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Taraxacum
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"Dandelion" redirects here. It may refer to any of the genus Taraxacum or specifically to Taraxacum officinale. For similar plants, see False dandelion. For other uses, see Dandelion (disambiguation)
Dandelion
A dandelion flower head composed of numerous small florets (top). The seed head is shown below it.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Cichorioideae
Tribe: Cichorieae
Subtribe: Crepidinae
Genus: Taraxacum
F. H. Wigg.
Type species
Taraxacum officinale [1]
F. H. Wigg.
Taraxacum (/təˈræksəkʊm/) is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. They are native to Eurasia and North America, but the two commonplace species worldwide, T. officinale and T. erythrospermum, were introduced from Europe and now propagate as wildflowers.[2] Both species are edible in their entirety.[3] The common name dandelion (/ˈdændɪlaɪ.ən/ DAN-di-ly-ən, from French dent-de-lion, meaning "lion's tooth") is given to members of the genus. Like other members of the Asteraceae family, they have very small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. In part due to their abundance along with being a generalist species, dandelions are one of the most vital early spring nectar sources for a wide host of pollinators.[4] Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Seed dispersal
1.2 False dandelions
2 Classification
2.1 Selected species
2.2 Cultivars
3 History
4 Names
5 Properties
5.1 Edibility
5.2 Medicinal uses
5.3 Food for wildlife
5.4 Benefits to gardeners
5.5 Cultural importance
5.6 Dangers
5.7 As a noxious weed
5.8 As source of natural rubber
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
The species of Taraxacum are tap-rooted, perennial, herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus contains many species, which usually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) reproduce by apomixis, resulting in many local populations and endemism. In the British Isles alone, 234 microspecies are recognised in 9 loosely defined sections, of which 40 are "probably endemic".[6]
In general, the leaves are 5–25 cm long or longer, simple, lobed, and form a basal rosette above the central taproot. The flower heads are yellow to orange coloured, and are open in the daytime, but closed at night. The heads are borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) that is usually leafless and rises 1–10 cm or more[2] above the leaves. Stems and leaves exude a white, milky latex when broken. A rosette may produce several flowering stems at a time. The flower heads are 2–5 cm in diameter and consist entirely of ray florets. The flower heads mature into spherical seed heads called blowballs[7] or clocks (in both British and American English)[8][9][10][11] containing many single-seeded fruits called achenes. Each achene is attached to a pappus of fine hairs, which enable wind-aided dispersal over long distances.
The flower head is surrounded by bracts (sometimes mistakenly called sepals) in two series. The inner bracts are erect until the seeds mature, then flex downward to allow the seeds to disperse. The outer bracts are often reflexed downward, but remain appressed in plants of the sections Palustria and Spectabilia. Some species drop the parachute from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes are called pappus, and they are modified sepals. Between the pappus and the achene is a stalk called a beak, which elongates as the fruit matures. The beak breaks off from the achene quite easily, separating the seed from the parachute.
Seed dispersal[edit]
Segment of pappus fiber showing barbs
A number of species of Taraxacum are seed-dispersed ruderals that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especially the common dandelion (T. officinale), which has been introduced over much of the temperate world. After flowering is finished, the dandelion flower head dries out for a day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop off, the bracts reflex (curve backwards), and the parachute ball opens into a full sphere. When development is complete, the mature seeds are attached to white, fluffy “parachutes” which easily detach from the seed head, glide by wind, and disperse.
False dandelions[edit]
Hawksbeard flower heads and ripe seeds are sometimes confused with dandelions.
Many similar plants in the Asteraceae family with yellow flowers are sometimes known as false dandelions. Dandelions are very similar to catsears (Hypochaeris). Both plants carry similar flowers, which form into windborne seeds. However, dandelion flowers are borne singly on unbranched, hairless and leafless, hollow stems, while catsear flowering stems are branched, solid, and carry bracts. Both plants have a basal rosette of leaves and a central taproot. However, the leaves of dandelions are smooth or glabrous, whereas those of catsears are coarsely hairy.
Early-flowering dandelions may be distinguished from coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) by their basal rosette of leaves, their lack of disc florets, and the absence of scales on the flowering stem.[12]
Other plants with superficially similar flowers include hawkweeds (Hieracium) and hawksbeards (Crepis). These are readily distinguished by branched flowering stems, which are usually hairy and bear leaves.
Classification[edit]
The genus is taxonomically complex, with some botanists dividing the group into about 34 macrospecies, and about 2000 microspecies;[13] about 235 apomictic and polyploid microspecies have been recorded in Great Britain and Ireland.[14] Some botanists take a much narrower view and only accept a total of about 60 species.[13]
Selected species[edit]
Taraxacum albidum, a white-flowering Japanese dandelion
Taraxacum aphrogenes, Paphos dandelion
Taraxacum brevicorniculatum, frequently misidentified as Taraxacum kok-saghyz, and a poor rubber producer
Taraxacum californicum, the endangered California dandelion
Taraxacum centrasiaticum, the Xinjiang dandelion
Taraxacum ceratophorum, northern dandelion[15]
Taraxacum erythrospermum, often considered a variety of T. laevigatum[16]
Taraxacum farinosum, Turkish dandelion
Taraxacum holmboei, Troödos dandelion
Taraxacum japonicum, Japanese dandelion, no ring of smallish, downward-turned leaves under the flowerhead
Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Russian dandelion, which produces rubber[17]
Taraxacum laevigatum, red-seeded dandelion, achenes reddish brown and leaves deeply cut throughout length, inner bracts' tips are hooded
Taraxacum mirabile
Taraxacum officinale (syn. T. officinale subsp. vulgare), common dandelion. Found in many forms.
Taraxacum pankhurstianum
Taraxacum platycarpum, the Korean dandelion
T. albidum
T. californicum
T. japonicum
T. laevigatum
T. officinale
T. platycarpum
Cultivars[edit]
'Amélioré à Coeur Plein' yields an abundant crop without taking up much ground, and tends to blanch itself naturally, due to its clumping growth habit.
'Broad-leaved' - The leaves are thick and tender and easily blanched. In rich soils, they can be up to 60 cm wide. Plants do not go to seed as quickly as French types.
'Vert de Montmagny' is a large-leaved, vigorous grower, which matures early.[18]
History[edit]
Dandelions are thought to have evolved about 30 million years ago in Eurasia.[19] Fossil seeds of †Taraxacum tanaiticum have been recorded from the Pliocene of southern Russia.[20] Dandelions have been used by humans for food and as an herb for much of recorded history.[21] They were well known to ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, and have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for over a thousand years. Dandelions probably arrived in North America on the Mayflower—not as stowaways, but brought on purpose for their medicinal benefits.[22]
Despite its useful properties, the dandelion is commonly regarded as a weed[why?], as a result of the rise of lawn culture and marketing by herbicide companies.[23][24][25][26]
Names[edit]
Leaf resemblance to lion tooth
The Latin name Taraxacum originates in medieval Persian writings on pharmacy. The Persian scientist Al-Razi around 900 CE wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". The Persian scientist and philosopher Ibn Sīnā around 1000 CE wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerard of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170, spelled it tarasacon.[27]
The English name, dandelion, is a corruption of the French dent de lion[28] meaning "lion's tooth", referring to the coarsely toothed leaves. The plant is also known as blowball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, witch's gowan, milk witch, lion's-tooth, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest's-crown, and puff-ball;[29] other common names include faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed,[30] swine's snout,[31] white endive, and wild endive.[32]
The English folk name "piss-a-bed" (and indeed the equivalent contemporary French pissenlit) refers to the strong diuretic effect of the plant's roots.[33] In various northeastern Italian dialects, the plant is known as pisacan ("dog pisses"), because they are found at the side of pavements.[34]
In Swedish, it is called maskros (worm rose) after the small insects (thrips) usually present in the flowers.[35] In Finnish and Estonian, the names (voikukka, võilill) translate as butter flower, due to the color of the flower. In Lithuanian, it is known as "Pienė", meaning "milky", because of the white latex that is produced when the stems are cut. The Welsh (dant-y-llew), German (Löwenzahn), Norwegian (løvetann) and Spanish (diente de león) names mean the same as the French and the English names.
Properties[edit]
Hand coloured print, plate 1 of Dens Leonis in A Curious Herbal, 1737 by Elizabeth Blackwell
1679 hand coloured print by Maria Sibylla Merian of a dandelion as plant host to the pale tussock moth.
Edibility[edit]
The entire plant, including the leaves, stems, flowers, and roots are edible, and have much nutritional value. Dandelions are found on 6 continents and have been gathered for food since prehistory, but the varieties commercially cultivated for consumption are mainly native to Eurasia and North America. A perennial plant, its leaves grow back if the taproot is left intact. To make leaves more palatable, they are often blanched to remove bitterness,[21] or sauteed in the same way as spinach.[36] Dandelion leaves and buds have been a part of traditional Kashmiri cuisine, Albanian cuisine, Slovenian, Sephardic, Chinese, and Korean cuisines. In Crete, the leaves of a variety called 'Mari' (Μαρί), 'Mariaki' (Μαριάκι), or 'Koproradiko' (Κοπροράδικο) are eaten by locals, either raw or boiled, in salads. T. megalorhizon, a species endemic to Crete, is eaten in the same way; it is found only at high altitudes (1000 to 1600 m) and in fallow sites, and is called pentaramia (πενταράμια) or agrioradiko (αγριοράδικο).[37]
The flower petals, along with other ingredients, usually including citrus, are used to make dandelion wine. The ground, roasted roots can be used as a caffeine-free dandelion coffee.[38] Dandelion was also traditionally used to make the traditional British soft drink dandelion and burdock, and is one of the ingredients of root beer. Also, dandelions were once delicacies eaten by the Victorian gentry, mostly in salads and sandwiches.
Dandelion leaves contain abundant vitamins and minerals, especially vitamins A, C, and K, and are good sources of calcium, potassium, iron, and manganese.[39]
The flowers of dandelions are typically eaten before they start to become seed heads, as although the fluffy “parachutes” are edible they are tasteless and their texture is considered unpleasant in the mouth.
Medicinal uses[edit]
See also: Taraxacum officinale § Herbal_medicine
Historically, dandelion was prized for a variety of medicinal properties, and it contains a number of pharmacologically active compounds.[40] Dandelion is used as a herbal remedy in Europe, North America, and China.[40] It has been used in herbal medicine to treat infections, bile and liver problems,[40] and as a diuretic.[40]
Dandelion has been used as a medicinal plant for thousands of years to treat inflammation, swollen lymph nodes, cysts and abscesses, as well detoxifying the kidney and liver.[41][42]
Food for wildlife[edit]
Taraxacum seeds are an important food source for certain birds.[43] Dandelions are also important plants for Northern Hemisphere bees, providing an important source of nectar and pollen early in the season.[44] Dandelions are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). They are also used as a source of nectar by the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), one of the earliest emerging butterflies in the spring.
Benefits to gardeners[edit]
The dandelion plant is a beneficial weed, with a wide range of uses, and is even a good companion plant for gardening. Its taproot brings up nutrients for shallower-rooting plants, and adds minerals and nitrogen to soil. It is also known to attract pollinating insects and release ethylene gas, which helps fruit to ripen.[45]
Cultural importance[edit]
Four dandelion flowers are the emblem of White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.[46] The citizens celebrate spring with an annual Dandelion Festival.
The dandelion is the official flower of the University of Rochester and "Dandelion Yellow" is one of the school's official colors. "The Dandelion Yellow" is an official University of Rochester song.[47]
Dangers[edit]
Dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. Contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported, probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.[48][medical citation needed] Due to its high potassium level, dandelion can also increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing diuretics.[49]
As a noxious weed[edit]
Dandelions are considered an invasive plant in Alaska, and thrive in the long hours of daylight in summer there, such as this tall specimen, at 85 centimetres (33 in)
The species T. officinale is listed as a noxious weed in some jurisdictions,[50] and is considered a nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in North America.[51] It is also an important weed in agriculture and causes significant economic damage because of its infestation in many crops worldwide.[50]
As source of natural rubber[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)
Dandelions secrete latex when the tissues are cut or broken, yet in the wild type, the latex content is low and varies greatly. Using modern cultivation methods and optimization techniques, scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) in Germany developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber. The latex produced exhibits the same quality as the natural rubber from rubber trees.[52] In collaboration with Continental Tires, IME is building a pilot facility. As of May 2014, the first prototype test tires made with blends from dandelion-rubber are scheduled for testing on public roads over the next few years.[53]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b A. J. Richards (1970). "Eutriploid facultative agamospermy in Taraxacum". New Phytologist. 69 (3): 761–774. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02461.x. JSTOR 2430530.
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Jump up ^ Reported in An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, by Walter W. Skeat (1888) (Downloadable at Archive.org). In An Etymology Dictionary of Modern English by Ernest Weekley (1921) it is reported that Arabic tarashaqun is derivable in turn from Persian talkh chakok, bitter herb (Downloadable at Archive.org).
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External links[edit]
Media related to Taraxacum at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q30024
APDB: 195326
EoL: 49106
EPPO: 1TARG
FloraBase: 22292
FNA: 132314
FoC: 132314
GBIF: 5393839
GRIN: 11886
iNaturalist: 47603
IPNI: 328762-2
ITIS: 36199
NCBI: 49743
NZOR: d47cf699-0a24-46e4-baf1-59d99908b92c
Plantarium: 42742
PLANTS: TARAX
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328762-2
Tropicos: 40010269
VASCAN: 1740
Authority control
NDL: 00576619
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Tussilago farfara

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Ibn Sīnā

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Corruption (linguistics)

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Pale tussock moth

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Dandelion wine (wine)

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Companion plant

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Taxon (journal)

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//www.jstor.org/stable/1222201

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University of Wisconsin

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Stace, C. A.

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New Jersey On-Line

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https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TARG

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https://www.gbif.org/species/5393839

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