed towards regional symbols, the penalties are halved.[29]
Folding[edit]
During formal occasions, four people are required to properly fold the flag, where each person holds one of the sides. A correctly folded flag must be a square limiting the national shield. However, the order by which the different folding steps are performed to achieve this result is not legislated.[30]
The procedure begins with the flag fully extended and held in a horizontal plane with the obverse facing down. One of the possible folding sequences is demonstrated below:[30]
Stage
Description
Example
First
The upper third of the flag's height is folded into the reverse side until the crease is positioned over the shield's upper edge line.
Second
The lower third of the flag's height is folded into the reverse side until the crease is positioned over the shield's lowest point.
Third
The folding proceeds along the width axis, with the fly's (red) union with the hoist (green) and the fold's placement over the shield's right edge.
Fourth
Finally, the hoist is folded in a way that the resulting crease lies on top of the shield's left edge.
Military flags[edit]
The National Flag of Portugal also serves as war flag and ensign, so being flown on military facilities and naval ships. There are however specific national military flags for specific uses, namely the military colours, the naval jack and the naval pennant. The military colours are occasionally referred as war flag, however they are not to be flown on military facilities but are only to be carried by the military units on parades.
National colours
Naval jack
Naval commissioning pennant
National colours[edit]
A Portuguese tri-service colour guard leads a detachment of marines, carrying the national colours during the 2007 Bastille Day Military Parade in Paris
The national colours constitute the portable variants of the National Flag for use on parades by the military units. In the past, the colours had a practical function, being used as a signal to guide the military units in battle. Originally, the colours were referred as "regimental flags" (bandeiras regimentais) or "military units flags" (bandeiras das unidades militares), but now they are referred as "national standards" (estandartes nacionais). The colours are always carried in parade by a junior officer, escorted by a colour guard.
The standard model of the colours – also adopted in 1911 – is a rectangular flag measuring 1.20 m (3 ft 11 in) in width and 1.30 m (4 ft 3 in) in length (ratio 12:13). Green and red are positioned at the hoist and fly, respectively, but occupy the field in an equal manner (1:1). Centred over the colour boundary lie the armillary sphere and Portuguese shield, surrounded by two yellow laurel branches intersecting at their stems. These are bound by a white stripe bearing the verse by Luís de Camões "Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada" (English: "This is my beloved fortunate motherland") as the motto. This differs from the version of coat of arms employed as emblem, where the laurel shoots are tied by a green and red stripe without the verse. The sphere's outer diameter is one-third of the width and lies 35 cm (14 in) from the upper edge and 45 cm (18 in) from the lower edge.[2]
Although the 1911 regulation is, theoretically, still in force, the various branches of the Armed Forces made specific changes to it and so, several types of colours are used by the different military units. For example, the colours adopted by the Portuguese Army, in 1979, measures just 0.80 m × 0.80 m (2 ft 7 in × 2 ft 7 in).
Naval jack[edit]
The Portuguese naval jack (jaco or jaque) is only hoisted at the prow of docked or anchored Navy ships, from sunrise to sunset. The national flag is permanently hoisted at the stern, when sailing, and from sunrise to sunset, when docked.[31] It is a square flag (ratio 1:1) bearing a green-bordered red field with the minor coat of arms on the centre. The width of the green border and the diameter of the armillary sphere are equal to 1⁄8 and 3⁄7 of the side's dimension, respectively.[2]
Commissioning pennant[edit]
The Portuguese commissioning pennant (flâmula) is a long triangular flag, green on the hoist and red on the fly. It is to be flown on the main mast of the naval ships commanded by officers.[2]
Government flags[edit]
Highly ranked state and governmental offices are also represented by their own flag. The President of the Republic (Portuguese: Presidente da República) uses a flag largely similar to the national flag, except for having dark green as the only background colour.[32] It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palace of Belém, as well as on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The flag of the Prime-Minister is a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with a dark green saltire, holding the lesser coat of arms on its centre, and a red bordure charged with a pattern of yellow laurel leaves. Other ministerial flags do not possess the red bordure.[32] The flag of the Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República), the national parliament, is also a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with the lesser coat of arms in the centre and a dark green bordure.[33]
President of the Republic
Assembly of the Republic
Prime Minister
Minister
Civil Governor
See also[edit]
Portugal portal
Portuguese vexillology
List of Portuguese flags
Notes[edit]
^ From the original Portuguese blazon: "De prata, cinco escudetes, de blau, postos em cruz, cada um carregado com cinco besantes, de prata, postos em aspa; bordadura, de gules, carregada com sete castelos, de ouro, dos quais três em chefe".[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Portuguese republican flags (1910ies)". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Portugal, Government. "Decreto que aprova a Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos Nacionais (in Portuguese). Portal do Governo. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sampaio, Jorge. "Bandeira nacional da República Portuguesa — desenho". Símbolos da República (in Portuguese). Presidente da República. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Teixeira, Nuno Severiano (1991). "Do azul-branco ao verde-rubro: a simbólica da bandeira nacional". A Memória da Nação (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Proposals for the new Portuguese national flag (1910–1911)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos (in Portuguese). Ministério da Defesa Nacional. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bandeiras de Portugal" (in Portuguese). Acção Monárquica Tradicionalista. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Symbolism". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Origins of the current Portuguese national flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Christ Knights' Order (Portugal)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Portuguese republican flags (1910s)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Candeias, Jorge (2006-11-04). "Portugal - 1495 historical flags". Portugal (in Portuguese). Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Flag of the Brazilian ships, 16th century (Portugal)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Monastery of the Jerónimos 2007 /2008and Tower of Belém in Lisbon". Heritage. IGESPAR — Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Archived from the original on 2010-11-07. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Martins, António. "Portugal (1185–1248)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Bandeira de Portugal". Portugal (in Portuguese). Criar Mundos. August 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lenda do Milagre de Ourique". Lendas do distrito de Beja (in Portuguese). Lendas de Portugal. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Ourique, legend and future". "A Alma e a Gente". RTP. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Portugal (1248–1835)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Estandartes dos reis portugueses". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Archived from the original on 2007-01-11. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Martins, António. "História da Bandeira de Portugal". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Portuguese coat of arms". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
Jump up ^ Candeias, Jorge. "Portugal – 1485 historical flag". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Royal Standards 1580–1700 (Spain)". Spain. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Portugal - 1667 historical flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Steven. "Chronology: 1826–34 (Portugal's) Liberal Wars". Luso-Spanish Military History and Wargaming. Archived from the original on 2007-04-06. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Regras que regem o uso da Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos Nacionais (in Portuguese). Portal do Governo. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
Jump up ^ "O que significa dia-multa" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2009-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Símbolos Nacionais" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Portuguese Republic. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Jorge Candeias; António Martins (1999-12-19). "How to fold the portuguese national flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Distintivos" (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros (A.N.C.). 1997-10-14. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Portuguese governmental flags". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Resolução da Assembleia da República nº 73/2006: Bandeira de hastear da Assembleia da República" (PDF). Diário da República. 1st (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional da Casa da Moeda, S.A. (248): 8574–8575. 2006-12-28. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
Further reading[edit]
Coelho, Trindade (1908). Manual político do cidadão portuguêz (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Porto: Emprésa Litteraria e Typographica. OCLC 6129820.
Pinheiro, Columbano Bordalo (1910). Bandeira Nacional: Modelo approvado pelo Governo Provisorio da Republica Portuguesa (in Portuguese) (1st ed.). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. OCLC 24780919.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Portugal.
Portugal at Flags of the World
PROJECTOS DE BANDEIRA NACIONAL
Presidency of the Republic — Official portal (in Portuguese)
Museum of the Presidency of the Republic (in Portuguese)
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