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Michael Collins (astronaut)
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Michael Collins
Collins in July 1969
NASA astronaut
Nationality
American
Status
Retired
Born
(1930-10-31) October 31, 1930 (age 87)
Rome, Italy
Other occupation
Test pilot
Alma mater
USMA, B.S. 1952
Rank
Major General, USAF
Time in space
11 days, 2 hours, 04 minutes, 43 seconds
Selection
1963 NASA Group 3
Total EVAs
2
Total EVA time
1 hour 28 minutes
Missions
Gemini 10, Apollo 11
Mission insignia
Retirement
January 1970
Awards
Signature
Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon.
Collins was the fourth person, and third American, to perform an EVA; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA.
Prior to becoming an astronaut, he graduated from the United States Military Academy, and from there he joined the United States Air Force and flew F-86 Sabre fighters at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France. He was accepted to the U.S. Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960. He unsuccessfully applied for the second astronaut group, but was accepted for the third group.
After retiring from NASA in 1970 he took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum. He held this position until 1978 when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace. Collins resigned in 1985 to start his own business.
He was married to Patricia Collins until her death in April 2014. They had three children together.
Contents
[hide]
1 Childhood and education
2 Military service
2.1 Test pilot
3 Space program
3.1 Project Gemini
3.1.1 Gemini 10
3.2 Apollo program
3.3 Medical problems
3.4 Apollo 8
3.5 Apollo 11
4 Post-NASA activities
5 Legacy
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Childhood and education[edit]
Collins was born in Rome, Italy, on October 31, 1930, to U.S. Army Major General James Lawton Collins, who served in the army for 38 years.[1][2] For the first 17 years of his life, Collins lived in many places: Rome; Oklahoma; Governors Island, New York; Puerto Rico; San Antonio, Texas; and Alexandria, Virginia. He took his first ride in a plane in Puerto Rico aboard a Grumman Widgeon.[3] Collins studied for two years in the Academia del Perpetuo Socorro in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[4]
After the United States entered World War II, the family moved to Washington, D.C. where Collins attended St. Albans School, and graduated in 1948.[5] His mother wanted him to enter into the diplomatic service, but he decided to follow his father, two uncles, brother and cousin into the armed services. There he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, which also had the advantage of being free of tuition and other fees. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree, finishing 185th out of 527 cadets in 1952, the same class as fellow astronaut Ed White. His decision to join the United States Air Force for his active service was based on both the wonder of what the next 50 years might bring in aeronautics, and also to avoid accusations of nepotism had he joined the Army where his uncle, General J. Lawton Collins, was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army.[6] The Air Force Academy was in its initial construction phase, and would not graduate its first class for several years. In the interim, graduates of the Military Academy were eligible for Air Force commissions, which Collins received.[7]
Military service[edit]
After entering the Air Force, Collins completed flight training at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, in the T-6 Texan, then moved to San Marcos Air Force Base and James Connally Air Force Base, Texas. He was chosen for advanced day fighter training at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, flying F-86 Sabres. This was followed by an assignment to the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing at George Air Force Base, California, where he learned how to deliver nuclear weapons. He transferred with the 21st when it was relocated to Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France, in June 1954.[8]
During a NATO exercise in the summer of 1956, Collins was forced to eject from an F-86 after a fire started aft of the cockpit.[9] He was safely rescued and returned to Chaumont AB, where a wait of several hours ensued, as the base's flight surgeon had joined search parties looking for Collins.[10]
Collins met Patricia Finnegan, his future wife, in an officers' mess. She was from Boston, Massachusetts, and was working for the Air Force service club. After getting engaged, they had to overcome a difference in religion. Collins was nominally Episcopalian, while Finnegan came from a staunchly Roman Catholic family. After seeking permission to marry from Finnegan's father, and delaying their wedding when Collins was redeployed to West Germany during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, they married in the summer of 1957.[11] They had a daughter, actress Kate Collins circa 1959.[12]
After Collins was reassigned to the United States, he attended an aircraft maintenance officer course at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois. He would later describe this school as "dismal" in his autobiography; he found the classwork boring, flying time scarce, and the equipment outdated. Upon completing the course, he commanded a Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) and traveled to air bases around the world.[13] The detachment trained mechanics on the servicing of new aircraft and pilots how to fly them. He later commanded a Field Training Detachment (FTD), which is very similar to an MTD, except the students travel to him.[14]
Test pilot[edit]
With the help of his time as a member of an MTD, Collins accumulated over 1,500 hours of flying, the minimum required for the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. He successfully applied and reported on August 29, 1960, becoming a member of Class 60-C (which included future astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Irwin). Following months of intensive training, Collins was one of the few chosen for a position in fighter operations.[15]
Collins used to smoke heavily, but decided to quit in 1962 after suffering a particularly bad hangover. The next day, he spent what he described as the worst four hours of his life in the right-hand seat of a bomber flicking switches while going through the initial stages of nicotine withdrawal.[16]
The turning point for Collins in his decision to become an astronaut was the Mercury Atlas 6 flight of John Glenn on February 20, 1962, and the thought of being able to circle the Earth in 90 minutes. He immediately applied for the second group of astronauts that year. To raise their numbers, the Air Force sent their best applicants to a "charm school". Medical and psychiatric examinations at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas and interviews at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston followed. In mid-September he found out he had not been accepted, it was a blow even though he did not anticipate to be accepted. Collins still rates the second group of nine as the best group of astronauts ever selected by NASA.[17]
That same year the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School became the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School, as the Air Force tried to enter into the research of space. Collins applied for a new course offered into the basics of spaceflight (other students included Charles Bassett, Edward Givens and Joe Engle). Along with classwork they also flew up to about 90,000 feet in F-104 Starfighters. As they passed through the top of their huge arc, they would experience a brief period of weightlessness. Finishing this course he returned to fighter ops in May 1963.[18]
At the start of June of that year, NASA once again called for astronaut applications. Collins went through the same process as with his first applications, though he did not take the psychiatric evaluation. He was at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas on October 14 when Deke Slayton called and asked if he was still interested in becoming an astronaut. Charlie Bassett was also accepted in the same group.[19]
He has logged approximately 5,000 hours flying time.[20]
Space program[edit]
Collins suiting up for the Apollo 11 flight
For the third group of astronauts, training began with a 240-hour course of the basics of spaceflight. Fifty-eight hours of this was devoted to geology, something that Collins did not readily understand and in which he never became very interested.[21] At the end, Alan Shepard, who was head of the astronaut office, asked the fourteen to rank their fellow astronauts in the order they would want to fly with them in space. Collins picked David Scott in the number one position.[22]
Project Gemini[edit]
After this basic training, the third group were assigned specializations, with Collins receiving his first choice of pressure suits and EVA (spacewalk). His job was to monitor the development and act as a liaison between the Astronaut Office and contractors.[23] Collins was bothered during the secretive planning of Ed White's EVA on Gemini 4, because he was not involved.[24]
In late June 1965, Collins received his first crew assignment, the backup pilot for Gemini 7.[25] He was the first of the 14 to receive a crew assignment, though would not be the first to fly; that honor went to David Scott on Gemini 8.[26]
Gemini 10[edit]
Main article: Gemini 10
Collins with John Young
After the successful completion of Gemini 7, on January 24, 1966, Collins was assigned to the prime crew of Gemini 10 with John Young, with White moving onto the Apollo program.[27] Since Gemini 9 ran into problems, the remaining Gemini objectives had to be completed on the last three flights. While the overall number of objectives increased, the difficulty of Collins' EVA was scaled significantly back. There was no backpack or astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU) from Gemini 8.[27]
Their three-day mission called for them to rendezvous with two different Agena Target Vehicles, undertake two EVAs, and perform 15 different experiments. The training went smoothly, as the crew learned the intricacies of orbital rendezvous, controlling the Agena and, for Collins, EVA. For what was to be the fourth ever EVA, underwater training was not performed, mostly because Collins did not have the time. To train to use the nitrogen gun he would use for propulsion, a super smooth metal surface about the size of a boxing ring was set up. He would stand on a circular pad that used gas jets to raise itself off the surface. Using the nitrogen gun he would practice propelling himself across the "slippery table".[28]
Collins and Young completed all of the major objectives of the flight.[29] The mission called for multiple dockings with the Agena target, but Collins' error in using the sextant caused them to burn valuable fuel, causing mission control to call off this objective.[30] Once docked, the Agena thrust the astronauts to a new altitude record, 474 miles above the Earth and greater than the 295 miles achieved by Voshkod 2.[31]
For his first EVA Collins did not leave the Gemini capsule, but stood up through the hatch with a device that resembled a sextant. In his biography he said he felt at that moment like a Roman god riding the skies in his chariot.[32] The EVA started on the dark side of the Earth so that Collins could take photos of the Milky Way. His eyes teared up, forcing an early end to the EVA.[33]
Prior to the Collins' second EVA, the Agena spacecraft was jettisoned. Young positioned the capsule close enough to Agena 8 for Collins to get to it while attached to his 49 foot umbilical. Collins thought it took much longer to complete tasks than he expected, as Cernan had experienced during his spacewalk. He removed a micro-meteor experiment from the exterior of the spacecraft, and configured his nitrogen maneuvering thruster. Collins had difficulty re-entering the spacecraft, and required Young to pull him back in with the umbilical. The duo continued with more experiments, and then splashed down in the Atlantic, 3.5 miles from the amphibious assault ship USS Guadalcanal.[34]
Apollo program[edit]
The backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight. Collins is on the left, and on the right Thomas Stafford blocks the view of Frank Borman
Shortly after Gemini 10, Collins was assigned to the backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight, with Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Thomas Stafford and Collins as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). Along with learning the new Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) and the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), Collins received helicopter training, as these were thought to be the best way to simulate the landing approach of the LM. After the completion of Project Gemini, it was decided to cancel the Apollo 2 flight, since it would just repeat the Apollo 1 flight. In the process of crews being reassigned, Collins was moved to the CMP position on the Apollo 8 prime crew, since his new crew was Borman, Collins and William Anders. Deke Slayton had decided the CMP should have some spaceflight experience, something Anders did not have. Three years later, this change would be the reason Collins orbited the Moon while Armstrong and Aldrin walked on its surface.[35]
Staff meetings were always held on Fridays in the Astronaut Office and it was here that Collins found himself on January 27, 1967. Don Gregory was running the meeting in the absence of Alan Shepard and so it was he who answered the red phone to be informed there was a fire in the Apollo 1 CM. When the enormity of the situation was ascertained, it fell on Collins to go the Chaffee household to tell Martha Chaffee her husband had died. The Astronaut Office had learned to be proactive in informing astronauts' families of a death quickly, because of the death of Theodore Freeman in an aircraft crash, when a newspaper reporter was the first to his house.[36]
Collins and David Scott were sent by NASA to the Paris Air Show in May 1967. There they met cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Konstantin Feoktistov, with whom they drank vodka on the Soviet's Tupolev Tu-134. Collins found it interesting that some cosmonauts were doing helicopter training like their American counterparts, and Belyayev said that he hoped to make a circum-lunar flight soon. The astronauts' wives had accompanied them on the trip, and Collins and his wife Pat were somewhat forced by NASA and their friends to travel to Metz where they had been married ten years before. There, they found a third wedding ceremony had been arranged for them (ten years previously they had already had civil and religious ceremonies).[37]
Medical problems[edit]
During 1968, Collins noticed that his legs were not working as they should, first during handball games, then as he walked down stairs, his knee would almost give way. His left leg also had unusual sensations when in hot and cold water. Reluctantly he sought medical advice and the diagnosis was a cervical disc herniation, requiring two vertebrae to be fused together.[38] The surgery was performed at Wilford Hall Hospital at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. The planned recuperation time was three to six months.[39] He spent three months in a neck brace. It also removed Collins from the crew of Apollo 9 and moved Jim Lovell up to the prime crew. When the Apollo 8 mission was changed from a CSM/LM in Earth orbit, to a CSM-only flight around the Moon, both prime and backup crews for the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped places.[40]
Apollo 8[edit]
Main article: Apollo 8
Having trained for the flight, Collins was made a capsule communicator (CAPCOM), an astronaut stationed at Mission Control responsible for communicating directly with the crew during a mission.[41] As part of the Green Team, he covered the launch phase up to translunar injection, the rocket burn that sent Apollo 8 to the Moon.[42] The successful completion of the first manned circum-lunar flight was followed by the announcement of the Apollo 11 crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. At that time in January 1969, it was not certain this would be the lunar landing crew, depending on the success of Apollo 9 and Apollo 10 testing the Lunar Module.[43]
Apollo 11[edit]
Collins in Command Module simulator during simulated rendezvous and docking maneuver on June 19, 1969
Main article: Apollo 11
As CMP, Collins's training was completely different from the LM and lunar EVA, and was sometimes done without Armstrong or Aldrin being present. Along with simulators, there were size measurements for pressure suits, centrifuge training to simulate the 10 g reentry, and practicing docking with a huge rig at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, just to name a few. Since he would be the active participant in the rendezvous with the LM, Collins compiled a book[44] of 18 different rendezvous schemes for different scenarios including where the LM did not land, or launched too early or too late. This book ran for 117 pages.[44]
The famous mission patch of Apollo 11 was the creation of Collins. Jim Lovell, the backup commander, mentioned the idea of eagles, a symbol of the United States. Collins liked the idea and found a painting by artist Walter Weber in a National Geographic book, Water, Prey, and Game Birds of North America,[45] traced it and added the lunar surface below and Earth in the background. The idea of an olive branch, a symbol of peace, came from a computer expert at the simulators. The call sign Columbia for the CSM came from Julian Scheer, the NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. He mentioned the idea to Collins in a conversation and Collins could not think of anything better.[46] It was during the training for Apollo 11 Collins told Deke Slayton he did not want to fly again. Slayton offered to get him back into the crew sequence after the flight, and according to Collins, this would probably have been as backup commander of Apollo 14 followed by commander of Apollo 17.[47]:343
Collins sits in the hatch of Apollo 11 Command Module after its return to the MSC's Lunar Receiving Laboratory for detailed examination
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since Adam has any human known such solitude",[48] Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two". During the 48 minutes of each orbit he was out of radio contact with Earth, the feeling he reported was not loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".[49]
After spending so much time with the CSM, Collins felt compelled to leave his mark on it, so during the second night following their return from the Moon, he went to the lower equipment bay of the CM and wrote:
"Spacecraft 107 — alias Apollo 11 — alias Columbia. The best ship to come down the line. God Bless Her. Michael Collins, CMP"[50]
In a July 2009 interview with The Guardian, Collins revealed he was very worried about Armstrong and Aldrin's safety. He was also concerned in the event of their deaths on the Moon, he would be forced to return to Earth alone and, as the mission's sole survivor, be regarded as "a marked man for life".[51]
Post-NASA activities[edit]
Collins, February 2009
After being released from a 18-day quarantine, the crew embarked on a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour across the United States and around the world. Prior to this trip NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine had told Collins that Secretary of State William P. Rogers was interested in appointing Collins to the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. After the crew returned to the U.S. in November, Collins sat down with Rogers and accepted the position on the urgings of President Richard Nixon.[52]
Collins retired from NASA in 1970.[53] In 1971, Collins was appointed director of the National Air and Space Museum.[54] He held this position until 1978,[54] when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[55] Collins completed the Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program in 1974, and in 1980 became Vice President of LTV Aerospace in Arlington, Virginia. He resigned in 1985 to start his own consulting firm, Michael Collins Associates.[56]
He wrote an autobiography in 1974 entitled Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. It is "generally regarded as the best account of what it is like to be an astronaut."[57] He has also written Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space (1988), a history of the American space program, Mission to Mars (1990), a non-fiction book on human spaceflight to Mars, and Flying to the Moon and Other Strange Places (1976), revised and re-released as Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story (1994), a children's book on his experiences. Along with his writing, he has painted watercolors mostly relating to his Florida Everglades home, or aircraft that he flew; they are rarely space-related.[58] Until recently he did not sign his paintings to avoid them increasing in price just because they had his autograph on them.[59]
He retired from the U.S. Air Force Reserves with the rank of Major General.[53][55]
Collins lived with his wife, Pat, in Marco Island, Florida and Avon, North Carolina until her death in April 2014.[60][61]
Legacy[edit]
Congressional Gold Medal, with Apollo 11 crew and John Glenn inscribed
Collins was a long-time trustee of the National Geographic Society and presently serves as Trustee Emeritus.[57] He is also a fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.[20][62]
Collins was inducted into three halls of fame: the International Space Hall of Fame (1977),[8] the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame (1993),[1] and the National Aviation Hall of Fame (1985). In 2008 he was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor in Lancaster, California.[63]
Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins decorated by the Brazilian government, 1969. National Archives of Brazil.
The International Astronomical Union honored him by naming an asteroid after him, 6471 Collins.[8] Also, like the other two Apollo 11 crew members, he has a lunar crater named after him.[64]
He was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross in 1966 for his work in the Gemini Project.[65] Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans pinned the NASA Exceptional Service Medal on Collins and Young in 1966 for their role in the Gemini 10 mission.[66]
He was awarded Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings.[20] Collins, along with the rest of the Apollo 11 crew, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Nixon in 1969 at a state dinner held in their honor.[67] The three were awarded the Collier Trophy in 1969. The National Aeronautic Association president awarded a duplicate trophy to Collins and Aldrin at a ceremony.[68][69] The trio received the international Harmon Trophy for aviators in 1970,[70][71] conferred to them by Vice President Spire Agnew in 1971.[72] Agnew also presented them the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society in 1970. He told them, "You've won a place alongside Christopher Columbus in American history".[73] He also received the Iven C. Kincheloe Award from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) in 1970.[74][75]
In 1999, while celebrating the 30th anniversary of the lunar landing, Vice President Al Gore, who was also the vice chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution's Board of Regents, presented the Apollo 11 crew with the Smithsonian's Langley Gold Medal for aviation. After the ceremony, the crew went to the White House and presented President Bill Clinton with an encased moon rock.[76][77] The crew was awarded the New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal in the Capitol Rotunda in 2011. During the ceremony, NASA administrator Charles Bolden said, "Those of us who have had the privilege to fly in space followed the trail they forged."[55][78]
Collins is one of the astronauts featured in the documentary In the Shadow of the Moon.[79] In 1989, some of his personal papers were transferred to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.[56] He had a small part as "Old Man" in the 2009 movie, Youth in Revolt.[80]
In popular culture[edit]
English rock group Jethro Tull has a song "For Michael Collins, Jeffrey and Me", which appears on the Benefit album from 1970. The song compares the feelings of misfitting from vocalist Ian Anderson (and friend Jeffrey Hammond) with the astronaut's own, as he is left behind by the ones who had the privilege of walking on the surface of the Moon.[81]
In the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11, Collins was played by Jim Metzler.[82] In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, he was played by Cary Elwes.[83] In the 2009 TV movie Moon Shot, he was played by Andrew Lincoln.[84]
In 2013, indie pop group The Boy Least Likely To released the song "Michael Collins" on the album The Great Perhaps. The song uses Collins' feeling that he was blessed to have the type of solitude of being truly separated from all other human contact in contrast with modern society's lack of perspective.[85][86]
American folk artist John Craigie recorded a song titled "Michael Collins" for his 2017 album No Rain, No Rose. The song embraces his role as an integral part of the Apollo 11 mission with the chorus, "Sometimes you take the fame, sometimes you sit back stage, but if it weren't for me them boys would still be there."[87]
In the 2018 film First Man, he will be portrayed by Lukas Haas.[88]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
United States Air Force portal
Spaceflight portal
Moon portal
List of spaceflight records
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Astronauts Add Harmon Trophy to Collection". The Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, Alabama. Associated Press. September 6, 1970. p. 52 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "3 Astronauts get Harmon Trophies". The Times. Shreveport, Louisiana. Associated Press. May 20, 1971. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Agnew Gives Medals to Apollo 11 Crew". The La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Associated Press. February 18, 1970. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Collins, Michael". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Iven C. Kincheloe Recipients". Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boyle, Alan. "Moon Anniversary Celebrated". NBC News. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 astronauts honored for 'astonishing' mission". CNN. July 20, 1999. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NASA Legends Awarded Congressional Gold Medal". NASA. November 16, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "In the Shadow of the Moon: Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Vancher, Barbara (January 8, 2010). "Michael Cera hopes that movie captures the heart of the book". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2010. ...astronaut Michael Collins filmed a bit part as a man selling a broken-down trailer.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Jethro Tull – Benefit review". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (November 17, 1996). "Moon Over 'Apollo 11'". The Los Angeles Times. p. 433 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "From the Earth to the Moon, Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Moon Shot (2009), Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Boy Least Likely To". Pitchfork.
Jump up ^ "Beats Per MinuteAlbum Review: The Boy Least Likely To – The Great Perhaps – Beats Per Minute". Beats Per Minute.
Jump up ^ Moring, JT (April 2017). "John Craigie: Millennial Storyteller". San Diego Troubadour. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "First Man: Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Barbtree, Jay (July 8, 2014). Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight. Macmillan. ISBN 9781743540657.
Butler, Carol L. (1998). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Biographical Data Sheet (PDF). Retrieved February 14, 2006.
Collins, Michael (2001). Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. Lindbergh, Charles (foreword). Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1028-X.
Collins, Michael (2009). Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys. Lindbergh, Charles (foreword). Cooper Square Press. ISBN 9780374531942.
Hansen, James (2005). First Man: The Life of Neil Armstrong. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5631-X.
Reichl, Eugen (2016). Project Gemini. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-5070-2.
Uusma, Bea, (2003). The Man Who Went to the Far Side of the Moon: The Story of Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins. ISBN 9780736227896 (Cengage Learning)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael Collins (astronaut).
Statement From Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins, NASA Public Release no. 09-164. Collins's statement on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, July 9, 2009
Astronautix biography of Michael Collins
Michael Collins on IMDb
Collins at Encyclopedia of Science
Michael Collins, David Mindell (April 1, 2015). Apollo 11's Michael Collins visits MIT/AeroAstro. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
Government offices
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January 6, 1970 – April 11, 1971 Succeeded by
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Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
General Convention
Signed
13 February 1946
Location
New York
Effective
17 September 1946
Condition
1 ratification
Ratifiers
162
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages
French and English
The Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, passed by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 February 1946 in New York, and sometimes referred to as the New York Convention, defines and specifies numerous issues relating to the status of the United Nations, its assets, and officials, in terms of the privileges and immunities that must be granted to them by its member states. As of February 2016, it has been ratified by 162 of the 193 UN member states.
On 21 November 1947, the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies was adopted by GA resolution 179(II) to extend similar privileges to the specialized agencies of the UN. This convention has been ratified by 127 states.
Key provisions[edit]
Establishes Juridical personality of the UN (Art. I)
UN premises shall be inviolable, and UN property shall be immune from search, requisition, confiscation etc. (Art. II)
UN shall be exempt from taxes and customs duties as well as prohibitions and restrictions on imports and exports (Art. II)
Diplomatic immunity of communications and mail (pouch) (Art. III)
Functional immunity of delegates (Art. IV), officials (Art. V) and experts (Art. VI)
Recognition of United Nations Laissez-Passer (Art. VII)
The conventions are in force "with regard to each State which has deposited an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations as from the date of its deposit", i.e. not merely by a state's membership in the UN. Several states, for example the United States of America, have accepted the conventions only with some reservations.
References[edit]
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
Original text
Dates of accession, Declarations and Reservations
Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies
Original Text
Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies – Dates of accession, Declarations and Reservations
External links[edit]
Introductory note by August Reinisch and procedural history note on the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Status Page of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations in the UN website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_the_Privileges_and_Immunities_of_the_United_Nations&oldid=821076692"
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Red-Light District, Montreal
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Neighbourhood in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Red-Light District
Neighbourhood
Quartier du Red-Light
Red-Light District
Location of the Red-Light District in Montreal
Coordinates: 45°30′36″N 73°33′50″W / 45.509873°N 73.563768°W / 45.509873; -73.563768Coordinates: 45°30′36″N 73°33′50″W / 45.509873°N 73.563768°W / 45.509873; -73.563768
Country
Canada
Province
Quebec
City
Montreal
Borough
Ville-Marie
The Café Cléopâtre on Saint-Laurent Boulevard.
The Red-Light District (French: Quartier du Red Light) of Montreal, Quebec, Canada was formerly centred on the intersection of Saint Laurent Boulevard and Saint Catherine Street in the borough of Ville-Marie.
The neighbourhood has historically been home to cabarets and illegal businesses as early as the mid-nineteenth century, but especially between 1925 and early 1960s. The term Red Light recalls the old lantern on the doors of brothels. Gambling, illicit taverns and prostitution have marked the history of this area, also related to Prohibition in the United States and Montreal's status as a port-city. Today, there are still traces of this type of activity, but it is much more discreet.
The variety shows that took place in the neighbourhood launched the careers of several foreign artists and was equally the starting point for many local artists. There still remains some strip clubs and cabarets in the area, such as the Café Cleopatre, threatened with demolition in 2009 by an urban renewal project linked to the nearby Quartier des spectacles. The Montreal Pool Room fast-food restaurant is also located there.
Description[edit]
Montreal Pool Room at its new location across the street after its 2012 expropriation by the city of Montreal.
There is no official red-light district, although the definition of the boundaries has varied according to both the source and the time period. According to Viviane Namaste in 1973, it was bordered by René Lévesque Boulevard to the south, Sherbrooke Street to the north, Saint Laurent Boulevard to the west and Saint Denis Street to the east.[1] According to Daniel Proulx, it was defined early in the twentieth century by Sherbrooke Street to the north, Saint-Denis Street to the east, Bleury Street to the west and by Old Montreal to the south. Proulx claims that today, it has shrunk to centre on the corner of Sainte-Catherine and Saint-Laurent, the area's historical heart.[2]
Veneral Infections acquired in the City of Montreal
Anna Labelle, alias Madam Émile Beauchamp
Prostitution, gambling and drinking were more prevalent in this area because of its proximity to the city centre, which is often a major tourist attraction, and the high density of liquor shops (taverns, bars, night clubs, cabarets, etc.).
The red-light district is used as a setting in the Kathy Reichs novel Déjà Dead.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
The End of Pinky, an animated short set in the district
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Namaste, Viviane (2005). C'était du spectacle! L'Histoire des artistes transsexuelles à Montréal: 1955-1985. Studies on the History of Quebec / Études d'histoire du Québec (in French). McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2908-X.
Jump up ^ Proulx, Daniel (1997). Le Red Light de Montréal (in French). VLB éditeur.
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Red-Light District, Montreal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-Light_District,_Montreal&oldid=840303574"
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