text:
Two Lovers and a Bear
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Two Lovers and a Bear
Film poster
Directed by
Kim Nguyen
Produced by
Roger Frappier
Written by
Kim Nguyen
Based on
an original idea by
Louis Grenier
Starring
Dane DeHaan
Tatiana Maslany
John Ralston
Kakki Peter
Music by
Jesse Zubot
Cinematography
Nicolas Bolduc
Edited by
Richard Comeau
Production
company
Les Films Séville
Entertainment One
TF1 International
TAJJ Media
Max Films
JoBro Productions
North Creative Films
Distributed by
Canada:
Entertainment One
United States:
20th Century Fox
Netflix
Release date
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18) (Cannes)
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07) (Canada)
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16) (United States)
Running time
96 minutes
Country
Canada
Language
English
Budget
$8.2 million[1]
Two Lovers and a Bear is a 2016 Canadian independent drama film, directed by Kim Nguyen. The film stars Tatiana Maslany and Dane DeHaan. It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival.[2][3] The film was scheduled to be released on October 7, 2016, by Entertainment One.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development
3.1 Filming
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.1.1 American Critics
5.1.2 Canadian critics
5.2 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The film follows the lives of Roman and Lucy, two people living difficult lives in a small, frozen town of Apex, Nunavut, Canada.[4] They are in love, but Lucy tells Roman that she must leave as a stalker has followed her. Roman tells her that he cannot leave and go south again, because of dark things in his own past. He tries to get her to go without him, and is even pushed to the brink of suicide. Eventually, he knows that he must go with her.
Roman can talk to bears which only he, it seems, can hear talking back, and a polar bear who talks to him about life makes several appearances in the story. On their snowmobile journey south, they are warned of a blizzard, but seek shelter in an abandoned military base instead of going back. Lucy comes to believe that her stalker has followed them there. It is then revealed that the stalker is in her mind, her dead abusive father. Roman burns the military base in order to prove that her father is now dead forever and can no longer follow her.
Seeking shelter in a snow cave, Roman and Lucy talk about a herd of caribou that they had found frozen in a lake earlier in their journey. They compare their lives to these animals, being led on a path and unable to get off, with all of them drowning. As the lovers begin to succumb to the intense temperature, the bear appears again, revealing that he is God and promising to Roman that he and Lucy will see each other again. The final scene shows the lovers' now dead, frozen bodies being cut out of the snow and lifted away by a helicopter.
Cast[edit]
Dane DeHaan as Roman
Tatiana Maslany as Lucy
Gordon Pinsent as Bear (voice)
John Ralston as Lucy's Father
Kakki Peter as John Tovok
Development[edit]
The film was first announced on March 18, 2015. TF1 International have acquired the worldwide distribution rights.[5]
Filming[edit]
Filming began on March 17, 2015.[6] Images were released from the set on May 25, 2015.[7] The film's budget is $8.2 million. The filmmakers asked Iqaluit City Council to turn off street lights whilst they were filming because they did not want the orange hue that they gave off, instead wanting their own brighter, whiter lights. This involved manually disconnecting each lampost.[8] Scenes with the bear were filmed in Porcupine, Ontario (northern Ontario near Timmins).
Release[edit]
The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2016.[2][3] The film went onto screen at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2016.[9] Shortly after, 20th Century Fox and Netflix acquired U.S distribution rights to the film, making it the first Canadian film to be released in the United States by a major film studio since Splice.[10] The film is scheduled to be released in Canada on October 7, 2016.[11] Executive producer Jeff Sackman told Playback Daily that Fox is targeting a Valentine’s Day 2017 release, though he offered no further details on when the film would be made available on Netflix.[12] The U.S release date was changed to December 16, 2016 in order to qualify for the Oscars.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received critical acclaim. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 86% based on 22 reviews.[13]
American Critics[edit]
Sheri Linden in the Los Angeles Times calls the film "thrillingly cinematic", however, notes that not all of the plot lines work equally, and the conversations between Roman and Lucy may be more important than the plot lines.[14]
Christy Lemire from RogerEbert.com said the film was "Beautiful and thoroughly unpredictable; you never know where Nguyen is going with this story, including the chilling, sci-fi/horror direction he heads in toward the film's climax."[15]
Glenn Kenny of The New York Times was quoted as saying the film has "Beauty", but noted that it had an "overheated romanticism".[16]
Canadian critics[edit]
Liz Braun of the Toronto Sun said "There's a surreal quality to Two Lovers and a Bear that gets underlined by the appearance of the Ursus maritimus of the title; DeHaan has called the movie an adult fairy tale, and that's an apt description."[17]
Simon Houpt from Globe and Mail wrote "Viewers have two choices: Give yourself over to the experience, and you'll be transported; stand back, and you'll feel nothing but chill."[18]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Canadian Screen Awards 12 March 2017 Best Art Direction / Production Design Emmanuel Fréchette Won [19]
Best Editing Richard Comeau Won
Best Make-Up Kathryn Casault Nominated [20]
Best Score Jesse Zubot Nominated
Directors Guild of Canada October 28, 2017 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film Kim Nguyen Nominated [21]
Prix Iris 4 June 2017 Best Film Roger Frappier Nominated [22][23]
Best Director Kim Nguyen Nominated
Best Script Nominated
Best Actress Tatiana Maslany Nominated
Best Actor Dane DeHaan Nominated
Revelation of the Year Kakki Peter Nominated
Best Casting Lucie Robitaille and Heidi Levitt Nominated
Best Cinematography Nicolas Bolduc Nominated
Best Sound Claude Beaugrand, Bernard Gariépy Strobl, and Claude La Haye Won
Best Editing Richard Comeau Won
Best Visual Effects Daniel Lavoie and André Montambeault Nominated
Most Successful Film Outside Quebec Kim Nguyen Nominated
Writers Guild of Canada 24 April 2017 WGC Award Nominated [24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Two Lovers and a Bear". canada-cannes2014.ca. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fortnight 2016: The 48th Directors' Fortnight Selection". Quinzaine des Réalisateurs. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (19 April 2016). "Cannes: Directors' Fortnight 2016 Lineup – Laura Poitras' 'Risk', Pablo Larrain's 'Neruda', Paul Schrader's 'Dog Eat Dog'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (18 May 2016). "Cannes Film Review: 'Two Lovers and a Bear'". Variety. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing (18 March 2015). "Dane DeHaan, Tatiana Maslany to Star in Indie 'Two Lovers and a Bear'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Anne Thompson (17 March 2015). "'Two Lovers and a Bear,' Starring DeHaan and Maslany, Hea - Thompson on Hollywood". Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Two lovers and a Bear on set". Simply Dane DeHaan. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Two Lovers and a Bear producers ask to turn out the lights in Iqaluit". 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Two Lovers and a Bear". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (September 14, 2016). "Toronto: Dane DeHaan-Tatiana Maslany's 'Two Lovers and a Bear' Sold to Fox, Netflix". Variety. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TATIANA MASLANY AND DANE DEHAAN STAR IN TWO LOVERS AND A BEAR, OPENING ON OCTOBER 7". Entertainment One. August 2, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TIFF '16: Two Lovers and a Bear gets U.S. distribution". Playback. September 15, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/two_lovers_and_a_bear/
Jump up ^ Linden, Sheri (5 January 2017). "Review: 'Two Lovers and a Bear' is a cinematically thrilling drama with hits and misses". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/two-lovers-and-a-bear-2016
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/movies/two-lovers-and-a-bear-review.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ http://torontosun.com/2016/10/07/two-lovers-and-a-bear-review-tatiana-maslany-and-dane-dehaan-melt-hearts/wcm/23ce7939-98a8-42eb-bf22-844324e1a703
Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/two-lovers-and-a-bear-fuses-a-tale-of-young-lovers-with-northern-mythology/article32276168/
Jump up ^ "Juste la fin du monde remporte six prix aux Écrans canadiens". La Presse. 12 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Furdyk, Brent (17 January 2017). "2017 Canadian Screen Awards nominees revealed". Global News. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 DIRECTORS GUILD OF CANADA AWARDS NOMINEES ANNOUNCED » Directors Guild of Canada". www.dgc.ca. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Boutros, Magdaline (5 April 2017). "Gala Québec cinéma: Juste la fin du monde et Two Lovers and a Bear en tête". La Presse. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press (1 June 2017). "Gala des artisans Québec Cinéma: Juste La Fin du monde obtient trois prix Iris". La Presse. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Pinto, Jordan (1 March 2017). "Maudie, Two Lovers and a Bear, ARQ up for WGC awards". Playback. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Two Lovers and a Bear on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_Lovers_and_a_Bear&oldid=824355865"
Categories:
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Films shot in Ontario
2010s drama films
Entertainment One films
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Films directed by Kim Nguyen
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text:
Time Don't Run Out on Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Time Don't Run Out on Me"
Single by Anne Murray
from the album Heart Over Mind
B-side
"Let Your Heart Do the Talkin'"
Released
January 1985
Genre
Country
Length
3:41
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Gerry Goffin
Carole King
Producer(s)
Jim Ed Norman
Anne Murray singles chronology
"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do"
(1984) "Time Don't Run Out on Me"
(1985) "I Don't Think I'm Ready for You"
(1985)
"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do"
(1984) "Time Don't Run Out on Me"
(1985) "I Don't Think I'm Ready for You"
(1985)
"Time Don't Run Out on Me" is a song written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King, and recorded by Canadian country music artist Anne Murray. It was released in January 1985 as the second single from the Gold-selling album Heart Over Mind.
The track hit #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada in April 1985.[1] and also reached at #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the United States.[2]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 2
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3] 2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[4] 11
Preceded by
"Crazy"
by Kenny Rogers RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
April 20, 1985 Succeeded by
"Honor Bound"
by Earl Thomas Conley
References[edit]
Jump up ^ RPM Country Tracks
Jump up ^ Anne Murray Chart History
Jump up ^ "Anne Murray Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Anne Murray Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
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Anne Murray
Studio albums
What About Me
This Way Is My Way
Honey, Wheat and Laughter
Straight, Clean and Simple
Talk It Over in the Morning
Anne Murray / Glen Campbell
Annie
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Keeping In Touch
Together
There's a Hippo in My Tub
Let's Keep It That Way
New Kind of Feeling
I'll Always Love You
Somebody's Waiting
Where Do You Go When You Dream
The Hottest Night of the Year
A Little Good News
Heart over Mind
Something to Talk About
Harmony
As I Am
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Icon: Christmas
Compilations
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Anne Murray's Greatest Hits
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Love Songs
Greatest Hits Volume II
From Springhill to the World
The Very Best of Anne Murray
15 of the Best
Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances
Now & Forever
The Best… So Far
An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray
Ultimate Collection
All of Me
10 Great Songs: Inspirational Classics
Icon
No. 1 singles
"Snowbird"
"Sing High, Sing Low"
"A Stranger in My Place"
"It Takes Time"
"Talk It Over in the Morning"
"I Say a Little Prayer/By the Time I Get to Phoenix"
"Cotton Jenny"
"Danny's Song"
"What About Me"
"A Love Song"
"He Thinks I Still Care"
"Son of a Rotten Gambler"
"You Won't See Me"
"You Needed Me"
"I Just Fall in Love Again"
"Shadows in the Moonlight"
"Broken Hearted Me"
"Daydream Believer"
"Lucky Me"
"I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"Could I Have This Dance"
"Blessed Are the Believers"
"We Don't Have to Hold Out"
"It's All I Can Do"
"Another Sleepless Night"
"Hey! Baby"
"Somebody's Always Saying Goodbye"
"A Little Good News"
"Just Another Woman in Love"
"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do" (with Dave Loggins)
"Time Don't Run Out on Me"
"Now and Forever (You and Me)"
Other songs
"Thirsty Boots"
"Put Your Hand in the Hand"
"Night Owl"
"Robbie's Song for Jesus"
"Everything's Been Changed"
"Send a Little Love My Way"
"Just One Look"
"Day Tripper"
"Uproar"
"Sunday Sunrise"
"The Call"
"Golden Oldie"
"Things"
"Walk Right Back"
"That's Not the Way (It's S'posed to Be)"
"I Don't Think I'm Ready for You"
"Who's Leaving Who"
"Are You Still in Love with Me"
"Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak"
"Perfect Strangers"
"If I Ever Fall in Love Again" (with Kenny Rogers)
"Feed This Fire"
"Bluebird"
"I Can See Arkansas"
"Make Love to Me"
"The Wayward Wind"
"Born to Be with You"
"Over You"
"That's What My Love Is For"
"That's the Way It Goes"
"What a Wonderful World"
Related articles
Discography
Capitol Records
"Tears Are Not Enough"
Book:Anne Murray

This 1984 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Computer mouse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the item of computer hardware. For the pointer it controls, see Pointer (user interface).
A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel, which can also act as a third button.
A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface. The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in 1968. Originally wired to a computer, modern mice are often cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system. Mice originally used a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, but modern mice often have optical sensors that have no moving parts. In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable additional control and dimensional input.
Contents
[hide]
1 Naming
2 History
3 Operation
3.1 Mouse gestures
3.2 Specific uses
4 Variants
4.1 Mechanical mice
4.2 Optical and laser mice
4.3 Inertial and gyroscopic mice
4.4 3D mice
4.5 Tactile mice
4.6 Pucks
4.7 Ergonomic mice
4.8 Gaming mice
5 Connectivity and communication protocols
5.1 Early mice
5.2 Serial interface and protocol
5.3 Apple Desktop Bus
5.4 PS/2 interface and protocol
5.5 USB
5.6 Cordless or wireless
6 Multiple-mouse systems
7 Buttons
8 Scrolling
9 Mouse speed
10 Mousepads
11 In the marketplace
12 Use in games
12.1 First-person shooters
12.2 Home consoles
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Naming[edit]
The earliest known publication of the term mouse as referring to a computer pointing device is in Bill English's July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".[1][2][3]
The plural for the small rodent is always "mice" in modern usage. The plural of a computer mouse is "mouses" and "mice" according to most dictionaries, but "mice" being more common.[4] The first recorded plural usage is "mice"; the online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use, and earlier uses include J. C. R. Licklider's "The Computer as a Communication Device" of 1968.[5]
History[edit]
The trackball, a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by Ralph Benjamin as part of a post-World War II-era fire-control radar plotting system called Comprehensive Display System (CDS). Benjamin was then working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.[6][7]
The device was patented in 1947,[7] but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.[6]
Another early trackball was built by British electrical engineer Kenyon Taylor in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original Ferranti Canada, working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.[8]
DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A digital computer calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using pulse-code modulation radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.[9][10]
Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, U.S. Patent 3,541,541. Ball and wheel by Rider, September 1974, U.S. Patent 3,835,464. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, U.S. Patent 3,987,685
Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini,[11] Paul Ceruzzi,[12] Howard Rheingold,[13] and several others[14][15][16] as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.[17][18][19][20]
By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the Augmentation Research Center (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in Reno, Nevada, Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the planimeter to X-Y coordinate input.[11] On November 14, 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "bug," which in a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels."[11] He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard."[11]
In 1964, Bill English joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.[2][21] They christened the device the mouse as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn resembled the common mouse.[22] As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.[1][2][3] On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as The Mother of All Demos. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.[23] In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.[24][25]
Inventor Douglas Engelbart holding the first computer mouse,[26] showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface
The Engelbart mouse
Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose – but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.[27] The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two potentiometers perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one axis.[28] At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.
On October 2, 1968, a mouse device named Rollkugel (German for "rolling ball") was described as an optional device for its SIG-100 terminal was developed by the German company Telefunken.[29] As the name suggests and unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken model already had a ball. It was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named Rollkugel) that was embedded into radar flight control desks. This trackball had been developed by a team led by Rainer Mallebrein at Telefunken Konstanz for the German Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung as part of their TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86[29][30] vector graphics terminal.
The ball-based computer mouse with a Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 for the TR 86 computer system
When the development for the Telefunken main frame TR 440 (de) began in 1965, Mallebrein and his team came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing Rollkugel into a moveable mouse-like device, so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. Together with light pens and trackballs, it was offered as an optional input device for their system since 1968. Some Rollkugel mouses installed at the Leibniz-Rechenzentrum in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum.[29][31] Telefunken considered the invention too unimportant to apply for a patent on it.
The Xerox Alto was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to utilize a mouse.[32] Inspired by PARC's Alto, the Lilith, a computer which had been developed by a team around Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zürich between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010 Star in 1981.
By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The Sun-1 also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold lab mice. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.[33] That year Microsoft made the decision to make the MS-DOS program Microsoft Word mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. Microsoft's mouse shipped in 1983, thus beginning the Microsoft Hardware division of the company.[34] However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the Macintosh 128K (which included an updated version of the Lisa Mouse) in 1984,[35] and of the Amiga 1000 and the Atari ST in 1985.
Operation[edit]
Further information: Point and click
A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.
The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.[36] Clicking or hovering (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor hovers this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.
Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI:[36]
Click: pressing and releasing a button.
(left) Single-click: clicking the main button.
(left) Double-click: clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks.
(left) Triple-click: clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single clicks. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation.
Right-click: clicking the secondary button, or clicking with two fingers. (This brings a menu with different options depending on the software)
Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button.
Drag and drop: pressing and holding a button, then moving the mouse without releasing. (Using the command "drag with the right mouse button" instead of just "drag" when one instructs a user to drag an object while holding the right mouse button down instead of the more commonly used left mouse button.)
Mouse button chording (a.k.a. Rocker navigation).
Combination of right-click then left-click.
Combination of left-click then right-click or keyboard letter.
Combination of left or right-click and the mouse wheel.
Clicking while holding down a modifier key.
Moving the pointer a long distance: When a practical limit of mouse movement is reached, one lifts up the mouse, brings it to the opposite edge of the working area while it is held above the surface, and then replaces it down onto the working surface. This is often not necessary, because acceleration software detects fast movement, and moves the pointer significantly faster in proportion than for slow mouse motion.
Multi-touch: this method is similar to a multi-touch trackpad on a laptop with support for tap input for multiple fingers, the most famous example being the Apple Magic Mouse.
Mouse gestures[edit]
Main article: Pointing device gesture
Users can also employ mice gesturally; meaning that a stylized motion of the mouse cursor itself, called a "gesture", can issue a command or map to a specific action. For example, in a drawing program, moving the mouse in a rapid "x" motion over a shape might delete the shape.
Gestural interfaces occur more rarely than plain pointing-and-clicking; and people often find them more difficult to use, because they require finer motor control from the user. However, a few gestural conventions have become widespread, including the drag and drop gesture, in which:
The user presses the mouse button while the mouse cursor hovers over an interface object
The user moves the cursor to a different location while holding the button down
The user releases the mouse button
For example, a user might drag-and-drop a picture representing a file onto a picture of a trash can, thus instructing the system to delete the file.
Standard semantic gestures include:
Crossing-based goal
Drag and drop
Menu traversal
Pointing
Rollover (Mouseover)
Selection
Specific uses[edit]
Other uses of the mouse's input occur commonly in special application-domains. In interactive three-dimensional graphics, the mouse's motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation. For example, in the first-person shooter genre of games (see below), players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the mouse up will cause the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A related function makes an image of an object rotate, so that all sides can be examined. 3D design and animation software often modally chords many different combinations to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect.
When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button. Often, the primary (leftmost in a right-handed configuration) button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary (rightmost in a right-handed) button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item. For example, on platforms with more than one button, the Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary-button click, and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary (middle) mouse button.
Variants[edit]
Mechanical mice[edit]
Operating an opto-mechanical mouse
Moving the mouse turns the ball.
X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement.
Optical encoding disks include light holes.
Infrared LEDs shine through the disks.
Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.
The German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.[29] Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. Bill English, builder of Engelbart's original mouse,[37] created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox PARC.[38]
The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required.
Mechanical mouse, shown with the top cover removed. The scroll wheel is gray, to the right of the ball.
The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects the forward–backward motion of the mouse and other the left–right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc has a pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes.
Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately quadrature phase. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting IC in modern mice. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen.
Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House
The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.[39][40] Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, Honeywell produced another type of mechanical mouse.[41][42] Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. Key Tronic later produced a similar product.[43]
Modern computer mice took form at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor Jean-Daniel Nicoud and at the hands of engineer and watchmaker André Guignard.[44] This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.[45] In 1985, René Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.[46] Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";[46] though optical mice from Mouse Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.[47]
Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses potentiometers rather than encoder wheels, and is typically designed to be plug compatible with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by RadioShack for their Color Computer (but also usable on MS-DOS machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input) was the best-known example.
Optical and laser mice[edit]
Main article: Optical mouse
The underside of an optical mouse
Optical mice rely entirely on one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light.
The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone. Laser diodes are also used for better resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily when movement is detected.
Inertial and gyroscopic mice[edit]
Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate, inertial mice use a tuning fork or other accelerometer (US Patent 4787051,[48] published in 1988) to detect rotary movement for every axis supported. The most common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration) work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor, reducing user fatigue or "gorilla arm".
Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between use, allowing the user freedom of movement without affecting the cursor position. A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease-of-use.[49] In combination with a wireless keyboard an inertial mouse can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not require a flat work surface, potentially alleviating some types of repetitive motion injuries related to workstation posture.
3D mice[edit]
Also known as bats,[50] flying mice, or wands,[51] these devices generally function through ultrasound and provide at least three degrees of freedom. Probably the best known example would be 3Dconnexion/Logitech's SpaceMouse from the early 1990s. In the late 1990s Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse. This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access three buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station.[52] Despite a certain appeal, it was finally discontinued because it did not provide sufficient resolution.
One example of a 2000s consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. While primarily a motion-sensing device (that is, it can determine its orientation and direction of movement), Wii Remote can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera (since the nunchuk accessory lacks a camera, it can only tell its current heading and orientation). The obvious drawback to this approach is that it can only produce spatial coordinates while its camera can see the sensor bar. More accurate consumer devices have since been released, including the PlayStation Move, the Razer Hydra and the controllers part of the HTC Vive virtual reality system. All of these devices can accurately detect position and orientation in 3D space regardless of angle relative to the sensor station.[citation needed]
A mouse-related controller called the SpaceBall[53] has a ball placed above the work surface that can easily be gripped. With spring-loaded centering, it sends both translational as well as angular displacements on all six axes, in both directions for each. In November 2010 a German Company called Axsotic introduced a new concept of 3D mouse called 3D Spheric Mouse. This new concept of a true six degree-of-freedom input device uses a ball to rotate in 3 axes without any limitations.[54]
Various setups for 3D mice
Logitech spacemouse 3D. On display at the Bolo Computer Museum, EPFL, Lausanne
Silicon Graphics SpaceBall model 1003 (1988), allowing manipulation of objects with six degrees of freedom.
Logitech 3D Mouse (1990), the first ultrasonic mouse
Tactile mice[edit]
In 2000, Logitech introduced a "tactile mouse" that contained a small actuator to make the mouse vibrate. Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with haptic feedback, such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf by touch requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice[55] but never marketed.
Pucks[edit]
Tablet digitizers are sometimes used with accessories called pucks, devices which rely on absolute positioning, but can be configured for sufficiently mouse-like relative tracking that they are sometimes marketed as mice.[56]
Ergonomic mice[edit]
A vertical mouse
As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis and other repetitive strain injuries. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.
When holding a typical mouse, ulna and radius bones on the arm are crossed. Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.[57] Some limit wrist movement, encouraging to use arm instead that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.[58] However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. Time magazine has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who’d never actually met a left-handed person before."[59]
Keyboard with roller bar mouse
Another solution is a pointing bar device. The so-called roller bar mouse is positioned snugly in front of the keyboard, thus allowing bi-manual accessibility.[60]
Gaming mice[edit]
These mice are specifically designed for use in computer games. They typically employ a wide array of controls and buttons and have designs that differ radically from traditional mice. It is also common for gaming mice, especially those designed for use in real-time strategy games such as StarCraft, or in multiplayer online battle arena games such as Dota 2 to have a relatively high sensitivity, measured in dots per inch (DPI).[61] Some advanced mice from gaming manufacturers also allow users to customize the weight of the mouse by adding or subtracting weights to allow for easier control.[62] Ergonomic quality is also an important factor in gaming mice, as extended gameplay times may render further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable. Some mice have been designed to have adjustable features such as removable and/or elongated palm rests, horizontally adjustable thumb rests and pinky rests. Some mice may include several different rests with their products to ensure comfort for a wider range of target consumers.[63] Gaming mice are held by gamers in three styles of grip:[64][65]
Palm Grip: the hand rests on the mouse, with extended fingers.[66]
Claw Grip: palm rests on the mouse, bent fingers.[67]
Finger-Tip Grip: bent fingers, palm doesn't touch the mouse.[68]
Connectivity and communication protocols[edit]
A Microsoft wireless Arc Mouse, marketed as "travel-friendly" and foldable but otherwise operated exactly like other 3-button wheel-based optical mice
To transmit their input, typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard connector, such as RS-232C, PS/2, ADB or USB. Cordless mice instead transmit data via infrared radiation (see IrDA) or radio (including Bluetooth), although many such cordless interfaces are themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses.
While the electrical interface and the format of the data transmitted by commonly available mice is currently standardized on USB, in the past it varied between different manufacturers. A bus mouse used a dedicated interface card for connection to an IBM PC or compatible computer.
Mouse use in DOS applications became more common after the introduction of the Microsoft Mouse, largely because Microsoft provided an open standard for communication between applications and mouse driver software. Thus, any application written to use the Microsoft standard could use a mouse with a driver that implements the same API, even if the mouse hardware itself was incompatible with Microsoft's. This driver provides the state of the buttons and the distance the mouse has moved in units that its documentation calls "mickeys",[69] as does the Allegro library.[70]

Early mice[edit]
The earliest mass-market mice, such as on the original Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari ST used a D-subminiature 9-pin connector to send the quadrature encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the deciding circuitry was all in the main computer.
The DE-9 connectors were designed to be electrically compatible with the joysticks popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the Commodore 64 and the Atari 2600. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.
Serial interface and protocol[edit]
Because the IBM PC did not have a quadrature decoder built in, early PC mice used the RS-232C serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The Mouse Systems Corporation version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.[71]
Apple Desktop Bus[edit]
Apple Macintosh Plus mice: beige mouse (left), platinum mouse (right), 1986
In 1986 Apple first implemented the Apple Desktop Bus allowing the daisy-chaining together of up to 16 devices, including arbitrarily many mice and other devices on the same bus with no configuration whatsoever. Featuring only a single data pin, the bus used a purely polled approach to computer/mouse communications and survived as the standard on mainstream models (including a number of non-Apple workstations) until 1998 when iMac joined the industry-wide switch to using USB. Beginning with the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 in May 1999, Apple dropped the external ADB port in favor of USB, but retained an internal ADB connection in the PowerBook G4 for communication with its built-in keyboard and trackpad until early 2005.
PS/2 interface and protocol[edit]
Further information: PS/2 connector
Color-coded PS/2 connection ports; purple for keyboard and green for mouse
With the arrival of the IBM PS/2 personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the eponymous PS/2 interface for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin mini-DIN, in lieu of the former 5-pin connector. In default mode (called stream mode) a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.[72] For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Byte 1
YV XV YS XS 1 MB RB LB
Byte 2
X movement
Byte 3
Y movement
Here, XS and YS represent the sign bits of the movement vectors, XV and YV indicate an overflow in the respective vector component, and LB, MB and RB indicate the status of the left, middle and right mouse buttons (1 = pressed). PS/2 mice also understand several commands for reset and self-test, switching between different operating modes, and changing the resolution of the reported motion vectors.
A Microsoft IntelliMouse relies on an extension of the PS/2 protocol: the ImPS/2 or IMPS/2 protocol (the abbreviation combines the concepts of "IntelliMouse" and "PS/2"). It initially operates in standard PS/2 format, for backwards compatibility. After the host sends a special command sequence, it switches to an extended format in which a fourth byte carries information about wheel movements. The IntelliMouse Explorer works analogously, with the difference that its 4-byte packets also allow for two additional buttons (for a total of five).[73]
Mouse vendors also use other extended formats, often without providing public documentation. The Typhoon mouse uses 6-byte packets which can appear as a sequence of two standard 3-byte packets, such that an ordinary PS/2 driver can handle them.[74] For 3-D (or 6-degree-of-freedom) input, vendors have made many extensions both to the hardware and to software. In the late 1990s, Logitech created ultrasound based tracking which gave 3D input to a few millimeters accuracy, which worked well as an input device but failed as a profitable product. In 2008, Motion4U introduced its "OptiBurst" system using IR tracking for use as a Maya (graphics software) plugin.
USB[edit]
The industry-standard USB (Universal Serial Bus) protocol and its connector have become widely used for mice; it is among the most popular types.[75]
Cordless or wireless[edit]
Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via infrared radiation (see IrDA) or radio (including Bluetooth and Wi-Fi). The receiver is connected to the computer through a serial or USB port, or can be built in (as is sometimes the case with Bluetooth and WiFi[76]). Modern non-Bluetooth and non-WiFi wireless mice use USB receivers. Some of these can be stored inside the mouse for safe transport while not in use, while other, newer mice use newer "nano" receivers, designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.[77]
The Logitech Metaphor, the first wireless mouse (1984). On display at the Musée Bolo, EPFL
A Microsoft wireless mouse made for notebook computers
Multiple-mouse systems[edit]
Some systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices. Late-1980s era home computers such as the Amiga used this to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer (Lemmings and The Settlers for example). The same idea is sometimes used in collaborative software, e.g. to simulate a whiteboard that multiple users can draw on without passing a single mouse around.
Microsoft Windows, since Windows 98, has supported multiple simultaneous pointing devices. Because Windows only provides a single screen cursor, using more than one device at the same time requires cooperation of users or applications designed for multiple input devices.
Multiple mice are often used in multi-user gaming in addition to specially designed devices that provide several input interfaces.
Windows also has full support for multiple input/mouse configurations for multi-user environments.
Starting with Windows XP, Microsoft introduced a SDK for developing applications that allow multiple input devices to be used at the same time with independent cursors and independent input points.[78]
The introduction of Vista and Microsoft Surface (now known as Microsoft PixelSense) introduced a new set of input APIs that were adopted into Windows 7, allowing for 50 points/cursors, all controlled by independent users. The new input points provide traditional mouse input; however, they were designed with other input technologies like touch and image in mind. They inherently offer 3D coordinates along with pressure, size, tilt, angle, mask, and even an image bitmap to see and recognize the input point/object on the screen.
As of 2009, Linux distributions and other operating systems that use X.Org, such as OpenSolaris and FreeBSD, support 255 cursors/input points through Multi-Pointer X. However, currently no window managers support Multi-Pointer X leaving it relegated to custom software usage.
There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously as a more sophisticated means of controlling various graphics and multimedia applications.[79]
Buttons[edit]
Main article: Mouse button
Mouse buttons are microswitches which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface, producing a distinctive clicking sound.
Since around the late 1990s, the three-button scrollmouse has become the de facto standard. Users most commonly employ the second button to invoke a contextual menu in the computer's software user interface, which contains options specifically tailored to the interface element over which the mouse cursor currently sits. By default, the primary mouse button sits located on the left-hand side of the mouse, for the benefit of right-handed users; left-handed users can usually reverse this configuration via software.
Scrolling[edit]
Main article: Scroll wheel
Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for scrolling on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, trackball, or touchpad.
Mouse speed[edit]
Mickeys per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,[69] where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as pixels per mickey, pixels per inch, or pixels per centimeter.
The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch (CPI), commonly expressed as dots per inch (DPI) – the number of steps the mouse will report when it moves one inch. In early mice, this specification was called pulses per inch (ppi).[39] The Mickey originally referred to one of these counts, or one resolvable step of motion. If the default mouse-tracking condition involves moving the cursor by one screen-pixel or dot on-screen per reported step, then the CPI does equate to DPI: dots of cursor motion per inch of mouse motion. The CPI or DPI as reported by manufacturers depends on how they make the mouse; the higher the CPI, the faster the cursor moves with mouse movement. However, software can adjust the mouse sensitivity, making the cursor move faster or slower than its CPI. Current[update] software can change the speed of the cursor dynamically, taking into account the mouse's absolute speed and the movement from the last stop-point. In most software, an example being the Windows platforms, this setting is named "speed," referring to "cursor precision". However, some operating systems name this setting "acceleration", the typical Apple OS designation. This term is incorrect. Mouse acceleration in most mouse software refers to the change in speed of the cursor over time while the mouse movement is constant.
For simple software, when the mouse starts to move, the software will count the number of "counts" or "mickeys" received from the mouse and will move the cursor across the screen by that number of pixels (or multiplied by a rate factor, typically less than 1). The cursor will move slowly on the screen, with good precision. When the movement of the mouse passes the value set for some threshold, the software will start to move the cursor faster, with a greater rate factor. Usually, the user can set the value of the second rate factor by changing the "acceleration" setting.
Operating systems sometimes apply acceleration, referred to as "ballistics", to the motion reported by the mouse. For example, versions of Windows prior to Windows XP doubled reported values above a configurable threshold, and then optionally doubled them again above a second configurable threshold. These doublings applied separately in the X and Y directions, resulting in very nonlinear response.[80]
Mousepads[edit]
Main article: Mousepad
Engelbart's original mouse did not require a mousepad;[81] the mouse had two large wheels which could roll on virtually any surface. However, most subsequent mechanical mice starting with the steel roller ball mouse have required a mousepad for optimal performance.
The mousepad, the most common mouse accessory, appears most commonly in conjunction with mechanical mice, because to roll smoothly the ball requires more friction than common desk surfaces usually provide. So-called "hard mousepads" for gamers or optical/laser mice also exist.
Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad. Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal preference. One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking, for example, a transparent or reflective surface.
In the marketplace[edit]
Computer mice built between 1986 and 2007
Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its Xerox Star, based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at Xerox PARC. Sun Microsystems, Symbolics, Lisp Machines Inc., and Tektronix also shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, Apple Computer released the Apple Lisa, which also used a mouse. However, none of these products achieved large-scale success. Only with the release of the Apple Macintosh in 1984 did the mouse see widespread use.[82]
The Macintosh design,[83] commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, Atari ST, Amiga, Windows 1.0, GEOS for the Commodore 64, and the Apple IIGS).[84]
The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, Logitech built their billionth mouse.[85]
Use in games[edit]
Logitech G5 laser mouse designed for gaming
The Classic Mac OS Desk Accessory Puzzle in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.[86] The device often functions as an interface for PC-based computer games and sometimes for video game consoles.
First-person shooters[edit]
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FPSs naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player's movement and aim, and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse. Players use the X-axis of the mouse for looking (or turning) left and right, and the Y-axis for looking up and down; the keyboard is used for movement and supplemental inputs.
Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a gamepad analog stick because the mouse is a linear input device, which allows for fast and precise control. Holding a stick in a given position produces a corresponding constant movement or rotation, i.e. the output is an integral of the user's input, and requires that time be spent moving to or from its null position before this input can be given; in contrast, the output of a mouse directly and instantaneously corresponds to how far it is moved in a given direction (often multiplied by an "acceleration" factor derived from how quickly the mouse is moved). The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited to small, precise movements; large, quick movements; and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.[87] This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as third-person shooters.
Some incorrectly ported games or game engines have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive, irregular, or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform's non-mouse default input device. Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is, internal user patches or external 3rd-party software may be able to fix it.[88]
Due to their similarity to the WIMP desktop metaphor interface for which mice were originally designed, and to their own tabletop game origins, computer strategy games are most commonly played with mice. In particular, real-time strategy and MOBA games usually require the use of a mouse.
The left button usually controls primary fire. If the game supports multiple fire modes, the right button often provides secondary fire from the selected weapon. Games with only a single fire mode will generally map secondary fire to ironsights. In some games, the right button may also invoke accessories for a particular weapon, such as allowing access to the scope of a sniper rifle or allowing the mounting of a bayonet or silencer.
Gamers can use a scroll wheel for changing weapons (or for controlling scope-zoom magnification, in older games). On most first person shooter games, programming may also assign more functions to additional buttons on mice with more than three controls. A keyboard usually controls movement (for example, WASD for moving forward, left, backward and right, respectively) and other functions such as changing posture. Since the mouse serves for aiming, a mouse that tracks movement accurately and with less lag (latency) will give a player an advantage over players with less accurate or slower mice. In some cases the right mouse button may be used to move the player forward, either in lieu of, or in conjunction with the typical WASD configuration.
Many games provide players with the option of mapping their own choice of a key or button to a certain control. An early technique of players, circle strafing, saw a player continuously strafing while aiming and shooting at an opponent by walking in circle around the opponent with the opponent at the center of the circle. Players could achieve this by holding down a key for strafing while continuously aiming the mouse towards the opponent.
Games using mice for input are so popular that many manufacturers make mice specifically for gaming. Such mice may feature adjustable weights, high-resolution optical or laser components, additional buttons, ergonomic shape, and other features such as adjustable CPI. Mouse Bungees are typically used with gaming mice because it eliminates the annoyance of the cable.
Many games, such as first- or third-person shooters, have a setting named "invert mouse" or similar (not to be confused with "button inversion", sometimes performed by left-handed users) which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and upward by moving the mouse backward (the opposite of non-inverted movement). This control system resembles that of aircraft control sticks, where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down; computer joysticks also typically emulate this control-configuration.
After id Software's commercial hit of Doom, which did not support vertical aiming, competitor Bungie's Marathon became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.[89] Games using the Build engine had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users now[update] regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released Quake, which introduced the invert feature as users now[update] know it.
Home consoles[edit]
In 1988, the VTech Socrates educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game system featured a mouse in addition to its controllers. The Mario Paint game in particular used the mouse's capabilities[90] as did its successor on the N64. Sega released official mice for their Genesis/Mega Drive, Saturn and Dreamcast consoles. NEC sold official mice for its PC Engine and PC-FX consoles. Sony released an official mouse product for the PlayStation console, included one along with the Linux for PlayStation 2 kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any USB mouse with the PS2, PS3, and PS4. Nintendo's Wii also had this added on in a later software update, retained on the Wii U.
See also[edit]
Electronics portal
Computer accessibility
Footmouse
Graphics tablet
Gesture recognition
Human–computer interaction (HCI)
List of wireless mice with nano receivers
Mouse keys
Mouse tracking
Pointing stick
Rotational mouse
Computer
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Further reading[edit]
Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim, "Mighty Mouse: In 1980, Apple Computer asked a group of guys fresh from Stanford's product design program to take a $400 device and make it mass-producible, reliable and cheap. Their work transformed personal computing", Stanford University Alumni Magazine, March/April 2002.
Stanford University MouseSite with stories and annotated archives from Doug Engelbart's work
Doug Engelbart Institute mouse resources page includes stories and links
Fire-Control and Human-Computer Interaction: Towards a History of the Computer Mouse (1940–1965), by Axel Roch
50 Jahre Computer mit der Maus - Öffentliche Veranstaltung am 5. Dezember auf dem Campus Vaihingen (Invitation to a plenum discussion) (in German), Informatik-Forum Stuttgart (infos e.V.), GI- / ACM-Regionalgruppe Stuttgart / Böblingen, Institut für Visualisierung und Interaktive Systeme der Universität Stuttgart and SFB-TRR 161, 2016-11-28, archived from the original on 2017-11-15, retrieved 2017-11-15
Borchers, Detlef (2016-12-10), 50 Jahre Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion: Finger oder Kugel? (in German), Heise Online, archived from the original on 2017-11-15, retrieved 2017-11-15
Yacoub, Mousa; Turfa, Majd; Maurer, Fabian (2016-08-19). Reverse Engineering of the Computer Mouse RKS 100 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15. (NB. Contains some historical photos.)
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Mouse (computing)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer mouse.
The video segment of The Mother of All Demos with Doug Engelbart showing the device from 1968
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