text:
Dominant (music)
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For the term "dominant function" on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, see Myers-Briggs Type Indicator § Dominant function.
Tonic and dominant in C Play (help·info). C major and G major chords.
The second to last chord in this example is built on the dominant (V) and found here in the circle progression on C: I-IV-viio-iii-vi-ii-V-I Play (help·info)
In music, the dominant is the fifth scale degree of the diatonic scale, called "dominant" because it is next in importance to the tonic,[1][2] and a dominant chord is any chord built upon that pitch, using the notes of the same diatonic scale. The dominant is sung as so in solfege. The dominant function (diatonic function) has the role of creating instability that requires the tonic for resolution.
In very much conventionally tonal music, harmonic analysis will reveal a broad prevalence of the primary (often triadic) harmonies: tonic, dominant, and subdominant (i.e., I and its chief auxiliaries a 5th removed), and especially the first two of these.
—  Berry (1976)[3]
The scheme I-x-V-I symbolizes, though naturally in a very summarizing way, the harmonic course of any composition of the Classical period. This x, usually appearing as a progression of chords, as a whole series, constitutes, as it were, the actual "music" within the scheme, which through the annexed formula V-I, is made into a unit, a group, or even a whole piece.
—  Rudolph Reti, (1962)[4] quoted in[5]
For example, in the C major scale (white keys on a piano, starting with C), the dominant is the note G; and the dominant triad consists of the notes G, B, and D.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dominant chords
1.1 Triads
1.2 Seventh chord
1.3 Dominant chord in authentic cadence
2 Dominant key
2.1 In tonal modulation
3 In non-Western music
4 See also
5 Sources
Dominant chords[edit]
Chords with a dominant function: dominant (seventh, ninth, and flat ninth) and leading-tone (diminished, half-diminished seventh, and diminished seventh).[6] Play (help·info)
Triads[edit]
In music theory, the dominant triad (3-note chord) is a major triad, symbolized by the Roman numeral V, if it is within the major diatonic scale (for example G-B-D in C major). It is, however, a minor triad, denoted v, if it is within the minor diatonic scale (for example G-B♭-D in C minor). In the minor scale, the dominant triad is often substituted with a major triad, by sharpening the second note, which is a minor third from the dominant note, into a major third, since the major third from the dominant is the leading tone for the minor scale. For instance, in G-B♭-D, the B♭ is sharpened to B natural (B♮), since B♮ is the leading tone for the C minor scale. See: harmonic minor scale.
Seventh chord[edit]
A dominant seventh chord is a chord built upon the dominant of a major diatonic scale. It contains a major triad and a minor seventh of the root of the triad. An example is G7 in C major: G-B-D-F, with G being both the dominant of C major and the root of the major triad G-B-D, and F being the minor seventh of the root. In a general context, the dominant seventh is denoted V7.
As defined by the 19th century musicologist Joseph Fétis the dominante was a seventh chord over the first note of a descending perfect fifth in the basse fondamentale or root progression, the common practice period dominant seventh he named the dominante tonique.[7]
Dominant chord (V) in the ii-V-I cadence on C Play (help·info)
Dominant chord in authentic cadence[edit]
A cadential dominant chord followed by a tonic chord (the chord of the key of the piece) is denominated as authentic cadence. If the roots are in the bass and the tonic is in the highest voice, it is called a perfect authentic cadence.
Dominant key[edit]
The key immediately clockwise is the dominant key of the key immediately counterclockwise, and features either one more sharp or one less flat.
The dominant key in a given musical composition is the key whose tonic is a perfect fifth above (or a perfect fourth below) the tonic of the main key of the piece. Put another way, the key whose tonic is the dominant scale degree in the main key.[8]
If, for example, a piece is written in the key of C major, then the key of C is the tonic key. The key of G major is the dominant key since it is based on the dominant note for the key of C major.[9] With a key signature of one sharp, G major features one more sharp than C major.
In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Even with the widest roaming modulations in the development, the dominant key exerts influence and eventually forces a return to the tonic key.[10][not in citation given]
In tonal modulation[edit]
Modulation to the dominant in Haydn's Symphony in C Major, No. 97 (reduction). Play (help·info)
The movement to the dominant was part of musical grammar, not an element of form. Almost all music in the eighteenth century went to the dominant: before 1750 it was not something to be emphasized; afterward, it was something that the composer could take advantage of. This means that every eighteenth century listener expected the movement to the dominant in the sense that [one] would have been puzzled if [one] did not get it; it was a necessary condition of intelligibility.
—  Charles Rosen (1972)[11]
"Dominant" also refers to a relationship of musical keys. For example, relative to the key of C major, the key of G major is the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates into the dominant. Modulation into the dominant key often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation into subdominant (fourth note of the scale), which creates a sense of musical relaxation.
The vast majority of harmonies designated as "essential" in the basic frame of structure must be I and V–the latter, when tonal music is viewed in broadest terms, an auxiliary support and embellishment of the former, for which it is the principal medium of tonicization.
—  Berry (1976)[3]
The dominant chord itself is composed of the dominant (sol), the leading-tone (ti), and the supertonic (re) scale degrees. According to the rules of tonal resolution, both the leading-tone and the supertonic primarily resolve to the tonic. These two tones resolving to the tonic are strengthened by the dominant scale degree, which is a common tone between the tonic and dominant chords. The dominant may also be considered the result of a transformational operation applied to the tonic that most closely resembles the tonic by some clear-cut criteria such as common tones.[12]
In non-Western music[edit]
The dominant is an important concept in Middle Eastern music. In the Persian Dastgah, Arabic maqam and the Turkish makam, scales are made up of trichords, tetrachords and pentachords (each called a jins in Arabic), with the tonic of a maqam being the lowest note of the lower jins and the dominant being that of the upper jins. The dominant of a maqam is not always the fifth, however; for example, in Kurd and Bayati, the dominant is the fourth, and in maqam Saba, the dominant is the minor third. A maqam may have more than one dominant.
See also[edit]
Predominant chord
Secondary dominant
Secondary leading-tone chord
For use of the term "dominant" as a reciting tone in Gregorian chant, see church modes.
Nondominant seventh chord
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.33. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. "So called because it's function is next in importance to the tonic."
Jump up ^ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony, p.118. 3rd edition. Holt, Rinehart, and Wilson. ISBN 0-03-020756-8. "V serves to establish the tonic triad...particularly evident at the cadence."
^ Jump up to: a b Berry, Wallace (1976/1987). Structural Functions in Music, p.62. ISBN 0-486-25384-8.
Jump up ^ Reti, Rudolph (1962). Tonality in Modern Music, p.28.
Jump up ^ Kostka & Payne (1995). Tonal Harmony, p.458. ISBN 0-07-035874-5.
Jump up ^ Berry, Wallace (1976/1987). Structural Functions in Music, p.54. ISBN 0-486-25384-8.
Jump up ^ Dahlhaus, Carl. Gjerdingen, Robert O. trans. (1990). Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality, p.143. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09135-8.
Jump up ^ "Dominant". Grove Music Online. Missing or empty |url= (help)[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ DeVoto, Mark. "Dominant". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sonata form". Answers.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Charles (1972). The Classical Style. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. Cited in White, John D. (1976). The Analysis of Music, p.56. ISBN 0-13-033233-X.
Jump up ^ Perle, George (1955). "Symmetrical Formations in the String Quartets of Béla Bartók", Music Review 16: 300-312. Cited in Wilson, Paul (1992). The Music of Béla Bartók, p.37-38. ISBN 0-300-05111-5.
[hide]
v
t
e
Degrees and functions of the diatonic scale
i (for minor keys) ii ø III IV or iv V or v vi or VI VII viio
Tonic
Supertonic
Sp
Mediant
Dp, Tkp, tP, [D](Sp)
Subdominant
Dominant or Dominant seventh
Submediant
Tp, sP, tCp
Subtonic
dP
Leading
D̸7
C D E♭/E♮ (minor and Major keys) F G (or G7) A♭/A♮ (minor and Major keys) B♭ (more common in minor keys and in popular music) B♮
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text:
Margaret Laurence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Australian actress, see Margaret Laurence (actress).
Margaret Laurence
Born
(1926-07-18)July 18, 1926
Neepawa, Manitoba
Died
January 5, 1987(1987-01-05) (aged 60)
Lakefield, Ontario
Occupation
novelist, essayist, academic, Chancellor
Alma mater
United College of Winnipeg
Genre
Canadian Literature
Children's literature
Literary movement
CanLit
Feminism
Notable works
The Stone Angel
The Diviners
Jean Margaret Laurence, CC (née Wemyss) (18 July 1926 – 5 January 1987) was a Canadian novelist and short story writer, and is one of the major figures in Canadian literature. She was also a founder of the Writers' Trust of Canada, a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada's writing community.
Marker for Margaret Laurence at Neepawa, Manitoba
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early years
1.2 Education
1.3 Later life
2 Literary career
2.1 Awards and recognition
3 Bibliography
3.1 Novels
3.2 Short story collections
3.3 Children's books
3.4 Non-fiction
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Biography[edit]
Early years[edit]
Margaret Laurence was born Jean Margaret Wemyss in Neepawa, Manitoba, the daughter of solicitor Robert Wemyss and Verna Jean Simpson. She was known as "Peggy" during her childhood. Her mother died when she was four, after which a maternal aunt, Margaret Simpson, came to take care of the family. A year later Margaret Simpson married Robert Wemyss, and in 1933 they had a son, Robert. In 1935, when Laurence was nine, Robert Wemyss Sr. died of pneumonia. Laurence then moved into her maternal grandfather's home with her stepmother and half-brother. She lived in Neepawa until she was 18.
Education[edit]
In 1944, Laurence attended Winnipeg's United College, an arts and theology college associated with the University of Manitoba, that would later become the University of Winnipeg.[1] Before attending, she applied for academic scholarships that were granted based on her academic record and financial need.[2] During her first year at United College, Laurence studied in a liberal arts program which included courses in English, History, Ethics, and Psychology. Laurence's interest in English literature was present even in high school, and her interest in writing her own works continued into her formal education. Within the first few weeks of attending the college, Laurence had works of poetry published in the University of Manitoba's publication The Manitoban.[2] She submitted this work under the pseudonym "Steve Lancaster", in what she later credits as a reference to the Lancaster bomber, a highly powerful and successful bomber of the Second World War. Another of Laurence's achievements during her first year of college was being welcomed into the English Club, an organization of senior students who discussed poetry, led by professor Arthur L. Phelps.[3] This was her first time being around peers who were also passionate about literature, and it was an opportunity for her to expand her knowledge as both scholar and writer. "Tony's", a part-cafeteria, part-coffee shop in the basement of United College, was another important place for Laurence to share her literary interests with colleagues. She would meet with friends and discuss literature; those who were writers would share their works with the group.[3] Laurence's years in college not only shaped her from an academic perspective, they also provided opportunities for her to develop creatively and professionally.
During this period Laurence became associated with the leftist intellectual movement the "Social Gospel", which would remain important to her for the remainder of her life. In her senior year of college, Laurence had an increasing number of responsibilities while also continuing to have her own work printed in local publications. She became an associate editor of Vox, United College's literary journal, and was also the publicity president of the Student's Council.[2] These opportunities encouraged Laurence to hone her craft of writing, while also giving her the tools to work in journalism—as she would do upon graduation. She showed promise and success in her early literary pursuits. During her undergrad, Laurence had at least eighteen poems, three short stories, and a critical essay published.[2]
Laurence graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature in 1947.[3]
Later life[edit]
Following her graduation from United College, Laurence worked at the independent newspaper the Winnipeg Citizen, which was owned cooperatively by citizens.[2] Also not long after graduating, she married Jack Fergus Laurence, an engineer. His job took them to England (1949), the then-British protectorate of British Somaliland (1950–1952), as well as the British colony of the Gold Coast (1952–1957). Laurence developed an admiration for Africa and its various populations, which found expression in her writing. Laurence was so moved by the oral literature of Somaliland that she began recording and translating poetry and folk tales, which would later be compiled into the work A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose (1954).[1]
In 1952, Laurence gave birth to daughter Jocelyn during a leave in England. Son David was born in 1955 in the Gold Coast. The family left the Gold Coast just before it gained independence as Ghana in 1957, moving to Vancouver, British Columbia, where they stayed for five years.
In 1962, she separated from her husband and moved to London, England for a year. She then moved to Elm Cottage (Penn, Buckinghamshire) where she lived for more than ten years, although she visited Canada often. Her divorce became final in 1969. That year, she became writer-in-residence at the University of Toronto. A few years later, she moved to Lakefield, Ontario. She also bought a cabin on the Otonabee River near Peterborough, where she wrote The Diviners (1974) during the summers of 1971 to 1973. In 1978, she was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary, Margaret Laurence: First Lady of Manawaka.[4] Laurence served as Chancellor of Trent University in Peterborough from 1981 to 1983.
In 1986, Laurence was diagnosed with lung cancer late in the disease's development. According to the James King biography, The Life of Margaret Laurence, the prognosis was grave, and as the cancer had spread to other organs, there was no treatment offered beyond palliative care. Laurence decided the best course of action was to spare herself and her family further suffering. She committed suicide at her home at 8 Regent St., Lakefield, on January 5, 1987, documenting her decision in writing up to the time of her death. She was buried in her hometown in the Neepawa Cemetery, Neepawa, Manitoba. Laurence's house in Neepawa has been turned into a museum. Her literary papers are housed in the Clara Thomas Archives at York University in Toronto and at McMaster University's William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections in Hamilton.
Literary career[edit]
One of Canada's most esteemed and beloved authors by the end of her literary career,[5] Laurence began writing short stories in her teenage years while in Neepawa. Her first published piece "The Land of Our Father" was submitted to a competition held by the Winnipeg Free Press. This story contains the first appearance of the name "Manawaka" (a fictional Canadian town used in many of her later works).[6] Shortly after her marriage, Margaret began to write more prolifically, as did her husband. Each published fiction in literary periodicals while living in Africa, but Margaret continued to write and expand her range. Her early novels were influenced by her experience as a minority in Africa. They show a strong sense of Christian symbolism and ethical concern for being a white person in a colonial state.
It was after her return to Canada that she wrote The Stone Angel (1964), the novel for which she is best known. Set in a fictional Manitoba small town called Manawaka, the story is narrated by ninety-year-old Hagar Shipley, alternating between her present moments and recollections of her entire life. The novel was for a time required reading in many North American school systems and colleges.[7] Laurence went on to write four more works of fiction set in Manawaka. Laurence was published by Canadian publishing company McClelland and Stewart, and she became one of the key figures in the emerging Canadian literature tradition.
The Stone Angel, a feature-length film based on Laurence's novel, written and directed by Kari Skogland and starring Ellen Burstyn premiered in Fall 2007.
Awards and recognition[edit]
Laurence won two Governor General's Awards for her novels A Jest of God (1966) and The Diviners (1974). In 1972 she was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
The Margaret Laurence Memorial Lecture is an annual lecture series organized by the Writers' Trust of Canada.
The Stone Angel was one of the selected books in the 2002 edition of Canada Reads, championed by Leon Rooke.
The University of Winnipeg named a Women's Studies Centre, and an annual speaker series, in Laurence's honour.
At York University in Toronto, one of the undergraduate residence buildings (Bethune Residence) named a floor after her.
In 2016, she was named a National Historic Person.[8]
Bibliography[edit]
Novels[edit]
This Side Jordan (1960)
The Stone Angel (1964)
A Jest of God (1966)
The Fire-Dwellers (1969)
The Diviners (1974)
Short story collections[edit]
The Tomorrow-Tamer (1963)
A Bird in the House (1970)
Children's books[edit]
Jason's Quest (1970)
Six Darn Cows (1979)
The Olden Days Coat (1980)
The Christmas Birthday Story (1982)
Non-fiction[edit]
A Tree for Poverty (1954) — anthology of Somali poetry and folk stories
The Prophet's Camel Bell (1963) — non-fiction account of Laurence's life in British Somaliland
Long Drums and Cannons: Nigerian Dramatists and Novelists 1952-1966 (1968)
Heart of a Stranger (1976) — essays
Dance on the Earth: A Memoir (1989)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Staines, David (2001). Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780776604466.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Xiques, Donez (2005). Margaret Laurence: The Making of a Writer. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 133. ISBN 9781550025798.
^ Jump up to: a b c Powers, Lyall; Bumsted, J.M. (2005). Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780887551758.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Geoff (2013-12-27). Films You Saw in School: A Critical Review of 1,153 Classroom Educational Films (1958-1985) in 74 Subject Categories. McFarland. p. 222. ISBN 9780786472635.
Jump up ^ Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer | CBC Archives
Jump up ^ The Life of Margaret Laurence, James King. Alfred A. Knopf. 1997
Jump up ^ Review - The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence - January Magazine
Jump up ^ Margaret Laurence (1926-1987), Parks Canada backgrounder, Feb. 15, 2016 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
References[edit]
King, James. The Life of Margaret Laurence. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1998. ISBN 0-676-97129-6.
Powers, Lyall. Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-87013-714-X.
New, W. H., ed. Margaret Laurence: the Writer and Her Critics (1977)
Thomas, Clara. Margaret Laurence (1969)
Thomas, Clara. The Manawaka World of Margaret Laurence (1975)
Woodcock, George, ed. A Place To Stand On: Essays By and About Margaret Laurence (1983)
Mujahid,Syed:Feminism in Margaret Laurence's 'The Stone Angel',Synthesis:Indian Journal of English Literature & Language,Vol.2.No.2pp.95–101
Gupta,Rashmi:Social Taboo of Patriarchal Society:A reading of Margaret Laurence's A Jest of God.Synthesis:Indian Journal of English Literature & Language,Vol.2.No.2pp.102–106
Shiny,V.S.:Sundogs-A post-colonial Protest and Affirmation of the Native Canadian Consciousness.Synthesis:Indian Journal of English Literature & Language,Vol.2.No.2pp.102–107
External links[edit]
Margaret Laurence at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Biography (York University)
Archival finding aid (York University)
Archival description (McMaster University)
CBC Digital Archives: Margaret Laurence: Canada's Divine Writer
University of Winnipeg's Margaret Laurence Women's Studies Centre
Margaret Laurence on IMDb
Margaret Laurence Home, Neepawa
Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections from the University of Ottawa Press
Academic offices
Preceded by
William Morton Chancellor of Trent University
1981–1983 Succeeded by
John Josiah Robinette
[hide]
v
t
e
Winners of the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction
1930s
Bertram Brooker, Think of the Earth (1936)
Laura Salverson, The Dark Weaver (1937)
Gwethalyn Graham, Swiss Sonata (1938)
Franklin D. McDowell, The Champlain Road (1939)
1940s
Ringuet, Thirty Acres (1940)
Alan Sullivan, Three Came to Ville Marie (1941)
G. Herbert Sallans, Little Man (1942)
Thomas Head Raddall, The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek (1943)
Gwethalyn Graham, Earth and High Heaven (1944)
Hugh MacLennan, Two Solitudes (1945)
Winifred Bambrick, Continental Revue (1946)
Gabrielle Roy, The Tin Flute (1947)
Hugh MacLennan, The Precipice (1948)
Philip Child, Mr. Ames Against Time (1949)
1950s
Germaine Guèvremont, The Outlander (1950)
Morley Callaghan, The Loved and the Lost (1951)
David Walker, The Pillar (1952)
David Walker, Digby (1953)
Igor Gouzenko, The Fall of a Titan (1954)
Lionel Shapiro, The Sixth of June (1955)
Adele Wiseman, The Sacrifice (1956)
Gabrielle Roy, Street of Riches (1957)
Colin McDougall, Execution (1958)
Hugh MacLennan, The Watch That Ends the Night (1959)
1960s
Brian Moore, The Luck of Ginger Coffey (1960)
Malcolm Lowry, Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place (1961)
Kildare Dobbs, Running to Paradise (1962)
Hugh Garner, Hugh Garner's Best Stories (1963)
Douglas LePan, The Deserter (1964)
[no award] (1965)
Margaret Laurence, A Jest of God (1966)
[no award] (1967)
Alice Munro, Dance of the Happy Shades (1968)
Robert Kroetsch, The Studhorse Man (1969)
1970s
Dave Godfrey, The New Ancestors (1970)
Mordecai Richler, St. Urbain's Horseman (1971)
Robertson Davies, The Manticore (1972)
Rudy Wiebe, The Temptations of Big Bear (1973)
Margaret Laurence, The Diviners (1974)
Brian Moore, The Great Victorian Collection (1975)
Marian Engel, Bear (1976)
Timothy Findley, The Wars (1977)
Alice Munro, Who Do You Think You Are? (1978)
Jack Hodgins, The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne (1979)
1980s
George Bowering, Burning Water (1980)
Mavis Gallant, Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories (1981)
Guy Vanderhaeghe, Man Descending (1982)
Leon Rooke, Shakespeare's Dog (1983)
Josef Skvorecky, The Engineer of Human Souls (1984)
Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid's Tale (1985)
Alice Munro, The Progress of Love (1986)
M. T. Kelly, A Dream Like Mine (1987)
David Adams Richards, Nights Below Station Street (1988)
Paul Quarrington, Whale Music (1989)
1990s
Nino Ricci, Lives of the Saints (1990)
Rohinton Mistry, Such a Long Journey (1991)
Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient (1992)
Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries (1993)
Rudy Wiebe, A Discovery of Strangers (1994)
Greg Hollingshead, The Roaring Girl (1995)
Guy Vanderhaeghe, The Englishman's Boy (1996)
Jane Urquhart, The Underpainter (1997)
Diane Schoemperlen, Forms of Devotion (1998)
Matt Cohen, Elizabeth and After (1999)
2000s
Michael Ondaatje, Anil's Ghost (2000)
Richard B. Wright, Clara Callan (2001)
Gloria Sawai, A Song for Nettie Johnson (2002)
Douglas Glover, Elle (2003)
Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness (2004)
David Gilmour, A Perfect Night to Go to China (2005)
Peter Behrens, The Law of Dreams (2006)
Michael Ondaatje, Divisadero (2007)
Nino Ricci, The Origin of Species (2008)
Kate Pullinger, The Mistress of Nothing (2009)
2010s
Dianne Warren, Cool Water (2010)
Patrick deWitt, The Sisters Brothers (2011)
Linda Spalding, The Purchase (2012)
Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries (2013)
Thomas King, The Back of the Turtle (2014)
Guy Vanderhaeghe, Daddy Lenin and Other Stories (2015)
Madeleine Thien, Do Not Say We Have Nothing (2016)
Joel Thomas Hynes, We'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: n79140971
ISNI: 0000 0001 2130 3148
GND: 119024756
SELIBR: 355328
SUDOC: 028766245
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IATH: w63f65jr
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Hung parliament
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the Commonwealth realms and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In a parliamentary system of government, a hung parliament is an expression used to describe a state of a parliament when no single political party (or bloc of allied parties) has an absolute majority of seats in the parliament (legislature) and therefore has no legitimate mandate to form a government. It is also less commonly known as a balanced parliament[1][2] or a legislature under no overall control.[3][4][5] If the legislature is bicameral, and the government is responsible only to the lower house, then "hung parliament" is used only with respect to that chamber. It is the objective of parliamentary systems for the parliament to be able to form a stable government, preferably one that lasts until the next election. This requires the government to be able to muster up sufficient votes in parliament to pass important legislation, especially the government's budget. It also needs sufficient votes to defeat votes of no-confidence in the government. If the state of the parliament is such that a majority government cannot be formed, the government may be referred to as a "minority government". The term hung parliament is used mainly in systems with two parties or two party blocs. Most general elections in such a system will result in one or other party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government; a "hung parliament" is an exception to this pattern, and may by some be considered anomalous or undesirable, and by others ideal as it blocks the dangers of absolute power. One or both main parties may seek to form a coalition government with smaller third parties, or a minority government relying on confidence and supply support from third parties or independents. If these efforts fail, a dissolution of parliament and a fresh election may be the last resort.
In a multi-party system with legislatures elected by proportional representation, it is rare for a party to win an outright majority of seats, so a "hung parliament" is the norm and the term is rarely used. However, the term may be used to describe an election in which no established alliance among the parties wins an outright majority, such as the 2005 German election.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ireland
1.2 United Kingdom
1.3 Canada
1.4 Australia
1.5 New Zealand
2 Consequences
2.1 Australia
2.2 India
2.3 New Zealand
2.4 United Kingdom
3 Working majority
3.1 United Kingdom
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
6.1 United Kingdom
History[edit]
Ireland[edit]
Because Ireland uses PR-STV, it is rare for any one party to have a majority on its own. The last such occasion was 1977. However, one or other coalitions are known to be possible before and during the election. Therefore, a "hung Dáil" (Dáil Éireann being the lower and most dominant chamber of the Oireachtas/Parliament) in Ireland refers more to the inability of a coalition of parties who traditionally enter government together or would be expected to govern together, from doing so.
The President has no direct role in the formation of governments in the case of a hung parliament. However he retains the power to convene a meeting of either or both the Dáil and Senate which could become important if there was a government trying to use parliamentary recess to prevent confidence votes and hold onto power. The President may also refuse to dissolve Dáil Eireann and call an election if the Taoiseach loses a vote of confidence, instead giving the other parties a chance to see if they can put together a government without proceeding to another election.
In 2016, Fine Gael and Labour, who had been in government the previous five years, were unable, due to Labours collapse, to enter government again. Fianna Fáil had enough seats to put together a rainbow government with the other centre-left, hard left parties and independents but negotiations broke down. Fianna Fáil had also promised not to enter coalition with Sinn Féin due to the current leaderships Provisional IRA connections.
The press began to speculate about a Germany style "Grand Coalition" similar to the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats there. Many members of FF considered FG too right wing to enter coalition with and threatened to leave the party this came to pass. As talks continued on without a new government (the old government, constitutionally, which had just been voted out, remaining in power including ministers who had lost their seats) FF agreed to allow a government to form by abstention. The parliamentary arithmetic fell in such a way that if FF TD's abstained on confidence and supply matters, a FG minority govt could, with the support of a group of independents, form a new government. This was agreed in exchange for a number of policy concessions. Once the deal with FF was signed, Taoiseach Enda Kenny conducted talks with the independents and entered government for a second term.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, before World War I, a largely stable two-party system existed for generations; traditionally, only the Tories and Whigs, or from the mid-19th century the Conservative and Liberal parties, managed to deliver Members of Parliament in significant numbers. Hung parliaments were thus rare, especially during the 19th century. The possibility of change arose when, in the aftermath of the Act of Union, 1800, a number of Irish MPs took seats in the House, though initially these followed the traditional alignments. However, two Reform Acts (in 1867 and in 1884) significantly extended the franchise and redrew the constituencies, and coincided with a change in Irish politics. After the 1885 general election, neither party had an overall majority. The Irish Parliamentary Party held the balance of power and made Irish Home Rule a condition of their support. However, the Liberal Party split on the issue of Irish Home Rule, leading to another general election in 1886, in which the Conservatives won the most seats and governed with the support of the fragment of Liberalism opposed to Home Rule, the Liberal Unionist Party.
Both the election of January 1910, and that of December 1910 produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the Labour Party. The elections of 1929 resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties.
Since the elections of 1929, there have been three general elections that resulted in hung parliaments in the UK. The first was the election in February 1974, and the ensuing parliament lasted only until October. The second was the May 2010 election, the result of which was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: Conservatives 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57.[6] The third one resulted from the snap election held in June 2017 that had been called for by Theresa May in order to strengthen her majority heading into Brexit negotiations later in 2017. However, this election backfired on May and her Conservative Party, resulting in a hung parliament after the snap election.[7]
The formation of the coalition resulting from the 2010 election led to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which instituted fixed five-year Parliaments and transferred the power to call early elections from the Prime Minister to Parliament itself. This was the idea of the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, then the leader of the Liberal Democrats, who said that this would stop the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, from calling a snap election to end the hung parliament, as many other Conservatives had requested.
Hung parliaments can also arise when slim government majorities are eroded by by-election defeats and defection of Members of Parliament to opposition parties, as well as resignations of MPs from the House of Commons. This happened in December 1996 to the Conservative government of John Major (1990–97) and in mid-1978 to the Labour government of James Callaghan (1976–79); this latter period covers the era known as the Winter of Discontent. The minority government of Jim Callaghan came when Labour ended their 15-month Lib-Lab pact with the Liberals having lost their majority in early 1977.
According to researchers Andrew Blick and Stuart Wilks-Heeg, the phrase "hung parliament" did not enter into common usage in the UK until the mid-1970s. It was first used in the press by journalist Simon Hoggart in The Guardian in 1974.[8]
Academic treatments of hung parliaments include David Butler's Governing Without a Majority: Dilemmas for Hung Parliaments in Britain (Sheridan House, 1986) and Vernon Bogdanor's 'Multi-Party Politics and the Constitution' (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Canada[edit]
Further information: Federal minority governments in Canada
Three recent Canadian Parliaments (the 38th, the 39th, and the 40th Parliaments) were hung parliaments, although that term is not used in Canada. Rather, the term "minority government" is used to describe the situation in which the party with the greatest number of seats in the House of Commons (but less than a majority) forms the Government. The aftermath of all three of these elections was that the largest party ruled as a "minority government". Although minority governments have tended to be short-lived, the two successive minorities under Prime Minister Stephen Harper managed to hold on to power from February 2006 until a no confidence vote in March 2011 resulted in the dissolution of Parliament and elections held on 2 May 2011. The subsequent election saw a majority parliament elected with Harper's Conservative Party obtaining a 24-seat majority. The make-up of the 40th Canadian Parliament hung parliament resulted in the 2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute. The Conservative Party had a plurality of seats, however, the Liberal Party and New Democratic Party together held enough seats to have a larger plurality and reached an accord to form a minority coalition government. The Bloc Québécois agreed to provide support on confidence votes. On 4 December 2008, Governor General Michaëlle Jean granted Prime Minister Stephen Harper a prorogation on the condition that parliament reconvene early in the new year; the date was set as 26 January 2009. The first session of the 40th parliament thus ended, delaying a vote of no-confidence.[9]
Australia[edit]
Australian parliaments are modelled on the Westminster system, with a hung parliament typically defined as a lack of a lower house parliamentary majority from either the Australian Labor Party or Liberal/National Coalition.
Hung parliaments are rare at the federal level in Australia, as a virtual two-party system, in which the Australian Labor Party competes against an alliance of the conservative parties, has existed with only brief interruptions since the early 20th century. Prior to 1910, no party had a majority in the House of Representatives. As a result, there were frequent changes of government, several of which took place during parliamentary terms. Since 1910, when the two-party system was cemented, there have been two hung parliaments, the first in 1940, and the second in 2010. At the 1940 federal election, incumbent Prime Minister Robert Menzies secured the support of the two crossbenchers and continued to govern, but in 1941 the independents switched their support to Labor, bringing John Curtin to power.
Declining support for the major parties in recent times is leading to more non-majoritarian outcomes at elections.[10] At the 2010 federal election, which resulted in an exact 72-72 seat tie between Labor and The Liberal-National Coalition, incumbent Prime Minister Julia Gillard secured the support of four out of six Independent and Green Party crossbenchers and continued to govern.
Having hung Parliaments in both Australia and the United Kingdom at the same time, and also briefly including Canada as well, is unprecedented in the history of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Hung parliaments are rather more common at a state level. The Tasmanian House of Assembly and the unicameral Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory are both elected by Hare-Clark proportional representation, thus, elections commonly return hung parliaments. In other states and territories, candidates contest single-member seats. With far fewer seats than federal parliament, hung parliaments are more likely to be elected. Recent examples include New South Wales in 1991, Queensland in 1998 and 2015, Victoria in 1999, South Australia in 1997 and 2002, Western Australia in 2008, the Australian Capital Territory in 2008, and Tasmania in 2010.
New Zealand[edit]
Hung parliaments had a relatively uncommon place in New Zealand politics prior to the introduction of proportional representation in 1993. Only on five occasions since the beginnings of modern party politics in 1890 has a hung parliament occurred, in 1911, 1922, 1928, 1931 & 1993 respectively. The rarity between 1936 and 1996 was due to the regression into a two party system, alternating between the long dominating New Zealand Labour Party and New Zealand National Party.[11] Since the first MMP election in 1996 no single party has gained an outright majority in parliament. Subsequent governments have all been formed as either coalitions or under confidence and supply agreements.[citation needed]
Consequences[edit]
In countries used to decisive election outcomes, a hung parliament is often viewed as an unfavourable outcome, leading to relatively weak and unstable government. A period of uncertainty after the election is common, as major party leaders negotiate with independents and minor parties to establish a working majority.
An aspiring head of government may seek to build a coalition government; in Westminster systems, this typically involves agreement on a joint legislative programme and a number of ministerial posts going to the minor coalition partners, in return for a stable majority. Alternatively, a minority government may be formed, establishing confidence and supply agreements in return for policy concessions agreed in advance, or relying on case by case support.
Australia[edit]
In the Western Australian state election of 2008 the Australian Labor Party won more seats than the Liberal Party at 28 to 24. The National Party along with three independents had the seats needed to give either party a majority. To help the Liberal Party form government, the Nationals supported the party on the condition that the Royalties for Regions policy was implemented.
In the 1999 Victorian state election, the Labor Party won 42 seats, while the incumbent Liberal National Coalition retained 43, with 3 seats falling to independents. The Labor Party formed a minority government with the 3 independents.
The 2010 Tasmanian state election resulted in a hung parliament. After a period of negotiation, the incumbent Labor government led by David Bartlett was recommissioned, but containing the Leader of the Tasmanian Greens, Nick McKim, as a minister, and the Greens' Cassy O'Connor as Cabinet Secretary.
In the 2010 federal election, neither Labor nor the Liberal coalition secured the majority of seats required to form a Government in their own right. In order to counter the potential instability of minority government involved groups may negotiate written agreements defining their terms of support. Such measures were undertaken by the Gillard Government in 2010.[12]
India[edit]
In India if an election results in a 'hung assembly' in one of the state Legislative Assemblies and no party is capable of gaining confidence then fresh elections are announced to be held as soon as possible. Until this occurs President's Rule (or in the State of Jammu and Kashmir 'Governor's Rule') is applied. In India there have been many situations of hung assemblies in the state legislatures.
New Zealand[edit]
The first such occasion was in 1911 when the Liberal Party won fewer seats than the opposition Reform Party despite tallying the most votes. A vote of no confidence was placed by Reform and the Liberals survived by just one vote. This prompted Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward to resign, his replacement Thomas Mackenzie was later defeated in July 1912 in a vote with several MPs and Labour crossing the floor to vote with the opposition, the last time in New Zealand history a government has changed on a confidence vote. This broke 23 years of Liberal governance and William Massey formed a new Reform Party government. Massey governed through to his death in 1925, though in 1922 the Reform Party suffered major losses and Massey was forced negotiate with several Independent MPs to retain power.
In 1928, Reform were ousted from governance and Joseph Ward once again won back power. However, the Reform and United (Liberal) parties were tied on seats with Labour holding the balance of power. Labour chose to back Ward rather than let Reform leader Gordon Coates remain in office. In the next election in 1931, there was again a three-way deadlock. On this occasion the Reform and United parties became a coalition government out of mutual fear of Labour's ever-increasing appeal as the Great Depression worsened.
1993 was the last time a hung parliament occurred in New Zealand. Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard asked Sir David Beattie to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as Prime Minister. [13] However National won an extra seat after special votes were counted, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats (4 were won by third party candidates). Labour's Sir Peter Tapsell agreed to become Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives. As a result, National did not lose a vote in the house and maintained a dubious majority for three years.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the February 1974 General Election, no party gained an overall parliamentary majority. Labour won the most seats (301, which was 17 seats short of an overall majority) with the Conservatives on 297 seats, although the Conservatives had a larger share of the popular vote. As the incumbent Prime Minister, Edward Heath remained in office, attempting to build a coalition with the Liberals. When these negotiations were unsuccessful Heath resigned and Labour led by Harold Wilson took over in a minority government.
In the 2010 UK General Election, another hung parliament occurred with the Conservatives as the largest party, and discussions followed to help create a stable government. This resulted in agreement on a coalition government, which was also a majority government, between the Conservative Party, which won the most votes and seats in the election, and the Liberal Democrats.
In the 2017 UK General Election, a hung parliament occurred for the second time in seven years with the Conservatives again being the largest party. Conservative led by Theresa May in a minority government, with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party.
Working majority[edit]
There have been occasions when, although a parliament or assembly is technically hung, the party in power has a working majority. For example, in the United Kingdom, the tradition is that the Speaker and Deputy Speakers do not vote and Sinn Féin MPs never take their seats, so these members can be discounted from the opposition numbers.
United Kingdom[edit]
In 2005, this was the case in the 60-seat National Assembly for Wales, where Labour lost their majority when Peter Law was expelled for standing against the official candidate in the 2005 Westminster election in the Blaenau Gwent constituency. When the Assembly was first elected on 1 May 2003, Labour won 30 seats, Plaid Cymru won 12, the Conservatives won 11, Liberal Democrats won 6, and the John Marek Independent Party won a seat.
When Dafydd Elis-Thomas (Plaid Cymru) was reelected as the presiding officer, this reduced the number of opposition AMs who could vote to 29, as the presiding officer votes only in the event of a tie and, even then, not on party political lines but according to Speaker Denison's rule. Thus, Labour had a working majority of one seat until Law ran in Blaenau Gwent.[14]
See also[edit]
Divided government
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Balanced parliament: No need to rush". The Guardian. London. 2010-05-05.
Jump up ^ "SNP puts case for hung parliament". BBC News. 2010-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Q+A - What happens if no party gets a majority in UK election?". Reuters. May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Paun, Akash (2009-12-04). "Hung up on 'no overall control'". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the era of no overall control". Newstatesman.com. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ "General election 2010 results of a hung parliament", PoliticsRAW. May 08, 2010
Jump up ^ "Election results 2017: UK wakes up to hung Parliament". BBC News. 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Blick, Andrew; Stuart Wilks-Heeg (April 2010). "Governing without majorities: Coming to terms with balanced Parliaments in UK politics" (PDF). Liverpool: Democratic Audit. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "GG agrees to suspend Parliament: Harper". CBC. 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Ward, Alan J. (2014). Parliamentary Government in Australia. Anthem Press. p. 172. ISBN 178308121X. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Bassett, Michael (1982). Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–1931. Auckland: Historical Publications. pp. 64–5. ISBN 0-86870-006-1.
Jump up ^ Fenna, Alan; Jane Robbins; John Summers (2013). Government Politics in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 49. ISBN 1486001386. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ McLean, Gavin (2006). The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General. Otago University Press. ISBN 1-877372-25-0.
Jump up ^ Labour lose assembly majority as Law quits, ePolitix.com. April 17, 2005
External links[edit]
Look up hung parliament in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
United Kingdom[edit]
Charter 2010 – planning for a hung parliament
Hang Em – a pressure group
Hung parliament news, New Statesman
Hung parliaments: What you need to know, Institute for Government (2010)
Q&A: What is a hung parliament?, BBC News (8 March 2010)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&oldid=807296910"
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text:
Your Love Keeps Working on Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Your Love Keeps Working on Me"
Single by Jody Watley
from the album Intimacy
Released
October 12, 1993
Genre
R&B, pop, new jack swing
Label
MCA
Songwriter(s)
John Barnes, Joey Diggs, Robert White
Producer(s)
Art & Rhythm
Jody Watley singles chronology
"It All Begins with You"
(1992) "Your Love Keeps Working on Me"
(1993) "When a Man Loves a Woman"
(1993)
"It All Begins with You"
(1992) "Your Love Keeps Working on Me"
(1993) "When a Man Loves a Woman"
(1993)
"Your Love Keeps Working on Me" is a song performed by the song's co-writer, Joey Diggs, and appeared on the soundtrack to the film, Bébé's Kids.
Contents
1 History
2 Charts
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
It was covered by Jody Watley and released as the first single from her fourth album, Intimacy. "Your Love Keeps Working on Me" reached the top 30 on the R&B chart and was number two dance hit in the U.S.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 100
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 26
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 2
Year-End Charts (1994)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[1] 26
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billboard Dance Club Play Singles - 1994". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Jody Watley
Studio albums
Jody Watley (1987)
Larger Than Life (1989)
Affairs of the Heart (1991)
Intimacy (1993)
Affection (1995)
Flower (1998)
The Saturday Night Experience (1999)
Midnight Lounge (2001)
The Makeover (2006)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1996)
Remix albums
You Wanna Dance with Me? (1989)
Remixes of Love (1994)
Singles
"Looking for a New Love"
"Still a Thrill"
"Don't You Want Me"
"Some Kind of Lover"
"Most of All"
"Real Love"
"Friends"
"Everything"
"Precious Love"
"I Want You"
"I'm the One You Need"
"It All Begins with You"
"Your Love Keeps Working on Me"
"When a Man Loves a Woman"
"Ecstasy"
"Affection"
"Off the Hook"
"Looking for a New Love"
"Borderline"
"I Want Your Love"
Featured singles
"This Is for the Lover in You" (w/ Babyface feat. LL Cool J, Howard Hewett & Jeffrey Daniel)
Related topics
Discography
Shalamar
Avitone Records
Book:Jody Watley

This 1990s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Love_Keeps_Working_on_Me&oldid=791518097"
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Jody Watley songs
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