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Blue Planet II
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Blue Planet II
Series title card
Genre
Nature documentary
Presented by
David Attenborough
Composer(s)
Hans Zimmer
David Fleming
Jacob Shea
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
7
Production
Executive producer(s)
James Honeyborne
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
BBC Natural History Unit
BBC Studios
The Open University
BBC America
WDR
France Télévisions
Tencent
CCTV-9
Release
Original network
BBC One
BBC One HD
BBC Earth
Picture format
16:9 576i (SDTV)
16:9 1080i (HDTV)
16:9 2160p (4K UHD)
Audio format
Stereo (SD)
Dolby Digital (HD & 4K)
Original release
29 October (2017-10-29) – 10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)
Chronology
Preceded by
The Blue Planet
Related shows
Planet Earth II
External links
Website
Blue Planet II is a 2017 British nature documentary series on marine life produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. Like its predecessor, The Blue Planet (2001), it is narrated and presented by naturalist Sir David Attenborough,[1] while the main music score was composed by Hans Zimmer.[2]
The series was debuted on 29 October 2017 and was simulcast on BBC One, BBC One HD and BBC Earth, making it the first natural history series to premiere on the same day in the United Kingdom, Nordic regions, Europe and in Asia.
In the United States, the series premiered on Saturday, January 20, 2018, at 9 PM as part of a five-network simulcast on BBC America, AMC, IFC, Sundance, and WE tv. Subsequent episodes aired on successive Saturdays on BBC America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music
3 Broadcast
3.1 British television
3.2 International
4 Episodes
5 Reception
5.1 Awards and nominations
6 Merchandise
6.1 DVD and Blu-ray
6.2 Book
6.3 Open University poster
7 Soundtrack
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The series was announced by the BBC in 2013 with the working title Oceans, but the title was later changed to Blue Planet II as it revealed on 19 February 2017.[3][4] Filming took place over a course of more than four years; involving 125 expeditions across 39 countries and produced more than 6,000 hours of underwater dive footage from over an estimated 4000 dives.[5]
A boxset of the Blue Planet II DVDs, with a private letter from presenter Sir David Attenborough, was presented by Theresa May to Chinese leader Xi Jinping during her visit to China on 1 February 2018, expressing the determination to end the plastic pollution with China.[6][7]
Music[edit]
Composer Hans Zimmer returned to score the series.[2] In September 2017, the BBC announced that the English rock band Radiohead had collaborated with Zimmer to record a new version of "Bloom", a song from their 2011 album The King of Limbs.[8] The new track, "(ocean) Bloom", was recorded alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra. In a press release, Radiohead singer Thom Yorke said: "'Bloom' was inspired by the original Blue Planet series so it's great to be able to come full circle with the song."[8]
Broadcast[edit]
British television[edit]
The premiere of the series took place at Bristol's Cinema de Lux on 11 October 2017, with special guest appearance by Attenborough alongside with the producers and wildlife experts. Bristol has been the global home of BBC's Natural History programme making for the past 60 years.[9][10][11] The series was first broadcast on 29 October 2017 (from 20:00 GMT to 21:00 GMT) on BBC One and BBC One HD.[12] The first six episodes included a 10-minute making-of documentary called Into the Blue.[13] The previous week's episode was repeated in an earlier time slot the following Sunday. The series was critically acclaimed[14] and gained the highest UK viewing figure for 2017, 14.1 million.[15]
International[edit]
The BBC pre-sold the series to several overseas broadcasters, which includes Canada (Blue Ant Media’s licensed channel for BBC Earth), Australia (Channel Nine) and New Zealand (TVNZ), to Europe with Denmark (DR), Netherlands (NPO), Sweden (SVT), Spain (Telefonica’s BBC Earth block), Discovery Channel for Latin America and co-production partnerships with BBC America, Germany’s WDR, France Télévisions[16], China's Tencent and CCTV-9.[17] The series was eventually sold to more than 30 countries.[16]
The series is set to broadcast internationally on BBC Earth channel, and also commercial television channels in various countries, besides.[16] The series debuted in Nordic regions and other European countries on 29 October 2017.[18][19][20][21][22] In Asia, the series began to premiere on each early Monday (from 04:05 SGT to 05:05 SGT) starting from 30 October 2017,[23][24][25] the episode was then repeated on following each Tuesday evening (from 20:00 SGT).[24][25][26] In Poland, it premiered on 16 November 2017.[27] As for South Africa, it aired from 4 February 2018.[28]
In China, the premiere took place at Shanghai's East China Normal University on 27 October 2017, with guest appearance by the producer Orla Doherty and Mike Gunton, the executive producer of Planet Earth II.[29] The series is streaming broadcast at Tencent's QQLive from 30 October 2017, with episodes updating every Monday at 18:00 CST.[30][31] It would also be broadcast on the state owned China Central Television’s documentary channel, CCTV-9, with episodes airing each Monday from 6 November 2017 at 21:00 CST.[17][32]
In the Netherlands, the series is airing on the Dutch channel NPO 1, with episodes airing each Thursday from 28 December 2017.[33] In Belgium, it will air on the Flemish channel Canvas, with episodes airing each Saturday starting from 2 January 2018.[34]
The series is airing in Canada and the United States on 20 January 2018.[35][36][37] In Canada, it will broadcast with a three-network simulcast across BBC Earth, Cottage Life and T+E channel.[35] In the United States, the series will premier the first episode - with a five-network simulcast across BBC America, AMC, IFC, WE tv and Sundance TV,[36][37] while the remaining episodes will continue to be air every Saturday on BBC America. It is also available on BBCAmerica.com and the BBCA app.[38]
As for Australia, the series will premiere on Nine Network and 9Now on 17 February 2018.[39][40] In New Zealand, it premiered on 12 November 2017 on TVNZ 1.[41][42]
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Produced by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [43]
-
"The Prequel" N/A 27 September 2017 (2017-09-27)[44][45] N/A
A 5-minute clip introduction which focus for the upcoming stories from the ocean depths.
1
"One Ocean" Jonathan Smith 29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[46] 14.01
2
"The Deep" Orla Doherty 5 November 2017 (2017-11-05)[47] 13.97
3
"Coral Reefs" Jonathan Smith 12 November 2017 (2017-11-12)[48] 13.45
4
"Big Blue" John Ruthven 19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)[49] 13.11
5
"Green Seas" Kathryn Jeffs 26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[50] 12.62
6
"Coasts" Miles Barton 3 December 2017 (2017-12-03)[51] 11.45
7
"Our Blue Planet" Orla Doherty, Will Ridgeon 10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[53] 11.91
Examining the role of human anthropogenic activity on the oceans. Microplastics and pollution are an increasing problem for the world's seas, threatening the lives of marine life and ultimately affecting the ecosystem. Can humans reverse their activity to protect the seas and the wildlife that inhabit it?[52]
-
"Oceans of Wonder" N/A 1 January 2018 (2018-01-01)[54] N/A
A 90-minute compilation episode which highlights the wonders of our world's oceans as well as filming some extraordinary animal behaviours which were never seen before.
Reception[edit]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.
2018 National Television Awards Impact Award Blue Planet II & David Attenborough Won [55][56][57]

Merchandise[edit]
DVD and Blu-ray[edit]
The series was released as a three-disc DVD set[58] as well as a standard Blu-ray set[59] on 27 November 2017, and as a six-disc 4K UHD Blu-ray + Blu-ray set[60] on 15 January 2018. It is distributed by BBC Worldwide in the UK.
In the US and Canada, the DVD,[61][62] Blu-ray[63][64] and 4K UHD Blu Ray[65][66] sets were released on 6 March 2018 and distributed by BBC Worldwide Americas.
Book[edit]
An accompanying hardback book was written by James Honeyborne and Mark Brownlow, with foreword by David Attenborough. It was published by BBC Books (ISBN 978-1849909679). The book was released on 19 October 2017 in the UK[67][68] and on 1 January 2018 in the US.[69]
Open University poster[edit]
A free poster was made available through the Open University's OpenLearn website.[70]
Soundtrack[edit]
Blue Planet II
Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer, David Fleming & Jacob Shea
Released
29 October 2017 (Digital)
1 December 2017 (Audio CD)
Genre
Soundtrack, Classical music
Length
1:11:29
Label
Silva Screen Records
Producer
BBC Worldwide
BBC Earth
The musical score and songs featured in the series were composed by Hans Zimmer, Jacob Shea and David Fleming for Bleeding Fingers Music. A digital soundtrack was released on 29 October 2017, while a single physical disc will be available on 1 December 2017 in the UK.[71][72][73][74]
The soundtrack will be released as special edition LP for Record Store Day on 21 April 2018. [75]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jackson, Jasper. "Sir David Attenborough to return for BBC's Blue Planet II". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Academy Award Winner Hans Zimmer & Bleeding Fingers Music To Create The Score For Blue Planet II". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC commissions Blue Planet follow up". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sir David Attenborough to present Blue Planet II for BBC One". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II explores underwater realms, spotlights ocean's plight". CBC News. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Connett, David; Elgot, Jessica (31 January 2018). "Blue Planet gift from Theresa May to remind Beijing of plastic waste". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Hawkes, Steve; Dunn, Tom Newton (31 January 2018). "PM to give Chinese leader Blue Planet DVDs and letter from Sir David Attenborough demanding action on plastics". The Sun. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Association, Press (2017-09-14). "The ultimate chill out song? Radiohead record new music for David Attenborough's Blue Planet 2". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II: Preview Screening". BBC Shows & Tours.
Jump up ^ "David Attenborough coming to Bristol for Blue Planet II premiere". Bristol 24/7. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sir David Attenborough is hosting a screening of Blue Planet II in Bristol". Bristol Post. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Hans Zimmer and Radiohead transformed "Bloom" for Blue Planet II". Vox Media. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II: 22 things to know about the new series". BBC News. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Radio Times top 40 TV shows of 2017". Radio Times. 2017-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II is year's most watched British TV show". The Guardian. 2017-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BBC Worldwide makes waves with Blue Planet II sales". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC Worldwide signs Blue Planet II co-production deal with Tencent in China". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Nordic" (in Finnish). Canal Digital. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "FOTO. Planeta Albastra II va fi pe BBC Earth România, în același timp cu premiera mondială" (in Romanian). Pagina de media. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II on BBC Earth" (in Greek). Cosmote TV Official YouTube channel. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II" (in Bosnian). Crnogorski Telekom. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Movistar+ estrena 'Planeta Azul II': la historia de los oceános del mundo" (in Spanish). Ecoteuve.es. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "TV Guide - 30-10-2017". BBC Asia.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Asia". StarHub.
^ Jump up to: a b "David Attenborough talks about the making of Blue Planet II, and the peril of plastic in our oceans". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Asia". StarHub Official YouTube channel. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Błękitna Planeta II niebawem w BBC Earth Polska" (in Polish). Geekweek. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II splashing onto BBC Earth in February". Channel24. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "《蓝色星球 2》要上线了，BBC 的口碑纪录片是怎么诞生的？" (in Chinese). Qdaily. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "纪录片《蓝色星球2》 10.30腾讯视频独家播出" (in Chinese). 腾讯娱乐 (QQ Entertainment). Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC最美纪录片《蓝色星球》第二季回归" (in Chinese). 网易娱乐. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "蓝色星球2播放预告" (in Chinese). CCTV-9 Official Sina Weibo Page.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II in december op NPO 1" (in Dutch). TVGids. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canvas zendt "Blue planet II" uit vanaf 2 januari, bekijk hier de trailer" (in Dutch). VRT News. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC Earth to Premiere the Worldwide Phenomenon Planet Earth: Blue Planet II in Early 2018". BBC Worldwide North America Press Room. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oceans Make Up 70 Percent of the Earth, 100 Percent of AMC Networks will Carry the Premiere of the Worldwide Phenonmenon Planet Earth: Blue Planet II Next Month". BBC Worldwide North America Press Room. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Planet Earth: Blue Planet II': BBC America & 4 Sibling Nets To Premiere Documentary Series Next Month". Deadline.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/planet-earth-blue-planet-ii/full-episodes/season-1/episode-01-one-ocean
Jump up ^ "David Attenborough Returns In The UK's Highest Rating Series Of 2017". Nine Entertainment. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Airdate: Blue Planet II". TV Tonight Australia. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II". TVNZ.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II Due Soon". ScreenScribe. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes". BARB. Retrieved 2017-11-07. (data available for Blue Planet II broadcast weeks by searching archive)
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II, The Prequel". BBC One.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - The Prequel". BBC Earth Youtube Channel.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 1: One Ocean". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 2: The Deep". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 3: Coral Reefs". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 4: Big Blue". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 5: Green Seas". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 6: Coasts". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet 2: How plastic is slowly killing our sea creatures, fish and birds". BBC News. 19 November 2017. Episode 7 looks at how tiny plastic particles (micro-plastics) may play a role in the uptake of industrial pollution in marine life.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Episode 7: Our Blue Planet". BBC Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II, Oceans of Wonder". BBC One. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emotional Blue Planet chief reveals incredible truth behind heartbreaking sperm whale intervention". Mirror UK. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "NTAs 2018: Ant and Dec win big with three awards and full list of winners". BBC News. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "NTAs: David Attenborough on Blue Planet II's Impact". BBC News. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (DVD)". Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (Blu-Ray)". Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (4K UHD Blu-Ray + Blu-Ray)". Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (DVD)". Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (DVD)". BBC Shop US.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (Blu-Ray)". Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (Blu-Ray)". BBC Shop US.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (4K UHD Blu-Ray)". Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (4K UHD Blu-Ray)". BBC Shop US.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (Hardback)". Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II (Hardback)". Penguin Books.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II: A New World of Hidden Depths (Hardback)". Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II - Order your free 'Oceans' poster". Open University. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II Soundtrack Announced". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II Soundtrack Release For Series Premiere October 29th". Silva Screen Records. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Planet II Original Television Soundtrack". Hans Zimmer.
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Jump up ^ http://recordstoreday.nl/album/blue-planet-2-rsd/
External links[edit]
Blue Planet II at BBC Programmes
Blue Planet II at BBC Earth
Blue Planet II at BBC Earth Asia
Blue Planet II at BBC Media Centre
Blue Planet II OpenLearn at The Open University
Blue Planet II on IMDb
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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus's logo as of 2017
Origin
Country
United States
Founder(s)
The Ringling brothers
P.T. Barnum
James Anthony Bailey
Year founded
April 10, 1871; 147 years ago (1871-04-10)
Defunct
May 21, 2017; 15 months ago (2017-05-21)
Information
Operator(s)
Feld Entertainment
Fate
Closed
Traveling show?
Yes
Winter quarters
Ellenton, Florida, U.S.
Website
www.ringling.com
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, also known as the Ringling Bros. Circus, Ringling Bros. or simply Ringling was an American traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. It and its predecessor shows ran from 1871 to 2017. Known as Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, the circus started in 1919 when the Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth, a circus created by P. T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey, was merged with the Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows. The Ringling brothers had purchased Barnum & Bailey Ltd. following Bailey's death in 1906, but ran the circuses separately until they were merged in 1919.
After 1956 the circus no longer exhibited under their own portable "big top" tents, instead using permanent venues such as sports stadiums and arenas. In 1967, Irvin Feld and his brother Israel, along with Houston Judge Roy Hofheinz bought the circus from the Ringling family. In 1971, the Felds and Hofheinz sold the circus to Mattel, buying it back from the toy company in 1982. Since the death of Irvin Feld in 1984, the circus had been a part of Feld Entertainment, an international entertainment firm headed by Kenneth Feld, with its headquarters in Ellenton, Florida.
With weakening attendance and high operating costs, the circus closed on May 21, 2017 after 146 years.[1]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Predecessor circuses
1.2 Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
1.3 Hartford circus fire
1.4 Feld family
1.5 Kid Rock lawsuit
2 Circus trains
3 Animal care and criticism
4 Film
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
History
Predecessor circuses
Hachaliah Bailey appears to have established the first circus in the United States after he purchased an African Elephant, which he named "Old Bet", around 1806.[2] With it as his star attraction he formed the Bailey Circus, which also included a trained dog, several pigs, a horse and four wagons.[3] This was the impetus for what in time evolved into the Bailey component of what became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.[3]
P. T. Barnum, who as a boy had worked as a ticket seller for Hachaliah Bailey's show, had run the Barnum's American Museum from New York City since 1841 from the former Scudder's American Museum building.[2] Besides building up the existing exhibits, Barnum brought in animals to add zoo-like elements, and a freak show.[4] During this time, Barnum took the Museum on road tours, named "P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling American Museum".[4] The Museum burned down in July 1865.[5] Though Barnum attempted to re-establish the Museum at another location in the city, it too burned down in 1868, and Barnum opted to retire from the museum business.
In 1871, Dan Castello and William Cameron Coup persuaded Barnum to come out of retirement as to lend his name, know-how and financial backing to the circus they had already created in Delavan, Wisconsin. The combined show was named "P.T. Barnum's Great Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Hippodrome".[4] As described by Barnum, Castello and Coup "had a show that was truly immense, and combined all the elements of museum, menagerie, variety performance, concert hall, and circus", and considered it to potentially be "the Greatest Show on Earth", which subsequently became part of the circus's name.[6]
Independently of Castello and Coup, James Anthony Bailey had teamed up with James E. Cooper to create the Cooper and Bailey Circus in the 1860s. The Cooper and Bailey Circus became the chief competitor to Barnum's circus. As Bailey's circus was outperforming his, Barnum sought to merge the circuses.[7] The two groups agreed to combine their shows on March 28, 1881.[8] Initially named "P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United", it was eventually shortened to "Barnum and Bailey's Circus".[6] Bailey was instrumental in acquiring Jumbo, advertised as the world's largest elephant, for the show.[7] Barnum died in 1891 and Bailey then purchased the circus from his widow. Bailey continued touring the eastern United States until he took his circus to Europe. That tour started on December 27, 1897, and lasted until 1902.[7]
Separately, in 1884, five of the seven Ringling brothers had started a small circus in Baraboo, Wisconsin.[9][10] This was about the same time that Barnum & Bailey were at the peak of their popularity. Similar to dozens of small circuses that toured the Midwest and the Northeast at the time, the brothers moved their circus from town to town in small animal-drawn caravans. Their circus rapidly grew and they were soon able to move their circus by train, which allowed them to have the largest traveling amusement enterprise of that time. Bailey's European tour gave the Ringling brothers an opportunity to move their show from the Midwest to the eastern seaboard. Faced with the new competition, Bailey took his show west of the Rocky Mountains for the first time in 1905. He died the next year, and the circus was sold to the Ringling Brothers.[4]
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
Advertisement for the Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1900
Poster from 1898, advertising a "troupe of very remarkable trained pigs"
Stock certificate for Barnum & Bailey, 1903
The Ringlings purchased the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth in 1907 and ran the circuses separately until 1919. By that time, Charles Edward Ringling and John Nicholas Ringling were the only remaining brothers of the five who founded the circus. They decided that it was too difficult to run the two circuses independently, and on March 29, 1919, "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows" debuted in New York City. The posters declared, "The Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth are now combined into one record-breaking giant of all exhibitions." Charles E. Ringling died in 1926, but the circus flourished through the Roaring Twenties.[citation needed]
John Ringling had the circus move its headquarters to Sarasota, Florida in 1927.[11]
In 1929, the American Circus Corporation signed a contract to perform in New York City. John Ringling purchased American Circus, owner of five circuses, for $1.7 million.[12]
In 1938, the circus made a lucrative offer to Frank Buck, a well-known adventurer and animal collector, to tour as their star attraction and to enter the show astride an elephant. He refused to join the American Federation of Actors, stating that he was "a scientist, not an actor." Though there was a threat of a strike if he did not join the union, he maintained that he would not compromise his principles, saying, "Don't get me wrong. I'm with the working man. I worked like a dog once myself. And my heart is with the fellow who works. But I don't want some ... union delegate telling me when to get on and off an elephant."[13] Eventually, the union gave Buck a special dispensation to introduce Gargantua the gorilla without registering as an actor.
Frank Buck, star attraction, 1938
The circus suffered during the 1930s due to the Great Depression, but managed to stay in business. After John Nicholas Ringling's death, his nephew, John Ringling North, managed the indebted circus twice, the first from 1937 to 1943.[14] Special dispensation was given to the circus by President Roosevelt to use the rails to operate in 1942, in spite of travel restrictions imposed as a result of World War II. Many of the most famous images from the circus that were published in magazine and posters were captured by American Photographer Maxwell Frederic Coplan, who traveled the world with the circus, capturing its beauty as well as its harsh realities.[citation needed]
North's cousin Robert took over the president of the show in 1943. North resumed the presidency of the circus in 1947.[14][15]
Hartford circus fire
John Ringling North (right) and Frank Buck, who was the circus's featured attraction in 1938
The Hartford circus fire occurred on July 6, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut, during an afternoon performance that was attended by approximately 7,500 to 8,700 people. It was one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States. Although the Hartford Fire Department responded quickly, the fire was exacerbated by the fact that the canvas circus tent had been waterproofed with a mixture of highly flammable paraffin and gasoline.[16] During the ensuing panic, Emmett Kelly, the tramp clown, threw a bucket of water at the burning canvas tent, and a poignant photograph of his futile attempt was transmitted around the world as news spread of the disaster.[17] At least 167 people were killed in the disaster, and hundreds more were injured. Some of the dead remain unidentified to this day, even with modern DNA techniques.[18]
Actor and theater director Charles Nelson Reilly, who was thirteen years old at the time, survived the fire and dramatized it in the film on his stage show, "The Life of Reilly". In a 1997 interview, Reilly said that he rarely attended the theater, despite being a director, since the sound of a large audience in a theater reminded him of the large crowd at the circus before the disaster.[19]
In the following investigation, it was discovered that the tent had not been fireproofed. Ringling Bros. had applied to the Army, which had an absolute priority on the material, for enough fireproofing liquid to treat their Big Top, but the Army had refused to release it to them. The circus had instead waterproofed their canvas using an older method of paraffin dissolved in gasoline and painted onto the canvas. The waterproofing worked, but as had been repeatedly shown, it was horribly flammable.[20] Circus management was found to be negligent and several Ringling executives served sentences in jail. Ringling Brothers' management set aside all profits for the next ten years to pay the claims filed against the show by the City of Hartford and the survivors of the fire.[21]
Feld family
The post-war prosperity enjoyed by the rest of the nation was not shared by the circus as crowds dwindled and costs increased. Public tastes, influenced by the movies and television, abandoned the circus, which gave its last performance under the big top in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1956. An article in Life magazine reported that "a magical era had passed forever".[15] In 1956, when John Ringling North and Arthur Concello moved the circus from a tent show to an indoor operation, Irvin Feld was one of several promoters hired[22] to work the advance for select dates, mostly in the Detroit and Philadelphia areas.[citation needed] Irvin Feld and his brother, Israel Feld, had already made a name for themselves marketing and promoting D.C. area rock and roll shows.[23] In 1959, Ringling Bros. started wintering in Venice, Florida.[10]
In late 1967, Irvin Feld, Israel Feld, and Judge Roy Mark Hofheinz of Texas, together with backing from Richard C. Blum, the founder of Blum Capital, bought the company outright from North and the Ringling family interests for $8 million at a ceremony at Rome’s Colosseum.[22][23][24][25] Irving Feld immediately began making other changes to improve the quality and profitability of the show. Irvin got rid of the freak show so as not to capitalize on others' deformations and to become more family orientated. He got rid of the more routine acts.[26]
In 1968, with the craft of clowning seemingly neglected and with many of the clowns in their 50s, he established the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College.[10][26] A circus in Europe was purchased for $2 million just to have its star animal trainer, Gunther Gebel-Williams, for the core of his revamped circus. Soon, he split the show into two touring units, Red and Blue, which could tour the country independently.[26] The separate tours could also offer differing slates of acts and themes, enabling circus goers to view both tours where possible.[citation needed]
The company was taken public in 1969.[22] In 1970, Feld's only son Kenneth joined the company and became a co-producer.[27] The circus was sold to the Mattel company in 1971 for $40 million, but the Feld family was retained as management.[26]
After Walt Disney World opened near Orlando, Florida, in 1971, the circus attempted to cash in on the resulting tourism surge by opening Circus World theme park in nearby Haines City, which broke ground on April 26, 1973.[26][28] The theme park was expected to become the circus's winter home as well as to have the Clown College located there.[28][29] Mattel placed the circus corporation up for sale by December 1973 despite its profit contributions, as Mattel as a whole showed a $29.9 million loss in 1972. The park's opening was then delayed until February 1974.[28] Venture Out in America, Inc., a Gulf Oil recreational subsidiary, agreed to buy the combined shows in January 1974, and the opening was further pushed back to 1975.[29] While the Circus Showcase for Circus World opened on February 21, 1974,[30] Venture Out placed the purchase deal back into negotiations, and the opening of the whole complex was moved to an early 1976.[31]
By May 1980, the company expanded to three circuses by adding the one-ring International Circus Festival of Monte Carlo that debuted in Japan and Australia.[26] The Felds bought the circus back in 1982[22] less Circus World. Irvin Feld died in 1984[32] and the company has since been run by Kenneth.
When in 1990 the Venice rail tracks could not support the show's train cars, the combined circus moved its winter base to the Florida State Fairgrounds in Tampa. In 1993, the clown college was moved from the Venice Arena to Baraboo, Wisconsin.[10] In 1995, the company founded the Center for Elephant Conservation (CEC).[33]
Clair George has testified in court that he worked as a consultant in the early 1990s for Kenneth Feld and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. He was involved in the surveillance of Jan Pottker (a journalist who was writing about the Feld family) and of various animal rights groups such as PETA.[34]
After three years in Baraboo, the clown college operated at the Sarasota Opera House in Sarasota until 1998 before the program was suspended.[10] On February 26, 1999, the circus company started previewing Barnum's Kaleidoscape, a one ring, intimate, upscale circus performed under the tent;[35] designed to compete with similar upscale circuses such as Cirque du Soleil, Barnum's Kaleidoscape was not successful, and ceased performances after the end of 2000.[citation needed]
Nicole Feld became the first female producer of Ringling Circus in 2004. In 2009, Nicole and Alana Feld co-produced the circus.[23] In 2001, a group led by The Humane Society of the United States sued the circus over alleged mistreatment of elephants. The suit and a countersuit ended in 2014 with the circus winning a total of $25.2 million in settlements.[36] On March 3, 2015, the circus announced that all elephants would be retired in 2018 to the CEC,[33] but Ringling reversed the decision and retired the elephants in May 2016.[37]
Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth poster, c. 1899
CSX locomotives pulling the circus train out of St. Petersburg, Florida
Circus train rolling through Safety Harbor, Florida
Eight months after it retired the elephants, the circus announced on January 14, 2017, that the circus would close in May 2017, do 30 more performances, and would lay off more than 462 employees between March and May 2017.[38] The circus cited steeply declining ticket sales associated with the loss of the elephants combined with high operating costs as reasons for the closure, along with animal cruelty concerns.[38] On May 7, 2017, its "Circus Extreme" tour was shown for the last time in Providence, Rhode Island. The circus's last performance was its "Out of This World" tour at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum on May 21, 2017.[36][39]
Kid Rock lawsuit
While having no operations in December 2017, Ringling Bros. sued American musician Kid Rock over use of the trademarked slogan, "The Greatest Show On Earth", which was his tour name. Kid Rock then decided to change the name to the "American Rock N Roll" tour.[40]
Circus trains
The circus maintained two circus train-based shows, one each on its Red Unit and Blue Unit trains.[36] Each train was a mile long with roughly 60 cars: 36 passenger cars, 4 stock cars and 20 freight.[41] Rolling stock belonging to the circus displays the reporting mark "RBBX". The Blue and Red Tours presented a full three-ring production for two years each (taking off the month of December), visiting alternating major cities each year. Each train presented a different "edition" of the show, using a numbering scheme that dates back to circus origins in 1871—the first year of P.T. Barnum's show. The Blue Tour presented the even-numbered editions on a two-year tour (beginning each even-numbered year), and the Red Tour presented the odd-numbered editions on the same two-year tour (beginning each odd-numbered year).[citation needed]
In the 1950s there was one gigantic train system comprising three separate train loads that brought the main show to the big cities. The first train load consisted of 22 cars and had the tents and the workers to set them up; the second section comprised 28 cars and carried the canvasmen, ushers and sideshow workers; the third section had 19 sleeping cars for the performers.[42]
From 2003 to 2015 the circus also operated a truck-based Gold Tour presenting a scaled-back, single-ring version of the show designed to serve smaller markets deemed incapable of supporting the three-ring versions.[43]
After May 21, 2017, the train and its cars were either auctioned off or sold to scrappers. In March of 2018, Kirby Family Farms located in Williston, Florida bought some of the cars and planned to turn them into hotels.
Animal care and criticism
Many animal welfare and animal rights organizations are opposed to the use of wild animals in circuses. Many of these groups actively campaign against circuses by staging protests outside of venues over alleged animal rights violations. The groups argue that animals used in the circus are subjected to cruel and inhumane treatment during training, harsh conditions during transport, and a general lack of mental and physical stimulation.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey was investigated following the death of a lion who died from heat and lack of water while the circus train was travelling through the Mojave Desert.[44] In 1998, the United States Department of Agriculture filed charges against Ringling Bros. for forcing a sick elephant to perform.[45] Ringling paid a $20,000 fine.[46]
In 2000, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), PETA, and other animal groups sued the circus, alleging that it violated the Endangered Species Act by its treatment of Asian elephants in its circus.[47] These allegations were based primarily on the testimony of a circus barn worker. After years of litigation and a six-week non-jury trial, the Court dismissed the suit in a written decision in 2009, finding that the barn worker was not credible (ASPCA v. Feld Entm’t, Inc., 677 F. Supp. 2d 55 (D.D.C. 2009)).[48] Meanwhile, the circus learned during the trial that the animal rights groups had paid the barn worker $190,000 to be a plaintiff in the lawsuit. The circus then sued the animal rights groups under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in 2007, accusing the groups of conspiracy to harm its business and other illegal acts.[47][48][49] In December 2012, the ASPCA agreed to pay the circus $9.2 million to settle its part of the lawsuit.[48] The 14-year course of litigation came to an end in May 2014 when The Humane Society of the United States and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $16 million settlement to the circus' parent company, Feld Entertainment.[50]
In 2011, the United States Department of Agriculture conducted an inspection of the circus's animals, facilities, and records, finding non-compliance with the agency's regulations. The company agreed to pay a $270,000 fine.[51] As part of the settlement, the circus must employ a full-time staff person to ensure compliance with the United States Animal Welfare Act of 1966, and all circus employees who work with or handle animals must complete training regarding compliance with the Act within 30 days of when they are hired.[52]
In March 2015, Feld Entertainment announced it would stop using elephants in their shows by 2018, stating that the 13 elephants that were part of their shows would be sent to the circus's Center for Elephant Conservation, which at that time housed over 40 elephants.[53][54][55] Feld stated that this action was not a result of the allegations by animal rights groups, but rather due to the patchwork of local laws regarding whether elephants could be used in entertainment shows.[56] Subsequently, the retirement was moved up to 2016, and the final performances with elephants occurred on May 1, 2016, with "Red Unit" herd performing at the Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania,[57] and the "Blue Unit" herd performing later in the day at the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island.[58]
Suzy, a 6-year-old Siberian tiger who previously starred in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, escaped from a convoy of trucks transporting her from Florida to Memphis International Airport on September 5, 2017. Seven tigers, six lions and one leopard were also part of the convoy to temporarily move the animals out of Florida ahead of Hurricane Irma.[59]
Daniel Raffo and his tigers in "Over the Top"
The Torres family performing in "Over the Top"
Film
In 1952, Paramount Pictures released the Cecil B. DeMille production The Greatest Show on Earth, which traced the traveling show through the setup and breakdown of several performances. The film starred Charlton Heston, Betty Hutton, James Stewart, and Emmett Kelly. The film was awarded two Academy Awards, including one for Best Picture.
On August 17, 2011, 20th Century Fox announced that a biographical musical drama film entitled The Greatest Showman was in development.[60] Michael Gracey was set to direct, with Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon as writers.[61] Hugh Jackman plays P.T. Barnum, and produced the film,[60] with Michelle Williams portraying Barnum's wife, Charity.[62] Principal photography began in November 2016 and was released on December 20, 2017.[63]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barnum & Bailey posters.
Barnum's Kaleidoscape
William Washington Cole, a Barnum and Bailey business partner
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College
Barnum and Bailey's Favorite
The Greatest Showman
The Greatest Show on Earth
Notes
Jump up ^ Graham, Bryan Armen (22 May 2017). "'Sanctuary of joy': performers and crowds bid farewell to Ringling Bros circus". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b (1) "Setting The Record Straight On Old Bet". American Heritage Magazine. American Heritage.com. 25 (3). April 1974. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-03-21. It is not an established fact that Old Bet was the first elephant to arrive in America, and quite possibly she was second. An April, 1796, publication, Greenleaf’s New York, mentions an elephant journeying to our shores aboard the ship America. A few days later an elephant was exhibited around Beaver Street and Broadway, according to an advertisement in The Argus, April 23, 1796. This area was the location of the Bull's Head Tavern, a place frequented by ships’ captains, drovers, and a variety of businessmen. Hachaliah Bailey of Somers, New York, regularly stayed at the Bull’s Head when he took his cattle to the abattoir, which was located nearby. The newspaper reports that the first elephant was sold to a 'Mister Owen.' Unfortunately, they gave no other information about the man, nor did they tell what he did with the elephant he bought, but Hachaliah Bailey’s business partner and brother-in-law was named Owen. .... P. T. Barnum, not often cited for his honesty, nevertheless made an accurate statement when he called Hach Bailey the father of the American circus. As a boy Barnum had worked as a ticket seller for the Somers drover turned showman.
Old Bet was the first circus elephant in America whose existence is documented by name.
(2) Ariano, Terry (July 15, 2004). "Beasts and Ballyhoo, The Menagerie Men of Somers". Town of Somers History. Somers, New York: Somers Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodwin, George G. (October 1951). "The Crowninshield Elephant". Pick from the Past. Natural History. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013. “Old Bet” seems to have been the name that was applied to this elephant, and the animal was eventually acquired by Hackaliah Bailey, who got together the first American circus and became the Bailey of Barnum and Bailey Circus fame. He was originally a farmer at Somers, N. Y.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "A History of Ringling Bros. Circus, Soon to Close Forever". The Associated Press. May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disastrous Fire" (PDF). The New York Times. 1865-07-14. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Albrecht, Ernest (2014). From Barnum & Bailey to Feld: The Creative Evolution of the Greatest Show on Earth. McFarland. p. 5. ISBN 0786495243.
^ Jump up to: a b c "James A. Bailey, King Of Circus Men, is Dead. News Kept From Performers Till The Show Was Over. Widow Gets Circus Stock. Showman Died Of Erysipelas At His Country Home Near Mount Vernon After A Week's Illness" (PDF). New York Times. April 12, 1906. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
Jump up ^ Famous Elephant. Thai Elephant Conservation Center, Lampang Province. Retrieved 2010-08-28. Archived September 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Augustus Ringling Dead. Head of Tented Shows In America Dies in New Orleans" (PDF). New York Times. August 19, 1907. Retrieved 2008-07-20. When the Ringling Brothers bought the Barnum Biley show they ... got a monopoly on the circus business in America. They now own outright three ...
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Handelman, Jay (January 31, 2012). "Ringling Bros. returning to Southwest Florida". Herald-Tribune. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pollick, Michael (January 30, 2012). "Feld Entertainment moving headquarters to Ellenton". Herald-Tribune. p. 2. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Man Who Started as a Clown Now Controls the Entire Big Top Industry". The New York Times. September 10, 1929. Retrieved 2009-02-12. John Ringling, head of the Ringling Brothers-Barnum Bailey Combined Circus, has purchased the five circuses, with Winter quarters, of the American Circus Corporation, it was learned yesterday.
Jump up ^ Lehrer, Steven (2006). Bring 'Em Back Alive: The Best of Frank Buck. Texas Tech University press. pp. x–xi. ISBN 0-89672-582-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Died". Time. June 17, 1985. Retrieved 2008-07-20. John Ringling North, 81, flamboyant, fast-talking showman who from 1937 to 1943 and from 1947 to 1967 ran "The Greatest Show on Earth," the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, started by his five uncles in 1884; of a stroke; in Brussels. North took over the debt-spangled show after the death of his last uncle, John Ringling, and modernized it with such attractions as Gargantua the Great, the "vehemently vicious" 550-lb. gorilla that drew more than 40 million circusgoers. In 1956, North folded the big top and reincarnated the show for new arenas of the air-conditioned era.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bailey and the Ringlings". Feld Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-21. In 1929, reacting to the fact that his competitor, the American Circus Corporation, had signed a contract to perform in New York's Madison Square Garden, Ringling purchased American Circus for $1.7 million. In one fell swoop, Ringling had absorbed five major shows: Sells-Floto, Al G. Barnes, Sparks, Hagenbeck-Wallace, and John Robinson. ... On July 16, 1956, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the financially troubled Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey gave its last performance under the big top. John Ringling North commented that "the tented circus as it exists today is, in my opinion, a thing of the past." Life magazine wrote that "a magical era had passed forever." ... John Ringling North, an executor of his uncle's estate, became president of the show in 1937, a position he held until 1943 when his cousin, Robert, became president. John took the position once again in 1947.
Jump up ^ Rimetz, Brendan (January 2005). "The Great Hartford Circus Fire" (PDF). ChemMatters. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emmett Kelly Carrying a Bucket of Water at the Hartford Circus Fire".
Jump up ^ "The Hartford Circus Fire ~ July 6, 1944".
Jump up ^ "Charles Nelson Reilly – Recalling the Hartford Circus Fire".
Jump up ^ Handley, Rich. The Circus Fire (Connecticut Public Television), 2000
Jump up ^ Fox, Charles Philip. A Ticket To The Circus (New York: Bramhall House), 1959
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Feld Family Buys Ringling Bros". New York Times. Associated Press. March 19, 1982. Retrieved 2008-07-20. Mattel Inc. said that it had sold Ringling Brothers-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows Inc. for $22.8 million to a family that had owned the circus and has been in its management for 26 years. Two members of the family, Irvin Feld and his son, Kenneth, said that the deal included the circus, Ice Follies, Holiday on Ice and the new Walt Disney's World on Ice. ...Irvin Feld was a record and music promoter and music store chain owner before becoming involved with the circus in 1956. In 1967, he and a brother acquired the company's total assets from the Ringling and North families for $8 million. Two years later, the circus became a publicly held corporation, and in 1971 the company was sold to Mattel for $50 million in stock.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tupponce, Joan (July 29, 2009). "Think your office is a circus?". Virginia Business. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Calta, Louis (December 5, 1967). "Feuer and Martin Suing Felds Over Circus Sale. 2 Producers Seek to Cancel $10-Million Deal for the Ringling Brothers Show. Felds Have No Comment. Format to Remain. Prediction of a Record Year Circus Started in 1871". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-20. Cy Feuer and Ernest Martin, Broadway producers, brought suit in New York State Supreme Court yesterday to cancel the sale of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum Bailey Circus to Irvin and Israel Feld and Roy M. Hofheinz.
Jump up ^ "Richard Blum: The man behind URS, next to Sen. Feinstein". San Francisco Chronicle. May 11, 2003. Archived from the original on 2003-05-18. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Langdon, Dolly (May 12, 1980). "Lord of the Rings' Irvin Feld Has Made a Fading Circus the Greatest Show on Earth Again". People. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Heath, Thomas (June 15, 2012). "Feld Entertainment head prepares to pass his empire to his daughters". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Lonnie; Fiero, Peter (December 19, 1973). "Mattel Selling Circus World". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 64). New York Times Company. pp. 1A, 7A. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fiero, Peter (January 23, 1974). "Gulf Oil Subsidiary To Buy Circus World". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 99). New York Times Company. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fiero, Peter (February 21, 1974). "Hurry, Hurry!". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 126). New York Times Company. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fiero, Peter (February 21, 1974). "Cicus World Sale Still On". Lakeland Ledger (Vol. 67, No. 126). New York Times Company. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Impresario Irvin Feld Dies; Was Owner of Ringling Bros. Circus". Washington Post. September 7, 1984. Retrieved 2008-07-20. Irvin Feld, 66, the son of East European immigrants who grew up to be a major American impresario and an heir in spirit to the legendary P.T. Barnum as the owner and operator of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, died yesterday in a Venice, Fla., hospital.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Charisse (March 5, 2015). "Ringling Bros. eliminating elephant acts". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Vendetta on Earth". Salon.com. August 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-22. Over lunch, Smith recounted a campaign of surveillance and dirty tricks Feld had unleashed on her in the wake of her 1990 magazine piece in the now-defunct Regardie's magazine. Feld, he said, had hired people to manipulate her whole life over the past eight years. Feld had spent a lot of money on it, he said. He may have even tried to destroy her marriage. In fact, Pottker would eventually learn of a massive dirty tricks operation, involving former CIA officials and operatives, that would target Ringling enemies such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and other groups, not just Pottker.
Jump up ^ Collins, Glenn (February 9, 1999). "Ringling Goes Upscale Under the Little Top; After 42 Years, a Tent Again, but Just One Ring". New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lush, Tamara (January 14, 2017). "APNewsBreak: Ringling Bros. circus to close after 146 years". The Big Story. AP. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ringling Bros. to Retire All Circus Elephants in May — 2 Years Early". Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b (1) Wang, Amy B (2017-01-15). "Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-12. In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The move exacerbated the show’s demise; the elephants’ departure ultimately expedited what was a “difficult business decision.”
“Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop,” Kenneth Feld said in a statement Saturday. “This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.”
(2) "Ringling Bros. to lay off 462 employees – Orlando Business Journal". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
Jump up ^ (1) Brulliard, Karin (2017-05-21). "Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-12. ... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling’s parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $16 million settlement to Feld.
While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good.
(2) Morales, Mark (2017-01-14). "Ringling Bros. circus to close at Coliseum". Newsday. Archived from the original on 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
(3) "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Final Performance" (video). Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Baily Circus. YouTube. 2017-05-21. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ DeVito, Lee (December 27, 2017). "Kid Rock is being sued by a circus". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The town without a zipcode". Archived from the original on 2003-09-05. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Here Comes The Circus. Popular Mechanics. May 1952. pp. 81–87/220. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ringling Bros. circus won't visit Tallahassee next year". Retrieved 30 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Washington Post — Marc Kaufman (August 8, 2004). "USDA Investigates Death of Circus Lion Activists Dispute Account Given by Ringling Brothers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 22, 1998). "Death of Elephant Questioned". CBS News. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Circus elephants in the legal spotlight". May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan Turley (July 17, 2012). "The Greatest RICO Claim On Earth? Ringling Brothers Allowed To Pursue Animal Rights Organizations in Racketeering Action". Retrieved 2014-02-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Associated Press (December 28, 2012). "Animal rights group settles lawsuit with Ringling". Denver Post. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Emmet G., United States District Judge (July 9, 2012). "Memorandum Opinion: Civ. Action No. 01-1532 (EGS); Feld Entertainment, Inc., Plaintiff, v. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, et al., Defendants, United States District Court for the District of Columbia" (PDF). Retrieved June 13, 2017 – via Jonathan Turley's webpage.
Jump up ^ Heath, Thomas (2014-05-16). "Ringling Circus prevails in 14-year legal case; collects $16M from Humane Society, others". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (November 28, 2011). "Ringling circus agrees to $270K USDA fine involving alleged violations of animal welfare rules". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
Jump up ^ "USDA and Feld Entertainment, Inc., Reach Settlement Agreement". November 28, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ Love, Live Travel (2016-02-25). "Events Locale: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus No More Elephants". Events Locale. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
Jump up ^ Jones, Charisse (5 March 2015). "Ringling Bros. eliminating elephant acts". USA Today. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
Jump up ^ Jones, Charisse (6 March 2015). "Circus' pachyderms to pack it in". State-by-state. USA Today. p. 4A.
Jump up ^ "Ringling Brothers Eliminating Elephant Acts". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2015-03-06.
Jump up ^ Lauer-Williams, Kathy. "Final elephant performances: Ringling Bros. shows in Wilkes-Barre".
Jump up ^ Smith, Michelle R. (2016-05-02). "Last dance: Final performance for Ringling Bros. elephants". Associated Press. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Brulliard, Karin. "The strange and deadly saga of 15 Ringling Bros. circus cats' final week in America". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Weinstein, Joshua L. (17 August 2011). "Michael Gracey to Direct Hugh Jackman in Fox's 'Greatest Showman on Earth'". TheWrap. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bill Condon to Rewrite Fox's P.T. Barnum Musical Starring Hugh Jackman (Exclusive)". www.hollywoodreporter.com. 2013-10-24. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (6 September 2016). "Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman's 'Greatest Showman on Earth'". Variety. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman (2017) - Release Info - IMDb". On Location Vacations. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
External links
Official website
Circus World Museum
Karl King Page Barnum and Bailey Circus Bandmaster — Wrote much music for the circus, including Barnum and Bailey's Favorite.
Research Guide to The Hartford Circus Fire, July 6, 1944
The 1955 Tour of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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All Dulles Area Muslim Society
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All Dulles Area Muslim Society (ADAMS) is one of the largest mosques in the United States, located in Sterling, VA and serving 5000 Muslim families. ADAMS offers a wide variety of services. Some are of religious nature such as Islamic and Arabic classes, while others are of communal nature such as Boy and Girl Scout activities.[1][2]
The current Executive Director (for 14 year now) is Imam Mohamed Magid, a leading figure in the American Muslim community.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kaleem, Jaweed (30 June 2011). "Mohamed Magid: A Portrait Of An American Imam". Huffpost Religion. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Goodstein, Laurie (20 September 2010). "Islam: Not in My Backyard?" (Vol. 143). Scholastic. The New York Times Upfront. Retrieved 10 April 2016.

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