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Poinsettia
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For other uses, see Poinsettia (disambiguation).
"Christmas Star" redirects here. For the Christian tradition, see Star of Bethlehem.
Poinsettia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Euphorbia
Species: E. pulcherrima
Binomial name
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Willd. ex Klotzsch
The poinsettia (/pɔɪnˈsɛtiə/ or /pɔɪnˈsɛtə/)[1][2] (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a commercially important plant species of the diverse spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). The species is indigenous to Mexico. It is particularly well known for its red and green foliage and is widely used in Christmas floral displays. It derives its common English name from Joel Roberts Poinsett,[3] the first United States Minister to Mexico,[4] who introduced the plant to the US in 1825.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Religious and other traditional associations
3 Creation of the American poinsettia industry
4 Cultivation
4.1 Diseases
5 Toxicity claims
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
Poinsettia leaves, bracts, and flowers at Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve of West Bengal, India
Euphorbia pulcherrima is a shrub or small tree, typically reaching a height of 0.6–4 metres (2–13 ft). The plant bears dark green dentate leaves that measure 7–16 centimetres (2.8–6.3 in) in length. The colored bracts—which are most often flaming red but can be orange, pale green, cream, pink, white, or marbled—are often mistaken for flower petals because of their groupings and colors, but are actually leaves.[5][6] The colors of the bracts are created through photoperiodism, meaning that they require darkness (12 hours at a time for at least five days in a row) to change color. At the same time, the plants require abundant light during the day for the brightest color.[7]
The flowers of the poinsettia are unassuming and do not attract pollinators. They are grouped within small yellow structures found in the center of each leaf bunch, and are called cyathia.[8]
The poinsettia is native to Mexico.[9] It is found in the wild in deciduous tropical forests at moderate elevations from southern Sinaloa down the entire Pacific coast of Mexico to Chiapas and Guatemala. It is also found in the interior in the hot, seasonally dry forests of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas.[10] Reports of E. pulcherrima growing in the wild in Nicaragua and Costa Rica have yet to be confirmed by botanists.[11]
Religious and other traditional associations[edit]
The Aztecs used the plant to produce red dye and as an antipyretic medication.[8] In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the plant is called Cuitlaxochitl, meaning "flower that grows in residues or soil"[8] Today it is known in Mexico and Guatemala as Flor de Noche Buena, meaning Christmas Eve Flower.[8] In Spain it is known as Flor de Pascua or Pascua, meaning Easter flower.[8] In Chile and Peru, the plant became known as Crown of the Andes.[8] In Hungarian, it is called Santa Claus' Flower, and is widely used as a Christmas decoration.
The plant's association with Christmas began in 16th-century Mexico, where legend tells of a girl, commonly called Pepita or Maria, who was too poor to provide a gift for the celebration of Jesus' birthday and was inspired by an angel to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar.[12] Crimson blossoms sprouted from the weeds and became poinsettias.[13] From the 17th century, Franciscan friars in Mexico included the plants in their Christmas celebrations.[14] The star-shaped leaf pattern is said to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem, and the red color represents the blood sacrifice through the crucifixion of Jesus.[15]
Poinsettias are popular Christmas decorations[3] in homes, churches, offices, and elsewhere across North America. They are available in large numbers from grocery, drug, and hardware stores. In the United States, December 12 is National Poinsettia Day.[16]
Creation of the American poinsettia industry[edit]
Albert Ecke emigrated from Germany to Los Angeles in 1900, opening a dairy and orchard in the Eagle Rock area. He became intrigued by the plant and sold them from street stands. His son, Paul Ecke, developed the grafting technique, but it was the third generation of Eckes, Paul Ecke Jr., who was responsible for advancing the association between the plant and Christmas.[17]
Besides changing the market from mature plants shipped by rail to cuttings sent by air, he sent free plants to television stations for them to display on air from Thanksgiving to Christmas. He also appeared on television programs like The Tonight Show and Bob Hope's Christmas specials to promote the plants.[17]
Until the 1990s, the Ecke family, who had moved their operation to Encinitas, California, in 1923, had a virtual monopoly on poinsettias owing to a technique that made their plants much more attractive.[18] They produced a fuller, more compact plant by grafting two varieties of poinsettia together. A poinsettia left to grow on its own will naturally take an open, somewhat weedy look. The Eckes' technique made it possible to get every seedling to branch, resulting in a bushier plant.[18]
In the late 1980s, university researcher John Dole[19] discovered the method previously known only to the Eckes and published it,[20] allowing competitors to flourish, particularly those using low-cost labor in Latin America. The Ecke family's business, now led by Paul Ecke III, decided to stop producing plants in the U.S., but as of 2008, they still serve about 70 percent of the domestic market and 50 percent of the worldwide market.[17]
Cultivation[edit]
A poinsettia that was stressed and reflowered after growing in bonsai form
Poinsettia varieties on sale in England
A close-up photo of a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
The poinsettia has been cultivated in Egypt since the 1860s, when it was brought from Mexico during the Egyptian campaign. It is called bent el consul, "the consul's daughter", referring to the U.S. ambassador Joel Poinsett.[11]
There are over 100 cultivated varieties of poinsettia.[8][21]
In areas outside its natural environment, it is commonly grown as an indoor plant where it prefers good morning sun, then shade in the hotter part of the day. Contrary to popular belief, flowering poinsettias can be kept outside, even during winter, as long as they are kept frost-free. It is widely grown and very popular in subtropical climates such as Australia, Rwanda and Malta.[22]
The plant requires a daily period of uninterrupted long, dark nights followed by bright sunny days for around two months in autumn in order to encourage it to develop colored bracts.[citation needed] Any incidental light during these nights (from a nearby television set, from under a door frame, even from passing cars or street lights) hampers bract production. Commercial production of poinsettia has been done by placing them inside a greenhouse and covering the latter completely to imitate the natural biological situation.[citation needed]
To produce extra axillary buds that are necessary for plants containing multiple flowers, a phytoplasma infection—whose symptoms include the proliferation of axillary buds—is used.[23] The discovery of the role phytoplasmas play in the growth of axillary buds is credited to Ing-Ming Lee of the USDA Agricultural Research Service.[24]
Diseases[edit]
Main article: List of poinsettia diseases
Poinsettias are susceptible to several diseases, mostly fungal, but also bacterial and parasitic.
Toxicity claims[edit]
In the United States and perhaps elsewhere, there is a common misconception that the poinsettia is highly toxic. This misconception was spread by a 1919 urban legend of a two-year-old child dying after consuming a poinsettia leaf.[25]
While the sap and latex of many plants of the spurge genus are indeed toxic,[26] the poinsettia's toxicity is relatively mild. Its latex can cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.[27] It is also mildly irritating to the skin or stomach[9] and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting if eaten.[28] Sap introduced into the human eye may cause temporary blindness.[29]
An American Journal of Emergency Medicine study of 22,793 cases reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers showed no fatalities, and furthermore that a strong majority of poinsettia exposures are accidental, involve children, and usually do not result in any type of medical treatment.[30] POISINDEX, a major source for poison control centers, says a 50 lb (23 kg) child would have to eat 500 bracts (poinsettia leaves) to accumulate levels of toxins found to be harmful in experiments.[25] An Ohio State University study showed no problems even with extremely large doses.[31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "poinsettia"
Jump up ^ "poinsettia". Dictionary.com. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bussell, Gene (December 2009). "Get Ready for Holiday Flowers". Southern Living. 44 (12): 88.
Jump up ^ "Mexico". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Poinsettia Facts - The Poinsettia Pages - University of Illinois Extension". extension.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
Jump up ^ Perry, Leonard. "Fun Facts about Poinsettias". pss.uvm.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
Jump up ^ "How To Make Poinsettia Turn Red: Make A Poinsettia Rebloom". Gardening Know How. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Seltzer, Erica D.; Spinner, MaryAnne. "Poinsettia Facts". The Poinsettia Pages. University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bender, Steve, ed. (January 2004). "Euphorbia". The Southern Living Garden Book (2nd ed.). Birmingham, Alabama: Oxmoor House. p. 306. ISBN 0-376-03910-8.
Jump up ^ Trejo, L., M. E. Olson, P. Feria, K. M. Olsen, L. E. Eguiarte, B. Arroyo y J. A. Gruhn. 2012. "Poinsettia's wild ancestor in the Mexican dry tropics: historical, genetic, and environmental evidence." American Journal of Botany 99: 1146–1157.
^ Jump up to: a b Joel Roberts Poinsett. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition [serial online]. November 2011;:1. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 8, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants | Horticulture and Home Pest News". www.ipm.iastate.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Flowers Ireland Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jauron, Richard (December 8, 1995). "The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants". Horticulture and Home Pest News. Iowa State University. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Christmas Poinsettia' Fine Art Print by Anne Gitto". RedBubble. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Poinsettia Day Bill of Congress". Poinsettiaday.com. July 22, 2002. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anton, Mike (December 23, 2008). "The bloom is off the poinsettia business". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Cynthia Crossen, "Holiday's Ubiquitous Houseplant," Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2000.
Jump up ^ How Poinsettias Became Synonymous With Christmas
Jump up ^ Poinsettia Day Industry
Jump up ^ Perry, Leonard. "Fun Facts About Poinsettia". Perry's Perennial Pages. University of Vermont Extension, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Smurfplant, Habitat
Jump up ^ Lee; et al. (1997). "Phytoplasma induced free branching in commercial cultivars". 15. Nature Biotechnology: 178–182.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Kim (December 1, 2015). "Poinsettias: Helping an Icon to Bloom at the Right Time". USDA. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Poisonous Poinsettias". Snopes.com. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Eke, Tom; Al-Husainy, Sahar & Raynor, Mathew K. (2000). "The spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by Euphorbia plant sap" (PDF). Arch Ophthalmol. 118 (1): 13–16. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.13. PMID 10636407.
Jump up ^ "Latex Allergy? Beware Poinsettias". WebMD. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction?". Retrieved December 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Complete Poinsettia information from Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis JM (November 1996). "Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes...just as we thought". Am J Emerg Med. 14 (7): 671–4. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8. PMID 8906768.
Jump up ^ "Poinsettia Care in the Home". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Horticulture has a page on the topic of: Euphorbia pulcherrima
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbia pulcherrima.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Poinsettia.
The Wild Poinsettia Page: Images of Euphorbia pulcherrima in the wild in Mexico
Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) - Plants & Fungi At Kew
Patently Poinsettia By Elizabeth Dougherty
Snopes on toxicity
Earthworm Castings as a Substrate for Poinsettia Production
Manipulation of Light Environment to Produce High-quality Poinsettia Plants
Patent US4724276 - Process for altering poinsettia growth
Poinsettia: The Christmas Flower
Poinsettia pages at the University of Illinois, UIUC
Poinsettias in Africa
Ohio State University Fact Sheet
Poinsettia FAQ
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National Film Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with National Film Awards UK.
This article is about the National Film Awards in India. For the Bangladesh awards, see National Film Awards (Bangladesh). For the Nepal awards, see National Film Awards (Nepal). For other national awards, see List of film awards. For other uses, see National Film Awards (disambiguation).
National Film Awards
65th National Film Awards
Awarded for
Excellence in cinematic achievements for Indian cinema
Location
Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi
Country
India
Presented by
Directorate of Film Festivals
First awarded
10 October 1954 (1954-10-10)
Last awarded
3 May 2018 (2018-05-03)
Website
dff.nic.in
The National Film Awards is the most prominent film award ceremonies in India. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals since 1973.[1][2]
Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where the award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country. Due to the national scale of the National Film Awards, it is considered the Indian equivalent of the American Academy Awards.[3][4]
Contents
1 History
2 Juries and rules
3 Awards
3.1 Lifetime Achievement Award
3.2 Feature Film Awards
3.2.1 Golden Lotus Award
3.2.2 Silver Lotus Award
3.2.3 Discontinued Awards
3.3 Non-Feature Film Awards
3.3.1 Golden Lotus Award
3.3.2 Silver Lotus Award
3.3.3 Discontinued Awards
3.4 Writing on Cinema
3.4.1 Golden Lotus Award
4 References
4.1 Further reading
5 External links
History[edit]
See also: 1st National Film Awards
The Awards were first presented in 1954. The Government of India conceived the ceremony to honour films made across India, on a national scale, to encourage the furthering of Indian art and culture. Since 1973, the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals administers the ceremony along with other major film events in India annually. It is the highest award given for films in India.[citation needed]
Juries and rules[edit]
The National Film Awards are presented in two main categories: Feature Films and Non-Feature Films. The juries are appointed by the Directorate of Film Festivals in India. Neither the Government nor the Directorate have influence over which films are selected for consideration and which films ultimately win awards. There are strict criteria as to whether a film is eligible for consideration by the jury panels. Over 100 films made across the country are entered in each category (Feature and Non-Feature) for the awards and deemed eligible each year.
A list of rules is presented every year in a document of regulations known as the National Film Award Regulations. The criteria for eligibility contains many clauses. Among them, there is a direct requirement for the makers of a film, and particularly the director, to be Indian nationals.[5] Films entering the competition should be produced in India, and in case of co-production involving a foreign entity, there are as many as six conditions which should be fulfilled in order for the film to qualify.[5] According to the criteria, in order to be eligible for consideration of the jury, a film should be certified by the Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January and 31 December. Whether a film is considered a feature film or a non-feature film shall be decided by the Feature Film jury. The eligibility list includes a section of rules determining which films shall not be eligible for entry in the competition.[5]
Awards[edit]
The Awards are categorised in three sections; Feature Films, Non-Feature Films and Best Writing on Cinema. With each section having its individual aims, Feature Film and Non-Feature Film sections aim at encouraging the production of films of aesthetic and technical excellence and social relevance, contributing to the understanding and appreciation of cultures of different regions of the country in cinematic form, thereby promoting unity and integrity of the nation. The Best Writing on Cinema section aims to encourage the study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of the art form through publication of various books, articles, reviews, newspaper coverage and studies.[6]
In addition, a lifetime achievement award, named after the father of Indian cinema Dadasaheb Phalke, is awarded to a film personality for the outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian Cinema.[6][7]
All the award winners are awarded with a Medallion, cash prize and a certificate of merit. Six categories from Feature Films section, two from Non-Feature Films and Best Writing on Cinema sections each have been made eligible for Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus Award) and rest of the categories for Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus Award).[6]
Lifetime Achievement Award[edit]
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Feature Film Awards[edit]
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official name - Swarna Kamal
Best Feature Film
Best Director
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
Best Children's Film
Best Debut Film of a Director
Best Animated Film
Silver Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Rajat Kamal
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Child Artist
Best Music Direction
Best Male Playback Singer
Best Female Playback Singer
Best Lyrics
Best Art Direction
Best Audiography
Best Choreography
Best Cinematography
Best Costume Design
Best Editing
Best Make-up
Best Screenplay
Best Special Effects
Special Jury Award
Special Mention

Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation
Best Film on Family Welfare
Best Film on National Integration
Best Film on Other Social Issues

Best Feature Film in each of the languages specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India:
Best Feature Film in Assamese
Best Feature Film in Bengali
Best Feature Film in Bodo
Best Feature Film in Dogri
Best Feature Film in Hindi
Best Feature Film in Gujarati
Best Feature Film in Kannada
Best Feature Film in Kashmiri
Best Feature Film in Konkani
Best Feature Film in Malayalam
Best Feature Film in Manipuri
Best Feature Film in Marathi
Best Feature Film in Odia
Best Feature Film in Punjabi
Best Feature Film in Tamil
Best Feature Film in Telugu
Best Feature Film in Urdu

Best Feature Film in each of the languages other than those specified in Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India:
Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri
Best Feature Film in English
Best Feature Film in Khasi
Best Feature Film in Kodava
Best Feature Film in Kokborok
Best Feature Film in Monpa
Best Feature Film in Tulu
Discontinued Awards[edit]
Second Best Feature Film
Third Best Feature Film
Best Story
Non-Feature Film Awards[edit]
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Swarna Kamal
Best Non-Feature Film
Best Director
Silver Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Rajat Kamal
Best First Film of a Director
Best Audiography
Best Cinematography
Special Jury Award / Special Mention
Best Editing
Best Music Direction
Best Narration / Voice Over

Best Agriculture Film
Best Animation Film
Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film
Best Arts / Cultural Film
Best Biographical Film
Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film
Best Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film
Best Exploration / Adventure Film
Best Film on Family Welfare
Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
Best Investigative Film
Best Promotional Film
Best Scientific Film
Best Short Fiction Film
Best Film on Social Issues
Discontinued Awards[edit]
Best Experimental Film
Best Filmstrip
Best Industrial Film
Best News Review
Best Newsreel Cameraman
Writing on Cinema[edit]
Golden Lotus Award[edit]
Official Name: Swarna Kamal
Best Book on Cinema
Best Film Critic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Official site Directorate of Film Festivals
Jump up ^ Film Festival Archived 17 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "National Film Awards (India's Oscars)". Film Movement. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
Jump up ^ "We have lots to give the West: Rahman". The Hindu. February 20, 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c 55th National Film Awards Regulations. Eligibility. Pages 2–3.
^ Jump up to: a b c "59th National Film Awards: Regulations" (PDF) (Press release). Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 2,4,12,14,22,24,25,30. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients". Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Matthew, K.M. (2006), Manorama Yearbook 2006, Malayala Manorama, India, ISBN 81-89004-07-7
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Film Awards.
Directorate of Film Festivals
National Film Awards at IMDB
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e
National Film Awards
Directorate of Film Festivals
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Cinema of India
Lifetime Achievement
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Feature Films
Golden Lotus Awards
Best Feature Film
Best Director
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
Best Children's Film
Best Debut Film of a Director
Best Animated Film
Silver Lotus Awards
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Child Artist
Best Music Direction
Best Male Playback Singer
Best Female Playback Singer
Best Lyrics
Best Production Design
Best Audiography
Best Choreography
Best Cinematography
Best Costume Design
Best Editing
Best Make-up
Best Screenplay
Best Special Effects
Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation
Best Film on Family Welfare
Best Film on National Integration
Best Film on Other Social Issues
Special Jury Award
Special Mention
Silver Lotus Awards
(Regional)
Languages specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India:
Assamese
Bodo
Bengali
English
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Meitei
Marathi
Odia
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu
Languages other than those specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution:
Bhojpuri
Haryanvi
Jasari
Khasi
Kodava
Kokborok
Ladakhi
Mishing
Mizo
Monpa
Rabha
Sherdukpen
Tulu
Wancho
Discontinued Awards
Second Best Feature Film
Third Best Feature Film
Best Story
Best Film Based on High Literary Work
Non-Feature Films
Golden Lotus Awards
Best Non-Feature Film
Best Director
Silver Lotus Awards
Best First Film of a Director
Best Audiography
Best Cinematography
Best Editing
Best Music Direction
Best Narration / Voice Over
Best Agriculture Film
Best Animation Film
Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film
Best Arts / Cultural Film
Best Biographical Film
Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film
Best Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film
Best Exploration / Adventure Film
Best Film on Family Welfare
Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
Best Investigative Film
Best Promotional Film
Best Scientific Film
Best Short Fiction Film
Best Film on Social Issues
Special Jury Award
Special Mention
Discontinued Awards
Best Experimental Film
Best Filmstrip
Best Industrial Film
Best News Review
Best Newsreel Cameraman
Writing on Cinema
Golden Lotus Awards
Best Book on Cinema
Best Film Critic
Special Awards
Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Book on Cinema)
Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Film Critic)
Awards by year
1953–1960
1953 (1st)
1954 (2nd)
1955 (3rd)
1956 (4th)
1957 (5th)
1958 (6th)
1959 (7th)
1960 (8th)
1961–1980
1961 (9th)
1962 (10th)
1963 (11th)
1964 (12th)
1965 (13th)
1966 (14th)
1967 (15th)
1968 (16th)
1969 (17th)
1970 (18th)
1971 (19th)
1972 (20th)
1973 (21st)
1974 (22nd)
1975 (23rd)
1976 (24th)
1977 (25th)
1978 (26th)
1979 (27th)
1980 (28th)
1981–2000
1981 (29th)
1982 (30th)
1983 (31st)
1984 (32nd)
1985 (33rd)
1986 (34th)
1987 (35th)
1988 (36th)
1989 (37th)
1990 (38th)
1991 (39th)
1992 (40th)
1993 (41st)
1994 (42nd)
1995 (43rd)
1996 (44th)
1997 (45th)
1998 (46th)
1999 (47th)
2000 (48th)
2001–present
2001 (49th)
2002 (50th)
2003 (51st)
2004 (52nd)
2005 (53rd)
2006 (54th)
2007 (55th)
2008 (56th)
2009 (57th)
2010 (58th)
2011 (59th)
2012 (60th)
2013 (61st)
2014 (62nd)
2015 (63rd)
2016 (64th)
2017 (65th)
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Indian honours and decorations
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By field
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Gallantry
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Wartime
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Navy
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Air Force
Wartime
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Peacetime
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Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
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Service and
campaign medals
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Samanya Seva Medal
Special Service Medal
Samar Seva Star
Poorvi Star
Paschimi Star
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Operation Vijay Medal
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High Altitude Service Medal
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Long service awards
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Independence Awards
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Other Awards
Mention in Dispatches
Commendation Card
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Major film awards by countries
Africa
Ghana Movie Awards (Ghana)
Africa Movie Academy Awards (Nigeria)
South African Film and Television Awards (South Africa)
Asia
Central
Didor International Film Festival (Tajikistan)
East
Golden Rooster Awards, Hong Kong Film Award, Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards (China)
Japan Academy Prize (Japan)
Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards (South Korea)
Golden Horse Awards (Taiwan)
South
National Film Awards, Meril Prothom Alo Awards, Bachsas Awards (Bangladesh)
Filmfare Awards, Filmfare Awards South, Filmfare Awards East, National Film Awards (India)
Lux Style Awards, ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards (Pakistan)
Southeast
Myanmar Motion Picture Awards (Burma)
Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards (Indonesia)
Malaysia Film Festival (Malaysia)
FAMAS Award, Gawad Urian and Luna Award (Philippines)
Suphannahong Awards (Thailand)
Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize (Vietnam)
West
Fajr International Film Festival (Iran)
Ophir Award (Israel)
International Antalya Film Festival (Turkey)
Europe
East
Czech Lion Awards (Czech Republic)
Polish Film Awards (Poland)
Gopo Awards (Romania)
Nika Award (Russia)
Sun in a Net Awards (Slovakia)
Vesna Award (Slovenia)
Golden Dzyga (Ukraine)
North
Robert Awards and Bodil Awards (Denmark)
Estonian Film and Television Awards (Estonia)
Jussi Awards (Finland)
Irish Film & Television Awards (Ireland)
Lielais Kristaps (Latvia)
Sidabrinė gervė (Lithuania)
Amanda Award (Norway)
Guldbagge Awards (Sweden)
British Academy Film Awards (United Kingdom)
South
Heart of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Golden Arena Awards (Croatia)
Hellenic Film Academy Awards (Greece)
David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento (Italy)
Golden Camera Awards (Macedonia)
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FEST (Serbia)
West
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Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards (Argentina)
Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro (Brazil)
Altazor Award (Chile)
Macondo Awards (Colombia)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Film_Awards&oldid=848555649"
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values: National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor

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values: National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer

values: National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer

values: National Film Award for Best Art Direction

values: National Film Award for Best Audiography

values: National Film Award for Best Choreography

values: National Film Award for Best Cinematography

values: National Film Award for Best Costume Design

values: National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist

values: National Film Award for Best Special Effects

values: National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature film)

values: National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)

values: National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation

values: National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare

values: Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration

values: National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali

values: Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri

values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi

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values: National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English

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values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction

values: National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography

values: National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration / Voice Over

values: National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film

values: National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film

values: National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film

values: National Film Award for Best Biographical Film

values: National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film

values: National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film

values: National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare

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values: National Film Award for Best Investigative Film

values: National Film Award for Best Promotional Film

values: National Film Award for Best Scientific Film

values: National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film

values: National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues

values: National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema

values: National Film Award for Best Film Critic

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values: National Film Award for Best Production Design

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