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New York Stock Exchange
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This article is about the stock exchange. For its parent company, see Intercontinental Exchange.
New York Stock Exchange

The New York Stock Exchange in 2012.
Type
Stock exchange
Location
New York City, New York, U.S.
Founded
May 17, 1792; 225 years ago (1792-05-17)[1]
Owner
Intercontinental Exchange (Owner)
Key people
Jeffrey Sprecher (Chairman)
Currency
United States dollar
No. of listings
2,400[2]
Market cap
US$19.3 trillion[3]
Volume
US$20.161 trillion (2011)
Indices
Dow Jones Industrial Average
S&P 500
NYSE Composite
Website
nyse.com
New York Stock Exchange
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
NYC Landmark
Front Elevation of the New York Stock Exchange.
Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all
Coordinates
40°42′24.6″N 74°0′39.7″W / 40.706833°N 74.011028°W / 40.706833; -74.011028Coordinates: 40°42′24.6″N 74°0′39.7″W / 40.706833°N 74.011028°W / 40.706833; -74.011028
Built
1903
Architect
Trowbridge & Livingston; George B. Post
Architectural style
Classical Revival
NRHP reference #
78001877
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
June 2, 1978[4]
Designated NHL
June 2, 1978[5]
Designated NYCL
July 9, 1985
The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE and nicknamed "The Big Board"),[6] is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far[7][8] the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$21.3 trillion as of June 2017.[3] The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978.
The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists (NYSE: ICE). Previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext (NYX), which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with Euronext.[9]
The NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty[10][11] and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notable events
3 Official holidays
4 Trading
4.1 NYSE Composite Index
4.2 Timeline
4.3 Merger, acquisition, and control
5 Opening and closing bells
5.1 History
5.2 Notable bell-ringers
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange
The Stock Exchange at 10–12 Broad Street, in 1882
The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement. Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco.[13] On May 17, 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales. The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock,[13] although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days.[14] The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.[15]
In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance.[13] After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted.[13]
The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New York's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives.[13] The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE. With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) "because it used a more modern, continuous trading system superior to the NYSE’s twice-daily call sessions." The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869. Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE's members as well as trading volume, as "several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers. Buyers, sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading, or the greatest liquidity in today’s parlance. Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing, and the merger helped the NYSE to maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity."[16] The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York. By 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading.[17]
Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes. Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary, with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated an economic depression.
The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006.[18]
The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978,[19] as was the 11 Wall Street building.[5][20][21]
The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908
The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21, 2005, in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company. NYSE's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006. A little over one year later, on April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming NYSE Euronext, the first transatlantic stock exchange.
Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. "It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, and financial industry firms" (Robert, 2002). The principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance.
Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer. Presently,[when?] the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher.[22] In 2016, NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc. earned $419 million in listings-related revenues.[23]
Notable events[edit]
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See also: Wall Street Crash of 1929; Black Monday (1987); Friday the 13th mini-crash; October 27, 1997 mini-crash; and Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks
The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds,[24] and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.
On September 16, 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building, killing 33 people and injuring more than 400. The perpetrators were never found. The NYSE building and some buildings nearby, such as the JP Morgan building, still have marks on their façades caused by the bombing.
The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression. In an effort to try to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938.
On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with a president and a thirty-three-member board. On February 18, 1971, the non-profit corporation was formed, and the number of board members was reduced to twenty-five.
One of Abbie Hoffman's well-known publicity stunts took place in 1967, when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange's gallery. The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below. Some traders booed, and some laughed and waved. Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass.[25] Hoffman wrote a decade later, "We didn't call the press; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event."[26]
NYSE's stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens.
On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day, the second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades.
Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989—the Mini-Crash of 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent.
Similarly, there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997; the Asian Financial Crisis. Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18% drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly. This was the first time that the "circuit breaker" rule had operated.
On January 26, 2000, an altercation during filming of the music video for "Sleep Now in the Fire," which was directed by Michael Moore, caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band Rage Against the Machine to be escorted from the site by security[27] after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange.
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NYSE was closed for 4 trading sessions, resuming on Monday, September 17, one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933. On the first day, the NYSE suffered a 7.1% drop in value (684 points), after a week, it dropped by 14% (1370 points). An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading.[28] The NY Stock Exchange is only 5 blocks from Ground Zero.
On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19, 1987, crash, with a 998-point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ("fat finger") orders.[29]
On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for 2 days due to Hurricane Sandy.[30] The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 in 1888.[31]
On May 1, 2014, the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges it violated market rules.[32]
On August 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway's A Class shares, the highest priced shares on the NYSE, hit $200,000 a share for the first time.[33]
On July 8, 2015, technical issues affected the stock exchange, halting trading at 11:32 am ET. The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was "not a result of a cyber breach," and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was "no sign of malicious activity."[34] Trading eventually resumed at 3:10 pm ET the same day.
Official holidays[edit]
The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington's Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. When those holidays occur on a weekend, the holiday is observed on the closest weekday. In addition, the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day, the day after Thanksgiving, and the day before Christmas.[35]
Trading[edit]
The NYSE trading floor in August 2008.
The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as "the Big Board") provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9:30 am – 4:00 pm ET, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.
The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, he/she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10% of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together. The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless hand held computers (HHC). The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission. On September 25, 1995, NYSE member Michael Einersen, who designed and developed this system, executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203-year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading.
As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82% of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically.[36] NYSE works with US regulators like the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points.[37]
Until 2005, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 "seats." The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the number of seats was set at 1,366. These seats were a sought-after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE, and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE. The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members: Winthrop H. Barnes (admitted 1894), Richard W.P. Barnes (admitted 1926), Richard S. Barnes (admitted 1951), Robert H. Barnes (admitted 1972), Derek J. Barnes (admitted 2003). Seat prices varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange. Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010.[38] Neither are resell-able, but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license.
Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987, NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell-offs. Following the 2011 rule change, at the start of each trading day, the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7% (Level 1), 13% (Level 2), and 20% (Level 3) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day. Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15-minute trading halt unless they occur after 3:25 pm, when no trading halts apply. A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day.[39] (The biggest one-day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 9.0% drop on October 15, 2008.)
NYSE Composite Index[edit]
In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index (NYSE: NYA) was created, with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close.[40] This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close. Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32.
Timeline[edit]
The NYSE at Christmas time (December 2008)
In 1792, NYSE acquires its first traded securities.[41][42]
In 1817, the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted, it had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization.[43]
In 1865, New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE.[44]
In 1867, Stock tickers were first introduced.[45]
In 1885, the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas.[46]
In 1896, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is first published in The Wall Street Journal.[45]
In 1903, NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street.
In 1906, the DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12.
In 1907, Panic of 1907.
In 1909, Trading in bonds.
In 1914, World War I causes the longest exchange shutdown: four months, two weeks; re-opening December 12 brings the largest one-day percentage drop in the DJIA (24.4%).
In 1915, Basis of quoting and trading in stocks changed from % of par value to dollars.
In 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building. Thirty killed and over 100 injured.
In 1923, Poor's Publishing introduced their "Composite Index," today referred to as the S&P 500, which tracked a small amount of companies on the NYSE.[47]
In 1929, central quote system established; Black Thursday, October 24 and Black Tuesday, October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market.
In 1943, trading floor is opened to women.[48]
In 1949, the third longest (eight-year) bull market begins.[49]
In 1954, the DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation-adjusted dollars.
In 1956, the DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12.
In 1957, after Poor's Publishing merged with the Standard Statistics Bureau, the Standard & Poors composite index grew to track 500 companies on the NYSE, becoming known as the S&P 500.[47]
In 1966, NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks. This is referred to as the "Common Stock Index" and is transmitted daily. The starting point of the index is 50. It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index.[50]
In 1967, Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange.[51]
In 1967, protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery, leading to the installation of bullet-proof glass.
In 1970, Securities Investor Protection Corporation established.
In 1971, NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not-for-Profit organization.[50]
In 1971, the Nasdaq was founded and competes with the NYSE as the world's first electronic stock market.[52] To date, the Nasdaq is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the NYSE.[53]
In 1972, the DJIA closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14.
In 1977, foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE.
In 1980, New York Futures Exchange established.
In 1987, Black Monday, October 19, sees the second-largest one-day DJIA percentage drop (22.6%, or 508 points) in history.
In 1990, the longest (ten-year) bull market begins.[49]
In 1991, the DJIA exceeds 3,000.
In 1995, the DJIA exceeds 5,000.
In 1996, real-time ticker introduced.[54]
In 1997, on October 27, a sell-off in Asia's stock markets hurts the U.S. markets as well; DJIA sees the largest one-day point drop of 554 (or 7.18%) in history.[55]
In 1999, the DJIA exceeds 10,000 on March 29.
In 2000, the DJIA peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID.
Security after the September 11 attacks
In 2001, trading in fractions (n⁄16) ends, replaced by decimals (increments of $0.01, see Decimalization); September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions.
In 2003, NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points.
In 2006, NYSE and ArcaEx merge, creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned, for-profit NYSE Group, Inc.; in turn, NYSE Group merges with Euronext, creating the first trans-Atlantic stock exchange group; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19.
In 2007, US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest-rate decision on January 31;[56] NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9.
In 2008, the DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures, resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three-week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks; in spite of this, record volatility continues for the next two months, culminating at 5½-year market lows.
In 2009, the second longest and current bull market begins on March 9 after the DJIA closes at 6,547.05 reaching a 12-year low; DJIA returns to 10,015.86 on October 14.[49]
In 2013, the DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5; DJIA closes above 16,500 to end the year.
In 2014, the DJIA closes above 17,000 on July 3 and above 18,000 on December 23.
In 2015, the DJIA achieved an all-time high of 18,351.36 on 19 May.[57]
In 2015, the DJIA dropped over 1,000 points to 15,370.33 soon after open on August 24, 2015, before bouncing back and closing at 15,795.72, a drop of over 669 points.
In 2016, the DJIA hits an all-time high of 18,873.6.
In 2017, the DJIA reaches 20,000 for the first time (on January 25).
In 2018, the DJIA reaches 25,000 for the first time (on January 4th).[58] On February 5, the DJIA dropped 1,175 points, making it the largest point drop in history. [59]
Merger, acquisition, and control[edit]
In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) for $260 million in stock.[60]
On February 15, 2011, NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company, as yet unnamed, wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders will have 60% ownership of the new entity, and NYSE Euronext shareholders will have 40%.
On February 1, 2012, the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse, after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger "would have led to a near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide."[61] Instead, Deutsche Börse and NYSE will have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly. On February 2, 2012, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger.[62]
In April 2011, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American futures exchange, and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US$11,000,000,000, a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges.[63] NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice, but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns.[63]
In December 2012, ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion.[9][63] NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash, or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE. The chairman and CEO of ICE, Jeffrey Sprecher, will retain those positions, but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board.[9]
Opening and closing bells[edit]
U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans rings the 'opening bell' at the NYSE on April 23, 2003. Former chairman Jack Womack is also in this picture.
NASA astronauts Scott Altman and Mike Massimino ring the 'closing bell'.
The NYSE's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day. The 'opening bell' is rung at 9:30 am ET to mark the start of the day's trading session. At 4 pm ET the 'closing bell' is rung and trading for the day stops. There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed.[64] There are three buttons that control the bells, located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor. The main bell, which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day, is controlled by a green button. The second button, colored orange, activates a single-stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence. A third, red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring.[65]
History[edit]
The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell. The original signal was a gavel (which is still in use today along with the bell), but during the late 1800s, the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day's beginning and end. After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903, the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used.
A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring. Many consider the act of ringing the bells to be quite an honor and a symbol of a lifetime of achievement. Furthermore, due to the amount of coverage that the opening/closing bells receive, many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing-related events to start on the same day as when the company's representatives ring the bell. This daily tradition wasn't always this highly publicized either. In fact, it was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis. Prior to that, ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange's floor managers.[64]
Notable bell-ringers[edit]
Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange. However, there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell. Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps, entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg, singer and actress Liza Minnelli[66] and members of the band Kiss, and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell. Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell. On April 27, 2006, Secretary-General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment.[67] On July 24, 2013, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative.[68]
In addition there have been many bell-ringers who are famous for heroic deeds, such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9/11, members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas, and participants in various charitable organizations.
There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell, including Mickey Mouse, the Pink Panther, Mr. Potato Head, the Aflac Duck, and Darth Vader.[69]
See also[edit]
New York City portal
New York Stock Exchange listed stocks:
0–9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
Aftermath of the September 11 attacks
Economy of New York City
Economy of the United States
List of American Exchanges
List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas
List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange
List of stock exchange opening times
Rule 48
Series 14 exam
Trading day
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
List of stock exchanges in the Americas
References[edit]
Notes
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Jump up ^ "NYSE Q1 2016 Investor Presentation" (PDF). Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "NYSE Group Shares Outstanding and Market Capitalization of Companies Listed, 2016".
Jump up ^ National Park Service (January 23, 2007). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Stock Exchange". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Merriam-Webster Dictionary's definition of "Big Board"". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved November 6, 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny". Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World?". Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rothwell, Steve (December 20, 2012), "For the New York Stock Exchange, a sell order", San Jose Mercury News, Associated Press
Jump up ^ "Calpers Sues NYSE, Firms, Alleging Fraudulent Trades (Update6)". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Jersey pension fund sues NYSE Euronext on ICE deal". Reuters. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ben White (July 20, 2004). "Grasso Sues NYSE for $50 Million". The Washington Post Company. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form, 11 Wall Street" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 10, 2014. OCRed document unreable
Jump up ^ FCC. "Financial consulting company - New York Stock Exchange". financial-consulting.pro. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). 'Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p. 188.
Jump up ^ E. Wright, Robert (January 8, 2013). "The NYSE's Long History of Mergers and Rivalries". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NYSEData.com Factbook: Chronology of New York Stock Exchange (1792-1929)". www.nyxdata.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Edmonston, Peter (April 28, 2006). "Where Wall Street Meets to Eat, the Last Lunch". New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ "National Historic Landmarks Survey, New York" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ George R. Adams (March 1977). "New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)" (PDF). National Park Service. 1983.
Jump up ^ "Intercontinental Exchange – Board of Directors".
Jump up ^ Osipovich, Alexander (October 26, 2017). "Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings". Wall Street Journal. New York City, United States. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The exchange opens". The Independent. December 7, 1914. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
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Bibliography
Buck, James E. (1992). The New York Stock Exchange: The First 200 Years. Greenwich Pub. Group. ISBN 0-944641-02-4.
Geisst, Charles R. (2004). Wall Street: A History – From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517060-1.
Kent, Zachary (1990). The Story of the New York Stock Exchange. Scholastic Library Pub. ISBN 0-516-04748-5.
Sloane, Leonard (1980). The Anatomy of the Floor. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-12249-7.
Sobel, Robert (1975). N.Y.S.E.: A History of the New York Stock Exchange, 1935–1975. Weybright and Talley. ISBN 0-679-40124-5.
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Charging Bull
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Charging Bull
Charging Bull
Charging Bull
Charging Bull
Charging Bull
Charging Bull
Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all
Artist
Arturo Di Modica
Year
1989 (1989)
Medium
Bronze
Dimensions
11 feet (3.4 m) tall & 16 feet (4.9 m) long[1][2]
Weight
7,100 pounds (3,200 kg)
Location
New York City, New York, US
Coordinates
40°42′20″N 74°00′48″W / 40.705576°N 74.013421°W / 40.705576; -74.013421Coordinates: 40°42′20″N 74°00′48″W / 40.705576°N 74.013421°W / 40.705576; -74.013421
Website
Official website
Charging Bull, which is sometimes referred to as the Wall Street Bull or the Bowling Green Bull, is a bronze sculpture that stands in Bowling Green in the Financial District in Manhattan, New York City. Originally guerrilla art, installed unofficially by Arturo Di Modica, its popularity led to it being a permanent feature.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 History
2.1 Construction and installation
2.2 Confusion over ownership
2.3 Becomes tourist attraction
2.4 Placement of Fearless Girl
3 Criticism
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
Description[edit]
The 7,100-pound (3,200 kg) sculpture stands 11 feet (3.4 m) tall[3] and measures 16 feet (4.9 m) long.[4] The oversize sculpture depicts a bull, the symbol of aggressive financial optimism and prosperity, leaning back on its haunches and with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is both a popular tourist destination which draws thousands of people a day, as well as "one of the most iconic images of New York"[5] and a "Wall Street icon"[6] symbolizing Wall Street and the Financial District.
In Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide, Dianne Durante describes the sculpture:
The Bull's head is lowered, its nostrils flare, and its wickedly long, sharp horns are ready to gore; it's an angry, dangerous beast. The muscular body twists to one side, and the tail is curved like a lash: the Bull is also energetic and in motion.[7]
The bronze color and hard, metallic texture of the sculpture's surface emphasises the brute force of the creature. The work was designed and placed so that viewers could walk around it, which also suggests the creature's own movement is unrestricted — a point reinforced by the twisting posture of the bull's body, according to Durante.
Charging Bull, then, shows an aggressive or even belligerent force on the move, but unpredictably. [...] [I]t's not far-fetched to say the theme is the energy, strength, and unpredictability of the stock market."[7]
Di Modica told the New York Daily News in 1998:
That bull is one of an edition of five. … I'm hoping the other four will be going to cities all over the world, whenever somebody buys them.[8]
In 2010, a similar Charging Bull sculpted by Di Modica was installed in Shanghai; it is informally also called the Bund Bull.[9] In 2012, another one was placed on Het Beursplein in Amsterdam.[10]
History[edit]
Construction and installation[edit]
The bull was cast by the Bedi-Makky Art Foundry in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Di Modica spent some $360,000 to create, cast, and install the sculpture following the 1987 stock market crash as a symbol of the "strength and power of the American people".[2] The sculpture was Di Modica's idea, and in an act of guerrilla art, Bedi Makky Art Foundry and Di Modica trucked it to Lower Manhattan. On December 15, 1989, they installed it beneath a 60-foot (18 m) Christmas tree in the middle of Broad Street in front of the New York Stock Exchange as a Christmas gift to New Yorkers. That day, hundreds of onlookers stopped to admire and analyze it as Di Modica handed out copies of a flier about his artwork.[4]
NYSE officials called police later that day, and the NYPD seized the sculpture and placed it into an impound lot.[4] The ensuing public outcry led the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to reinstall it two blocks south of the Exchange, in Bowling Green, with a ceremony on December 21, 1989. It faces up Broadway at Whitehall Street.[11]
Confusion over ownership[edit]
The sculpture technically has a temporary permit allowing it to stand on city property since the city does not own the sculpture, but the temporary permission has lasted since 1989, when city officials said the new location would not be permanent.[12] Art on loan is usually limited to a year's display, and although the city does not buy art, it does accept donations.[13] A writer in the New York Daily News wrote in 1998 that the statue's placement was "beginning to look a mite permanent."[8] According to an article in Art Monthly, Di Modica, as well as officials and New Yorkers, "view it as a permanent feature of Lower Manhattan."[14]
In 2004, Di Modica announced that the bull sculpture was for sale, on condition the buyer does not move it from its present location. Di Modica continues to own the artistic copyright to the statue.[3] In 2006, Di Modica sued Wal-Mart and other companies for illegally benefiting from his copyright, by selling replicas of the bull and using it in advertising campaigns.[15] In 2009, Di Modica sued Random House for using a photo of the bull on the cover of a book discussing the collapse of financial services firm Lehman Brothers.[16]
Becomes tourist attraction[edit]
Tourists gathering around the Charging Bull
As soon as the sculpture was set up at Bowling Green, it became "an instant hit."[13] One of the city's most photographed artworks, it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District. "Its popularity is beyond doubt", a New York Times article said of the artwork. "Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it." [3] Adrian Benepe, the New York City parks commissioner, said in 2004, "It's become one of the most visited, most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York. I would say it's right up there with the Statue of Liberty."[1] In 1993, Arthur J. Piccolo, chairman of the Bowling Green Association, made the same point with the same comparison.[13] Henry J. Stern, the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in the Financial District, said in 1993: "People are crazy about the bull. It captured their imagination."[13]
The statue's popularity with tourists has international appeal. One 2007 newspaper report noted a "ceaseless stream" of visitors from India, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Venezuela, and China, as well as the United States. Children enjoy climbing on the bull,[17] which sits "famously"[18] at street level on the cobblestones at the far northern tip of the small park. One popular tourist guidebook assumes that a visitor will want to get his or her picture taken with the statue ("after you pose with the bull ...").[19] A popular Bollywood movie, Kal Ho Naa Ho features the bull in a musical number, increasing its familiarity with South Asians. One visitor told a newspaper reporter it was a reason for his visit.[5]
In addition to having their pictures taken at the front end of the bull, many tourists pose at the back of the bull, near the large testicles "for snapshots under an unmistakable symbol of its virility."[20] According to a Washington Post article in 2002, "People on The Street say you've got to rub the nose, horns and testicles of the bull for good luck, tour guide Wayne McLeod would tell the group on the Baltimore bus, who would giddily oblige."[21] A 2004 New York Times article said, "Passers-by have rubbed—to a bright gleam—its nose, horns and a part of its anatomy that, as Mr. Benepe put it gingerly, 'separates the bull from the steer.'"[3] A 2007 newspaper account agreed that a "peculiar ritual" of handling the "shining orbs" of the statue's scrotum seems to have developed into a tradition. One visitor, from Mississippi, told the Tribeca Trib she did it "for good luck", and because "there's a kind of primal response when you see something like that. You just have to engage it."[5] The enthusiastic reaction to the sculpture continues into the darker hours. "I've seen people do some crazy things to that bull", said a souvenir vendor, "At night sometimes, when people have been drinking, I’ve seen them do stuff to that bull that you couldn’t print in a newspaper."[5]
Placement of Fearless Girl[edit]
Main article: Fearless Girl
On March 7, 2017, the night before International Women's Day, another bronze sculpture, Fearless Girl, was placed directly in front of Charging Bull. The statue was designed by Kristen Visbal and commissioned by State Street Global Advisers (SSgA) as part of a marketing campaign for their gender-diverse index fund.[22] Fearless Girl was placed facing the bull, and seems to be staring it down.[23] The city granted a permit allowing Fearless Girl to stay on the site for at least 11 months.[24]
Di Modica has asked that the statue of the girl be removed, arguing that the piece exploits his work for commercial purposes and alters the perception of the bull.[25] He has called Fearless Girl "an advertising trick" that he wanted relocated, citing its political messaging.[26][27] Visbal expressed no antipathy to his bull statue, but said regarding her newer work, "I made sure to keep her features soft; she's not defiant, she's brave, proud and strong, not belligerent."[27] On April 12, 2017, Di Modica and his attorney, former New York Civil Liberties Union director Norman Siegel, challenged city officials who let the Fearless Girl statue be installed.[28][29] Di Modica states the statue corrupts Charging Bull's artistic integrity by distorting the intent of his statue from "a symbol of prosperity and for strength" into a villain, and does so for SSgA's commercial gain.[30][31] Siegel said a lawsuit had not been filed as of yet.[28][29]
Criticism[edit]
A poster showing a ballerina on the Charging Bull to promote the Occupy Wall Street movement
Charging Bull has often been a subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective. The Occupy Wall Street protests used the bull as a symbolic figure around which to direct their critiques of corporate greed. A 2011 image from Adbusters portraying a dancer posed in an attitude position atop the sculpture was used to promote the forthcoming protests.[32] The first gathering of Occupy took place around the sculpture on September 17, 2011, before moving to Zuccotti Park.[33] Because of the protests, the bull was surrounded by barricades and guarded by police[34] until 2014.[35][36]
The Charging Bull has been likened to the golden calf worshiped by the Israelites during their Exodus from Egypt. During Occupy Wall Street on multiple occasions an interfaith group of religious leaders led a procession of a golden calf figure that was modeled on the bull.[37][38] A large papier-mâché piñata made by Sebastian Errazuriz for a 2014 New York design festival was intended to be reminiscent of both the golden calf and Charging Bull.[39][40] Further comparisons to the golden calf have been made by Jewish and Christian religious commentators.[41][42]
In popular culture[edit]
The sculpture is featured in the films For Richer or Poorer (1997), Hitch (2005), Inside Man (2006), The Other Guys (2010), The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010), Arthur (2011), and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). It also appears in the TV series My Life as Liz, Weeds, and Mr. Robot.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charging Bull.
26 Broadway, the building across the street from the statue, to the east
Art in Odd Places festival
CowParade
Qilin – ancient Chinese symbol of prosperity
Statue of Edward Snowden – another example of New York guerrilla art
Market sentiment
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Dunlap, David W. "The Bronze Bull Is for Sale, but There Are a Few Conditions", article, The New York Times, December 21, 2004, retrieved June 13, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b D. McFadden, Robert (1989-12-16). "SoHo Gift to Wall St.: A 3½-Ton Bronze Bull". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dunlap, David W. (2004-12-21). "The Bronze Bull Is for Sale, but There Are a Few Conditions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mcfadden, Robert D. (1989-12-16). "SoHo Gift to Wall St.: A 3 1/2-Ton Bronze Bull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pinto Nick, "Bull!" , article, September 1, 2007, The Tribeca Trib, retrieved June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ Greenfield, Beth and Robert Reid, Ginger Adams Otis, New York City, p 120, publisher: Lonely Planet, 2006, ISBN 1-74059-798-2, ISBN 978-1-74059-798-2 retrieved via Google Books on June 13, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Durante, Dianne L. (2007-02-01). Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862.
^ Jump up to: a b Singleton, Don, "Rock Solid", article, May 3, 1998, New York Daily News, retrieved June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ "Shanghai unveils own version of ‘Charging Bull’". BusinessWorld Publishing Corporation. May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Bronzen stier op Beursplein" (Bronze Bull on stock exchange square), article, July 5, 2012, Nu NL news photo report[dead link]
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (1989-12-20). "Wall St.'s Bronze Bull Moves 2 Blocks South". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Wall St.'s Bronze Bull Moves 2 Blocks South", Associated Press article, as printed in The New York Times, December 20, 1989, retrieved June 13, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lambert, Bruce, "Neighborhood Report: Lower Manhattan; A Campaign To Save a Bull", article, The New York Times, October 3, 1993, retrieved June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ Lydiate, Henry, "Public sculpture.(COPYRIGHT)", article, November 1, 2006, Art Monthly, retrieved via the "Access My Library" website, June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ "Sculptor of Manhattan 'Charging Bull' statue sues Wal-Mart, others to protect its image". Associated Press. 2006-09-21. Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Suit Alleges Illegal Use of `Charging Bull' Image". Los Angeles Times. From Dow Jones/the Associated Press. September 22, 2006. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sommers, Carl, "Q and A", May 26, 1991, The New York Times, October 3, 1993, retrieved June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ Durante, Dianne L., Outdoor monuments of Manhattan: a historical guide, NYU Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8147-1987-2, ISBN 978-0-8147-1987-9, retrieved via Google Books on June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Paul, and Erica Duecy, Jennifer Paull Fodor's New York City 2008, Random House, Inc., 2007, ISBN 1-4000-1793-9, ISBN 978-1-4000-1793-5, retrieved June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ Dunlap, David W., Downtown’s Bull, No Longer Emblematic, Remains Popular, September 16, 2008, The New York Times, retrieved June 13, 2009
Jump up ^ Duke, Lynn, "The Pilgrimage To Ground Zero — Officials and Tourists Walk A Fine Line on Solemn Ground", Washington Post, February 27, 2002, Edition F, page C1, accessed via newsbank.com subscription archive website (also on High Beam Research subscription archive website) on May 4, 2008
Jump up ^ Schwedel, Heather (March 7, 2017). "A Bronze Little Girl Has Arrived to Face Down the Wall Street Bull. This Should Go Well.". Slate. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wiener-Bronner, Danielle (March 7, 2017). "Why a defiant girl is staring down the Wall Street bull". CNNMoney. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stack, Liam (27 March 2017). "‘Fearless Girl’ Statue to Stay in Financial District (for Now)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Mettler, Katie (12 April 2017). "Charging Bull sculptor says Fearless Girl distorts his art, so he's fighting back". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Stack, Liam (27 March 2017). "‘Fearless Girl’ Statue to Stay in Financial District (for Now)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Dobnik, Verena (March 26, 2017). "Will New York invite the 'Fearless Girl' statue to stay on Wall Street?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Charging Bull' sculptor says New York's 'Fearless Girl' statue violates his rights". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2017-04-11. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Barron, James (2017-04-12). "Wounded by ‘Fearless Girl,’ Creator of ‘Charging Bull’ Wants Her to Move". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
Jump up ^ "‘Charging Bull’ sculptor says ‘Fearless Girl’ distorts his art. He’s fighting back.". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Sculptor Of Wall Street Bull Says 'Fearless Girl' Horns In On His Work". NPR. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
Jump up ^ Beeston, Laura (October 11, 2011). "The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters’ Micah White on ‘The Last Great Social Movement’". The Link. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ Pepitone, Julianne. "Hundreds of protesters descend to 'Occupy Wall Street'". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
Jump up ^ Harshbarger, Rebecca and Frank Rosario. Outrage over caged Wall Street bull. New York Post. December 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ DeGregory , Priscilla and Rebecca Harshbarger. Free market: Barricades around Wall Street Bull go down. New York Post. March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/barricade-wall-street-bull-article-1.1735263
Jump up ^ Schaper, Donna (2011-10-11). "Occupy Wall Street, The Golden Calf And The New Idolatry". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
Jump up ^ Rieger, J (2013). Religion, Theology, and Class: Fresh Engagements after Long Silence. Springer. p. 114. ISBN 1137339241.
Jump up ^ Cascone, Sarah (May 27, 2014). "Anti-Capitalist Golden Cow Piñata Sculpture Rains Cash in Brooklyn". Artnet. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SI_BULL". www.meetsebastian.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
Jump up ^
Badcock, Gary D. (2016). God and the Financial Crisis: Essays on Faith, Economics, and Politics in the Wake of the Great Recession. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9781443888370. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Myers, Robin (2012). The Underground Church: Reclaiming the subversive way of Jesus. New York: SPCK. ISBN 9780281069422. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Susen, Simon; Turner, Bryan S. (2014). The Spirit of Luc Boltanski: Essays on the ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’. Anthem Press. p. 460. ISBN 1783082976. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Gushee, David P.; Stassen, Glen H. (2016). Kingdom Ethics, 2nd ed.: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 373. ISBN 9780802874214. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why I’m Not Bullish On ‘Fearless Girl’". The Forward. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
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