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District Collector (India)
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District Collectorate of West Godavari district
A District Collector, often abbreviated to Collector, is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer in charge of revenue collection and administration of a district in India. Since District Collectors are seniormost executive magistrate in the district, the post is also referred to as the District Magistrate and as the office-bearer works under the supervision of a Divisional Commissioner, the post is also known as Deputy Commissioner.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Posting
3 Functions and Responsibilities
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
History[edit]
District Administration in India is a legacy of the British Raj. District Collectors were members of the Indian Civil Service and were charged with supervising general administration in the district.
Warren Hastings introduced the office of the District Collector in 1772. Sir George Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal from 1871-1874, intended "to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none, but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district."[1][2][3]
The office of the Collector during the British Raj held multiple responsibilities– as Collector, he was the head of the revenue organization, charged with registration, alteration, and partition of holdings; the settlement of disputes; the management of indebted estates; loans to agriculturists, and famine relief. As District Magistrate, he exercised general supervision over the inferior courts and in particular, directed the police work.[4] The office was meant to achieve the "peculiar purpose" of collecting revenue and of keeping the peace. The Superintendent of Police, Inspector General of Jails, the Surgeon General, the Divisional Forest Officer and the Chief Engineer had to inform the Collector of every activity in their Departments.[1][2][3]
Until the later part of the nineteenth century, no native was eligible to become a District Collector. But with the introduction of open competitive examinations for the Indian Civil Services, the office was opened to natives. Anandaram Baruah, an eminent scholar of Sanskrit and the sixth Indian and the first Assamese ICS officer, became the third Indian to be appointed a District Magistrate, the first two being Romesh Chandra Dutt and Sripad Babaji Thakur respectively.[1][2][3]
The district continued to be the unit of administration after India gained independence in 1947. The role of the District Collector remained largely unchanged, except for the separation of most judicial powers to judicial officers of the district. Later, with the promulgation of the National Extension Services and Community Development Programme by the Nehru government in 1952, the District Collector was entrusted with the additional responsibility of implementing the Union Government's development programs in the district.[1][2][3][5]
Posting[edit]
They are posted by the State government, from among the pool of Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officers, who either are on Level 11 or Level 12 of the Pay Matrix, in the state. The members of the IAS are either directly recruited by the Union Public Service Commission or promoted from Provincial Civil Service (PCS). The direct recruits are posted as Collectors after five to six years of service, whereas the promoted members from state civil services generally occupy this post after promotion to the IAS, which generally happens after two decades of service. A District Magistrate and Collector is transferred to and from the post by the State government.[6]
The office bearer is generally of the rank of Joint Secretary to the State Government (equivalent to Deputy Secretary in Government of India).
Functions and Responsibilities[edit]
[1][2][3][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
The responsibilities assigned to a District Magistrate vary from state to state, but generally, District Collectors are entrusted with a wide range of duties in the jurisdiction of the district.
While the actual extent of the responsibilities varies from State to State, they generally involve-
As District Magistrate:
Conducts criminal court of executive magistrate.
Maintenance of law and order.
Supervision of the police and jails.
Supervision of subordinate Executive magistracy and conduct magisterial inquiries.
Hearing cases under the preventive section of the Criminal Procedure Code.
Supervision of jails and certification of execution of capital sentences.
Arbitrator of land acquisition.
Disaster management during natural calamities such as floods, famines or epidemics.
Crisis management during riots or external aggression.
As Collector:
Conducts revenue court.
Land assessment
Land acquisition
Collection
Collection of income tax dues, excise duties, irrigation dues etc.
Distribution of agricultural loans
Chairman of the District Bankers Coordination Committee
Head of the District Industries Centre
As Deputy Commissioner/District Commissioner:
Reports to Divisional Commissioner on all matters.
As District Election Officer:
Conducts Elections in the district, be it General, Assembly or Municipal.
Acts as the Returning Officer for the Lok Sabha constituency in the district.
A District Magistrate is assisted by some IAS and PCS for carrying out day-to-day work in various fields:--
Chief Development Officer (CDO)/District Development Officer (DDO)
Chief Revenue Officer (CRO)/District Revenue Officer (DRO)
Additional District Magistrate(s) (ADM) (North, West, East, South, E (Executive), F/R (Finance and Revenue), City, Judicial).
City Magistrate (CM) and Additionally City Magistrate (ACM) (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X).
Sub-Divisional Magistrate(s) (SDM) or Deputy Collector(s) (DC) and other Executive Magistrates.
Other officers from other departments at district level also report to him.
See also[edit]
Indian Administrative Service
Chief Secretary (India)
Principal Secretary (India)
Divisional Commissioner
Indian Police Service
Superintendent of police (India)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. pp. 573–597. ISBN 9788125019886.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 50–124. ISBN 978-8170993810.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd Edition). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 6.1–6.6. ISBN 978-9339204785.
Jump up ^ Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Volume 1 - Survey. Presented by the Secretary of State for the Home Department to Parliament by Command of His Majesty. May, 1930 AND Volume 2 - Recommendations Presented to the Secretary of State for the Home Deparment to Parliament by Command of His Majesty. May 1930. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1930. p. 255.
Jump up ^ "Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India" (PDF). Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India. Seventh Central Pay Commission of India. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arora, Ramesh K. (2011). Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues. New Age. ISBN 978-8122434460.
Jump up ^ "Powers Of District Magistrate in India". Important India. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP". Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Administration". Muzaffarnagar District. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "GENERAL ADMINISTRATION". Ghaziabad District. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "About Deputy Commissioner & District Magistrate's Office". Dakshin Kannada District. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Power & Functions of Deputy Commissioner". Office of Regional Commissioner, Belagum. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Administration". Agra District website. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Singh, G.P. (1993). Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar. Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-8170993810.
Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. ISBN 9788125019886.
Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd Edition). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-9339204785.
Arora, Ramesh K. (2011). Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-8122434460.
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Freezing rain
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Freezing rain is the name given to rain precipitation that freezes on contact on surfaces maintained at temperature below freezing by the ambient air mass. Unlike sleet, a mixture of rain and snow, ice pellets, or hail, freezing rain is made entirely of liquid droplets. The raindrops become supercooled while passing through a sub-freezing layer of air hundreds of meters above the ground, and then freeze upon impact with any surface they encounter, including the ground, trees, electrical wires, aircraft, and automobiles.[1] The resulting ice, called glaze, can accumulate to a thickness of several centimeters and cover all exposed surfaces. The METAR code for freezing rain is FZRA.
A storm that produces a significant thickness of glaze ice from freezing rain is often referred to as an ice storm. Although these storms are not particularly violent, freezing rain is notorious for causing travel problems on roadways, breaking tree limbs, and downing power lines from the weight of accumulating ice. Downed power lines cause power outages in affected areas while accumulated ice can also pose significant overhead hazards. It is also known for being extremely dangerous to aircraft since the ice can effectively 'remould' the shape of the airfoil and flight control surfaces. (See atmospheric icing.)[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
2 Observations
3 Effects
3.1 At ground level
3.2 Aircraft
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Mechanism[edit]
Temperature versus height diagram for different types of precipitation. The red line shows how freezing rain forms, from snow through the warm layer and then into the "supercooled stage."
Freezing rain is often associated with the approach of a warm front, when subfreezing air (temperatures at or below freezing) is trapped in the lowest levels of the atmosphere while warm air advects in aloft.[3] This happens, for instance, when a low pressure system moves from the Mississippi River Valley toward the Appalachian Mountains and the Saint Lawrence River Valley of North America during the cold season, with a strong high pressure system sitting further east. This setup is known as cold-air damming, and is characterized by very cold and dry air at the surface within the region of high pressure. The warm air from the Gulf of Mexico is often the fuel for freezing precipitation.
Freezing rain develops when falling snow encounters a layer of warm air aloft, typically around the 800 mbar (800 hPa) level, causing the snow to melt and become rain. As the rain continues to fall, it passes through a layer of subfreezing air just above the surface and cools to a temperature below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F). If this layer of subfreezing air is sufficiently deep, the raindrops may have time to freeze into ice pellets (sleet) before reaching the ground. However, if the subfreezing layer of air at the surface is very shallow, the rain drops falling through it will not have time to freeze and they will hit the ground as supercooled rain. When these supercooled drops make contact with the ground, power lines, tree branches, aircraft, or anything else below 0 °C (32 °F), a portion of the drops instantly freezes, forming a thin film of ice, hence freezing rain.[4][5] The specific physical process by which this occurs is called nucleation.
Observations[edit]
Echoes at 1.5 km (0.93 mi) altitude at the top with strong contamination from the brightband (yellows). The vertical cut at the bottom show that this strong return is only above ground (Source: Environment Canada).
Surface observations by manned or automatic stations are the only direct confirmation of freezing rain. One can never see directly freezing rain, rain or snow on weather radars, Doppler or conventional. However, it is possible to estimate the area covered by freezing rain with radars indirectly.
The intensity of the radar echoes (reflectivity) is proportional to the form (water or ice) of the precipitation and its diameter. In fact, rain has much stronger reflective power than snow but its diameter is much smaller. So the reflectivity of rain coming from melted snow is only slightly higher. However, in the layer where the snow is melting, the wet flakes still have a large diameter and are coated with water so the returns to the radar is much stronger.
The presence of this brightband indicates that there is a warm layer above ground where snow melts. This could be producing rain on the ground or the possibility of freezing rain if the temperature is below freezing. This artifact can be located, like on the image at left, with a cross-section through radar data. The height and slope of the brightband will give clues to the extent of the region where melting occurs. Then it is possible to associate this clue with surface observations and numerical models prediction to produce output such as the ones seen on television weather programs that divide radar echoes into rain, mixed and snow precipitations.
Effects[edit]
Ice storms can cause power outages due to the weight of ice on lines or overhanging tree limbs
Main article: Glaze ice
At ground level[edit]
Freezing rain often causes major power outages by forming glaze ice. When the freezing rain or drizzle is light and not prolonged, the ice formed is thin. It usually causes only minor damage, relieving trees of their dead branches etc.[6] When large quantities accumulate, however, it is one of the most dangerous types of winter hazard.[7] When the ice layer exceeds approximately 6.4 mm (0.25 in)[citation needed], tree limbs with branches heavily coated in ice can break off under the enormous weight and fall onto power lines. Windy conditions and lightning, when present, will exacerbate the damage. Power lines coated with ice become extremely heavy, causing support poles, insulators and lines to break. The ice that forms on roadways makes vehicle travel dangerous. Unlike snow, wet ice provides almost no traction, and vehicles will slide even on gentle slopes. Because freezing rain does not hit the ground as an ice pellet (called "sleet") but still as a rain droplet, it conforms to the shape of the ground, or object such as a tree branch or car. This makes one thick layer of ice, often called "glaze".
Thick layer of glaze broke the trees in downtown Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Freezing rain and glaze on a large scale is called an ice storm. Effects on plants can be severe, as they cannot support the weight of the ice. Trees may snap as they are dormant and fragile during winter weather. Pine trees are also victims of ice storms as their needles will catch the ice, but not be able to support the weight. In February 1994, a severe ice storm caused over $1 billion in damage in the Southern United States, primarily in Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, and Western North Carolina, especially the Appalachians. One particularly severe ice storm struck eastern Canada and northern parts of New York and New England in the North American ice storm of 1998.[8][9]
Glaze on a tree in La Malbaie, Quebec
Ice on coniferous tree in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland.
A birch tree is badly bent under a thick layer of glaze ice in Celje, Slovenia.
Aircraft[edit]
Freezing rain is considered to be an extreme hazard to aircraft, as it causes very rapid structural icing. Most helicopters and small airplanes lack the necessary deicing equipment to fly in freezing rain of any intensity, and heavy freezing rain can overwhelm even the most sophisticated deicing systems on large airplanes. Icing can increase an aircraft's weight but not typically enough to cause a hazard. The main danger comes from the ice changing the shape of its airfoils. This will reduce lift and increase drag. All three factors increase stalling speed and reduce aircraft performance, making it very difficult to climb or even maintain level altitude.
An aircraft can most easily avoid freezing rain by moving into warmer air — under most conditions, this would require aircraft to descend, which it can usually do safely and easily even with a moderate accumulation of structural ice. However, freezing rain is accompanied by a temperature inversion aloft, meaning that aircraft actually need to climb to move into warmer air — a potentially difficult and dangerous task with even a small amount of ice accumulation.
For example, in 1994, American Eagle Flight 4184 encountered heavy air traffic and poor weather that postponed the arrival of this flight at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, where it was to have landed en route from Indianapolis, Indiana. The ATR-72, a twin-engine turboprop carrying 68 people, entered a holding pattern 105 km or 65 mi southeast of O'Hare. As the plane circled, supercooled cloud droplets, freezing rain or freezing drizzle formed a ridge of ice on the upper surface of its wings, eventually causing the aircraft's autopilot to suddenly disconnect and the pilots to lose control. The ATR disintegrated on impact with a field below; all passengers and crew were killed.
See also[edit]
Black ice
Freezing drizzle
Hail
Ice pellets
Ice storm
Icing conditions
List of ice storms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology. F. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Significant Weather Phenomena Matrix. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
Jump up ^ University of Illinois. Cyclones and Fronts: the development of freezing rain. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
Jump up ^ University of Illinois. Cyclones and Fronts: the definition of freezing rain. Retrieved on 2007-12-16.
Jump up ^ "THE RATE AT WHICH RAIN FREEZES IN A FREEZING RAIN EVENT". Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Glaze Ice". Archived from the original on 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
Jump up ^ Oblack, Rachelle. "Glaze Ice Definition". Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
Jump up ^ Munroe, Susan. "The Canadian ice storm of 1998". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Glaze Ice". Archived from the original on 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freezing rain.
Graphic Explanation
Freezing rain in Moscow of 2010
Authority control
LCCN: sh94001036
NDL: 00573969
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freezing_rain&oldid=834461213"
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First Epistle to the Corinthians
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"Corinthians" redirects here. For other uses, see Corinthian (disambiguation).
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The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Ancient Greek: Α΄ ᾽Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους), usually referred to simply as First Corinthians and often written 1 Corinthians, is one of the Pauline epistles of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle says that Paul the Apostle and "Sosthenes our brother" wrote it to "the church of God which is at Corinth" 1 Cor.1:1–2 although the scholarly consensus holds that Sosthenes was the amanuensis who wrote down the text of the letter at Paul's direction.[1]
Called "a masterpiece of pastoral theology",[2] it addresses various issues that had arisen in the Christian community at Corinth.
This epistle contains some well-known phrases, including: "all things to all men" (9:22), "through a glass, darkly" (13:12), and "When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child" (13:11).
Contents
1 Authorship
2 Composition
3 Structure
4 Content
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Authorship[edit]
Further information: Authorship of the Pauline epistles
There is consensus among historians and Christian theologians that Paul is the author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (c. AD 53–54).[3] The letter is quoted or mentioned by the earliest of sources, and is included in every ancient canon,[4] including that of Marcion. The personal and even embarrassing texts about immorality in the church increase consensus.[5]
However, two passages may have been inserted at a later stage. The first passage is 1 Corinthians 11:2–16, dealing with praying and prophesying with head covering.[6] The second passage is 1 Corinthians 14:34–35, whose authenticity has been hotly debated. Part of the reason for doubt is that in some manuscripts, the verses come at the end of the chapter instead of at its present location. Furthermore, Paul is here appealing to the law which is uncharacteristic of him. Lastly, the verses come into conflict with 11:5 where women are described as praying and prophesying.[7] As well, 10:1–22 is sometimes regarded as another letter fragment, interpolation, or inserted midrash because, among other things, this section virtually seems to equate the consumption of idol meat with idolatry, but Paul seems more lenient regarding its consumption in 8:1–13 and 10:23–11:1.[8] Such views are rejected by other scholars who give arguments for the unity of 8:1–11:1.[9]
Composition[edit]
About the year AD 50, towards the end of his second missionary journey, Paul founded the church in Corinth, before moving on to Ephesus, a city on the west coast of today's Turkey, about 180 miles by sea from Corinth. From there he traveled to Caesarea, and Antioch. Paul returned to Ephesus on his third missionary journey and spent approximately three years there (Acts 19:8, 19:10, 20:31). It was while staying in Ephesus that he received disconcerting news of the community in Corinth regarding jealousies, rivalry, and immoral behavior.[10] It also appears that based on a letter the Corinthians sent Paul (e.g. 7:1), the congregation was requesting clarification on a number of matters, such as marriage and the consumption of meat previously offered to idols.
By comparing Acts of the Apostles 18:1–17 and mentions of Ephesus in the Corinthian correspondence, scholars suggest that the letter was written during Paul's stay in Ephesus, which is usually dated as being in the range of AD 53–57.[11][12]
Anthony C. Thiselton suggests that it is possible that I Corinthians was written during Paul's first (brief) stay in Ephesus, at the end of his Second Journey, usually dated to early AD 54.[13] However, it is more likely that it was written during his extended stay in Ephesus, where he refers to sending Timothy to them (Acts 19:22, I Cor. 4:17).[10]
Structure[edit]
1 Cor. 1:1–21 from the 8th century in Codex Amiatinus
1 Cor. 1:1–2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223
The epistle may be divided into seven parts:[14]
Salutation (1:1–3)
Paul addresses the issue regarding challenges to his apostleship and defends the issue by claiming that it was given to him through a revelation from Christ. The salutation (the first section of the letter) reinforces the legitimacy of Paul's apostolic claim.
Thanksgiving (1:4–9)
The thanksgiving part of the letter is typical of Hellenistic letter writing. In a thanksgiving recitation the writer thanks God for health, a safe journey, deliverance from danger, or good fortune.
In this letter, the thanksgiving "introduces charismata and gnosis, topics to which Paul will return and that he will discuss at greater length later in the letter".[15][incomplete short citation]
Division in Corinth (1:10–4:21)
Facts of division
Causes of division
Cure for division
Immorality in Corinth (5:1–6:20)
Discipline an immoral Brother
Resolving personal disputes
Sexual purity
Difficulties in Corinth (7:1–14:40)
Marriage
Christian liberty
Worship
Doctrine of Resurrection (15:1–58)
Closing (16:1–24)
Paul's closing remarks in his letters usually contain his intentions and efforts to improve the community. He would first conclude with his paraenesis and wish them peace by including a prayer request, greet them with his name and his friends with a holy kiss, and offer final grace and benediction:
Now concerning the contribution for the saints: as I directed the churches of Galatia… Let all your things be done with charity. Greet one another with a holy kiss... I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand. If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maranatha. The grace of the Lord Jesus be with you. My love be with you all in Christ Jesus. Amen.
—  (1 Cor. 16:1–24).
Content[edit]
The foundation of Christ 1 Corinthians 3:11; posted at the Menno-Hof Amish & Mennonite Museum in Shipshewana, Indiana
"In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed." 1 Corinthians 15:52. Illumination from Beatus de Facundus, 1047.
Some time before 2 Corinthians was written, Paul paid them a second visit (2 Cor. 12: 14; 2 Cor. 13: 1) to check some rising disorder (2 Cor. 2: 1; 2 Cor. 13: 2), and wrote them a letter, now lost (1 Cor. 5: 9). They had also been visited by Apollos (Acts 18: 27), perhaps by Peter (1 Cor. 1: 12), and by some Jewish Christians who brought with them letters of commendation from Jerusalem (1 Cor. 1: 12; 2 Cor. 3: 1; 2 Cor. 5: 16; 2 Cor. 11: 23).
Paul wrote this letter to correct what he saw as erroneous views in the Corinthian church. Several sources informed Paul of conflicts within the church at Corinth: Apollos (Acts 19:1), a letter from the Corinthians, the "household of Chloe", and finally Stephanas and his two friends who had visited Paul (1:11; 16:17). Paul then wrote this letter to the Corinthians, urging uniformity of belief ("that ye all speak the same thing and that there be no divisions among you", 1:10) and expounding Christian doctrine. Titus and a brother whose name is not given were probably the bearers of the letter to the church at Corinth (2 Corinthians 2:13; 8:6, 16–18).
In general, divisions within the church at Corinth seem to be a problem, and Paul makes it a point to mention these conflicts in the beginning. Specifically, pagan roots still hold sway within their community. Paul wants to bring them back to what he sees as correct doctrine, stating that God has given him the opportunity to be a "skilled master builder" to lay the foundation and let others build upon it (1 Cor 3:10).
Later, Paul wrote about immorality in Corinth by discussing an immoral brother, how to resolve personal disputes, and sexual purity. Regarding marriage, Paul states that it is better for Christians to remain unmarried, but that if they lacked self-control, it is better to marry than "burn" (πυροῦσθαι) which Christians have traditionally thought meant to burn with sinful desires.[citation needed] The Epistle may include marriage as an apostolic practice in 1 Corinthians 9:5, "Do we not have the right to be accompanied by a believing wife, as do the other apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas (Peter)?" (In the last case, the letter concurs with Matthew 8:14, which mentions Peter having a mother-in-law and thus, by interpolation, a wife.) However, the Greek word for "wife" is the same word for "woman". The Early Church Fathers including Tertullian, Jerome, and Augustine state the Greek word is ambiguous and the women in 1 Corinthians 9:5 were women ministering to the Apostles as women ministered to Christ (cf Matthew 27:55, Luke 8:1–3), and were not wives,[16] and assert they left their "offices of marriage" to follow Christ.[17]
Paul also argues that married people must please their spouses, just as every Christian must please God. The letter is also notable for mentioning the role of women in churches, that for instance they must remain silent (1 Cor. 14:34–35), and yet they have a role of prophecy and apparently speaking tongues in churches (11:2–16). If 14:34–35 is not an interpolation, certain scholars resolve the tension between these texts by positing that wives were either contesting their husband's inspired speeches at church, or the wives/women were chatting and asking questions in a disorderly manner when others were giving inspired utterances. Their silence was unique to the particular situation in the Corinthian gatherings at that time, and on this reading, Paul did not intend his words to be universalized for all women of all churches of all eras.[18] After discussing his views on worshipping idols, Paul finally ends with his views on resurrection. He states that Christ died for our sins, and was buried, and rose on the third day according to the scriptures (1 Cor. 15:3). Paul then asks: "Now if Christ is preached as raised from the dead, how can some of you say that there is no resurrection of the dead?" (1 Cor. 15:12) and addresses the question of resurrection.
Throughout the letter, Paul presents issues that are troubling the community in Corinth and offers ways to fix them. Paul states that this letter is to "admonish" them as beloved children. They are expected to become imitators of Jesus and follow the ways in Christ as he, Paul, teaches in all his churches (1 Cor. 4:14–16).
See also[edit]
1 Corinthians 11 – on church order
1 Corinthians 13 – the tongues of men and angels verse
1 Corinthians 15 – on the Resurrection
Christian headcovering
Pauline privilege
Second Epistle to the Corinthians
Textual variants in the First Epistle to the Corinthians
Third Epistle to the Corinthians
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meyer's NT Commentary on 1 Corinthians, accessed 16 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians", Yale Divinity School
Jump up ^ Robert Wall, New Interpreter's Bible Vol. X (Abingdon Press, 2002), p. 373
Jump up ^ "Uncials – Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Online – LibGuides at Baptist Missionary Association Theological Seminary".
Jump up ^ Gench, Frances Taylor (2015-05-18). Encountering God in Tyrannical Texts: Reflections on Paul, Women, and the Authority of Scripture. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 97. ISBN 9780664259525.
Jump up ^ John Muddiman, John Barton, ed. (2001). The Oxford Bible Commentary. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 1125. ISBN 978-0-19-875500-5. It is full of awkward argumentation, so awkward that a few scholars even consider it a later addition to the letter by another hand.
Jump up ^ John Muddiman, John Barton, ed. (2001). The Oxford Bible Commentary. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 1130. ISBN 978-0-19-875500-5.
Jump up ^ Walter Schmithals, Gnosticism in Corinth (Nashville: Abingdon, 1971), 14, 92–95; Lamar Cope, "First Corinthians 8–10: Continuity or Contradiction?" Anglican Theological Review: Supplementary Series II. Christ and His Communities (Mar. 1990) 114–23.
Jump up ^ Joop F. M. Smit, About the Idol Offerings (Leuven: Peeters, 2000); B. J. Oropeza, "Laying to Rest the Midrash," Biblica 79 (1998) 57–68.
^ Jump up to: a b "1 Corinthians – Introduction", USCCB
Jump up ^ Corinthians, First Epistle to the, "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", Ed. James Orr, 1915.
Jump up ^ Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
Jump up ^ Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Eerdmans, 2000), 31.
Jump up ^ Outline from NET Bible.org
Jump up ^ Roetzel 1999.
Jump up ^ Tertullian, On Monogamy "For have we not the power of eating and drinking?" he does not demonstrate that "wives" were led about by the apostles, whom even such as have not still have the power of eating and drinking; but simply "women", who used to minister to them in the stone way (as they did) when accompanying the Lord."
Jump up ^ Jerome, Against Jovinianus, Book I "In accordance with this rule Peter and the other Apostles (I must give Jovinianus something now and then out of my abundance) had indeed wives, but those which they had taken before they knew the Gospel. But once they were received into the Apostolate, they forsook the offices of marriage."
Jump up ^ B. J. Oropeza, 1 Corinthians. New Covenant Commentary (Eugene: Cascade, 2017), 187–94; Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman: One in Christ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009); Ben Witherington, Women in the Earliest Churches (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988);
Further reading[edit]
Blenkinsopp, Joseph, The Corinthian Mirror: a Study of Contemporary Themes in a Pauline Epistle [i.e. in First Corinthians], Sheed and Ward, London, 1964.
Conzelmann, Hans Der erste Brief an die Korinther, KEK V, Göttingen 1969.
Robertson, A. and A. Plumber, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians (Edinburgh 1961).
Thiselton, Anthony C. The First Epistle to the Corinthians: a commentary on the Greek text NIGTC, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids 2000.
Yung Suk Kim. Christ's Body in Corinth: The Politics of a Metaphor (Fortress, 2008).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
1 Corinthians
Wikiquote has quotations related to: First Epistle to the Corinthians
A Brief Introduction to 1 Corinthians
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: 1 Corinthians
"Corinthians, Epistles to the". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
"Corinthians, First Epistle to the". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897.
"Corinthians, Epistles to the". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 150–154.
1 Corinthians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
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