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2018 Commonwealth Games
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XXI Commonwealth Games
Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games
Host city
Gold Coast, Queensland
Country
Australia
Motto
Share the Dream
Nations participating
71 Commonwealth Teams
Athletes participating
4,426
Events
275 in 19 sports
Opening ceremony
4 April
Closing ceremony
15 April
Officially opened by
Charles, Prince of Wales
Officially closed by
Edward, Earl of Wessex
Athlete's Oath
Karen Murphy
Queen's Baton Final Runner
Sally Pearson
Main venue
Carrara Stadium
Website
GC2018.com
< XX
XXII >
Part of a series on
2018 Commonwealth Games[show]
Bids
Venues (Athletes' Village)
Concerns and controversies
Queen's Baton Relay
Opening ceremony (Parade of Nations)
Participating teams
Medal table
Chronological summary
Closing ceremony
Mascot
CGF
CGA
v
t
e
The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018, were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, between 4 and 15 April 2018. It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes.[1]
More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para-athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event.[2] The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013, was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event .[3] With 275 sets of medals, the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports, including beach volleyball, para triathlon and women’s rugby sevens. These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city, two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville.[4]
These were the first Commonwealth Games to take place under the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) presidency of Louise Martin, CBE.[5] The host city Gold Coast was announced at the CGF General Assembly in Basseterre, Saint Kitts, on 11 November 2011.[6] Gold Coast became the seventh Oceanian city and the first regional city to host the Commonwealth Games. These were the eighth games to be held in Oceania and the Southern Hemisphere.
The host nation Australia topped the medal table for the fourth time in the past five Commonwealth Games, winning the most golds (80) and most medals overall (198). England and India finished second and third respectively.[7] Vanuatu, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, British Virgin Islands and Dominica each won their first Commonwealth Games medals.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Host selection
2 Administration
3 Preparation
3.1 Venues
3.1.1 Venues in Gold Coast
3.1.2 Venues outside Gold Coast
3.2 Financing
3.3 Countdown
3.4 Ticketing
3.5 Volunteering
3.6 Medals
3.7 Athletes village
3.8 Queen's baton relay
3.9 Transport
3.10 Anti-doping
3.11 Sustainability
3.12 Opening ceremony
3.13 Closing ceremony
4 Participating teams
4.1 Number of athletes by team
5 Calendar
6 Sports
7 Medal table
8 Broadcasting
9 Marketing
9.1 Motto
9.2 Emblem
9.3 Mascot
9.4 Sponsors
9.5 Official song
10 Concerns and controversies
10.1 Missing athletes
10.2 Criticism of the closing ceremony
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Gold Coast was selected by the Australian Commonwealth Games Association as the official bid city from Australia for the 2018 Commonwealth Games
On 22 August 2008, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, officially launched Gold Coast City's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018. On 7 April 2009, the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium. According to Mayor Ron Clarke, the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre. In the same article, Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government's support for Australia's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid.[9] On 16 April 2009, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup.[10]
"Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we're successful as a nation," she said. However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games, so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen. On 3 June 2009, Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[11] "Should a bid proceed, Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018," Bligh stated.
"Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games," she said. "Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair, Geoff Dixon, that study is now well advanced." On 15 March 2010, it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A$11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid. The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association.[12] On 31 March 2010, the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[13] In October 2011, Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended.[14]
On 31 March 2010, a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota. Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, and is undergoing a major face lift. The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China. The Mattala International Airport, which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota. A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built, which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
On 10 November 2011, the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights.[15] However, on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games.[16][17]
2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results
City
Country
Votes
Gold Coast City Australia 43
Hambantota Sri Lanka 27
Administration[edit]
The event was overseen by the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation (GOLDOC). The GOLDOC was formed in 2012 by the Government of Queensland.[18] Its headquarters were located in Ashmore, a suburban region of Gold Coast.[19] In February 2012, Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the GOLDOC.[20] The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones.[21] Peter Beattie AC served as the Chairman of GOLDOC who was appointed on 17 May 2016 to replace Nigel Chamier OAM.[22][23]
Preparation[edit]
Venues[edit]
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games
One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline. The vast majority of venues were located within 20-minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood.
Venues in Gold Coast[edit]
Carrara Stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics
Carrara Stadium, located in the suburb of Carrara, was the main venue for Athletics, the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony. The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games by the installation of a large temporary North Stand.[24]
Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre hosted netball and the accredited media centre
The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre, located in the suburb of Broadbeach, hosted Basketball, Netball (preliminaries) and Weightlifting events, also serving as the Main Media Centre and International Broadcast centre hosting over 3000 members of the worlds press.[25] The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition.[26]
The Hinze Dam, located in the suburb of Advancetown, was the location for the Mountain Bike competition. A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators.
The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball (finals).[27] The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing, Table Tennis and Squash.[28] During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 (boxing) and 3,200 (table tennis). The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men's and women's Hockey events during the games.[29] The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events.[30] The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events.[31]
Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards.[32] The Elanora/Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme. Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event.[33]
Venues outside Gold Coast[edit]
Brisbane, along with the Gold Coast, forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation. Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler, where a new indoor cycling velodrome (Anna Meares Velodrome) was built. The Velodrome's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode.[34]
The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre. In Tropical North Queensland, the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men's and women's basketball competitions.[35][36][37]
Financing[edit]
The Queensland state government spent A$1.5 billion (US$1.2 billion) to deliver the event. Out of this, A$550 million (US$425 million) were spent on the procurement programme. Procurement of the security and security infrastructure included contracts for four prime suppliers which delivered around 4,200 security guards. A$34 million (US$26 million) were spent on the deployment of the armed forces to provide rapid-response squads, bomb detectors, offshore patrols and surveillance. A$657 million (US$509 million) were spent for the construction of the venues and the Games Village.[38]
Countdown[edit]
Countdown clock in Surfers Paradise
The countdown clock was unveiled on 4 April 2013, exactly five years from the opening ceremony of the games. The clock was shaped as a surfboard and was located at the beach end of Cavill Avenue in Surfers Paradise. The Countdown Clock was the first fixed element of the Commonwealth Games visual identity program.[39]
Ticketing[edit]
The ticket requests began on 24 April 2017 and ended on 22 May 2017.[40][41] The first round of tickets were allocated on 22 June 2017 via a computer-generated ballot system. About 70% of the people who applied for the tickets had received some or all of the tickets requested in the first phase.[42] In Australia, ticket prices ranged from A$10 for many events to A$495 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony.[43] The games expected to have 1.2 million tickets for sale. Around 1.06 million tickets were sold by 3 April 2018.[44] Ticketek was the provider of ticketing services for the games.[45]
Volunteering[edit]
The organizing committee expected 15,000 volunteers for the games. Over 45,000 applicants applied to become a volunteer. The uniforms for the volunteers were revealed on 11 November 2017 at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre. Former Gold Coast Titans player Mat Rogers who was present at the uniform showcase ceremony, said that the uniforms were "very Gold Coast" and it was like an "active wear".[46] Hard Yakka was the official supplier of the uniforms for the volunteers.[47]
Medals[edit]
At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017, the medals for the games were officially unveiled. Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo-Collins designed the medals, while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint. The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture.[48] Furthermore, Cockatoo-Collins mentioned, "the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave, also symbolic of athletic achievement, The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark, Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated". Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter. The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams.[49]
Athletes village[edit]
2018 Commonwealth Games Village
The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village was located on 59 hectares at Southport, Gold Coast.[50] which provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings. There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses which will serve as student accommodation to the nearby Griffith University. It offered services like laundry, refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools. The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym. Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths, including accessible baths, saunas, massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel. The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games. The village also consisted of retail shops, Optus phone store, salon, bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games, pool tables and game consoles.[51]
Queen's baton relay[edit]
Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Baton
The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day, 13 March 2017, on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace, signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games. Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ‘message to the Commonwealth and its athletes’ into the distinctive loop-design Queen’s Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe. It traveled for 388 days, spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth. The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history. Covering 230,000 km over 388 days, the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania.
The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia, finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018, where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles, Prince of Wales.[52]
Transport[edit]
Gold Coast light rail
During the games period, free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to ticket and accreditation holders. The free transportation services were available on local buses, train and Gold Coast light rail (G:link) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville.[53] The Gold Coast light rail system, connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre, Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands. An extension to the system was announced in October 2015, connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale. The extension opened in December 2017, in time for the games.[54]
Anti-doping[edit]
The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games, covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes, as well as 500 tests against international athletes. Three Australians failed drug tests in this process, along with around 20 international athletes, subject to appeal. The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in-competition testing and, matching protocol at the Olympic Games, launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later, should detection technology improve.[55]
Sustainability[edit]
The Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation (GOLDOC) delivered the event with a focus on sustainability under the guidance of the ISO 20121 event sustainability management system and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework Sustainability Reporting Standards.[56] The GOLDOC received the Sustainability Award in the Australian Business Awards 2016 for focusing on sustainable practices and planning in the preparation of the games.[57] The GOLDOC headquarters received the 4 Star Green Star – Interiors PILOT rating from the Green Building Council of Australia. [58] The new Anna Meares Velodrome, built specifically for the games, is the first velodrome in the world to have full LED broadcast-quality lighting that cuts energy consumption by up to 60% and reduces running costs and carbon emissions.[59]
Opening ceremony[edit]
Main articles: 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony and 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations
The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast, Australia, between 20:00 and 22:40 AEST, on 4 April 2018. Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children.[60] The Head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II, was represented by her son, Charles, Prince of Wales.[61]
Following tradition, the host of the previous games, Scotland entered first, followed by the rest of the European countries competing.[62] Following this, all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions. After the European countries entered, countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Caribbean, and lastly Oceania marched in. The host nation of Australia entered last. Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country's name.
Closing ceremony[edit]
Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony
The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium on Sunday 15 April and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU$30 million. Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian, Samantha Jade, Dami Im, Ricki Lee and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children's entertainers, The Wiggles.
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham, England which will host the 2022 Games.[63]
Participating teams[edit]
There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games.[64] Maldives were scheduled to participate, but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth.[65] The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018.[3]
Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast
hideParticipating Commonwealth Games Associations: country name (number of participants)
Anguilla (12)
Antigua and Barbuda (17)
Australia (469) (hosts)
Bahamas (31)
Bangladesh (23)
Barbados (45)
Belize (12)
Bermuda (8)
Botswana (26)
British Virgin Islands (10)
Brunei (8)
Cameroon (40)
Canada (282)
Cayman Islands (21)
Cook Islands (18)
Cyprus (46)
Dominica (13)
England (390)
Falkland Islands (15)
Fiji (96)
The Gambia (6)
Ghana (71)
Gibraltar (22)
Grenada (14)
Guernsey (31)
Guyana (23)
India (216)
Isle of Man (31)
Jamaica (106)
Jersey (33)
Kenya (136)
Kiribati (14)
Lesotho (20)
Malawi (19)
Malaysia (177)
Malta (24)
Mauritius (54)
Montserrat (7)
Mozambique (26)
Namibia (28)
Nauru (16)
New Zealand (251)
Nigeria (88)
Niue (19)
Norfolk Island (18)
Northern Ireland (90)
Pakistan (56)
Papua New Guinea (56)
Rwanda (17)
Saint Helena (9)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (7)
Saint Lucia (13)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (20)
Samoa (38)
Scotland (226)
Seychelles (25)
Sierra Leone (24)
Singapore (59)
Solomon Islands (14)
South Africa (194)
Sri Lanka (79)
Swaziland (10)
Tanzania (15)
Tonga (13)
Trinidad and Tobago (51)
Turks and Caicos Islands (7)
Tuvalu (7)
Uganda (69)
Vanuatu (18)
Wales (213)
Zambia (36)
Number of athletes by team[edit]
showCGF Code
Country
Athletes
AUS Australia 469
ENG England 390
CAN Canada 282
NZL New Zealand 251
SCO Scotland 226
IND India 216
WAL Wales 213
RSA South Africa 194
MAS Malaysia 177
KEN Kenya 136
JAM Jamaica 106
FIJ Fiji 96
NIR Northern Ireland 90
NGR Nigeria 88
SRI Sri Lanka 79
GHA Ghana 71
UGA Uganda 69
SIN Singapore 59
PAK Pakistan 56
PNG Papua New Guinea
MRI Mauritius 54
TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51
CYP Cyprus 46
BAR Barbados 45
CMR Cameroon 40
SAM Samoa 38
ZAM Zambia 36
JEY Jersey 33
BAH Bahamas 31
GGY Guernsey
IOM Isle of Man
NAM Namibia 28
BOT Botswana 26
MOZ Mozambique
SEY Seychelles 25
MLT Malta 24
SLE Sierra Leone
BAN Bangladesh 23
GUY Guyana
GIB Gibraltar 22
CAY Cayman Islands 21
LES Lesotho 20
SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
MAW Malawi 19
NIU Niue
COK Cook Islands 18
NFI Norfolk Island
VAN Vanuatu
ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17
RWA Rwanda
NRU Nauru 16
FAI Falkland Islands 15
TAN Tanzania
GRN Grenada 14
KIR Kiribati
SOL Solomon Islands
DMA Dominica 13
LCA Saint Lucia
TGA Tonga
AIA Anguilla 12
BIZ Belize
IVB British Virgin Islands 10
SWZ Swaziland
SHN Saint Helena 9
BER Bermuda 8
BRU Brunei
MNT Montserrat 7
SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis
TCA Turks and Caicos Islands
TUV Tuvalu
GAM The Gambia 6
Calendar[edit]
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
April
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Aquatics Diving 3 2 3 2 10
Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50
Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 4 58
Badminton ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● 5 6
Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 16 16
Cycling
Mountain biking 2 2
Road cycling 2 2 4
Track cycling 6 4 6 4 20
Gymnastics
Artistic 1 1 2 5 5 14
Rhythmic 1 1 4 6
Hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
Lawn bowls ● ● ● 2 2 ● 1 2 3 10
Netball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Powerlifting 4 4
Rugby sevens ● ● 2 2
Shooting 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 19
Squash ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● 1 2 5
Table tennis ● ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● 1 4 2 9
Triathlon 2 3 5
Weightlifting 3 3 3 3 4 16
Wrestling 4 4 4 12
Daily medal events
19
17
22
31
33
26
15
24
27
44
17
275
Cumulative total
19
36
58
89
122
148
163
187
214
258
275
April
4th
Wed
5th
Thu
6th
Fri
7th
Sat
8th
Sun
9th
Mon
10th
Tue
11th
Wed
12th
Thu
13th
Fri
14th
Sat
15th
Sun
Total events

Sports[edit]
The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies, a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule. The approved sports included the 10 core sports: athletics, badminton, boxing, hockey, lawn bowls, netball (for women), rugby sevens, squash, swimming and weightlifting. Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports: swimming, athletics, cycling, table tennis, powerlifting and lawn bowls. Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held, with the medals added to the final tally for each nation. A record 38 para events were contested at these games.[66] On 8 March 2016, beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport.[67]
The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, with the major changes being the dropping of judo, the reintroduction of basketball, the debut of women's rugby sevens and beach volleyball.[68]
On 7 October 2016, it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program, meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women. This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events. In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested.[69][70]
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport.
Aquatics
Diving (10) (details)
Swimming (50) (details)
Athletics (58) (details)
Badminton (6) (details)
Basketball (2) (details)
Beach volleyball (2) (details)
Boxing (16) (details)
Cycling (details)
Mountain biking (2)
Road (4)
Track (20)
Gymnastics (details)
Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (6)
Hockey (2) (details)
Lawn bowls (10) (details)
Netball (1) (details)
Rugby sevens (2) (details)
Shooting (19) (details)
Squash (5) (details)
Table tennis (9) (details)
Triathlon (5) (details)
Weightlifting (16) (details)
Powerlifting (4) (details)
Wrestling (12) (details)
Medal table[edit]
Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table
Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here.
The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three-letter country code. Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold, second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold.
Key
* Host nation (Australia)
2018 Commonwealth Games medal table
Rank
CGA
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Australia (AUS)* 80 59 59 198
2 England (ENG) 45 45 46 136
3 India (IND) 26 20 20 66
4 Canada (CAN) 15 40 27 82
5 New Zealand (NZL) 15 16 15 46
6 South Africa (RSA) 13 11 13 37
7 Wales (WAL) 10 12 14 36
8 Scotland (SCO) 9 13 22 44
9 Nigeria (NGR) 9 9 6 24
10 Cyprus (CYP) 8 1 5 14
Total (43 CGAs)
275
276
289
840
Broadcasting[edit]
NEP Australia was the host broadcaster of the event. It produced high definition coverage of the event and delivered to the rights-holding broadcasters of other nations.[71][72] In Australia, the games were broadcast live on three Seven Network channels - 7HD, 7TWO and 7Mate.[73] In the United Kingdom, BBC provided Commonwealth Games coverage of more than 200 hours across BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Red Button, BBC Sport website, BBC iPlayer and BBC radio.[74] ESPN provided the games coverage for viewers in the USA.[75] Sony Pictures Networks India broadcast the games for the viewers in India on three channels - Sony Six, Sony Ten 2 in English and Sony Ten 3 in Hindi.[76]
Flow Sports provided games coverage in the Caribbean countries such as Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts & Nevis, St. Martin, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago and Turks & Caicos. Flow Sports provided coverage of the event on Flow Sports 1, Flow Sports 2 and up to three additional “Flow Sports Extra” channels.[77]
The New Zealand government funded Pacific Cooperation Broadcasting Limited (PCBL) broadcast the event on Pasifika TV in the Oceanian countries such as Cook Islands, Fiji, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Kiribati and Tuvalu.[78]
Territory
Rights holder
Ref
Australia Seven Network [73]
Canada DAZN [79]
Caribbean Flow [77]
India Sony Pictures Networks India [76]
Malaysia HyppSports - Gold Coast 2018 HD [80]
Malaysia Astro Arena [81]
New Zealand TVNZ [82]
Oceania PCBL [78]
Singapore Mediacorp [83]
South Africa SuperSport [84]
United Kingdom BBC [74]
United States ESPN [75]
Marketing[edit]
Motto[edit]
The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was "Share the Dream". It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games, ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations.[85]
Emblem[edit]
The emblem was launched on 4 April 2013, which marked exactly five years until its opening ceremony.[86] It was unveiled at the Southport Broadwater Parklands. It was designed by the New South Wales based brand consultancy WiteKite.[87] The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast, the host city of the games.[88] Nigel Chamier OAM, former Chairman of the GOLDOC, said that it was the result of months of market research.[89]
Mascot[edit]
Borobi, the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Main article: Borobi (mascot)
Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016. Borobi is a blue koala, with indigenous markings on its body. The term "borobi" means koala in the Yugambeh language, spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas.[90] The song ''Days of Gold'' composed by the Australian Duo band Busby Marou, which was released on 17 October 2014, was considered as the official song of the Mascot Borobi.[91]
Sponsors[edit]
The official partners of the games were The Star Gold Coast, Griffith University, TAFE Queensland, Longines, Optus, Atos and Woolworths Supermarkets.[92] Griffith University was also the Creative Arts partner of the games and Presenting partner of the Gold Coast Marathon.[93] TAFE Queensland was responsible for providing vocational education and training program for the volunteers of the games.[94] Longines served as the official timekeeper of the games.[95]
Official song[edit]
The official song of the 2018 Commonwealth Games ''Welcome to Earth'' was recorded by the Australian Singer Delta Goodrem. The song was performed for the first time by Goodrem during the opening ceremony of the games.[96] The song was worldwide released on 5 April 2018 in Delta Goodrem's official Youtube channel.[97]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Missing athletes[edit]
At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games. Some missed their competitions.[98] Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events, and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries. Most hold nationalities that are deemed high-risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events, such as major games.[99]
A month after the games ended, officals estimated that fifty athletes had remained in Australia illegally, with another 200 staying in the country on visas.[100][101]
Criticism of the closing ceremony[edit]
The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony. This caused an uproar on social media as, contrary to public expectations, none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony. Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that, "it hasn't really lived up to expectations". Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony, resulting in a half-empty stadium for much of the event.[102] Following this, the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule,[103] a claim which Channel 7 later refuted.[104]

See also[edit]
Gold Coast 2018 Queen's Baton Relay
2018 Asian Games
2018 European Championships
2019 Pan American Games
2019 European Games
2019 Pacific Games
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme". www.paralympic.org/. International Paralympic Committee. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
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External links[edit]
Gold Coast 2018 official website
Embracing 2018 official website
Official results

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History of the periodic table
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 20 August 2018.
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A collection of historic documents that led to the development of the modern periodic table (clockwise from top left) – Lavoisier's 'Table of Simple substances' (1789); de Chancourtois' 'Telluric Screw' (1862); Mendeleev's hand-written periodic table (1869); a modern periodic table (2016); John Dalton's list of atomic weights & symbols. (1808)[1]
The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements with rows called periods and columns called groups.
The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev,[2] who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development.
Contents
1 Antiquity to the 18th century
1.1 Hennig Brand
1.2 Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
2 19th century
2.1 William Prout
2.2 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
2.3 Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois
2.4 John Newlands
2.5 Mendeleev
2.6 Lothar Meyer
2.7 William Odling
3 20th century
3.1 Frederick Soddy
3.2 Henry Moseley
3.3 Glenn T. Seaborg
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Antiquity to the 18th century[edit]
Further information: Classical element
A number of physical elements (such as platinum, mercury, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.
Hennig Brand, as shown in The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus
Hennig Brand[edit]
The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1669 (or later), his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he called "cold fire" (kaltes Feuer).[4] He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element.
In 1661, Boyle defined an element as "those primitive and simple Bodies of which the mixt ones are said to be composed, and into which they are ultimately resolved."[5]
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier[edit]
Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier
Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr, is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry. Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction.[6] This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles. Lavoisier's book contained a list of "simple substances" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He classified these substances into metals and non metals. While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals.
19th century[edit]
William Prout[edit]
In 1815, the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen.[7]
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner[edit]
In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a chemist, began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements.[8] In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads.[9]
Definition of Triad law:-"Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad.
chlorine, bromine, and iodine
calcium, strontium, and barium
sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
lithium, sodium, and potassium
Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois[edit]
Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements — similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights. In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table, which he named Vis tellurique (the 'telluric helix'), after the element tellurium, which fell near the center of his diagram.[10][11] With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically. His 1863 publication included a chart (which contained ions and compounds,[12] in addition to elements), but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram. As a result, de Chancourtois' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised.[13]
John Newlands[edit]
Newlands' law of octaves
In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties.[14][15][16][11]
Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and was the first to assign them an atomic number.[1] When his 'law of octaves' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published, the Society defending their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial.[17]
The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis's valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted.[18][19][20] The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the "discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements".[1]
He contributed the word 'periodic' in chemistry.
Mendeleev[edit]
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Zeitschrift für Chemie (1869, pages 405–6), in which Mendeleev's periodic table is first published outside Russia.
Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table. Dashes: unknown elements. Group I-VII: modern group 1–2 and 3–7 with transition metals added; some of these extend into a group VIII. Noble gases unknown (and unpredicted).
The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[21] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[22][23] In it, Mendeleev stated that:
The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, elements analogous to aluminium and silicon – whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses.
Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table
It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them, namely eka-silicon (germanium, discovered in 1885), eka-aluminium (gallium, 1875), and eka-boron (scandium, 1879).[11] Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
It provided for variance from atomic weight order.
Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table
The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases, but did, however, leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into. Time proved this audacious calculation correct. However, when this entire family of elements was discovered, William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0, without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed.
A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen, which could be placed either in the alkali metals group, the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon.[24]
The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table.[11]
Polonium and radium, discovered by Marie Curie in 1898, also were difficult to fit into the table.[11]
Lothar Meyer[edit]
Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table.[11] Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table.
Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit.
William Odling[edit]
In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev.[25] Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right groups, which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt. Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' earlier work on the periodic table.[17]
20th century[edit]
Frederick Soddy[edit]
By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements had been found, too many for the periodic table. Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation, many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table.[26] They became known as isotopes, from the Greek eisos topos ("same place").[11][27]
Henry Moseley[edit]
Henry Moseley
In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number.[28] He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements.
Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that argon's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1). The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal. Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.
Moseley's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61, which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively.
Glenn T. Seaborg[edit]
During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series.
Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (5f series). In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an inner electron shell is being filled. The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium. Seaborg's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153.
See also[edit]
Alternative periodic tables
History of chemistry
Periodic Systems of Small Molecules
Prout's hypothesis
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements (PBS film)
Timeline of chemical element discoveries
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c John Newlands, Chemistry Review, November 2003, pp15-16
Jump up ^ IUPAC article on periodic table Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Scerri, E. R. (2006). The Periodic Table: Its Story ad Its Significance; New York City, New York; Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Weeks, Mary (1956). Discovery of the Elements (6th ed.). Easton, Pennsylvania, USA: Journal of Chemical Education. p. 122.
Jump up ^ Boyle, Robert (1661). The Skeptical Chymist. London, England: J. Crooke. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Lavoisier with Robert Kerr, trans. (1790) Elements of Chemistry. Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech. From p. xxiv: "I shall therefore only add upon this subject, that if, by the term elements, we mean to express those simple and indivisible atoms of which matter is composed, it is extremely probable we know nothing at all about them; but, if we apply the term elements, or principles of bodies, to express our idea of the last point which analysis is capable of reaching, we must admit, as elements, all substances into which we are capable, by any means, to reduce bodies by decomposition. Not that we are entitled to affirm, that these substances we consider as simple may not be compounded of two, or even of a greater number of principles; but, since these principles cannot be separated, or rather since we have not hitherto discovered means of separating them, they act with regard to us as simple substances, and we ought never to suppose them compounded until experiment and observation has proved them to be so."
Jump up ^ See:
Prout, William (November 1815). "On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms". Annals of Philosophy. 6: 321–330.
Prout, William (February 1816). "Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms". Annals of Philosophy. 7: 111–113.
Jump up ^ Wurzer, Ferdinand (1817). "Auszug eines Briefes vom Hofrath Wurzer, Prof. der Chemie zu Marburg" [Excerpt of a letter from Court Advisor Wurzer, Professor of Chemistry at Marburg]. Annalen der Physik (in German). 56: 331–334. Here, Döbereiner found that strontium's properties were intermediate to those of calcium and barium.
Jump up ^ Döbereiner, J. W. (1829). "Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie" [An attempt to group elementary substances according to their analogies]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 2nd series (in German). 15: 301–307. For an English translation of this article, see: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner: "An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies" (Lemoyne College (Syracuse, New York, USA))
Jump up ^ Beguyer de Chancourtois (1862). "Tableau du classement naturel des corps simples, dit vis tellurique" [Table of the natural classification of elements, called the "telluric helix"]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 55: 600–601.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ley, Willy (October 1966). "The Delayed Discovery". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 116–127.
Jump up ^ Chancourtois, Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de (1863). Vis tellurique. Classement des corps simples ou radicaux, obtenu au moyen d'un système de classification hélicoïdal et numérique (in French). Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier. 21 pages.
Jump up ^ Annales des Mines history page.
Jump up ^ See:
Newlands, John A. R. (7 February 1863). "On relations among the equivalents". The Chemical News. 7: 70–72.
Newlands, John A. R. (30 July 1864). "Relations between equivalents". The Chemical News. 10: 59–60.
Newlands, John A. R. (20 August 1864). "On relations among the equivalents". The Chemical News. 10: 94–95.
Newlands, John A. R. (18 August 1865). "On the law of octaves". The Chemical News. 12: 83.
(Editorial staff) (9 March 1866). "Proceedings of Societies: Chemical Society: Thursday, March 1". The Chemical News. 13: 113–114.
Newlands, John A.R. (1884). On the Discovery of the Periodic Law and on Relations among the Atomic Weights. E. & F.N. Spon: London, England.
Jump up ^ in a letter published in Chemistry News in February 1863, according to the Notable Names Data Base
Jump up ^ Newlands on classification of elements
^ Jump up to: a b Shaviv, Giora (2012). The Synthesis of the Elements. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. p. 38. From p. 38: "The reason [for rejecting Newlands' paper, which was] given by Odling, then the president of the Chemical Society, was that they made a rule not to publish theoretical papers, and this on the quite astonishing grounds that such papers lead to a correspondence of controversial character."
Jump up ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916). "The atom and the molecule". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 38: 762–785.
Jump up ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The structure of atoms and the octet theory of valence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 5: 252–259. Bibcode:1919PNAS....5..252L. doi:10.1073/pnas.5.7.252. PMC 1091587  .
Jump up ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 41 (6): 868–934.
Jump up ^ Physical Science, Holt Rinehart & Winston (January 2004), page 302 ISBN 0-03-073168-2
Jump up ^ Менделеев, Д. (1869). "Соотношение свойств с атомным весом элементов" [Relationship of elements' properties to their atomic weights]. Журнал Русского Химического Общества (Journal of the Russian Chemical Society) (in Russian). 1: 60–77.
Jump up ^ Mendeleev, Dmitri (1869). "Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente" [On the relations of elements' properties to their atomic weights]. Zeitschrift für Chemie. 12: 405–406.
Jump up ^ "Reed Magazine: The Alumni Association: Around the World in 80 Seconds". reed.edu. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ See:
Odling, William (June 1857). "On the natural groupings of the elements. Part 1". Philosophical Magazine. 4th series. 13 (88): 423–440.
Odling, William (1857). "On the natural groupings of the elements. Part 2". Philosophical Magazine. 4th series. 13 (89): 480–497.
Odling, William (1864). "On the hexatomicity of ferricum and aluminium". Philosophical Magazine. 4th series. 27 (180): 115–119.
Odling, William (1864). "On the proportional numbers of the elements". Quarterly Journal of Science. 1: 642–648.
Jump up ^ See:
Soddy, Frederick (1913). "Radioactivity". Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry. 10: 262–288.
Soddy, Frederick (28 February 1913). "The radio-elements and the periodic law". The Chemical News. 107 (2779): 97–99.
Jump up ^ Soddy first used the word "isotope" in: Soddy, Frederick (4 December 1913). "Intra-atomic charge". Nature. 92 (2301): 399–400. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..399S. doi:10.1038/092399c0. See p. 400.
Jump up ^ Moseley, H.G.J. (1914). "The high-frequency spectra of the elements". Philosophical Magazine. 6th series. 27: 703–713.
External links[edit]
Development of the periodic table (part of a collection of pages that explores the periodic table and the elements) by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Dr. Eric Scerri's web page, which has links to interviews, lectures and articles on various aspects of the periodic system, including the history of the periodic table.
The Internet Database of Periodic Tables – a large collection of periodic tables and periodic system formulations.
History of Mendeleev periodic table of elements as a data visualization at CrossValidated Stack Exchange
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