text:
Great Migration (African American)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Graph showing the percentage of the African-American population living in the American South, 1790-2010.
The Great Migration shown through changes in African-Americans share of population in major US cities, 1910–1940 and 1940–1970
African-American topics
History (timeline)[show]
Atlantic slave trade
African-American history
Slavery in the United States
History in agriculture
African-American business history
African-American military history
Jim Crow laws
Great Migration
Redlining
Second Great Migration
Post-Civil War reform movements
Civil rights movement
Origins of the civil rights movement · Civil rights movement · Black Power movement
Post–civil rights era
New Great Migration
Culture[show]
Studies
Art
Business history
Black conductors
Black mecca
Black schools
Black colleges and universities
Juneteenth
Kwanzaa
Literature
Museums
Music
Neighborhoods
Religion[show]
Black church
Black theology
Nation of Islam
Political movements[show]
Afrocentrism
Black Power
Anarchism
Capitalism
Conservatism
Leftism
Nationalism
Populism
Black Panther Party
Garveyism
Pan-Africanism
Back-to-Africa movement
Civic / economic groups[show]
Rights organizations
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
National Urban League (NUL)
Association for the Study of African
American Life and History (ASALH)
United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
National Black Chamber
of Commerce (NBCC)
National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
TransAfrica Forum
Sports[show]
Negro league baseball
Athletic associations and conferences
Central (CIAA)
Southern (SIAC)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)
Ethnic subdivisions[show]
Americo-Liberians
Black Indians (Seminoles)
Black Southerners
Gullah
Igbo
Languages[show]
English (American) (African American)
Gullah (Afro-Seminole Creole)
Louisiana Creole French
Diaspora[show]
Nova Scotia
Liberia

Sierra Leone
France
Lists[show]
African Americans

African-American firsts
First mayors
US state firsts

Landmark African-American legislation
African American-related topics
Topics related to Black and African people
Category: African-American society
African American portal
v
t
e
The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970.[1] Until 1910, more than 90 percent of the African-American population lived in the American South.[2] In 1900, only one-fifth of African-Americans living in the South were living in urban areas.[3] By the end of the Great Migration, 53 percent of the African-American population remained in the South, while 40 percent lived in the North, and 7 percent in the West,[4] and the African-American population had become highly urbanized. By 1960, of those African-Americans still living in the South, half now lived in urban areas,[3] and by 1970, more than 80 percent of African-Americans nationwide lived in cities.[5] In 1991, Nicholas Lemann wrote that the Great Migration:
was one of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history—perhaps the greatest not caused by the immediate threat of execution or starvation. In sheer numbers it outranks the migration of any other ethnic group—Italians or Irish or Jews or Poles—to [the United States]. For blacks, the migration meant leaving what had always been their economic and social base in America, and finding a new one.[6]
Some historians differentiate between a first Great Migration (1916–1930), which saw about 1.6 million people move from mostly rural areas to northern industrial cities, and a Second Great Migration (1940–1970), which began after the Great Depression and brought at least 5 million people—including many townspeople with urban skills—to the north and to California and other western states.[7]
Since the Civil Rights Movement, a less rapid reverse migration has occurred. Dubbed the New Great Migration, it has seen a gradual increase of African-American movement to the South, generally to states and cities where economic opportunities are the best. The reasons include economic difficulties of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth of jobs in the "New South" and its lower cost of living, family and kinship ties, and improved racial relations. As early as 1975 to 1980, several southern states were net African-American migration gainers, while in 2014, African-American millennials moved in the highest numbers to Texas, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and California.[8] African-American populations have continued to drop throughout much of the Northeast, especially from the state of New York[8][9] and northern New Jersey,[10] as they rise in the South.
Contents
[hide]
1 Numbers and destinations
2 Demographics, tensions and employment sectors
2.1 Tensions and violence
3 Causes
4 Cultural changes
5 Effects
5.1 Demographic changes
5.2 Discrimination and working conditions
5.3 Integration and segregation
6 Second and New Great Migration
7 White southern reaction
8 In popular culture
9 Statistics
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 Further reading
13 External links
Numbers and destinations[edit]
Map of Black share of population in the 1900 US Census
James Gregory calculates decade-by-decade migration volumes in his book, The Southern Diaspora. Black migration picked up from the start of the new century, with 204,000 leaving in the first decade. The pace accelerated with the outbreak of World War I and continued through the 1920s. By 1930, there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions.[11]
The Great Depression wiped out job opportunities in the northern industrial belt, especially for African Americans, and caused a sharp reduction in migration. In the 1930s and 1940s, increasing mechanization of agriculture virtually brought the institution of sharecropping that had existed since the Civil War to an end in the United States causing many landless black farmers to be forced off of the land.[12]
As a result approximately 1.4 million black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s, followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s, and another 2.4 million people in the 1960s and early 1970s. By the late 1970s, as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold, the Great Migration came to an end. But, in a reflection of changing economics, as well as the end of Jim Crow laws in the 1960s and improving race relations in the South, in the 1980s and early 1990s, more black Americans were heading South than leaving that region.[13]
African-Americans moved from the 14 states of the South, especially Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Georgia. Census figures show that African Americans went from 52.2% of the population in 1920 to 45.3% of the population in 1950 in Mississippi, from 41.7% in 1920 to 30.9% of the population in 1950 in Georgia, from 38.9% in 1920 to 32.9% of the population in 1950 in Louisiana, from 38.4% in 1920 to 32.0% of the population in 1950 in Alabama, and 36.0% in 1920 to 31.0% of the population in Texas.[13] Based on the total populations in each of the four states, only Georgia (-143,188) showed a net decrease in its African American population in 1950 compared to 1920. Louisiana (+183,256), Texas (+67,664), Alabama (+78,206) and Mississippi (+52,346) showed net increases in their African American populations in 1950 compared to 1920.[11] Big cities were the principal destinations of southerners throughout the two phases of the Great Migration. In the first phase, eight major cities attracted two-thirds of the migrants: New York and Chicago, followed in order by Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Indianapolis. The Second great black migration increased the populations of these cities while adding others as destinations, especially on the West Coast. Cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Phoenix, Seattle, and Portland attracted African Americans in large numbers.[11]
There were clear migratory patterns that linked particular states and cities in the South to corresponding destinations in the North. Almost half of those who migrated from Mississippi during the first Great Migration, for example, ended up in Chicago, while those from Virginia tended to move to Philadelphia. For the most part, these patterns were related to geography, with the closest cities attracting the most migrants (such as Los Angeles and San Francisco receiving a disproportionate number of migrants from Texas). When multiple destinations were equidistant, chain migration played a larger role, with migrants following the path set by those before them.[14]
Some people migrated to Canada, enticed by British Columbia Premier James Douglas or by the 1910 immigration campaign by Canada's Clifford Sifton. Sifton and Citizenship and Immigration Canada did not anticipate that black farmers would file for homesteads in the Canadian Prairies and tried to turn them back. Unable to do so under the law of the time, Sifton and the Canadian government instead sent immigration representatives to US Southern states to deter black farmers from applying and also went on to implement racist immigration policies that were not lifted for decades. In 1962, following the Canadian Bill of Rights, Canada changed its immigration policy to allow persons of color to migrate to Canada again. Violet King Henry, the first black Canadian woman lawyer, was part of the senior team that changed Canadian policy and was descended from black pioneers to Amber Valley, Alberta, a landmark black community in Canada.
Demographics, tensions and employment sectors[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than eight percent of the African-American population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern United States.[15] This began to change over the next decade; by 1880, a migration was underway to Kansas. The U.S. Senate ordered an investigation into it.[16] In 1900, about 90 percent of blacks still lived in Southern states.[15]
African Americans moved as individuals or small family groups. There was no government assistance, but often northern industries, such as the railroads, meatpacking, and stockyards, sometimes paid for transportation and relocation.
Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population increased by about forty percent in Northern states as a result of the migration, mostly in the major cities. The cities of Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland, Baltimore, and New York City had some of the biggest increases in the early part of the twentieth century. Tens of thousands of blacks were recruited for industrial jobs, such as positions related to the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Because changes were concentrated in cities, which had also attracted millions of new or recent European immigrants, tensions rose as the people competed for jobs and scarce housing. Tensions were often most severe between ethnic Irish, defending their recently gained positions and territory, and recent immigrants and blacks.
Tensions and violence[edit]
In the late summer and autumn of 1919, racial tensions became violent and came to be known as the Red Summer. This period of time was defined by violence and prolonged rioting between blacks and whites in major United States cities.[17] The reasons for this violence vary. Cities that were affected by the violence included Washington D.C., Chicago, Omaha, Knoxville, and Elaine.[18]
The race riots peaked in Chicago, for the most violence and death occurred there during the riots.[19] According to The Negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot, an official report from 1922 on race relations in Chicago, came to the conclusion that there were many factors that led to the violent outbursts in Chicago. Principally, many blacks were assuming the jobs of white men as they went to go fight in World War I. As the war ended in 1918, many men returned home to find out their job had been taken by a black man who was willing to work for far less.[18] By the time the rioting and violence had subsided in Chicago, 38 people had lost their life, with hundreds more injured. In other cities across the nation many more had been affected by the violence of the Red Summer. The Red Summer enlightened many to the growing racial tension in America. The violence in these major cities prefaced the soon to follow Harlem Renaissance, an African-American cultural revolution, in the 1920s.[19]
Causes[edit]
Racially motivated murders per decade from 1865 to 1965.
The primary factors for migration among southern African-Americans were segregation, an increase in the spread of racist ideology, widespread lynching (nearly 3,500 African-Americans were lynched between 1882 and 1968[20]), and lack of social and economic opportunities in the South. There were also factors that pulled migrants to the north, such as labor shortages in northern factories brought about by World War I, resulting in thousands of jobs in steel mills, railroads, meatpacking plants, and the automobile industry.[21] The pull of jobs in the north was strengthened by the efforts of labor agents sent by northern businessmen to recruit southern workers.[21] Northern companies offered special incentives to encourage black workers to relocate, including free transportation and low-cost housing.[14]
Cultural changes[edit]
After moving from the racist pressures of the south to the northern states, African Americans were inspired to different kinds of creativity. The Great Migration resulted in the Harlem Renaissance, which was also fired by immigrants from the Caribbean. In her Pulitzer Prize–winning book The Warmth of Other Suns, journalist Isabel Wilkerson discusses the migration of "six million black Southerners [moving] out of the terror of Jim Crow to an uncertain existence in the North and Midwest."[22]
The struggle of African-American migrants to adapt to Northern cities was the subject of Jacob Lawrence's Migration Series of paintings, created when he was a young man in New York.[23] Exhibited in 1941 at the Museum of Modern Art, Lawrence's Series attracted wide attention; he was quickly perceived as one of the most important African-American artists of the time.[24]
The Great Migration had effects on music as well as other cultural subjects. Many Blues singers migrated from Delta-Mississippi to Chicago to escape racial discrimination. Muddy Waters and Chester Burnett are two of the most well-known Blues singers who migrated to Chicago. Great Delta-born pianist Eddie Boyd told Living Blues Magazine, "I thought of coming to Chicago where I could get away from some of that racism and where I would have an opportunity to, well, do something with my talent.... It wasn't peaches and cream [in Chicago], man, but it was a hell of a lot better than down there where I was born."[25]
Effects[edit]
During World War I there was a great migration north…, first panel of the Migration Series (1940-41), painting by Jacob Lawrence
Demographic changes[edit]
The Great Migration drained off much of the rural black population of the South, and for a time, froze or reduced African-American population growth in parts of the region. In a number of states, there were decades of black population decline, especially across the Deep South "black belt" where cotton had been king. The migration changed the demographics of the South. In 1910, African Americans constituted the majority of the population of South Carolina and Mississippi, and more than 40 percent in Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas; by 1970, only in Mississippi did the African-American population constitute more than 30 percent of the state's total. "The disappearance of the 'black belt' was one of the striking effects" of the Great Migration, James Gregory wrote.[26]
In Mississippi, blacks decreased from about 56% of the population in 1910 to about 37% by 1970,[27] remaining the majority only in some Delta counties. In Georgia, blacks decreased from about 45% of the population in 1910 to about 26% by 1970. In South Carolina, blacks decreased from about 55% of the population in 1910 to about 30% by 1970.[27]
The growing black presence outside the South changed the dynamics and demographics of numerous cities in the North, Midwest and West. In 1900, only 740,000 African Americans lived outside the South, just 8 percent of the nation's total black population. By 1970, more than 10.6 million African Americans lived outside the South, 47 percent of the nation's total.[26]
Because the migrants concentrated in the big cities of the north and west, their influence was magnified in those places. Cities that had been virtually all white at the start of the century became centers of black culture and politics by mid-century. Informal residential segregation and the tendency of people to settle with others of their home communities led to concentrations of blacks in certain areas. The northern "Black metropolises" developed an important infrastructure of newspapers, businesses, jazz clubs, churches, and political organizations that provided the staging ground for new forms of racial politics and new forms of black culture.
As a result of the Great Migration, the first large urban black communities developed in northern cities beyond New York, Boston, Baltimore, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia, which had black communities even before the Civil War, and attracted migrants after the war. It is conservatively estimated that 400,000 African Americans left the South in 1916 through 1918 to take advantage of a labor shortage in industrial cities during the First World War.[28]
In 1910, the African-American population of Detroit was 6,000. The Great Migration, plus the immigration from eastern and southern Europe, rapidly turned the city into the country's fourth-largest. By the start of the Great Depression in 1929, the city's African-American population had increased to 120,000.
In 1900–01, Chicago had a total population of 1,754,473.[29] By 1920, the city had added more than 1 million residents. During the second wave of the Great Migration (1940–60), the African-American population in the city grew from 278,000 to 813,000.
African-American youths play basketball in Chicago's Stateway Gardens high-rise housing project in 1973.
The flow of African Americans to Ohio, particularly to Cleveland, changed the demographics of the state and its primary industrial city. Before the Great Migration, an estimated 1.1% to 1.6% of Cleveland's population was African American.[30] By 1920, 4.3% of Cleveland's population was African American.[30] The number of African Americans in Cleveland continued to rise over the next 20 years of the Great Migration.
Other northern and midwestern industrial cities, such as Philadelphia, New York City, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Omaha, also had dramatic increases in their African-American populations. By the 1920s, New York's Harlem became a center of black cultural life, influenced by the American migrants as well as new immigrants from the Caribbean area.
Second-tier industrial cities that were destinations for numerous black migrants were Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Columbus, Cincinnati, Grand Rapids and Indianapolis, and smaller industrial cities such as Gary, Dayton, Erie, Toledo, Youngstown, Peoria, Muskegon, Newark, Flint, Saginaw, New Haven, and Albany. People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible and go to areas where they had relatives and friends. For example, many people from Mississippi moved directly north by train to Chicago, from Alabama to Cleveland and Detroit, from Georgia and South Carolina to New York City, Baltimore, Washington D.C and Philadelphia, and in the second migration, from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi to California.
Discrimination and working conditions[edit]
The Hub is the retail heart of the South Bronx, New York City.[31]
Educated African Americans were better able to obtain jobs after the Great Migration, eventually gaining a measure of class mobility, but the migrants encountered significant forms of discrimination. Because so many people migrated in a short period of time, the African-American migrants were often resented by the urban white working class (often recent immigrants themselves); fearing their ability to negotiate rates of pay or secure employment, the ethnic whites felt threatened by the influx of new labor competition. Sometimes those who were most fearful or resentful were the last immigrants of the 19th and new immigrants of the 20th century.[citation needed]
African Americans made substantial gains in industrial employment, particularly in the steel, automobile, shipbuilding, and meatpacking industries. Between 1910 and 1920, the number of blacks employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000.[28] After the Great Depression, more advances took place after workers in the steel and meatpacking industries organized into labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s, under the interracial Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The unions ended the segregation of many jobs, and African Americans began to advance into more skilled jobs and supervisory positions previously informally reserved for whites.
Between 1940 and 1960, the number of blacks in managerial and administrative occupations doubled, along with the number of blacks in white-collar occupations, while the number of black agricultural workers in 1960 fell to one-fourth of what it was in 1940.[32] Also, between 1936 and 1959, black income relative to white income more than doubled in various skilled trades.[33] Despite employment discrimination, blacks had higher labor force participation rates than whites in every U.S. Census from 1890 to 1950.[34] As a result of these advancements, the percentage of black families living below the poverty line declined from 87 percent in 1940 to 47 percent by 1960 and to 30 percent by 1970.[35]
Populations increased so rapidly among both African-American migrants and new European immigrants that there were housing shortages in most major cities. With fewer resources, the newer groups were forced to compete for the oldest, most run-down housing. Ethnic groups created territories which they defended against change. Discrimination often restricted African Americans to crowded neighborhoods. The more established populations of cities tended to move to newer housing as it was developing in the outskirts. Mortgage discrimination and redlining in inner city areas limited the newer African-American migrants' ability to determine their own housing, or obtain a fair price. In the long term, the National Housing Act of 1934 contributed to limiting the availability of loans to urban areas, particularly those areas inhabited by African Americans.[36]
Integration and segregation[edit]
White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the Sojourner Truth housing project in Detroit erected this sign, 1942
In cities such as Newark, New York and Chicago, African Americans became increasingly integrated into society. As they lived and worked more closely with European Americans, the divide became increasingly indefinite. This period marked the transition for many African Americans from lifestyles as rural farmers to urban industrial workers.[citation needed]
This migration gave birth to a cultural boom in cities such as Chicago and New York. In Chicago for instance, the neighborhood of Bronzeville became known as the "Black Metropolis". From 1924 to 1929, the "Black Metropolis" was at the peak of its golden years. Many of the community's entrepreneurs were black during this period. "The foundation of the first African American YMCA took place in Bronzeville, and worked to help incoming migrants find jobs in the city of Chicago."[37] The "Black Belt" geographical and racial isolation of this community, bordered to the north and east by whites, and to the south and west by industrial sites and ethnic immigrant neighborhoods, made it a site for the study of the development of an urban black community. For urbanized people, eating proper foods in a sanitary, civilized setting such as the home or a restaurant was a social ritual that indicated one's level of respectability. The people native to Chicago had pride in the high level of integration in Chicago restaurants, which they attributed to their unassailable manners and refined tastes.[38]
Migrants often encountered residential discrimination, in which white home owners and realtors prevented migrants from purchasing homes or renting apartments in white neighborhoods. In addition, when numerous blacks moved into white neighborhoods, whites would quickly relocate out of fear of a potential rise in property crime, rape, drugs and violence that was attributed to neighborhoods with large black populations. These tendencies contributed to maintaining the "racial divide" in the North, perhaps accentuating it. By the late 1950s and 1960s, African Americans were hyper-urban, more densely concentrated in inner cities than other groups.
Since African-American migrants retained many Southern cultural and linguistic traits, such cultural differences created a sense of "otherness" in terms of their reception by others who were already living in the cities.[39] Stereotypes ascribed to black people during this period and ensuing generations often derived from African-American migrants' rural cultural traditions, which were maintained in stark contrast to the urban environments in which the people resided.[39]
Second and New Great Migration[edit]
Main articles: Second Great Migration (African American) and New Great Migration
The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in reduced migration because of decreased opportunities. With the defense buildup for World War II, migration was revived, with larger numbers of blacks leaving the South through the 1960s. After the political and civil gains of the Civil Rights Movement, in the 1970s migration began to increase again. It moved in a different direction, as blacks traveled to new regions of the South for economic opportunity.
White southern reaction[edit]
The beginning of the Great Migration exposed a paradox in race relations in the American south at that time. Although blacks were treated with extreme hostility and subjected to legal discrimination, the southern economy was deeply dependent on them as an abundant supply of cheap labor, and black workers were seen as the most critical factor in the economic development of the south. One South Carolina politician summed up the dilemma: "Politically speaking, there are far too many negroes, but from an industrial standpoint there is room for many more."[40]
When the Great Migration started in the 1910s, white Southern elites seemed to be unconcerned, and industrialists and cotton planters saw it as a positive, as it was siphoning off surplus industrial and agricultural labor. As the migration picked up, however, southern elites began to panic, fearing that a prolonged black exodus would bankrupt the south, and newspaper editorials warned of the danger. White employers eventually took notice and began expressing their fears. White southerners soon began trying to stem the flow in order to prevent the hemorrhaging of their labor supply, and some began attempting to address the poor living standards and racial oppression experienced by southern blacks in order to induce them to stay.
As a result, southern employers increased their wages to match those on offer in the North, and some individual employers opposed the worst excesses of Jim Crow laws. When the measures failed to stem the tide, white southerners, in concert with federal officials who feared the rise of black nationalism, co-operated in attempting to coerce blacks to stay in the south. The Southern Metal Trades Association urged decisive action to stop black migration, and some employers undertook serious efforts against it. The largest southern steel manufacturer refused to cash checks sent to finance black migration, efforts were made to restrict bus and train access for blacks, agents were stationed in northern cities to report on wage levels, unionization, and the rise of black nationalism, and newspapers were pressured to divert more coverage to negative aspects of black life in the North. A series of local and federal directives were put into place with the goal of restricting black mobility, including local vagrancy ordinances, "work or fight" laws demanding all males either be employed or serve in the army, and conscription orders. Intimidation and beatings were also used to terrorize blacks into staying.[40][41]
During the wave of migration that took place in the 1940s, white southerners were less concerned, as mechanization of agriculture in the late 1930s had resulted in another labor surplus so southern planters put up less resistance.[40]
In popular culture[edit]
The Great Migration is a backdrop of the 2013 film The Butler, as the Forest Whitaker character Cecil Gaines moves from a plantation in Georgia to become a butler at the White House.
Statistics[edit]
African-Americans as a Percentage of the Population By U.S. Region (1900–2010)[42][43][44]
Region
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Northeast 1.8% 1.9% 2.3% 3.3% 3.8% 5.1% 6.8% 8.8% 9.9% 11.0% 11.4% 11.8%
Midwest 1.9% 1.8% 2.3% 3.3% 3.5% 5.0% 6.7% 8.1% 9.1% 9.6% 10.1% 10.4%
West 0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 1.0% 1.2% 2.9% 3.9% 4.9% 5.2% 5.3% 4.9% 4.8%
South 32.3% 29.8% 26.9% 24.7% 23.8% 21.7% 20.6% 19.0% 18.6% 18.5% 18.9% 19.2%
African-Americans as a Percentage of the Population By Large U.S. Cities (Those With a Peak Population of 500,000 or More by 1990) Outside of the Former Confederacy[45][46]
City
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Change in Percentage Ratio Between 1900 and 1990
Phoenix, Arizona 2.7% 2.9% 3.7% 4.9% 6.5% 4.9% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 5.2% +2.5%
Los Angeles, California 2.1% 2.4% 2.7% 3.1% 4.2% 8.7% 13.5% 17.9% 17.0% 14.0% +11.9%
San Diego, California 1.8% 1.5% 1.3% 1.8% 2.0% 4.5% 6.0% 7.6% 8.9% 9.4% +7.6%
San Francisco, California 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.8% 5.6% 10.0% 13.4% 12.7% 10.9% +10.4%
San Jose, California 1.0% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 1.0% 2.5% 4.6% 4.7% +3.7%
Denver, Colorado 2.9% 2.5% 2.4% 2.5% 2.4% 3.6% 6.1% 9.1% 12.0% 12.8% +9.9%
Washington, District of Columbia 31.1% 28.5% 25.1% 27.1% 28.2% 35.0% 53.9% 71.1% 70.3% 65.8% +34.7%
Chicago, Illinois 1.8% 2.0% 4.1% 6.9% 8.2% 13.6% 22.9% 32.7% 39.8% 39.1% +37.3%
Indianapolis, Indiana 9.4% 9.3% 11.0% 12.1% 13.2% 15.0% 20.6% 18.0% 21.8% 22.6% +13.2%
Baltimore, Maryland 15.6% 15.2% 14.8% 17.7% 19.3% 23.7% 34.7% 46.4% 54.8% 59.2% +43.6%
Boston, Massachusetts 2.1% 2.0% 2.2% 2.6% 3.1% 5.0% 9.1% 16.3% 22.4% 25.6% +23.5%
Detroit, Michigan 1.4% 1.2% 4.1% 7.7% 9.2% 16.2% 28.9% 43.7% 63.1% 75.7% +74.3%
Minneapolis, Minnesota 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 0.9% 0.9% 1.3% 2.4% 4.4% 7.7% 13.0% +12.2%
Kansas City, Missouri 10.7% 9.5% 9.5% 9.6% 10.4% 12.2% 17.5% 22.1% 27.4% 29.6% +18.9%
St. Louis, Missouri 6.2% 6.4% 9.0% 11.4% 13.3% 17.9% 28.6% 40.9% 45.6% 47.5% +41.3%
Buffalo, New York 0.5% 0.4% 0.9% 2.4% 3.1% 6.3% 13.3% 20.4% 26.6% 30.7% +30.2%
New York City, New York 1.8% 1.9% 2.7% 4.7% 6.1% 9.5% 14.0% 21.1% 25.2% 28.7% +26.9%
Cincinnati, Ohio 4.4% 5.4% 7.5% 10.6% 12.2% 15.5% 21.6% 27.6% 33.8% 37.9% +33.5%
Cleveland, Ohio 1.6% 1.5% 4.3% 8.0% 9.6% 16.2% 28.6% 38.3% 43.8% 46.6% +45.0%
Columbus, Ohio 6.5% 7.0% 9.4% 11.3% 11.7% 12.4% 16.4% 18.5% 22.1% 22.6% +16.1%
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 4.8% 5.5% 7.4% 11.3% 13.0% 18.2% 26.4% 33.6% 37.8% 39.9% +35.1%
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 5.3% 4.8% 6.4% 8.2% 9.3% 12.2% 16.7% 20.2% 24.0% 25.8% +20.5%
Seattle, Washington 0.5% 1.0% 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 3.4% 4.8% 7.1% 9.5% 10.1% +9.6%
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 1.3% 1.5% 3.4% 8.4% 14.7% 23.1% 30.5% +30.2%
African-Americans as a Percentage of the Population By Large U.S. Cities (Those With a Peak Population of 500,000 or More by 1990) Inside the Former Confederacy[45][46]
City
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Change in % Ratio Between 1900 and 1990
Jacksonville, Florida 57.1% 50.8% 45.3% 37.2% 35.7% 35.4% 41.1% 22.3% 25.4% 25.2% -31.9%
New Orleans, Louisiana 27.1% 26.3% 26.1% 28.3% 30.1% 31.9% 37.2% 45.0% 55.3% 61.9% +34.8%
Memphis, Tennessee 48.8% 40.0% 37.7% 38.1% 41.5% 37.2% 37.0% 38.9% 47.6% 54.8% +6.0%
Dallas, Texas 21.2% 19.6% 15.1% 14.9% 17.1% 13.1% 19.0% 24.9% 29.4% 29.5% +8.3%
El Paso, Texas 2.9% 3.7% 1.7% 1.8% 2.3% 2.4% 2.1% 2.3% 3.2% 3.4% +0.5%
Houston, Texas 32.7% 30.4% 24.6% 21.7% 22.4% 20.9% 22.9% 25.7% 27.6% 28.1% -4.6%
San Antonio, Texas 14.1% 11.1% 8.9% 7.8% 7.6% 7.0% 7.1% 7.6% 7.3% 7.0% -7.1%
A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1900.
Black = 35.00+%
Brown = 20.00-34.99%
Red = 10.00-19.99%
Orange = 5.00-9.99%
Light orange = 1.00-4.99%
Gray = 0.99% or less
Magenta = No data available
A map of the black percentage of the U.S. population by each state/territory in 1990.
Black = 35.00+%
Brown = 20.00–34.99%
Red = 10.00–19.99%
Orange = 5.00–9.99%
Light orange = 1.00–4.99%
Gray = 0.99% or less
Pink = No data available
A map showing the black population percentage change by U.S. state between 1900 and 1990.
Light purple = Population decline
Very light green = Population growth of 0.01–9.99%
Light green = Population growth of 10.00–99.99%
Green = Population growth of 100.00–999.99%
Dark green = Population growth of 1,000.00–9,999.99%
Very dark green/Black = Population growth of 10,000.00% or more
Gray = No data available
See also[edit]
African American portal
Black Belt (U.S. region)
White flight
Exodusters
1912 Racial Conflict of Forsyth County, Georgia
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Great Migration - Black History - HISTORY.com, History.com, retrieved April 9, 2017
Jump up ^ Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002). HISTORICAL CENSUS STATISTICS ON POPULATION TOTALS BY RACE, 1790 TO 1990, AND BY HISPANIC ORIGIN, 1970 TO 1990, FOR THE UNITED STATES, REGIONS, DIVISIONS, AND STATES (PDF) (Report). Population Division Working Papers. 56. United States Census Bureau.
^ Jump up to: a b Taeuber, Karl E.; Taeuber, Alma F. (1966), "The Negro Population in the United States", in Davis, John P., The American Negro Reference Book, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 122
Jump up ^ "The Second Great Migration", The African American Migration Experience, New York Public Library, retrieved January 17, 2017
Jump up ^ "The Second Great Migration", The African American Migration Experience, New York Public Library, retrieved March 23, 2016
Jump up ^ Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 6. ISBN 0-394-56004-3.
Jump up ^ William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1–3 Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 19 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Reniqua Allen (July 8, 2017). "Racism Is Everywhere, So Why Not Move South?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Bilefsky (2011-06-21). "For New Life, Blacks in City Head to South". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dave Sheingold via The Record (February 27, 2011). "North Jersey black families leaving for lure of new South". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gregory, James N. (2009) "The Second Great Migration: An Historical Overview," African American Urban History: The Dynamics of Race, Class and Gender since World War II, eds. Joe W. Trotter Jr. and Kenneth L. Kusmer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Gordon Marshall, "Sharecropping," Encyclopedia.com, 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b Gregory, James N. (2005)The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 12–17.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Great Migration: The African American Exodus from The South". Priceonomics. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Migrations - The African-American Mosaic Exhibition
Jump up ^ Exodus to Kansas: The 1880 Senate Investigation of the Beginnings of the African American Migration from the South
Jump up ^ Broussard, Albert S. (Spring 2011). ""New Perspectives on Lynching, Race Riots, and Mob Violence."". Journal of American Ethnic History. 30 (3): 71–75 – via EBSCO.
^ Jump up to: a b Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago: A Study in Race Relations and a Race Riot in 1919. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1922.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chicago Race Riot of 1919." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 20 May 2017.<https://www.britannica.com/event/Chicago-Race-Riot-of-1919>.
Jump up ^ "Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-07-26. Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.
^ Jump up to: a b Hine, Darlene; Hine, William; Harrold, Stanley (2012). African Americans: A Concise History (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 388–389. ISBN 9780205806270.
Jump up ^ "Review: The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration". Publishers Weekly. September 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
Jump up ^ www.sbctc.edu (adapted). "Module 1: Introduction and Definitions" (PDF). Saylor.org. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ HOLLAND COTTER,"Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans", The New York Times, 10 June 2000
Jump up ^ David P. Szatmary, Rockin' in Time, 8th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2014), p. 8
^ Jump up to: a b Gregory (2005), p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung (September 2002). Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States. Archived 2014-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division.
^ Jump up to: a b James Gilbertlove, "African Americans and the American Labor Movement", Prologue, Summer 1997, Vol. 29.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine.. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States." U.S. Census Bureau, February 2005.
Jump up ^ A Brief Look at The Bronx, Bronx Historical Society. Accessed September 23, 2007. Archived August 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Miller, Aurelia Toyer (1980), "The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the U.S.: An Historical View, 1790–1978", The Review of Black Political Economy, 10 (3): 314–318
Jump up ^ Ashenfelter, Orley (1970), "Changes in Labor Market Discrimination Over Time", The Journal of Human Resources, 5 (4): 403
Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States: From Colonial Times to 1957, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960, p. 72
Jump up ^ Thernstrom, Stephan; Thernstrom, Abigail (1997), America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 232
Jump up ^ Gotham, Kevin Fox (2000). "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration". Sociological Perspectives. 43 (2): 291–317. JSTOR 1389798.
Jump up ^ [1], TRC Wabash
Jump up ^ Poe, Tracy N. (1999). "The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 1915-1947," American Studies International. XXXVII No. 1 (February)
^ Jump up to: a b 'Ruralizing' the City: Theory, Culture, History, and Power in the Urban Environment Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Reich, Steven A.: The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic
Jump up ^ Anderson, Talmadge and Stewart, James Benjamin: Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications
Jump up ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States Archived 2014-12-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Black Population: 2000
Jump up ^ The Black Population: 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Population Division Working Paper - Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990 - U.S. Census Bureau Archived 2012-08-06 at WebCite
^ Jump up to: a b Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places In The United States: 1790 to 1990
Further reading[edit]
Carl Zimmer, "Tales of African-American History Found in DNA", New York Times, 27 May 2016
Arnesen, Eric (2002). Black Protest and the Great Migration: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-39129-3.
Baldwin, Davarian L. Chicago's New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, & Black Urban Life (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2007)
DeSantis, Alan D. "Selling the American dream myth to black southerners: The Chicago Defender and the Great Migration of 1915–1919." Western Journal of Communication (1998) 62#4 pp: 474-511. online
Dove, Rita (1986). Thomas and Beulah. Carnegie Mellon University Press. ISBN 0-88748-021-7.
Gregory, James N. (2007). The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807856517.
Grossman, James R. (1991). Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30995-9.
Holley, Donald. The Second Great Emancipation: The Mechanical Cotton Picker, Black Migration, and How They Shaped the Modern South (University of Arkansas Press, 2000)
Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. Vintage Press. ISBN 0-679-73347-7.
Marks, Carole. Farewell--We're Good and Gone: the great Black migration (Indiana Univ Press, 1989)
Reich, Steven A. ed. The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic (2014), one-volume abridged version of 2006 three volume set; Topical entries plus primary sources
Rodgers, Lawrence Richard. Canaan Bound: The African-American Great Migration Novel (University of Illinois Press, 1997)
Sernett, Milton (1997). Bound for the Promised Land: African Americans' Religion and the Great Migration. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1993-4.
Scott, Emmett J. (1920). Negro Migration during the War.
Sernett, Milton C. Bound for the promised land: African American religion and the great migration (Duke University Press, 1997)
Tolnay, Stewart E. "The African American" Great Migration" and Beyond." Annual Review of Sociology (2003): 209-232. in JSTOR
Tolnay, Stewart E. "The great migration and changes in the northern black family, 1940 to 1990." Social Forces (1997) 75#4 pp: 1213-1238.
Trotter, Joe William, ed. The Great Migration in historical perspective: New dimensions of race, class, and gender (Indiana University Press, 1991)
Wilkerson, Isabel (2010). The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-60407-5. OCLC 741763572.
External links[edit]
Schomburg Center's In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience
Up from the Bottoms: The Search for the American Dream, (DVD on the GREAT MIGRATION)
George King, "Goin' to Chicago and African American 'Great Migrations'", Southern Spaces, 2 December 2010.
West Chester University, Goin' North: Stories from the First Great Migration to Philadelphia.
[show]
v
t
e
African American topics
History
Atlantic slave trade
Maafa
Slavery in the United States
Partus sequitur ventrem
Free negro
Reconstruction era
Military history of African Americans
Jim Crow laws
Nadir of American race relations
Redlining
Great Migration
Civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–68
Black Power movement
Second Great Migration
Afrocentrism
New Great Migration
Post–civil rights era
Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
Black Lives Matter
Culture
Art
African-American names
Afrofuturism
Black mecca
Dance
Film
Juneteenth
Kwanzaa
Literature
Music
Musical theater
Neighborhoods
Sexual orientation
Soul food
Education, science
and technology
Black schools
Black colleges and universities
Museums
African-American studies
Inventors and scientists
Women
in computer science
in medicine
in STEM fields
Religion
Black church
Black theology
Doctrine of Father Divine
American Society of Muslims
Nation of Islam
Black Hebrew Israelites
Political movements
Pan-Africanism
Self-determination
Nationalism
Black Power
Black fist
Anarchism
Capitalism
Conservatism
Populism
Leftism
Garveyism
Back-to-Africa movement
Civic and economic
groups
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Black Panther Party
National Urban League (NUL)
Rights organizations
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
Sports
Negro league baseball
Baseball color line
Black players in professional American football
African Americans in the Canadian Football League
Black players in ice hockey
Athletic associations
and conferences
Central (CIAA)
Southern (SIAC)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)
Ethnic subdivisions
Black Indians
Gullah
Fula
Igbo
Louisiana Creole (of color)
Melungeon
Yoruba
Demographics
Neighborhoods
list
U.S. cities with large populations
2000 majorities
2010 majorities
Metropolitan areas
Black Belt
Languages
English
American English
African-American English
Gullah
Louisiana Creole French
By state/city
Alabama
Florida
Georgia (Atlanta)
Illinois (Chicago)
Iowa (Davenport)
Louisiana
Maryland
Massachusetts (Boston)
Michigan (Detroit)
Mississippi
Nebraska (Omaha)
New York
New York City
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia)
Puerto Rico
Tennessee
Texas (Houston)
Diaspora
Africa
Gambia
Ghana
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Back-to-Africa movement
Americas
Caribbean history
Canada
Nova Scotia
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Mexico
Trinidad and Tobago
Other
France
Israel
Lists
African Americans
visual artists
Republicans
US senators
African-American firsts
mayors
US state firsts
Neighborhoods
Landmark African-American legislation
African American-related articles
Topics related to the African diaspora
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Demographics of the United States
Demographic history
By economic
and social
Affluence
Educational attainment
Emigration
Home-ownership
Household income
Immigration
Income inequality
Language
LGBT
Middle classes
Personal income
Poverty
Social class
Unemployment by state
Wealth
By religion
Baha'is
Buddhists
Christians
Catholics
Coptics
Protestants
Hindus
Jains
Jews
Muslims
Ahmadiyyas
Neopagans
Non-religious
Rastafaris
Scientologists
Sikhs
Zoroastrians
By continent
and ethnicity
Africa
African diaspora in the Americas
Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans
Bahamian Americans
Belizean Americans
Guyanese Americans
Haitian Americans
Jamaican Americans
Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans
Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
African immigrants to the United States
Central Africans in the United States
Horn Africans in the United States
North Africans in the United States
Southeast Africans in the United States
Southern Africans in the United States
West Africans in the United States
Asia
Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
East Asia
Chinese Americans
Hong Kong Americans
Tibetan Americans
Japanese Americans
Korean Americans
Mongolian Americans
Taiwanese Americans
South Asia
Bangladeshi Americans
Bhutanese Americans
Indian Americans
Nepalese Americans
Pakistani Americans
Romani Americans
Sri Lankan Americans
Southeast Asia
Burmese Americans
Cambodian Americans
Filipino Americans
Hmong Americans
Indonesian Americans
Laotian Americans
Malaysian Americans
Singaporean Americans
Thai Americans
Vietnamese Americans
West Asia
Arab Americans
Assyrian Americans
Iranian Americans
Israeli Americans
Jewish Americans
Europe
White Americans
English Americans
French Americans
German Americans
Irish Americans
Italian Americans
Scandinavian Americans
Slavic Americans
Spanish Americans
Non-Hispanic whites
White Hispanic and Latino Americans
Oceania
Pacific Islands Americans
Chamorro Americans
Native Hawaiians
Samoan Americans
Tongan Americans
Americans of Euro Oceanic origin
Australian Americans
New Zealand Americans
North America
Native Americans and Alaska Natives
Canadian Americans
Cuban Americans
Mexican Americans
Puerto Ricans (Stateside)
South America
Hispanic and Latino Americans
Brazilian Americans
Colombian Americans
Ecuadorian Americans
Multiethnic
Melungeon
People of the United States / Americans
American ancestry
Maps of American ancestries
2010 Census
Race and ethnicity in the Census
Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Racism
[show]
v
t
e
History of the United States
Timeline
Prehistory
Pre-Columbian
Colonial
1776–89
1789–1849
1849–65
1865–1918
1918–45
1945–64
1964–80
1980–91
1991–2008
2008–present
Topics
American Century
Cities
Constitution
Demographic
Diplomatic
Economic
Education
Immigration
Medical
Merchant Marine
Military
Musical
Religious
Slavery
Southern
Technological and industrial
Territorial acquisitions
Territorial evolution
Voting rights
Women
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Migration_(African_American)&oldid=840664434"
Categories:
African-American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement
African-American demographics
History of the Midwestern United States
History of the Southern United States
Internal migrations in the United States
Northeastern United States
Western United States
20th century in the United States
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Webarchive template webcite links
Articles needing additional references from November 2014
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Русский
Simple English
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 May 2018, at 10:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svg
image
African America

values: African-American history of agriculture in the United States

values:
/wiki/African-American_business_history
mw-redirect
African-American business history

values: Second Great Migration (African American)

values: United States post–Civil War anti-racial discrimination reform movements

values: Post–civil rights era in African-American history

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); display: none;

values: Historically black colleges and universities

values: List of museums focused on African Americans

values: Category:African Americans' rights organizations

values: Southern Christian Leadership Conference

values: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

values:
/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund
mw-redirect
United Negro College Fund

values: Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association

values: Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

values:
/wiki/Igbo_American
mw-redirect
Igbo American

values:
/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French
mw-redirect
Louisiana Creole French

values: List of African-American U.S. state firsts

values: List of landmark African-American legislation

values: Index of articles related to African Americans

values: List of topics related to the African diaspora

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;display:block;margin-top:0.5em; line-height:1.5em;

values: Template:African American topics sidebar

values: Template talk:African American topics sidebar

values:
/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement
mw-redirect
Civil Rights Movement

values:
/wiki/Northern_New_Jersey
mw-redirect
Northern New Jersey

values:
/wiki/U.S._West_Coast
mw-redirect
U.S. West Coast

values: Edit section: Demographics, tensions and employment sectors

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/U.S._Senate
mw-redirect
U.S. Senate

values:
/wiki/Chester_Burnett
mw-redirect
Chester Burnett

values:
/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cincinnati, Ohio

values:
/wiki/Washington_D.C
mw-redirect
Washington D.C

values: Edit section: Discrimination and working conditions

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Labor_union
mw-redirect
Labor union

values: Edit section: Integration and segregation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)

values: Edit section: Second and New Great Migration

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Washington_state
mw-redirect
Washington state

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: 1912 Racial Conflict of Forsyth County, Georgia

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values: United States Government Publishing Office

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1389798

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.trcwabash.org/history.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036966

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/741763572

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.upfromthebottoms.com

values: George King (filmmaker) (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://goinnorth.org/
external text

values: African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)

values: African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)

values: African-American culture and sexual orientation

values: List of African-American inventors and scientists

values: African American women in computer science

values: List of African-American women in STEM fields

values:
/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine
mw-redirect
Doctrine of Father Divine

values: Black players in professional American football

values: History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League

values: List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations

values: List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000

values: List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations

values: African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)

values: History of the African-Americans in Philadelphia

values:
/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Rican
mw-redirect
Afro-Puerto Rican

values: History of the African Americans in Houston

values:
/wiki/African-Americans_in_Ghana
mw-redirect
African-Americans in Ghana

values:
/wiki/Haitian_emigration
mw-redirect
Haitian emigration

values: List of African-American United States Senators

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Demographics of the United States

values: Template talk:Demographics of the United States

values: Demographic history of the United States

values: Educational attainment in the United States

values: Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America

values: List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate

values: African immigration to the United States

values:
/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries
mw-redirect
Maps of American ancestries

values: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census

values:
/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)
mw-redirect
Race and ethnicity (EEO)

values: History of the United States (1789–1849)

values: History of the United States (1865–1918)

values: History of the United States (1991–2008)

values: History of the United States (2008–present)

values: Category:Histories of cities in the United States

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of United States diplomatic history

values: History of education in the United States

values: History of immigration to the United States

values: History of medicine in the United States

values: History of the United States Merchant Marine

values: History of religion in the United States

values: Technological and industrial history of the United States

values: Territorial evolution of the United States

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:African-American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement

values: Category:History of the Midwestern United States

values: Category:History of the Southern United States

values: Category:Internal migrations in the United States

values: Category:20th century in the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Webarchive template webcite links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Great Migration (20. Jahrhundert) – German

values: Granda Migrado (afrikusonanoj) – Esperanto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: Grande migration afro-américaine – French

values: 흑인 대이동 – Korean

values: Migrasi Besar (Afrika Amerika) – Indonesian

values: Grande migrazione afroamericana – Italian

values: アフリカ系アメリカ人の大移動 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Wielka migracja Afroamerykanów w Stanach Zjednoczonych – Polish

values: Великая миграция американских негров – Russian

values: Great Migration (African American) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Great_Migration_African_American rootpage-Great_Migration_African_American skin-vector action-view