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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs
(12–1) (13–1)
SEC SEC
26 23
Head coach:
Nick Saban Head coach:
Kirby Smart
AP Coaches CFP
4 4 4
AP Coaches CFP
3 3 3
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26
Georgia 0 13 7 0 3 23
Date
January 8, 2018
Season
2017
Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
MVP
Offensive: #13 QB Tua Tagovailoa, Fr. Alabama
Defensive: #94 DT Da'Ron Payne, Jr. Alabama
Favorite
Alabama by 3.5
National anthem
Zac Brown Band
Referee
Dan Capron (Big Ten)[1]
Halftime show
Georgia Redcoat Marching Band
Million Dollar Band
Attendance
77,430
United States TV coverage
Network
ESPN/ESPN Radio/ESPN Deportes
Announcers
Chris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)
Sean McDonough, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)
College Football Playoff National Championship
< 2017 2019 >
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.
The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl, respectively, on January 1, 2018. The championship game was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 2018 College Football Playoff
3 Teams
3.1 Alabama
3.2 Georgia
4 Game summary
4.1 Scoring summary
4.2 Statistics
5 Broadcasting
6 Dispute
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes-Benz Stadium
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.[2]
2018 College Football Playoff[edit]
Semifinals Championship
January 1 – Sugar Bowl
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
1 Clemson 6
4 Alabama 24 January 8 – National Championship
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta
4 Alabama (OT) 26
January 1 – Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl, Pasadena 3 Georgia 23
2 Oklahoma 48
3 Georgia (2OT) 54
This bracket:
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The College Football Playoff (CFP) selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.[3]
Teams[edit]
Alabama[edit]
See also: 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.[4]
Georgia[edit]
See also: 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.[5]
Game summary[edit]
After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal. The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts. During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.[6]
After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's JK Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line. Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime.[6]
Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line.[6] The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7. On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency". He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal to the left, sending the game to overtime.[6]
In overtime, Georgia scored on a 51-yard field goal. On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith.[6] Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.[7]
Scoring summary[edit]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
Alabama
Georgia
2 14:14 14 55 7:40 Georgia 41-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 3
2 7:33 13 70 5:19 Georgia 27-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6
2 0:07 9 69 1:12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13
3 8:52 7 56 1:59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13
3 6:52 4 93 1:55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80-yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20
3 5:20 6 15 1:06 Alabama 43-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20
4 9:24 8 71 2:15 Alabama 30-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20
4 3:49 8 66 3:21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20
OT 4 -9 Georgia 51-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23
OT 2 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
26
23
Statistics[edit]
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26
No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 3 23
Statistics
Alabama
Georgia
First downs 20 22
Plays–yards 71–371 77–365
Rushes–yards 39–184 45–133
Passing yards 187 232
Passing: Comp–Att–Int 17–32–1 16–32–2
Time of possession 26:17 33:43
Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast
Team
Category
Player
Statistics
Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14/24, 166 yds, 3 TD, 1 INT
Rushing Najee Harris 6 car, 64 yds
Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec, 32 yds, 1 TD
Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16/32, 232 yds, 1 TD, 2 INT
Rushing Sony Michel 14 car, 98 yds
Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec, 82 yds
Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast
Broadcasting[edit]
The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.[8]
Dispute[edit]
Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl, the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football.[9] [3] UCF held a victory parade at Disney World[10] and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement.[11] The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches, many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska; Frost himself (who coached UCF in the game) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract.[12]
The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season, below a number of two-loss teams from the Power Five conferences, which left them out of the CFP. The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll, receiving 57 first-place votes, while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first-place votes — the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team.[13] Additionally, the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings. The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of “national champion major selections.” [14]
See also[edit]
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kirshner, Alex (January 8, 2018). "A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all-SEC National Championship". sbnation.com. SB Nation. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough (November 4, 2015). "Atlanta, Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018–20". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Selection Committee Rankings: Final Top 25 Rankings" (PDF). College Football Playoff. December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alabama's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all-SEC final: Final score, stats, analysis". nola.com. January 1, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Seth (January 1, 2018). "Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT". ajc.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hoffman, Benjamin; Drape, Joe; Tracy, Marc (January 8, 2018). "National Championship Game: Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Perez, A.J. (January 9, 2018). "CFP players of the game: Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne". USA Today. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game". Billboard. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baker, Matt (January 3, 2018). "UCF is really claiming a national championship". tampabay.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rollins, Khadrice (January 2, 2018). "UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gartland, Dan (January 3, 2018). "UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Chris (January 3, 2018). "UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses". SI.com. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ September 1, 2018 (January 9, 2018). "Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time; UCF 6th". Msn.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roger Simmons (January 9, 2018). "National champions: UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons
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Evolution of the brain
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
It has been suggested that Brain#Evolution be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2018.
The principles that govern the evolution of brain structure are not well understood. Brain to body size[clarification needed] does not scale isometrically (in a linear fashion) but rather allometrically.[citation needed] The brains and bodies of mammals do not scale linearly. Small bodied mammals have relatively large brains compared to their bodies and large mammals (such as whales) have small brains; similar to growth.
If brain weight is plotted against body weight for primates, the regression line of the sample points can indicate the brain power of a primate species. Lemurs for example fall below this line which means that for a primate of equivalent size, we would expect a larger brain size. Humans lie well above the line indicating that humans are more encephalized than lemurs. In fact, humans are more encephalized than all other primates.[citation needed]
Contents
1 Early history of brain development
2 Randomizing access and scaling brains up
3 Brain re-arrangement
4 Genetic factors contributing to modern evolution
5 Human brain size in the fossil record
6 Further reading
7 See also
8 References
Early history of brain development[edit]
Main article: Evolution of nervous systems
Scientists can infer that the first brain structure appeared at least 521 million years ago, with fossil brain tissue present in sites of exceptional preservation.[1]
A trend in brain evolution according to a study done with mice, chickens, monkeys and apes concluded that more evolved species tend to preserve the structures responsible for basic behaviors. A long term human study comparing the human brain to the primitive brain found that the modern human brain contains the primitive hindbrain region – what most neuroscientists call the protoreptilian brain. The purpose of this part of the brain is to sustain fundamental homeostatic functions. The pons and medulla are major structures found there. A new region of the brain developed in mammals about 250 million years after the appearance of the hindbrain. This region is known as the paleomammalian brain, the major parts of which are the hippocampi and amygdalas, often referred to as the limbic system. The limbic system deals with more complex functions including emotional, sexual and fighting behaviors. Of course, animals that are not vertebrates also have brains, and their brains have undergone separate evolutionary histories.[2]
The brainstem and limbic system are largely based on nuclei, which are essentially balled-up clusters of tightly-packed neurons and the axon fibers that connect them to each other, as well as to neurons in other locations. The other two major brain areas (the cerebrum and cerebellum) are based on a cortical architecture. At the outer periphery of the cortex, the neurons are arranged into layers (the number of which vary according to species and function) a few millimeters thick. There are axons that travel between the layers, but the majority of axon mass is below the neurons themselves. Since cortical neurons and most of their axon fiber tracts don't have to compete for space, cortical structures can scale more easily than nuclear ones. A key feature of cortex is that because it scales with surface area, "more" of it can be fit inside a skull by introducing convolutions, in much the same way that a dinner napkin can be stuffed into a glass by wadding it up. The degree of convolution is generally greater in more evolved species, which benefit from the increased surface area.
The cerebellum, or "little brain," is behind the brainstem and below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum in humans. Its purposes include the coordination of fine sensorimotor tasks, and it may be involved in some cognitive functions, such as language. Human cerebellar cortex is finely convoluted, much more so than cerebral cortex. Its interior axon fiber tracts are called the arbor vitae, or Tree of Life.
The area of the brain with the greatest amount of recent evolutionary change is called the cerebrum, or neocortex. In reptiles and fish, this area is called the pallium, and is smaller and simpler relative to body mass than what is found in mammals. According to research, the cerebrum first developed about 200 million years ago. It's responsible for higher cognitive functions - for example, language, thinking, and related forms of information processing.[3] It's also responsible for processing sensory input (together with the thalamus, a part of the limbic system that acts as an information router). Most of its function is subconscious, that is, not available for inspection or intervention by the conscious mind. Neocortex is an elaboration, or outgrowth, of structures in the limbic system, with which it is tightly integrated.
Randomizing access and scaling brains up[edit]
Some animal groups have gone through major brain enlargement through evolution (e.g. vertebrates and cephalopods both contain many lineages in which brains have grown through evolution) but most animal groups are composed only of species with extremely small brains. Some scientists argue that this difference is due to vertebrate and cephalopod neurons having evolved ways of communicating that overcome the scalability problem of neural networks while most animal groups have not. They argue that the reason why traditional neural networks fail to improve their function when they scale up is because filtering based on previously known probabilities cause self-fulfilling prophecy-like biases that create false statistical evidence giving a completely false worldview and that randomized access can overcome this problem and allow brains to be scaled up to more discriminating conditioned reflexes at larger brains that lead to new worldview forming abilities at certain thresholds. This is explained by randomization allowing the entire brain to eventually get access to all information over the course of many shifts even though instant privileged access is physically impossible. They cite that vertebrate neurons transmit virus-like capsules containing RNA that are sometimes read in the neuron to which it is transmitted and sometimes passed further on unread which creates randomized access, and that cephalopod neurons make different proteins from the same gene which suggests another mechanism for randomization of concentrated information in neurons, both making it evolutionarily worth scaling up brains.[4][5][6]
Brain re-arrangement[edit]
With the use of in vivo Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tissue sampling, different cortical samples from members of each hominoid species were analyzed. In each species, specific areas were either relatively enlarged or shrunken, which can detail neural organizations. Different sizes in the corticol areas can show specific adaptations, functional specializations and evolutionary events that were changes in how the hominoid brain is organized. In early prediction it was thought that the frontal lobe, a large part of the brain that is generally devoted to behavior and social interaction, predicted the differences in behavior between hominoid and humans. Discrediting this theory was evidence supporting that damage to the frontal lobe in both humans and hominoids show atypical social and emotional behavior; thus, this similarity means that the frontal lobe was not very likely to be selected for reorganization. Instead, it is now believed that evolution occurred in other parts of the brain that are strictly associated with certain behaviors. The reorganization that took place is thought to have been more organizational than volumetric; whereas the brain volumes were relatively the same but specific landmark position of surface anatomical features, for example, the lunate sulcus suggest that the brains had been through a neurological reorganization.[7] There is also evidence that the early hominin lineage also underwent a quiescent period, which supports the idea of neural reorganization.
Dental fossil records for early humans and hominins show that immature hominins, including australopithecines and members of Homo, reveal that these species have a quiescent period (Bown et al. 1987). A quiescent period is a period in which there are no dental eruptions of adult teeth; at this time the child becomes more accustomed to social structure, and development of culture. During this time the child is given an extra advantage over other hominoids, devoting several years into developing speech and learning to cooperate within a community.[8] This period is also discussed in relation to encephalization. It was discovered that chimpanzees do not have this neutral dental period and suggest that a quiescent period occurred in very early hominin evolution. Using the models for neurological reorganization it can be suggested the cause for this period, dubbed middle childhood, is most likely for enhanced foraging abilities in varying seasonal environments. To understand the development of human dentition, taking a look at behavior and biology.[9]
Genetic factors contributing to modern evolution[edit]
Bruce Lahn, the senior author at the Howard Hughes Medical Center at the University of Chicago and colleagues have suggested that there are specific genes that control the size of the human brain. These genes continue to play a role in brain evolution, implying that the brain is continuing to evolve. The study began with the researchers assessing 214 genes that are involved in brain development. These genes were obtained from humans, macaques, rats and mice. Lahn and the other researchers noted points in the DNA sequences that caused protein alterations. These DNA changes were then scaled to the evolutionary time that it took for those changes to occur. The data showed the genes in the human brain evolved much faster than those of the other species. Once this genomic evidence was acquired, Lahn and his team decided to find the specific gene or genes that allowed for or even controlled this rapid evolution. Two genes were found to control the size of the human brain as it develops. These genes are Microcephalin and Abnormal Spindle-like Microcephaly (ASPM). The researchers at the University of Chicago were able to determine that under the pressures of selection, both of these genes showed significant DNA sequence changes. Lahn's earlier studies displayed that Microcephalin experienced rapid evolution along the primate lineage which eventually led to the emergence of Homo sapiens. After the emergence of humans, Microcephalin seems to have shown a slower evolution rate. On the contrary, ASPM showed its most rapid evolution in the later years of human evolution once the divergence between chimpanzees and humans had already occurred.[10]
Each of the gene sequences went through specific changes that led to the evolution of humans from ancestral relatives. In order to determine these alterations, Lahn and his colleagues used DNA sequences from multiple primates then compared and contrasted the sequences with those of humans. Following this step, the researchers statistically analyzed the key differences between the primate and human DNA to come to the conclusion, that the differences were due to natural selection. The changes in DNA sequences of these genes accumulated to bring about a competitive advantage and higher fitness that humans possess in relation to other primates. This comparative advantage is coupled with a larger brain size which ultimately allows the human mind to have a higher cognitive awareness.[11]
Human brain size in the fossil record[edit]
Further information: Cranial capacity and Brain-to-body mass ratio
The evolutionary history of the human brain shows primarily a gradually bigger brain relative to body size during the evolutionary path from early primates to hominids and finally to Homo sapiens. Human brain size has been trending upwards since 2 million years ago, with a 3 factor increase. Early australopithecine brains were little larger than chimpanzee brains. The increase has been seen as larger human brain volume as we progressed along the human timeline of evolution (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm3 in Homo habilis up to 1600 cm3 in Homo neanderthalensis (male averages). The increase in brain size topped with Neanderthals; Brain size of Homo sapiens varies significantly between population (races), with male averages ranging between about 1,200 to 1,450 cm3.[12]
Further reading[edit]
Falk, Dean (2011). The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26670-4.
Raichlen, D.A., and J.D. Polk. 2012. "Linking brains and brawn: exercise and the evolution of human neurobiology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2250
Striedter, G. F. (2005). Principles of Brain Evolution. Sinauer Associates.
Eccles, John C (1989) Evolution of the Brain. Routledge.
See also[edit]
Brain
Evolution
Noogenesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ e.g. Park, Tae-Yoon S; Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Woo, Jusun; Park, Changkun; Lee, Won Young; Smith, M. Paul; Harper, David A. T; Young, Fletcher; Nielsen, Arne T; Vinther, Jakob (2018). "Brain and eyes of Kerygmachela reveal protocerebral ancestry of the panarthropod head". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1019. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1019P. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03464-w. PMC 5844904. PMID 29523785.
Jump up ^ e.g. Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Woo, Jusun; Park, Changkun; Lee, Won Young; Smith, M. Paul; Harper, David A. T.; Young, Fletcher; Nielsen, Arne T.; Vinther, Jakob (2018). "Brain and eyes of Kerygmachela reveal protocerebral ancestry of the panarthropod head". Nature Communications. 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03464-w. ISSN 2041-1723.
Jump up ^ Griffin, D. R. (1985). "Animal consciousness". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 9 (4): 615–622. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90008-9.
Jump up ^ https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781351370257
Jump up ^ Chen, Wei; Qin, Chuan (2015). "General hallmarks of microRNAs in brain evolution and development". RNA Biology. 12 (7): 701–708. doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1048954. PMC 4615839. PMID 26000728.
Jump up ^ Ferrante, Daniel D; Wei, Yi; Koulakov, Alexei A (2016). "Mathematical Model of Evolution of Brain Parcellation". Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 10: 43. doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00043. PMC 4909755. PMID 27378859.
Jump up ^ Kimbell, W. H., & Martin, L. (1993). Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York, Plenum Press.
Jump up ^ Kappeler, P. M., & Schaik, C. (2006). Cooperation in primates and humans: Mechanisms and evolution. Berlin: Springer.
Jump up ^ Scott, G. R., & Irish, J. D. (eds.) (2013). Anthropological perspectives on tooth morphology: Genetics, evolution, variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Dorus, S.; Vallender, E.J.; Evans, P.D.; Anderson, J.R.; Gilbert, S.L.; Mahowald, M.; Wyckoff, G.J.; Malcolm, C.M.; Lahn, B.T. (2004). "Accelerated evolution of nervous system gene in the origin of Homo sapiens". Cell. 119 (7): 1027–40. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.040. PMID 15620360.
Jump up ^ Evans, P.D.; Gilbert, S.L; Mekel-Bobroz, N.; Vallender, E.J.; Anderson, J.R.; Vaez-Azizi, L.M.; Tishkoff, S.A.; Hudson, R.R.; Lahn, B.T. (2005). "Microcephalin, a Gene Regulating Brain Size, Continues to Evolve Adaptively in Humans". Science. 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1717E. doi:10.1126/science.1113722. PMID 16151009.
Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Beals, Courtland L. Smith, and Stephen M. Dodd, "Brain Size, Cranial Morphology, Climate, and Time Machines" CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY V01. 25, NO 01984 (3 June 1984), fig. p. 304. "We offer an alternative hypothesis that suggests that hominid expansion into regions of cold climate produced change in head shape. Such change in shape contributed to the increased cranial volume. Bioclimatic effects directly upon body size (and indirectly upon brain size) in combination with cranial globularity appear to be a fairly powerful explanation of ethnic group differences." "Morphological Adaptation to Climate in Modern Homo sapiens Crania: The Importance of Basicranial Breadth". . "If Modern Humans Are So Smart, Why Are Our Brains Shrinking?". DiscoverMagazine.com. 2011-01-20. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
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Can't Take My Eyes Off You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Love You Baby" redirects here. For the film of that name, see I Love You Baby (film).
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
Cover of the 1967 US single
Single by Frankie Valli
from the album Frankie Valli: Solo[1]
B-side
"The Trouble With Me"
Released
May 1967 (1967-05)
Format
7"
Recorded
April 1967
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:58
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Bob Crewe
Bob Gaudio
Producer(s)
Bob Crewe
Frankie Valli singles chronology
"The Proud One"
(1966) "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
(1967) "I Make a Fool of Myself"
(1967)
"The Proud One"
(1966) "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
(1967) "I Make a Fool of Myself"
(1967)
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association.[2] It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You".[3]
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club's name or a popular player's name into the beat (for instance, A.S. Roma fans sing "Francesco Totti, la la, la la la la!")[citation needed]. The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake-up song on the STS-126 space shuttle mission, to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson, one of the mission's crew members.

Contents
[hide]
1 Credits
2 Charts
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Notable cover versions
3.1 1967–1969
3.2 1970–1989
3.3 1990–1999
3.4 2000–2009
3.5 2010–present
4 References
5 External links
Credits[edit]
The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio.[4] The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles[5] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[7] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Rank
Canada[8] 18
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 10
US Cash Box [10] 3
Notable cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts:
1967–1969[edit]
The Lettermen (#7 in 1967, in a medley with "Goin' Out of My Head")
A version by Andy Williams made it to #5 on the UK singles chart in 1968.[11] The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam.[12] This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary. In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song, as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen, which reached #23 in the UK singles charts.[13]
Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him.
Nancy Wilson (#52 in 1969)
Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love.[14]
The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil, only released on the UK/European version of the album.
1970–1989[edit]
In 1970, Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today.[15]
In 1972, Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series, Dean Martin Presents: The Bobby Darin Amusement Company, and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back.
In 1974, Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon.
In 1975, Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show.
Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976.
In 1978 actors Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter.
Maureen McGovern (#27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979; #5 Canadian AC in 1980).[16]
In 1982, San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and number four in the United Kingdom.[17][18] This version was also successful in Japan, receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011, and is also on games such as Just Dance 4.
In 1987, Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album, Why.
In 1989, Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys.
1990–1999[edit]
1991, onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor.[19]
1991, Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name", which reached #4 in the U.K. and #72 in the U.S.
1992, Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song (including a rap segment by Darrell Bell), which peaked at #5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts.[20]
1993, the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads (1993).[21]
1998, Lauryn Hill (#35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and #2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and #8 on the Australian Singles Charts).[22] This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999.
1999, Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You.
1999, Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous.
2000–2009[edit]
2000, Japanese singer Ringo Sheena, for the single "Tsumi to Batsu".
2000, Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station.
2000, Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous.
2001, Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single.
2001, British group Muse, for the single "Dead Star" / "In Your World".
2002, Japanese singer Tommy february6, on her eponymous album.
2004, Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song, "No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú", which reached #33 on the Latin charts.
2004, Bad Manners, for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners
2005, Jamie Kennedy, for The Son of the Mask.
2006, Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties.
2007, Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby.
2008, John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music.
2008, Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty.
2008, Frankie Valli's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake-up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson, in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS-126 Space Shuttle mission.[23]
2010–present[edit]
In 2010, A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist.
In 2010, Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True.
In 2011, Japanese R&B singer Misia, included a cover of the song as a B-side to her single "Kioku". The song was later included on her cover album, Misia no Mori: Forest Covers.
In 2011, Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter Joanna Wang, included a cover of the song on her cover album, The Things We Do for Love.
2011, Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed. The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign.[24]
In 2013, South Korean girl group Girls' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ～Girls＆Peace～[25] and 2013 Girls' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace.[26]
In 2013, the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy, and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album, Saturday Night at the Movies.
In 2014, John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli. He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005.
Jessie J recorded her version in 2016, for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever.
Valli's version appears in a 2018 TV commercial for Applebee's.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Frankie Valli Site". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100". 1967-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred. The Billboard book of number 1 hits. p. 398.
Jump up ^ "Frankie Valli - Can't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, July 15, 1967". Tropicalglen.com. 1967-12-23. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Musicoutfitters.com". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967". Tropicalglen.com. 1967-12-23. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Love, Andy by Andy Williams, album sleeve, 1967. New York: Columbia Records CS 9566
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Top 40-lijst van week 24, 1982". Top40.nl. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 74. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Can't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "JAARLIJST 1992". Members.chello.nl. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Coneheads - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 1993-07-20. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Lauryn Hill | Awards". AllMusic. 1975-05-26. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "MP3 file". Spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Girls' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th, 2013.
Jump up ^ 2013 Girls' Generation World Tour Set List. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Applebee's 2 For $20 TV Commercial , 'I Love You, Baby' Song by Frankie Valli". iSpot.tv. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
External links[edit]
"Official Frankie Valli Site". Retrieved 2010-2-16.
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database
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