text:
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Beckman DU640 UV/Vis spectrophotometer.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the electromagnetic spectrum, atoms and molecules undergo electronic transitions. Absorption spectroscopy is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with transitions from the excited state to the ground state, while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Principle of ultraviolet-visible absorption
2 Applications
2.1 Practical considerations
2.1.1 Spectral bandwidth
2.1.2 Wavelength error
2.1.3 Stray light
2.1.4 Deviations from the Beer–Lambert law
2.1.5 Measurement uncertainty sources
3 Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer
4 Microspectrophotometry
5 Additional applications
6 See also
7 References
Principle of ultraviolet-visible absorption[edit]
Molecules containing π-electrons or non-bonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb the energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.[2] The more easily excited the electrons (i.e. lower energy gap between the HOMO and the LUMO), the longer the wavelength of light it can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π-π*, n-π*, σ-σ*, and n-σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ-σ* > n-σ* > π-π* > n-π*.[citation needed]
Applications[edit]
An example of a UV/Vis readout
UV/Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of different analytes, such as transition metal ions, highly conjugated organic compounds, and biological macromolecules. Spectroscopic analysis is commonly carried out in solutions but solids and gases may also be studied.
Solutions of transition metal ions can be colored (i.e., absorb visible light) because d electrons within the metal atoms can be excited from one electronic state to another. The colour of metal ion solutions is strongly affected by the presence of other species, such as certain anions or ligands. For instance, the colour of a dilute solution of copper sulfate is a very light blue; adding ammonia intensifies the colour and changes the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax).
Organic compounds, especially those with a high degree of conjugation, also absorb light in the UV or visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The solvents for these determinations are often water for water-soluble compounds, or ethanol for organic-soluble compounds. (Organic solvents may have significant UV absorption; not all solvents are suitable for use in UV spectroscopy. Ethanol absorbs very weakly at most wavelengths.) Solvent polarity and pH can affect the absorption spectrum of an organic compound. Tyrosine, for example, increases in absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficient when pH increases from 6 to 13 or when solvent polarity decreases.
While charge transfer complexes also give rise to colours, the colours are often too intense to be used for quantitative measurement.
The Beer-Lambert law states that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species in the solution and the path length.[3] Thus, for a fixed path length, UV/Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine the concentration of the absorber in a solution. It is necessary to know how quickly the absorbance changes with concentration. This can be taken from references (tables of molar extinction coefficients), or more accurately, determined from a calibration curve.
A UV/Vis spectrophotometer may be used as a detector for HPLC. The presence of an analyte gives a response assumed to be proportional to the concentration. For accurate results, the instrument's response to the analyte in the unknown should be compared with the response to a standard; this is very similar to the use of calibration curves. The response (e.g., peak height) for a particular concentration is known as the response factor.
The wavelengths of absorption peaks can be correlated with the types of bonds in a given molecule and are valuable in determining the functional groups within a molecule. The Woodward-Fieser rules, for instance, are a set of empirical observations used to predict λmax, the wavelength of the most intense UV/Vis absorption, for conjugated organic compounds such as dienes and ketones. The spectrum alone is not, however, a specific test for any given sample. The nature of the solvent, the pH of the solution, temperature, high electrolyte concentrations, and the presence of interfering substances can influence the absorption spectrum. Experimental variations such as the slit width (effective bandwidth) of the spectrophotometer will also alter the spectrum. To apply UV/Vis spectroscopy to analysis, these variables must be controlled or accounted for in order to identify the substances present.[4]
The method is most often used in a quantitative way to determine concentrations of an absorbing species in solution, using the Beer-Lambert law:
A = log 10  ( I 0 / I ) = ε c L {\displaystyle A=\log _{10}(I_{0}/I)=\varepsilon cL} ,
where A is the measured absorbance (in Absorbance Units (AU)), I 0 {\displaystyle I_{0}} is the intensity of the incident light at a given wavelength, I {\displaystyle I} is the transmitted intensity, L the path length through the sample, and c the concentration of the absorbing species. For each species and wavelength, ε is a constant known as the molar absorptivity or extinction coefficient. This constant is a fundamental molecular property in a given solvent, at a particular temperature and pressure, and has units of 1 / M ∗ c m {\displaystyle 1/M*cm} .
The absorbance and extinction ε are sometimes defined in terms of the natural logarithm instead of the base-10 logarithm.
The Beer-Lambert Law is useful for characterizing many compounds but does not hold as a universal relationship for the concentration and absorption of all substances. A 2nd order polynomial relationship between absorption and concentration is sometimes encountered for very large, complex molecules such as organic dyes (Xylenol Orange or Neutral Red, for example).
UV-Vis spectroscopy is also used in the semiconductor industry to measure the thickness and optical properties of thin films on a wafer. UV-Vis spectrometers are used to measure the reflectance of light, and can be analyzed via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations to determine the Index of Refraction (n) and the Extinction Coefficient (k) of a given film across the measured spectral range.[citation needed]
Practical considerations[edit]
The Beer-Lambert law has implicit assumptions that must be met experimentally for it to apply; otherwise there is a possibility of deviations from the law.[5] For instance, the chemical makeup and physical environment of the sample can alter its extinction coefficient. The chemical and physical conditions of a test sample therefore must match reference measurements for conclusions to be valid.
Spectral bandwidth[edit]
It is important to have a monochromatic source of radiation for the light incident on the sample cell.[5] Monochromaticity is measured as the width of the "triangle" formed by the intensity spike, at one half of the peak intensity. A given spectrometer has a spectral bandwidth that characterizes how monochromatic the incident light is.[clarification needed]If this bandwidth is comparable to (or more than) the width of the absorption line, then the measured extinction coefficient will be mistaken. In reference measurements, the instrument bandwidth (bandwidth of the incident light) is kept below the width of the spectral lines. When a test material is being measured, the bandwidth of the incident light should also be sufficiently narrow. Reducing the spectral bandwidth reduces the energy passed to the detector and will, therefore, require a longer measurement time to achieve the same signal to noise ratio.
Wavelength error[edit]
In liquids, the extinction coefficient usually changes slowly with wavelength. A peak of the absorbance curve (a wavelength where the absorbance reaches a maximum) is where the rate of change in absorbance with wavelength is smallest.[5] Measurements are usually made at a peak to minimize errors produced by errors in wavelength in the instrument, that is errors due to having a different extinction coefficient than assumed.
Stray light[edit]
See also: Stray light
Another important factor is the purity of the light used. The most important factor affecting this is the stray light level of the monochromator.[5]
The detector used is broadband; it responds to all the light that reaches it. If a significant amount of the light passed through the sample contains wavelengths that have much lower extinction coefficients than the nominal one, the instrument will report an incorrectly low absorbance. Any instrument will reach a point where an increase in sample concentration will not result in an increase in the reported absorbance, because the detector is simply responding to the stray light. In practice the concentration of the sample or the optical path length must be adjusted to place the unknown absorbance within a range that is valid for the instrument. Sometimes an empirical calibration function is developed, using known concentrations of the sample, to allow measurements into the region where the instrument is becoming non-linear.
As a rough guide, an instrument with a single monochromator would typically have a stray light level corresponding to about 3 Absorbance Units (AU), which would make measurements above about 2 AU problematic. A more complex instrument with a double monochromator would have a stray light level corresponding to about 6 AU, which would therefore allow measuring a much wider absorbance range.
Deviations from the Beer–Lambert law[edit]
At sufficiently high concentrations, the absorption bands will saturate and show absorption flattening. The absorption peak appears to flatten because close to 100% of the light is already being absorbed. The concentration at which this occurs depends on the particular compound being measured. One test that can be used to test for this effect is to vary the path length of the measurement. In the Beer-Lambert law, varying concentration and path length has an equivalent effect—diluting a solution by a factor of 10 has the same effect as shortening the path length by a factor of 10. If cells of different path lengths are available, testing if this relationship holds true is one way to judge if absorption flattening is occurring.
Solutions that are not homogeneous can show deviations from the Beer-Lambert law because of the phenomenon of absorption flattening. This can happen, for instance, where the absorbing substance is located within suspended particles (see "Beer's law revisited", Berberan-Santos, J. Chem. Educ. 67 (1990) 757, and "Absorption flattening in the optical spectra of liposome-entrapped substances", Wittung, Kajanus, Kubista, Malmström, FEBS Lett 352 (1994) 37). The deviations will be most noticeable under conditions of low concentration and high absorbance. The last reference describes a way to correct for this deviation.
Some solutions, like copper(II)chloride in water, change colour at a certain concentration because of changed conditions around the coloured ion (the divalent copper ion). For copper(II)chloride it means a shift from blue to green,[6] which would mean that monochromatic measurements would deviate from the Beer-Lambert law.
Measurement uncertainty sources[edit]
The above factors contribute to the measurement uncertainty of the results obtained with UV/Vis spectrophotometry. If UV/Vis spectrophotometry is used in quantitative chemical analysis then the results are additionally affected by uncertainty sources arising from the nature of the compounds and/or solutions that are measured. These include spectral interferences caused by absorption band overlap, fading of the color of the absorbing species (caused by decomposition or reaction) and possible composition mismatch between the sample and the calibration solution.[7]
Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer[edit]
See also: Spectrophotometry
The instrument used in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is called a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. It measures the intensity of light passing through a sample ( I {\displaystyle I} ), and compares it to the intensity of light before it passes through the sample ( I o {\displaystyle I_{o}} ). The ratio I / I o {\displaystyle I/I_{o}} is called the transmittance, and is usually expressed as a percentage (%T). The absorbance, A {\displaystyle A} , is based on the transmittance:
A = − log  ( % T / 100 % ) {\displaystyle A=-\log(\%T/100\%)}
The UV-visible spectrophotometer can also be configured to measure reflectance. In this case, the spectrophotometer measures the intensity of light reflected from a sample ( I {\displaystyle I} ), and compares it to the intensity of light reflected from a reference material ( I o {\displaystyle I_{o}} ) (such as a white tile). The ratio I / I o {\displaystyle I/I_{o}} is called the reflectance, and is usually expressed as a percentage (%R).
The basic parts of a spectrophotometer are a light source, a holder for the sample, a diffraction grating in a monochromator or a prism to separate the different wavelengths of light, and a detector. The radiation source is often a Tungsten filament (300-2500 nm), a deuterium arc lamp, which is continuous over the ultraviolet region (190-400 nm), Xenon arc lamp, which is continuous from 160-2,000 nm; or more recently, light emitting diodes (LED)[1] for the visible wavelengths. The detector is typically a photomultiplier tube, a photodiode, a photodiode array or a charge-coupled device (CCD). Single photodiode detectors and photomultiplier tubes are used with scanning monochromators, which filter the light so that only light of a single wavelength reaches the detector at one time. The scanning monochromator moves the diffraction grating to "step-through" each wavelength so that its intensity may be measured as a function of wavelength. Fixed monochromators are used with CCDs and photodiode arrays. As both of these devices consist of many detectors grouped into one or two dimensional arrays, they are able to collect light of different wavelengths on different pixels or groups of pixels simultaneously.
Simplified schematic of a double beam UV- visible spectrophotometer.
A spectrophotometer can be either single beam or double beam. In a single beam instrument (such as the Spectronic 20), all of the light passes through the sample cell. I o {\displaystyle I_{o}} must be measured by removing the sample. This was the earliest design and is still in common use in both teaching and industrial labs.
In a double-beam instrument, the light is split into two beams before it reaches the sample. One beam is used as the reference; the other beam passes through the sample. The reference beam intensity is taken as 100% Transmission (or 0 Absorbance), and the measurement displayed is the ratio of the two beam intensities. Some double-beam instruments have two detectors (photodiodes), and the sample and reference beam are measured at the same time. In other instruments, the two beams pass through a beam chopper, which blocks one beam at a time. The detector alternates between measuring the sample beam and the reference beam in synchronism with the chopper. There may also be one or more dark intervals in the chopper cycle. In this case, the measured beam intensities may be corrected by subtracting the intensity measured in the dark interval before the ratio is taken.
Samples for UV/Vis spectrophotometry are most often liquids, although the absorbance of gases and even of solids can also be measured. Samples are typically placed in a transparent cell, known as a cuvette. Cuvettes are typically rectangular in shape, commonly with an internal width of 1 cm. (This width becomes the path length, L {\displaystyle L} , in the Beer-Lambert law.) Test tubes can also be used as cuvettes in some instruments. The type of sample container used must allow radiation to pass over the spectral region of interest. The most widely applicable cuvettes are made of high quality fused silica or quartz glass because these are transparent throughout the UV, visible and near infrared regions. Glass and plastic cuvettes are also common, although glass and most plastics absorb in the UV, which limits their usefulness to visible wavelengths.[1]
Specialized instruments have also been made. These include attaching spectrophotometers to telescopes to measure the spectra of astronomical features. UV-visible microspectrophotometers consist of a UV-visible microscope integrated with a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
A complete spectrum of the absorption at all wavelengths of interest can often be produced directly by a more sophisticated spectrophotometer. In simpler instruments the absorption is determined one wavelength at a time and then compiled into a spectrum by the operator. By removing the concentration dependence, the extinction coefficient (ε) can be determined as a function of wavelength.
Microspectrophotometry[edit]
UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a monochromator, and a sensitive detector such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or photomultiplier tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers,[8] microscopic paint chips [9] and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the vitrinite reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the interference pattern of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials. A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.[10]
Additional applications[edit]
UV/Vis can be applied to determine the kinetics or rate constant of a chemical reaction. The reaction, occurring in solution, must present color or brightness shifts from reactants to products in order to use UV/Vis for this application.[2] For example, the molecule mercury dithizonate is a yellow-orange color in diluted solution (1*10^-5 M), and turns blue when subjected with particular wavelengths of visible light (and UV) via a conformational change, but this reaction is reversible back into the yellow "ground state".[11]
The rate constant of a particular reaction can be determined by measuring the UV/Vis absorbance spectrum at specific time intervals. Using mercury dithizonate again as an example, one can shine light on the sample to turn the solution blue, then run a UV/Vis test every 10 seconds (variable) to see the levels of absorbed and reflected wavelengths change over time in accordance with the solution turning back to yellow from the excited blue energy state. From these measurements, the concentration of the two species can be calculated.[12] The mercury dithizonate reaction from one conformation to another is first order and would have the integral first order rate law : ln[A](time t)=−kt+ln[A](initial). Therefore, graphing the natural log (ln) of the concentration [A] versus time will graph a line with slope -k, or negative the rate constant. Different rate orders have different integrated rate laws depending on the mechanism of the reaction.
An equilibrium constant can also be calculated with UV/Vis spectroscopy. After determining optimal wavelengths for all species involved in equilibria, a reaction can be run to equilibrium, and the concentration of species determined from spectroscopy at various known wavelengths. The equilibrium constant can be calculated as K(eq) = [Products] / [Reactants].
See also[edit]
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of stereoisomers
Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are other common spectroscopic techniques, usually used to obtain information about the structure of compounds or to identify compounds. Both are forms of Vibrational spectroscopy.
Fourier transform spectroscopy
Near-infrared spectroscopy
Vibrational spectroscopy
Rotational spectroscopy
Applied spectroscopy
Slope spectroscopy
Benesi-Hildebrand method
Spectrophotometry
DU spectrophotometer - first UV-VIS instrument
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley R. (2007). Principles of Instrumental Analysis (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 169–173. ISBN 9780495012016.
^ Jump up to: a b Metha, Akul (13 Dec 2011). "Principle". PharmaXChange.info.
Jump up ^ Metha, Akul (22 Apr 2012). "Derivation of Beer-Lambert Law". PharmaXChange.info.
Jump up ^ Misra, Prabhakar; Dubinskii, Mark, eds. (2002). Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and UV Lasers. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0668-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metha, Akul (14 May 2012). "Limitations and Deviations of Beer-Lambert Law". PharmaXChange.info.
Jump up ^ Ansell, S.; Tromp, R. H.; Neilson, G. W. (1995). "The solute and aquaion structure in a concentrated aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride". J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 7 (8): 1513–1524. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/7/8/002.
Jump up ^ Sooväli, L.; Rõõm, E.-I.; Kütt, A.; et al. (2006). "Uncertainty sources in UV-Vis spectrophotometric measurement". Accreditation and Quality Assurance. 11: 246–255. doi:10.1007/s00769-006-0124-x.
Jump up ^ Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines, Scientific Working Group-Materials, 1999, http://www.swgmat.org/fiber.htm
Jump up ^ Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic Paint Analysis, Scientific Working Group-Materials, 1999, http://www.swgmat.org/paint.htm
Jump up ^ "Spectroscopic thin film thickness measurement system for semiconductor industries", Horie, M.; Fujiwara, N.; Kokubo, M.; Kondo, N., Proceedings of Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Hamamatsu, Japan, 1994,(ISBN 0-7803-1880-3).
Jump up ^ Sertova (June 2000). "Photochromism of mercury(II) dithizonate in solution". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 134 (3): 163–168. doi:10.1016/s1010-6030(00)00267-7. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
Jump up ^ UC Davis. "The Rate Law". ChemWiki. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
[hide]
v
t
e
Spectroscopy
Infrared
FT-IR
Raman
Resonance Raman
Rotational
Vibrational
Rotational-vibrational
UV-Vis-NIR
Ultraviolet-visible
Fluorescence
Vibronic
Near-infrared
Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI)
Laser-induced
X-ray and
Photoelectron
Photoelectron
Atomic
Emission
Nucleon
Gamma
Mössbauer
Radiowave
NMR
Terahertz
ESR/EPR
Ferromagnetic resonance
Others
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
Auger spectroscopy
Astronomical spectroscopy
Cavity ring down spectroscopy
Circular Dichroism spectroscopy
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Conversion electron mössbauer spectroscopy
Correlation spectroscopy
Deep-level transient spectroscopy
Dual polarisation interferometry
Electron phenomenological spectroscopy
EPR spectroscopy
Force spectroscopy
Fourier transform spectroscopy
Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
Hadron spectroscopy
Hyperspectral imaging
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
Inelastic neutron scattering
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Mössbauer spectroscopy
Neutron spin echo
Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Photoemission spectroscopy
Photothermal spectroscopy
Pump-probe spectroscopy
Raman optical activity spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy
Saturated spectroscopy
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Spectrophotometry
Time-resolved spectroscopy
Time-Stretch
Thermal infrared spectroscopy
Video spectroscopy
Vibrational circular dichroism
Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet–visible_spectroscopy&oldid=803432377"
Categories:
Spectroscopy
Scientific techniques
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016
Use dmy dates from March 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 14:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class style

value: b

values: Edit section: Principle of ultraviolet-visible absorption

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Charge_transfer_complexes
mw-redirect
Charge transfer complexes

values:
/wiki/Beer-Lambert_law
mw-redirect
Beer-Lambert law

values:
/wiki/Molar_extinction_coefficients
mw-redirect
Molar extinction coefficients

values:
/wiki/Woodward-Fieser_rules
mw-redirect
Woodward-Fieser rules

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.851ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.095ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.182ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Molar_absorptivity
mw-redirect
Molar absorptivity

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.072ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Organic_dye
mw-redirect
Organic dye

values:
/wiki/Xylenol_Orange
mw-redirect
Xylenol Orange

values:
/wiki/Neutral_Red
mw-redirect
Neutral Red

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)

values: Is? Should be? Is this a measurement, an error bar, or a requirement? (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Spectral_linewidth
mw-redirect
Spectral linewidth

values: Edit section: Deviations from the Beer–Lambert law

values: Edit section: Measurement uncertainty sources

values: Edit section: Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.071ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.426ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.754ex; height:2.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.132ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Prism_(optics)
mw-redirect
Prism (optics)

values:
/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube
mw-redirect
Photomultiplier tube

values:
/wiki/Transparency_(optics)
mw-redirect
Transparency (optics)

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.593ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Fused_silica
mw-redirect
Fused silica

values:
/wiki/Quartz_glass
mw-redirect
Quartz glass

values:
/wiki/Vibrational_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Vibrational spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Fourier_transform_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Fourier transform spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Slope_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Slope spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Benesi-Hildebrand_method
mw-redirect
Benesi-Hildebrand method

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00769-006-0124-x

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.swgmat.org/fiber.htm

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.swgmat.org/paint.htm

values:
/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

values: Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization

values:
/wiki/Photoelectron_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Photoelectron spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Emission_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Emission spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Terahertz_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Terahertz spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Cavity_ring_down_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Cavity ring down spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Circular_Dichroism
mw-redirect
Circular Dichroism

values: Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

values: Conversion electron mössbauer spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Correlation_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Correlation spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Dual_polarisation_interferometry
mw-redirect
Dual polarisation interferometry

values:
/wiki/Electron_spin_resonance
mw-redirect
Electron spin resonance

values: Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy

values: Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Pump-probe_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
Pump-probe spectroscopy

values: Time stretch analog-to-digital converter

values: Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Spectroscopy padding:3px

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مطيافية الأشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية – Arabic

values: Оптична спектроскопия – Bulgarian

values: Ultravioletna-vidljiva spektroskopija – Bosnian

values: Espectroscòpia ultraviolada-visible – Catalan

values: Ultrafialovo-viditelná spektroskopie – Czech

values: Espectroscopia ultravioleta-visible – Spanish

values: طیف‌سنجی مرئی-فرابنفش – Persian

values: Spectroscopie ultraviolet-visible – French

values: 자외선 가시광선 분광법 – Korean

values: Spettroscopia ultravioletta/visibile – Italian

values: 紫外可視近赤外分光法 – Japanese

values: Оптическая спектроскопия – Russian

values: Ultraviolet–visible absorption – Simple English

values: Ультрафіолетова спектроскопія – Ukrainian

values: 紫外-可见分光光度法 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ultraviolet–visible_spectroscopy rootpage-Ultraviolet–visible_spectroscopy vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
What Becomes of the Brokenhearted
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see What Becomes of the Brokenhearted (disambiguation).
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
Single by Jimmy Ruffin
from the album Jimmy Ruffin Sings Top Ten
B-side
"Baby, I've Got It"
Released
June 3, 1966
Format
7" single
Recorded
Hitsville USA (Studio A); 1966
Genre
Soul
Length
3:00
Label
Soul
S 35022
Songwriter(s)
William Weatherspoon
Paul Riser
James Dean
Producer(s)
William Weatherspoon
William "Mickey" Stevenson
Jimmy Ruffin singles chronology
"As Long As There Is L-O-V-E"
(1965) "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
(1966) "I've Passed This Way Before"
(1966)
"As Long As There Is L-O-V-E"
(1965) "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
(1966) "I've Passed This Way Before"
(1966)
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" is a hit single recorded by Jimmy Ruffin and released on Motown Records' Soul label in the summer of 1966. It is a ballad, with lead singer Jimmy Ruffin recalling the pain that befalls the brokenhearted, who had love that's now departed. The song essentially deals with the struggle to overcome sadness while seeking a new relationship after a breakup.
The tune was written by William Weatherspoon, Paul Riser, and James Dean, and the recording was produced by Weatherspoon and William "Mickey" Stevenson. "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" remains one of the most-revived of Motown's hits.
Composers Weatherspoon and Riser and lyricist Dean had originally written "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" with the intention of having The Spinners, then an act on Motown's V.I.P. label, record the tune. Jimmy Ruffin, older brother of Temptations lead singer David Ruffin, persuaded Dean to let him record the song, as its anguished lyric about a man lost in the misery of heartbreak resonated with the singer.
Ruffin's lead vocal on the recording is augmented by the instrumentation of Motown's in-house studio band, The Funk Brothers, and the joint backing vocals of Motown session singers The Originals and The Andantes. "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100, and at number six on the Billboard R&B Singles chart, as well as No. 8 on the UK Chart. 8 years later, the song was reissued (with a B-Side of Ruffin's minor US hit "Don't You Miss Me a Little Bit Baby"), and surpassed its original chart position, reaching No. 4, and thus making it his highest-placed chart single in the UK.
The song originally featured a spoken introduction by Ruffin, similar in style to many of Lou Rawls' performances at the time. The spoken verse was removed from the final mix, hence the unusually long instrumental intro on the released version. The spoken verse is present on the alternate mix from the UK 2003 release Jimmy Ruffin - The Ultimate Motown Collection, and as a new stereo extended mix on the 2005 anthology, The Motown Box:
A world filled with love is a wonderful sight.
Being in love is one's heart's delight.
But that look of love isn't on my face.
That enchanted feeling has been replaced.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Personnel
3 Covers
4 References
5 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1966)
Peak
position
Canada[1] 18
France[1] 2
UK[1] 8
US Billboard Hot 100[1] 7
US Billboard R&B 6
US Cash Box Top 100[1] 9
US Record World[1] 7
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
UK 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1966)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 14
US Cash Box Top 100[1] 36
Chart (1974)
Rank
UK[3] 44
Personnel[edit]
Lead vocals by Jimmy Ruffin
Background vocals by the Originals (Freddie Gorman, Walter Gaines, Hank Dixon, C.P. Spencer) and the Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, Louvain Demps)
Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers
Covers[edit]
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
Single by Robson & Jerome
from the album Take Two
Released
28 October 1996 (1996-10-28)
Format
CD Single
Genre
Pop, blue-eyed soul
Length
3:24
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
William Weatherspoon
Paul Riser
James Dean
Robson & Jerome singles chronology
"I Believe/Up on the Roof"
(1995) "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
(1996)
"I Believe/Up on the Roof"
(1995) "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
(1996)
Diana Ross and The Supremes recorded a version including the spoken introduction in 1966. It appears on their 1969 album Let the Sunshine In.
Chris Farlowe recorded a version of the song in 1966 which featured as the opening track on his Immediate Records album The Art of Chris Farlowe.
Baby Washington recorded the song with the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section in 1970 and released it on a single on the Cotillion label.
A 1980 cover by Dave Stewart on synth and vocals by Zombies singer Colin Blunstone on Stiff reached UK No. 13.
British singer Boy George on CD version of 1988 album Tense Nervous Headache.
Herman Brood & His Wild Romance on Hooks (album) (1989).
A 1991 cover by Paul Young featured in the film Fried Green Tomatoes; this version reached No. 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became Young's third No. 1 song on the US adult contemporary chart (following "Everytime You Go Away" and "Oh Girl").[4]
Two 1996 covers by Robson & Jerome, both a traditional version and one called 'soul version', on a UK No. 1 single.[5]
Vonda Shepard recorded a version for her album Heart and Soul: New Songs from Ally McBeal in 1999.
Joan Osborne and The Funk Brothers perform the song in the 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown.
Rod Stewart on Soulbook (2009).
Martina McBride on Everlasting (2014).
Irish boy band, Westlife released a cover in 2000.
Australian singer, Jimmy Barnes on Soul Deeper... Songs from the Deep South (2000).
Air Supply included a cover of the song on their 2003 compilation album, Forever Love: 36 Greatest Hits.
Irish boy band, Boyzone recorded a cover on Dublin to Detroit in 2014.
Alphonso Williams, winner of the 2017 season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar, recorded it as his first single.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Tsort. "Songs from the Year 1966". tsort.info. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1966/Top 100 Songs of 1966". musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts". top-source.info. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 264.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 599–600. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Ritz, David (1992). "Jimmy Ruffin". Liner notes from Hitsville USA: The Motown Singles Collection: 1959 - 1971. Motown Record Company, L.P./PolyGram.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" by George Michael with Elton John Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one single (Paul Young version)
February 22, 1992 (one week) Succeeded by
"Missing You Now" by Michael Bolton featuring Kenny G
Preceded by
"Say You'll Be There" by Spice Girls UK number-one single (Robson & Jerome version)
("What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" / "Saturday Night at the Movies" / "You'll Never Walk Alone")
November 3, 1996 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Breathe" by The Prodigy
[show]
v
t
e
David Ruffin and Jimmy Ruffin
David Ruffin studio albums
My Whole World Ended (1969)
Feelin' Good (1970)
David (1971)
David Ruffin (1973)
Me 'N Rock 'N Roll Are Here To Stay (1974)
Who I Am (1975)
Everything's Coming Up Love (1976)
In My Stride (1977)
So Soon We Change (1979)
Gentleman Ruffin (1980)
Collaborative studio album
I Am My Brother's Keeper [David & Jimmy Ruffin] (1970)
Ruffin & Kendrick [David Ruffin & Eddie Kendricks] (1988)
David Ruffin singles
"My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me)"
"Walk Away from Love"
Jimmy Ruffin albums
Sunrise (1980)
Jimmy Ruffin singles
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
"Gonna Give Her All the Love I've Got"
"Don't You Miss Me a Little Bit Baby"
"Hold On (To My Love)"
Related topics
Discography
Eddie Kendricks
Motown
The Temptations
Portal:R&B and Soul Music
[show]
v
t
e
Paul Young
Studio albums
No Parlez
The Secret of Association
Between Two Fires
Other Voices
Compilation albums
From Time to Time – The Singles Collection
Singles
"Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)"
"Come Back and Stay"
"Love of the Common People"
"Love Will Tear Us Apart"
"I'm Gonna Tear Your Playhouse Down"
"Everytime You Go Away"
"Softly Whispering I Love You"
"Oh Girl"
"Calling You"
"Senza una donna (Without a Woman)"
"Both Sides Now"
"Don't Dream It's Over"
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
Songs
"I've Been Lonely for So Long"
"Pale Shelter"
Related topics
Discography
Q-Tips
Band Aid
Live Aid
Book:Paul Young
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Becomes_of_the_Brokenhearted&oldid=800584051"
Categories:
1966 singles
1991 singles
1996 singles
Motown singles
RCA Records singles
Jimmy Ruffin songs
Paul Young songs
Westlife songs
Joe Cocker songs
Steve Harley songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Robson & Jerome songs
Song recordings produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson
Songs about loneliness
1966 songs
Songs written by James Dean (songwriter)
1960s ballads
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 September 2017, at 12:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: What Becomes of the Brokenhearted - Jimmy Ruffin.jpg

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

value: i

values:
/wiki/Hitsville_USA
mw-redirect
Hitsville USA

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Motown_Records
mw-redirect
Motown Records

values:
/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_band)
mw-redirect
The Spinners (American band)

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/C.P._Spencer
mw-redirect
C.P. Spencer

values:
/wiki/Tense_Nervous_Headache
mw-redirect
Tense Nervous Headache

values:
/wiki/Paul_Young_(singer_and_guitarist)
mw-redirect
Paul Young (singer and guitarist)

values:
/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes_(film)
mw-redirect
Fried Green Tomatoes (film)

values:
/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary_Tracks
mw-redirect
Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks

values: Soul Deeper... Songs from the Deep South

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tsort.info/music/yr1966.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_(UK)
mw-redirect
List of number-one singles (UK)

values:
David_Ruffin_and_Jimmy_Ruffin
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Paul_Young
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles

values: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

values: Category:Song recordings produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson

values: Category:Songs written by James Dean (songwriter)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/What_Becomes_of_the_Brokenhearted
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: What Becomes of the Brokenhearted – French

values: What becomes of the brokenhearted – Dutch

values: What Becomes of the Brokenhearted – Polish

values: What Becomes of the Brokenhearted – Portuguese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-What_Becomes_of_the_Brokenhearted rootpage-What_Becomes_of_the_Brokenhearted skin-vector action-view