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Casting Society of America
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The Casting Society of America (CSA), founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1982, is a professional society of about 700 casting directors for film, television and theatre in Australia, Canada, India, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. The society is not to be confused with an industry union. The Teamsters represent some (though not all) casting directors in Hollywood. Members use the post-nominal letters "CSA".
Membership eligibility[edit]
The following requirements must be met in order to join the CSA:
Sponsorship letters from at least two current members of the CSA.
Two years of screen or stage credit as Primary Casting Director.
Casting directors who are also personal managers are not eligible for membership in the CSA.
Artios Awards[edit]
Since October 1985, the Casting Society of America has presented the Artios Awards for excellence in casting. Members are honored in over eighteen different theatrical casting categories in simultaneous events held in New York City and Beverly Hills, California.
External links[edit]
Casting Society of America website
Artios Award winners
This award-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Semantic satiation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Semantic satiation (also semantic saturation) is a psychological phenomenon in which repetition causes a word or phrase to temporarily lose meaning for the listener, who then perceives the speech as repeated meaningless sounds.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and research
2 Applications
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History and research[edit]
Leon Jakobovits James coined the phrase "semantic satiation" in his 1962 doctoral dissertation at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[1] Prior to that, the expression "verbal satiation" had been used along with terms that express the idea of mental fatigue. The dissertation listed many of the names others had used for the phenomenon:
Many other names have been used for what appears to be essentially the same process: inhibition (Herbert, 1824, in Boring, 1950), refractory phase and mental fatigue (Dodge, 1917; 1926a), lapse of meaning (Bassett and Warne, 1919), work decrement (Robinson and Bills, 1926), cortical inhibition (Pavlov, 192?), adaptation (Gibson, 1937), extinction (Hilgard and Marquis, 1940), satiation (Kohler and Wallach, 1940), reactive inhibition (Hull, 1913 [sic]), stimulus satiation (Glanzer, 1953), reminiscence (Eysenck, 1956), verbal satiation (Smith and Raygor, 1956), and verbal transformation (Warren, 1961b).
— From Leon Jakobovits James, 1962
The dissertation presents several experiments that demonstrate the operation of the semantic satiation effect in various cognitive tasks such as rating words and figures that are presented repeatedly in a short time, verbally repeating words then grouping them into concepts, adding numbers after repeating them out loud, and bilingual translations of words repeated in one of the two languages. In each case subjects would repeat a word or number for several seconds, then perform the cognitive task using that word. It was demonstrated that repeating a word prior to its use in a task made the task somewhat more difficult.
The explanation for the phenomenon is that, in the cortex, verbal repetition repeatedly arouses a specific neural pattern that corresponds to the meaning of the word. Rapid repetition makes both the peripheral sensorimotor activity and central neural activation fire repeatedly. This is known to cause reactive inhibition, hence a reduction in the intensity of the activity with each repetition. Jakobovits James (1962) calls this conclusion the beginning of "experimental neurosemantics".
Applications[edit]
An application has been developed to reduce speech anxiety by stutterers by creating semantic satiation through repetition, thus reducing the intensity of negative emotions triggered during speech.[2]
In popular culture[edit]
In Edgar Allan Poe's 1835 short story Berenice, the protagonist describes a mental state that induced him "to repeat, monotonously, some common word, until the sound, by dint of frequent repetition, ceased to convey any idea whatever to the mind".[3]
In James Thurber's 1933 short story "More Alarms At Night", Thurber describes the phenomenon as follows: "I began to indulge in the wildest fancies as I lay there in the dark, such as that there was no such town, and even that there was no such state as New Jersey. I fell to repeating the word 'Jersey' over and over again, until it became idiotic and meaningless. If you have ever lain awake at night and repeated one word over and over, thousands and millions and hundreds of thousands of millions of times, you know the disturbing mental state you can get into."[4]
In the Friends episode "The One with the Stoned Guy", the character referenced in the title repeats the word "tartlets" until he notes that it has "lost all meaning".[5]
Semantic satiation is used extensively in Tony Burgess's novel Pontypool Changes Everything, as well as in the film adaptation of the novel.[citation needed]
In William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying, the character of Addie Bundren speaks of the phenomenon as repeating a word until the meaning drains from it, leaving it an empty container.[citation needed]
In Kathryn Lasky's book Guardians of Ga'Hoole, one of the brainwashing techniques the antagonists use against young owls is making them repeat their own name until it loses all meaning to them.
In The Simpsons episode "Radioactive Man", Milhouse Van Houten tells Bart Simpson that "making movies is so horribly repetitive; I've said 'jiminy jillikers!' so many times the words have lost all meaning!'"[6]
In The Inbetweeners episode "Exam Time", protagonist Will McKenzie experiences the phenomenon.[citation needed]
In C418's Album "148" he repeats the sentence "I don't need you to agree with me." in the Song Semantic Satiation. After the first half of the song, this sentence changes into "Now I don't need to agree with you.", which causes one to completely forget the first sentence.
See also[edit]
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
Gestaltzerfall
Jamais vu
Mantra
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leon Jakobovits James (April 1962). "Effects of Repeated Stimulation on Cognitive Aspects of Behavior: Some Experiments on the Phenomenon of Semantic Satiation". Retrieved 2012-08-17.
Jump up ^ Dr. Leon James (formerly Leon A. Jakobovits) University of Illinois. "SEMANTIC SATIATION AND COGNITIVE DYNAMICS1".
Jump up ^ "Berenice by Edgar Allan Poe". Online-literature.com. 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
Jump up ^ James Thurber (August 26, 1933). "MY LIFE AND HARD TIMES-V: MORE ALARMS AT NIGHT". The New Yorker.
Jump up ^ Memorable quotes for "Friends" The One with the Stoned Guy (1995), IMDB.com
Jump up ^ "[2F17] Radioactive Man". Archived from the original on January 20, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dodge, R. (1917). "The laws of relative fatigue". Psychol. Rev. 24 (2): 89–113. doi:10.1037/h0075549.
Don, V.J.; Weld, H.P. (1924). "Lapse of meaning with visual fixation". American Journal of Psychology. 35 (3): 446–450. JSTOR 1414024. doi:10.2307/1414024.
Duncan, C.P. (1956). "On the similarity between reactive inhibition and neural satiation". American Journal of Psychology. 69 (2): 227–235. JSTOR 1418151. PMID 13327083. doi:10.2307/1418151.
Eysenck, H.J. (1955). "Cortical inhibition, figural after-effect, and theory of personality". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 51 (1): 94–106. PMID 13242293. doi:10.1037/h0043564.
Gaynor, Miriam (1954). "An effect of satiation on recall". New York: New School for Social Research Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.
Severance, Elisabeth; Washburn, Margaret. (1907). "The loss of associative power in words after long fixation". American Journal of Psychology. 18 (2): 182–186. JSTOR 1412411. doi:10.2307/1412411.
Smith, D.E. P.; Raygor, A.L. (1956). "Verbal satiation and personality". J. Abnrom, soc. Psychol. 52 (3): 323–326. PMID 13318837.
Warren, R.M (1961). "Illusory changes in repeated words: Differences between young adults and the aged". American Journal of Psychology. 74 (4): 506–516. JSTOR 1419661. PMID 14005061. doi:10.2307/1419661.
Warren, R.M. (1961). "Illusory changes of distinct speech upon repetition—the verbal transformation effect". Brit. J. Psychol. 52 (3): 249–258. PMID 13783239. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00787.x.
Wertheimer, M. (1960). F. Weinhandl, ed. "Studies of some Gestalt qualities of words". In Gestalthaftes sehen: Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der Morphologie. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Wertheimer, M. (1958). "The relation between the sound of a word and its meaning". American Journal of Psychology. 71 (2): 412–415. JSTOR 1420089. doi:10.2307/1420089.
Lambert, W.E.; Jakobovits, L.A. (1960). "Verbal satiation and changes in the intensity of meaning". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 60 (6): 376–83. PMID 13758466. doi:10.1037/h0045624.
Jakobovits, L.A.; Lambert, W.E. (1961). "Semantic satiation among bilinguals". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 62 (6): 576–82. PMID 14450947. doi:10.1037/h0042860.
Jakobovits, L.A.; Lambert, W.E. (1962). "Semantic satiation in an addition task". Canadian Journal of Psychology. 16 (2): 112–19. doi:10.1037/h0083238.
Jakobovits, L.A.; Lambert, W.E. (1962). "Mediated satiation in verbal transfer". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 64: 346–51. PMID 14450946. doi:10.1037/h0044630.
Jakobovits, L.A.; Lambert, W.E. (1963). L. Arons; M.A. May, eds. The effects of repetition in communication on meanings and attitudes. Television and Human Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. pp. 167–76
Messer, S., Jakobovits, L.A., Kanungo, R., and Lambert, W.E. (1964). "Semantic satiation of words and numbers". British Journal of Psychology. 55: 155–63. PMID 14168480. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb02715.x. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jakobovits, L.A.; Lambert, W.E. (1964). "Stimulus-characteristics as determinants of semantic changes with repeated presentation". American Journal of Psychology. 77 (1): 84–92. JSTOR 1419274. PMID 14133230. doi:10.2307/1419274.
Jakobovits, L.A. (1965). "Semantic satiation in concept formation". Psychological Reports. 17 (1): 113–14. PMID 5826453. doi:10.2466/pr0.1965.17.1.113.
Jakobovits, L.A. (1965). "Repetition of auditorily presented information". Psychological Reports. 17 (3): 785–86. PMID 5854255. doi:10.2466/pr0.1965.17.3.785.
Jakobovits, L.A. (1966). "Utilization of semantic satiation in stuttering: A theoretical analysis". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 31 (2): 105–114. PMID 5327594. doi:10.1044/jshd.3102.105.
Jakobovits, L.A. (1966). "Studies of fads: I. The 'Hit Parade.'". Psychological Reports. 18 (2): 443–50. doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.18.2.443.
Jakobovits, L.A. (1967). "Semantic satiation and cognitive dynamics". Journal of Special Education. 2 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1177/002246696700200103.
Jakobovits, L.A.; Hogenraad, Robert. (1967). "Some suggestive evidence on the operation of semantic generation and satiation in group discussions". Psychological Reports. 20 (3): 1247–1250. doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3c.1247.
Jakobovits, L.A. (1967). "Words, words, words". In L. Kuppuswami, Modern Trends in Psychology. Bombay: Manaktala & Sons
Jakobovits, L.A.; Lambert, W.E. (1967). "A note on the measurement of semantic satiation". Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 6 (6): 954–57. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80165-8.
Jakobovits, L.A.; Hogenraad, Robert (1968). "Le phénomène de la satiation semantique". Bulletin de Psychologie. 22: 140–9.
John Kounios; Sonja I. Kotz; Phillip J. Holcomb (2000). "On the Locus of the Semantic Satiation Effect: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials". Memory & Cognition. 28: 1366. doi:10.3758/BF03211837. Archived from the original on January 25, 2001.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_satiation&oldid=797247061"
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2014 FIFA World Cup Final
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2014 FIFA World Cup Final
Germany's Mario Götze scores the match-winning goal in the 113th minute
Event
2014 FIFA World Cup
Germany
Argentina
1
0
After extra time
Date
13 July 2014 (2014-07-13)
Venue
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
Man of the Match
Mario Götze (Germany)
Referee
Nicola Rizzoli (Italy)
Attendance
74,738
Weather
Partly cloudy
23 °C (73 °F)
65% humidity[1]
← 2010
2018 →
The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 13 July 2014 at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to determine the 2014 FIFA World Cup champion.[2][3] Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in extra time, with the only goal being scored by Mario Götze, who collected André Schürrle's cross from the left on his chest before volleying a high left-footed shot into the net. The match was the third final between the two countries, a World Cup record, after their 1986 and 1990 matches, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany).[4][5]
Before the match, Germany had reached the World Cup final seven times (six times as West Germany from 1954 to 1990), winning three (1954, 1974, 1990) and being runners-up four times (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002); Argentina had reached four finals, winning twice (1978, 1986) and placing second twice (1930, 1990).
The result marked Germany's fourth World Cup title and their first World championship as a unified nation. The victory meant that three consecutive World Cups have been won by teams from the same continent, following Italy and Spain in 2006 and 2010 respectively, the first time this has happened in World Cup history. It was also the first time that three consecutive World Cup finals were still tied after 90 minutes. The final marked the first time a World Cup hosted in the Americas was not won by a team from the continent.
In the winning German team, Miroslav Klose, who had become the top scorer in World Cup history in the semi-final victory over Brazil, became one of the very few players ever to have won gold, silver and bronze medals in the World Cup (bronze in 2006 and 2010, silver in 2002 and gold in 2014), joining a club with earlier German players like Franz Beckenbauer,[6] Sepp Maier[7][8] and Wolfgang Overath[9] (1966–1974), as well as Italian Franco Baresi (1982-1994).
According to FIFA, 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament.[10]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Returning players
2 Road to the final
3 Match ball
4 Match officials
5 Match
5.1 Summary
5.2 Details
5.3 Statistics
6 Reaction in Brazil
7 Notable spectators
8 Ceremonies
9 Viewer figures
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Background[edit]
The two teams had met in 20 previous matches, with nine wins for Argentina, six wins for Germany and five draws. In these games, both teams had scored a total of 28 goals. Six of these matches were at a World Cup, two of them in the final. The 2014 final was the seventh World Cup match between them, equalling a tournament record for meetings between two teams (along with Brazil vs Sweden, and Germany vs Yugoslavia). The last three meetings were in three consecutive World Cups, having met in quarter-finals of 2006 and 2010 campaigns.
Previous World Cup matches between the teams
1958 FIFA World Cup Group 1, West Germany defeated Argentina 3–1.[11]
1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2, West Germany and Argentina drew 0–0.[12]
1986 FIFA World Cup Final, Argentina defeated West Germany 3–2 to win their second and most recent title.[13]
1990 FIFA World Cup Final, West Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 to win their third title. It was Germany's last title as West Germany and the last before the 2014 Final.[14]
2006 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–2 on penalties (1–1 draw after extra time).[15]
2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0.[16]
In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Argentina and West Germany played a 0–0 draw in the group stage. FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style against the Germans which saw Argentine Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match.[17][18]
The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final saw two Argentine players get sent off and West Germany won 1–0 due to a controversial penalty kick late in the match.
The 2006 quarter-final game, where Germany won 4–2 in the shootout after the game ended 1–1, was marred by a post-match brawl caused by the Argentines, which resulted in suspensions for two Argentine players and one German player.[19][20][21][22]
The most recent meeting between the two teams was a friendly match played on 15 August 2012 at Commerzbank-Arena, Frankfurt am Main, won by Argentina 3–1.[23] Before the tournament, a friendly was scheduled for 3 September 2014, being the first match for both teams after the World Cup. Argentina won this meeting 4–2.[24]
Returning players[edit]
Among the players in the 2014 World Cup squads, the following played in the 2006 and 2010 meetings:
Previous appearance of players from the teams
2006
Germany: Miroslav Klose, Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker, Lukas Podolski, and Bastian Schweinsteiger;
Argentina: Javier Mascherano, Maxi Rodríguez, Lionel Messi and Rodrigo Palacio
2010
Germany: Jérôme Boateng, Sami Khedira, Miroslav Klose, Toni Kroos (substitute), Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker, Thomas Müller, Manuel Neuer, Mesut Özil, Lukas Podolski, and Bastian Schweinsteiger;
Argentina: Sergio Agüero (substitute), Martín Demichelis, Ángel Di María, Gonzalo Higuaín, Javier Mascherano, Lionel Messi, Maxi Rodríguez, and Sergio Romero (Mariano Andújar was an unused substitute)
Klose scored one goal in the 2006 meeting and two goals in the 2010 meeting, while Müller scored one goal in the 2010 meeting.[25] Germany manager Joachim Löw was the assistant manager in 2006 and the manager in 2010.
Road to the final[edit]
Germany
Round
Argentina
Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result
Portugal 4–0 Match 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2–1
Ghana 2–2 Match 2 Iran 1–0
United States 1–0 Match 3 Nigeria 3–2
Group G winner
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Germany 3 2 1 0 7 2 +5 7
United States 3 1 1 1 4 4 0 4
Portugal 3 1 1 1 4 7 −3 4
Ghana 3 0 1 2 4 6 −2 1
Final standings Group F winner
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Argentina 3 3 0 0 6 3 +3 9
Nigeria 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 1 0 2 4 4 0 3
Iran 3 0 1 2 1 4 −3 1
Opponent Result Knockout stage Opponent Result
Algeria 2–1 (aet) Round of 16 Switzerland 1–0 (aet)
France 1–0 Quarter-finals Belgium 1–0
Brazil 7–1 Semi-finals Netherlands 0–0 (aet) (4–2 pen.)
Match ball[edit]
See also: Adidas Brazuca
The match ball for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, announced on 29 May 2014, featured a variation of the Adidas Brazuca named the Adidas Brazuca Final Rio.[26] Whilst the technical aspects of the ball were the same, the design was different from the Brazuca balls used in the group stages and other playoffs, with a green, gold and black coloring.[26] It was the third special ball for FIFA World Cup final matches, after the +Teamgeist Berlin (2006) and the Jo'bulani (2010).
Match officials[edit]
Nicola Rizzoli, from Italy, was named as the referee of the final, together with fellow Italians Renato Faverani and Andrea Stefani as the assistant referees, and Carlos Vera and Christian Lescano from Ecuador as the fourth and fifth officials.[27] Earlier in the 2014 World Cup, Rizzoli took charge of the Spain–Netherlands and Nigeria–Argentina matches in the group stage, and the Argentina–Belgium quarter-final. He had previously taken charge of the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final and the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final. He was also one of the referees at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He became the third Italian referee to take charge of a World Cup final, after Sergio Gonella in 1978 and Pierluigi Collina in 2002.[27]
Match[edit]
Summary[edit]
Both teams named unchanged starting line-ups from their semi-finals, but German midfielder Sami Khedira withdrew during the warm-up with a calf injury. He was replaced by Christoph Kramer, who had made two brief substitute appearances during the tournament. Kramer himself suffered a head injury after a collision with Ezequiel Garay inside the penalty area, but was initially cleared to continue playing. Fourteen minutes later in the 31st minute however, he collapsed to the ground, apparently suffering from concussion and was replaced by André Schürrle.[28]
Argentina's Lionel Messi (front) battles Germany's Mats Hummels for the ball.
Argentina's Gonzalo Higuaín challenging Germany's Mats Hummels and Manuel Neuer.
Argentina's Gonzalo Higuaín missed a good opportunity in the first half, dragging his shot wide after being put through on goal by a misjudged header from Toni Kroos. He had a goal disallowed later in the first half, when he was ruled offside after tapping in a cross by Ezequiel Lavezzi from the right wing. Lionel Messi missed a chance early in the second half, firing wide of the German goal from inside the penalty area after receiving a through pass. In extra time, Rodrigo Palacio's lob over Manuel Neuer went just wide after the forward received a cross, missed by Mats Hummels, in the German penalty area. Germany had the closest chance when Benedikt Höwedes' header hit the post after a corner.[29][30]
Mario Götze of Germany scored during extra time, in the 113th minute, when he collected Schürrle’s cross from the left on his chest before volleying left-footed into the net.[31] He became the first substitute to score a World Cup-winning goal,[32] as well as the youngest player to score in a World Cup Final since German Wolfgang Weber in 1966 (same age, 22).[33] Prior to Götze's goal, Germany came close to scoring on a number of occasions, including a header by Benedikt Höwedes that struck the Argentine goalpost just before halftime. Schürrle later struck a close-range shot straight at Argentine goalkeeper Sergio Romero early in the first half of extra time, after a pass from Götze. Thomas Müller had a chance to double Germany's lead after dribbling past two defenders, but his shot across the net was too wide.
Late in extra time, Messi had a free kick within goal-scoring distance, which would have equalised, but he hit it over the crossbar.[34]
Details[edit]
13 July 201416:00 UTC−3
Germany
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Argentina
Götze 113'
Report
Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro
Attendance: 74,738
Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy)
Germany
Argentina
GK 1 Manuel Neuer
RB 16 Philipp Lahm (c)
CB 20 Jérôme Boateng
CB 5 Mats Hummels
LB 4 Benedikt Höwedes 34'
CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31'
CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29'
RW 13 Thomas Müller
AM 18 Toni Kroos
LW 8 Mesut Özil 120'
CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88'
Substitutions:
FW 9 André Schürrle 31'
MF 19 Mario Götze 88'
DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120'
Manager:
Joachim Löw
GK 1 Sergio Romero
RB 4 Pablo Zabaleta
CB 15 Martín Demichelis
CB 2 Ezequiel Garay
LB 16 Marcos Rojo
CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64'
CM 6 Lucas Biglia
RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86'
LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46'
SS 10 Lionel Messi (c)
CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78'
Substitutions:
FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65' 46'
FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78'
MF 5 Fernando Gago 86'
Manager:
Alejandro Sabella
Man of the Match:
Mario Götze (Germany)
Assistant referees:
Renato Faverani (Italy)
Andrea Stefani (Italy)
Fourth official:
Carlos Vera (Ecuador)
Fifth official:
Christian Lescano (Ecuador)
Match rules:
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if still tied.
Twelve named eligible substitutes.
Maximum of three substitutions.
Statistics[edit]
Overall[35]
Germany
Argentina
Goals scored
1 0
Total shots
10 10
Shots on target
7 2
Ball possession
60% 40%
Corner kicks
5 3
Fouls committed
20 16
Offsides
3 2
Saves
2 6
Yellow cards
2 2
Red cards
0 0
Reaction in Brazil[edit]
See also: Argentina–Brazil football rivalry
Due to the Argentina–Brazil football rivalry, the Brazilians in the crowd supported Germany, despite their resounding 7–1 victory over Brazil in the semi-finals, as the Germans had shown respect to the defeated hosts, while Argentine fans had celebrated Brazil's elimination. Most Brazilians were reportedly relieved that their rivals did not win the World Cup in Brazil's iconic home stadium.[36][37][38]
Notable spectators[edit]
Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel (left) attended the final. However, President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) was absent due to illness.
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff invited the BRICS leaders to the final ahead of the 6th BRICS summit. Among those who showed up were Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, the next World Cup hosts,[39] and Jacob Zuma, the President of South Africa, the previous hosts.[40] The Chinese President, Xi Jinping, and the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, did not attend the event. Other world leaders Viktor Orbán (Hungary), Ali Bongo Ondimba (Gabon) and Gaston Browne (Antigua and Barbuda) also attended the event, which led The Guardian to label the guest list "bizarre and random",[41] as those countries were failed to qualify for this World Cup.
German President Joachim Gauck and Chancellor Angela Merkel were present for the final. Merkel already watched the Germany vs. Portugal match in Salvador, when the German team won 4–0.[42] The President of Argentina, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, did not attend because of both her grandson's birthday and a case of pharyngo-laryngitis.[43]
Russian comedian Vitaly Zdorovetskiy ran onto the pitch during the match with "Natural Born Prankster" written across his torso and attempted to kiss Benedikt Höwedes of Germany.[44] Brazilian authorities arrested him, and he was released hours after the match.
Several celebrities also attended the final, including Rihanna, Mick Jagger, David Beckham, Ashton Kutcher, Daniel Craig, Tom Brady, and LeBron James. Former World Cup winners like Fabio Cannavaro, Lothar Matthäus, Daniel Passarella – who all had won the World Cup as captain – and Pelé were present as well.[45][46][47][48]
Ceremonies[edit]
Germany captain Philipp Lahm lifts the World Cup trophy.
The closing ceremony took place about an hour and forty minutes before the final.[49] A performance of two acts, the ceremony lasted about 20 minutes. The first act featured 22 samba dancers and a host of other performers, with 32 of the dancers wearing dresses decorated in the colours of the 32 participating teams. The second act featured musical performances headlined by Colombian singer Shakira, and included singers Carlinhos Brown, Wyclef Jean, Alexandre Pires, Ivete Sangalo and guitarist Carlos Santana.[45][50][51]
Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen and Carles Puyol, a member of Spain's winning team in 2010, unveiled the FIFA World Cup Trophy.[52]
President Rousseff of Brazil delivered the trophy to German captain Philip Lahm during the awards ceremony on the stands.[53][54] Alongside her during the trophy handover was FIFA president Sepp Blatter.[55] As Lahm raised the trophy, the outro of the tournament's official song "We Are One (Ole Ola)" was played.[56]
Viewer figures[edit]
According to FIFA, 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament.[10]
See also[edit]
Association football portal
Football in Argentina portal
Football in Germany portal
Brazil portal
2010s portal
FIFA World Cup 2014
1986 FIFA World Cup Final
1990 FIFA World Cup Final
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "2014 FIFA World Cup™ reached 3.2 billion viewers, one billion watched final". FIFA.com – Media Release. FIFA. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "1958 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Argentina – Germany FR". FIFA.com.
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Jump up ^ "2006 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Germany – Argentina". FIFA.com.
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Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup". fifaworldcup.webspace.virginmedia.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Alsos, Jan. "1966 – Story of England '66". Planet World Cup. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Walker, Michael (30 June 2006). "World Cup 2006: Mass brawl marrs quarter-final". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Players brawl after penalty heartbreak for Argentina". Mail Online. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Fifa fury at Berlin match fracas". 5 July 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Schedule". Deutscher Fussball-Bund. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Miroslav Klose breaks Ronaldo's record to become the top scorer in World Cup history". Daily Mail. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "adidas Brazuca Final Rio unveiled". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nicola Rizzoli to referee Final". FIFA.com. 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Germany's Christoph Kramer asked referee: 'Is this the final?'". The Guardian. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
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Jump up ^ "World Cup final 2014, Germany vs Argentina: as it happened". Daily Telegraph. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal". The Guardian. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Presenter: Gary Lineker (13 July 2014). "Match of the Day Live". 2014 FIFA World Cup: World Cup Final. Event occurs at 4:07:29. BBC One. Do you know, that's the first substitute to score a winning goal in a World Cup final?
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^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup closing ceremony 2014 sees Shakira, Rihanna, David Beckham, Pele, Tom Brady, Vladimir Putin and more in the crowd as celebrities spotted at Maracana in Rio de Janeiro for final". Daily Mail. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
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External links[edit]
Media related to 2014 FIFA World Cup Match 64, Germany v Argentina at Wikimedia Commons
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The Lightning Thief
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The Lightning Thief
First edition cover
Author
Rick Riordan
Cover artist
Peter Bollinger
John Rocco (later edition matching the sequels)
Country
United States
Series
Percy Jackson & the Olympians (bk 1)
Genre
Fantasy, Greek mythology, young-adult novel
Publisher
Miramax Books[1]
Puffin Books, Disney-Hyperion
Publication date
July 1, 2005 (hardcover)
April 1, 2006 (paperback)[2]
Media type
Print (hardcover), audiobook CD
Pages
377 pp.[3]
ISBN
0-7868-5629-7
OCLC
60786141
LC Class
PZ7.R4829 Li 2005[3]
Followed by
The Sea of Monsters[4]
The Lightning Thief is a 2005 fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology, the first young adult novel written by American author Rick Riordan. It is the first novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, which charts the adventures of modern-day twelve-year-old Percy Jackson as he discovers he is a demigod, the son of a mortal woman and the Greek god Poseidon. Percy and his friends Annabeth Chase and Grover Underwood go on a quest to prevent a war between the gods Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
The Lightning Thief was published in June 2005 by Miramax Books, an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children[3][5] and thus Disney Publishing (succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint). The book has sold over 1.2 million copies in the subsequent four years, appearing on The New York Times children's Best Seller list and being listed as one of the Young Adult Library Services Association's Best Books for Young Adults, among other awards. It was adapted into a film named Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief released in the United States on February 12, 2010. The sequel to this novel is The Sea of Monsters.[6] The book has a rating of 4.22 out of 5 on Goodreads.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development and publication
2 Plot
2.1 Prophecy
2.1.1 Meaning
3 Critical reception
4 Adaptations
4.1 Film adaptation
4.2 Audiobook
4.3 Musical
5 Sequels
6 Foreign language editions
7 References
8 External links
Development and publication[edit]
Rick Riordan, the author, at the release of The Battle of the Labyrinth
Development for The Lightning Thief began when author Rick Riordan made up stories for his son Haley, who had been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. His son had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and asked that his father come up with bedtime stories based on Greek myths. Riordan had been a Greek mythology teacher in middle school for many years and was able to remember enough stories to please his son. Soon Riordan ran out of myths and his son requested that Riordan make new ones using the characters from Greek myths with a new twist. Riordan created the fictional character Percy Jackson and his travels across the United States to recover Zeus's lightning bolt. After Riordan finished telling the story his son asked that his dad write a book based on Percy's adventures, and he did.
While he gave his manuscript to his agent and editor to review, Riordan took his book to a group of middle schoolers to critique. With their help, he came up with the name of the book and invented Percy's magic sword.[8] Riordan first sent out the manuscript for The Lightning Thief under the pseudonym Ransom Reese as he didn't want to rely on anyone in the publisher industry.[9] The manuscript got many rejections before an agent chose it as she liked its premise. In 2004 the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money that Riordan could quit his job to focus on writing.[10] The book has since been released in multiple versions (including hardcover, paperback, and audio editions)[11] and has been translated and published all over the world.[12]
Plot[edit]
The Lightning Thief is narrated in the first person by Percy Jackson, a 12-year-old boy with dyslexia and ADHD who lives in New York City with his mother Sally and abusive stepfather.[1][13][14] During a school field trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, one of the chaperoning teachers, Mrs. Dodds, transforms into one of the three Furies of Greek myth and attacks Percy. Using a magic sword from the other chaperone, Percy destroys the monster. However, when he reunites with his schoolmates, he discovers that they do not even remember Mrs. Dodds. Over the course of the school year, Percy attempts to convince himself that this was all a dream, but his friend Grover Underwood's strange behavior leaves him in doubt. When the year ends, Percy and his mother go on a beach vacation. During a terrible storm, the two are awakened by a surprise visit from Grover—who is actually not a human teenager, but instead a young satyr. Grover tells them they are in danger, and the three drive to a mysterious summer camp Mrs. Jackson says will protect Percy. They are attacked by the Minotaur, who grabs Mrs. Jackson and causes her to disappear in a blinding flash of gold light. Believing his mother has just died, Percy kills the beast with one of its own horns, then drags the unconscious Grover into the camp. Percy wakes up three days later and learns the camp is called Camp Half-Blood and that he is a demigod: the son of a human and a Greek god.
Percy settles into camp life and meets several other demigods, including Luke Castellan, a gifted swordsman and Percy's first new friend, and Annabeth Chase. Several strange incidents begin to reveal his powers as a demigod. After he is attacked during a game of Capture the Flag by a hellhound, Percy is publicly claimed by his father, the god Poseidon. A few days later, the centaur activities director Chiron explains to Percy how the three eldest male gods (Poseidon, Zeus, and Hades) swore an oath not to have children more than 70 years ago; Percy represents a violation of that oath. This, coupled with the fact that Zeus's master lightning bolt has recently been stolen, has bred much suspicion between the gods. Percy is tasked with locating that bolt to appease the gods before an all-out war can break out. He chooses Annabeth and Grover to accompany him on a quest to the realm of Hades, the most likely culprit.
Before he leaves, Percy is given Chiron's magic sword Anaklusmos and Luke's flying sneakers. The trio then travels towards Los Angeles, the entrance to Hades's realm. Along the way, they are attacked by the Furies, Medusa, Echidna and the Chimera, and several other monsters. Percy gradually learns more about his companions, his powers, and the world of the Greek gods. Along the way, they do a favor for the god Ares, who gives them a backpack full of supplies and transportation to Nevada. When they arrive in Hades's realm, Grover is nearly dragged into Tartarus by Percy's flying shoes. The battered group finally meet Hades, who reveals that his Helm of Darkness (his symbol of power) has been stolen too. Hades accuses Percy of stealing his helm and threatens to kill Sally Jackson (who has been the god's hostage the whole time) and release all the dead back into the real world unless it is returned. When Percy finds the missing master bolt inside his backpack, the group realizes that Ares has been manipulating them. Narrowly escaping the Underworld, Percy challenges Ares to a duel. When the demigod wins, he gives the Helm of Darkness to the Furies; Hades then realizes that Percy was not the thief and returns Mrs. Jackson to their apartment in New York.
Percy takes the master bolt back to Zeus, who rewards the young hero by not killing him for Poseidon's broken oath. Percy returns to camp a hero and enjoys the rest of his summer there. On the last day of camp, however, he goes into the woods with Luke, who reveals himself to be the real thief of the Helm and bolt, following the orders of Kronos. Kronos also manipulated power-hungry Ares into taking part in the scheme. Percy can not believe that Luke, an all-around nice guy, would do such a thing, and so Luke explains his belief that the gods are irresponsible and poor leaders who must be overthrown. He offers Percy the chance to join him, and when the other demigod does not, tries to kill him with a poisonous scorpion. Percy manages to kill the arachnid, but is badly poisoned. When he has recovered, Percy is given the choice of whether to return home for the school year or stay at camp year round. After much thought he decides to spend the school year with his mother (who is no longer with her abusive husband) even though it will be more dangerous for him with Luke and Kronos on the loose. Grover and Annabeth also leave the camp for the year, but promise to keep in touch with Percy.
Prophecy[edit]
Percy is given a prophecy by the camp's Oracle before his quest, which reads: You shall go west, and face the god who has turned.
You shall find what was stolen, and see it safely returned.
You shall be betrayed by one who calls you a friend.
And you shall fail to save what matters most, in the end.
Meaning[edit]
At first, it is assumed that Percy had to travel west from New York to L.A. to confront Hades, though it is later revealed that he really had to meet Ares.
Percy locates both Zeus's master bolt, which was always known to be missing, and also Hades's Helm.
Luke betrays Percy after treating him like a friend. The son of Hermes not only gifts Percy cursed shoes, but also tries to kill him with a scorpion.
When Hades captures the quest group, Percy uses three magic pearls from his father to save himself, Annabeth, and Grover. He is forced to leave "what matters most" - his mother - behind in order to stop the war between Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. He also does not help his mother rid herself of her abusive husband Gabe Ugliano. Sally is saved in the first case by Hades's choice to free her after he receives his Helm, and in the second, by her own choice to stand up to "Smelly Gabe".
Critical reception[edit]
The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews. Common Sense Media said, "There are two levels of fun in The Lightning Thief. One is the fast-paced quest of a young hero and his friends to save the world..." and added, "Another level of fun here – laughing at the wicked ways the author has updated the gods and monsters for the 21st century".[15] However, it did criticize some aspects of the book describing the prose as "choppy and attitude-filled" and complaining that "[t]he characters aren't emotionally involving". Its overall rating was 4 stars out of 5.[15] Numerous other reviews were more positive. The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as "perfectly paced, with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats".[16] School Library Journal said in its starred review that the book was "[a]n adventure-quest with a hip edge" and that "[r]eaders will be eager to follow the young protagonist's next move".[13] Kirkus Reviews reviews said, "The sardonic tone of the narrator's voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world, family, friendship and loyalty."[5] Eoin Colfer, author of Artemis Fowl called it "A fantastic blend of myth and modern".[17] Finally, Publishers Weekly also praised the book, regarding it as "swift and humorous" and added that the book would "leave many readers eager for the next installment."[18]
On April 8, 2007, The Lightning Thief was ranked ninth on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's books.[19] The Lightning Thief was the winner of the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005[20] as well one of the books in the Chicago Public Library Best of the Best Books List, 2005.[4] It was also in the VOYA Top Shelf Fiction List[4] and was the winner of the Red House Children's Book Award Winner (UK), 2006;[4] Askews Torchlight Award (UK), 2006;[4] and the Mark Twain Award (Missouri Association of School Librarians), 2008.[4][21] It was an American Library Association Notable Book, 2006[22] and a New York Times Notable Book (2005).[23] It received the Young Reader's Choice Award in 2008[24] and the Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award in 2009.[25][26] Scholastic Parent & Child magazine also included the novel within its 100 "Greatest Books for Kids."[27] When asked about the various awards, Rick Riordan said: "The ultimate compliment for a children's writer is when the kids like it."[28]
Adaptations[edit]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired the feature film rights to the book.[29] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. The film, titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, was released in the United States on February 12, 2010 and had Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, and Pierce Brosnan as Chiron. The film received mixed reviews from critics upon release and grossed $226 million at the worldwide box office.[30] A sequel, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released in 2013.
Audiobook[edit]
On June 28, 2005, a 10-hour and 25 minute audio book version, read by actor Jesse Bernstein, was published worldwide by Listening Library.[11][31]
Kirkus Reviews magazine said, "the narrator’s voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world, family, friendship and loyalty".[13] AudioFile Magazine praised the audiobook, "adults and children alike will be spellbound as they listen to this deeply imaginative tale unfold."[31] School Library Journal both praised and criticized the audio book saying "Although some of Jesse Bernstein's accents fail (the monster from Georgia, for instance, has no Southern trace in her voice), he does a fine job of keeping the main character's tones and accents distinguishable".[32]
Musical[edit]
Main article: The Lightning Thief (musical)
A one-hour musical aimed at young audiences was planned to hit the road on a nationwide tour in September 2014 following a stint in New York City in 2014.[33] A two-hour version of the musical previewed Off-Broadway on March 23, 2017 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre.[34] On April 21, a cast recording was announced to be released on June 30 on the Broadway Records label.[35]
Sequels[edit]
Main article: Percy Jackson & the Olympians § Books
The Lightning Thief is followed by The Sea of Monsters in which Percy and Annabeth rescue Grover who has been imprisoned by Polyphemus, the Cyclopes, and recover the Golden Fleece to save the camp. They are accompanied by Percy's Cyclops half brother, Tyson and Clarisse La Rue in this mission.
Like The Lightning Thief, it won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well.[4][36][37] It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback.[6] It was followed by The Titan's Curse, The Battle of the Labyrinth, and The Last Olympian as well as an entire new sequel-series, The Heroes of Olympus, and later, The Trials of Apollo.
Foreign language editions[edit]
The Lightning Thief was published in Chinese, Italian, Turkish, Danish, Croatian, Czech, Finnish, French, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, Indonesian, Serbian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Catalan. The French, German, and Spanish editions were published in 2006. The other translations of the book were published in 2008. The Icelandic publisher Odinseye released another edition in 2012.[38] The novel is also on sale in Taiwan, published by Yuan Liou Publishing.[39] In Czech it is called 'Percy Jackson Zlodej blesku'.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Oksner, Robert (2006-05-21). "The Lightning Thief Review". Kidsreads. Retrieved 2009-09-01. >
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick (2006). The Lightning Thief. New York, NY: Hyperion Books for Children. ISBN 0-7868-3865-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The lightning thief" (first edition). LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2015-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Riordan, Rick. "Series Awards". Rick Riordan. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kirkus Review". Kirkus. 2005-07-15. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Nawotka, Edward (April 23, 2007). "Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ "The Lightning Thief (Percy Jackson and the Olympians, #1)". Goodreads. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick. "An Interview with Rick". rickriordan.com. Disney-Hyperion. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick. "If Only I Had Connections . . .". rickriordan.com. Disney-Hyperion. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up ^ Rich, Motoko (2008-09-01). "Author of Book Series Sends Kids on a Web Treasure Hunt". The New York TImes. New York, NY. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jesse Bernstein's Work". Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mabe, Chauncey (2009-05-14). "Rick Riordan: Percy Jackson vs. Harry Potter". The Sun Sentinel. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Reviews for The Lightning Thief". Hyperion-Books, Rick Riordan. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
Jump up ^ Thomason, Kathy. "The Lightning Thief Review". Thunder Child. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Berman, Matt. "Review of The Lightning Thief: Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Book". Common Sense Media. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shulman, Polly (2005-11-13). "Harry Who?". Sunday Book Review. The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Steve. "Monster Mania". San Antonia Express News, February 12, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Lightning Thief.(Brief Article)(Children's Review)(Book Review)." Publishers Weekly. 2005. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Children's Bestseller's List". The New York Times. New York, NY. 2007-04-08. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Trevelyn Jones; Luann Toth; Marlene Charnizon; Daryl Grabarek & Joy Fleishhacker (12 January 2005). "Best Books 2005". School Library Journal. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Mark Twain Award 2005-06 Winners". Missouri Association of School Librarians. April 23, 2006. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2006 Best Books for Young Adults with annotations". Young Adult Library Services Association. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Notable Books of 2005". The New York Times. New York, NY. December 4, 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
Jump up ^ "YRCA Past Winners". Pacific Northwest Library Association. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award winners. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick. "2009 Rebecca Caudill Award – Acceptance Letter from Rick Riordan" (PDF). Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 100 'Greatest Books for Kids'". USA Today. February 15, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Minzesheimer, Bob (January 18, 2006). "'Lightning' strikes with young readers". USA Today Books. USA Today. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
Jump up ^ Brodesser, Claude (23 June 2004). "'Lightning Thief' strikes Maverick". Variety.com. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
Jump up ^ Rick Riordan. "Contact Information". Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernstien, Jesse (2005). "The Lightning Thief (audiobook)". AufioFile Magazine. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Audio Reviews: October, 2005". School Library Journal Audio Reviews. School Library Journal. October 1, 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
Jump up ^ "How Rick Riordan's 'The Lightning Thief' became a stage musical". PopWatch. Entertainment Weekly. July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.lightningthiefmusical.com/#about
Jump up ^ "Chris McCarrell & Cast of the Lightning Thief Musical to Rock Out on Cast Album". Broadway.com. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mark Twain Award Previous Winners". Missouri Association of School Librarians. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ Ruth, Sheila. "The Sea of Monsters Review". Wands and Worlds. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick (February 13, 2011). "The Week in Review–Myth & Mystery". Retrieved February 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick. (February 15, 2011). "The Red Pyramid goes to Taiwan–Myth & Mystery". Retrieved February 15, 2011.
External links[edit]
Children's literature portal
Mythology portal
Speculative fiction portal
Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books (UK)
Percy Jackson & the Olympians at publisher Disney-Hyperion Books (US)
Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
[hide]
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The Camp Half-Blood Chronicles
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The Last Olympian
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