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SkyWalk
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For the Grand Canyon attraction, see Grand Canyon Skywalk.
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SkyWalk
The SkyWalk main arcade facing east towards Union Station in 2009, before construction began on the UP Express station.
Coordinates
43°38′39″N 79°23′4″W / 43.64417°N 79.38444°W / 43.64417; -79.38444Coordinates: 43°38′39″N 79°23′4″W / 43.64417°N 79.38444°W / 43.64417; -79.38444
Carries
Pedestrians
Locale
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Maintained by
PATH
Characteristics
Design
Skyway
Total length
approx. 500 metres
History
Opened
1989
(parts are from 1929 and 1931)
The SkyWalk is an approximately 500 metre enclosed walkway connecting Union Station to the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre (SkyDome) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Part of Toronto's PATH network, the SkyWalk passes above the York Street 'subway' and the Simcoe Street Tunnel and runs roughly parallel between Front Street and Bremner Boulevard.
Designed by the IBI Group,[1] the SkyWalk was opened in 1989 as a predominantly indoor connection from Union Station to the SkyDome. The primary purpose of the SkyWalk is to reduce the need for additional parking spaces near the stadium by providing a direct transportation link to the subway and GO Transit regional trains. A post-modern curved metal and glass structure, the SkyWalk was the first major construction project in the former railway lands after the CN Tower.[2]
On 17 July 2014, the Toronto Preservation Board passed a motion recommending that Toronto City Council allow the demolition of the SkyWalk to make way for a 48-storey office and retail tower called Union Centre.[3]
On 6 June 2015, the Union Pearson Express station was opened within the SkyWalk.
Contents
1 Routing
2 Connections
3 See also
4 References
Routing[edit]
The location of the original Union Station where the SkyWalk is now
The SkyWalk begins at the western end of Union Station and first runs through the York Street Teamway, which runs above and parallel to York Street. It then passes through the second and third stories of the Canadian National Express Building, a heritage listed property completed in 1929, which acted as a terminus for horse-drawn carts delivering goods from Union Station.[1]
The SkyWalk then assumes the form of a long arcade, running parallel to Station Street. Along the southern side of this corridor, the main section of SkyWalk, is the terminus station for the Union Pearson Express rail link to Pearson Airport, which opened in 2015. A GoodLife Fitness occupies the lower floors of the Canadian National Express building and extends beneath the arcade.
At the western end of the arcade, the SkyWalk rises onto an elevated walkway and crosses the rail tracks leading into Union Station and Lower Simcoe Street on a north-south, then northeast-southwest alignment, with a connection to another walkway leading to the Delta Hotel and Southcore Financial Centre. It becomes east-west adjacent to the upper level of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, with a direct connection to the South Building and a bridge to the North Building.
The enclosed walkway terminates near the base of the CN Tower, behind the Ripley's Aquarium of Canada. From here, a short walk in open air leads to the Rogers Centre and across Bremner Boulevard to Roundhouse Park.
Connections[edit]
Union Pearson Express station at SkyWalk
From east to west:
Union Station (Toronto)
York Street Teamway
Canadian National Express Building
Union Pearson Express Station
Simcoe Street Tunnel
Metro Toronto Convention Centre
Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
CN Tower
Rogers Centre
Roundhouse Park
See also[edit]
Footbridge
EdgeWalk
Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SkyWalk (Toronto).
^ Jump up to: a b Heritage Conservation District Plan, Heritage Toronto
Jump up ^ The SkyWalk could come crashing to the ground, BlogTO, 2013
Jump up ^ Micallef, Shawn (31 October 2014). "The Skywalk is Toronto's highway of unrequited victory". Toronto Star. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
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War (The Temptations song)
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"War"
Song by The Temptations
from the album Psychedelic Shack
Released
June 10, 1970 (1970-06-10)
Recorded
1969–1970
Studio
Hitsville USA (Studio A), Detroit, Michigan
Genre
Psychedelic soul
Length
3:11
Label
Gordy
Songwriter(s)
Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong
Producer(s)
Norman Whitfield
"War" is a counterculture-era soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song – an obvious anti-Vietnam War protest – with The Temptations as the original vocalists. After Motown began receiving repeated requests to release "War" as a single, Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist, with the label deciding to withhold the Temptations' version from single release so as not to alienate their more conservative fans. Starr's version of "War" was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970, and is not only the most successful and well-known record of his career, but it is also one of the most popular protest songs ever recorded. It was one of 161 songs on the Clear Channel no-play list after September 11, 2001.[1]
The song's power was reasserted when Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band took their rendition into the U.S. Top 10 in 1986. It was also covered by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984 and more recently by the Rock band Black Stone Cherry on its 2016 album Kentucky.
Contents
1 Temptations' version and release debate
2 Edwin Starr version
2.1 Chart position
3 Frankie Goes to Hollywood version
4 Bruce Springsteen version
4.1 Charts
5 Personnel
5.1 Edwin Starr version
5.2 Temptations version
5.3 Frankie Goes to Hollywood version
5.4 Bruce Springsteen version
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Temptations' version and release debate[edit]
The Temptations' version of "War", featuring Paul Williams and Dennis Edwards on lead vocals, was much less intense than the Edwin Starr version. Williams and Edwards deliver the song's anti-war, pro-peace message over a stripped-down instrumental track, with bass singer Melvin Franklin chanting a repeated recruit training-like "hup, two, three, four" in the background during the verses.
The song was included as a track on the March 1970 Psychedelic Shack album, which featured the title track as its only single. The track's direct message, summarized by its chorus ("War, what is it good for? Absolutely nothin'!"), struck a chord with the American public and resonated with growing public opposition to the war in Vietnam. Fans from across the nation, many of them college students and other young people, sent letters to Motown requesting the release of "War" as a single. The label did not want to risk the image of its most popular male group, and the Temptations themselves were also apprehensive about releasing such a potentially controversial song as a single. The label decided to withhold "War"'s release as a single, a decision that Whitfield fought until the label came up with a compromise: "War" would be released, but it would have to be re-recorded with a different act.
Edwin Starr version[edit]
"War"
Single by Edwin Starr
from the album War & Peace
B-side
"He Who Picks a Rose"
Released
June 10, 1970 (1970-06-10)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
May 15, 1970
Studio
Hitsville USA (Studio A), Detroit, Michigan
Genre
Psychedelic soul, funk
Length
3:48
Label
Gordy (Gordy 7101)
Songwriter(s)
Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong
Producer(s)
Norman Whitfield
Edwin Starr singles chronology
"Time"
(1970) "War"
(1970) "Stop the War Now"
(1970)
Edwin Starr sings War
Sample of the song
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Edwin Starr, who had become a Motown artist in 1968 after his former label, Ric-Tic, was purchased by Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., became "War's" new vocalist. Considered among Motown's "second-string" acts, Starr had only one major hit, 1968's number-six hit "Twenty-Five Miles", to his name by this time. He heard about the conflict surrounding the debate of whether or not to release "War", and volunteered to re-record it. Whitfield re-created the song to match Starr's James Brown-influenced soul shout: the single version of "War" was dramatic and intense, depicting the general anger and distaste the anti-war movement felt towards the war in Vietnam. Unlike the Temptations' original, Starr's "War" was a full-scale Whitfield production, with prominent electric guitar lines, clavinets, a heavily syncopated rhythm accented by a horn section, and with The Originals and Whitfield's new act The Undisputed Truth on backing vocals.
Upon its release in June 1970, Starr's "War" became a runaway hit, and held the #1 position on the Billboard Pop Singles chart for three weeks, in August and September 1970. It replaced "Make It With You" by Bread, and was replaced by another Motown single, "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Diana Ross. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song of 1970.
Notable as the most successful protest song to become a pop hit, earning compliments from contemporary protester John Lennon, "War" became Edwin Starr's signature song. Rather than hindering his career (as it might have done for the Temptations), "War" buoyed Starr's career, and he adopted the image of an outspoken liberal orator for many of his other early-1970s releases, including the similarly themed "Stop the War Now" from 1971. It and another 1971 single, "Funky Music Sho' 'Nuff Turns Me On", continued Starr's string of Whitfield-produced psychedelic soul hits. After 1971, Starr's career began to falter, and, citing Motown's reliance on formulas, he departed the label in the mid-1970s.
Later in his career, after moving to the United Kingdom, Starr re-recorded several of his hits with British band Utah Saints. Starr's new version of "War" in 2003 was his final piece. He died on April 2 of the same year of a heart attack.
Starr earned a Grammy nomination in 1971 for "War" for best R&B Male Vocal.[2] In 1999, Starr's recording of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
"War" was featured in the films Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, Gulliver's Travels, Small Soldiers as well as its soundtrack, Rush Hour, Rush Hour 3, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, and in the TV spot to Tropic Thunder.
The song is featured in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror VIII," in the segment "The Homega Man". After Springfield is attacked by a French nuclear weapon, Homer, seemingly the only person in the city not killed or mutated by the explosion, is seen dancing completely naked to the song in a church.
The song was sung by Stewie Griffin in Family Guy episode "Bigfat" when he was helping Peter sing while grunting at the rhythm.
Starr's version of "War" is featured in a 2015 TV commercial for the Nissan Rogue.
A truncated version of Starr's original recording was used as the opening theme to the TV drama Family Law (1999 – 2002).
The song was referenced in the Seinfeld episode "The Marine Biologist" where Jerry convinces Elaine that Tolstoy's original title for "War and Peace" was "War, What Is It Good For?"
Chart position[edit]
Chart
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[3] 16
Canada (RPM 100 Singles)[4] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[5] 9
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[7] 14
Norway (VG-lista)[8] 9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[9] 3
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 1
Frankie Goes to Hollywood version[edit]
"War"
Single by Frankie Goes to Hollywood
from the album Welcome to the Pleasuredome
B-side
"Two Tribes (Carnage)"
"One February Friday"
Released
July 9, 1984
Format
12-inch single
Genre
Hi-NRG
dance
synthpop
new wave
Length
8:33
Label
ZTT (WARTZ 3)
Songwriter(s)
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Producer(s)
Trevor Horn
Frankie Goes to Hollywood singles chronology
"Relax"
(1983) "War"
(1984) "The Power of Love"
(1984)
Frankie Goes to Hollywood followed their debut 1983 UK number one single Relax with Two Tribes. The principal B-side for 12-inch single was a cover version of "War". To build on the chart success of "Two Tribes", "War" became the subject of an accomplished extended remix in its own right (subtitled "Hidden") for the third version of single's UK 12-inch. For the release "War" was promoted as a double-A-side with the "Carnage" mix of "Two Tribes" on the reverse. The 12-inch double-A-side single was released in standard and picture disc versions, both with the ZTT Records catalog number WARTZ 3.
Versions of both "Two Tribes" and "War" would later appear on the group's 1984 debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome as well as numerous Frankie Goes to Hollywoood and ZTT Records compilation albums.
The release of "War" / "Two Tribes" also coincided with an extensive and iconic t-shirt marketing campaign for the band during the summer of 1984, featuring such slogans as "Frankie Say WAR! Hide Yourself", as pictured on the 12" single cover.
Several lines of spoken dialogue were added to the Temptations/Edwin Starr version of the song. Impressionist Chris Barrie voiced the long soliloquy about war and love, while impersonating the American President Ronald Reagan; a role he would later reprise in the hit UK TV Show Spitting Image. Born in Germany, Barrie translated and subversively quoted Adolf Hitler from his failed 1924 putsch trial, in the first new lines added to the song.[11]
Bruce Springsteen version[edit]
"War"
Single by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
from the album Live/1975–85
B-side
"Merry Christmas Baby"
Released
November 10, 1986
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
September 30, 1985
Venue
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles
Genre
Hard rock, funk rock
Length
5:10
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Producer(s)
Bruce Springsteen
Jon Landau
Chuck Plotkin
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band singles chronology
"My Hometown"
(1985) "War"
(1986) "Fire"
(1987)
"War" was performed in concert by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band in 1985, added to the set list for the final few shows of their lengthy Born in the U.S.A. Tour. Springsteen and his manager Jon Landau were looking for a way to make these concluding shows, taking place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, a little different and special, and Landau suggested playing "War". A year earlier, he had suggested the same, as a loose protest against Reagan Administration foreign policy in Central America and elsewhere, but the band had been unable to come up with an effective arrangement. This time, however, they did. Springsteen taped the words of the song to his arm, prefaced the song with a spoken admonition not to blindly trust the government, leaders or anything else, and then he and the band performed a rock rendition.
Springsteen released the September 30, 1985 performance as a part of his 1986 box set, Live/1975–85. "War" was chosen as the first single from the set, and it was again a big hit, reaching #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The music video for the single was a straight concert filming of the same performance.
Springsteen continued to perform "War" regularly through his 1988 Tunnel of Love Express and Human Rights Now! Tours. He then retired it, until again performing it on his 2003 Rising Tour before and during the start of the Iraq War.
Charts[edit]
Chart
Peak
position
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 27
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[13] 10
United States (Billboard Hot 100)[14] 8
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[16] 42
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[17] 8
UK (UK Singles Chart)[18] 18
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[19] 4
Personnel[edit]
Edwin Starr version[edit]
Edwin Starr – lead vocals
The Originals (Freddie Gorman, Walter Gaines, Hank Dixon, C.P. Spencer) and The Undisputed Truth (Joe Harris, Billie Rae Calvin, Brenda Joyce Evans) – background vocals
The Funk Brothers – instrumentation
Temptations version[edit]
Paul Williams and Dennis Edwards – lead vocals
Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, Eddie Kendricks, and Otis Williams – background vocals
The Funk Brothers – instrumentation
Frankie Goes to Hollywood version[edit]
Holly Johnson – lead vocals
Paul Rutherford – backing vocals
Brian Nash – guitar
Mark O'Toole – bass
Peter Gill – drums
Trevor Horn – producer
Stuart Bruce, Steve Lipson – engineers
Ian Cooper – mastering
Bruce Springsteen version[edit]
Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals
The E Street Band (Roy Bittan, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Garry Tallent) – background vocals
The E Street Band – instrumentation
See also[edit]
List of anti-war songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "It's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It". Slate.com. 2001-09-17. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Award Nominees 1971 - Grammy Award Winners 1971". Awardsandshows.com. 1971-03-16. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – EDWIN STARR – WAR" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Library and archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. "germancharts.com - Edwin Starr - War". germancharts.de. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Irish Charts – All there is to know". IRMA. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Edwin Starr – War" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – EDWIN STARR – WAR". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "EDWIN STARR - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "EDWIN STARR Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "25 Years On: Frankie Goes To Hollywood's Welcome To The Pleasuredome". The Quietus.com. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – War (Live)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Springsteen Chart History". Billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – War (Live)". VG-lista. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – War (Live)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – War (Live)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Springsteen Artist Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – War (Live)". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
External links[edit]
Edwin Starr, "War" – Superseventies.com
Edwin Starr interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' 10/92
Andrew Hamilton, All Music Guide review
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)
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Nebraska (1982)
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Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014)
The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015)
Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015)
Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015)
Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015)
LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015)
Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 (2015)
Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015)
Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015)
The Christic Shows 1990 (2016)
HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016)
Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017)
Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017)
Wachovia Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA 10/20/09 (2017)
Palace Theatre, Albany 1977 (2017)
Auditorium Theatre, Rochester, NY 1977 (2017)
King's Hall, Belfast March 19, 1996 (2017)
The Summit, Houston, TX December 8, 1978 (2017)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1995)
18 Tracks (1999)
The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
Greatest Hits (2009)
The Promise (2010)
Collection: 1973–2012 (2013)
Chapter and Verse (2016)
Box sets
The Born in the U.S.A. 12" Single Collection (1985)
Tracks (1998)
The Collection (2004)
Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005)
The Collection 1973–1984 (2010)
The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010)
The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014)
The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015)
EPs
Live Collection (1987)
Chimes of Freedom (1988)
Blood Brothers (1996)
PBS Exclusive (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
American Beauty (2014)
Singles
"Blinded by the Light" (1973)
"Spirit in the Night" (1973)
"4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)" (1974)
"Born to Run" (1975)
"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" (1976)
"Prove It All Night" (1978)
"Badlands" (1978)
"The Promised Land" (1978)
"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)" (1979)
"Hungry Heart" (1980)
"Fade Away" (1981)
"Sherry Darling" (1981)
"The River" (1981)
"Cadillac Ranch" (1981)
"Point Blank" (1981)
"Atlantic City" (1982)
"Open All Night" (1982)
"Dancing in the Dark" (1984)
"Cover Me" (1984)
"Born in the U.S.A." (1984)
"I'm on Fire" (1985)
"Glory Days" (1985)
"I'm Goin' Down" (1985)
"My Hometown" (1985)
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" (1985)
"War" (1986)
"Fire" (1987)
"Brilliant Disguise" (1987)
"Tunnel of Love" (1987)
"One Step Up" (1988)
"Tougher Than the Rest" (1988)
"Spare Parts" (1988)
"Human Touch" (1992)
"57 Channels (And Nothin' On)" (1992)
"Better Days" (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" (1994)
"Secret Garden" (1995)
"The Ghost of Tom Joad" (1996)
"Sad Eyes" (1999)
"The Rising" (2002)
"Lonesome Day" (2002)
"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" (2003)
"Devils & Dust" (2005)
"All The Way Home" (2005)
"Radio Nowhere" (2007)
"Girls in Their Summer Clothes" (2008)
"Working on a Dream" (2008)
"My Lucky Day" (2008)
"The Wrestler" (2009)
"We Take Care of Our Own" (2012)
"Death to My Hometown" (2012)
"High Hopes" (2013)
"Just Like Fire Would" (2014)
Charting songs
"Be True" (1981)
"Ramrod" (1981)
"Nebraska" (1982)
"Johnny 99" (1982)
"No Surrender" (1984)
"Stand on It" (1985)
"Trapped" (live) (1985)
"Because the Night" (live) (1986)
"Chimes of Freedom" (live) (1988)
"Youngstown" (1995)
"American Skin (41 Shots)" (2001)
"Pay Me My Money Down" (2006)
"Long Walk Home" (2006)
"My City of Ruins" (2011)
"Rocky Ground" (2012)
Other notable songs
"Growin' Up" (1973)
"For You" (1973)
"Incident on 57th Street" (1973)
"The Fever" (1973)
"Thunder Road" (1975)
"Night" (1975)
"Backstreets" (1975)
"She's the One" (1975)
"Meeting Across the River" (1975)
"Jungleland" (1975)
"Adam Raised a Cain" (1978)
"Racing in the Street" (1978)
"Darkness on the Edge of Town" (1978)
"Stay" (1979)
"The Ties That Bind" (1980)
"Independence Day" (1980)
"Out in the Street" (1980)
"Stolen Car" (1980)
"Wreck on the Highway" (1980)
"Highway Patrolman" (1982)
"Darlington County" (1984)
"Working on the Highway" (1984)
"Downbound Train" (1984)
"Bobby Jean" (1984)
"Pink Cadillac" (1984)
"Jersey Girl" (1986)
"Light of Day" (1993)
"The New Timer" (1995)
"Land of Hope and Dreams" (2012)
"Hunter of Invisible Game" (2014)
Video releases
Video Anthology / 1978–88 (1989)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992)
Blood Brothers (1996)
The Complete Video Anthology / 1978–2000 (2001)
Live in New York City (2001)
Live in Barcelona (2003)
VH1 Storytellers (2005)
Wings For Wheels (2005)
Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2005)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
London Calling: Live in Hyde Park (2010)
The Promise: The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town (2010)
Springsteen & I (2013)
Born in the U.S.A. Live: London 2013 (2014)
A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2014)
Bruce Springsteen's High Hopes (2014)
High Hopes in South Africa (2014)
Hunter of Invisible Game (2014)
Concerts
Born to Run tours (1974–77)
Darkness Tour (1978)
The River Tour (1980–81)
Born in the U.S.A. Tour (1984–85)
Tunnel of Love Express (1988)
Human Rights Now! (1988)
Bruce Springsteen 1992–1993 World Tour (1992–93)
Ghost of Tom Joad Tour (1995–97)
Reunion Tour (1999–2000)
Rising Tour (2002–03)
Vote for Change (2004)
Devils & Dust Tour (2005)
Seeger Sessions Band Tour (2006)
Magic Tour (2007–08)
Working on a Dream Tour (2009)
Wrecking Ball Tour (2012-13)
High Hopes Tour (2014)
The River Tour 2016 (2016)
Summer '17 (2017)
Springsteen on Broadway (2017-18)
Related
Discography
E Street Band
Steel Mill
The Sessions Band
The Miami Horns
Born to Run autobiography
E Street Radio
Little Steven's Underground Garage
Outlaw Pete
Mike Appel
Jon Landau
Brendan O'Brien
Bob Clearmountain
The Max Weinberg 7
Southside Johnny
Joe Grushecky
Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska
Greetings from E Street
Book
Category
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St Michael's Mount
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For the island off the coast of Normandy, France, see Mont Saint-Michel.
St Michael's Mount
Cornish: Karrek Loos yn Koos

St Michael's Mount
St Michael's Mount
St Michael's Mount shown within Cornwall
Area
0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2)
OS grid reference
SW514298
• London
290 miles (467 km)
Civil parish
St Michael's Mount
Unitary authority
Cornwall
Ceremonial county
Cornwall
Region
South West
Country
England
Sovereign state
United Kingdom
Post town
MARAZION
Postcode district
TR17
Dialling code
01736
Police
Devon and Cornwall
Fire
Cornwall
Ambulance
South Western
EU Parliament
South West England
UK Parliament
St Ives
Website
http://www.stmichaelsmount.co.uk/
List of places
UK
England
Cornwall
50°06′58″N 5°28′38″W / 50.1160°N 5.4772°W / 50.1160; -5.4772Coordinates: 50°06′58″N 5°28′38″W / 50.1160°N 5.4772°W / 50.1160; -5.4772
St Michael's Mount (Cornish: Karrek Loos yn Koos,[1] meaning "hoar rock in woodland")[2] is a small tidal island in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The island is a civil parish and is linked to the town of Marazion by a man-made causeway of granite setts, passable between mid-tide and low water. The population of this parish in 2011 was 35.[3] It is managed by the National Trust, and the castle and chapel have been the home of the St Aubyn family since approximately 1650. The earliest buildings, on the summit, date to the 12th century.[4]
Its Cornish language name—literally, "the grey rock in a wood"—may represent a folk memory of a time before Mount's Bay was flooded, indicating a description of the mount set in woodland. Remains of trees have been seen at low tides following storms on the beach at Perranuthnoe. Radiocarbon dating established the submerging of the hazel wood at about 1700 BC.[5]
Historically, St Michael's Mount was a Cornish counterpart of Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, France (with which it shares the same tidal island characteristics and the same conical shape, in spite of being much smaller, at 57 acres, than Mont St Michel which covers 247 acres), when it was given to the Benedictine religious order of Mont Saint-Michel by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century.[6]
St Michael's Mount is one of forty-three (unbridged) tidal islands that one can walk to from mainland Britain. Part of the island was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1995 for its geology.[7][8]
Contents
1 Prehistory
2 History
2.1 Siege, occupation and ownership
2.2 18th century
2.3 19th century
2.4 Second World War
2.5 National Trust
3 Priors and owners of St Michael's Mount
4 The island today
4.1 Local government
5 Geology
5.1 Granites
5.2 Devonian Pelites
5.3 Mineralisation
6 Folklore
7 Legend
8 In modern popular culture
9 Images
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Prehistory[edit]
There is evidence of people living in the area during the Neolithic (from circa 4000 to 2500 BCE years). The key discovery was of a leaf-shaped flint arrowhead, which was found within a shallow pit on the lower eastern slope, now part of the modern gardens. Other pieces of flint have been found, and at least two could be Mesolithic (circa 8000 to 3500 BCE).[4] During the Mesolithic, Britain was still attached to mainland Europe via Doggerland, and archaeologist and prehistorian Caroline Malone noted that during the Late Mesolithic, the British Isles were something of a "technological backwater" in European terms, still living as a hunter-gatherer society whilst most of southern Europe had already taken up agriculture and sedentary living.[9] At this time the mount would likely to have been an area of dry ground surrounded by a marshy forest. Any Neolithic or Mesolithic camps are likely to have been destroyed by the later extensive building operations, but it is reasonable to expect the mount to have supported either a seasonal or short-term camp for Mesolithic people.[4]
None of the flints, so far recovered, can be positively dated to the Bronze Age (c. 2500 to 800 BCE) although any summit cairns would have most likely been destroyed when building the castle. A hoard of copper weapons, once thought to have been found on the mount, are now thought to have been found on nearby Marazion Marsh. Defensive stony banks on the north-eastern slopes are likely to date to the early 1st millennium BC, and are considered to be a cliff castle.[4] The mount is one of several candidates for the island of Ictis, described as a tin trading centre in the Bibliotheca historica of the Sicilian-Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the first century BC.[10][5]
History[edit]
St Michael's Mount, Cornwall, 1900
It may have been the site of a monastery in the 8th – early 11th centuries, and Edward the Confessor gave it to the Norman Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel.[11] It was a priory of that abbey until the dissolution of the alien houses as a side-effect of the war in France by Henry V, when it was given to the Abbess and Convent of Syon at Isleworth, Middlesex in 1424. Thus ended its association with Mont St Michel,[11][12] and any connection with Looe Island (dedicated to the Archangel Michael). It was a destination for pilgrims, whose devotions were encouraged by an indulgence granted by Pope Gregory in the 11th century.[citation needed]
Siege, occupation and ownership[edit]
Sir Henry de la Pomeroy captured the Mount in 1193, on behalf of Prince John, in the reign of King Richard I.[13] The monastic buildings were built during the 12th century and in 1275 an earthquake destroyed the original Priory Church, which was rebuilt in the late 14th century, remaining in use.[citation needed] Syon Abbey, a monastery of the Bridgettine Order acquired the Mount in 1424.[14]
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, seized and held it during a siege of twenty-three weeks against 6,000 of Edward IV's troops in 1473–74,[citation needed] Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne. occupied the Mount in 1497.[citation needed] Sir Humphrey Arundell, Governor of St Michael's Mount, led the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549.[citation needed] During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, it was given to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, by whose son it was sold to Sir Francis Bassett. During the Civil War, Sir Arthur Bassett, brother of Sir Francis, held the Mount against the Parliament until July 1646.[citation needed]
18th century[edit]
Little is known about the village before the beginning of the 18th century, save that there were a few fishermen's cottages and monastic cottages. After improvements to the harbour in 1727, St Michael's Mount became a flourishing seaport.
In 1755 the Lisbon earthquake caused a tsunami to strike the Cornish coast over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away. The sea rose six feet (2 m) in ten minutes at St Michael's Mount, ebbed at the same rate, and continued to rise and fall for five hours. The 19th-century French writer Arnold Boscowitz claimed that "great loss of life and property occurred upon the coasts of Cornwall."[15]
19th century[edit]
Painting by British painter James Webb in the 1890s
By 1811 there were fifty-three houses and four streets. The pier was extended in 1821[16] and the population peaked in the same year, when the island had 221 people. There were three schools, a Wesleyan chapel, and three public houses, mostly used by visiting sailors. The village went into decline following major improvements to nearby Penzance harbour and the extension of the railway to Penzance in 1852, and many of the houses and buildings were demolished. A short underground, funicular narrow gauge railway was built in Victorian times. It was used to bring luggage up to the house. It occasionally operates, but only for demonstration reasons and is not open to the general public, although a small stretch is visible at the harbour. It is Britain's last functionally operational 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) railway.[17][18]
In the late 19th century an anchorite's remains were discovered in a tomb within the domestic chapel.[19] The Mount was sold in 1659 to Colonel John St Aubyn. As of 2016[update] his descendants, the Lords St Levan, remain seated at St Michael's Mount.
Second World War[edit]
The Mount was fortified during the Second World War during the invasion crisis of 1940–41. Three pillboxes can be seen to this day.[20]
Sixty-five years after the Second World War, it was suggested based on interviews with contemporaries that the former Nazi Foreign Minister and onetime Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, had intended to live at the Mount after the planned German conquest. Archived documents revealed that during his time in Britain in the 1930s, when he had proposed an alliance with Nazi Germany, General von Ribbentrop frequently visited Cornwall.[21]
National Trust[edit]
In 1954, Francis Cecil St Aubyn, 3rd Baron St Levan gave most of St Michael's Mount to the National Trust, together with a large endowment fund. The St Aubyn family retained a 999-year lease to inhabit the castle and a licence to manage the public viewing of its historic rooms. This is managed in conjunction with the National Trust.
Priors and owners of St Michael's Mount[edit]
1250 Frà Richard le Scrope,
1262 Frà Ralph de Vieilles,
1266 Frà Ralph de Carteret,
1275 Frà Richard de Perrers, collated by Bishop Bronescombe
1283 Frà Geoffrey de Gernon,
1316 Frà Peter de Carewe, Prior during Bishop Grandisson's visitation
1342 Frà Nicholas d'Isabelle,
1349 Frà John Hardy, until indictment at Launceston 1354
1362 Frà John de Voland,
1385 Frà Richard de Harepath, his official prioral brass seal survives;[22]
1412 Dom. William Lambert, Prior
1537 Mgr. Richard Arscott, Archpriest
1539 Dissolution of Syon Monastery; St Michael's Mount reverted to the Crown
1611 Royal grant of the St Michael's Mount to Robert, Earl of Salisbury
1640 Fee conveyed to William, Earl of Salisbury by Sir Francis Bassett; later sold to the St Aubyn family.[23]
The island today[edit]
The chapel of St Michael, a fifteenth-century building, has an embattled tower, one angle of which is a small turret, which served for the guidance of ships. The chapel is extra-diocesan and continues to serve the Order of St John[24] by permission of Lord St Levan. Chapel Rock, on the beach, marks the site of a shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary, where pilgrims paused to worship before ascending the mount. Many antiquities, comprising plate armour, paintings and furniture, are preserved at the castle. Several houses are built on the hillside facing Marazion, and a spring provides a natural flow of water. There is a row of eight houses at the back of the present village; built in 1885 they are known as Elizabeth Terrace. Some of the houses are occupied by staff working in the castle and elsewhere on the island. The mount's cemetery (currently no public access) contains the graves of former residents of the island and several drowned sailors. There are also buildings that were formerly the steward's house, a changing-room for bathers, the stables, the laundry, a barge house, a sail loft (now a restaurant), and two former inns. A former bowling green adjoins one of the buildings.
The harbour, enlarged in 1823 to accommodate vessels of up to 500 tonnes deadweight, has a pier dating back to the 15th century which has also been renovated. Queen Victoria disembarked from the royal yacht at St Michael's Mount in 1846, and a brass inlay of her footstep can be seen at the top of the landing stage. King Edward VII's footstep is also visible near the bowling green. In 1967 the Queen Mother entered the harbour in a pinnace from the royal yacht Britannia.
Another noteworthy point of interest on the island is its underground railway, which is still used to transport goods from the harbour up to the castle. It was built by miners around 1900, replacing the pack horses which had previously been used. Its steep gradient renders it unsafe for passenger-use, thus The National Trust has made it out-of-bounds for public access.
The causeway between the mount and Marazion was improved in 1879 by raising it by one foot (30 cm) with sand and stones from the surrounding area.[25] Repairs were completed in March 2016 following damage from the 2014 winter storms.[26] Some studies indicate that any rise in ocean waters as well as existing natural erosion would put some of the Cornwall coast at risk, including St. Michael's Mount.[27]
Local government[edit]
St Michael's Mount, Cornwall, 2005
Until recent times both the mount and the town of Marazion formed part of the parish of St Hilary.[6] St Michael's Mount forms its own civil parish for local government purposes. Currently, this takes the form of a parish meeting as opposed to a parish council (that is, a yearly meeting of electors that does not elect councillors). Lord St Levan currently chairs the St Michael's Mount Parish Meeting.
Geology[edit]
The rock exposures around St Michael's Mount provide an opportunity to see many features of the geology of Cornwall in a single locality.[28] The mount is made of the uppermost part of a granite intrusion into metamorphosed Devonian mudstones or pelites. The granite is itself mineralised with a well-developed sheeted greisen vein system. Due to its geology the island's seaward has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1995.[8]
Granites[edit]
There are two types of granite visible on the mount. Most of the intrusion is a tourmaline muscovite granite which is variably porphyritic. This is separated from a biotite muscovite granite by pegmatites.
Devonian Pelites[edit]
Originally laid down as mudstones these pelites were regionally metamorphosed and deformed (mainly folded here) by the Variscan orogeny. They were then affected by the intrusion of the granite, which caused further contact metamorphism, locally forming a hornfels, and mineralisation.
Mineralisation[edit]
The best developed mineralisation is found within the uppermost part of the granite itself in the form of sheeted greisen veins. These steep W-E trending veins are thought to have formed by hydraulic fracturing when the fluid pressure at the top of the granite reached a critical level. The granite was fractured and the fluids altered the granite by replacing feldspars with quartz and muscovite. The fluids were also rich in boron, tin and tungsten and tourmaline, wolframite and cassiterite are common in the greisen veins. As the area cooled the veins became open to fluids from the surrounding country rock and these deposited sulphides e.g. chalcopyrite and stannite. Greisen veins are also locally developed within the pelites.
Folklore[edit]
In prehistoric times, St Michael's Mount may have been a port for the tin trade, and Gavin de Beer made a case for it to be identified with the "tin port" Ictis/Ictin mentioned by Posidonius.[5]
It is claimed that the Archangel Michael appeared before local fishermen on the mount in the 5th century AD,[29] with the version by John Mirk copying details from the Golden Legend.[30]
The chronicler John of Worcester[31] relates under the year 1099 that St Michael's Mount was located five or six miles (10 km) from the sea, enclosed in a thick wood, but that on the third day of November the sea overflowed the land, destroying many towns and drowning many people as well as innumerable oxen and sheep; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records under the date 11 November 1099, "The sea-flood sprung up to such a height, and did so much harm, as no man remembered that it ever did before".[32] The Cornish legend of Lyonesse, an ancient kingdom said to have extended from Penwith toward the Isles of Scilly, also talks of land being inundated by the sea.
One of the earliest references to the mount (originally named "Dynsol" or "Dinsul"), was in the mid 11th century when it was "Sanctus Michael beside the sea".[33][34]
In the 1600s John Milton used the Mount as the setting for the finale of what was once one of the most famous poems in English literature, his "Lycidas", which drew on the traditional sea-lore that had it that the archangel Michael sat in a great stone chair at the top of the Mount, seeing far over the sea and thus protecting England. In the mid 1850s the poem's scenes of the drowning of Lycidas, in the seas below the Mount, were illustrated in engravings and paintings by J. M. W. Turner. The poem drew together various traditions from the Bible, classical mythology and local folkore to offer an elegy for the pagan world that had faded away.
Legend[edit]
Main article: Jack the Giant Killer
During the 6th century, before a castle was built, according to legend, the island St. Michael's Mount sits upon was once home to an 18-foot giant named Cormoran, who lived in a cave with his ill-gotten treasures obtained by terrorizing local towns and villages. That is, until a young farmer's son named Jack took on this gigantic menace, who had an appetite for cattle and children, and killed him by trapping him in a concealed pit, bringing down his axe upon his head. When he returned home, the elders in the village gave him a hero's welcome, and henceforth, called him "Jack the Giant Killer".
In modern popular culture[edit]
The mount has featured in a number of films, including the 1979 film Dracula, where it was prominently featured as the exterior of Castle Dracula.[35] It appeared in the 1983 James Bond film Never Say Never Again, as two guided missiles armed with nuclear warheads fly over the English countryside and out to sea, passing directly over St Michael's Mount. In the 2003 film Johnny English it was used as the exterior of the character Pascal Sauvage's French chateau and in 2012, it was a filming location for the fantasy adventure movie Mariah Mundi and the Midas Box.
"Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount" is the title of an experimental electronic track by musician Aphex Twin, who grew up in Cornwall and in Michael Moorcock's series of Fantasy novels about Prince Corum, a fictionalised version of St Michael's Mount appears as Moidel's Mount.
It was one of the locations used on BBC One "Balloon" Idents which were used on the channel from 4 October 1997 to 29 March 2002.
Images[edit]
Sunset at the Mount
Castle of St. Michael
Causeway at low tide.
Local map from 1946
Sunrise Mount's Bay
Mount's Bay, 2014
St Aubyn family arms
See also[edit]
St Aubyn family
Mont Saint-Michel, France
List of monastic houses in Cornwall
Cormoran
Skellig Michael
Cornwall portal
History portal
Christianity portal
England portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF) : List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel. Cornish Language Partnership.
Jump up ^ O.J.Padel. Cornish Place Names. p. 122.
Jump up ^ "Parish population 2011". GENUKI. Archived from the original on 7 July 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Herring, Peter (2000). St Michael's Mount Archaeological Works, 1995-8. Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit. ISBN 1-898166-49-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gavin de Beer (June 1960). "Iktin". The Geographical Journal. 126 (2): 160–167. doi:10.2307/1793956. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, Charles (1925). Cornish Church Guide. Truro: Oscar Blackford. pp. 160–61.
Jump up ^ Peter Caton (2011). No Boat Required – Exploring Tidal Islands. ISBN 978-1848767-010.
^ Jump up to: a b "St Michael's Mount" (PDF). Natural England. 31 March 1995. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Malone, Caroline (2001). Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1442-9.
Jump up ^ ICTIS INSVLA at roman-britain.org, accessed 7 February 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Nikolaus Pevsner, Enid Radcliffe (1970). Cornwall. Yale University Press. pp. 193–195. ISBN 9780140710014.
Jump up ^ McCabe, Helen (1988). Houses and Gardens of Cornwall. Padstow: Tabb House. ISBN 0907018580.
Jump up ^ Carew's Survey of Cornwall (page 379) [1]
Jump up ^ Harry, Carlene. "Morvah - which St Bridget?". Penwith Local History Group. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sources of Cornish History – The Lisbon Earthquake". Cornwall Council. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "St Michael's Mount". New Monthly Magazine. May 1821. p. 259. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "St Michaels Mount, Cornish Cliff Railway". Hows Website. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "St Michael's Mount Cliff Railway". South Western Historical Society. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Jump up ^ www.cornwall-opc.org
Jump up ^ Foot 2006, pp. 88–93.
Jump up ^ Vanessa Thorpe (3 October 2010). "Nazi foreign minister planned to own Cornwall as his retirement home". The Observer. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541; Year 1396; Richard II; www.uh.edu: Plaintiff
Jump up ^ A short history of St Michael's Mount;Appendix B ; by the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szrma; 1878; https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistorype00lachgoog/ashorthistorype00lachgoog_djvu.txt
Jump up ^ "Events".
Jump up ^ "Marazion". The Cornishman (61). 11 September 1879. p. 4.
Jump up ^ "Causeway at St Michael's Mount restored". BBC News. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Steven Morris (13 October 2008). "South-west England's treasures in danger". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Marazion to Porthleven (virtual geological field excursion)" (PDF). University of Exeter. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Timeline of The Mount". St. Michael's Mount. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Richard Freeman Johnson (2005). Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend. Boydell Press. p. 68. ISBN 1-84383-128-7.
Jump up ^ Noted by de Beer 1960:162f as "Florence of Worcester" in Thomas Forester's edition, London, 1854:206.
Jump up ^ Ingram, James (trans.) (1823), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 180
Jump up ^ Padel, O J. "The Cornish background of the Tristan Stories". Cambridge Medieval Studies. 1: 53–81.
Jump up ^ Padel, O J (1985). Cornish Place-name Elements. English Place-names Society Volumes 56/57.
Jump up ^ Derek Pykett (2008). British Horror Film Locations. McFarland. p. 41.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "St Michael's Mount". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading[edit]
Foot, William (2006). Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940. Council for British Archaeology. ISBN 1-902771-53-2.
John Taylor, Albion: the earliest history"] (Dublin, 2016)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
St Michael's Mount.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article St Michael's Mount.
St Michael's Mount information at the National Trust
St Michael's Mount website
Pliny: Naturalis Historia (IV:XVI.102-4)
Cornwall Record Office Online Catalogue for St Michael's Mount
Historic England. "Details from image database (69966)". Images of England.
St. Michaels Mount (photo by Chris Hasenbichler)
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Monto Sankta Mikaelo (Anglio) – Esperanto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: Mons Sancti Michaelis (Cornubia) – Latin

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: セント・マイケルズ・マウント – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Сент-Майклс-Маунт – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-St_Michael_s_Mount rootpage-St_Michael_s_Mount skin-vector action-view