text:
Fish and chips
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Fish n' chips" redirects here. For other topics, see Fish 'n' Chips (disambiguation).
Fish and chips
Fish and chips in a polystyrene take-away container
Alternative names
Fish supper / Fish ‘n’ Chips
Course
Main dish
Place of origin
England
Serving temperature
Hot
Main ingredients
Battered and fried fish with deep-fried chips
Cookbook: Fish and chips
Media: Fish and chips
British cuisine
National cuisines
English
Scottish
Welsh
Cornish
Northern Irish
Overseas/Fusion cuisine
Anglo-Indian
Anguillian
Balti curries
Bermudian
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Gibraltarian
Irish
Saint Helena
Hong Kong
Pitcairn Islands
Montserrat
Turks and Caicos Islands
British cuisine portal
United Kingdom portal
v
t
e
Fish and chips is a hot dish of English origin consisting of fried battered fish and hot potato chips. It is a common take-away food and an early example of culinary fusion.[1][2] Fish and chips first appeared in the 1860s; by 1910 there were more than 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, and by the 1930s there were over 35,000.[2] Fish and chips are now a staple takeaway meal in numerous countries, particularly in English-speaking commonwealth countries including Australia, New Zealand and Canada.
Contents
1 History
1.1 United Kingdom
1.1.1 Fish & Chips Awards
1.2 Ireland
1.3 New Zealand
1.4 United States
2 Composition
2.1 Cooking
2.2 Thickness
2.3 Batter
2.4 Choice of fish
2.5 Accompaniments
2.6 Nutrition information
3 Vendors
4 Cultural impact
5 Environment
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
History[edit]
Main article: English cuisine
The tradition in England of fish battered and fried in oil may have come from Jewish immigrants from Spain and Portugal.[3][2][4] Originally, Western Sephardic Jews settling in England as early as the 16th century would have prepared fried fish in a manner similar to pescado frito, which is coated in flour then fried in oil.[5] Charles Dickens mentions "fried fish warehouses" in Oliver Twist (1838),[6] and in 1845 Alexis Soyer in his first edition of A Shilling cookery for the People, gives a recipe for "Fried fish, Jewish fashion", which is dipped in a batter of flour and water.[7]
Fish and chips, served in a paper wrapper (greaseproof paper inner and ordinary paper outer), as a "takeaway"
The exact location of the first fish and chip shop is unclear. The earliest known shops were opened in the 1860s, in London by Joseph Malin[8] and in Mossley, near Oldham, Lancashire, by John Lees.[9][10] However, fried fish, as well as chips, had existed independently for at least fifty years, so the possibility that they had been combined at an earlier time cannot be ruled out.[11]
Fish and chips became a stock meal among the working classes in England as a consequence of the rapid development of trawl fishing in the North Sea,[12] and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century, so that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the heavily populated areas.[13]
Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the Oxford English Dictionary notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities (1859): "Husky chips of potatoes, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".[14]
The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" or "chipper" in modern British slang[15][16]) originated in the United Kingdom, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe. Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter in front of the fryers. By 1910, there were more than 25,000 fish and chip shops across the country, and in the 1920s there were more than 35,000 shops.[17] As a boy Alfred Hitchcock lived above a fish and chip shop in London, which was the family business.[18] According to Professor John Walton, author of Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, the British government made safeguarding supplies of fish and chips during World War I a priority: "The cabinet knew it was vital to keep families on the home front in good heart, unlike the German regime that failed to keep its people well fed".[2]
Harry Ramsden's fish and chip shop in Bournemouth, England. The restaurant chain has 45 franchised outlets throughout the UK and Ireland
In 1928, Harry Ramsden opened his first fish and chip shop in Guiseley, West Yorkshire. On a single day in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the Guinness Book of Records.[17] In George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), which documents his experience of working class life in the north of England, the author considered fish and chips chief among the 'home comforts' which acted as a panacea to the working classes.[17] During World War II, fish and chips remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom not subject to rationing.[19] Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred to the combination of fish and chips as "the good companions".[2] John Lennon enjoyed his fish and chips—a staple of the working class—smothered in ketchup.[2]
British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers but this practice has now largely ceased, with plain paper, cardboard, or plastic being used instead. In the United Kingdom, the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003[20] and in Ireland the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003 [21] respectively enact directive 2065/2001/EC, and generally mean that "fish" must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named; so, for example, "cod and chips" now appears on menus rather than the more vague "fish and chips". In the United Kingdom the Food Standards Agency guidance excludes caterers from this;[22] but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it cannot be sold merely as "fish and chips".[23][24][25]
United Kingdom[edit]
A blue plaque in Oldham (Greater Manchester) in England marking the 1860s origins of the fish and chip shop and the fast food industry
A prominent meal in British culture, the dish became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: Charles Dickens mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in Oliver Twist, first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed. The first chip shop stood on the present site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market.[26] It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the fish-and-chip shop industry we know. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in London in 1860 or in 1865; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in Mossley, in 1863.[27]
The concept of a fish restaurant, as opposed to take-away, was introduced by Samuel Isaacs (born 1856 in Whitechapel, London; died 1939 in Brighton, Sussex) who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business throughout London and the South of England in the latter part of the 19th century. Isaacs' first restaurant opened in London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence,[28] and its popularity ensured a rapid expansion of the chain.
Fish and chips traditionally wrapped in white paper and newspaper
Fish and chips in a box.
The restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes for the first time. They were located in Tottenham Court Road, St Pancras, The Strand, Hoxton, Shoreditch, Brixton and other London districts, as well as Clacton, Brighton, Ramsgate, Margate and other seaside resorts in southern England. Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations as their popularity grew to a total of thirty restaurants. Sam Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the Plaice", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of Norman Wisdom's 1955 film One Good Turn just as Wisdom/Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a Harry Ramsden's fish and chips restaurant. A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market marks the first chips fried in England in 1860, and the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries.[29]
Dundee City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant, Edward De Gernier, in the city's Greenmarket in the 1870s.[30]
In Edinburgh, a combination of Gold Star brown sauce and water or malt vinegar, known as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippy sauce", has great popularity.[31]
Fish & Chips Awards[edit]
The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988.[32] The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul.[33]
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Irish cuisine
In Ireland, the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Cervi, who mistakenly stepped off an North American-bound ship at Queenstown (now Cobh) in County Cork in the 1880s and walked all the way to Dublin.[34] He started by selling fish and chips outside Dublin pubs from a handcart. He then found a permanent spot in Great Brunswick Street (now Pearse Street). His wife Palma would ask customers "Uno di questa, uno di quella?" This phrase (meaning "one of this, one of that") entered the vernacular in Dublin as "one and one", which is still a way of referring to fish and chips in the city.[16]
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: New Zealand cuisine
Fish and chips are the most popular takeaway food in New Zealand. Food historians have been unable to pinpoint exactly when the meal became an established part of New Zealand cuisine but all recognise that the first fish and chips shops were introduced by British settlers before World War I.[35] During the 20th century, nearly every small town and suburb in New Zealand had at least one fish-and-chip shop. As in Britain, Friday night has been the traditional night to eat fish.[35]
Traditionally, fish and chips were served in wrappings of newspaper. With the decline of the newspaper industry, this has become less common.
In 1980, four up-and-coming Labour Party politicians, including David Lange, were nicknamed the "Fish and Chip Brigade" due to a picture published at the time with the group eating fish and chips.[36]
United States[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of the United States
In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as "fish and chips", except in Upstate New York and Wisconsin and other parts of the Northeast and Upper Midwest, where this dish would be called a fish fry.[37] Despite the name "fish and chips", and the US meaning of "chips", the dish is served with French fries (much thinner than British and Irish chips).[38] In the Southern United States, a common form of cuisine is fried catfish with French fries, accompanied by coleslaw, pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices.
Composition[edit]
Cooking[edit]
Frying range
Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard; however, vegetable oils, such as peanut oil (used because of its relatively high smoke point) now[update] predominate. A minority of vendors in the North of England and Scotland, and the majority of vendors in Northern Ireland, still use dripping or lard, as it imparts a different flavour to the dish, but this makes the fried chips unsuitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths. Lard is used in some living industrial history museums, such as the Black Country Living Museum.
Thickness[edit]
Fish and chips at a Hesburger fast food restaurant in Finland, advertised as particularly English
British and Irish chips are usually thicker than American-style French fries sold by major multinational fast food chains, resulting in a lower fat content per portion. In their homes or in some restaurants, people in or from the United States may eat a thick type of chip, more similar to the British and Irish variant, sometimes referred to as steak fries.[39][40]
Batter[edit]
In Britain and Ireland, fish and chip shops traditionally use a simple water and flour batter, adding a little sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and a little vinegar to create lightness, as they react to create bubbles in the batter. Other recipes may use beer or milk batter, where these liquids are often substitutes for water. The carbon dioxide in the beer lends a lighter texture to the batter. Beer also results in an orange-brown colour. A simple beer batter might consist of a 2:3 ratio of flour to beer by volume. The type of beer alters the taste of the batter; some prefer lager[41][42] whereas others use stout or bitter.
Choice of fish[edit]
Cod and chips, served with a lemon wedge and tartar sauce
In Britain and Ireland, cod and haddock appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips,[43] but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish, especially other white fish, such as pollock or coley, plaice, skate, and ray (particularly popular in Ireland); and huss or rock salmon (a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish). In Northern Ireland, cod, plaice or whiting appear most commonly in 'fish suppers'—'supper' being Scottish and Northern Irish chip-shop terminology for a food item accompanied by chips.[citation needed] Suppliers in Devon and Cornwall often offer pollock and coley as cheap alternatives to haddock.[44]
In Australia, reef cod and rock cod (a different variety from that used in the United Kingdom), barramundi or flathead (more expensive options), flake (a type of shark meat) or snapper (cheaper options), are commonly used. From the early 21st century, farmed basa imported from Vietnam and hoki have become common in Australian fish and chip shops. Other types of fish are also used based on regional availability.[citation needed]
In New Zealand, snapper or gurnard was originally the preferred species for battered fillets in the North Island. As catches of this fish declined, it was replaced by hoki, shark (particularly rig) – marketed as lemon fish – and tarakihi. Bluefin gurnard and blue cod predominate in South Island fish and chips.[35]
In the United States, the type of fish used depends on availability in a given region. Some common types are cod, halibut, flounder, tilapia or, in New England, Atlantic cod or haddock. Salmon is growing common on the West Coast, while freshwater catfish is most frequently used in the Southeast.[citation needed]
In India, the dish is usually based on pomfret fish, and uses chilli paste, and more pepper than would be used in Britain.[45]
Accompaniments[edit]
Fish and chips served with coleslaw and tartar sauce in an iron bowl
In chip shops in most parts of Britain and Ireland, salt and vinegar are traditionally sprinkled over fish and chips at the time it is served.[43] Suppliers use malt vinegar, onion vinegar (used for pickling onions), or the cheaper non-brewed condiment. In a few places, notably Edinburgh, 'sauce' (as in 'salt and sauce') is more traditional than vinegar - with 'sauce' meaning a brown sauce. In England, a portion of mushy peas is a popular side dish,[46] as are a range of pickles that typically include gherkins, onions and eggs.[47] In table-service restaurants and pubs, the dish is usually served with a slice of lemon for squeezing over the fish and without any sauces or condiments, with salt, vinegar and sauces available at the customer's leisure.[48][unreliable source?]
In Ireland, Wales and England, most takeaways serve warm side portions of sauces such as curry sauce, gravy or mushy peas. The sauces are usually poured over the chips. In some areas, this dish without fish is referred to as 'wet chips'. In the Midlands especially, chips with mushy peas or baked beans is known as a "pea mix" or a "bean mix". Other fried products include 'scraps' (also known as 'bits' in Southern England and "scrumps" in South Wales), originally a by-product of fish frying. Still popular in Northern England, they were given as treats to the children of customers. Portions prepared and sold today consist of loose blobs of batter, deep fried to a crunchy golden crisp in the cooking-fat. The potato scallop or potato cake consists of slices of potato dipped in fish batter and deep fried until golden brown. These are often accompanied for dipping by the warm sauces listed above.[49]
There are distinct regional variations in how accompaniments are added to the meal where it is as a take away - related partly to whether the food is entirely wrapped in paper. In some all shops would expect the customer to add these. In others the expectation is that the server does so.
Nutrition information[edit]
An average serving of fish and chips consisting of 6 ounces (170 grams) of fried fish with 10 ounces (280 grams) of fried chips has approximately 1,000 calories and contains approximately 52 grams of fat.[50] The use of tartar sauce as a condiment adds more calories and fat to the dish.
Vendors[edit]
Main article: Fish and chip shop
Fish and chip stalls
A mobile fish and chip vendor
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, fish and chips are usually sold by independent restaurants and take-aways known as fish and chip shops. Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants. Locally owned seafood restaurants are also popular in many places, as are mobile "chip vans".[51] In Canada, the outlets may be referred to as "chip wagons". In the United Kingdom some shops have amusing names, such as "A Salt and Battery", "The Codfather", "The Frying Scotsman", "Oh My Cod" and "Frying Nemo"[52] In New Zealand and Australia, fish-and-chip vendors are a popular business and source of income among the Asian community, particularly Chinese migrants.[53] In Indonesia, fish and chips are commonly found in big cities like Jakarta in western and seafood restaurants, as well as chain restaurants like The Manhattan Fish Market, Fish & Chips etc.[54]
In Ireland, the majority of traditional vendors are migrants or the descendants of migrants from southern Italy. A trade organisation exists to represent this tradition.[55]
Sign in Lanzarote, Spain
Fish and chips is a popular lunch meal eaten by families travelling to seaside resorts for day trips who do not bring their own picnic meals.
Fish-and-chip outlets sell roughly 25% of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom, and 10% of all potatoes.[56]
The numerous competitions and awards for "best fish-and-chip shop"[57] testify to the recognised status of this type of outlet in popular culture.[58]
Fish-and-chip shops traditionally wrapped their product in newspaper, or with an inner layer of white paper (for hygiene) and an outer layer of newspaper or blank newsprint (for insulation and to absorb grease), though the use of newspaper for wrapping has almost ceased on grounds of hygiene. Nowadays[update], establishments usually use food-quality wrapping paper, occasionally printed on the outside to imitate newspaper.
The British National Federation of Fish Friers was founded in 1913. It promotes fish and chips and offers training courses.
A previous world record for the "largest serving of fish and chips" was held by Gadaleto's Seafood Market in New Paltz, New York.[59][60] This 2004 record was broken by Yorkshire pub Wensleydale Heifer in July 2011.[61] An attempt to break this record was made by Doncaster fish and chip shop Scawsby Fisheries in August 2012, which served 33 pounds (15 kg) of battered cod alongside 64 pounds (29 kg) of chips.[62]
Cultural impact[edit]
A neon sign for Fish and Chips
The long-standing Roman Catholic tradition of not eating meat on Fridays, especially during Lent, and of substituting fish for meat on that day continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant, Anglican, semi-secular and secular societies. Friday night remains a traditional occasion for eating fish-and-chips; and many cafeterias and similar establishments, while varying their menus on other days of the week, habitually offer fish and chips every Friday.[63]
In Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used as a shibboleth to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound /ɪ/. Australian English has a higher forward sound [i], close to the ee in see (but shorter), while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound [ɘ] akin to the a in Rosa's (but not in Rosa, which is typically lower [ɐ]). Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps," while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups."[64]
Environment[edit]
In the UK, waste oil from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of biodiesel.[65] The German biodiesel company Petrotec has outlined plans to produce biodiesel in the UK from waste oil from the British fish-and-chip industry.[65]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Chicken and chips – another take-away dish often sold in the same establishments.
Fried potatoes
Fish fry
Fried fish
List of deep fried foods
List of fish and chip restaurants
List of fish dishes
Pescado frito
Kibbeling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Black, Les (1996). New Ethnicites And Urban Cult. Oxford: Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 1-85728-251-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Alexander, James (18 December 2009). "The unlikely origin of fish and chips". BBC News. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Roden, Claudia (1996). The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York. Knopf. ISBN 9780394532585 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Hosking, Richard (2007). Eggs in Cookery:Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006. United Kingdom: Prospect Books. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-903018-54-5.
Jump up ^ Marks, Gil (1999). The world of Jewish cooking: more than 500 traditional recipes from Alsace to Yemen. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83559-2.
Jump up ^ Alexander, James (18 December 2009). "The unlikely origin of fish and chips". BBC News. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chip-Shop Fried Fish". The Foods of England Project. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Rayner, Jay (3 November 2005). "Enduring Love". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 January 2003. In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which, until then, had been found only in the Irish potato shops.
Jump up ^ Hyslop, Leah (2013-10-30). "Potted histories: fish and chips". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History". www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Alan (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191040726 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Did fish and chips come from the north of England?". BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "Fish and chips - A great English tradition". Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Why the fish supper hasn’t had its chips". Daily Mail. Retrieved 4 October 2016
Jump up ^ "Chippy smells of chips complaint". BBC News. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Hegarty, Shane (3 November 2009). "How fish and chips enriched a nation". The Irish Times. Dublin, Ireland. p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Portuguese gave us fried fish, the Belgians invented chips but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The World's Greatest Double Act". Daily Mail. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Jump up ^ McGilligan, Patrick (2003). Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light. p. 13. Regan Books.
Jump up ^ "Resources for Learning, Scotland: Rationing". Rls.org.uk. 5 January 1998. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fish Labelling Regulations (England) 2003". The Stationery Office. 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2009 (equivalent similarly-named legislation applies in other countries of the UK)
Jump up ^ "European Communities (Fish Labelling) Regulations, 2003" (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guidance Notes for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland" (PDF). Office of Public Sector Information. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2009 (Section A.2)
Jump up ^ "Food Labelling For Catering Establishments" (PDF). Blackpool Council. Retrieved 4 April 2009
Jump up ^ "Business Advice Fact Sheet" (PDF). Norfolk County Council. Retrieved 4 April 2009
Jump up ^ "Labelling & Pricing". Nationwide Caterers Association. Retrieved 4 April 2009
Jump up ^ Chaloner, W. H.; Henderson, W. O. (1990). Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-7146-3335-6.
Jump up ^ Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide. "Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips". Historic-uk.com. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ England Eats Out by John Burnett - Published by Pearson Education, 2004 ISBN 0-582-47266-0
Jump up ^ The Portuguese gave us fried fish, the Belgians invented chips but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The World's Greatest Double Act Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 21 September 2011
Jump up ^ "Dundee Fact File". Dundee City Council. Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Did You Know?". Federation of Fish Friers. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fish & Chips Awards Official Website". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Jump up ^ A Orlova, Tamara; Alvarez, Joe (25 January 2018). "Chip Chip Hooray! The National Fish & Chip Awards Names The UK's Best Chippy". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "National Fish and Chips Day: Thank cod for Giuseppe". Irish Independent.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wassilieff, Maggy (12 June 2006). "Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare: The Fish and Chip Brigade". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shore Lunch: More Than the World's Finest Fish and Chips – New West". newwest.net. New West Publications. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "French Fries: France vs. America vs. Belgium vs. United Kingdom - General Discussion - French Fries". Chowhound. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Online recipes". Foodnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "More online recipes". Foodnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Deep fried fish in beer". Retrieved 23 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Hix, Mark (26 January 2008). "Gurnard in beer batter". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan Masterson, tictoc design. ""Seafish. On Plate. Fish & chips" (UK Sea Fish Industry Authority website)". Seafish.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Nunn, Ian (2011). My Family's Other Recipes: I Didn't Wanna Do It. Author House. p. 121. ISBN 9781467002325.
Jump up ^ "Fish n' chips, a great Indian delicacy". Times of India. 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Crispy fish & chips with mushy peas recipe". BBC. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "British Food: A History". Britishfoodhistory.wordpress.com. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "How to Eat Fish and Chips like the British". voices.yahoo.com. 16 July 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Do you know what scraps are? And why they should be free". The Guardian. London. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - Nutritional info". National Federation of Fish Friers. March 29, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Starting a Mobile Catering Business in UK". Mobilecateringuk.co.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chip shops: oh my cod, the plaices I've seen". The Guardian. London. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Swillingham, Guy (2005). Shop Horror. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 0-00-719813-2.
Jump up ^ "Jakarta Eats: Fish n Chips Shop". Diplomatic wife. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "ITICA - Irish Traditional Italian Chipper Association, chippers in Ireland, Irish chippers, Fish and Chip Day — ITICA". Itica.ie. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fish and Chip Facts". Barton's Fish and Chips. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "The National Fish and Chip Awards".
Jump up ^ "Couple scoop best chip shop award". BBC News. 1 February 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Record Claim ID# 45775
Jump up ^ "Hudson Valleys Freshest Seafood and Lobster, retail market, restaurant". Gadaletos.com. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Giant fish and chip supper breaks world record". BBC News. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cod and chips world record battered in Doncaster". BBC News. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Gerald Priestland (1972). Frying tonight: the saga of fish & chips. Gentry Books. p. 28. ISBN 0-85614-014-7.
Jump up ^ "I'll just have me fush and chups and then I'm off to bid". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Hogan (19 March 2008). "German Biodiesel Firm To Use Chip Fat In UK, US". planetark.com. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
Priestland, Gerald (1972). Frying tonight: the saga of fish & chips. London: Gentry Books. ISBN 978-0-85614-014-3.
Walton, John K. (1989). "Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, 1870–1930". Journal of Social History. 23 (2): 243–266. JSTOR 3787879.
Walton, John K. (1994). Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870–1940 (1st ed.). Leicester: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-567-21232-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fish and chips.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Fish and Chips
"Top UK dish 'hooked French first'": BBC News: Fish and chips invented in France? Retrieved 2008-05-27
"My plaice or yours?" - article from The Guardian detailing some chippy terminology. Retrieved 2008-05-27
Far Flung Fish and Chips - historical article
"Fish and chips": the (UK) Sea Fish Industry Authority's views. Retrieved 2008-05-27
BBC TWO Ching He Huang-style fish and chips
National Federation of Fish Friers, the UK industry body for fish and chip shops.
show
v
t
e
English cuisine
Roman times
Dishes
Sausages
Middle Ages
Exemplars
Utilis Coquinario
The Forme of Cury (c. 1390)
Dishes
Apple pie
Bacon
Banbury cake
Cheesecake
Custard
Game pie
Gingerbread
Kippers
Mince pie
Mortis
Pasty
Pease pudding
Pie
Pottage
16th century
Exemplars
Thomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585)
Dishes
Black pudding
Fruit fool
Pancake
Scones
Syllabub
Trifle (without jelly)
17th century
Exemplars
Elinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604)
Gervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615)
Robert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660)
Hannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670)
Kenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699)
Dishes
Battalia pie
Currant bun
Queen of Puddings
Sponge cake
Sussex pond pudding
Sweet and sour
Tea
18th century
Exemplars
Mary Kettilby (A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714)
John Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723)
Eliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727)
Hannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747)
Elizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769)
Richard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788)
William Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791)
Dishes
Bread and butter pudding
Christmas pudding
Chutney
Cottage or Shepherd's pie
Eccles cake
Jellied eels
Jugged hare
Ketchup
Marmalade
Parkin
Piccalilli
Pork pie
Roast beef
Sandwich
Scouse
Suet pudding
Toad in the hole
Trifle (with jelly)
Welsh rabbit
Yorkshire pudding
19th century
Exemplars
Mrs Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806)
Eliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845)
Charles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846)
Isabella Beeton (Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861)
Dishes
Bubble and squeak
Cauliflower cheese
Cobbler
Devilled kidneys
Faggots
Fish and chips
Full English breakfast
HP Sauce
Ice cream cone
Lancashire hotpot
Potted shrimps
Sausage roll
Steak and kidney pudding
Battenberg cake
Eton mess
Eve's pudding
Jam roly-poly
Lardy cake
Madeira cake
Summer pudding
Worcestershire sauce
20th century
Exemplars
Elizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950)
Constance Spry
Marguerite Patten
Jane Grigson
Delia Smith
Rick Stein
Nigel Slater
Keith Floyd
Marco Pierre White
Fergus Henderson
Gordon Ramsay
Gary Rhodes
Dishes
Bakewell tart
Beef Wellington
Carrot cake
Chicken tikka masala
Crumble
Knickerbocker glory
Ploughman's lunch
Salad cream
21st century
Exemplars
Michel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche)
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage)
Antony Worrall Thompson
Heston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck)
Mary Berry
Clarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011)
Related
Food in England (1954)
List of English dishes
List of English cheeses
List of puddings
Rationing in the United Kingdom
show
v
t
e
Seafood
Fish
Anchovy
Barramundi
Billfish
Carp
Catfish
Cod
Eel
Flatfish
Flounder
Herring
Mackerel
Salmon
Sardine
Shark
Sturgeon
Swordfish
Tilapia
Trout
Tuna
Whitebait
Shellfish
Abalone
Cockles
Crab meat
Crayfish
Geoduck
Krill
Lobster
Mussels
Oysters
Scallops
Shrimp
Sea urchins
Crustaceans
Molluscs
Other seafood
Edible seaweed
Jellyfish
Marine mammals
Octopus
Sea cucumber
Squid
Whale meat
Sea vegetables
Algae
List of seafoods
more...
Processed
seafood
Caviar
Dried fish
Canned fish
Cod liver oil
Cured fish
Fermented fish
Fish fillet
Fish head
Fish oil
Fish sauce
Fish paste
Fish steak
Fish stock
Lutefisk
Salted fish
Salted squid
Shark liver oil
Shrimp paste
Smoked fish
Stockfish
Surimi
Roe
more...
Seafood dishes
List of seafood dishes
List of crab dishes
List of fish dishes
Bisque
Chowder
Fish and chips
Fish pie
Fish soup
Fried fish
Raw fish
Seafood boil
Shark fin soup
Sushi
more...
Health hazards
Ciguatera
Fish diseases and parasites
Mercury in fish
Metagonimiasis
Scombroid food poisoning
Shellfish poisoning
Advisory services
Seafood mislabelling
Sustainable seafood
Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
Animal welfare
Declawing of crabs
Eyestalk ablation
Eating live seafood
Live fish trade
Pain in fish
Pain in crustaceans
Shark finning
Related topics
Fish preservation
Fish processing
Gathering seafood by hand
History of seafood
History of sushi
List of seafood companies
Raw bar
Salmon cannery
Seafood restaurant
Umami
Seafood portal • Category: Seafood
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&oldid=866063759"
Categories:
British cuisine
Australian cuisine
Irish cuisine
Jewish cuisine
American cuisine
New Zealand cuisine
South African cuisine
Fast food
Fish dishes
Potato dishes
Deep fried foods
Food combinations
National dishes
Hidden categories:
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Use dmy dates from November 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
All articles containing potentially dated statements
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Languages
Afrikaans
Ænglisc
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Lumbaart
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sesotho sa Leboa
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
34 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 October 2018, at 01:00 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: wikibooks:Special:Search/Cookbook: Fish and chips

values:
/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands
mw-redirect
Cuisine of the Pitcairn Islands

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Culinary_fusion
mw-redirect
Culinary fusion

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Western_Sephardim
mw-redirect
Western Sephardim

values:
/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records
mw-redirect
Guinness Book of Records

values:
/wiki/British_culture
mw-redirect
British culture

values:
/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Cuisine of the United States

values:
/wiki/Potato_chips
mw-redirect
Potato chips

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/North_of_England
mw-redirect
North of England

values:
/wiki/Black_Country_Museum
mw-redirect
Black Country Museum

values:
/wiki/Steak_fries
mw-redirect
Steak fries

values:
/wiki/Coley_(fish)
mw-redirect
Coley (fish)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
/wiki/Edible_salt
mw-redirect
Edible salt

values:
/wiki/Malt_vinegar
mw-redirect
Malt vinegar

values:
/wiki/Public_house
mw-redirect
Public house

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2015)

values:
/wiki/The_Flying_Scotsman
mw-redirect
The Flying Scotsman

values:
/wiki/Oh_My_God_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Oh My God (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8419026.stm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.irishtimes.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.fishandchipawards.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://teara.govt.nz/en/seafood/page-2

values:
nofollow
http://www.itica.ie/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gadaletos.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14003627

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3787879

values:
/wiki/The_Closet_Opened
mw-redirect
The Closet Opened

values:
/wiki/Mary_Kettilby
mw-redirect
Mary Kettilby

values: A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts

values:
/wiki/John_Nott_(cook)
mw-redirect
John Nott (cook)

values:
/wiki/William_Augustus_Henderson
mw-redirect
William Augustus Henderson

values:
/wiki/Cottage_pie
mw-redirect
Cottage pie

values:
/wiki/Welsh_rabbit
mw-redirect
Welsh rabbit

values: Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg
image
Bouillabaisse ingredients

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Shrimp_(food)
mw-redirect
Shrimp (food)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites
mw-redirect
Fish diseases and parasites

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fish_and_chips
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: السمك ورقائق البطاطا – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Рыба і чыпсы – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Риба и пържени картофи – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: چیپس و ماهی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 피시 앤드 칩스 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פיש אנד צ'יפס – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: თევზი და ჩიფსები – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: フィッシュ・アンド・チップス – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Рыба и картофель фри – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ฟิชแอนด์ชิปส์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Риба та чипси – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fish_and_chips rootpage-Fish_and_chips skin-vector action-view


text:
Sui dynasty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sui
隋
581–618[1]
Sui dynasty c.609
Administrative Division of Sui Dynasty circa 610 AD
Capital Daxing (581–605), Luoyang (605–618)
Languages Middle Chinese
Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion, Zoroastrianism
Government Monarchy
Emperor
• 581–604 Emperor Wen
• 604–617 Emperor Yang
History
• Ascension of Yang Jian 4 March 581
• Abolished by Li Yuan 23 May 618[1]
Area
• 589 est.[2] 3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)
Population
• 609 est. est. 46,019,956a[›]
Currency Chinese coin, Chinese cash
Preceded by Succeeded by
Northern Zhou dynasty
Chen dynasty
Tang dynasty
Today part of China
Vietnam
Sui dynasty
"Sui dynasty" in Chinese characters
Chinese
隋朝
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Suí cháo
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Swei chaur
Wade–Giles
Sui2 ch'ao2
IPA
[swěi ʈʂʰǎu]
Wu
Romanization
Zoe zau
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Chèuih chìuh
IPA
[tsʰɵ̏y tsʰȉːu]
Jyutping
Ceoi4 ciu4
Southern Min
Tâi-lô
Suî-tiâo
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese
dwá ɖjew
History of China
ANCIENT
Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2070 BC
Xia dynasty c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC
Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC
Zhou dynasty c. 1046 – 256 BC
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn
Warring States
IMPERIAL
Qin dynasty 221–206 BC
Han dynasty 206 BC – 220 AD
Western Han
Xin dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265–420
Western Jin
Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms
Northern and Southern dynasties
420–589
Sui dynasty 581–618
Tang dynasty 618–907
(Second Zhou dynasty 690–705)
Five Dynasties and
Ten Kingdoms
907–960 Liao dynasty
907–1125
Song dynasty
960–1279
Northern Song Western Xia
Southern Song Jin dynasty
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Ming dynasty 1368–1644
Qing dynasty 1644–1912
MODERN
Republic of China 1912–1949
People's Republic of China 1949–present
show
Related articles
Chinese historiography
Timeline of Chinese history
Dynasties in Chinese history
Linguistic history
Art history
Economic history
Education history
Science and technology history
Legal history
Media history
Military history
Naval history
view
talk
edit
The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: 隋朝; pinyin: Suí cháo) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Han Chinese in the entirety of China proper, along with sinicization of former nomadic ethnic minorities (the Five Barbarians) within its territory. It was succeeded by the Tang dynasty, which largely inherited its foundation.
Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty capital was Chang'an (which was renamed Daxing, 581–605) and later Luoyang (605–618). Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various centralized reforms, most notably the equal-field system, intended to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity; the institution of the Three Departments and Six Ministries system; and the standardization and re-unification of the coinage. They also spread and encouraged Buddhism throughout the empire. By the middle of the dynasty, the newly unified empire entered a golden age of prosperity with vast agricultural surplus that supported rapid population growth.
A lasting legacy of the Sui dynasty was the Grand Canal.[3] With the eastern capital Luoyang at the center of the network, it linked the west-lying capital Chang'an to the economic and agricultural centers of the east towards Hangzhou, and to the northern border near modern Beijing. While the pressing initial motives were for shipment of grains to the capital, and for transporting troops and military logistics, the reliable inland shipment links would facilitate domestic trades, flow of people and cultural exchange for centuries, Along with the extension of the Great Wall, and the construction of the eastern capital city of Luoyang, these mega projects, led by an efficient centralized bureaucracy, would amass millions of conscripted workers from the large population base, at heavy cost of human lives.
After a series of costly and disastrous military campaigns against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,[4][5][6] ended in defeat by 614, the dynasty disintegrated under a series of popular revolts culminating in the assassination of Emperor Yang by his ministers in 618. The dynasty, which lasted only thirty-seven years, was undermined by ambitious wars and construction projects, which overstretched its resources. Particularly, under Emperor Yang, heavy taxation and compulsory labor duties would eventually induce widespread revolts and brief civil war following the fall of the dynasty.
The dynasty is often compared to the earlier Qin dynasty for unifying China after prolonged division. Wide-ranging reforms and construction projects were undertaken to consolidate the newly unified state, with long-lasting influences beyond their short dynastic reigns.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Emperor Wen and the founding of Sui
1.2 Emperor Yang and the reconquest of Vietnam
1.3 Goguryeo-Sui wars
1.4 Fall of the Sui Dynasty
2 Culture
2.1 Buddhism
2.2 Poetry
3 Rulers
4 Family tree of the Sui emperors
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of the Sui dynasty
Emperor Wen and the founding of Sui[edit]
Towards the late Northern and Southern dynasties, the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi in 577 and reunified northern China, The century trend of gradual conquest of the southern dynasties of the Han Chinese by the northern dynasties, which were ruled by ethnic minority Xianbei, would become inevitable. By this time, the later founder of the Sui dynasty, Yang Jian, an ethnic Han Chinese, became the regent to the Northern Zhou court. His daughter was the Empress Dowager, and her stepson, Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou, was a child. After crushing an army in the eastern provinces, Yang Jian usurped the throne to become Emperor Wen of Sui. While formerly the Duke of Sui（隨）when serving at the Zhou court, where the character "Sui（隨）" literally means "to follow" and implies loyalty, Emperor Wen created the unique character "Sui（隋）", morphed from the character of his former title, as the name of his newly founded dynasty. In a bloody purge, he had fifty-nine princes of the Zhou royal family eliminated, yet nevertheless became known as the "Cultured Emperor".[7] Emperor Wen abolished the anti-Han policies of Zhou and reclaimed his Han surname of Yang. Having won the support of Confucian scholars who held power in previous Han dynasties (abandoning the nepotism and corruption of the nine-rank system), Emperor Wen initiated a series of reforms aimed at strengthening his empire for the wars that would reunify China.
In his campaign for southern conquest, Emperor Wen assembled thousands of boats to confront the naval forces of the Chen dynasty on the Yangtze River. The largest of these ships were very tall, having five layered decks and the capacity for 800 non-crew personnel. They were outfitted with six 50-foot-long booms that were used to swing and damage enemy ships, or to pin them down so that Sui marine troops could use act-and-board techniques.[7]:89 Besides employing Xianbei and other Chinese ethnic groups for the fight against Chen, Emperor Wen also employed the service of people from southeastern Sichuan, which Sui had recently conquered.[7]:89
In 588, the Sui had amassed 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the East China Sea.[8] The Chen dynasty could not withstand such an assault. By 589, Sui troops entered Jiankang (Nanjing) and the last emperor of Chen surrendered. The city was razed to the ground, while Sui troops escorted Chen nobles back north, where the northern aristocrats became fascinated with everything the south had to provide culturally and intellectually.
Although Emperor Wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects, he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign. He established granaries as sources of food and as a means to regulate market prices from the taxation of crops, much like the earlier Han dynasty. The large agricultural surplus supported rapid growth of population to a historical peak, which was only surpassed at the zenith of the Tang Dynasty more than a century later.
The state capital of Chang'an (Daxing), while situated in the militarily secure heartland of Guanzhong, was remote from the economic centers to the east and south of the empire. Emperor Wen initiated the construction of the Grand Canal, with completion of the first (and the shortest) route that directly linked Chang'an to the Yellow River (Huang He). Later, Emperor Yang enormously enlarged the scale of the Grand Canal construction.
Sui China divisions under Yangdi (western regions not depicted)
Externally, the emerging nomadic Turkic (Tujue) Khaganate in the north posed a major threat to the newly founded dynasty. With Emperor Wen's diplomatic maneuver, the Khaganate split into Eastern and Western halves. Later the Great Wall was consolidated to further secure the northern territory. In Emperor Wen's late years, the first war with Goguryeo (Korea), ended with defeat. Nevertheless, the celebrated "[Reign of Kaihuang" (era name of Emperor Wen)" was considered by historians as one of the apexes in the two millennium imperial period of Chinese history.
The Sui Emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy, and emphasized that their patrilineal ancestry was ethnic Han, claiming descent from the Han official Yang Zhen.[9] The New Book of Tang traced his patrilineal ancestry to the Zhou dynasty kings via the Dukes of Jin.[10]
The Yang of Hongnong 弘農楊氏[11][12][13][14][15][excessive citations] were asserted as ancestors by the Sui Emperors, much as the Longxi Li's were asserted as ancestors of the Tang Emperors.[16] The Li of Zhaojun and the Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan which was also linked to the Yang of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong.[17] The Dukes of Jin were claimed as the ancestors of the Hongnong Yang.[18]
A Sui dynasty pilgrim flask made of stoneware
The Yang of Hongnong, Jia of Hedong, Xiang of Henei, and Wang of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages.[19]
Information about these major political events in China were somehow filtered west and reached the Byzantine Empire, the continuation of the Roman Empire in the east. From Turkic peoples of Central Asia the Eastern Romans derived a new name for China after the older Sinae and Serica: Taugast (Old Turkic: Tabghach), during its Northern Wei (386–535) period.[20] The 7th-century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta wrote a generally accurate depiction of the reunification of China by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, with the conquest of the rival Chen Dynasty in southern China. Simocatta correctly placed these events within the reign period of Byzantine ruler Maurice.[21] Simocatta also provided cursory information about the geography of China, its division by the Yangzi River and its capital Khubdan (from Old Turkic Khumdan, i.e. Chang'an) along with its customs and culture, deeming its people "idolatrous" but wise in governance.[21] He noted that the ruler was named "Taisson", which he claimed meant "Son of God", perhaps Chinese Tianzi (Son of Heaven) or even the name of the contemporary ruler Emperor Taizong of Tang.[22]
Emperor Yang and the reconquest of Vietnam[edit]
Main article: Emperor Yang of Sui
Further information: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam
A Sui dynasty stone statue of the Avalokitesvara Boddhisattva (Guanyin)
Emperor Yang of Sui (569–618) ascended the throne after his father's death, possibly by murder. He further extended the empire, but unlike his father, did not seek to gain support from the nomads. Instead, he restored Confucian education and the Confucian examination system for bureaucrats. By supporting educational reforms, he lost the support of the nomads. He also started many expensive construction projects such as the Grand Canal of China, and became embroiled in several costly wars. Between these policies, invasions into China from Turkic nomads, and his growing life of decadent luxury at the expense of the peasantry, he lost public support and was eventually assassinated by his own ministers.
Both Emperors Yang and Wen sent military expeditions into Vietnam as Annam in northern Vietnam had been incorporated into the Chinese empire over 600 years earlier during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). However the Kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam became a major counterpart to Chinese invasions to its north. According to Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, these invasions became known as the Linyi-Champa Campaign (602–605).[7]
The Hanoi area formerly held by the Han and Jin dynasties was easily recovered from the local ruler in 602. A few years later the Sui army pushed farther south and was attacked by troops on war elephants from Champa in southern Vietnam. The Sui army feigned retreat and dug pits to trap the elephants, lured the Champan troops to attack then used crossbows against the elephants causing them to turn around and trample their own soldiers. Although Sui troops were victorious many succumbed to disease as northern soldiers did not have immunity to tropical diseases such as malaria.[7]:90
Goguryeo-Sui wars[edit]
Main article: Goguryeo-Sui Wars
The Sui dynasty led a series of massive expeditions to invade Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Emperor Yang conscripted many soldiers for the campaign. This army was so enormous it recorded in historical texts that it took 30 days for all the armies to exit their last rallying point near Shanhaiguan before invading Goguryeo. In one instance the soldiers—both conscripted and paid—listed over 3000 warships, up to 1.15 million infantry, 50,000 cavalry, 5000 artillery, and more. The army stretched to 1000 li or about 410 km (250 mi) across rivers and valleys, over mountains and hills. Each of the four military expeditions ended in failure, incurring a substantial financial and manpower deficit from which the Sui would never recover.
Fall of the Sui Dynasty[edit]
Chinese swords of the Sui dynasty, about 600, found near Luoyang. The P-shaped furniture of the bottom sword's scabbard is similar to and may have been derived from sword scabbards of the Sarmatians and Sassanians.[23]
Strolling About in Spring, by Zhan Ziqian, Sui era artist
One of the major work projects undertaken by the Sui was construction activities along the Great Wall of China; but this, along with other large projects, strained the economy and angered the resentful workforce employed. During the last few years of the Sui dynasty, the rebellion that rose against it took many of China's able-bodied men from rural farms and other occupations, which in turn damaged the agricultural base and the economy further.[24] Men would deliberately break their limbs in order to avoid military conscription, calling the practice "propitious paws" and "fortunate feet."[24] Later, after the fall of Sui, in the year 642, Emperor Taizong of Tang made an effort to eradicate this practice by issuing a decree of a stiffer punishment for those who were found to deliberately injure and heal themselves.[24]
Although the Sui dynasty was relatively short (581–618), much was accomplished during its tenure. The Grand Canal was one of the main accomplishments. It was extended north from the Hangzhou region across the Yangzi to Yangzhou and then northwest to the region of Luoyang. Again, like the Great Wall works, the massive conscription of labor and allocation of resources for the Grand Canal project resulted in challenges for Sui dynastic continuity. The eventual fall of the Sui dynasty was also due to the many losses caused by the failed military campaigns against Goguryeo. It was after these defeats and losses that the country was left in ruins and rebels soon took control of the government. Emperor Yang was assassinated in 618. He had gone South after the capital being threatened by various rebel groups and was killed by his advisors (Yuwen Clan). Meanwhile, in the North, the aristocrat Li Yuan (李淵) held an uprising after which he ended up ascending the throne to become Emperor Gaozu of Tang. This was the start of the Tang dynasty, one of the most-noted dynasties in Chinese history.
There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the Later Jin (Five Dynasties).[25] This practice was referred to as 二王三恪.
Culture[edit]
Model of a Pipa Player, Sui Dynasty
Although the Sui dynasty was relatively short-lived, in terms of culture, it represents a transition from the preceding ages, and many cultural developments which can be seen to be incipient during the Sui dynasty later were expanded and consolidated during the ensuing Tang dynasty, and later ages. This includes not only the major public works initiated, such as the Great Wall and the Great Canal, but also the political system developed by Sui, which was adopted by Tang with little initial change other than at the top of the political hierarchy. Other cultural developments of the Sui dynasty included religion and literature, particular examples being Buddhism and poetry.
Rituals and sacrifices were conducted by the Sui.[26]
Buddhism[edit]
Buddhism was popular during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern and Southern dynasties period that preceded the Sui dynasty, spreading from India through Kushan Afghanistan into China during the Late Han period. Buddhism gained prominence during the period when central political control was limited. Buddhism created a unifying cultural force that uplifted the people out of war and into the Sui dynasty. In many ways, Buddhism was responsible for the rebirth of culture in China under the Sui dynasty.
While early Buddhist teachings were acquired from Sanskrit sutras from India, it was during the late Six dynasties and Sui dynasty that local Chinese schools of Buddhist thoughts started to flourish. Most notably, Zhiyi founded the Tiantai school and completed the Great treatise on Concentration and Insight, within which he taught the principle of "Three Thousand Realms in a Single moment of Life" as the essence of Buddhist teaching outlined in the Lotus Sutra.
Emperor Wen and his empress had converted to Buddhism to legitimize imperial authority over China and the conquest of Chen. The emperor presented himself as a Cakravartin king, a Buddhist monarch who would use military force to defend the Buddhist faith. In the year 601 AD, Emperor Wen had relics of the Buddha distributed to temples throughout China, with edicts that expressed his goals, "all the people within the Four Seas may, without exception, develop enlightenment and together cultivate fortunate karma, bringing it to pass that present existences will lead to happy future lives, that the sustained creation of good causation will carry us one and all up to wondrous enlightenment".[7]:89 Ultimately, this act was an imitation of the ancient Mauryan Emperor Ashoka of India.[7]:89
Poetry[edit]
Further information: Six Dynasties poetry and Tang poetry
Yang Guang depicted as Emperor of Sui
Although poetry continued to be written, and certain poets rose in prominence while others disappeared from the landscape, the brief Sui dynasty, in terms of the development of Chinese poetry, lacks distinction, though it nonetheless represents a continuity between the Six Dynasties and the poetry of Tang.[27] Sui dynasty poets include Yang Guang (580–618), who was the last Sui emperor (and a sort of poetry critic); and also, the Lady Hou, one of his consorts.
Rulers[edit]
Posthumous Name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Convention: "Sui" + name Birth Name Period of Reign Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wéndì (文帝) Yáng Jiān (楊堅) 581–604 Kāihuáng (開皇) 581–600
Rénshòu (仁壽) 601–604
Yángdì (煬帝) or
Míngdì (明帝) Yáng Guǎng (楊廣) 604–618[1] Dàyè (大業) 605–618
Gōngdì (恭帝) Yáng Yòu (楊侑) 617–618[1] Yìníng (義寧) 617–618
Gōngdì (恭帝) Yáng Tóng (楊侗) 618–619[1] Huángtài (皇泰) 618–619
Family tree of the Sui emperors[edit]
[show]Emperors family tree
Dugu Xin 獨孤信
SUI DYNASTY
Yang Jian 楊坚 541–604
Wendi 文帝
581–604 Dugu Qieluo
獨孤伽羅 544–602
Empress Xian 獻皇后 Duchess Dugu Li Bing 李昺 d. 572
Duke of Tang 唐國公
1 2 3 4 5 TANG DYNASTY
Yang Yong 楊勇
d. 604
Prince of Fangling 房陵王 Yang Guang 楊廣 569–618
Yangdi 煬帝
604–617 Yang Jun 楊俊
571–600
Prince of Qin 秦孝王 Yang Xiu 楊秀
573–618 Yang Liang
楊諒
575–605 Li Yuan 李淵 566–635
Gaozu 高祖
618–626
1 2 3
Yang Zhao 楊昭
584–606
Cr.Prince Yuande
元德太子 Yang Jian 楊暕
585–618
Prince of Qi 齊王 Yang Gao
楊杲 607–618
Prince of Zhao 趙王 Yang Hao
楊浩 d. 618
Prince of Qin 秦王
618?
1 2 3
Yang Tan 楊倓
603–618
Prince of Yan 燕王 Yang Tong 楊侗 605–619
Gongdi 恭帝
618–619 Yang You 楊侑 605–619
Gongdi 恭帝
617–618
See also[edit]
Chinese sovereign
Extreme weather events of 535–536
Grand Canal of China
History of China
List of tributaries of Imperial China
List of ancient Chinese
Anji Bridge
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d In 617, the rebel general Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang) declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong) and "honored" Emperor Yang as Taishang Huang (retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing the Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong during the brief reign of Wang Shichong over the region as the emperor of a brief Zheng (鄭) state) emperor. Meanwhile, Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, declared Emperor Wen's grandson Yang Hao emperor but killed Yang Hao later in 618 and declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor of Sui, while Yang Tong's legitimacy is more recognized by historians but still disputed.
Jump up ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
Jump up ^ CIHoCn, p.114 : « dug between 605 and 609 by means of enormous levies of conscripted labour ».
Jump up ^ "Koguryo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Byeon, Tae-seop (1999) 韓國史通論 (Outline of Korean history), 4th ed, Unknown Publisher, ISBN 89-445-9101-6.
Jump up ^ "Complex of Koguryo Tombs". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2009). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-00534-8.
Jump up ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 176.
Jump up ^ Book of Sui, vol. 1
Jump up ^ New Book of Tang, zh:s:新唐書
Jump up ^ Howard L. Goodman. Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China.
Jump up ^ Bulletin. The Museum. p. 154.
Jump up ^ Jo-Shui Chen (2 November 2006). Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-521-03010-6.
Jump up ^ Peter Bol (1 August 1994). "This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in Tang and Sung China. Stanford University Press. pp. 505–. ISBN 978-0-8047-6575-6.
Jump up ^ Asia Major. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1995. p. 57.
Jump up ^ R. W. L. Guisso (December 1978). Wu Tse-T'len and the politics of legitimation in T'ang China. Western Washington. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-914584-90-2.
Jump up ^ Jo-Shui Chen (2 November 2006). Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-521-03010-6.
Jump up ^ 《氏族志》
Jump up ^ Peter Bol (1 August 1994). "This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China. Stanford University Press. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-0-8047-6575-6.
Jump up ^ Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03519-5, p. 168.
^ Jump up to: a b Yule, Henry (1915). Henri Cordier (ed.), Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London: Hakluyt Society. Accessed 21 September 2016, pp 29–31.
Jump up ^ Yule, Henry (1915). Henri Cordier (ed.), Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London: Hakluyt Society. Accessed 21 September 2016, p. 29; also footnote #4 on p. 29.
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art permanent exhibit notice.
^ Jump up to: a b c Benn, 2.
Jump up ^ Ouyang, Xiu (5 April 2004). Historical Records of the Five Dynasties. Richard L. Davis, translator. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-231-50228-3.
Jump up ^ John Lagerwey; Pengzhi Lü (30 October 2009). Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 Ad). BRILL. pp. 84–. ISBN 90-04-17585-7.
Jump up ^ *Watson, Burton (1971). CHINESE LYRICISM: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). ISBN 0-231-03464-4, p. 109.
Further reading[edit]
Bingham, Woodbridge. 1941. The Founding of the T'ang The Sui dynasty: The Unification of China. A.D. 581–617. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-394-49187-4 ; 0-394-32332-7.
Wright, Arthur F. (1979). "The Sui dynasty (581–617)". In Twitchett, Dennis. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–149. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.
External links[edit]
Classical Imperial China
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sui dynasty.
Preceded by
Northern and Southern dynasties Dynasties in Chinese history
581–619 Succeeded by
Tang dynasty
[show]
v
t
e
Sui dynasty topics
Topics
Three Departments and Six Ministries
Goguryeo–Sui War
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam
Transition from Sui to Tang
Wagang Army
Grand Canal of China
Important people
Emperor Wen
Emperor Yang
Yang You
Yang Tong
Yang Yong
Dugu Qieluo
Han Qinhu
Yang Su
Yang Xuangan
Zhai Rang
Li Mi
Dou Jiande
Wang Shichong
Du Fuwei
Yuwen Huaji
History of Imperial China portal
Asia portal
Middle Ages portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&oldid=839306942"
Categories:
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in East Asia
Former empires
States and territories established in the 580s
Sui dynasty
Dynasties in Chinese history
Medieval Asia
6th century in China
7th century in China
Sui dynasty Buddhists
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
581 establishments
6th-century establishments in China
618 disestablishments
7th-century disestablishments in China
6th-century establishments in Vietnam
7th-century disestablishments in Vietnam
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from August 2017
Use British English from August 2017
Former country articles requiring maintenance
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Citation overkill
Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2017
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
贛語
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Tiếng Việt
文言
吴语
粵語
中文
62 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 16:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;

value: tr

value: span

attrs: lang title

values:
zh
Chinese language text

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;

value: sup

value: b

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;

value: tbody

value: table

values: width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;

values:
/wiki/File:Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png
image
Location of Sui dynasty

values: text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;

values:
/wiki/File:Sui_Dynasty.png
image
Location of Sui dynasty

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values:
/wiki/Chinese_coin
mw-redirect
Chinese coin

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Northern_Zhou_dynasty
mw-redirect
Northern Zhou dynasty

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;

values: width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;

values: width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

values: background:#FEC; border-bottom: 1px solid #777; padding:3px 3px 0px 3px; font-size: 110%

values: text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777; text-align:center;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: line-height: 140%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #666; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%;padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%;border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #666;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777; font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6; color:#666

values: History of the People's Republic of China

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6; color:#666

values:
/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_China
mw-redirect
Linguistic history of China

values:
/wiki/History_of_Chinese_art
mw-redirect
History of Chinese art

values: History of science and technology in China

values: text-align: center; display: none; background: transparent;

values: line-height: 150%; padding:0px 3px 2px 3px; background:#EEE; border-top: 1px solid #666; font-size: 90%;

values: line-height: 125%; font-size: 80%; padding: 2px 2px 2px 3px; border-top: 1px solid #777; background: #FEC; text-align:center;

values: margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0.6em; border: 1px solid #777; background: #FFF; line-height:160%; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; border-collapse:collapse; ;

values:
/wiki/Troop_transport
mw-redirect
Troop transport

values: Edit section: Emperor Wen and the founding of Sui

values:
/wiki/Yangtze_River
mw-redirect
Yangtze River

values: This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (March 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Yangzi_River
mw-redirect
Yangzi River

values:
/wiki/Ancestor_worship_in_China
mw-redirect
Ancestor worship in China

values: Edit section: Emperor Yang and the reconquest of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China
mw-redirect
Grand Canal of China

values:
/wiki/Annam_(Chinese_province)
mw-redirect
Annam (Chinese province)

values:
/wiki/Goguryeo-Sui_Wars
mw-redirect
Goguryeo-Sui Wars

values: Edit section: Family tree of the Sui emperors

values: padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; width:75%

values: border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em

values: border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0 auto; font-size:112%;

values: margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:75%; width:75%; font-size:88%; border:1px solid #aaa;

values:
/wiki/Yang_Hao_(prince)
mw-redirect
Yang Hao (prince)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1170959

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1091

values: Template talk:Sui dynasty topics (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:States and territories established in the 580s

values: Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century

values: Category:6th-century establishments in China

values: Category:7th-century disestablishments in China

values: Category:6th-century establishments in Vietnam

values: Category:7th-century disestablishments in Vietnam

values: Category:Use British English from August 2017

values: Category:Former country articles requiring maintenance

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2017

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sui_dynasty
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: مملكة سوي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: সুই সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Суй династияһы – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Дынастыя Суй – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Δυναστεία Σουί – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: دودمان سوئی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: सुई राजवंश – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: שושלת סווי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: სუის დინასტია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Суй әулеті – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B
隋 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy
Suy – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਸੂਈ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: រាជវង្សស៊ុយ – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Династија Суеј – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சுயி அரசமரபு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ราชวงศ์สุย – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Династія Суй – Ukrainian

values: سۈي سۇلالىسى – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizciuz
Suizciuz – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sui_dynasty rootpage-Sui_dynasty skin-vector action-view