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List of circumnavigations
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The Magellan–Elcano voyage was the first world circumnavigation in history. Victoria, one of the original five ships, led by Elcano, circumnavigated the globe, finishing 16 months after Magellan's death.
This is a list of circumnavigations of the planet Earth. Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion of voyage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Global circumnavigations
1.1 Seacraft
1.1.1 16th century
1.1.2 17th century
1.1.3 18th century
1.1.4 19th century
1.1.5 20th century
1.1.6 21st century
1.1.7 Fastest nautical circumnavigations of the globe
1.2 Aircraft
1.3 Spacecraft
1.4 Mixed transportation (including on foot and various other human powered)
2 Significant non-global circumnavigations
2.1 Seacraft
3 Fictional circumnavigations
4 See also
5 Notes and references
Global circumnavigations[edit]
Seacraft[edit]
16th century[edit]
The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, of Ferdinand Magellan's Castilian ('Spanish') expedition (which began with 5 ships and 270 men); 1519–1522; westward from Spain; in Victoria. After Magellan was killed by natives in the Philippines on 27 April 1521, the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 6 September 1522, after a journey of 3 years and 1 month.[1] These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe in a single expedition.
The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa's Spanish expedition 1525–1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta; westward from Spain. None of Loaísa's seven ships completed the voyage, but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack. Successive chiefs of the expedition (Loaísa, Elcano, Salazar, Iñiguez, De la Torre) died during the voyages. Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived, reaching the Spice Islands in 1526, to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese. Urdaneta and a few of his men returned to Spain in 1536 aboard Portuguese ships via India, the Cape of Good Hope and Portugal, and completed the second world circumnavigation in history.
Francis Drake; 1577–1580; westward from England; in Golden Hind; discovered the Drake Passage but entered the Pacific via the Strait of Magellan; first English circumnavigation and the second carried out in a single expedition. Drake was the first to complete a circumnavigation as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation.
Martín Ignacio de Loyola; 1580–1584; westward from Spain.
Thomas Cavendish; 1586–1588; westward from England; in Desire.
Martín Ignacio de Loyola; 1585–1589; eastward from Spain (via Macau, China, and Acapulco, Mexico); First person to circumnavigate the world twice, first one to do so eastwards and both westwards and eastwards (1580–1584 westward and 1585–1589 eastward), and first to use overland routes in his circumnavigation.
João da Gama; 1584 (or 1585)–1590; eastward from Portugal; from Lisbon to India, Malacca, Macau (China) and Japan. Gama crossed the Pacific at a higher northern latitude; was taken prisoner in Mexico and carried in Spanish ships to the Iberian Peninsula. One of the first to do eastwards, mostly by sea.
17th century[edit]
The survivors of the expedition of Jacques Mahu; 1598–1601; westward from Holland; Of Mahu's five ships only two returned.
The survivors of the expedition of Olivier van Noort; 1598–1601; westward from Holland; Of Van Noort's four ships only two returned.
Francesco Carletti (it); Florentine merchant; 1594–1602; westward from Italy; travelled across the American continent overland, through Panama. All Carletti's other travel was by sea until he ended in the Netherlands; he travelled from there overland back to Italy. Carletti was perhaps the first to travel all legs as a passenger, not as a ship's officer or a crew member. Carletti described his journey in his autobiography, "My Voyage Around the World", translated into various languages.
Joris van Spilbergen; 1614–1617; westward from Holland.
Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire; 1615–1617; westward from Holland; in Eendraght; Discovered Cape Horn and the first expedition to enter the Pacific via the Drake Passage.
Jacques l'Hermite and John Hugo Schapenham; 1623–1626; westward from Holland.
Pedro Cubero; 1670–1679; eastward from Spain; the first maritime circumnavigation including significant travel overland.
William Dampier (English); 1679–1691; westward from England.
Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri; 1693–1698; eastward from Naples; the first tourist to circumnavigate the globe, paying his own way on multiple voyages, crossing Mexico on land.
18th century[edit]
William Funnell (English); 1703–1706.[2]
William Dampier (English); 1703–1706.[2]
Woodes Rogers (English); 1708–1711; with the Duke and the Duchess; He rescued Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709. Selkirk had been stranded there for four years.
William Dampier (English); 1708–1711; First person to circumnavigate the world three times (1679–1691, 1703–1707 and 1708–1711).
George Anson, 1st Baron Anson; 1740–1744; in HMS Centurion.
John Byron; 1764–1766; in HMS Dolphin.
Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret; 1766–1768; in HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow; Carteret had served on Byron's expedition. Dolphin was the first ship to survive two circumnavigations.
Louis de Bougainville; 1766–1769; On board was Jeanne Baré, disguised as a man, the first woman to circumnavigate the globe; first French circumnavigation.
James Cook; 1768–1771; in HMS Endeavour; The first circumnavigation to lose no personnel to scurvy.
Tobias Furneaux; 1772–1774; in HMS Adventure (Furneaux was a veteran of Byron's expedition.).
James Cook; 1772–1775; in HMS Resolution.
Alessandro Malaspina; 1776–1778.
George Dixon and Nathaniel Portlock; 1785–1788; in Queen Charlotte and King George respectively; early pioneers of the Maritime Fur Trade between the Pacific Northwest and China.
Robert Gray; 1787–1790; first American circumnavigation.
19th century[edit]
Ignacio Maria de Alava; 1795–1803; in Montañés, flagship of a Spanish Navy squadron.
Adam Johann von Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky; 1803–1806; the first Russian circumnavigation.
Hipolito Bouchard; 1817–1819; in La Argentina (Corsair Ship, Frigate); from Buenos Aires (Argentina, South America) via Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, Java, Philippines, Hawaii, California, El Salvador, Valparaiso (Chile). The first Argentine to circumnavigate the world.
Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev; 1819–1821; the first circumnavigation mostly between 60° and 70° S, discovered Antarctica and the first islands south of the Antarctic Circle.
HMS Warspite; 1826–1828; as part of her assuming the role of the flagship of the South American station squadron, from England via Cape of Good Hope, Burma, Australia and Brazil, returning to England via the Caribbean.
USS Vincennes, 3 September 1826 – 8 June 1830; from New York by way of Cape Horn, visiting the Hawaiian islands in 1829 and Macau in 1830. Her return voyage was made by way of China, the Philippines, the Indian Ocean, and the Cape of Good Hope. After nearly four years, Vincennes arrived back in New York under Commander William B. Finch.[3] Two days later the ship was decommissioned.
USS Potomac; 19 August 1831 – 23 May 1834; Commodore John Downes commanding, departed New York for the first Sumatran Expedition via the Cape of Good Hope, and returned via Cape Horn to Boston.
Robert Fitzroy; 1831–1836; in HMS Beagle; with Charles Darwin.
Sir George Simpson; 1841–1842; made the first "land circumnavigation" by crossing Canada and Siberia.
USS Constitution; May 1844 - September 1845; commanded by Captain John "Mad Jack" Percival.
The paddle sloop HMS Driver; 1845-1847; first steamship circumnavigation.
The first Galathea expedition; 1845–1847; first Danish circumnavigation.
HMS Herald; 1845-1851; Discovered Herald Island in the Bering Straits while searching for the Sir John Franklin Expedition.
The screw frigate Amazonas; 1856–1858; first Peruvian circumnavigation.
SMS Novara; 1857–1859; first Austrian circumnavigation.
CSS Shenandoah; 1864–65; only Confederate ship to circumnavigate. Capt. James Iredell Waddell.
Casto Méndez Núñez; 1865–1868; aboard Numancia; first ironclad warship circumnavigation; "Enloricata navis que primo terram circuivit".
Fernando Villaamil; 1892–1894; aboard Nautilus; first training ship circumnavigation.
Joshua Slocum; 1895–1898; first single-handed circumnavigation.
20th century[edit]
The Great White Fleet; 1907–1909; first fleet to circumnavigate the world.
Harry Pidgeon; 1921–1925; second single-handed circumnavigation.
HMS Hood, HMS Repulse, and the rest of the Special Service Squadron; 1923–24; in the Empire Cruise, a tour of the British Empire after World War I.
Harry Pidgeon; 1932–1937; third single-handed circumnavigation, first person to circumnavigate solo twice (1921–1925 and 1932–1937).
Electa and Irving Johnson; 1934–1958; sail training pioneers, circumnavigated the world 7 times with amateur crews.
Vito Dumas; 1942; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans, including the first single handed passage of all three great capes.
HMCS Labrador; 1954; first circumnavigation of North America. Halifax west through Northwest Passage. South to Panama canal and return to Halifax.
Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation.
Operation Sea Orbit; 1964; USS Enterprise, USS Long Beach, and USS Bainbridge; first circumnavigation by an all-nuclear naval task force.
1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation.
Sir Francis Chichester; 1966–1967; first single-handed circumnavigation with just one port of call.
Sir Alec Rose; 1967-1968; single-handed circumnavigation with two stops (in Australia and New Zealand).
Leonid Teliga; 1967–1969; single-handed circumnavigation aboard SY Opty.
Robin Knox-Johnston; 1968–1969; first single-handed non-stop circumnavigation.[4]
Robin Lee Graham; 1965–1970; then youngest (at ages 16–21) solo circumnavigation aboard 24-foot sailboat Dove.
Chay Blyth; 1971; first westwards single-handed non-stop circumnavigation.
Edward Allcard; 1957–1973; circumnavigation via the three great capes aboard his 36-foot wooden ketch Sea Wanderer.
USS Inchon; ETR-3 crew SEP-1972-SEP-1973 Circumnavigation via Panama Canal Norfolk VA. East to West.
Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz; 1976–1978; first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation.
Naomi James; 1977–1978; first woman to perform a single-handed circumnavigation via Cape Horn.
Mark Schrader; 1982; completed two solo circumnavigations. In 1982–1983 became the first American to complete a solo circumnavigation via the five southernmost capes.[5][6]
Marvin Creamer (USA); 21 December 1982 – 17 May 1984; only known person to circumnavigate the globe by boat with no nautical aids, not even a compass or watch [1].
Bertie Reed - 1982 - the first South African to complete three singlehanded circumnavigations.[7]
David Scott Cowper; 1985; first single-handed circumnavigation by motor boat.
Dodge Morgan; 12 November 1985 - 11 April 1986; Aboard sailboat American Promise, became first American to sail solo around the world, non-stop.
Trishna; 28 September 1985 - 10 January 1987; First Indian circumnavigation by an Indian Army Corps of Engineers crew. Also had the first handicapped sailor to sail around the globe.[citation needed]
Teddy Seymour; 1987; aboard sailboat Love Song; the first African-American to complete solo single-handed circumnavigation.
Mike Plant; 1987–1991; completed three circumnavigations.[8]
1986–87: Won the BOC Challenge (Class II - Open 50) with a time of 157 days aboard Airco Distributor, an Open 50 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin.[9][10]
1989: Competed in the first Vendée Globe on Duracell, an Open 60 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin. Although eliminated from the race after receiving help with a rudder repair in New Zealand, Plant still set a record for the fastest American to sail single-handed around the world with a time of 135 days.[8][11]
1990/91: Finished 4th overall in the BOC Challenge, setting the highest mark in a solo-sailing event for an American with a time of 132 days.[8]
The Thurston Family; 1984–1987; First Australian family to complete a circumnavigation.[12]
Tania Aebi; 1985–1987; American woman who completed a solo circumnavigation by the age of 21, one 80-nautical-mile (150 km) stretch with crew disqualified her from an official record.
Kay Cottee; 1988; first woman to perform a solo non-stop circumnavigation.
David Scott Cowper; 1990; first single-handed circumnavigation via the North West Passage.
Brian Caldwell; 1995-1996; '1st-Under-Age-21' to complete solo circumnavigation with stops, completed by age 20.
David Dicks; 1996; youngest recognized assisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 41 days.
Henk de Velde; 1997; sailed a catamaran eastbound around the world in 119 days, non-stop. He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single-handed with a catamaran,[citation needed] although others have made faster single-handed circumnavigations in trimarans (Ellen MacArthur, 2005, and Francis Joyon, 2008).
1998 Ocean 7 Adventurer; July 1998 in 74 days, 20 hours, 58 minutes, traveling more than 22,600 nautical miles (41,855 km). This achievement set a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel.
Robert Case; 1998–2001; first solo American amputee to sail eastbound around the world..
Jesse Martin; 1999; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation, completed aged 18 years 66 days.
Azhar Mansor; 1999; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world.
Alex Thomson; 1999; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race (Clipper 1998-1999)
Daniel D. Moreland; 1997-1998; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle
21st century[edit]
Wilfried Erdmann; 2000-08-14 - 2001-07-23 in 343 days; monohull Kathena Nui; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation
Ellen MacArthur; 2001; monohull; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman.
Mike Golding; 2001; First person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions. 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation, 161 days, Group 4. 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position.
Bruno Peyron and crew; 2005; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II; set the then current windpowered circumnavigation record, 50 days, 16 hours, 20 minute.[4]
Ellen MacArthur; 2005; trimaran B&Q/Castorama; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation (71 days), is still the fastest woman in 2010. See also 2001.[4]
Dee Caffari; 2005-2006; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation, in 178 days.[13]
Spanish frigate Álvaro de Bazán (F101); 2007; First circumnavigation of the globe by a Spanish warship in 142 years.
RMS Queen Mary 2; 2007 world cruise; at 148,528 gross ton, the world's largest passenger ship to circumnavigate the globe.
Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540 horsepower multi-fuelled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes.
Francis Joyon; 2008; 95 ft (29 m) IDEC 2; current fastest singlehanded multihull circumnavigation, in 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes 06 seconds.[4]
Michael Perham; 2009; then youngest person (aged 16–17 years) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (with stops, through Panama Canal).
Franck Cammas and a crew of 10; 2010; French trimaran Groupama 3; set the fastest maritime circumnavigation at the time, in a time of 48 days, 7 hours 44 minutes and 52 seconds.[4]
Cdr Dilip Donde (Indian Navy); 2009-2010; First Indian to carry out a solo circumnavigation; stopped in four ports - Fremantle, Lyttelton, Port Stanley and Cape Town.[14]
Jessica Watson; 2009-2010; youngest person (aged 16) to perform a solo non-stop southern hemisphere circumnavigation (past Cape Horn).
Reid Stowe; 2007-2010; eastbound circumnavigation, 1152 days; longest time spent at sea without resupply or touching land.
Minoru Saito; 2008-2011; oldest person (aged 77) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (westbound, past Cape Horn, with stops). He has made eight singlehanded circumnavigations; after the seventh (which was non-stop) at age 71 he was already the oldest.
PlanetSolar; 2010-2012; first solar vehicle to circumnavigate the globe.
Laura Dekker; 2011–2012; youngest person (aged 14–16 years) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation (with stops, through Panama Canal).
British sailor Jeanne Socrates; 2012-2013; oldest woman (aged 70) to single-handedly sail around the world, non-stop without outside assistance,[15] also making her first woman to make solo non-stop unassisted circumnavigation from west coast of North America (Victoria BC, Canada). Oldest, in 2010-2011 (aged 68), to sail single-handedly around the world, with stops. Both were eastbound via Cape Horn.[16]
Abhilash Tomy (Indian Navy); 2012-2013; First Indian to sail solo, nonstop around the world without outside assistance. Sailed south of the five southernmost capes.
Gerry Hughes; 2012-2013; First deaf yachtsman to sail single-handed around the world to pass the five great capes. On 1 September 2012, Hughes left Troon, Scotland to start his eight-month journey across the world. Hughes travel around the world solo, sailed 32,000 miles and became the first deaf yachtsman to passed all five southernmost capes - Cape Agulhas, Cape Leeuwin, South East Cape, South West Cape and Cape Horn.
Fastest nautical circumnavigations of the globe[edit]
See also: Around the world sailing record
(Ordered by ascending date of completion of voyage)
Operation Sandblast; 1960; USS Triton; first underwater circumnavigation, and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation (disputed with Earthrace, 2008), in 60 days 21 hours.
Jon Sanders; 1986–1988; holds the world record for completing a single-handed, non-stop, triple circumnavigation, in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes.
Jean Luc Van Den Heede (French); 2004; fastest westward single-handed circumnavigation, 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds.
Adrienne Cahalan (Australian); February–March 2004; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation (crew of "Cheyenne") 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds.
Earthrace; 2008; wave-piercing trimaran, with two 540 horsepower multi-fuelled engines; current world record holder for a motorized vessel (disputed with USS Triton, 1960), in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes.
Thomas Coville (French); Nov 2016–Dec 2016; current fastest single-handed circumnavigation, in 49 days, 3 hours, 7 minutes, 38 seconds.
Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors; Dec 2016–Jan 2017; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT; current absolute (wind or mechanically powered) fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing. Average speed of 26.85 knots (30.71 MPH), covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles (48,915 km; 30,394 mi).
Aircraft[edit]
In 1999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones achieved the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3.
United States Army Air Service, 1924, first aerial circumnavigation, 175 days, covering 44,360 kilometres (27,560 mi).
Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen, in a Klemm L.20, circumnavigated the globe solo, between August 1928 and November 1929 (oceanic legs via ship).
LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin, 1929, piloted by Hugo Eckener set a record for the fastest aerial circumnavigation, 21 days, which was also the first circumnavigation in an airship.
On 1 July 1931, pilot Wiley Post and navigator Harold Gatty completed their circumnavigation of the world in a Lockheed Vega aeroplane, Winnie Mae, in 8 days, 15 hours and 51 minutes; the record for fastest circumnavigation was once again held by an aeroplane.
In 1932, Wolfgang von Gronau flew around the world in a twin-engine Dornier seaplane, Gronland-Wal D-2053, in nearly four months, making 44 stops en route. He was accompanied by co-pilot Gerth von Roth, mechanic Franzl Hack, and radio operator Fritz Albrecht.[17]
In 1933, Wiley Post repeated his circumnavigation by aeroplane, but this time solo, using an autopilot and radio direction finder. He made the first solo aerial circumnavigation in a time one day faster than his previous record: 7 days, 19 hours, 49 minutes, in which he covered 25,110 kilometres (15,600 mi).
Richarda Morrow-Tait became the first and still-youngest woman pilot to fly around the world, accompanied by navigator Michael Townsend, in a year and a day, from 18 August 1948 to 19 August 1949.
In 1949, the United States Air Force B-50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II made the first non-stop aerial circumnavigation in 94 hours and 1 minute. Four in-air refuelings were required for the flight, which covered 37,743 kilometres (23,452 mi).
Geraldine Mock, 1964, first woman to complete a solo aerial circumnavigation.
Don Taylor, 1976, first general aviation circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft.
Dick Smith, 1982–1983, first solo circumnavigation by helicopter.
Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, 1986, Voyager, first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane, 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds.
In 1992 an Air France Concorde achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds.
Brian Milton, 1998, first microlight circumnavigation. He used an open-cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912. No support aircraft escorted the flight. Keith Reynolds was copilot from Webridge, Surrey, to Yuzhno Sakhalinsk, Siberia. Then, as required by the Russian authorities, navigator Petr Petrov accompanied Milton to Nome, Alaska. Milton completed the rest of the 120-day-voyage solo (71 flying days).[18][19][20]
Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones, 1999, first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3, 19 days, 1 hour and 49 minutes, covering 42,810 kilometres (26,600 mi).
Colin Bodill, 2000, first solo circumnavigation by a microlight (Mainair Blade) in 99 days. Also held fastest circumnavigation by microlight until broken. Bodill was part of an entourage of 4 aircraft, one of which carried supplies and support.[21]
Polly Vacher, 2001, in the smallest aircraft flown in a solo circumnavigation by a woman, via Australia and the Pacific.
Steve Fossett, 2 July 2002, first solo balloon circumnavigation.
Steve Fossett, 3 March 2005, GlobalFlyer, first non-stop, non-refueled solo circumnavigation in an airplane, 67 hours, covering 37,000 kilometres (23,000 mi).
Steve Fossett, 11 February 2006, GlobalFlyer, longest non-stop, non-refueled solo flight (with circumnavigation) in an airplane, covering 42,469.5 kilometres (26,389.3 mi), in 76 hours and 45 minutes.[22][23]
Barrington Irving, 27 June 2007, Inspiration, youngest solo circumnavigation in an airplane, at that time, 23 years, 228 days; first solo circumnavigation in an airplane by a black pilot and first Jamaican. Left Miami, Florida, March 23, 2007, first stop, Cleveland, Ohio.
Rahul Monga and Anil Kumar, 2007, fastest circumnavigation in a microlight, 79 days. Team from the Indian Air Force to commemorate the 75 Anniversary of the founding of the Indian Air Force. Aircraft used was a Flight Design CTSW. They covered 40,529 kilometres (25,184 mi) in a total flight time of 247 hours and 27 minutes.[24][25]
Jack Wiegand, 2013, then youngest pilot to circumnavigate the globe, solo (21).[26]
Amelia Rose Earhart joined by co-pilot Shane Jordon, completed a global circumnavigation flight on 11 July 2014.
Australian pilot Ryan Campbell completed a global circumnavigation flight on 7 September 2013 making him the then youngest person (19 year, 7 months, 25 days) to fly around the world.
Matt Guthmiller completed a global circumnavigation flight on 14 July 2014 making him the youngest person (19 years, 7 months, 15 days) to ever fly around the world.
Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took off from Abu Dhabi aboard the solar-powered airplane Solar Impulse 2 on 9 March 2015, and were originally scheduled to complete their circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere in five months.[27] Due to battery damage, continuation of the flight has been postponed until April 2016.[28] This circumnavigation was completed on 26 July 2016.
Robert DeLaurentis completed a global circumnavigation flight on 19 August 2015[29] - Single plane, single engine, single pilot,[30] across the Atlantic,[31] Pacific and Indian Oceans.[32]
Fyodor Konyukhov, 23 July 2016, broke the record for the fastest circumnavigation of the world in a hot air balloon. He took "just over 11 days", breaking Steve Fossetts 2002 record of 13 and a half days.[33]
Wang Zheng on September 19, 2016, completed a solo global circumnavigation in a single piston-engine aircraft and became the first Chinese person to fly solo around-the-world and the first Chinese female pilot to fly around the world.[34]
Spacecraft[edit]
On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space, and completed the first orbit of the Earth, in Vostok 1, in 108 minutes.
The second and third orbital circumnavigations, the first two to have multiple orbits, were made by Gherman Titov (17.5 orbits, a little over a day, for the Soviet Union) and John Glenn, in Friendship 7 (3 orbits, almost five hours, for the USA, first American orbital flight), respectively.
The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit, and to also do so multiple times, was Valentina Tereshkova, who made forty-eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6.
Frank F. Borman II, James A. Lovell Jr., and William A. Anders, 21–27 December 1968, first human circumnavigation of the Earth-Moon system, 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours, aboard Apollo 8; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days.
Sally K. Ride, 18–24 June 1983, the first American woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit, the youngest American to date to do so (aged 32 years, 23 days), and the first American woman to do so multiple times; she flew 97 orbits during STS-7 aboard Space Shuttle Challenger.
Mixed transportation (including on foot and various other human powered)[edit]
See also: Long-distance riding and List of pedestrian circumnavigators
King Kalākaua traveled around the world, over land and sea, thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881.
Thomas Stevens was the first person to circle the globe by bicycle. The feat was accomplished between 1884 and 1886. While impressive at the time, a good portion of the trip was by steamer due to technical and political reasons.
Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days (from November 14, 1889 to January 25, 1890), a world record, resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel.
Dumitru Dan was the first person to have walked around the world, in 1910–1923 (he kept walking even on the boats' deck).
Clärenore Stinnes and Carl-Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929.
Beginning in Montreal, Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958, becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle.
David Kunst walked around the world between 20 June 1970 and 10 October 1974.
Arthur Blessitt walked around the world carrying a 45 lb (20 kg) wooden cross, covering 38,102 miles (61,319 km) through 315 countries, between 1969 and 2008.
Heinz Stucke has been cycling around the world since 1962.
Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Charles Burton and their team circumnavigated 'vertically' via the two poles on the Transglobe Expedition.
Rick Hansen, a world-class paraplegic athlete, became the first person to travel around the world in a wheelchair on 22 May 1987, covering over 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) through 34 countries on four continents.[35]
Robert Garside is credited by Guinness World Records as the first person to run around the world between 1997 and 2003, taking 2,062 days to cover 30,000 miles (48,000 km) across 29 countries and 6 continents.[36]
Jesper Olsen travelled 26,000 kilometres (16,000 mi) in 2004, completed circumnavigation solely on foot (except for airplane or boats over the seas).
Colin Angus circumnavigated the northern hemisphere solely by human power in 2006 but did not qualify under the Guinness guidelines as a human powered circumnavigation. His attempt, however, was recognized by National Geographic.[37]
Jason Lewis completed the first true human-powered circumnavigation of the globe in 2007, covering 46,505 miles (74,843 km) in both the southern and northern hemispheres and reaching two antipodal points, gaining accreditation from Guinness World Records[38] and Adventurestats by Explorersweb.[39]
Mark Beaumont broke the record for cycling around globe in 2008. He began his attempt on 5 August 2007 and completed the 18,297-mile (29,446 km) journey across 4 continents and 21 countries 194 days and 17 hours later on 15 February 2008.[40]
Rosie Swale-Pope travelled 32,000 kilometres (20,000 mi) in 2008 completed circumnavigation solely on foot (except for airplane or boats over the seas).
Garry Sowerby holds four world records for circumnavigation in an automobile.[41][42][43]
Erden Eruç completed the first solo human-powered circumnavigation traveling by rowboat, sea kayak, foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012.[44] Erden crossed the equator two times, passed over 12 pairs of antipodal points, and logged 66,299 kilometres (41,196 mi).[45]
Vladimir Lysenko had circumnavigated the globe from west to east, deviating no more than two degrees of latitude from the Equator. Starting in Libreville (Gabon), Vladimir had successfully crossed (in a car, a motor boat, a yacht, a ship, a kayak, a bicycle, and by foot) Africa, Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Pacific Ocean, South America and Atlantic Ocean with finish in Libreville in 2012.[46][47]
Significant non-global circumnavigations[edit]
Seacraft[edit]
Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II; c. 600 BC; possibly circumnavigating Africa.
Roman Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola; c. 80; first circumnavigation of Britain.
Jacques Cartier; 1534–1535; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland.
García de Nodal; 1619; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego.
James Cook; 1769–1770; first circumnavigation of New Zealand.
Matthew Flinders; 1801–1803; first circumnavigation of Australia.[questionable; Abel Tasman already circumnavigated Australia during 1642-1643].
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld; 1878–1879; first circumnavigation of Eurasia, via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal, during the Vega expedition.
RCMP St Roch; 1940–1942 and 1950; first vessel to circumnavigate North America. 1940–1942 Vancouver to Halifax, Nova Scotia, via the Northwest Passage. 1950, Halifax to Vancouver, via the Panama Canal.
HMCS Labrador (AW 50); 1954; first vessel to circumnavigate North America in a single voyage, via the Panama Canal.
USS Belmont; 1967; circumnavigated South America via the Panama Canal.
CCGS Hudson; 1970; first circumnavigation of North and South America.[48]
Miles Clark; 1992; circumnavigation of Europe, going from the White Sea to the Black Sea through several Russian waterways.[49][50]
Phoenicia (a replica of a Phoenician ship); 2009–2010; remade the possible circumnavigation of Africa, but completed the modern trip by going from Syria to the Red Sea via the Suez Canal.[51]
Børge Ousland in the yacht Northern Passage July–October 2010[52] and Daniel Gavrilov in the yacht Peter I; June–November 2010; first circumnavigation of the Arctic in a single season.[53][54] Ousland claims to have crossed his wake north of Bergen on 14 October; it's unclear when Gavrilov crossed his wake.
Matt Rutherford; June 2011-April 2012; first single-handed, non-stop 27,000 mi (43,000 km) sailing circumnavigation of the Americas, leaving from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, through the Northwest Passage, around Cape Horn, and back to the Chesapeake Bay.[55] The Scott Polar Research Institute officially recognized Rutherford's 27 ft (8.2 m) sailboat as the smallest vessel to ever transit the Northwest Passage.[56]
Fictional circumnavigations[edit]
Jules Verne's 1872 adventure novel, Around the World in Eighty Days describes a fictional circumnavigation. Upper class Englishman Phileas Fogg and his servant Passepartout use a variety of transportation means and ingenuity to accomplish the adventurous feat. The book is a tribute to the new transportation possibilities of the early Industrial Revolution, with the coming of steamships, railways, etc., before which a year was a more probable time for a circumnavigation. British actor Michael Palin attempted in 1988 to follow the route as closely as possible in his television series Around the World in 80 Days.
See also[edit]
Circumnavigation
Circumnavigation world record progression
Around the world sailing record
Russian circumnavigations
First Russian circumnavigation
List of pedestrian circumnavigators
List of firsts in aviation
List of people by number of countries visited
Notes and references[edit]
There should be references inside each article, according to a general policy for list articles. In addition further references can be located here.
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark. 1999. The Basque History of the World. Walker & Company, New York. ISBN 0-8027-1349-1, p. 63
^ Jump up to: a b
A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels at Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ Long, David Foster (1988). "Chapter Nine". Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798–1883. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 207ff. ISBN 978-0-87021-228-4. Retrieved April 29, 2012. Lay summary (February 1990). :pp.208–9
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Round the World Non-Stop". World Sailing Speed Record Council. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Dan (August 30, 1986). "GOING ONE-ON-ONE WITH THE LONELY SEA : 25 Daring Sailors Will Attempt to Go Around the World--Single-Handedly". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
Jump up ^ "About Sailors for the Sea > Advisors > Mark Schrader". Boston Interactive/Sailors for the Sea. n.d. Archived from the original on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Remembering Bertie Reed". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Museum of Yachting Retrieved March 27, 2013
Jump up ^ VELUX 5 Oceans Race (BOC Challenge) Official Website Retrieved March 27, 2013
Jump up ^ Roger Martin Design Retrieved March 27, 2013
Jump up ^ "Home - Vendée Globe 2016-2017". vendeeglobe.org. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Thurston, Elizabeth (1991). Dolphins at Sunset. Australia: Sun. pp. 1–232. ISBN 9780725106812 – via https://books.google.com/books/about/Dolphins_at_Sunset.html?id=WnbHAAAACAAJ&hl=en.
Jump up ^ wrong-way sailor back on UK soil, BBC News. Retrieved 21 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Cdr Dilip Donde". outlookindia.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sailor Jeanne Socrates, world's oldest non-stop female circumnavigator". sail-world.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ealing grandmother's world record sail". ealingtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Round-the-World Flights, from WingNet. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ The Guinness 1999 Book of Records. Guinness Publishing. 1998. p. 081. ISBN 0-85112-070-9.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Mark (October 19, 2003). "Bandits at 11 o'clock!". The Independent on Sunday. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Tarquin (May 23, 2009). "Top 20 great British adventurers". The Daily Telegraph. p. W5.
Jump up ^ "Fastest circumnavigation by microlight". guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Fossett flies to non-stop record, from BBC News. Retrieved 11 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Steve lands as an uninvited guest!, from Virgin Global Flyer. Retrieved 11 February 2006.
Jump up ^ "Fastest Round the World Trip-world record set by IAF". worldrecordacademy.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ http://indianairforce.nic.in/expedition/expedition_detail.php#exeiti
Jump up ^ "Youngest person to circumnavigate by aircraft, solo". guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Amos, Jonathan. "Solar Impulse plane begins epic global flight", BBC News, 9 March 2015
Jump up ^ Amos, Jonathan. "Solar Impulse grounded until 2016", BBC News, 15 July 2015
Jump up ^ "Around the world in 90 days, for a cause - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "AROUND THE WORLD — BARELY". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "American pilot making epic solo flight around the world". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Around the world in 90 days - Local - The Telegram". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Russian adventurer breaks world hot air balloon record". ABC News. ABC-Australia. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Solo Flights". www.earthrounders.org. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
Jump up ^ Still making a difference: Hansen continues to inspire while raising understanding and money, By Darah Hansen, Vancouver Sun, 18 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Around-World Runner Honoured from the New York Post
Jump up ^ Human-Powered Circumnavigation
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records (6 October 2007). "Human Powered Circumnavigations" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Adventurestats by Explorersweb. "Global HPC - Human Powered Circumnavigations". Explorersweb.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - Scotland - Edinburgh, East and Fife - Scot smashes world cycle record". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.digihitch.com/canada20.html
Jump up ^ Green gimmick leads to striking narratives; Car becomes historian for green projects - Motoring - The Western Star
Jump up ^ "In Search of Nova Scotia's 25 Funkiest Things - novascotia.ca". gov.ns.ca. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guinness World Records – First solo circumnavigation of the globe using human power". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Media Kit – Project Summary Document" (PDF). Around-n-Over (PDF file linked from "around-n-over.org/media/mediakit.htm"). 22 August 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Union of Russian Around-the-World Travellers site" (in Russian).
Jump up ^ "Round-the-World Tour Along the Equator by Vladimir Lysenko" (in Russian). Extreme portal VVV.RU.
Jump up ^ "CCGS Hudson". Archived from the original on 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ Clark, Miles. Russian Voyage. National Geographic Magazine, June 1994. p. 114 a 138.
Jump up ^ Purves, Libby (30 April 1993). "Obituary: Miles Clark". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ "The Phoenician Ship Expedition". phoenicia.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ousland : nearly back to Oslo". International Polar Foundation. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "First circumnavigation of Arctic completed". The Voice of Russia. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Peter 1 arctic circumnavigation 2010". Youtube. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Sheinin, Dave (April 21, 2012). "Sailor Matt Rutherford welcomed home in Annapolis after sailing solo around the Americas". The Washington Post. Annapolis. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schell, Andy (September 18, 2012). "Matt Rutherford: Mission Accomplished". Cruz Bay Publishing Inc., an Active Interest Media company. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
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TRIUMF
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coordinates: 49°14′52″N 123°13′50″W / 49.247792°N 123.230596°W / 49.247792; -123.230596
TRIUMF
Motto
Accelerating Science for Canada
Formation
1968
Purpose
Research and Development
Location
Vancouver, British Columbia
Coordinates
49°14′52″N 123°13′50″W / 49.247792°N 123.230596°W / 49.247792; -123.230596
Region served
Worldwide
Staff
~500
Website
triumf.ca
TRIUMF is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics and accelerator-based science. TRIUMF is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory,[1] and is consistently regarded as one of the leading subatomic physics research centers on the international level.[2] Owned and operated by a consortium of universities as a joint venture, TRIUMF is located on the south campus of one of its founding members - the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. TRIUMF houses the world's largest cyclotron,[3] a source of 520 MeV protons, which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010.[4] TRIUMF's accelerator-focused activities involve particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, materials science, and detector and accelerator development.
There are over 500 scientists, engineers, technicians, tradespeople, administrative staff, postdoctoral fellows, and students on the TRIUMF site. The lab attracts over 1000 national and international researchers every year and has generated over $1B in economic impact activity over the last decade.
TRIUMF scientists and university-based physicists develop and implement Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council’s (NSERC) long-range plan for subatomic physics.[5] TRIUMF uses these plans to develop its own priorities. TRIUMF has over 50 international agreements for collaborative scientific research.[6]
TRIUMF's cyclotron infrastructure has enabled the laboratory’s proton therapy cancer treatment centre – the only one of its kind in Canada.[7] TRIUMF's proton therapy centre is operated in conjunction with the British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA) and the University of British Columbia Department of Ophthalmology.[8] The TRIUMF Proton Therapy Centre specializes in the treatment of ocular melanoma and uses protons from the laboratory’s 520 MeV cyclotron to irradiate cancerous tumors with high precision, thus destroying the tumor while leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed.[9]
Asteroid 14959 TRIUMF is named in honour of the laboratory.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Laboratory directors
1.2 Historic timeline
2 Canadian University Partners
3 Organizational Structure
3.1 Accelerator Division
3.2 Engineering Division
3.3 Physical Sciences Division
3.4 Life Sciences Division
3.5 Office of the Director
3.6 Advanced Applied Physics Solutions, Inc. (AAPS)
4 TRIUMF's Experiments
4.1 Main Cyclotron and Proton Beam Lines
4.1.1 The 520 MeV Cyclotron
4.1.2 The Four Proton Beamlines
4.2 ISAC Facilities for Rare-Isotope Beams
4.2.1 ISAC-I Facility
4.2.1.1 8π Spectrometer
4.2.1.2 DRAGON
4.2.1.3 Laser Spectroscopy
4.2.1.4 TITAN
4.2.1.5 TRINAT
4.2.2 ISAC-II Facility
4.2.2.1 EMMA
4.2.2.2 HERACLES
4.2.2.3 TIGRESS
4.2.3 ISAC-I/II
4.2.3.1 TUDA
4.2.3.2 TACTIC
4.2.3.3 DSL
4.3 ATLAS Canadian Tier-1 Data Centre
4.4 Centre for Molecular and Materials Science
4.4.1 μSR
4.4.2 β-NMR
4.5 Laboratory for Advanced Detector Development
4.6 Nuclear Medicine Laboratories
4.7 Proton and Neutron Irradiation Facilities
5 External scientific collaborations
5.1 ALPHA
5.2 KEK
5.3 Large Hadron Collider
5.4 SNO
5.5 SNOLAB
5.6 T2K
6 TRIUMF Users' Group
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
TRIUMF was founded in 1968 by Simon Fraser University, the University of British Columbia, and the University of Victoria in order to meet research needs that no single university could provide. The original acronym, stemming from the name TRI University Meson Facility, was dropped and is no longer used to reflect TRIUMF's current state as a consortium of 19 universities. TRIUMF currently has 19 member and associate universities from across Canada.[11]
TRIUMF entrance
Since its inception as a local university facility, TRIUMF has evolved into a national laboratory while still maintaining strong ties to the research programs of Canadian universities. The science program has expanded from nuclear physics to include particle physics, molecular and materials science, nuclear medicine, and accelerator research and development.
TRIUMF's 520 MeV cyclotron was officially commissioned on February 9, 1976 by Pierre Trudeau, the 15th's Prime Minister of Canada. At the commissioning ceremony, he said "I don't really know what a cyclotron is, but I am certainly very happy Canada has one."[12]
Before the Riken SRC (superconducting ring cyclotron) was built, TRIUMF was the world's largest cyclotron in terms of weight and beam or magnetic field radius. The Riken SRC is now heavier than the TRIUMF cyclotron, but TRIUMF has the largest beam radius and the largest vacuum tank. The Riken magnetic field covers from 3.5 m to 5.5 m radius with the maximum beam radius of about 5 metres (200 in). The TRIUMF field goes from 0 to about 320 inches radius with the maximum beam radius of 310 inches. This is because it requires a lower magnetic field to reduce EM stripping.
Laboratory directors[edit]
Since its inception, TRIUMF has had eight directors overseeing its operations.
John Warren – 1968–1971
John Reginald Richardson – 1971–1976
Jack Sample – 1976–1981
Erich Vogt – 1981–1994
Alan Astbury – 1994–2001
Alan Shotter – 2001–2007
Nigel S Lockyer – 2007–2013
Jonathan A Bagger – 2014–present
Historic timeline[edit]
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2011)
1965 – BC nuclear physicists agree on meson facility
1968 – John Warren becomes first director of TRIUMF
1969 – TRIUMF holds opening ceremony
1970 – Ground-breaking ceremony
1971 – Cyclotron assembly begins, Reginald Richardson becomes director of TRIUMF
1974 – Cyclotron produces its first beam
1975 – Proton science program initiated, first polarized proton beam, first μSR experiment at TRIUMF
1976 – Pierre Elliot Trudeau's official dedication, Dr. Erich Vogt becomes an Officer of the Order of Canada, Jack Sample becomes director of TRIUMF
1977 – Medium-resolution spectrometer MRS in operation, first Ph.Ds using TRIUMF beams
1978 – Neutron activation analysis started, AECL/Nordion agreement for medical isotope production, first production of Iodine-123 on Beamline 4A for distribution in Canada
1979 – First new pion/muon beamline M13, pion cancer therapy program initiated
1980 – PET camera construction begins (2nd in Canada), TPC built to study rare decas (1st used in an experiment)
1981 – KAON Factory studies initiated, Erich Vogt becomes director of TRIUMF
1982 – Isotope pipeline to UBC hospital installed, completion of n-p and p-p program, AECL Commercial Products ships first isotopes from TRIUMF
1983 – PET dedicated by the Queen, first commercial cyclotron on site, first isotope separation on-line (ISOL) study
1985 – First purpose-built surface muon channel, NSERC funds HERA beamline at the DESY Lab in Germany
1986 – Contribution to 50 MeV beamline to HERA on behalf of Canada
1987 – Yamasaki awarded Imperial Medal (μSR cited), TISOL facility produces first radioactive beam, University of Manitoba and Université de Montréal become associate members, TRIUMF becomes Canada's national meson facility
1988 – EBCO makes first 30 MeV medical cyclotron, KAON Factory project-definition study funded, University of Toronto becomes an associate member
1989 – NRC adds Tech Transfer to TRIUMF mandate, University of Regina becomes an associate member
1990 – TR-30 installed, ISACI(isotope accelerator) design begins
1991 – Buckyballs studied by μSR, Second arm spectrometer SASP completed
1992 – Rob Kiefl wins Herzberg Medal for MuSR studies, TISOL Red Giant 12C(α,γ)
1993 – Atom trapping begins at TRIUMF, TR-13 medical cyclotron installed
1994 – Alan Astbury becomes director of TRIUMF, ATLAS and LHC involvement at CERN initiated
1995 – Ocular melanoma treatment begins, TRINAT first traps atoms, HERMES detector components to HERA, commercial radiation effect testing with protons begin
1996 – BaBar central wire chamber construction approved
1997 – ISAC-I civil construction begins, TWIST approved, SNO involvement begins, DRAGON experiment proposed
1998 – First beam from ISAC-I, Carleton University and Queens University become associate members, BaBar central wire chamber delivered, NSERC funds DRAGON
1999 – World's highest proton beam current ISOL (isotope online) facility, lifetime measurements of 37-K at ISAC, TRIUMF becomes Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics
2000 – Carleton University becomes a full member, McMaster University becomes an associate member, ISAC-II approved, ISAC-I accelerates first stable beam, CSI awarded for new PET, 8π spectrometer moved to TRIUMF
2001 – ISAC first accelerated rare-isotopes, first ISAC-I PRL, TUDA and DRAGON commissioned
2002 – Initial TIGRESS funding, TITAN development begins
2003 – University of Guelph becomes associate member, ISAC-II building opened, LHC magnets delivered to Geneva, Switzerland, ATLAS Tier-1 first CPUs received
2004 – University of Toronto becomes a full member, Saint Mary's University becomes an associate member, Seaborg Award to Don Fleming for pioneering work in muonium, charge radius of 11Li measured, T2K collaboration with J-PARC begins, Synergy Award for collaboration between TRIUMF and Nordion
2005 – 100th patient treated for ocular melanoma, TUDA 21Na(ρ,ρ’)21Na results published, Jean-Michel Poutissou awarded Legion of Honour (France), first muon decay results from TWIST experiment
2006 – DRAGON 26Al(ρ,γ)27Si results published
2007 – Université de Montréal becomes a full member, Synergy Award for collaboration between TRIUMF and D-PACE, Nigel Lockyer becomes director of TRIUMF, first ISAC-II experiment 11Li(ρ,t)9Li measurement with MAYA, mass measurement of 11Li (shortest-lived and lightest ion ever measured in Penning trap)
2008 – TUDA measurement of 18F(ρ,α)15O, TRIUMF forms AAPS (Advanced Applied Physics Solutions) with CECR Research and development partnership with VECC Laboratory, Kolkata, India begins, Mass measurement of 6He (lightest ever so measured)
2009 – TIGRESS fully operational, new Nordion/TRIUMF radio-chemistry R&D initiative, TWIST obtains final results on muon decay, M9 beam line upgrade completed
2010 – ARIEL (Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory) project begins, first actinide target at ISAC
2011 – TRIUMF sets a world record for isotope production[13]
2015 – A TRIUMF-led multidisciplinary consortium is awarded the NSERC Brockhouse Canada Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Engineering for their outstanding collaboration in realizing a solution for the safe and reliable production of the critical medical isotope technetium-99m using cyclotrons.[14] The consortium includes physics, chemistry, and nuclear medicine experts from TRIUMF, the BC Cancer Agency, the Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization (CPDC), the Lawson Health Research Institute, and the University of British Columbia[15]
Canadian University Partners[edit]
TRIUMF is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of 19 universities, including 12 full and 7 associate members. The member universities consist of the University of Alberta, the University of British Columbia, Carleton University, University of Guelph, University of Manitoba, Université de Montréal, Simon Fraser University, Queen's University, University of Toronto, University of Victoria, and York University. The associate universities consist of the University of Calgary, McMaster University, University of Northern British Columbia, University of Regina, McGill University, Saint Mary's University, the University of Winnipeg, and Western University.[16]
Organizational Structure[edit]
The facility is organized into four divisions that focus on varying aspects of research and operations.[17]
Accelerator Division[edit]
The Accelerator Division has operational, maintenance, and required upgrade responsibility for all of the 520 MeV Cyclotron, ISAC, and TR-13 facilities. The division also has responsibility for the design, construction, and commissioning of future accelerators on-site, and it provides support for external accelerator projects.
Engineering Division[edit]
The Engineering Division has general responsibilities for the engineering, design and fabrication of mechanical, structural and electronic components. The division also has responsibility for electrical and mechanical services and site maintenance.
Physical Sciences Division[edit]
The Physical Sciences Division is responsible for scheduling experiments approved by the Experimental Evaluation Committee (EEC). The division is also responsibility for the design, installation, operation and maintenance of components, systems and subsystems for all experimental operations at the TRIUMF site. Lastly, it is also responsible for the coordination of infrastructure support for external programs.
Life Sciences Division[edit]
The Life Sciences Division is responsible for the support of projects approved by the Life Science Projects Evaluation Committee (LSPEC) and provides support for collaborations with the Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre (PPRC), BC Cancer Agency (BCCA), Nordion and other university faculties relying on radio-tracers from TRIUMF for their research. This division is also responsible for the design, installation, operation and maintenance of components, systems and subsystems for the radioisotope production and processing facilities for tracers to be used in research projects both at TRIUMF and at other laboratories. TRIUMF's nuclear medicine department is part of this division.
Office of the Director[edit]
The Director, supported by the Deputy Director, has general oversight responsibilities for the following administrative departments: accounting and finance; environmental health and safety; general administration and security; human resources; procurement; quality assurance; strategic planning; communications and outreach; and supply chain management. Additional oversight is given to the Applied Technology Group consisting of several work teams including Isotope Production, Cyclotron Operations, and Technical Support. This group focuses on the production of radioactive isotopes for use by Nordion, a global life sciences company that provides products and services that are used in the development of drugs and diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Advanced Applied Physics Solutions, Inc. (AAPS)[edit]
Advanced Applied Physics Solutions, Inc. (AAPS) is TRIUMF's commercialization arm.[18]
TRIUMF's Experiments[edit]
TRIUMF selectively applies its expertise to other areas of research and to the generation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Thus, the core program of nuclear, particle, and accelerator physics has expanded to cover key niche areas in life sciences and molecular and materials science.
Main Cyclotron and Proton Beam Lines[edit]
At the heart of TRIUMF is the 500 MeV cyclotron that produces the primary proton beams. A large fraction of the TRIUMF program relies on these beams, including the ISAC, the Centre for Molecular and Materials Science programs in μSR and β-NMR, and the Proton Treatment Facility. The operation of the main cyclotron has enabled TRIUMF to acquire the expertise to operate the three medical cyclotrons for Nordion and the TR-13 medical cyclotron used to produce medical isotopes, and assist companies to exploit commercial opportunities for the sale of cyclotron and other accelerator technologies.
The 520 MeV Cyclotron[edit]
TRIUMF produces negatively charged hydrogen ions (H⁻: 1 proton, 2 electrons) from an ion source. The ions are transported through an evacuated electrostatic beam line containing elements to focus and steer the beam over 60m to the cyclotron. The 520 MeV (million electron volts) variable energy cyclotron accelerates these ions with a high frequency alternating electric field and uses a massive six-sector magnet to confine the beam in an outward spiral trajectory. Inserting a very thin graphite extraction foil strips, or removes, the electrons from the H⁻ ion while allowing the proton to pass through. The proton, because it is a positively charged particle, is deflected in the outward direction due to the magnetic field and is directed to a proton beam line.
The accelerating process takes approximately 0.3 ms before the proton achieves three-quarters the speed of light. The success of TRIUMF’s programs depends on the ability to deliver protons from the cyclotron reliably. Typically, the cyclotron, although over 35 years old, averages an up-time of greater than 90% (2000–2007), with the 15-year average just under 90%. Typically the beam is delivered for about 5,000 hours per year with one major (three month) and one minor (one month) maintenance periods. The cyclotron beam properties and capabilities have improved over the years as a result of systems upgrades and the fundamental infrastructure providing the magnetic and electrical fields and the RF resonators as well as the vacuum vessel will serve TRIUMF for many more years.
The Four Proton Beamlines[edit]
TRIUMF has four independent extraction probes with various sizes of foils to provide protons simultaneously to up to four beam lines. Because of the high energy of the proton beam, these beamlines use magnetic rather than electrostatic focusing and steering elements.
Beamline 1A (BL1A)
can deliver 180 to 500 MeV protons to two target systems. The beam power ranges from 50 to 75 kW. The first target, T1, services three experimental channels. The second target, T2, services two μSR experimental channels. Downstream of T2 is a 500 MeV facility used to produce strontium isotopes for medical-imaging generators as well as the Thermal Neutron Facility (TNF).
Beamline 1B
separates off BL1 at the edge of the cyclotron vault and provides international users with the Proton Irradiation Facility (PIF) that is used for radiation testing of electronic circuits, for example, mimicking space radiation for testing computer chips.
Beamline 2A (BL2A)
capable of providing 475 to 500 MeV proton beams at up to 50 kW to the ISAC target facility that produces rare-isotope ion beams for a host of Canadian and international experiments.
Beamline 2C (BL2C)
used for the Proton Therapy Program to treat choroidal melanomas (eye tumours) and proton irradiation to produce strontium isotopes, which are chemically processed and then used for medical imaging generators. This beam line also has the flexibility to provide protons of lower energy for PIF users. The energy range for this line is 70 to 120 MeV.
Beamline 4 North (BL4N)
(expected completion 2017), will be a new 500 MeV beamline used for the proposed expansion of ISAC with a specialized actinide target.
ISAC Facilities for Rare-Isotope Beams[edit]
The ISAC facility produces and uses heavy ion beams to produce short-lived isotopes for study. A proton beam from the main accelerator is used to produce beams of exotic isotopes which are further accelerated using linear accelerators. Several experiments study the properties and structure of these exotic isotopes along with their nucleosynthesis. Between ISAC-I and ISAC-II, many experiments can be completed.
ISAC-I Facility[edit]
In the ISAC-I facility, 500 MeV protons at up to 100 μA can be steered onto one of two production targets to produce radioactive isotopes. The isotopes pass through a heated tube to a source where they are ionized, accelerated off the source’s high-voltage platform at up to 60 kV and sent through a mass separator to select the ion beam of choice. The beam is transported in the low-energy beam transport (LEBT) electrostatic beam line and sent via a switch-yard to either the low-energy experimental area or to a series of room-temperature accelerating structures to the ISAC-I medium-energy experimental area. Experiments at ISAC-I include:
8π Spectrometer[edit]
A microscope used to examine the behaviour of atomic nuclear produced, which are collected at the centre of 8pi where they undergo radioactive decay. The main component of the 8π spectrometer are the Hyper-pure Germanium detectors used to observe gamma rays emitted from excited states of daughter nuclei. [1]
DRAGON[edit]
The Detector of Recoils And Gammas Of Nuclear Reactions (DRAGON) is an apparatus designed to measure the rates of nuclear reactions important in astrophysics, particularly nucleosynthesis reactions which occur in the explosives environments of nova, supernova, and x-ray bursters. [2]
Laser Spectroscopy[edit]
The Collinear Fast-Beam Laser Spectroscopy (CFBS) experiment at TRIUMF is designed to exploit the high beam-intensity and radioisotope-production capability of TRIUMF’s ISAC facility, as well as modern ion-trap beam-cooling techniques, in order to measure the hyperfine energy levels and isotope shifts of short-lived isotopes using laser spectroscopy. [3]
TITAN[edit]
TRIUMF’s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear Science (TITAN) measures the mass of short-lived isotopes with high precision. Radioactive isotopes from ISAC are sent to TITAN to undergo cooling, charge-breeding and trapping. The entire process occurs in about 10 milliseconds, allowing radioactive isotopes with short half lives to be studied. [4]
TRINAT[edit]
TRINAT, TRIUMF’s Neutral Atom Trap, holds a cluster of neutral atoms suspended in a very small space, in high vacuum, allowing for the study of decay products of radioactive atoms. [5]
ISAC-II Facility[edit]
The rare-isotope beams produced in the ISAC-II facility are transported in the low-energy beam transport (LEBT) electrostatic beam line and sent via a switch-yard to either the low-energy experimental area or to a series of room-temperature accelerating structures in the ISAC-I medium-energy experimental area. For high-energy delivery, the drift tube linac (DTL) beam is deflected north along an S-bend transfer line to the ISAC-II superconducting linear accelerator (SC-linac) for acceleration above the Coulomb barrier (5–11 MeV/u). TRIUMF began developing superconducting accelerator technology in 2001 and is now a leader in the field with a demonstrated accelerating gradient (at low beta) significantly above other operating facilities. Experiments at ISAC-II include:
EMMA[edit]
The ElectroMagnetic Mass Analyzer (EMMA) (completion date 2016) is a recoil mass spectrometer for TRIUMF's ISAC-II facility. ISAC-II will provide intense beams of radioactive ions with masses up to 150 atomic mass units to international scientists studying nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics. The energies of these beams will depend on the specific nuclei being accelerated, but typical top speeds will range from 10–20% of the speed of light. [6]
HERACLES[edit]
Formerly known as the Chalk River/Laval array, HERACLES consists of 150 scintillators detectors covering almost 4-pi. It was used in over a dozen of experiments in the last ten years for multi-fragmentation studies at intermediate energies (10 to 100 MeV/A). [7]
TIGRESS[edit]
The TRIUMF-ISAC Gamma-Ray Escape Suppressed Spectrometer (TIGRESS) is a state-of-the art new gamma-ray spectrometer designed for a broad program of nuclear physics research with the accelerated radioactive ion beams provided by the ISAC-II superconducting linear accelerator. [8]
ISAC-I/II[edit]
The experiments listed below utilize both facilities.
TUDA[edit]
A general purpose facility for studying nuclear reactions of astrophysical significance with solid state detectors.[9]
TACTIC[edit]
An ionization chamber with full track reconstruction capabilities for studying reactions of astrophysical importance.[10]
DSL[edit]
TRIUMF's Doppler Shift Lifetimes facility, which is an experimental setup for the measurement of the lifetimes of excited states of nuclei.[11]
ATLAS Canadian Tier-1 Data Centre[edit]
The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN uses proton-proton collisions at the highest energy ever achieved in the laboratory to look for the Higgs Boson, the particle central to the current model of how subatomic particles attain mass. ATLAS will also search for phenomena “beyond the standard model” of particle physics such as supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and quark compositeness. The ATLAS detector will observe the particles emerging from the roughly 900 million proton-proton collisions per second and, although fast electronics will filter the events so that only those most likely to be of interest will be recorded, ATLAS will produce 3.5–5.0 petabytes of data per year (one petabyte is one million gigabytes). In addition, secondary data sets will be produced that could double the amount of data produced.
In order to analyze this enormous amount of information, CERN is coordinating an international network of large high-performance computing centres that are linked by grid computing tools so that they act as one huge system. This network is called the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG). The Canadian Tier-1 Data Centre, located at TRIUMF, works with nine of the other ATLAS Tier-1 centres in the world to process the raw data produced by the experiment. In addition, Tier-2 centres located in universities, both in Canada and abroad, are used to further process the results of the Tier-1 analysis and extract groundbreaking physics results from the data. The Tier-2 centres will also be the primary sites for computer simulations of ATLAS, which is an integral part of the data analysis.
Centre for Molecular and Materials Science[edit]
TRIUMF uses subatomic particles as probes of materials structure at the Centre for Molecular and Materials Science (CMMS). The chief techniques are μSR and β-NMR.
μSR[edit]
TRIUMF utilizes a technique called μSR, a powerful probe into materials like semiconductors, magnets and superconductors. Beams of positive muons are created with their spins lined up in the same direction. When these beams are shot into a material, the muons’ spins precess (wobble like a top) around the local magnetic fields in the material. The unstable muons soon decay into positrons; since these antielectrons tend to be emitted in the direction of the muons’ spin, μSR scientists can examine how the internal magnetic fields of different materials have affected the muons’ spins by observing the directions in which the positrons are emitted.
β-NMR[edit]
β detected NMR is an exotic form of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in which the nuclear spin precession signal is detected through the beta decay of a radioactive nucleus. The central question to be studied is how the local electronic and magnetic properties near an interface or surface of new materials (e.g.,. a high Tc superconductor) differ from those of the bulk.
Laboratory for Advanced Detector Development[edit]
TRIUMF uses its expertise gained from the development of detectors for particle and nuclear physics, in collaboration with Canadian universities, to support advanced detector development for molecular and materials sciences and nuclear medicine. TRIUMF’s detector group designs and constructs electronic signal processing systems needed to handle the large volumes of data from modern detectors.
Nuclear Medicine Laboratories[edit]
The core of the TRIUMF nuclear medicine program is Positron Emission Tomography or PET imaging, a technique whereby tiny amounts of radioactive nuclei known as radioisotopes are combined with certain bio-molecules and injected into the body. The biomolecules can be “traced” by imaging the decay products (two photons produced by the decay of the radioactive nucleus via the emission of a positron) outside the body. PET allows the concentration of positron-labeled compounds to be determined quantitatively in space and time within the living body. PET is more sensitive than any other human imaging method, such as MRI or CT, especially for the detection of cancer.
The PET program facilities at TRIUMF include cyclotron systems for the production of radioisotopes, chemistry labs for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals and quality control labs. TRIUMF currently uses the TR-13 medical cyclotron and target systems for the production of 18F, 11C, and 13N. Radiopharmaceutical production facilities include the small modular clean room at the cyclotron for the synthesis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). for BCCA as well as three chemistry annex labs for production and development of radiopharmaceuticals used in brain research and other programs at UBC.
Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre (PPRC) is a joint TRIUMF/UBC program studying central nervous system disorders. Approximately 80% of the studies are related to Parkinson's disease, and the remainder are related to mood disorders and Alzheimer's disease. The program has explored the origins, progression, and therapies of the disease as well as the complications arising from therapy using molecular imaging as the primary tool.
The Functional Imaging Program at the BCCA is a collaboration among the agency, TRIUMF, UBC, and the BC Children’s Hospital. Capital acquired through the BC Provincial Health Services Authority Emerging Technologies Fund allowed purchase of the province’s first hybrid PET/CT scanner in 2004. The clinical PET/CT program, located at BCCA’s Vancouver Centre, was enabled by TRIUMF supplying 18F, the positron emitting radionuclide used in production of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). FDG, as a marker of glucose metabolism, is the tracer used in oncologic PET imaging, a diagnostic study which has become a standard of care in the management of many cancer types.
Proton and Neutron Irradiation Facilities[edit]
Beginning in 1995, TRIUMF has built up several beamlines that provide low-intensity, energetic proton and neutron beams to simulate radiation exposures either in space or terrestrial environments. Even at low intensity, several minutes of exposure in these beams can correspond to years of operation in space, air, or ground so that accelerated testing of electronics can be carried out.
These TRIUMF facilities, PIF & NIF, have since become recognized as premier test sites for space-radiation effects using protons and, with the capability of using these protons to produce a neutron-energy spectrum similar to that found at aircraft altitudes and at ground level, testing with neutrons is also possible. A large fraction of the proton users are Canadian space-related companies such as MDA Corporation, while neutron use is primarily by international companies for avionics, microelectronics and communications equipment, such as The Boeing Company or Cisco Systems, Inc.
Additionally, one of the beamlines is used for the cancer treatment of ocular melanoma at the Proton Therapy Centre which is operated in conjunction with the BC Cancer Agency and the UBC Department of Ophthalmology. Before proton treatment became available, the most common course of action was removal of the eye. Other possible treatments included surgical removal of the tumour (which has severe limitations), or implanting a radioactive disk on the wall of the eye under the tumour for some days. These alternatives were unsuitable for large tumours, and could damage sensitive parts of the eye, often resulting in loss of vision. After proton therapy, however, patients can retain useful vision. The protons enter the eye at a carefully controlled energy, and come to rest at a precise, predictable distance inside. They deposit their energy of motion (kinetic energy) in a very narrow layer, destroying living cells in that layer. Because the beam of protons is so concentrated and deposits its energy so predictably, we can successfully destroy a tumour while better preserving the other nearby parts of the eye.
External scientific collaborations[edit]
TRIUMF is also involved in the development and construction of detectors and equipment for larger particle physics experiments located all over the world.
ALPHA[edit]
The international ALPHA Collaboration, focused on trapping antihydrogen with experiments based at CERN, includes members from TRIUMF. [19] The ALPHA-Canada team, led by TRIUMF research scientist Dr. Makoto C. Fujiwara, was recognized with the 2013 NSERC John C. Polanyi Award for their work with the ALPHA team at CERN in understanding antimatter.[20] The Canadian team included over a dozen scientists and students working in plasma, atomic, condensed matter, particle, detector, and accelerator physics, from the University of British Columbia (UBC), Simon Fraser University (SFU), the University of Calgary, York University, and TRIUMF.[21]
KEK[edit]
TRIUMF has a longstanding collaborative relationship with Japan's KEK, which was further enhanced in December, 2015 when it was announced that each organization would be establishing branch offices at the other's respective institution to facilitate the advancement of their physics research activities.[22]
Large Hadron Collider[edit]
TRIUMF accelerator physicists, engineers, and technical personnel have unique expertise for the design and construction of critical parts of the accelerator, such as assembling the liquid argon end cap calorimeters for the ATLAS detector. As well, TRIUMF was involved in the construction and procurement of several magnets and power supplies for the LHC itself. The resulting accelerator contributions were a necessary part of the Canadian investment in the project. TRIUMF is also home to the ATLAS-Canada Tier-1 Data Centre, funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation. This centre will pre-process the raw data from the experiment prior to analysis by Canadian and foreign researchers. It will also provide domestic detector experts access to raw data for detailed calibration and monitoring.[23]
SNO[edit]
TRIUMF first became actively involved in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) when the project needed engineering help. TRIUMF's Design Office and Machine Shop built key components of the detector.[24] Moreover, TRIUMF scientists were involved in the project which was honored with the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 2016 Fundamental Physics Prize for the discovery of neutrino oscillation.[25][26]
SNOLAB[edit]
TRIUMF is involved with a number of projects at SNOLAB. Notable examples include the Helium and Lead Observatory (HALO) supernova neutrino detector which is part of the SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS)[27] and Dark Matter Experiment using Argon Pulse-shape discrimination (DEAP) the most sensitive weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) detector to date.[28]
T2K[edit]
TRIUMF is part of the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan. TRIUMF is involved in constructing a time projection chamber and fine-grained detectors composed of plastic scintillators for the T2K near detector, to measure the properties of the neutrino beam at its production site in Tokai before it travels 295 km to Kamioka, over which distance neutrino oscillations are expected to take place.
TRIUMF Users' Group[edit]
The TRIUMF Users Group (TUG) is an international community of scientists and engineers with a special interest in the use of the TRIUMF facility. Its purpose is:
to provide a formal means for exchange of information relating to the development and use of the facility;
to advise members of the entire TRIUMF organization of projects and facilities available;
to provide an entity responsive to the representations of its members for offering advice and counsel to the TRIUMF management on operating policy and facilities.
Any qualified scientist can join the users group. The group's interests are looked after by an elected committee (TRIUMF Users' Executive Committee or TUEC). Part of TUEC's responsibilities is to organize meetings on behalf of the membership were necessary. At least one meeting, the annual general meeting (AGM), is held each year near the beginning of December. A link to the TUG website is listed in the external links below.
See also[edit]
Canadian government scientific research organizations
Canadian university scientific research organizations
Canadian industrial research and development organizations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2015 Budget, Chapter 3.1 - Supporting the Manufacturing Sector and Investing in Advanced Research". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
Jump up ^ "An inside look at TRIUMF, the world's biggest cyclotron". Maclean's magazine. Maclean's magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-7000/largest-cyclotron/
Jump up ^ "List of IEEE Milestones". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Perspectives on Subatomic Physics in Canada 2006-2016" (PDF). NSERC. NSERC. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "International Partnerships". TRIUMF. TRIUMF. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Proton Therapy". TRIUMF. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Proton Therapy Facility". TRIUMF. TRIUMF. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Proton Therapy Celebrates 20th Anniversary". TRIUMF. TRIUMF. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Asteroid (14959) TRIUMF". Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "History". TRIUMF: Canada's national lab for particle and nuclear physics. TRIUMF. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Particle physics lab TRIUMF invites artists to connect science to society". CBC.ca. CBC. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TRIUMF SETS A WORLD RECORD FOR ISOTOPE PRODUCTION". Morning Post. December 21, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "2015 Budget, Chapter 3.1 - Supporting the Manufacturing Sector and Investing in Advanced Research". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Current Winners". NSERC. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Canadian University Partners & Owners". Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Organizational Structure". TRIUMF. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About AAPS". AAPS, Inc. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Collaboration". CERN. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Members Of ALPHA Win NSERC John C. Polanyi Award". CERN. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2013 NSERC NSERC John C. Polanyi Award". Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canada and Japan strengthen partnership to advance physics research". Interactions.org. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ATLAS-Canada Tier-1 Data Centre at TRIUMF". TRIUMF. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reflections on the Nobel Prize in Physics". TRIUMF. TRIUMF. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Laureates". breakthroughprize.org. Breakthrough Prize. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "HALO: Detector of Opportunity". TRIUMF. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The DEAP-3600 Experiment". DEAP. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to TRIUMF.
TRIUMF home page
TRIUMF Users' Group (TUG)
TRIUMF guide for regular and potential experimenters
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