text:
Pictures (Sneaky Sound System song)
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"Pictures"
Single by Sneaky Sound System
from the album Sneaky Sound System (2006) & Sneaky Sound System (2009)
Released
2 December 2006 (2006-12-02)
Format
CD
Digital download
12" vinyl
7" vinyl
Studio
Whack on Warners
Length
3:21
3:16 (UK mix)
Label
Whack
Songwriter(s)
Angus McDonald
Connie Mitchell
Producer(s)
Black Angus
Peter Dolso
Sneaky Sound System singles chronology
"I Love It"
(2006) "Pictures"
(2006) "UFO"
(2007)
"I Love It"
(2006) "Pictures"
(2006) "UFO"
(2007)
Additional cover
UK release
Sneaky Sound System UK singles chronology
"Pictures"
(2008) "UFO"
(2008)
"Pictures" is the fourth single by Australian dance group Sneaky Sound System, taken from their self-titled debut album Sneaky Sound System (2006).
It was released on 21 July 2008 in the UK as the first single, taken from their self-titled second UK compilation album Sneaky Sound System (2009). It debuted at 95 then rose the next week to 76.
Contents
1 Information
2 Cover versions
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Release history
7 External links
8 References
Information[edit]
"Pictures" was written by Connie Mitchell and Angus McDonald and came second in the Dance/Electronica category of the 2007 International Songwriting Competition.[1]
Cover versions[edit]
"Pictures" was famously covered by the late Richard Marsland of Get This radio fame. His performance on his community TV show garnered critical acclaim from the likes of Rex Hunt, Warwick Capper and The Vengaboys, although Tony 'Andrew Bolt' Martin described Marsland's ARIA nomination as going "to waste".
Despite such stinging criticism, Marsland's cover became one of the biggest hits that summer in Australia, and the refrain of "na na na, turn off the projector" could be heard all over the country from nightclubs on the Gold Coast to the Veale Gardens in Adelaide.
Track listing[edit]
Australian CD single[2] and iTunes EP[3]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures" (Original) 3:21
2. "Pictures" (Tonite Only Remix) 6:33
3. "I Love It" (Original) 3:49
4. "Pictures" (Acappella) 3:27
5. "Pictures" (Video; CD-only) 3:13
Total length: 20:24
Australian 12" vinyl
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures" (Tonite Only Remix)
2. "Pictures" (Extended Mix)
UK CD[4] and 2008 iTunes single[5]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures" (Radio Edit) 3:16
Total length: 3:16
2008 iTunes EP[6]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures" (South Central Remix) 5:03
2. "Pictures" (Tonite Only Remix) 6:30
3. "Pictures" (Extended Mix) 4:35
4. "Pictures" (Chris Lake Remix) 6:16
5. "Pictures" (Digital Dog Poolside Dub) 6:03
UK 7" vinyl[7]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures"
2. "Pictures" (South Central Remix)
UK 12" vinyl
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures" (Extended Mix)
2. "Pictures" (Tonite Only Remix)
2017 iTunes EP[8]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Pictures 2017" (Dom Dolla Remix) 4:46
2. "Pictures 2017" (Colour Castle Remix) 4:45
3. "Pictures 2017" (Mall Grab Remix) 7:23
4. "Pictures 2017" (Sneaky Sundays Remix) 6:39
Personnel[edit]
Black Angus – all instruments, producer
Nick Broadhurst – midi sax
Miss Connie – vocals
Peter Dolso – all instruments, producer, mix, engineer
Sam LA More – remix, additional production, engineer (Tonite Only Remix)
Groove Terminator – remix, additional production (Tonite Only Remix)
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2006–08)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[9]
19
Australian Artists Singles Chart[10]
6
Australian Club Tracks Chart[10]
Tonite Only mix
1
Australian Dance Chart[11]
4
Australian Digital Tracks Chart[11]
22
UK Singles Chart[12]
UK mix
76
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[13]
53
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Catalogue
Ref.
Australia
2 December 2006 CD Whack WHACK05 [2]
Various
Digital download — [3]
Australia
11 December 2006 12" vinyl WHACKV03
Various
11 July 2008 Digital download Elmlowe — [5]
18 July 2008 [6]
United Kingdom
21 July 2008 CD
14th Floor
Whack
SNEAK1CD [4]
7" vinyl SNEAK1V1 [7]
12" vinyl SNEAK1V2
Various
8 September 2017 Digital download Astrx — [8]
External links[edit]
Australian CD single on Waterfront Records
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Winning System", Herald Sun, 8 April 2007. Website accessed 17 April 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "Pictures". Waterfront Records. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b iTunes single:
Australia: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Canada: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Great Britain: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
New Zealand: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
United States: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pictures". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b 2008 iTunes single:
Canada: "Pictures (Radio Edit) – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Great Britain: "Pictures (Radio Edit) – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Ireland: "Pictures (Radio Edit) – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b 2008 iTunes EP:
Canada: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Great Britain: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Ireland: "Pictures – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pictures [7" VINYL]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pictures 2017":
Australia: "Pictures 2017 – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Canada: "Pictures 2017 – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Great Britain: "Pictures 2017 – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
New Zealand: "Pictures 2017 – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
United States: "Pictures 2017 – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pictures". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The ARIA Report: Issue #877 (Week Commencing 25th December 2006 & 1st January 2007)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The ARIA Report: Issue #887 (Week Commencing 5th March 2007)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sneaky Sound System: full Official Chart History". UK Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2007". Retrieved 16 September 2017.
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Sneaky Sound System
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Studio albums
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From Here to Anywhere
Remix albums
Other Peoples Music
Compilation albums
Sneak Preview – Mixes and Remixes
Sneaky Sound System
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"Hip Hip Hooray"
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Arithmetic logic unit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A symbolic representation of an ALU and its input and output signals, indicated by arrows pointing into or out of the ALU, respectively. Each arrow represents one or more signals. Control signals enter from the left and status signals exit on the right; data flows from top to bottom.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. An ALU is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs). A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs.
The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external status registers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Signals
1.1 Data
1.2 Opcode
1.3 Status
1.3.1 Outputs
1.3.2 Inputs
2 Circuit operation
3 Functions
3.1 Arithmetic operations
3.2 Bitwise logical operations
3.3 Bit shift operations
4 Applications
4.1 Multiple-precision arithmetic
4.2 Complex operations
5 Implementation
6 History
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Signals[edit]
An ALU has a variety of input and output nets, which are the electrical conductors used to convey digital signals between the ALU and external circuitry. When an ALU is operating, external circuits apply signals to the ALU inputs and, in response, the ALU produces and conveys signals to external circuitry via its outputs.
Data[edit]
A basic ALU has three parallel data buses consisting of two input operands (A and B) and a result output (Y). Each data bus is a group of signals that conveys one binary integer number. Typically, the A, B and Y bus widths (the number of signals comprising each bus) are identical and match the native word size of the external circuitry (e.g., the encapsulating CPU or other processor).
Opcode[edit]
The opcode input is a parallel bus that conveys to the ALU an operation selection code, which is an enumerated value that specifies the desired arithmetic or logic operation to be performed by the ALU. The opcode size (its bus width) determines the maximum number of different operations the ALU can perform; for example, a four-bit opcode can specify up to sixteen different ALU operations. Generally, an ALU opcode is not the same as a machine language opcode, though in some cases it may be directly encoded as a bit field within a machine language opcode.
Status[edit]
Outputs[edit]
The status outputs are various individual signals that convey supplemental information about the result of the current ALU operation. General-purpose ALUs commonly have status signals such as:
Carry-out, which conveys the carry resulting from an addition operation, the borrow resulting from a subtraction operation, or the overflow bit resulting from a binary shift operation.
Zero, which indicates all bits of Y are logic zero.
Negative, which indicates the result of an arithmetic operation is negative.
Overflow, which indicates the result of an arithmetic operation has exceeded the numeric range of Y.
Parity, which indicates whether an even or odd number of bits in Y are logic one.
At the end of each ALU operation, the status output signals are usually stored in external registers to make them available for future ALU operations (e.g., to implement multiple-precision arithmetic) or for controlling conditional branching. The collection of bit registers that store the status outputs are often treated as a single, multi-bit register, which is referred to as the "status register" or "condition code register".
Inputs[edit]
The status inputs allow additional information to be made available to the ALU when performing an operation. Typically, this is a single "carry-in" bit that is the stored carry-out from a previous ALU operation.
Circuit operation[edit]
The combinational logic circuitry of the 74181 integrated circuit, which is a simple four-bit ALU
An ALU is a combinational logic circuit, meaning that its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes. In normal operation, stable signals are applied to all of the ALU inputs and, when enough time (known as the "propagation delay") has passed for the signals to propagate through the ALU circuitry, the result of the ALU operation appears at the ALU outputs. The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation, and for allowing sufficient time for the signals to propagate through the ALU before sampling the ALU result.
In general, external circuitry controls an ALU by applying signals to its inputs. Typically, the external circuitry employs sequential logic to control the ALU operation, which is paced by a clock signal of a sufficiently low frequency to ensure enough time for the ALU outputs to settle under worst-case conditions.
For example, a CPU begins an ALU addition operation by routing operands from their sources (which are usually registers) to the ALU's operand inputs, while the control unit simultaneously applies a value to the ALU's opcode input, configuring it to perform addition. At the same time, the CPU also routes the ALU result output to a destination register that will receive the sum. The ALU's input signals, which are held stable until the next clock, are allowed to propagate through the ALU and to the destination register while the CPU waits for the next clock. When the next clock arrives, the destination register stores the ALU result and, since the ALU operation has completed, the ALU inputs may be set up for the next ALU operation.
Functions[edit]
A number of basic arithmetic and bitwise logic functions are commonly supported by ALUs. Basic, general purpose ALUs typically include these operations in their repertoires:
Arithmetic operations[edit]
Add: A and B are summed and the sum appears at Y and carry-out.
Add with carry: A, B and carry-in are summed and the sum appears at Y and carry-out.
Subtract: B is subtracted from A (or vice versa) and the difference appears at Y and carry-out. For this function, carry-out is effectively a "borrow" indicator. This operation may also be used to compare the magnitudes of A and B; in such cases the Y output may be ignored by the processor, which is only interested in the status bits (particularly zero and negative) that result from the operation.
Subtract with borrow: B is subtracted from A (or vice versa) with borrow (carry-in) and the difference appears at Y and carry-out (borrow out).
Two's complement (negate): A (or B) is subtracted from zero and the difference appears at Y.
Increment: A (or B) is increased by one and the resulting value appears at Y.
Decrement: A (or B) is decreased by one and the resulting value appears at Y.
Pass through: all bits of A (or B) appear unmodified at Y. This operation is typically used to determine the parity of the operand or whether it is zero or negative, or to load the operand into a processor register.
Bitwise logical operations[edit]
AND: the bitwise AND of A and B appears at Y.
OR: the bitwise OR of A and B appears at Y.
Exclusive-OR: the bitwise XOR of A and B appears at Y.
Ones' complement: all bits of A (or B) are inverted and appear at Y.
Bit shift operations[edit]
Bit shift examples for an eight-bit ALU
Type
Left shift
Right shift
Arithmetic
Logical
Rotate
Rotate through carry
ALU shift operations cause operand A (or B) to shift left or right (depending on the opcode) and the shifted operand appears at Y. Simple ALUs typically can shift the operand by only one bit position, whereas more complex ALUs employ barrel shifters that allow them to shift the operand by an arbitrary number of bits in one operation. In all single-bit shift operations, the bit shifted out of the operand appears on carry-out; the value of the bit shifted into the operand depends on the type of shift.
Arithmetic shift: the operand is treated as a two's complement integer, meaning that the most significant bit is a "sign" bit and is preserved.
Logical shift: a logic zero is shifted into the operand. This is used to shift unsigned integers.
Rotate: the operand is treated as a circular buffer of bits so its least and most significant bits are effectively adjacent.
Rotate through carry: the carry bit and operand are collectively treated as a circular buffer of bits.
Applications[edit]
Multiple-precision arithmetic[edit]
In integer arithmetic computations, multiple-precision arithmetic is an algorithm that operates on integers which are larger than the ALU word size. To do this, the algorithm treats each operand as an ordered collection of ALU-size fragments, arranged from most-significant (MS) to least-significant (LS) or vice-versa. For example, in the case of an 8-bit ALU, the 24-bit integer 0x123456 would be treated as a collection of three 8-bit fragments: 0x12 (MS), 0x34, and 0x56 (LS). Since the size of a fragment exactly matches the ALU word size, the ALU can directly operate on this "piece" of operand.
The algorithm uses the ALU to directly operate on particular operand fragments and thus generate a corresponding fragment (a "partial") of the multi-precision result. Each partial, when generated, is written to an associated region of storage that has been designated for the multiple-precision result. This process is repeated for all operand fragments so as to generate a complete collection of partials, which is the result of the multiple-precision operation.
In arithmetic operations (e.g., addition, subtraction), the algorithm starts by invoking an ALU operation on the operands' LS fragments, thereby producing both a LS partial and a carry out bit. The algorithm writes the partial to designated storage, whereas the processor's state machine typically stores the carry out bit to an ALU status register. The algorithm then advances to the next fragment of each operand's collection and invokes an ALU operation on these fragments along with the stored carry bit from the previous ALU operation, thus producing another (more significant) partial and a carry out bit. As before, the carry bit is stored to the status register and the partial is written to designated storage. This process repeats until all operand fragments have been processed, resulting in a complete collection of partials in storage, which comprise the multi-precision arithmetic result.
In multiple-precision shift operations, the order of operand fragment processing depends on the shift direction. In left-shift operations, fragments are processed LS first because the LS bit of each partial -- which is conveyed via the stored carry bit -- must be obtained from the MS bit of the previously left-shifted, less-significant operand. Conversely, operands are processed MS first in right-shift operations because the MS bit of each partial must be obtained from the LS bit of the previously right-shifted, more-significant operand.
In bitwise logical operations (e.g., logical AND, logical OR), the operand fragments may be processed in any arbitrary order because each partial depends only on the corresponding operand fragments (the stored carry bit from the previous ALU operation is ignored).
Complex operations[edit]
Although an ALU can be designed to perform complex functions, the resulting higher circuit complexity, cost, power consumption and larger size makes this impractical in many cases. Consequently, ALUs are often limited to simple functions that can be executed at very high speeds (i.e., very short propagation delays), and the external processor circuitry is responsible for performing complex functions by orchestrating a sequence of simpler ALU operations.
For example, computing the square root of a number might be implemented in various ways, depending on ALU complexity:
Calculation in a single clock: a very complex ALU that calculates a square root in one operation.
Calculation pipeline: a group of simple ALUs that calculates a square root in stages, with intermediate results passing through ALUs arranged like a factory production line. This circuit can accept new operands before finishing the previous ones and produces results as fast as the very complex ALU, though the results are delayed by the sum of the propagation delays of the ALU stages.
Iterative calculation: a simple ALU that calculates the square root through several steps under the direction of a control unit.
The implementations above transition from fastest and most expensive to slowest and least costly. The square root is calculated in all cases, but processors with simple ALUs will take longer to perform the calculation because multiple ALU operations must be performed.
Implementation[edit]
An ALU is usually implemented either as a stand-alone integrated circuit (IC), such as the 74181, or as part of a more complex IC. In the latter case, an ALU is typically instantiated by synthesizing it from a description written in VHDL, Verilog or some other hardware description language. For example, the following VHDL code describes a very simple 8-bit ALU:
entity alu is port ( -- the alu connections to external circuitry: A : in signed(7 downto 0); -- operand A B : in signed(7 downto 0); -- operand B OP : in unsigned(2 downto 0); -- opcode Y : out signed(7 downto 0)); -- operation result end alu; architecture behavioral of alu is begin process(A, B, OP) begin case OP is -- decode the opcode and perform the operation: when "000" => Y <= A + B; -- add when "001" => Y <= A - B; -- subtract when "010" => Y <= A - 1; -- decrement when "011" => Y <= A + 1; -- increment when "100" => Y <= not A; -- 1's complement when "101" => Y <= A and B; -- bitwise AND when "110" => Y <= A or B; -- bitwise OR when "111" => Y <= A xor B; -- bitwise XOR when others => NULL; end case; end process; end behavioral;
History[edit]
Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC.[1]
The cost, size, and power consumption of electronic circuitry was relatively high throughout the infancy of the information age. Consequently, all serial computers and many early computers, such as the PDP-8, had a simple ALU that operated on one data bit at a time, although they often presented a wider word size to programmers. One of the earliest computers to have multiple discrete single-bit ALU circuits was the 1948 Whirlwind I, which employed sixteen of such "math units" to enable it to operate on 16-bit words.
In 1967, Fairchild introduced the first ALU implemented as an integrated circuit, the Fairchild 3800, consisting of an eight-bit ALU with accumulator.[2] Other integrated-circuit ALUs soon emerged, including four-bit ALUs such as the Am2901 and 74181. These devices were typically "bit slice" capable, meaning they had "carry look ahead" signals that facilitated the use of multiple interconnected ALU chips to create an ALU with a wider word size. These devices quickly became popular and were widely used in bit-slice minicomputers.
Microprocessors began to appear in the early 1970s. Even though transistors had become smaller, there was often insufficient die space for a full-word-width ALU and, as a result, some early microprocessors employed a narrow ALU that required multiple cycles per machine language instruction. Examples of this includes the popular Zilog Z80, which performed eight-bit additions with a four-bit ALU.[3] Over time, transistor geometries shrank further, following Moore's law, and it became feasible to build wider ALUs on microprocessors.
Modern integrated circuit (IC) transistors are orders of magnitude smaller than those of the early microprocessors, making it possible to fit highly complex ALUs on ICs. Today, many modern ALUs have wide word widths, and architectural enhancements such as barrel shifters and binary multipliers that allow them to perform, in a single clock cycle, operations that would have required multiple operations on earlier ALUs.
See also[edit]
Information technology portal
Adder (electronics)
Address generation unit (AGU)
Binary multiplier
execution unit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Philip Levis (November 8, 2004). "Jonathan von Neumann and EDVAC" (PDF). cs.berkeley.edu. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee Boysel (2007-10-12). "Making Your First Million (and other tips for aspiring entrepreneurs)". U. Mich. EECS Presentation / ECE Recordings. Archived from the original on 2012-11-15.
Jump up ^ Ken Shirriff. "The Z-80 has a 4-bit ALU. Here's how it works." 2013.
Hwang, Enoch (2006). Digital Logic and Microprocessor Design with VHDL. Thomson. ISBN 0-534-46593-5.
Stallings, William (2006). Computer Organization & Architecture: Designing for Performance (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-185644-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arithmetic logic units.
ALU and its Micro-operations: Bitwise, Arithmetic and Shift
A Simulator of Complex ALU in MATLAB
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Isotopes of oxygen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main isotopes of oxygen
Isotope
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
16O
99.76% stable
17O
0.04% stable
18O
0.20% stable
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)
[7001159990300000000♠15.99903, 7001159997700000000♠15.99977][1]
Conventional: 15.999
view
talk
edit
There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16O, 17O, and 18O.
Radioactive isotopes with mass numbers from 12O to 24O have also been characterized, all short-lived, with the longest-lived being 15O with a half-life of 122.24 seconds, while the shortest-lived isotope is 12O with a half-life of 580(30)×10−24 second.
Contents
[hide]
1 Stable isotopes
2 Radioisotopes
2.1 Oxygen-13
2.2 Oxygen-15
3 List of isotopes
3.1 Notes
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 References
Stable isotopes[edit]
Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell
Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes, 16O, 17O, and 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance). Depending on the terrestrial source, the standard atomic weight varies within the range of [15.99903, 15.99977] (the conventional value is 15.999). Known oxygen isotopes range in mass number from 12 to 24.
The relative and absolute abundance of 16O is high because it is a principal product of stellar evolution and because it is a primary isotope, meaning it can be made by stars that were initially made exclusively of hydrogen.[2] Most 16O is synthesized at the end of the helium fusion process in stars; the triple-alpha reaction creates 12C, which captures an additional 4He to make 16O. The neon burning process creates additional 16O.[2]
Both 17O and 18O are secondary isotopes, meaning that their nucleosynthesis requires seed nuclei. 17O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into helium during the CNO cycle, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars.[2] Most 18O is produced when 14N (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a 4He nucleus, making 18O common in the helium-rich zones of stars.[2] Approximately a billion degrees Celsius is required for two oxygen nuclei to undergo nuclear fusion to form the heavier nucleus of sulfur.[3]
Measurements of the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 are often used to interpret changes in paleoclimate. The isotopic composition of oxygen atoms in the Earth's atmosphere is 99.759% 16O, 0.037% 17O and 0.204% 18O.[4] Because water molecules containing the lighter isotope are slightly more likely to evaporate and fall as precipitation,[5] fresh water and polar ice on earth contains slightly less (0.1981%) of the heavy isotope 18O than air (0.204%) or seawater (0.1995%). This disparity allows analysis of temperature patterns via historic ice cores.
An atomic mass of 16 was assigned to oxygen prior to the definition of the unified atomic mass unit based upon 12C.[6] Since physicists referred to 16O only, while chemists meant the naturally-abundant mixture of isotopes, this led to slightly different mass scales between the two disciplines.
Radioisotopes[edit]
Fourteen radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 15O with a half-life of 122.24 s and 14O with a half-life of 70.606 s.[7] All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 s and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds (ms).[7] For example, 24O has a half-life of 61 ms.[8] The most common decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes is β+ decay (to nitrogen)[9][10][11] and the most common mode after is β− decay (to fluorine).
Oxygen-13[edit]
Oxygen-13 is an unstable isotope of oxygen. It consists of 8 protons and electrons, and 5 neutrons. It has a spin of 3/2-, and a half-life of 8.58 ms. Its atomic mass is 13.0248 Da. It decays to nitrogen-13 by electron capture, and has a decay energy of 17.765 MeV.[12] Its parent nuclide is fluorine-14.[13]
Oxygen-15[edit]
Oxygen-15 is an isotope of oxygen, frequently used in positron emission tomography, or PET imaging. It has 8 protons, 7 neutrons, and 8 electrons. The total atomic mass is 15.0030654 amu. It has a half-life of 122.24 seconds.[14] Oxygen-15 is synthesized through deuteron bombardment of nitrogen-14 using a cyclotron.[15]
List of isotopes[edit]
nuclide
symbol
Z(p)
N(n)

isotopic mass (u)
half-life
decay mode(s)[16]
daughter
isotope(s)[n 1]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
12O 8 4 12.034405(20) 580(30)×10−24 s
[0.40(25) MeV] 2p (60.0%) 10C 0+
p (40.0%) 11N
13O 8 5 13.024812(10) 8.58(5) ms β+ (89.1%) 13N (3/2−)
β+, p (10.9%) 12C
14O 8 6 14.00859625(12) 70.598(18) s β+ 14N 0+
15O 8 7 15.0030656(5) 122.24(16) s β+ 15N 1/2−
16O[n 2] 8 8 15.99491461956(16) Stable 0+ 0.99757(16) 0.99738–0.99776
17O[n 3] 8 9 16.99913170(12) Stable 5/2+ 3.8(1)×10−4 3.7×10−4–4.0×10−4
18O[n 2][n 4] 8 10 17.9991610(7) Stable 0+ 2.05(14)×10−3 1.88×10−3–2.22×10−3
19O 8 11 19.003580(3) 26.464(9) s β− 19F 5/2+
20O 8 12 20.0040767(12) 13.51(5) s β− 20F 0+
21O 8 13 21.008656(13) 3.42(10) s β− 21F (1/2,3/2,5/2)+
22O 8 14 22.00997(6) 2.25(15) s β− (78.0%) 22F 0+
β−, n (22.0%) 21F
23O 8 15 23.01569(13) 82(37) ms β−, n (57.99%) 22F 1/2+#
β− (42.0%) 23F
24O 8 16 24.02047(25) 65(5) ms β−, n (57.99%) 23F 0+
β− (42.01%) 24F
Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes
^ Jump up to: a b The ratio between 16O and 18O is used to deduce ancient temperatures
Jump up ^ Can be used in NMR studies of metabolic pathways
Jump up ^ Can be used in studying certain metabolic pathways
Oxygen isotopes with 25–28 nucleons exist for less than 1 microsecond, since they are beyond the neutron drip line.[17]
Notes[edit]
The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).
See also[edit]
Dole effect
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
^ Jump up to: a b c d B. S. Meyer (September 19–21, 2005). "Nucleosynthesis and galactic chemical evolution of the isotopes of oxygen" (PDF). Proceedings of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Workgroup on Oxygen in the Earliest Solar System. Gatlinburg, Tennessee. 9022.
Jump up ^ Emsley 2001, p. 297.
Jump up ^ Cook 1968, p. 500.
Jump up ^ Dansgaard, W (1964). "Stable isotopes in precipitation" (PDF). Tellus. 16: 436–468. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x.
Jump up ^ Parks & Mellor 1939, Chapter VI, Section 7.
^ Jump up to: a b K. L. Barbalace. "Periodic Table of Elements: O - Oxygen". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
Jump up ^ Ekström, L. P.; Firestone, R. B. (28 February 1999). "Oxygen-24". WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes. LUNDS Universitet, LBNL Isotopes Project. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
Jump up ^ "NUDAT". Retrieved 2009-07-06.
Jump up ^ "NUDAT". Retrieved 2009-07-06.
Jump up ^ "NUDAT". Retrieved 2009-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Periodic Table of Elements: O - Oxygen". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995-10-22. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Periodic Table of Elements: F - Fluorine". EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995-10-22. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
Jump up ^ "oxygen 15 - definition of oxygen 15 by Medical dictionary". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Production of PET Radionuclides". Austin Hospital, Austin Health. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". Nucleonica. Retrieved 2014-12-02. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ [not in citation given][citation needed] "Nuclear Physicists Examine Oxygen's Limits". Science Daily. 2007-09-18. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
References[edit]
For the table
Isotope masses from the area:
G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
For the prose
Cook, Gerhard A.; Lauer, Carol M. (1968). "Oxygen". In Clifford A. Hampel. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 499–512. LCCN 68-29938.
Emsley, John (2001). "Oxygen". Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 297–304. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
Parks, G. D.; Mellor, J. W. (1939). Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.

Isotopes of nitrogen Isotopes of oxygen Isotopes of fluorine
Table of nuclides
[hide]
v
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Isotopes of the chemical elements
1
H 2
He
3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
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Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
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K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
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Po 85
At 86
Rn
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 104
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Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Nh 114
Fl 115
Mc 116
Lv 117
Ts 118
Og
58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element

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The Hit Factory: The Best of Stock Aitken Waterman
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The Hit Factory: The Best of Stock Aitken Waterman
Compilation album by various artists
Released
1987 (1987)
Genre
Pop
Label
Stylus Records, PWL Records
Producer
Stock Aitken Waterman
various artists chronology
The Hit Factory: The Best of Stock Aitken Waterman
(1987) The Hit Factory Volume 2String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
The Hit Factory : The Best of Stock Aitken Waterman is a compilation album released in 1987 by Stylus Records in association with PWL Records. The collection brought together some the biggest hits by British production team Stock Aitken Waterman. It reached #18 in the UK Top 100 Album Chart and achieved a Gold BPI award.
Several tracks are presented in remix form, or at least in some variation from their standard radio edit and are listed as such. Twelve of the 14 tracks were also featured on a video collection.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Video Track listing
3 Japan Track listing
4 See also
5 External links
Track listing[edit]
(1987:STYLUS/PWL SMD 740)
Side One
"Never Gonna Give You Up" : Rick Astley
"Toy Boy" (Extra Muscle Mix) : Sinitta
"I'll Keep on Loving You" : Princess
"I Heard a Rumour" : Bananarama
"Whatever I Do (Wherever I Go)" (Hit Factory Mix) : Hazell Dean
"New York Afternoon" : Mondo Kane featuring Georgie Fame
"Let It Be" : Ferry Aid
Side Two
"F.L.M. : Mel & Kim
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Me" (Jump & Jive Mix) : Samantha Fox
"Venus" : Bananarama
"Get Ready" : Carol Hitchcock
"Say I'm Your Number One" : Princess
"I Just Can't Wait" : Mandy
"Roadblock" (Edit) : Stock Aitken Waterman
Video Track listing[edit]
(WIENERWORLD WNR 1042)
"Never Gonna Give You Up" : Rick Astley
"I Heard a Rumour" : Bananarama
"Toy Boy" : Sinitta
"Whatever Makes Our Love Grow" : Edwin Starr
"F.L.M." : Mel & Kim
"Ain't Nothing but a House Party" : Phil Fearon
"Get Ready" : Carol Hitchcock
"I'll Keep on Loving You" : Princess
"The Heaven I Need" : The Three Degrees
"I Just Can't Wait" : Mandy
"Say I'm Your Number One" : Princess
"Let It Be" : Ferry Aid
"Venus" : Bananarama
"Roadblock" : Stock Aitken Waterman
Japan Track listing[edit]
(1988:ALFA 32XB-286)
Listed as THE HIT FACTORY featuring STOCK AITKEN WATERMAN
Packjammed (With The Party Posse) (12" Remix) : Stock Aitken Waterman
I Should Be So Lucky (Extended Version) : Kylie Minogue
I Just Can't Wait (Extended Version) : Mandy
Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now (Extended Mix) : Samantha Fox
Positive Reaction (Our Mandy's Extended Mix) : Mandy
Let's All Chant (Something For The Kids Mix) : Pat & Mick
I'm The One Who Really Loves You (12" Remix) : Austin Howard
Roadblock (Extended Version) : Stock Aitken Waterman
Whatever Makes Our Love Grow (Extended Version)—Edwin Starr
I Should Be So Lucky (The Bicentennial Remix)—Kylie Minogue
See also[edit]
Mike Stock
List of songs that were written or produced by SAW (in chronological order, including US and UK chart positions)
The Hit Factory Volume 2. (1988 UK/Japan compilation album released by Fanfare Records and PWL Records.)
The Hit Factory Volume 3. (1989 compilation album released by Fanfare Records and PWL Records.)
A Ton Of Hits : The Very Best of Stock Aitken Waterman. (1990 compilation released by Chrysalis Records, trading as Dover Records.)
The Hit Factory : Pete Waterman's Greatest Hits. (2000 compilation issued by Universal Music.)
Stock Aitken Waterman Gold. (2005 compilation released by PWL Records in association with Sony BMG).
Now That's What I Call Music
The Hits Album
External links[edit]
Mike Stock Official Site
[hide]
v
t
e
Stock Aitken Waterman
Mike Stock
Matt Aitken
Pete Waterman
Notable artists
Kylie Minogue
Jason Donovan
Rick Astley
Bananarama
Dead or Alive
Mel and Kim
Donna Summer
Princess
Sinitta
Divine
Sonia
Hazell Dean
Big Fun
Samantha Fox
Brother Beyond
Lonnie Gordon
Mandy Smith
Pepsi & Shirlie
Sybil
Notable songs
"I Should Be So Lucky"
"The Loco-Motion"
"Got to Be Certain"
"Better the Devil You Know"
"Especially for You"
"Too Many Broken Hearts"
"Never Gonna Give You Up"
"Together Forever"
"Whenever You Need Somebody"
"Take Me To Your Heart
"Venus"
"Love In The First Degree
"I Heard a Rumour"
"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)"
"Respectable"
"This Time I Know It's for Real"
"I Don't Wanna Get Hurt"
"Say I'm Your Number One"
"Toy Boy"
"You Think You're a Man"
"I'm So Beautiful"
"You'll Never Stop Me Loving You"
"Whatever I Do (Wherever I Go)"
"Blame It on the Boogie"
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now"
"The Harder I Try"
"Beyond Your Wildest Dreams"
"Happenin' All Over Again"
"Let It Be"
"Ferry Cross the Mersey"
"Shattered Glass"
Compilations
The Hit Factory: The Best of Stock Aitken Waterman
The Hit Factory Volume 2
The Hit Factory Volume 3
A Ton of Hits: The Very Best of Stock Aitken Waterman
The Hit Factory: Pete Waterman's Greatest Hits
Stock Aitken Waterman Gold
Pete Waterman Presents the Hit Factory
Related articles
List of songs produced by Stock Aitken Waterman
Pete Waterman Entertainment
Hi-NRG
Eurobeat
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hit_Factory:_The_Best_of_Stock_Aitken_Waterman&oldid=747310092"
Categories:
1987 compilation albums
Albums produced by Stock Aitken Waterman
Pop compilation albums
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This page was last edited on 1 November 2016, at 17:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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