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Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
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Rachel Lindsay Rene Bush and Sidney Robyn[1] Danae Bush (born May 25, 1970, Los Angeles) are former child actresses, best known for their combined (alternating) role as Carrie Ingalls, in the drama series Little House on the Prairie. They are identical twin sisters, born to actor Billy "Green" Bush and Carole Kay Bush. Their older brother, Clay, is also an actor. Their shared character's younger sister Grace Ingalls was played by Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Post-Little House
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 External links
6 References
Career[edit]
Prior to Little House on the Prairie debuting on September 11, 1974, they starred in the made-for-television drama Sunshine (1973), as Jill Hayden. In 1978, in the season five Little House episode "The Godsister," the sisters are shown together playing different characters. The twins' final appearance on the series was on May 10, 1982.
In the final season, their absence was explained that the family (except Laura) moved to Burr Oak, Iowa, to pursue a promising life. Several months later, the series was canceled. The opening credits of the series showed one of the twins running in a meadow behind the credit "Lindsay Sidney Greenbush," leading many viewers to believe that was one little actress's full name. During the course of the series, Sidney had broken her arm several times and it was in a cast. Lindsay did most of the scenes as Carrie.
Post-Little House[edit]
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In 1983, Lindsay guest starred in a Matt Houston episode as an abuse victim. Sidney starred in the film, Hambone and Hillie in 1983. The twins starred in a few commercials, Doublemint Gum, Mattel Toys, Kentucky Fried Chicken, etc. The twins decided to retire from acting, and continue their studies at public school. They graduated from Santa Monica High in 1988.
Personal life[edit]
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Sidney was married to horse breeder William "Rocky" Foster for nine years, until his suicide at age 55 in 2009.
Lindsay has been married to Daniel Sanchez since 2014. They originally met on the Little House set at Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley (where exterior scenes were filmed) when she was a small child and he was a teenager who lived nearby. She has said Michael Landon allowed him to watch them film at "Big Sky Ranch." Decades later, they met again, and married in the same spot where they first met.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1973 Sunshine Jill Hayden both; TV movie
1974 Little House on the Prairie Carrie Ingalls both; pilot movie
1974–82 Little House on the Prairie Carrie Ingalls both
1978 Little House on the Prairie Alyssa both; episode 5.06 "The Godsister"
1979 Little House Years Carrie Ingalls both; post-series TV movie
1983 Hambone and Hillie Amy McVickers Sidney
1983 Matt Houston Butterfly Lindsay / episode 2.09 "Butterfly"
2001 To Tell the Truth Herself Sidney / aired October 30
2007 Weekend Today Herself Lindsay / aired May 20
External links[edit]
Lindsay Greenbush on IMDb
Sidney Greenbush on IMDb
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sidney changed the way she spells her name from original Robin to Robyn so as to sound "more feminine".
Jump up ^ http://www.zunshine.com/turnbaugh/biography.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_and_Sidney_Greenbush&oldid=806303483"
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Terre Haute, Indiana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Terre Haute" redirects here. For other uses, see Terre Haute (disambiguation).
City in Indiana, United States
Terre Haute, Indiana
City
City of Terre Haute
Downtown Terre Haute, looking southwest

Seal
Nickname(s): "Queen City of the Wabash"
"The Crossroads of America,"
"Capital of the Wabash Valley"
Motto(s): A Level Above

Location of Terre Haute in Vigo County, Indiana.
Coordinates: 39°28′11″N 87°23′23″W / 39.46972°N 87.38972°W / 39.46972; -87.38972
Country
United States
State
Indiana
County
Vigo
Government
• Mayor
Duke Bennett (R) [1]
Area[2]
• Total
35.27 sq mi (91.35 km2)
• Land
34.55 sq mi (89.48 km2)
• Water
0.72 sq mi (1.86 km2)
Elevation[3]
499 ft (152 m)
Population (2010)[4]
• Total
60,785
• Estimate (2016)[5]
60,852
• Density
1,761.32/sq mi (680.05/km2)
Demonym(s)
Hautean
/ˈhoʊʃɪn/
Time zone
EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)
812 & 930
FIPS code
18-75428[6]
GNIS feature ID
444648
Interstate Highways
I-70
U.S. Highways
US 40
US 41
US 150
Major State Roads
SR 46
SR 63
SR 641
Waterways
Wabash River
Airports
Terre Haute Regional Airport
Public transit
Terre Haute Transit
Website
http://www.terrehaute.in.gov/
Terre Haute (/ˌtɛrə ˈhoʊt/ TERR-ə HOHT[7]) is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States,[8] near the state's western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 60,785 and its metropolitan area had a population of 170,943.
Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the self-proclaimed capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to several higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Climate
2 History and economy
2.1 Major employers
3 Government
3.1 Terre Haute Federal Correctional Complex
4 Demographics
4.1 2010 census
4.2 2000 census
5 Education
6 Transportation
6.1 Airports
6.2 Highways
6.3 Bus service
7 Parks and recreation
7.1 Terre Haute Parks Department
7.2 LaVern Gibson Championship Cross Country Course
7.3 Golf courses
7.4 Baseball — The Terre Haute Rex
8 Culture
8.1 Arts
8.2 Performing arts
8.3 Music
8.4 Museums
8.5 2013 Year of the River
8.6 Festivals
8.7 Sister cities
8.8 Legends
9 Media
9.1 Newspaper
9.2 Magazine
9.3 Television
9.4 Radio
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Geography[edit]
Terre Haute is located alongside the eastern bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles (121 km) west of Indianapolis.
According to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles (91.35 km2), of which 34.54 square miles (89.46 km2) (or 97.92%) is land and 0.732 square miles (1.90 km2) (or 2.08%) is water.[9]
The Wabash River dominates the physical geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the historic flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, respectively. In the late 19th century (particularly during the Terre Haute Oil Craze of 1889), several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. Pioneer Oil of Lawrenceville, IL, began drilling for oil at 10th and Chestnut streets on the Indiana State University campus in late December 2013, the first oil well drilled in downtown Terre Haute since 1903.[10] That well produced oil into the 1920s.
Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways: U.S. 40 from California to Maryland and US 41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. (US 41 is now locally named "3rd Street," but historically it was "7th Street," making "7th and Wabash" the Crossroads of America.) Terre Haute is located 77 miles (124 km) southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles (298 km) of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, and Cincinnati.
Climate[edit]
Climate is characterized by relatively high summer temperatures, mean winter temperatures near freezing, and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa" (Humid Continental Climate).[11]
[hide]Climate data for Terre Haute, IN (1981-2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
69
(21) 76
(24) 86
(30) 89
(32) 99
(37) 108
(42) 109
(43) 102
(39) 104
(40) 94
(34) 82
(28) 74
(23) 109
(43)
Average high °F (°C)
38.1
(3.4) 42.4
(5.8) 54.5
(12.5) 65.9
(18.8) 75.8
(24.3) 84.7
(29.3) 87.9
(31.1) 86.8
(30.4) 80.8
(27.1) 68.7
(20.4) 54.9
(12.7) 41.5
(5.3) 65.2
(18.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)
28.7
(−1.8) 32.3
(0.2) 43.5
(6.4) 54.4
(12.4) 64.0
(17.8) 73.3
(22.9) 76.6
(24.8) 75.0
(23.9) 67.7
(19.8) 55.6
(13.1) 44.1
(6.7) 32.2
(0.1) 53.9
(12.2)
Average low °F (°C)
19.3
(−7.1) 22.3
(−5.4) 32.4
(0.2) 42.9
(6.1) 52.3
(11.3) 61.8
(16.6) 65.4
(18.6) 63.3
(17.4) 54.7
(12.6) 42.6
(5.9) 33.3
(0.7) 22.9
(−5.1) 42.8
(6)
Record low °F (°C)
−24
(−31) −20
(−29) −8
(−22) 17
(−8) 29
(−2) 36
(2) 41
(5) 42
(6) 27
(−3) 19
(−7) 1
(−17) −22
(−30) −24
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.56
(65) 2.55
(64.8) 3.39
(86.1) 4.57
(116.1) 5.16
(131.1) 4.47
(113.5) 4.61
(117.1) 3.26
(82.8) 3.25
(82.6) 3.52
(89.4) 3.66
(93) 3.07
(78) 44.06
(1,119.1)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
4.2
(10.7) 3.5
(8.9) 0.9
(2.3) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.3
(0.8) 3.2
(8.1) 12.2
(31)
Average precipitation days
9.1 8.7 10.6 12.2 11.2 9.7 9.5 8.2 7.9 9.0 10.4 9.3 115.8
Average snowy days
3.3 1.6 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.8 8.0
Source #1: NOAA [12]
Source #2: Microsoft Weather[13]
History and economy[edit]
Clabber Girl factory complex
Terre Haute's name was derived from the French phrase terre haute (pronounced [tɛʁ ot] in French), meaning "Highland." It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River (see French colonization of the Americas). At the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana.[14]
The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the known beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards and meadows they kept a few miles south of the fort became the site of the present-day city. (Terre Haute's currently affiliated Order of the Arrow lodge of the Boy Scouts of America is named after the last leader of the Wea village, Jacco Godfroy.) The village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816.
Terre Haute became the county seat of newly formed Vigo County in 1818, leading to increased population growth. The village's 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, followed by elevation to city status in 1853.
Early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing. However the business and industrial expansion of the city prior to 1860 developed largely thanks to transportation. The Wabash River, the building of the National Road (now US 40) and the Wabash and Erie Canal linked Terre Haute to the world and broadened the city's range of influence. The economy was based on iron and steel mills, hominy plants and, late in the 19th century, distilleries, breweries and bottle makers. Coal mines and coal operating companies developed to support the railroads, yet agriculture remained predominant, largely due to the role of corn in making alcoholic beverages and food items.
With steady growth and development in the later part of the 19th Century, the vibrant neighborhoods of the city benefited from improved fire protection, the founding of two hospitals, dozens of churches and a number of outlets for amusement. Terre Haute's position as an educational hub was fostered as several institutions of higher education were established. The city developed a reputation for its arts and entertainment offerings. Grand opera houses were built that hosted hundreds of operas and theatrical performances. It became a stop on the popular vaudeville circuit. The development of the streetcar system and later the electric-powered trolleys in the 1890s made it possible for residents to travel with ease to enjoy baseball games, picnics, river excursions, amusement parks and even racing. The famous "Four-Cornered" Racetrack, now the site of Memorial Stadium, was laid out in 1886 and drew the best of the country's trotters and drivers.
On the evening of Easter Sunday, March 23, 1913, a major tornado struck Terre Haute at approximately 9:45 p.m.[15][16] It demolished more than 300 homes, killed twenty-one people and injured 250.[17] Damage to local businesses and industries was estimated at $1 million to $2 million (in 1913 dollars). Up to that time it was the deadliest tornado to hit Indiana.[18] Heavy rains followed the tornado, causing the Wabash River to rise. By midday on Tuesday, March 25, West Terre Haute (Taylorville) was three-quarters submerged.[18]
On Saturday June 16, 1923, and through to the following dawn, the largest Ku Klux Klan rally ever held in Indiana took place in Forest Park, five miles (eight point zero kilometres) north of Terre Haute. A special train of eight coaches brought Klan members from Indianapolis, another came from Evansville and Vincennes, and another brought 1,000 Klansmen from Muncie. It was reported that Klansmen from throughout Indiana and many surrounding states attended, with an estimated crowd of 75,000. Proceeds from the rally were to build a $100,000 Klan home just north of Terre Haute. At 9:00 p.m. 5,000 robed Klansmen paraded through the city. On their return to the park six 30-foot (9.1 m) tall crosses were burned. Fifteen hundred candidates were initiated into the Klan and 500 women joined the auxiliary.[19]
Like all U.S. communities, Terre Haute experienced economic swings as the country's economic base has evolved. Before the Great Depression brought the U.S. economy to a halt, outside influences such as Prohibition and the decline of the country's railroads had a negative effect on two of Terre Haute's major industries - distilleries/breweries and the railroad repair works. However, in 1940 it was selected for a new United States penitentiary built on 1,126 acres (456 ha) south of the city.
World War II brought an economic upswing with the development of three ordnance plants in the county and the revitalization of the coal, railroad and agriculture industries. Terre Haute remained dependent on consumer manufacturers such as Quaker Maid, the world's largest food processing factory under one roof. The city was an enthusiastic participant in the war effort with troop send-offs, victory gardens, bond sales, civil defense drills, parades, and ceremonies. 1943 saw the opening of the country’s 100th United Service Organizations (USO) facility in Terre Haute.
Following the war, Terre Haute gained several new factories: Pfizer Chemical (1948), Allis-Chalmers (1951), Columbia Records (1954), and Anaconda Aluminum (1959). Yet, the face of downtown Terre Haute began to change in the late 1960s when Interstate 70 was built, passing through Vigo County about five miles south of the path of U.S. 40 (downtown’s Wabash Ave. at the time). As traffic began to concentrate at the U.S. 41 interchange, many downtown businesses relocated to Honey Creek Mall shopping center, built in 1968.
Throughout the period, civic groups developed to work toward boosting the economy. The Terre Haute Committee for Area Progress developed the Fort Harrison Industrial Park in the 1970s. Grow Terre Haute in the mid-1980s urged on the establishment of new stores, factories, and high-tech industrial parks that helped to stabilize the economy and enhance community life. Most encouraging were the arrival of the Digital Audio Disc Corporation (DADC), a subsidiary of the global company, Sony, as the first American factory designed exclusively to make compact discs. In other developments over these years, railroad overpasses eased traffic congestion, law enforcement strengthened, and several national and state awards for volunteerism and citizen participation boosted local pride.
Like other Midwest manufacturing cities, Terre Haute faced daunting challenges as it neared the end of the 20th century. Outmigration of the population and the closure of long-time manufacturing operations were economic challenges that community leaders met with a combination of hard work and ingenuity.
Downtown Terre Haute.
Much of the city’s resiliency can be attributed to the diversity of the local economy. Manufacturing continues to be an important part of that, thanks to the formation of the Vigo County Industrial Park over 20 years ago. The efforts of the Terre Haute Economic Development Corporation, in cooperation with city and county government, have made the Industrial Park home to some of the world’s leading companies – Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional’s (CSN’s) cold-roll steel processing facility, Staples Corporation’s Midwest Distribution Center, Advics automotive brake systems manufacturing facility and ThyssenKrupp Presta’s automotive steering systems manufacturing facility and CertainTeed’s fiber cement board manufacturing plant.
The revitalization of the downtown area can be traced to the construction of First Financial Bank’s new headquarters building in the late 1980s and creation of the city's first tax increment financing (TIF) district, which funded the first downtown parking structure. Over the years, more initiatives followed, including construction of several new office buildings and a second downtown parking structure.
With the efforts of nonprofit groups such as Downtown Terre Haute and the expansion of the campus of Indiana State University, many positive changes have once again spurred growth downtown. Several new hotels and businesses have been added to the "Crossroads of America" near 7th & Wabash, outdoor events and festivals attract crowds nearly every weekend during the summer months and the 7th Street Arts Corridor and Terre Haute Children’s Museum, completed in 2010, enhance the appeal of the downtown area. It was these developments over several years that inspired property owners throughout downtown to rehab and renovate their buildings, including Hulman & Company and many individual owners.
Renovation of the city's 1930s-era Federal Building to house Indiana State University's Scott College of Business in 2010 [20] and development of a new downtown location for Indiana State University Foundation and the university's bookstore in 2011 [21] strengthened ties between the city and the university. In 2015 Indiana State University partnered with developers to build a student housing facility in the heart of downtown,[22] and other downtown residential development followed.
In addition to significant, recent advancements in manufacturing, downtown revitalization and higher education, Terre Haute continues to be a major regional center for health care, retail shopping, recreation, entertainment and the arts. The city was named the "Community of the Year" in 2010 by the Indiana Chamber of Commerce [23] and was a quarter-finalist in the 2015 America's Best Communities contest operated by Frontier Telephone and Dish Network.[24]
Major employers[edit]
Advics
Alorica
Bemis Company
Casey's General Stores
City of Terre Haute
First Financial Bank
Indiana State University
Ivy Tech Community College
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation (Sony DADC)
Taghleef Industries, Inc
Terre Haute Regional Hospital
Union Hospital
Union Associated Physicians
United States Federal Correctional Complex
Vigo County School Corporation
Vigo County
GE Aviation has two facilities, a large structures fabrication facility, and a component repair facility
Government[edit]
Vigo County Courthouse
Duke Bennett, Republican, began his third term as Terre Haute's mayor in January 2016.
The City Council has six members each representing a district and three members-at-large.
Terre Haute Federal Correctional Complex[edit]
Terre Haute is the location of the Federal Correctional Complex, located on Highway 63, two miles south of the city. The complex includes a medium security Federal Correctional Institution and a high security United States Penitentiary.[25] The penitentiary houses the Special Confinement Unit for inmates serving federal death sentences.[25] On June 11, 2001, Timothy James McVeigh, convicted of use of a weapon of mass destruction in the Oklahoma City Bombing, was put to death there by lethal injection.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1850 4,051 —
1860 8,594 112.1%
1870 16,103 87.4%
1880 26,042 61.7%
1890 30,217 16.0%
1900 36,673 21.4%
1910 58,157 58.6%
1920 66,083 13.6%
1930 62,810 −5.0%
1940 62,693 −0.2%
1950 64,214 2.4%
1960 71,786 11.8%
1970 70,335 −2.0%
1980 61,125 −13.1%
1990 57,483 −6.0%
2000 59,614 3.7%
2010 60,785 2.0%
Est. 2016 60,852 [5] 0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[26]
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 60,785 people, 22,645 households, and 12,646 families residing in the city. There were 107,878 people residing in Vigo County. The city's population density was 1,759.8 inhabitants per square mile (679.5/km2). There were 25,518 housing units at an average density of 738.8 per square mile (285.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.5% White, 10.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.
There were 22,645 households of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.0% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.2% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.95.
The median age in the city was 32.7 years. 20% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.4% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.6% male and 48.4% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 59,614 people, 22,870 households, and 13,025 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,908.3 people per square mile (736.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 86.3% White, 9.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. 1.6% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 22,870 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.95.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,018, and the median income for a family was $37,618. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $21,374 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,728. 19.2% of the population and 14.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.4% of those under the age of 18 and 11.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Education[edit]
Rankin Hall, on the campus of Indiana State University.
Campus of Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, founded in 1874.
Terre Haute is served by the Vigo County School Corporation. The corporation manages 18 elementary schools, 5 middle schools, 3 high schools, and 2 alternative schools.
Terre Haute is also home to multiple higher education establishments.
Indiana State University (ISU) is located in downtown Terre Haute. It has an enrollment of approximately 12,000. The Princeton Review placed ISU on its “Best in the Midwest” list of college and universities for nine consecutive years.[27] ISU was also included in the Forbes' "America's Top 650 Colleges." [28]
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology is a private engineering school located just east of the city. The school has been ranked by U.S. News & World Report as the #1 undergraduate engineering school in the nation among institutions whose highest degree in engineering is the master's for 17 consecutive years.[29] The school has an enrollment of approximately 2,200 students on its 200-acre (81 ha) campus.
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College, the nation’s oldest Catholic liberal arts college for women, was founded in 1840 by Saint Mother Theodore Guerin and the Sisters of Providence. Traditionally a women's college, in 2015 SMWC began accepting applications from men as commuter students. The campus is located on 67 acres (27 ha) of woods in the unincorporated community of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, between the Wabash River and the Illinois state line. The college is known for its Mari Hulman George School of Equine Studies, which houses 50 horses on campus, as well as its pre-professional programs including pre-veterinarian, pre-law, pre-medicine, pre-dentistry and several niche programs in leadership development, art therapy, and music therapy.[30]
Ivy Tech Community College, a full-service community college, and Harrison College are also located in the city.
The city has a lending library, the Vigo County Public Library.[31]
Transportation[edit]
Airports[edit]
Terre Haute is served by two airports. The Terre Haute Regional Airport is home to Hulman Field (HUF). The airport has a partnership with multiple military units including the 181st Intelligence Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard. Terre Haute International Airport also houses a flight academy thru Indiana State University.[32] Sky King Airport is 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Terre Haute and mostly serves as training and recreational flights.
Highways[edit]
Interstate 70 to St. Louis (west) and Indianapolis (east). Terre Haute is served by multiple exits. Exit 11 connects with State Road 46, and Exit 7 connects with U.S. 41 on the southwest side of the city. Exit 3 serves West Terre Haute, Indiana via Darwin Road, which provides easy access to downtown Terre Haute via US 150. Exit 1 onto National Drive is marked for both Terre Haute and West Terre Haute, but is only accessible via the eastbound lanes of I-70.
US 40 to Effingham (west) and Indianapolis (east). Travels with Interstate 70. US 40 ran through Terre Haute on Wabash Ave., but in January 2011 INDOT gave the road to the city and paid the city to take care of Wabash Ave.
US 41 to Rockville (north) and Evansville (south). It is the main north-south thoroughfare on Terre Haute's west side. From Maple St. south to I-70, it is marked as 3rd St.; along this stretch is US-41's interchange with I-70.
US 150 enters Terre Haute from neighboring West Terre Haute, Indiana. At 3rd St., US-150 turns south, following the path of US-41.
SR 46 begins at its intersection with US 40 just west of Rose-Hulman. From here, the highway runs south with US 40 to an interchange with I-70. The road then heads through Riley on its way to Bloomington.
SR 63 enters Terre Haute on the city's north side crossing the Wabash River. SR 63 ends at the interchange with US 41 on the north side of town.
SR 641, also known as the Terre Haute Bypass, is a project currently underway by INDOT. The bypass will be a limited access highway running from the interchange of IN-46 & I-70 to US-41 near the industrial park on the city's southside.[33]
Bus service[edit]
All city and intercity buses serve the downtown Cherry Street Multi-Modal Transportation Facility.[34]
The Terre Haute Transit Utility provides bus service via seven day and three evening routes[35] throughout the city. The system's ridership in 2012 was 376,763.[36]
Greyhound Lines provides interstate bus service (St. Louis—Indianapolis).
Miller Trailways[37] Hoosier Ride provides daily round trip express and local bus service to Indianapolis.
Parks and recreation[edit]
Terre Haute has been recognized as a Tree City USA by the Division of Forestry for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources since 1999 and also received the Growth Award, which notes a higher standard of excellence for urban forestry management. Indiana State University is one of four Tree Campuses in the state.[38]
Terre Haute Parks Department[edit]
The Terre Haute Parks Department owns over 1,000 acres (400 ha) of dedicated land, including community parks, neighborhood parks, block parks, two golf courses, as well as trails, greenways, and boulevards.[39]
Some highlights of the Terre Haute Parks Department include:
Deming Park - located on the East side of Terre Haute at Fruitridge and Ohio Boulevard. It is the largest park consisting of 177 acres (72 ha). It is home to the Oakley Playground, Clark-Lansdbaum Holly Arboretum, an 18-hole disc golf course, a public pool, the Spirit of Terre Haute Minitature Train, and a variety of sport facilities including basketball and tennis courts.[40]
Dobbs Park - located on the East Side of Terre Haute, Dobbs Park is a unique City Park which includes a Nature Center and a Native American Museum with an heirloom garden, a 3-acre (1.2 ha) pond, a restored prairie, a butterfly garden, and 3 miles (4.8 km) of trails which will take you past restored wetlands, through pine woods, old growth and second growth forest as well as a 25-acre (10 ha) State Nature Preserve.[41]
National Road Heritage Trail – a multi-use paved trail extending approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from the Twigg Rest Area, to the Indiana State University campus downtown. It is used for running, walking, biking, and rollerblading.[42]
LaVern Gibson Championship Cross Country Course[edit]
The LaVern Gibson Championship Cross Country Course has the distinction of being one of the few purpose-built cross-country courses in the world. The facility is part of 240 acres (0.97 km2) that comprise the Wabash Valley Family Sports Center east of Terre Haute. The course itself is built on a reclaimed coal mine and consists of an external loop of 3 km and four internal loops that allow for circuits of varying lengths. Indiana State University's Cross-Country team uses the Gibson Course for its home meets. The course has also hosted multiple NCAA national championship meets.
Golf courses[edit]
The Landing at Fort Harrison
Hulman Links
Idle Creek Golf Course
Rea Park Golf Course
The Country Club of Terre Haute
Mark's Par Three
Baseball — The Terre Haute Rex[edit]
The Terre Haute Rex is Terre Haute’s collegiate summer baseball team, founded in 2010. A member of the Prospect League, the team plays its home games at Bob Warn Field at ISU’s Sycamore Stadium, The Rex’s season runs from late May through early August. The team gets its name from a product with a historic connection to the community, Rex Coffee, roasted and packed in downtown Terre Haute by Clabber Girl Corporation and for many years a household name across the Midwest.
The Rex is building on a rich history of professional baseball in Terre Haute stretching back to 1884 that includes some of the most famous names associated with the game, including Hall-of-Famers Mordecai Brown and Max Carey, Josh Devore, Negro League Baseball All-Star Junius Bibbs, Vic Aldridge, Art Nehf (who holds the National League record for most World Series games pitched), Paul "Dizzy" Trout, Jim "Jumbo" Elliott, Harry Taylor and Bill Butland. More recent professional stars include pitcher Tommy John; (who won 288 games in his 26-year major league career) and catcher Brian Dorsett, both of whom played for the New York Yankees during their careers. Terre Haute North grad Josh Phegley is currently a member of the Oakland A's, and Terre Haute South grad A.J. Reed moved up to the Houston Astros in 2016.[43]
Terre Haute was represented for 53 season in various leagues; chiefly the Three-I League and the Central League; winning 7 titles during that time.
Culture[edit]
Terre Haute has made a very valiant effort to revitalize the businesses and culture in its downtown district. From festivals, museums, restaurants, shopping, and the addition of multiple hotels in the area it has greatly improved the overall image of downtown Terre Haute. Its revitalization efforts were recognized in 2010 when the Indiana Chamber of Commerce named Terre Haute Indiana's Community of the Year.[44]
Arts[edit]
Located on Seventh Street between Wabash Avenue and Ohio Street, Terre Haute Arts Corridor includes the Swope Art Museum as well as two galleries: the Halcyon Contemporary Art Gallery and Gopalan Contemporary Art.[45] The first Friday of every month features art openings, musical performances, and socializing.[46]
The Swope Art Museum, open and free to the public since 1942, boasts a nationally recognized collection of American art including work by Edward Hopper, Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, Janet Scudder, Andy Warhol, Ruth Pratt Bobbs, Robert Motherwell, Robert Rauschenberg and many others.
The Turman Art Gallery at Indiana State University features rotating exhibitions by student and faculty artists. In 2007, the university was the recipient of nearly 150 Andy Warhol photographs and prints as part of the Andy Warhol Photographic Legacy Program. These additions will be added to the other Andy Warhol prints already held in the university's permanent collection. The gallery's Permanent Art Collection and Study Collection includes a total of 3,600 paintings, sculptures, ceramics, drawings, prints, and photographs.
The cornerstone of the Terre Haute Arts Corridor is the historic Indiana Theater. Designed by famed theater architect John Eberson in Spanish Andalusian style and opened in 1922, this theater seats 1,674 and houses a screen measuring 54' x 33', which is the second-largest in the state.[47] The theater, which had long sat vacant, was recently restored and is being used for concerts, film screenings and other events.[48]
Terre Haute is home to several arts non-profits, including Wabash Valley Art Spaces and Arts Illiana.
Performing arts[edit]
Community Theatre of Terre Haute presented its first shows in 1928.[49] A staple of the Terre Haute arts scene, Community Theatre is a volunteer theatre producing five varied main stage plays and musical productions per year.
Terre Haute also features the Crossroads Repertory Theatre, a professional theater company with over a 40-year history. Its season is mid-June thru late-July and performances include classic and new plays and musicals, as well as educational programs and staged reading of new plays.
Hatfield Hall is home to a 602-seat theater located on the campus of Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. For over 10 years there has been a Performing Arts Series at Hatfield Hall. The campus of Indiana State University holds a Performing Arts Series as well to give its students and the community the opportunity to enjoy the arts and world-class entertainment at an affordable price. The performances of both series range from broadway musicals, musical acts, plays, lectures, and dance productions.
Music[edit]
Terre Haute has multiple music venues and a strong music community. The Wabash Valley Musicians Hall of Fame recognizes local musicians yearly.[50]
Locally, The Blues at the Crossroads Festival brings more than 15,000 Blues fans to the city the second weekend of September each year. A statewide high school jazz festival is hosted annually by The Phi Mu Alpha chapter at Indiana State University. Terre Haute is also the birthplace of musician/actor Scatman Crothers.
The Terre Haute Symphony Orchestra is the oldest professional orchestra in the state of Indiana, predating the Indianapolis Symphony by four years. The Terre Haute Symphony started as a volunteer group of musicians who provided community entertainment, and has evolved into a group of highly skilled, paid professional musicians who complete auditions to demonstrate their skill level. A series of concerts is offered from September through April as well as a free Children's Concert for approximately 3,000 fourth graders from the Wabash Valley.
Terre Haute is also home to various other music organizations such as the Terre Haute Community Band, Terre Haute Sinfonietta Pops Orchestra, Terre Haute Children's Choir, Terre Haute Masterworks Chorale, Banks of the Wabash Chorus which performs in Harmony Hall, the Sweet Harmony Women's Barbershop Chorus and The Wabash Valley Musicians Hall of Fame.
Terre Haute native Paul Dresser was a late-nineteenth-century singer, actor, songwriter, and music publisher, who became "one of the most important composers of the 1890s".[51] In 1913 the Indiana General Assembly named Dresser’s biggest hit, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" as the state song of Indiana.[52] The Paul Dresser Birthplace in Fairbanks Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[51][53] The Vigo County Historical Society operates the property as a museum, open by appointment.[54] In 2014, a bronze sculpture, sponsored by Art Spaces and created by Teresa Clark to celebrate the composer, was dedicated in Fairbanks Park near the Dresser House.[55]
Museums[edit]
The Vigo County Historical Society Museum, currently at the intersection of Washington Avenue and South Sixth Street, boasts an collection of artifacts maintained in a 150+-year-old former residence. The museum will be moving to downtown Terre Haute into a 40,000 square foot, four-level building that was constructed in 1895. This move will create a triangle of museums downtown with the Terre Haute Children's Museum and the Clabber Girl Museum just blocks away.
The three-story Children's Museum is at the intersection of Wabash Avenue and Eighth Street in downtown Terre Haute. It is a hands-on science and technology museum that has educated over 230,000 adults and children from over 22 counties in Indiana and Illinois. It has traveling exhibits focused on weather and space that educate children of Wabash Valley schools. The museum is a participant in a national consortium of 14 science and technology museums.
The Clabber Girl Museum is located at Wabash and Ninth Street in downtown Terre Haute. Housed in the Hulman & Company building built in 1892, the museum has exhibits on the history of Clabber Girl, one of the oldest brands in America, and on the art of baking. The museum is adjacent to the building where the Clabber Girl Baking Powder is still manufactured today. You can also enjoy the Café and Bake Shop or experience one of the many culinary courses offered by Clabber Girl.
Kleptz Antique Auto Museum, at 625 Poplar Street, displays antique cars, motorcycles, and other auto memorabilia. Styles range from a 1902 clear plastic car, a 1963 Chrysler Turbine, and a 1932 Duesenberg with a jetkins body.
The CANDLES Holocaust Museum and Education Center, created by Holocaust survivor Eva Mozes Kor, has exhibits and artifacts related to the Holocaust, eugenics and forgiveness.
The Indiana Association of Track & Field and Cross Country Museum is a new addition to the Terre Haute Convention & Visitors Bureau. In 113 years of the sports in Indiana, the IATCCC has inducted 482 members into its Hall of Fame, and its new facility houses their memorabilia and celebrates their accomplishments.
Terre Haute was the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee Eugene V. Debs. His former home is now a museum located on the campus of Indiana State University. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and is now owned and operated by the Debs Foundation. The interior of the museum features many of Debs’ possessions and other artifacts from his lifetime. It is open to the public.[56]
2013 Year of the River[edit]
A community-wide initiative organized by Art Spaces, Inc. - Wabash Valley Outdoor Sculpture Collection; Arts Illiana; and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Permanent Art Collections provided arts, cultural, environmental and educational events throughout 2013 that focused on the Wabash River, and how it affects our lives. Understanding that this river is the reason that settlements first occurred in this region, many organizations came to together to reclaim, enhance and protect this valuable natural resource.
More than 50 groups and organizations participated. Public events that took place throughout 2013 included a Big Read, a Native American mound celebration, concerts, plays, nature walks, an outdoor art festival, cleanup projects, poetry competition, art exhibits, historical exhibits, group prayer sessions, murals, discussion series, lectures, tree planting, duck races, a midnight run, a mural, a photo contest, hands on classes and more. More information is available on the 2013 Year of the River website.
Festivals[edit]
Blues at the Crossroads
Vigo County Fair
Banks of the Wabash Festival
First Friday Downtown
Christmas in the Park
Fowler Park Pancake Breakfast
Downtown Block Party
National Night Out
Downtown's Miracle on 7th Street
Fowler Park Pioneer Days
Downtown Farmer's Market
Strawberry Fest
The Terre Haute Games
Sister cities[edit]
Terre Haute has three sister city relationships:
Tajimi, Japan (established in 1960’s)[57]
Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
Tambov, Russia [58]
Legends[edit]
One well known Terre Haute legend is the story of Stiffy Green, a stone bulldog that allegedly at one time guarded the mausoleum of florist John G. Heinl, the brother-in-law of Eugene V. Debs and the father of esteemed journalist Robert Debs Heinl, which is located in Highland Lawn Cemetery.[59] The statue is now housed in the Vigo County Historical Society Museum, in Terre Haute.[60]
Media[edit]
Newspaper[edit]
Tribune Star
Magazine[edit]
Terre Haute Living
Wabash Valley Business Monthly
Television[edit]
WTWO - NBC affiliate - Channel 2.1 (Laff - 2.2; Escape - 2.3)
WTHI - CBS affiliate - Channel 10.1 (Fox/MyNet - 10.2; CW - 10.3; Ion - 10.4)
WAWV - ABC affiliate - Channel 38.1 (Grit - 38.2; Bounce - 38.3)
Radio[edit]
WISU - 89.7 FM - NPR (Rebroadcasts WFYI)
WZIS - 90.7 FM - Variety
WHOJ - 91.9 FM - Religious (Catholic)
WFNB - 92.7 FM - Easy Listening
WPFR-FM - 93.7 FM - Religious
W236AE - 95.1 FM - Classical (Rebroadcasts 103.7 WFIU)
WVIG - 95.9 FM - Classic Country
WEVX-LP - 97.3 FM - Modern Rock/Alternative
WWVR - 98.5 FM - Classic Rock
WTHI - 99.9 FM - Country
WMGI - 100.7 FM - Top40/Pop
WBOW - 102.7 FM - Classic Hits
WZJK - 105.5 FM - Variety Hits
WYLJ - 107.5 FM - Religious (3ABN Radio)
WAMB - 1130 AM / 99.5 FM - ESPN
WIBQ - 1230 AM - News Talk
WPFR - 1480 AM - Religious
See also[edit]
Indiana portal
List of attractions and events in Terre Haute, Indiana
List of people from Terre Haute, Indiana
List of public art in Terre Haute, Indiana
References[edit]
Specific
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^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
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Jump up ^ "Terre Haute, Indiana Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
Jump up ^ "Climatology of the United States No. 20: TERRE HAUTE IN STATE, IN 1971–2000" (PDF). National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Monthly and Yearly Weather Averages for Terre Haute, USA". Microsoft Corporation. November 2011. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Road from Detroit to the Illinois 1774. In Michigan Pioneer and History Collections, V10 p 248. Available online Archived March 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. at the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology website.
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^ Jump up to: a b Trudy E. Bell (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (2): 6. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Klansmen at Terre Haute". Indianapolis News. June 18, 1923. p. 8. Retrieved October 11, 2016 – via newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Loughlin, Sue. "ISU dedicates Scott College of Business", Terre Haute Tribune-Star, October 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Loughlin, Sue. "Barnes & Noble opens downtown store", Terre Haute Tribune-Star, April 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Loughlin Sue. "ISU's new downtown student housing complex already fully leased", Terre Haute Tribune-Star, June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Arthur Foulkes. "Terre Haute named 2010 Indiana Chamber 'Community of the Year'", Terre Haute Tribune-Star, September 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hedrick, Nick. "As quarter-finalist in national contest, Terre Haute has eyes on $3 million prize", Terre Haute Tribune-Star, August 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Federal Bureau of Prisons. "FCC Terre Haute". Archived from the original on September 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Dave. "Princeton Review again rates Indiana State among Midwest's best". Indiana State University. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Dave. "ISU again makes Forbes 'Top Colleges' list". Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "In the national spotlight". Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts". Saint Mary of the Woods College. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
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Jump up ^ "hoosierride.com". hoosierride.com. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
Jump up ^ Trigg, Lisa. "Earth Day activities abound as Terre Haute again gains Tree City designation". Tribune Star. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
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Jump up ^ "Deming Park". City of Terre Haute Government. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Dobbs Memorial Park". City of Terre Haute Government. 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
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Jump up ^ WTHI-TV, June 24, 2016
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^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Dresser". Songwriters Hall of Fame Virtual Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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General
McCormick, Mike (November 2005). Terre Haute: Queen City of the Wabash. Arcadia. ISBN 0-7385-2406-9.
Nolan, John Matthew "2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River" Discusses Charles T. Hinde, one of the silent investors of the Hotel del Coronado and how the Hotel del Coronado influenced the Grand Rapids Hotel in Wabash County, Illinois.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terre Haute, Indiana.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Terre Haute.
Terre Haute Tribune-Star
City of Terre Haute, Indiana website
Terre Haute Convention and Visitor's Bureau
Vigo County Public Library
Hometown: A Journey Through Terre Haute, IN: A documentary about Terre Haute in the 1920s
‘Terre Haute: Queen City of the Wabash' full of good memories
Coordinates: 39°28′11″N 87°23′23″W / 39.469586°N 87.389762°W / 39.469586; -87.389762
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City of Terre Haute
Attractions
Economy
Education
Geography
Government
History
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Metropolitan Area
National Register of Historic Places
Notable people
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[show]
v
t
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Municipalities and communities of Vigo County, Indiana, United States
County seat: Terre Haute
City
Terre Haute
Towns
Riley
Seelyville
West Terre Haute
Townships
Fayette
Harrison
Honey Creek
Linton
Lost Creek
Nevins
Otter Creek
Pierson
Prairie Creek
Prairieton
Riley
Sugar Creek
CDPs
Dresser
Fontanet
New Goshen
North Terre Haute
St. Mary of the Woods
Shepardsville
Tecumseh
Toad Hop
Other
unincorporated
communities
Allendale
Atherton
Barnhart Town
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Sinus rhythm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Schematic representation of normal sinus rhythm showing standard waves, segments, and intervals
A sinus rhythm is any cardiac rhythm where depolarization of the cardiac muscle begins at the sinus node.[1] It is characterised by the presence of correctly oriented P waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG).[2] Sinus rhythm is necessary, but not sufficient, for normal electrical activity within the heart.[2]
The term normal sinus rhythm (NSR) is sometimes used to denote a specific type of sinus rhythm where all other measurements on the ECG also fall within designated normal limits, giving rise to the characteristic appearance of the ECG when the electrical conduction system of the heart is functioning normally.[3] However, other sinus rhythms can be entirely normal in particular patient groups and clinical contexts, so the term is sometimes considered a misnomer and its use is sometimes discouraged.[4]
Example of a sinus rhythm with bifascicular block.
Other types of sinus rhythm which can be normal include sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia. Sinus rhythms may be present together with various other cardiac arrhythmias on the same ECG.
Contents
1 Characteristics
1.1 Characteristics of normal sinus rhythm
2 References
3 External links
Characteristics[edit]
For an ECG to be described as showing a sinus rhythm, the shape of the P wave in each of the 12 standard ECG leads should be consistent with a "typical P vector" of +50° to +80°.[2] This means that the P wave should be:
always positive in lead I
always negative in lead aVR
usually positive in leads II, aVF and III, but may be biphasic (+/-)
any of biphasic (-/+), positive or negative in lead aVL
positive in all chest leads, except for V1 which may be biphasic (+/-)[2]
If the P waves do not meet these criteria, they must be originating from an abnormal site elsewhere in the atria and not from the sinus node; the ECG cannot therefore be classed as showing a sinus rhythm.[2]
In general, each P wave in a sinus rhythm is followed by a QRS complex, and the sinus rhythm therefore gives rise to the whole heart's depolarisation. Exceptions to this include complete heart block and certain ventricular artificial pacemaker rhythms, where the P waves may be completely normal in shape, but ventricular depolarisation bears no relation to them; in these cases, the speed of the "sinus rhythm of the atria" and the speed of the ventricular rhythm must be calculated separately.[2]
Characteristics of normal sinus rhythm[edit]
By convention, the term "normal sinus rhythm" is taken to imply that not only are the P waves (reflecting activity of the sinus node itself) normal in morphology, but that all other ECG measurements are also normal.[3][5] Criteria therefore include:
Normal heart rate (classically 60 to 100 beats per minute for an adult).
Regular rhythm, with less than 0.16 second variation in the shortest and longest durations between successive P waves.
The sinus node should pace the heart – therefore, P waves must be round, all the same shape, and present before every QRS complex in a ratio of 1:1.
Normal P wave axis (0 to +75 degrees)
Normal PR interval, QRS complex and QT interval.
QRS complex positive in leads I, II, aVF and V3–V6, and negative in lead aVR.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hampton, John R (2013). The ECG Made Easy (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 4. ISBN 9780702046421.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gertsch, Marc (2004). "3. The Normal ECG and its (Normal) Variants". The ECG: A Two-Step Approach to Diagnosis (1 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 19–21. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10315-9. ISBN 978-3-540-00869-9. OCLC 942900796.
^ Jump up to: a b c Conover, Boudreau Conover (2003). Understanding Electrocardiography (8th ed.). St Louis: Mosby. p. 46. ISBN 9780323019057.
Jump up ^ Geiter, Henry B. (2006). E–Z ECG Rhythm Interpretation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 106. ISBN 9780803620353.
Jump up ^ Acar, RD; Bulut, M; Acar, Ş; Izci, S; Fidan, S; Yesin, M; Efe, SC. "Evaluation of the P Wave Axis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 7: 154–57. doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2015.33. PMC 4685281  . PMID 26702344.
External links[edit]
"Normal Sinus Rhythm". Archived from the original on 15 December 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinus_rhythm&oldid=852734559"
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God bless you
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the song by Martha & the Vandellas, see Bless You (song).
Look up God bless you in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
God bless you (variants include God bless or bless you[1]) is a common English expression, used to wish a person blessings in various situations,[1][2] especially as a response to a sneeze, and also, when parting or writing a valediction.[1][3]
The phrase has been used in the Hebrew Bible by Jews (cf. Numbers 6:24), and by Christians, since the time of the early Church as a benediction, as well as a means of bidding a person Godspeed.[4][5] Many clergy, when blessing their congregants individually or as a group, use the phrase "God bless you".[6]
A typical polite response after being told "bless you" in response to sneezing is to thank the person who has said it.
Origins and legends[edit]
National Geographic reports that during the plague of AD 590, "Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague."[7] By AD 750, it became customary to say "God bless you" as a response to one sneezing.[8]
The practice of blessing someone who sneezes dates as far back as at least AD 77, although it is far older than most specific explanations can account for.[9] Some have offered an explanation suggesting that people once held the folk belief that a person's soul could be thrown from their body when they sneezed,[9] that sneezing otherwise opened the body to invasion by the Devil or evil spirits,[10][11] or that sneezing was the body's effort to force out an invading evil presence.[9] In these cases, "God bless you" or "bless you" is used as a sort of shield against evil.[12] The Irish Folk story "Master and Man" by Thomas Crofton Croker, collected by William Butler Yeats, describes this variation.[13] Moreover, in the past some people may have thought that the heart stops beating during a sneeze, and that the phrase "God bless you" encourages the heart to continue beating.[9][10][11]
In some cultures, sneezing is seen as a sign of good fortune or God's beneficence.[9][14] As such, alternative responses to sneezing are the French phrase à vos souhaits (meaning "to your wishes"), the German word Gesundheit (meaning "health") sometimes adopted by English speakers, the Irish word sláinte (meaning "good health"), the Spanish salud (also meaning "health") and the Hebrew laBri'ut (colloquial) or liVriut (classic) (both spelled: "לבריאות") (meaning "to health").
In Persian culture, sneezing sometimes is called "sabr =صبر," meaning "to wait or be patient." And when trying to do something or go somewhere and suddenly sneezing, one should stop or sit for a few minutes and then re-start. By this act the "bad thing" passes and one will be saved. This is observed in Indian culture as well.
In Greek culture, sneezing was widely recognized as a divine omen. In Book 17 of Homer’s Odyssey, Penelope speaks to Eumaeus in private about the suitors feasting in the halls of the king's palace, and how surely Odysseus will return and kill them. Suddenly her son Telemachus sneezes and Penelope laughed. A sneeze meant the intercession of the gods to make her statement come true. It was a blessing from the gods, connecting the sneeze to the "God Bless You."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jucker, Andreas H.; Taavitsainen, Irma (10 April 2008). Speech Acts in the History of English. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 171. ISBN 9789027291417. God bless you has been attested as a leave-taking term since 1740 and can be today heard in the US as an explicit wish or blessing and as an implicit leave-taking term. Some also use the reduced variant of God bless.
Jump up ^ Alhujelan, Naser S. (2008). Worldviews of the Peoples of the Arabian Peninsula: A Study of Cultural System. ProQuest. p. 369. ISBN 9780549703549. The expression "May God bless you" includes blessing, meaning growth, happiness, and many other good things. It is often said by family and loved ones as a kind of prayer.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Roger (1997). The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. Applause. p. 415. ISBN 9781557832481. The letter ends with the solemn valediction 'God bless you .'
Jump up ^ Everett, Isaac (1 May 2009). The Emergent Psalter. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 132. ISBN 9780898696172. The beginning of this psalm echoes the priestly benediction from Numbers 6: May God bless you and keep you.
Jump up ^ Wachspress, Amy (8 June 2012). Memories from Cherry Harvest. Counterpoint LLC. p. 91. ISBN 9781593764890. reciting the ancient Jewish benediction a parent gives to a child: "May God bless you and keep you and may God's countenance shine upon you and bring you peace."
Jump up ^ Driscoll, Rev. Michael S.; Hilgartner, Rev. Msgr. Richard B.; Kelly, Maureen A.; John Thomas Lane; James Presta; Corinna Laughlin; Jim Schellman; D. Todd Williamson; Paul Turner; Catherine Combier-Donovan; Diana Macalintal; Sr. Genevieve (2012). The Liturgy Documents, Volume Two: Essential Documents for Parish Sacramental Rites and Other Liturgies. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 439. ISBN 9781616710279. Thus, the the [sic?] Book of Blessings, as in the Divine Office, while clergy may close with a true blessing ("May almighty God bless you."), laypersons can only request God's blessing ("May the Lord bless us.")
Jump up ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly; Thompson, John Milliken (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things. National Geographic. p. 74. ISBN 9781426204203. In Rome during the plague of 590, Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague. Although the populace did not understand that the sneeze was the source of transmittal, they may have sensed it was connected to the disease. "God bless you" became a verbal totem invoking divine mercy on the sneezer.
Jump up ^ Whiting, Bartl Jere (1977). Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Harvard University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780674219816. The year 750, is commonly reckoned the era of the custom of saying "God bless you," to one who happens to sneeze, etc.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Snopes Urban Legends - Bless You!
^ Jump up to: a b Ed Zotti, Editor. Why Do We Say "God Bless You" After a Sneeze?, Straight Dope, 27 September 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Madsci.org, Mad Scientist posting by Tom Wilson, M.D./PhD, Pathology, Div. of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine
Jump up ^ Stollznow, Karen (2014). ""God Bless You!" – A Blessing in Disguise?". Skeptic Magazine. 19 (4). Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gutenberg.org, Project Gutenberg story by T. Crofton Croker, 1898.
Jump up ^ Re: Why does plucking my eyebrows make me sneeze?, MadSci Network posting by Robert West, Post-doc/Fellow, 1997-08-05
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem. A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-19-282916-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_bless_you&oldid=812999682"
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