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The House of the Scorpion
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The House of the Scorpion
Front cover of first edition, later printing with medal images
Author
Nancy Farmer
Cover artist
Russell Gordon
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Young adult, Science fiction novel, Dystopian novel
Publisher
Atheneum Books
Publication date
2002
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
380 pp (first edition, hard)
ISBN
0-689-85222-3 (first edition, hard)
OCLC
48796533
Dewey Decimal
[Fic] 21
LC Class
PZ7.F23814 Ho 2002
Followed by
The Lord of Opium
The House of the Scorpion (2002) is a science fiction young adult novel by Nancy Farmer. It is set in the future and mostly takes place in Opium, a country which separates the United States and Aztlán, formerly Mexico. The main character Matteo, or Matt, Alacrán, is a young clone of a drug lord of the same name, usually called "El Patrón." It is a story about the struggle to survive as a free individual and the search for a personal identity. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[1] and was named a Newbery Honor Book[2] and a Michael L. Printz Honor Book.[3] In the speculative fiction field, it was a runner-up for the Locus Award in the young adult category[4] and the Mythopoeic Award in the children's category.[5]
The idea was originally from a short story that Farmer wrote for an anthology, but she withdrew and decided to expand it after realizing it was too closely tied to her own life.[6] It is partially inspired by Farmer helping a Mexican man get to a city in Arizona after leaving Mexico,[6] evidenced in the story through its theme of illegal immigration. The book is not as long as Farmer would have liked because of its young adult audience, and she was unable to swear because of publishing rules.[6]
As The House of the Scorpion drew on so much of her childhood, Farmer found it difficult to write the sequel.[6] The sequel, entitled The Lord of Opium, was finally published on September 3, 2013. The story begins a few hours after the final events of the first book.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Locations
3.1 Opium
3.2 Aztlán
3.2.1 Plankton Factory
3.2.2 San Luis
4 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
The story is set in the country of Opium, a narrow strip of land between Mexico (now called Aztlán), and the United States, which is ruled by Matteo Alacrán, or El Patrón, an incredibly powerful drug lord who is over 140 years old. Opium consists of several drug-producing Farms, of which the Alacrán estate (which produces opium poppies) is the largest. The protagonist, Matt, is a clone of El Patrón. For the first six years of his life, he lives in a small house on the edge of the poppy fields with Celia, a cook working in El Patrón's mansion. When he is discovered by three children, Emilia and Steven and Maria, he smashes a window and jumps out of the house. Unaware of the danger of jumping barefoot onto smashed glass, he has to be carried to El Patrón's mansion and treated for his injuries. Matt is treated kindly until Mr. Alacrán, El Patrón's great-grandson, recognizes him as a clone, resulting in a few months where he is locked in a room and treated like an animal. When he finds out, El Patrón is furious, but gives Matt clothes and his own room and commands everyone to treat him with respect. Matt is also given a bodyguard, Tam Lin, a reformed terrorist, who becomes a father figure to him. He lives in the house for the next seven years and befriends María, a friendship that gradually blossoms into romance. Matt is kept in the dark about his identity, however, until a cruel joke reveals to him that he is a clone. Matt also discovers that all clones are supposed to be injected when "harvested" (born) with a compound that cripples their brains and turns them into little more than thrashing, drooling animals meant to donate organs. In denial, he convinces himself that El Patrón would not hire tutors for him and keep him entertained if he were intending to kill him, and that instead he must be wanted to run the country when El Patrón dies.
At Steven and Emilia's wedding, El Patrón has a near-fatal heart attack. Matt and María attempt to flee in the ensuing chaos but are betrayed by the newlyweds. María is taken back to the convent where she studies, and Matt is taken to the hospital, where El Patrón at last confirms that Matt was created only as an organ donor to keep him alive. At that moment, Celia reveals that she has been giving Matt doses of arsenic, which, though not large enough to kill Matt, would be deadly to one as frail as El Patrón. El Patrón's resulting rage causes him to have a fatal heart attack. Mr. Alacrán calls doctors to take him to emergency surgery, and after El Patrón dies, he orders Tam Lin to dispose of Matt; Tam Lin pretends to comply, but instead he gives Matt supplies and sets him on a path to Aztlán.
Arriving in Aztlán, Matt comes across a group of orphans called the "Lost Boys," who he is sent to live with by the "Keepers," fervent followers of Marxism. The Keepers operate plankton farms, forcing the orphans to do manual labor and subsist on plankton while they enjoy luxurious quarters and food. At first, Matt is an outcast because the other boys think he is a spoiled aristocrat. However, he becomes a hero when he defies the Keepers and leads the boys in a rebellion. He flees to the nearest city, San Luis, with three friends to find María and her mother, the politically powerful Esperanza Mendoza.
Esperanza thanks the boys for giving her the ability to take down the Keepers. Matt learns that Opium is in country-wide lock down, but manages to re-enter the country, only to learn that the entire Alacrán family is dead, and the estate is empty except for servants, including Celia. Those at El Patrón's wake, including Tam Lin, drank poisoned wine that El Patrón saved to be served at his funeral, as he never intended to die and wanted to either run the business forever, or have it and everyone else die with him. Matt takes on the role of El Patrón to become the new ruler of Opium and dismantle the regime.
Characters[edit]
Matt (short for Matteo) is the protagonist. He is a clone of El Patrón, created so he can be used for transplants to prolong El Patrón's life when his organs fail. Though most clones have their brains destroyed at birth, El Patrón's clones are left unharmed and live like normal human beings until he needs a transplant. Matt manages to escape the horrible fate of the previous eight clones and out-lives El Patrón, becoming the ruler of Opium and the most powerful man in the world.
Celia is a cook for the Alacrán estate and Matt's caregiver for much of his early life. She raises Matt in a house in the fields away from the main house. Despite her insistence that Matt not call her "mother," she serves as the maternal figure in Matt's life.
María is the daughter of Mr. Mendoza, an important politician that El Patrón is friends with. She is around Matt's age and is his only friend, aside from Celia and Tam Lin. She treats him well even when no one else will, and unlike everyone else, doesn't see him as a filthy abomination. As they get older, they realize that they love each other.
El Patrón, or Matteo Alacrán, is a 140 year old drug lord who specializes in Opium. He runs a country called Opium.
Mr. Alacrán is El Patrón's great-grandson. He wishes to run Opium and hates Matt, who he sees as a threat to this goal.
Emilia is Maria's older sister. She eventually is revealed to be cruel-hearted and snobbish, showing no interest in her mother and feeling betrayed that her mother sticks up for "losers."
Esperanza is Mr. Mendoza's former wife, and María and Emilia's mother. She abandoned them when María was five, and is the author of "A History of Opium," a book about the atrocities of Opium. A copy of this makes its way into Matt's hands through Tam Lin. From a page in the back of the book about the author, Matt deduces that Esperanza is politically powerful. When he's escaping Opium, Tam Lin orders him to seek out María in order to find her mother who could probably help him.
Tam Lin is Matt's bodyguard and father figure. He worked for El Patrón because he was a wanted criminal, a Scottish nationalist who laid a bomb for the British Prime Minister that accidentally killed a bus full of 20 children instead.
Fidelito, Chacho, and Ton-Ton are members of the Lost Boys who help Matt escape the Plankton Factory.
Steven is El Patrón's great-great-grandson and Emilia's husband.
Tom is Felica's and Farmer MacGregor's biological son. He is kept in the family by Mr. Alacrán.
Locations[edit]
Opium[edit]
A strip of large poppy "farms," or plantations, wedged between the United States and Aztlán on a narrow strip of land somewhere between Yuma and Ajo, Arizona.[6] Opium is governed and presided over by drug lords, most prominently El Patrón, and takes its name from the drug cultivated there. Employing an army mostly of mercenaries, known as the "Farm Patrol," and tended by "eejits," or mindless zombie-like slaves with computer chips installed in their heads to make them docile and subservient, Opium can best be described as a dystopian ruled by an oligarchy of certain aristocratic families, like El Patrón's family, the Alacráns. Though many illegal immigrants try to cross its vast, mountainous terrain as a means of reaching either Aztlán or the USA, they often find themselves abducted by the Farm Patrol and turned into eejits, with very rare exceptions, such as Celia, who's employed by El Patrón and the Alacráns.
Aztlán[edit]
Formerly known as Mexico, Aztlán lies south of the border region. As evidenced by conditions in one of the major cities, San Luis, parts of Aztlán are very affluent, while others, such as Durango, the region that El Patrón and Celia hail from, languish in poverty. While many residents of Aztlán still try to cross Opium and reach the United States, a similar number of US immigrants try to enter Aztlán illegally. Certain regions along the coast of the Gulf of California in Aztlán are desertified, and what remains of the Colorado River has become highly polluted.
Plankton Factory[edit]
The plankton factory is near San Luis in Aztlán, in the desert left where the Gulf of California has dried up. It is a forced labor camp run by the "Keepers" on collectivist, Marxist principles for all of the orphans, or "Lost Boys," of the territory, where plankton is harvested as a food source for the world's increasing population. After escaping the Farm Patrol and being rescued by the Keepers, Matt is transferred there from the original camp along the border with Opium. There, he and several of his fellow inmates are subjected to physical beatings and psychological torture if they dare to challenge the system in any way, and Matt is described by the Keepers as an "aristocrat" for trying to incite dissent and imbuing his fellow orphans with ideas that don't fall in line with the Keepers' way of thinking. Later, he plans a rebellion to save both himself and the other Lost Boys, but his plans only come to fruition after he is forced to spend the night in the "boneyard," a massive graveyard consisting of the skeletal remains of beached whales that have formed sinkholes, which lies near the factory's outermost perimeter.
San Luis[edit]
A large city, San Luis boasts a mostly affluent population, and is indicated to be a major cultural center in Aztlán. It is the location of the convent school that the Mendoza girls attend, and the Keepers' plankton factory is located about 5–10 miles outside the city limits. Matt, Chacho, Fidelito and Ton-Ton later venture to San Luis in search of the convent where Tam Lin told Matt he would find María, arriving in the midst of the Dia de los Muertos festivities. They are confronted by the Keepers, but fortunately, the intervention of the nuns and María's powerful mother, Esperanza Mendoza, saves the boys from being taken away by the Keepers, and, subsequently, after Matt sees María, Esperanza recruits him to undertake the task of breaching Opium's security and gaining control of the country.
Awards[edit]
National Book Award for Young People's Literature (United States), 2002 — winner[1]
Northern California Book Award 2002[8]
Newbery Honor, 2003 — runner-up for Newbery Medal[2]
Michael L. Printz Award Honor Book, 2003[3]
Buxtehuder Bulle, Germany, 2003[9]
ALA Best Book for Young Adults 2003[10]
IRA Young Adults' Choices for 2004[11]
Volunteer State Young Adult Book Award, 2004-05[12]
Nevada Young Reader's Award in the Young Adult category, 2005[13]
Senior Young Readers Choice Award, Pacific Northwest Library Association, 2005[14]
Sequoyah Young Adult Award for 2005[15]
Grand Canyon Reader Teen Award, 2005[16]
South Carolina Association of School Librarians Junior Book Award, 2005-2006[17]
Young Hoosier Book Award Middle Grades, 2006[18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "National Book Awards – 2002". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-26. (With acceptance speech by Farmer and introduction by panelist Han Nolan, who remarked: "this year perhaps more than any other year obliterated any boundaries left between the young adult and adult novel.")
^ Jump up to: a b "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922-Present". Association for Library Service to Children. ALA. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b admin (2007-03-15). "Michael L. Printz Winners and Honor Books". Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA). Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Nancy Farmer". Locus Index to SF Awards. Locus. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ "The Mythopoeic Society - Mythopoeic Awards 2003". www.mythsoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Q & A". Nancy Farmer's official home page. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
Jump up ^ http://www.nancyfarmerwebsite.com/
Jump up ^ "Northern California Book Awards". poetryflash.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ (vb2), Wolfgang Kupkowski. "Die Preisträger | Der Buxtehuder Bulle - Jugendbuchpreis (Youth Book Award)". www.buxtehuder-bulle.de. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ admin (2007-07-30). "YALSA - For Members Only 2003 Best Books for Young Adults Annotated List". Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA). Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Young Adults' Choices for 2004 on JSTOR" (PDF). www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "VSBA". www.tasltn.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Library Association". www.nevadalibraries.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ Frederiksen, Linda. "YRCA Past Winners". www.pnla.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Sequoyah Book Award | Book awards | LibraryThing". www.librarything.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Previous Winners". Grand Canyon Reader Awards. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ Kaye, Julianne. "Junior Book Award Resources". www.scasl.net. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ "YHBA - Past Winners - Indiana Library Federation". www.ilfonline.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
External links[edit]
Nancy Farmer at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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Jamie Ross (Law & Order)
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Jamie Ross
Law & Order character
First appearance
"Causa Mortis" (L&O)
"41 Shots" (TBJ)
Last appearance
"School Daze" (L&O)
"Bang & Blame" (TBJ)
Portrayed by
Carey Lowell
Time on show
1996–1998, 1999, 2001 (L&O)
2005 (TBJ)
Seasons
7, 8, 10, 11 (L&O)
Credited appearances
49 episodes (L&O)
1 episode (HLOTS)
2 episodes (TBJ)
52 episodes (total)
Preceded by
Claire Kincaid
Succeeded by
Abbie Carmichael
Jamie Ross is a fictional character on the TV drama Law & Order, created by Rene Balcer and portrayed by Carey Lowell from 1996 to 1998. She also appears in the short-lived Law & Order spin-off Law & Order: Trial by Jury, by which time the character has become a judge. She appeared in 52 episodes (49 episodes of Law & Order, one episode of Homicide: Life on the Street, and two episodes of Law & Order: Trial by Jury)
Contents
[hide]
1 As series regular
2 Guest appearances
3 Behind the scenes
4 References
As series regular[edit]
The character was introduced in 1996 as a former defense attorney who graduated from law school at Columbia University.[1] She enters the Manhattan District Attorney's office as an Assistant District Attorney, replacing Claire Kincaid (Jill Hennessy), who had been killed in a car accident in the previous episode.[2] She initially has a rocky relationship with her superior Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) because his penchant for bending trial rules goes against her liberal idealism and sense of legal ethics. While the two never see perfectly eye-to-eye, they eventually grow to be close friends.
During the 1997-98 season, Ross's personal and professional life is thrown into disarray by a custody battle with her ex-husband, Neil Gorton (Keith Szarabajka), over their daughter Katie. For the next year, the brutal litigation against her ex-husband (who is also a lawyer, with whom she used to work) leaves her with increasingly less time to devote to her job. She leaves the DA's office in the 1998 episode "Monster", to remarry and find a job that gives her more time to be with her family.[3] She is replaced by Abbie Carmichael (Angie Harmon) in the following episode, "Cherished".[4]
Guest appearances[edit]
Lowell returned to the character in the 1999 episode "Justice", in which Ross and McCoy share a courtroom as adversaries. Once again a defense attorney, she represents a client McCoy is prosecuting for murder. When McCoy discovers she had violated that defendant's confidence in a previous action, Ross recuses herself. She reports herself to the Disciplinary Committee of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, which eventually exonerates her with help from McCoy's testimony on her behalf.[5]
Ross appears on the Homicide: Life of the Street episode "Baby It's You", where she assists in the prosecution of the primary suspect in the murder of a teen model.[6]
Lowell appears as Ross again, as a defense attorney, in the 2001 episode "School Daze", when she represents a student who had killed several classmates in a school shooting. At first, Ross has the upper hand, getting a handgun and other evidence dismissed due to a suppression ruling against detectives Lennie Briscoe (Jerry Orbach) and Ed Green (Jesse L. Martin), who use privileged medical information from a school psychiatrist to identify the suspect following an anonymous e-mail threatening to "come back and finish the job". However, when new evidence emerges and the judge decides the boy is competent to stand trial, the case is reinstated. After the boy's father (who believes his son would kill again if freed) testifies on the stand that his son had admitted the crime to him, the boy is convicted.[7]
In 2005, Ross is reintroduced in the spin-off series Law & Order: Trial by Jury as a trial judge. She appears in two episodes: "41 Shots", in which she is seen eating at a restaurant with two other judges while having a conversation,[8] and "Bang & Blame", in which she presides over the trial of a murderer who decides to represent himself pro se after killing a woman on video in the middle of a crowded bank lobby.[9]
Behind the scenes[edit]
In a case of art imitating life, Lowell requested to leave the show in order to spend more time with her daughter, as she felt that the time she spent filming the drama was causing her to "miss her [daughter's] childhood".[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Causa Mortis". Law & Order. Season 7. Episode 1. September 18, 1996.
Jump up ^ "Aftershock". Law & Order. Season 6. Episode 23. May 26, 1996.
Jump up ^ "Monster". Law & Order. Season 8. Episode 24. May 20, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Cherished". Law & Order. Season 9. Episode 1. September 23, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Justice". Law & Order. Season 10. Episode 5. November 10, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Baby, It's You, Part 2". Homicide: Life on the Street. Season 6. Episode 5. November 14, 1997.
Jump up ^ "School Daze". Law & Order. Season 11. Episode 12. May 16, 2001.
Jump up ^ "41 Shots". Law & Order: Trial By Jury. Season 1. Episode 2. May 16, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Bang & Blame". Law & Order: Trial By Jury. Season 1. Episode 7. April 8, 2005.
Jump up ^ Law & Order: 20 Years of Arresting Drama, TV Guide Special Collector's Issue
[hide]
v
t
e
Law & Order
Characters
Police
Sgt. Max Greevey
Sgt. Phil Cerreta
Lennie Briscoe
Joe Fontana
Ed Green
Cyrus Lupo
Mike Logan
Rey Curtis
Nick Falco
Nina Cassady
Kevin Bernard
Captain Donald Cragen
Lieutenant Anita Van Buren
District attorneys
Benjamin Stone
Jack McCoy
Michael Cutter
Paul Robinette
Claire Kincaid
Jamie Ross
Abbie Carmichael
Serena Southerlyn
Alexandra Borgia
Connie Rubirosa
Adam Schiff
Nora Lewin
Arthur Branch
Recurring characters
Elizabeth Olivet, Ph.D.
Emil Skoda, M.D.
Elizabeth Rodgers, M.D.
Danielle Melnick
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Notable episodes
"Prescription for Death"
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman"
"Manhood"
"Aftershock"
"Empire"
"Mother's Day"
"Sunday in the Park with Jorge"
"Public Service Homicide"
"Burn Card"
"The Drowned and the Saved"
"Dignity"
"Fed"
"Blackmail"
"Steel-Eyed Death"
"Boy on Fire"
"Rubber Room"
TV film
Exiled: A Law & Order Movie
See also
Episodes
Cast
Law & Order franchise
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Red Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The body of water between Arabia and Africa
This article is about the body of water between Arabia and Africa. For other uses, see Red Sea (disambiguation).
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Red Sea
Coordinates
22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38Coordinates: 22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38
Primary inflows
Barka River, Haddas River, Anseba River, Wadi Gasus
Primary outflows
Bab el Mandeb
Max. length
2,250 km (1,400 mi)
Max. width
355 km (221 mi)
Surface area
438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi)
Average depth
490 m (1,610 ft)
Max. depth
3,040 m (9,970 ft)
Water volume
233,000 km3 (56,000 cu mi)
Play media
This video over the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.
The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 (169,100 mi2),[1][2] is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft) in the central Suakin Trough,[3] and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.
Contents
[hide]
1 Extent
2 Names
3 History
3.1 Ancient era
3.2 Middle Ages and modern era
4 Oceanography
4.1 Salinity
4.2 Tidal range
4.3 Current
4.4 Wind regime
5 Geology
5.1 Mineral resources
6 Ecosystem
7 Desalination plants
8 Security
9 Facts and figures
10 Tourism
11 Bordering countries
12 Towns and cities
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Extent[edit]
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[4]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (27°57′N 34°36′E / 27.950°N 34.600°E / 27.950; 34.600) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula].
On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.500°E / 12.667; 43.500) and Ras Siyyan (12°29′N 43°20′E / 12.483°N 43.333°E / 12.483; 43.333).
Names[edit]
Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen
Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα), Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic: البحر الأحمر, translit. Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (alternatively بحر القلزم Baḥr Al-Qulzum, literally "the Sea of Clysma"), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[5] A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[6] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[7]
Historically, it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca (Sea of Mecca), and Sinus Arabicus (Gulf of Arabia).[8] Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf[9] or Gulf of Arabia.[10][11]
The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Yam Suph (Hebrew: ים סוף, lit. 'Sea of Reeds') is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.
History[edit]
Ancient era[edit]
Ancient Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[12] Historically, scholars argued whether these trips were possible.[13] The biblical Book of Exodus tells the tale of the Israelites' crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph (Hebrew: יַם סוּף). Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al-Qulzum, meaning the Gulf of Suez.[14]
Settlements and commercial centers in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the spice trade, as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[15] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[16]
Middle Ages and modern era[edit]
During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden[17] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed these waters.
In 1798, France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six-Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
Oceanography[edit]
Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm[18]
The Red Sea is between arid land, desert and semi-desert. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[19] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, with only 9% infected by Thalassomonas loyana, the 'white plague' agent. Favia favus coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills T. loyana.[20] Plans are afoot to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.
Salinity[edit]
The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and 41 ‰ in the northern part, owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts.)
The salinity of the Red Sea is greater than the world average, by approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors:
High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation.
Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea.
Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity.
Tidal range[edit]
In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.
Current[edit]
In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
Wind regime[edit]
The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph). The rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
Geology[edit]
Dust storm over the Red Sea
The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening, and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[21]
Sometime during the Tertiary period, the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been:
A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages because of much water being locked up in the ice caps.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, Jabal al-Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the Zubair Archipelago, a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.[22][23][24]
Mineral resources[edit]
Red Sea coast in Taba, Egypt
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils
Volcanogenic constituents:
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
Terrigenous constituents:
Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals
Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.
Ecosystem[edit]
See also: Persian Gulf § Wildlife
Hawksbill sea turtle in the Elphinstone Reef
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[25] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[26] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[25]
Red Sea coral and marine fish
The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts.
Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[27]
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes.
Desalination plants[edit]
There is extensive demand for desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases to the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.[28]
The water from the Red Sea is also used by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may harm the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
Security[edit]
The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.
Facts and figures[edit]
Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen)
Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi)
Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft)
Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft)
Surface Area: 438-450 x 102 km2 (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
Volume: 215–251 x 103 km3 (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep.
About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough.
Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m or 1,640 ft)
Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (Suakin Trough) (~ 1,000 m or 3,281 ft; with maximum depth 3,040 m or 9,974 ft)
Tourism[edit]
Hotels in Eilat, Israel
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The sea is known for its recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone Reef, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef, St.John's Reef, Rocky Island in Egypt[29] and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.
The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the west shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-el-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas.
Bordering countries[edit]
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
Eastern shore:
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Western shore:
Egypt
Sudan
Eritrea
Djibouti
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[30][31]
Towns and cities[edit]
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
Al Hudaydah (الحديدة)
Al Lith (الليِّث)
Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة)
Al-Qusair (القصير)
Al Wajh (الوجه)
Aqaba (العقبة)
Asseb (ዓሳብ)
Dahab (دهب)
Duba (ضباء)
Eilat (אילת ، ايلات)
El Gouna (الجونة)
El Suweis (السويس)
/ Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed)
Haql (حقل)
Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ)
Hurghada (الغردقة)
Jeddah (جدة)
Jazan (جازان)
Marsa Alam (مرسى علم)
Massawa (ምጽዋ)
Moulhoule (مول هولة )
Nuweiba (نويبع)
Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا)
Port Sudan (بورت سودان)
Rabigh (رابغ)
Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ)
Soma Bay (سوما باي)
Suakin (سواكن)
Taba (طابا)
Thuwal (ثول)
Yanbu (ينبع)
See also[edit]
Benjamin Kahn
MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98 ferry disaster
Red Sea Dam
Robert Moresby
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Red Sea" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Robert Dinwiddie: Ocean_ The World's Last Wilderness Revealed. Dorling Kindersley, London 2008, p. 452
Jump up ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Red Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ Smithsonianjourneys.org
Jump up ^ Schmitt 1996
Jump up ^ "Arabia". World Digital Library. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Michael D. Oblath (2004). The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources. Peter Lang. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8204-6716-0.
Jump up ^ Herodotus, ed. George Rawlinson (2009), The histories, p.105
Jump up ^ Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton (2000), A survey of the Old Testament, p.32 [1]
Jump up ^ Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 24. ISBN 0-393-06259-7.
Jump up ^ Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1765). Red Sea. pp. 367–368.
Jump up ^ Tafsir, Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, et al.
Jump up ^ Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-393-06259-7.
Jump up ^ East, W. Gordon (1965). The Geography behind History. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 174–175. ISBN 0-393-00419-8.
Jump up ^ By M. D. D. Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668, p.87, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-23979-6
Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea
Jump up ^ BBC 2 television program "Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea", 8 pm - 9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008
Jump up ^ 'Virus protects coral from 'white plague',' at New Scientist, 7 July 2012.p.17.
Jump up ^ Degens, Egon T. (ed.), 1969, Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea, 600 pp, Springer-Verlag
Jump up ^ MSNBC (accessed 29 December 2011)
Jump up ^ Israel, Brett (December 28, 2011). "New Island Rises in the Red Sea". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
Jump up ^ Oskin, Becky; SPACE.com (May 30, 2015). "Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands". Scientific American. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Froese, Ranier; Pauly, Daniel (2009). "FishBase". Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Siliotti, A. (2002). Verona, Geodia, ed. Fishes of the red sea. ISBN 88-87177-42-2.
Jump up ^ Lieske, E. and Myers, R.F. (2004) Coral reef guide; Red Sea London, HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-715986-2
Jump up ^ Mabrook, B. "Environmental Impact of Waste Brine Disposal of Desalination Plants, Red Sea, Egypt", Desalination, 1994, Vol.97, pp.453-465.
Jump up ^ Scuba Diving in Egypt - The Red Sea: Holidays in Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef and St. John's - Liveaboard and Day Trips
Jump up ^ Barth, Hans-Jörg (2002). Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2. Springer. p. 148. ISBN 1-4020-0504-0.
Jump up ^ Makinda, Samuel M. (1987). Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 0-7099-4662-7.
Further reading[edit]
Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). Earth's Dynamic Systems (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-745373-6.
External links[edit]
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Potts, D., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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GND: 4050664-2
NARA: 10046247
NDL: 00634145
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&oldid=843104630"
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: লোহিত সাগর – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Ҡыҙыл диңгеҙ – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Чырвонае мора – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Чырвонае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: लाल सागर – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Червено море – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Ruz
Mor Ruz – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Улаан тэнгис – Russia Buriat

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roja
Mar Roja – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Хĕрлĕ тинĕс – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: ރަތްކަނޑު – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ερυθρά Θάλασσα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Rojo
Mar Rojo – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: دریای سرخ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea
Red Sea – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Rouge
Mer Rouge – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_See
Reade See – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir_Rua
Muir Rua – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կարմիր ծով – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: लाल सागर – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_maro
Reda maro – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Rubie
Mar Rubie – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Rosso
Mar Rosso – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הים האדום – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಕೆಂಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: წითელი ზღვა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Қызыл теңіз – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Гӧрд саридз – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Кызыл деңиз – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: Якшар тангыж – Western Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values: Яру гьуьл – Lezghian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout_Mier
Rout Mier – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Russ
Mar Russ – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: लाल सागर – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Црвено Море – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values: लाल समुद्र – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: Улаан тэнгис – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ပင်လယ်နီ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Zee
Rode Zee – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: रातो सागर – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values: ЦӀен хӀорд – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruad_Sia
Ruad Sia – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roja
Mar Roja – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-om
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਲਾਲ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Ross
Mar Ross – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values: Красное море – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Sea
Reid Sea – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: රතු මුහුද – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddacas
Baddacas – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Црвено море – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: செங்கடல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values: Кызыл диңгез – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ఎర్ర సముద్రం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ทะเลแดง – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Баҳри Сурх – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Червоне море – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: بحیرہ احمر – Urdu

values: قىزىل دېڭىز – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roso
Mar Roso – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Red_Sea rootpage-Red_Sea skin-vector action-view