text:
Gravitational acceleration
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In physics, gravitational acceleration is the acceleration on an object caused by the force of gravitation. Neglecting friction such as air resistance, all small bodies accelerate in a gravitational field at the same rate relative to the center of mass.[1] This equality is true regardless of the masses or compositions of the bodies.
At different points on Earth, objects fall with an acceleration between 7000976399999999999♠9.764 m/s2 and 7000983400000000000♠9.834 m/s2[2] depending on altitude and latitude, with a conventional standard value of exactly 9.80665 m/s2 (approximately 32.174 ft/s2). This does not take into account other effects, such as buoyancy or drag.
Contents
[hide]
1 For point masses
2 Gravity model for Earth
3 General relativity
4 See also
5 References
For point masses[edit]
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that there is a gravitational force between any two masses that is equal in magnitude for each mass, and is aligned to draw the two masses toward each other. The formula is:
F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 {\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}\ }
where m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} are the two masses, G {\displaystyle G} is the gravitational constant, and r {\displaystyle r} is the distance between the two masses. The formula was derived for planetary motion where the distances between the planets and the Sun made it reasonable to consider the bodies to be point masses. (For a satellite in orbit, the 'distance' refers to the distance from the mass centers rather than, say, the altitude above a planet's surface.)
If one of the masses is much larger than the other, it is convenient to define a gravitational field around the larger mass as follows:[3]
g = − G M r 2 r ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-{GM \over r^{2}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
where M {\displaystyle M} is the mass of the larger body, and r ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} } is a unit vector directed from the large mass to the smaller mass. The negative sign indicates that the force is an attractive force.
In that way, the force acting upon the smaller mass can be calculated as:
F = m g {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {g} }
where F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } is the force vector, m {\displaystyle m} is the smaller mass, and g {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} } is a vector pointing toward the larger body. Note that g {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} } has units of acceleration and is a vector function of location relative to the large body, independent of the magnitude (or even the presence) of the smaller mass.
This model represents the "far-field" gravitational acceleration associated with a massive body. When the dimensions of a body are not trivial compared to the distances of interest, the principle of superposition can be used for differential masses for an assumed density distribution throughout the body in order to get a more detailed model of the "near-field" gravitational acceleration. For satellites in orbit, the far-field model is sufficient for rough calculations of altitude versus period, but not for precision estimation of future location after multiple orbits.
The more detailed models include (among other things) the bulging at the equator for the Earth, and irregular mass concentrations (due to meteor impacts) for the Moon. The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission launched in 2002 consists of two probes, nicknamed "Tom" and "Jerry", in polar orbit around the Earth measuring differences in the distance between the two probes in order to more precisely determine the gravitational field around the Earth, and to track changes that occur over time. Similarly, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission from 2011-2012 consisted of two probes ("Ebb" and "Flow") in polar orbit around the Moon to more precisely determine the gravitational field for future navigational purposes, and to infer information about the Moon's physical makeup.
Gravity model for Earth[edit]
Main article: Gravity of Earth
The type of gravity model used for the Earth depends upon the degree of fidelity required for a given problem. For many problems such as aircraft simulation, it may be sufficient to consider gravity to be a constant, defined as:[4]
g = {\displaystyle g=} 9.80665 metres (32.1740 ft) per s2
based upon data from World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84), where g {\displaystyle g} is understood to be pointing 'down' in the local frame of reference.
If it is desirable to model an object's weight on Earth as a function of latitude, one could use the following ([4] p. 41):
g = g 45 − 1 2 ( g p o l e s − g e q u a t o r ) cos  ( 2 l a t π 180 ) {\displaystyle g=g_{45}-{\tfrac {1}{2}}(g_{\mathrm {poles} }-g_{\mathrm {equator} })\cos \left(2\,lat\,{\frac {\pi }{180}}\right)}
where
g p o l e s {\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {poles} }} = 9.832 metres (32.26 ft) per s2
g 45 {\displaystyle g_{45}} = 9.806 metres (32.17 ft) per s2
g e q u a t o r {\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {equator} }} = 9.780 metres (32.09 ft) per s2
lat = latitude, between −90 and 90 degrees
Neither of these accounts for changes in gravity with changes in altitude, but the model with the cosine function does take into account the centrifugal relief that is produced by the rotation of the Earth. For the mass attraction effect by itself, the gravitational acceleration at the equator is about 0.18% less than that at the poles due to being located farther from the mass center. When the rotational component is included (as above), the gravity at the equator is about 0.53% less than that at the poles, with gravity at the poles being unaffected by the rotation. So the rotational component of change due to latitude (0.35%) is about twice as significant as the mass attraction change due to latitude (0.18%), but both reduce strength of gravity at the equator as compared to gravity at the poles.
Note that for satellites, orbits are decoupled from the rotation of the Earth so the orbital period is not necessarily one day, but also that errors can accumulate over multiple orbits so that accuracy is important. For such problems, the rotation of the Earth would be immaterial unless variations with longitude are modeled. Also, the variation in gravity with altitude becomes important, especially for highly elliptical orbits.
The Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) contains 130,676 coefficients that refine the model of the Earth's gravitational field ([4] p. 40). The most significant correction term is about two orders of magnitude more significant than the next largest term ([4] p. 40). That coefficient is referred to as the J 2 {\displaystyle J_{2}} term, and accounts for the flattening of the poles, or the oblateness, of the Earth. (A shape elongated on its axis-of-symmetry, like an American football, would be called prolate.) A gravitational potential function can be written for the change in potential energy for a unit mass that is brought from infinity into proximity to the Earth. Taking partial derivatives of that function with respect to a coordinate system will then resolve the directional components of the gravitational acceleration vector, as a function of location. The component due to the Earth's rotation can then be included, if appropriate, based on a sidereal day relative to the stars (≈366.24 days/year) rather than on a solar day (≈365.24 days/year). That component is perpendicular to the axis of rotation rather than to the surface of the Earth.
A similar model adjusted for the geometry and gravitational field for Mars can be found in publication NASA SP-8010.[5]
The barycentric gravitational acceleration at a point in space is given by:
g = − G M r 2 r ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-{GM \over r^{2}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
where:
M is the mass of the attracting object, r ^ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} } is the unit vector from center-of-mass of the attracting object to the center-of-mass of the object being accelerated, r is the distance between the two objects, and G is the gravitational constant.
When this calculation is done for objects on the surface of the Earth, or aircraft that rotate with the Earth, one has to account for the fact that the Earth is rotating and the centrifugal acceleration has to be subtracted from this. For example, the equation above gives the acceleration at 9.820 m/s2, when GM = 3.986×1014 m3/s2, and R=6.371×106 m. The centripetal radius is r = R cos(latitude), and the centripetal time unit is approximately (day / 2π), reduces this, for r = 5×106 metres, to 9.79379 m/s2, which is closer to the observed value.
General relativity[edit]
See also: Gravitational field § General relativity, and Gravitational potential § General relativity
In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravitation is an attribute of curved spacetime instead of being due to a force propagated between bodies. In Einstein's theory, masses distort spacetime in their vicinity, and other particles move in trajectories determined by the geometry of spacetime. The gravitational force is a fictitious force. There is no gravitational acceleration, in that the proper acceleration and hence four-acceleration of objects in free fall are zero. Rather than undergoing an acceleration, objects in free fall travel along straight lines (geodesics) on the curved spacetime.
See also[edit]
Air track
Gravimetry
Gravity of Earth
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Standard gravity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gerald James Holton and Stephen G. Brush (2001). Physics, the human adventure: from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond (3rd ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8135-2908-0.
Jump up ^ Hirt, C.; Claessens, S.; Fecher, T.; Kuhn, M.; Pail, R.; Rexer, M. (2013). "New ultrahigh-resolution picture of Earth's gravity field". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (16): 4279–4283. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4279H. doi:10.1002/grl.50838  .
Jump up ^ Fredrick J. Bueche (1975). Introduction to Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 2nd Ed. USA: Von Hoffmann Press. ISBN 0-07-008836-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brian L. Stevens; Frank L. Lewis (2003). Aircraft Control And Simulation, 2nd Ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-37145-9.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Noll; Michael B. McElroy (1974), Models of Mars' Atmosphere [1974], Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, SP-8010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_acceleration&oldid=806563841"
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text:
Maggie May
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Maggie May (disambiguation).
"Maggie May"
German picture sleeve
Single by Rod Stewart
from the album Every Picture Tells a Story
A-side
"Reason to Believe"
Released
July 1971
Format
7-inch 45 rpm
Recorded
1971
Length
5:15 (Album version)
3:43 (Single version)
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Rod Stewart, Martin Quittenton
Producer(s)
Rod Stewart
Rod Stewart singles chronology
"It's All Over Now"
(1970) "Reason to Believe" / "Maggie May"
(1971) "(I Know) I'm Losing You"
(1971)
"It's All Over Now"
(1970) "Reason to Believe" / "Maggie May"
(1971) "(I Know) I'm Losing You"
(1971)
"Maggie May" is a song co-written with Martin Quittenton and performed by singer Rod Stewart from his album Every Picture Tells a Story, released in 1971.
In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song number 131 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Personnel
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
"Maggie May" expresses the ambivalence and contradictory emotions of a boy involved in a relationship with an older woman, and was written from Stewart's own experience. In the January 2007 issue of Q magazine, Stewart recalled: "Maggie May was more or less a true story, about the first woman I had sex with, at the 1961 Beaulieu Jazz Festival."[1][2] The woman's name was not "Maggie May"; Stewart has stated that the name was taken from "... an old Liverpudlian song about a prostitute."[2]
The song was recorded in just two takes in one session. Drummer Micky Waller often arrived at recording sessions with the expectation that a drum kit would be provided and, for "Maggie May", it was – except that no cymbals could be found. The cymbal crashes had to be overdubbed separately some days later.[3][2]
The song was released as the B-side of the single "Reason to Believe", but soon radio stations began playing the B-side and "Maggie May" became the more popular side. The song was Stewart's first substantial hit as a solo performer and launched his solo career. It remains one of his best-known songs. A live performance of the song on Top of the Pops saw the Faces joined onstage by DJ John Peel, who pretended to play the mandolin (the mandolin player on the recording was Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne).
The album version of "Maggie May" incorporates a 30-second solo guitar intro, "Henry", composed by Martin Quittenton.[2] The original recording has appeared on almost all his compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective, Ronnie Wood Anthology: The Essential Crossexion. A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set Five Guys Walk into a Bar.... A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of MTV Unplugged is included on the album Unplugged...and Seated.
Chart performance[edit]
In October 1971, the song went to number one in the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks),[4] and simultaneously topped the charts in the United States. Every Picture Tells a Story achieved the same status at the same time.[5][clarification needed] Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 record for 1971. The song also topped the charts in Australia for four weeks at the same time.
The song re-entered the UK chart in December 1976, but only reached number 31.
"At first, I didn't think much of "Maggie May." I guess that's because the record company didn't believe in the song. I didn't have much confidence then. I figured it was best to listen to the guys who knew better. What I learned is sometimes they do and sometimes they don't." [2][who?]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Australia Go-Set National Top 40[6] 1
Canada[7] 1
Germany 11
Ireland 2
New Zealand 3
Switzerland 5
UK[4] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[8] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[9] 1
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
Ireland 13
UK 31
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Canada[10] 19
UK 2
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[12] 23
Personnel[edit]
Rod Stewart – lead vocals
Ronnie Wood – electric guitar, twelve-string guitar, bass guitar
Martin Quittenton – acoustic guitar
Micky Waller – drums, cymbals
Ian McLagan – Hammond organ
Ray Jackson – mandolin
Pete Sears – celesta
See also[edit]
Maggie May (folk song)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Maggie May by Rod Stewart Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Myers, Marc (23 October 2015). "Maggie May – A Song of Loss". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. p. D6.
Jump up ^ Rod – The Autobiography ISBN 9781780890524
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 265–66. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Allmusic: Every Picture Tell a Story : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums". allmusic.com. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Magazine Charts". www.poparchives.com.au. Barry McKay. January 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
Jump up ^ [Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–2002]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Pop 100 Singles" Billboard 25 December 1971: TA-36
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Maggie May at Discogs (list of releases)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Rod Stewart singles
1970s
"It's All Over Now" (1970)
"Reason to Believe"/"Maggie May" (1971)
"Every Picture Tells a Story"/"Reason to Believe" (1971) Spain only
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"/"Mandolin Wind" (1971)
"Handbags and Gladrags" (1972)
"You Wear It Well" (1972)
"Angel" (1972)
"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)" (1972)
"Twistin' the Night Away" (1973, 1987)
"Oh! No Not My Baby" (1973)
"Farewell" / "You Send Me" (1973)
"Mine for Me" (1974)
"You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything" (1974) Stewart/Faces
"Sailing" (1975)
"This Old Heart of Mine" (1975)
"Tonight's the Night" (1976)
"The Killing of Georgie" (1976)
"Get Back" (1976)
"The First Cut Is the Deepest" (1977)
"I Don't Want to Talk About It" (1977, 1990)
"You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)" (1978)
"Hot Legs" (1978)
"I Was Only Joking" (1978)
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" (1978, 1997)
"Ain't Love a Bitch" (1979)
"Blondes (Have More Fun)" (1979)
1980s
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" (1980)
"Passion" (1980)
"Tonight, I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me)" (1981)
"Young Turks" (1982)
"How Long" (1982)
"Baby Jane" (1983)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1983)
"Infatuation" (1984)
"Some Guys Have All the Luck" (1984)
"All Right Now" (1984)
"People Get Ready" (1985, 1991, 1993) Stewart/Beck
"Love Touch" (1986)
"In My Life" (1987)
"Forever Young" (1988)
"My Heart Can't Tell You No" (1988)
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)" (1989)Stewart/Isley
"Downtown Train" (1989)
1990s
"It Takes Two" (1990)Stewart/Turner
"Rhythm of My Heart" (1991)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"Your Song" (1992)
"Ruby Tuesday" (1993)
"Have I Told You Lately" (1993)
"Reason to Believe" (unplugged, 1993)
"All for Love" (1993) Stewart/Adams/Sting
"Leave Virginia Alone" (1995)
"Lady Luck" (1996)
"Ooh La La" (1998)
"Rocks" (1998)
"Cigarettes and Alcohol" (1998)
"Faith of the Heart" (1999)
2000s
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The Duel (The Office)
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"The Duel"
The Office episode
Episode no.
Season 5
Episode 12
Directed by
Dean Holland
Written by
Jennifer Celotta
Production code
511[1]
Original air date
January 15, 2009
Guest appearance(s)
Andy Buckley as David Wallace
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Moroccan Christmas" Next →
"Prince Family Paper"
The Office (U.S. season 5)
List of The Office (U.S. TV series) episodes
"The Duel" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the show's 84th overall episode. In the episode, Andy learns his fiancee Angela is having an affair with Dwight, and the two challenge each other to a physical fight to win her affections. Meanwhile, Michael travels to New York City for a meeting with David Wallace, where Wallace seeks managerial advice from Michael due to the poor financial condition of the fictional company, Dunder Mifflin.
The episode was written by Jennifer Celotta and directed by Dean Holland, the show's long-time editor making his directorial debut. It featured the conclusion of the love triangle between Dwight, Andy and Angela, a subplot that had been going on since the end of the fourth season. David Wallace's meeting with Michael marked the show's first acknowledgment of the economic crisis facing much of the globalized nation at the time of the episode due to the financial crisis of 2007–2010.
"The Duel" was seen as a defining episode for Andy Bernard, who is portrayed in a more sympathetic way than he has been seen in previous episodes. Ed Helms was particularly praised for his performance. Several bits of dialogue were improvised, especially during the duel scene between Andy and Dwight. That scene was shot over the course of six hours in an exterior parking lot set, with Helms and Wilson providing their own stunts.
The episode received generally positive reviews, and was largely described as an effective conclusion to the love triangle subplot. According to Nielsen Media Research, "The Duel" was seen by 8.35 million viewers. During its original American broadcast, it received particularly strong competition from the CBS drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which that night featured the final appearance of actor William Petersen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
2.1 Writing
2.2 Filming
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Andy (Ed Helms) still has not learned about fiancee Angela's (Angela Kinsey) affair with Dwight (Rainn Wilson), seventeen days after Phyllis (Phyllis Smith) revealed it to everyone else in the Dunder Mifflin office. Michael (Steve Carell) suggests he should inform Andy, but the entire office argues that Angela should be the one to break the news. Jim (John Krasinski) is particularly concerned that Andy's past anger management issues may lead to violence. Dwight tries convincing Angela to tell Andy, but she continues to put it off. This leaves Michael to tell Andy before he leaves for a meeting with David Wallace (Andy Buckley). Michael reveals the affair to Andy while driving out of the parking lot, leaving Andy shocked and dismayed. Angela reluctantly confirms the affair occurred, and Andy realizes everybody else in the office already knew about it.
Andy confronts Dwight and challenges him to a "duel" in the parking lot, with Angela as a prize to the winner. Dwight accepts and Angela, anxious to avoid making a choice between the two men herself, says she will honor the results of the duel. Jim, acting as office manager in Michael's absence, tries to talk them out of the duel and confiscates Dwight's hidden weapons around the office, but concedes he does not have the power to prevent a fight outside the office. Meanwhile in New York, Michael is nervous about why David Wallace wants to meet with him. But as the meeting begins, David tells him Scranton is the most successful Dunder Mifflin branch amid a difficult economic climate, and he wants to learn why Michael's management has been so successful. Michael is delighted with the compliment and attention, but can only manage vague, off-topic and largely nonsensical answers. David claims it is difficult for someone to make a self-evaluation, and Michael leaves the meeting in a very pleasant mood.
In the parking lot, Andy has not shown up for the duel, instead leaving a deliberately verbose note hanging in the bushes saying he has given up. As Dwight reads it, Andy sneaks up behind him in his Toyota Prius, a hybrid car that remains completely silent when driven below five miles per hour due to the electric motor. Impressed by Andy's deviousness, the rest of the office does not warn Dwight, saying that Andy "deserves the win". Andy pins Dwight between the car and the large bushes in the parking lot. Jim races out to check that Andy and Dwight are not seriously injured, but they snap at him to go away. The two bicker back and forth about Angela. However, the fight goes out of Dwight when he learns Andy has had sex with Angela, because she told him that he was the only one she had had sex with. Crestfallen, Dwight and Andy both admit defeat and return to the office, where Andy calls to cancel his wedding cake, and Dwight throws away a bobblehead doll Angela previously bought him as a gift. A saddened Angela realizes she has lost both men.
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
"The Duel" was seen as a defining episode for the character Andy Bernard, and actor Ed Helms was praised for his performance.
"The Duel" was written by Jennifer Celotta, a producer and show runner with The Office.[2] The episode featured the conclusion of the love triangle between Dwight, Andy and Angela, a subplot that had been going on since the fourth season finale, "Goodbye, Toby". The cast and writing staff saw "The Duel" as a defining episode for Andy Bernard because it demonstrated a softer, more emotional side of the character. Dean Holland, who directed the episode, said this was particularly effective because in past episodes, he displayed such rage problems that he had to attend anger management courses, but in "The Duel" he responded to horrible news in a heartrending way.[3] Rainn Wilson particularly praised Ed Helms' performance, saying, "He gives a lot of heart and soul, and Andy is such a doofus and a douche, and now you really get to see his heart break. There's some reality there. That's the great thing this show gives us, just when you think you know the characters and they're two-dimensional and they're goofy and crazy, in their own way, you get real human redemption."[4]
The subplot with David Wallace seeking managerial advice from Michael due to the poor financial condition of Dunder Mifflin was the first acknowledgment of the economic crisis facing much of the globalized nation at the time of the episode due to the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[5][6] This set the stage for a continuing motif of financial difficulties for Dunder Mifflin, which would eventually culminate in the sixth season episode "Secret Santa", in which it is revealed the company has been sold and its executives all fired.[7]
A number of scenes and lines in "The Duel" were improvised by the actors. During one scene, Michael repeatedly tries to tell Andy about Angela's affair, but Jim constantly interrupts him while forcing him into his office. John Krasinski improvised most of his lines and noises, and Wilson said they were so funny, "I was just chortling over at my desk".[4] The scene as it appears in the episode consists of about six different takes spliced together.[3] Krasinski also conceived a moment in "The Duel" when Jim returns to his desk by awkwardly passing through Dwight and Andy while they are facing off against each other. Wilson called the addition to the scene "a really nice touch".[4] During another scene, Dwight sings a nursery rhyme that goes, "Learn your rules, you better learn your rules, if you don't, you'll be eaten in your sleep!" Celotta and Wilson came up with several versions of the song, but the one that appeared in the final episode was conceived by Wilson.[3]
A line in which Dwight tells Andy that Angela "certainly seems to enjoy making lovemaking" was improvised by Wilson.[4] Much of the dialogue between Andy and Dwight during the duel scene was also improvised. It was writer Paul Lieberstein, who served as show runner along with Celotta at the time, who suggested the idea of Andy sneaking up on Dwight with his Toyota Prius.[8] The original script called for the entire office cast to come down to the parking lot from the Dunder Mifflin office to try to stop Dwight and Andy from fighting. However, the staging proved awkward during filming, so John Krasinski suggested that only Jim go down to the parking lot while the others stayed behind, and the change was eventually incorporated into the episode.[4]
Filming[edit]
"The Duel" marked the directorial debut of Dean Holland, a longtime film editor with The Office. The original cut of the episode was 38 minutes long and Holland, who edited it himself, had to trim it down to 22 minutes.[3] During a cold open scene, the Dunder Mifflin employees run past a radar speed sign in the street and compete for the best speed. This was inspired by Aaron Shure, a television producer and The Office screenwriter, who worked on the staff of another television show that held races in front of a radar speed sign in exactly the same way.[8] It was about 96 degrees when the scene was filmed, which made running particularly difficult for the actors.[3] Despite the extremely hot temperatures, fake snow was placed in the exterior shots because the writers were trying to simulate the winter season weather of Scranton, Pennsylvania, where The Office is set, rather than the Van Nuys district in Los Angeles, California, where the show is filmed.[4]
The original script called for Michael to tell Andy about Angela's affair outside in the parking lot before getting into his car and driving away. When filming began, Holland considered filming the scene inside the car instead. Steve Carell suggested Michael get in the car and leave Andy outside, then tell him while driving away, which was how the scene was ultimately shot.[3] During a scene when Andy returns to the office and confronts his co-workers; there is a long, awkward silence, and the script originally called for Kevin to pass gas and ruin the tension. During filming, it was changed so Phyllis would pass gas instead because it was decided it would be funnier if it were a woman. During the editing process, Holland decided the joke did not work very well and cut it, but a brief moment of Dwight reacting in a disgusted way to the flatulence, while maintaining a defensive fighting pose toward Andy, can still be seen in the finished episode.[8]
The duel scene itself was shot over the course of six hours in the exterior parking lot setting. Natural lighting from the sun changed so drastically over that time, large bounce cards had to be placed above the hedges so the shadows would remain consistent throughout the shoot.[9] Ed Helms actually drove the car during the scenes, and Rainn Wilson performed his own stunts. The crew considered using a stunt double for Wilson, but they found his acting so funny during filming that they decided against it. At the end of "The Duel", Michael Scott talks directly to the camera with a New York City background behind him. The scenes were not filmed in the city, but rather behind a greenscreen where the scenery images were later added.[3]
Cultural references[edit]
During the cold open, after Michael believes he has run extremely fast, he says, "Eat that, Carl Lewis", a reference to the American track and field athlete and gold medalist.[10]
Reception[edit]
In its original American broadcast on January 15, 2009, "The Duel" was watched by 8.35 million viewers. It aired the same night as actor William Petersen's final appearance on the CBS drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which drew an unusually high viewership of 23.13 million viewers. Nevertheless, The Office outperformed CSI in the ratings among viewers between ages 18 and 34, earning a 5.0 rating/13 share compared to CSI's 3.8 rating/10 share. Both shows were outperformed in that age group by the ABC drama series Grey's Anatomy, which drew a 5.2 rating/13 share, and a total of 12.95 million viewers for the night. Among viewers between ages 18 and 49, "The Duel" drew a 4.3 rating/10 share, which was lower than both CSI and Grey's Anatomy. The Office also earned higher ratings in its timeslot than the Fox reality television series "Kitchen Nightmares" (4.28 million viewers) and the CW thriller series Supernatural (2.96 million viewers).[11]
It's fun to see an episode of The Office that is more plot-driven, as opposed to the norm of being based on observational humor. The Andy/Dwight/Angela triangle has proven to be a lot of fun. They are the anti-Jim and Pam, and in this episode it all really pays off well.
“
”
Travis Fickett, IGN[12]
"The Duel" received generally positive reviews. Andy calling off the wedding after learning Angela cheated on him with Dwight ranked number 6 in phillyBurbs.com's top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office.[13] "The Duel" was voted the fourteenth highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally, where the episode was rated 8.11 out of 10.[14] Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said the episode "brings the Dwight/Angela/Andy triangle to an effective close" that made him feel sympathy for both Dwight and Andy. He was disappointed, however, that the idea of David Wallace trying to learn from Michael seemed undeveloped.[2] The A.V. Club writer Scott Tobias said "The Duel" efficiently resolved a major storyline in 30 minutes, and was "a nice mix of the wacky and the melancholy, though it’s perhaps a little long on the former and a little short on the latter". He called the David Wallace subplot "funny-but-forgettable".[15] Travis Fickett of IGN said the episode was surprisingly intense and dramatic, and particularly highlighted the talents of Ed Helms. Fickett said "The Duel" was a great payoff to the Angela love triangle storyline and demonstrated how well The Office varies and paces stories from episode to episode.[12]
TV Guide writer Shahzad Abbas called it possibly the best episode of the season. Abbas particular enjoyed the tension as Andy learned the truth and the resolution of the duel.[6] Entertainment Weekly writer Alynda Wheat called it an "instant classic" and a vast improvement over the most recent string of episodes. Wheat called the interactions between Dwight and Andy "brilliance" and described the cold open "pretty genius".[16] New York magazine writer Will Leitch said the Andy-Dwight-Angela triangle was like a "dirtier, meaner, crazier parody" of the Jim-Pam-Roy subplot from previous seasons, and Leitch appreciated that it was resolved in a darker way than the latter love triangle.[5] Brian Howard of The Journal News called it a "great episode", and particularly enjoyed the moments between Angela and Dwight, and the way Jim tried to prevent Michael from telling Andy about the affair.[17] Jay Black of TV Squad said he enjoyed seeing Angela get her comeuppance, and felt he could relate to the voyeuristic interest the office co-workers took in the duel. Black praised the Michael subplot because it "provided an ironic counter-weight" to the duel because Michael was being praised for his managerial skills while his co-workers fought each other in the parking lot.[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, Rainn (December 13, 2012). "Remember all of these? #FinalSeason". Facebook.com. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Sepinwall, Alan (January 16, 2009). "The Office, "Duel" & 30 Rock, "Flu Shot": Silent but deadly". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Holland, Dean (2009). The Office: Season Five: "The Duel" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wilson, Rainn (2009). The Office: Season Five: "The Duel" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b Leitch, Will (March 16, 2009). "The Office Returns Dirtier, Crazier, and Meaner". New York. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Abbas, Shahzad (January 16, 2009). "The Office Episode Recap: "The Duel"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Leitch, Will (December 11, 2009). "The Office Recap: So This Is Christmas". New York. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Celotta, Jennifer (2009). The Office: Season Five: "The Duel" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Mahmood, Rusty (2009). The Office: Season Five: "The Duel" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD). Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Ingebritson, Rick (January 16, 2009). "Dwight and Andy duel...Sort of". The Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (January 16, 2009). "Updated Thursday Ratings: CSIs Petersen Farewell Draws 23 Million". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Fickett, Travis (January 16, 2009). "The Office: "The Duel" Review". IGN. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wielgus, Jen (2009-05-14). ""The Office": Top 10 moments from Season 5". phillyBurbs.com. Retrieved 2009-05-16. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Tan, Jennie (2009-05-19). "The Office Fan Ratings, Season 5". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
Jump up ^ Tobias, Scott (January 15, 2009). "The Office: "Duel"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wheat, Alynda (January 16, 2009). "'The Office' Recap: Lonely Girl". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Howard, Brian (January 16, 2010). "The Office recap: The Duel (Nothing fancy, just a great episode. I said nothing fancy!)". The Journal News. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Black, Jay (January 15, 2009). "The Office: The Duel". TV Squad. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Duel
"The Duel" at NBC.com
"The Duel" on IMDb
"The Duel" at TV.com
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Season 2
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"Sexual Harassment"
"Office Olympics"
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"The Fight"
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"Email Surveillance"
"Christmas Party"
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Season 3
"Gay Witch Hunt"
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"The Coup"
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"The Merger"
"The Convict"
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"Business School"
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"The Negotiation"
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Season 4
"Fun Run"
"Dunder Mifflin Infinity"
"Launch Party"
"Money"
"Local Ad"
"Branch Wars"
"Survivor Man"
"The Deposition"
"Dinner Party"
"Chair Model"
"Night Out"
"Did I Stutter?"
"Job Fair"
"Goodbye, Toby"
Season 5
"Weight Loss"
"Business Ethics"
"Baby Shower"
"Crime Aid"
"Employee Transfer"
"Customer Survey"
"Business Trip"
"Frame Toby"
"The Surplus"
"Moroccan Christmas"
"The Duel"
"Prince Family Paper"
"Stress Relief"
"Lecture Circuit"
"Blood Drive"
"Golden Ticket"
"New Boss"
"Two Weeks"
"Dream Team"
"Michael Scott Paper Company"
"Heavy Competition"
"Broke"
"Casual Friday"
"Cafe Disco"
"Company Picnic"
Season 6
"Gossip"
"The Meeting"
"The Promotion"
"Niagara"
"Mafia"
"The Lover"
"Koi Pond"
"Double Date"
"Murder"
"Shareholder Meeting"
"Scott's Tots"
"Secret Santa"
"The Banker"
"Sabre"
"The Manager and the Salesman"
"The Delivery"
"St. Patrick's Day"
"New Leads"
"Happy Hour"
"Secretary's Day"
"Body Language"
"The Cover-Up"
"The Chump"
"Whistleblower"
Season 7
"Nepotism"
"Counseling"
"Andy's Play"
"Sex Ed"
"The Sting
"Costume Contest"
"Christening"
"Viewing Party"
"WUPHF.com"
"China"
"Classy Christmas"
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"Training Day"
"Michael's Last Dundies"
"Goodbye, Michael"
"The Inner Circle"
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"The List"
"The Incentive"
"Lotto"
"Garden Party"
"Spooked"
"Doomsday"
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Dogue de Bordeaux
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Dogue de Bordeaux
Other names
Bordeaux Mastiff, French Mastiff, Bordeauxdog
Origin
France
[hide]Traits
Weight
Male 150 lb (68 kg)+
Female 125 lb (57 kg)+
Height
Male 24–27 in (61–69 cm)
Female 23–26 in (58–66 cm)
Coat
Fine, short and soft to the touch
Color
All shades of fawn, from a dark red fawn to a light fawn. A rich coat color is considered desirable. Limited white patches are permissible on the chest and the extremities of the limbs
Litter size
Avg. 8 pups
Life span
Avg. 5-8 years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 2, Section 2.1 Molossian: Mastiff type #116 standard
AKC
Working standard
ANKC
Group 6 (Utility) standard
KC (UK)
Working standard
NZKC
Utility standard
UKC
Guardian Dog standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Dogue de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Mastiff, French Mastiff or Bordeauxdog is a large French Mastiff breed—and one of the most ancient French dog breeds. A typical brachycephalic molossoid type breed, the Bordeaux is a very powerful dog, with a very muscular body. This brawny breed has been put to work in many different capacities, from pulling carts and hauling heavy objects, to guarding flocks and, historically, the castles of the European elite.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Breeding
2 Appearance
2.1 Weight
2.2 Height
2.3 Head
2.4 Coat
3 Health
3.1 Reproduction
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Dogue de Bordeaux
Sculpture of a Dogue de Bordeaux in the act of wolf-baiting from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
The Dogue de Bordeaux was known in France as early as the fourteenth century, particularly in southern France in the region around Bordeaux. Hence, the city lent its name to this large dog. A uniform breed type of the Bordeaux Dog did not exist before about 1920.[1]
The French placed emphasis on keeping the old breeding line pure. Black masks were considered an indication of the crossing in of the English Mastiff. As an important indication of purity of the breed, attention was paid to the self colored (pink) nose, lighter eye color (dark amber), and red mask. They were originally bred with huge heads; a pioneer for the breed in Germany, Werner Preugschat once wrote:
What am I supposed to do with a dog that has a monstrous skull and is at most able to carry it from the food dish to its bed?
The Dogue de Bordeaux was at one time known to come in two varieties, Dogues and Doguins, the Dogue being considerably larger than the Doguin. The smaller Doguin has withered away to nothing more than a mention in breed history books, as it is no longer in existence.
The history of the breed is believed to predate the Bullmastiff and the Bulldog. It is said that the Dogue can be found in the background of the Bullmastiff, and others claim that the Dogue and Mastiff breeds were both being accomplished at the same time. Another theory is the Dogue de Bordeaux originates from the Tibetan Mastiff and it is also said that the Dogue is related to the Greco Roman molossoids used for war.[citation needed]
As there was a breed similar to the Dogue de Bordeaux in Rome at the time of Julius Caesar's reign, possibly a cousin of the Neapolitan Mastiff. Others suggest that the Dogue de Bordeaux is a descendent of a breed which existed in ancient France, the Dogues de Bordeaux of Aquitaine. Whichever theory is true, it is obvious that the Dogue de Bordeaux shares the same common links as all modern molossers.
The Dogue de Bordeaux was once classified into three varieties, the Parisian, the Toulouse and the Bordeaux, types which were bred depending on the region of France and the jobs it was required to do. The ancestral Dogue de Bordeaux had various coat colors, such as brindle and a majority of white markings that carried fully up the legs. It had scissor bites in some regions, undershot in others; a big head or a small head, a large body or a small body; very inconsistent in type. Another controversial aspect was the mask, red (brown), none or black. The Dogue de Bordeaux of Bordeaux of the time also sported cropped ears. Regardless, it had a general type similar to today's Dogue de Bordeaux.
Breeding[edit]
Dogue de Bordeaux
In 1863, the first canine exhibition was held at the "Jardin d'Acclimatation" in Paris, France. The winner of the Dogue de Bordeaux was a female named Magentas. The Dogue de Bordeaux was then given the name of the capital of its region of origin, today's Dogue de Bordeaux.
During the 1960s, a group of breeders of the Dogue de Bordeaux in France, headed by Raymond Triquet, worked on the rebuilding of the foundation of the breed. In 1970, a new standard was written for the breed, with the most recent update in 1995. This standard is the basis of the standard written for the AKC in 2005.
Although the Dogue de Bordeaux first arrived in the USA in the 1890s for the show ring, the first documented Dogues de Bordeaux of modern times appeared in 1959[clarification needed], Fidelle de Fenelon; and in 1968, Rugby de la Maison des Arbres. Between 1969 and 1980, imported Dogues de Bordeaux in the USA were scarce, limited to a few breeders who worked closely with the French Dogue de Bordeaux Club, the SADB. The breed was first "officially" introduced to American purebred enthusiasts in an article written in 1982 and by the American anthropologist, Dr. Carl Semencic for "Dog World" magazine. That article, entitled "Introducing the Dogue de Bordeaux", was followed by chapters dedicated to the Dogue in Semencic's books on dogs, published by T.F.H. Publications of Neptune, New Jersey. When Semencic's first article on the breed was published, there were no Bordeaux Dogues in the United States. There were 600 examples left in the world, mostly in France, the Netherlands and East Berlin, and the breed's numbers were on the decline. Much later, in 1989, the typical American family saw the Dogue de Bordeaux for the first time on the big screen in Touchstone's movie Turner & Hooch about a policeman and his canine partner, although many people[who?] did not know that the massive slobbering animal was a Dogue de Bordeaux.
Since then, the Dogue de Bordeaux has taken hold in the United States and can be found in greatly increasing numbers across the country. The Dogue de Bordeaux has been supported by multiple breed clubs throughout the years, and has finally found its way to full AKC recognition through the assistance of the Dogue de Bordeaux Society of America. Since 1997, the DDBSA has helped bring the breed to the point in which full AKC recognition could be achieved.
The Dogue de Bordeaux has begun to flourish is recent years, with its introduction into more movies and even television, as well as its full recognition status by the American Kennel Club, also known as the AKC (full AKC recognition began July 2008). Its numbers are climbing, but careful attention must be paid to health in the breed if its increase in popularity is to show a positive forward motion.
The breed was first exhibited in France in 1863 after which time it gained in popularity not only in their home country but in other parts of the world. The first record of Dogue de Bordeaux in the UK can be seen in the Kennel Club Gazette in 1897.[2] The breed was officially recognised by the Kennel Club (UK) in 1997[3] but it was not until 2001[4] that the Kennel Club (UK) accepted an interim breed standard.
Appearance[edit]
Dogue de Bordeaux puppy
The Dogue de Bordeaux is a well balanced, muscular and massive dog with a powerful build. The Dogue's size should come mostly from width and muscles, rather than height.[citation needed] The breed is set somewhat low to the ground and is not tall like the English Mastiff. The body of the Dogue de Bordeaux is thick-set, with a top-line that has a slight dip (topline is never completely straight) and a gentle rounded croup. The front legs should be straight and heavy-boned, well up on pasterns, down to tight cat-like feet. The straight tail, beginning thickly at the base and then tapering to a point at the end, should not reach lower than the hocks, and is set and carried low. The breed is to be presented in a completely natural condition with intact ears, tail, and natural dewclaws. It should be evaluated equally for correctness in conformation, temperament, movement, and overall structural soundness.[citation needed]
Weight[edit]
The breed standards by European FCI and the American Kennel Club specify a minimum weight of 99 pounds (45 kg) for a female and 110 pounds (50 kg) for a male.[5] There is no formally stated maximum weight, but dogs must be balanced with regard to their overall type and the conformation standards of the breed.[citation needed]
Height[edit]
The standard states that the desirable height, at maturity, should range between 24 to 27 inches (61 to 69 cm) for male dogs and from 23 to 26 inches (58 to 66 cm) for females.[5] Deviation from these margins is considered a fault.[citation needed]
Head[edit]
Stenotic nares (pinched nostrils) may cause breathing problems.
The massive head is a crucial breed characteristic. The Dogue de Bordeaux is claimed to have the largest head in the canine world, in proportion to the rest of the body. For males, the circumference of the head, measured at the widest point of the skull, is roughly equal to the dog's height at the withers (shoulders). For females, the circumference may be slightly less. When viewed from the front or from above, the head of the Dogue forms a trapezoid shape with the longer top-line of the skull, and the shorter line of the underjaw, forming the parallel sides of the trapezoid. The jaw is undershot and powerful. The Dogue should always have a black or red mask that can be distinguished from the rest of the coat around and under the nose, including the lips and eye rims. The nose colour in red-masked dogs should be brown, in black-masked dogs, it must be black. The muzzle should be at most a third of the total length of the head and no shorter than a quarter of the length of the head, the ideal being between the two extremes. The upper lip hangs thickly down over the lower jaw. The upper lips of the Dogue de Bordeaux hangs over the lower lips. The skin on the neck is loose, forming a noticeable dewlap, but should not resemble that of a Neapolitan Mastiff. Small pendant ears top the head, but should not be long and hound like.[citation needed]
Coat[edit]
The standard specifies the coat to be 'short, fine, and soft to the touch'. Color varies from shades of fawn (light, coppery red) to mahogany (dark, brownish red) with a black, brown, or red mask, although the red mask is true to the breed. White markings are permitted on the tips of the toes and on the chest, but white on any other part of the body is considered a fault, and a disqualifying one if the pigmentation goes beyond the neck.[citation needed]
Health[edit]
A young Dogue de Bordeaux
Dogue de Bordeaux in the snow
While larger breeds of canines tend to have shorter life expectancy, the life expectancy of the Dogue is still shorter than even breeds of comparable or larger size.[6] According to data collected by the Dogue De Bordeaux Society of America, the average lifespan of the breed is 5 to 6 years.[7] A veterinary database in the UK showed similar figures.[8] In the American survey, the oldest dog in the record was 12 years old.[7] The Society is actively recording dogs that are 7 years old or older to celebrate the longer-lived dogs.[9]
Because of its brachycephalic head, the Dogue can be affected by breathing problems. (see Brachycephalic syndrome) Some may be heat- and exercise-intolerant as a result.[10] The FCI standard considers excessive shortness of breath and raspy breathing in the Dogue a severe fault.[11] The brachycephalic head shape can also encourage ectropion—an outward rolling of the lower eyelid— which can lead to conjunctivitis (eye inflammation) and bacterial infections.[12] Under the UK Kennel Club's Breed Watch system, the Dogue is classed as a Category 3 breed (formerly High Profile Breed), meaning it is a breed "where some dogs have visible conditions or exaggerations that can cause pain or discomfort."[13]
Aortic stenosis is a disease of the heart valve in which the opening of the aortic valve is narrowed. Symptoms include exercise intolerance, exertional syncope (fainting from physical exertion) and sudden death. One study suggests a high predisposition in the breed. No severe cases were found in adult dogs, and most moderate to severely affected dogs died before one year of age, leading the authors to speculate that the disease is more severe in the Dogue than in other breeds.[14]
Another heart problem in the breed is dilated cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently. Some affected dogs may die suddenly without showing any signs of problems. Others may die from congestive heart failure after several weeks or months. Affected dogs are often euthanized at an early stage to avoid suffering.[15]
An estimated 5% of dogs may be affected by footpad hyperkeratosis, a thickening of the footpad and sometimes nose.[16][17] X-rays submitted voluntarily to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals shows that more than 50% of Dogues in the database are affected by hip dysplasia.[18]
Reproduction[edit]
Data from the Norwegian Kennel Club indicates a mean litter size of 8.1 puppies (ranging from 2-17) for the breed.[19] The breed has a high stillborn and early neonatal mortality rate, with a stillborn rate of 14.2% and early neonatal mortality (death within 1 week from birth) of 10.4%. The average across all breeds in the study was 4.3% stillbirth and 3.7% early neonatal mortality. Excluding stillborn and early deaths, the mean litter size is 6.1.[20] UK Kennel Club data shows that 27.8% (5 of 18) of Dogue litters were delivered by caesarean section.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The history of the breed". Dogue de Bordeaux Club & Rescue. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Kennel Club". Retrieved 2016-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Dogue De Bordeaux Dog Breed Information, Facts, Photos, Care | Pets4Homes". Pets4Homes. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Home". www.ddbclubofgb.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Standard of the Dogue de Bordeaux" (PDF). American Kennel Club. 9 October 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Cassidy, Kelly M. "Breed Weight and Lifespan". Retrieved 28 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "DDBS Causes of Death in the Dogue de Bordeaux Survey Results: Results from 2004-2011". Dogue de Bordeaux Society of America. October 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-27. ((60 * 6.2) + (58 * 5.45) + (32 * 6) + (24 * 4.45) + (10 * 3.2) + (6 * 6) + (3 * 5.6)) / 193 = 5.55284974 [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. 198: 638–43. PMID 24206631. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. "n=21; median=5.5 years; IQR 3.3-6.1; range=0.0-8.8"
Jump up ^ "Let's Celebrate Our Old Timers!". Dogue de Bordeaux Society of America. December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
Jump up ^ The Rasping Dogue (126 ed.). AKC gazette. 2009. Through the years I have seen many Dogue de Bordeaux that make a rasping breathing sound when hot or when they've had moderate exercise [...] many owners attribute this heat- and exercise-intolerance to the DDB being a brachycephalic breed.
Jump up ^ "FCI-Standard N° 116 / 23.01.2009 / GB DOGUE DE BORDEAUX". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ectropion: Dogue de Bordeau". Genetic welfare problems of companion animals. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Breed Watch". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Höllmer, M.; Willesen, J. L.; Jensen, A. T.; Koch, J. (2008). "Aortic stenosis in the Dogue de Bordeaux". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 49 (9): 432–437. PMID 18684150. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00569.x.
Jump up ^ "Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Dogue de Bordeaux". Genetic welfare problems of companion animals. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Reasearch(sic) programe on Footpad hyperkeratosis in Dogue de Bordeaux". Antagene. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Naso-plantar keratoderma in the Dogue de Bordeaux: epidemiology, clinical and genetic data" (PDF). Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique Vétérinaire du Sud-Ouest. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hip dysplasia statistics". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Borge, K. S.; Tønnessen, R.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2011). "Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 75 (5): 911–919. PMID 21196028. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034.
Jump up ^ Tønnessen, R.; Borge, K. S.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2012). "Canine perinatal mortality: A cohort study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 77 (9): 1788–1801. PMID 22365700. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.023.
Jump up ^ Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of small animal practice. 51 (2): 113–118. PMID 20136998. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-06.
Further reading[edit]
Dogue de Bordeaux, Janish, Joseph. Kennel Club Books, 2003. ISBN 1-59378-215-2
The Saga of the Dogue de Bordeaux, Triquet, Raymond. Bas Bosch Press
The World of Dogues De Bordeaux. Bas Bosch Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogue de Bordeaux.
Dogue de Bordeaux at DMOZ
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values: FCI Pinscher and Schnauzer, Molossoid and Swiss Mountain Dog Group

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http://cdn.akc.org/DoguedeBordeaux.pdf

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24206631

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//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2013.09.020

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18684150

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http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21196028

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365700

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20136998

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Barbet (dog)

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Brittany (dog)

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Papillon (dog)

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values: דוג דה בורדו – Hebrew

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