text:
Protozoa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blepharisma japonicum, a free-living ciliated protozoan.
Giardia muris, a flagellate protozoan, is an intestinal parasite found in rodents, birds and reptiles.
Centropyxis aculeata, a testate (shelled) amoeba
In some systems of biological classification, the Protozoa are defined as a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.[1] Historically, protozoa were defined as single-celled animals or organisms with animal-like behaviors, such as motility and predation. The group was regarded as the zoological counterpart to the "protophyta", which were considered to be plant-like, as they are capable of photosynthesis.[2]
The terms protozoa and protozoans are now mostly used informally to designate single-celled, non-photosynthetic protists, such as the ciliates, amoebae and flagellates.
The term Protozoa was introduced in 1818 by German paleontologist and zoologist Georg August Goldfuss for a taxonomic class,[3] but in later classification schemes the group was elevated to higher ranks, including phylum, subkingdom and kingdom. In several classification systems proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators since 1981, Protozoa is ranked as a kingdom.[4][5][6] The seven-kingdom scheme proposed by Ruggiero et al. in 2015, places eight phyla under Protozoa: Euglenozoa, Amoebozoa, Metamonada, Choanozoa, Loukozoa, Percolozoa, Microsporidia and Sulcozoa.[7] This kingdom does not form a clade, but an evolutionary grade or paraphyletic group, from which the fungi and animals are specifically excluded.
The use of Protozoa as a formal taxon has been discouraged by some recent researchers, mainly because the term, which is formed from the Greek protos "first" + zoia, plural of zoion, "animal", implies kinship with animals (metazoa)[8][9] and promotes an arbitrary separation of "animal-like" from "plant-like" organisms.[10] Modern ultrastructural, biochemical, and genetic techniques have shown that protozoa, as traditionally defined, belong to widely divergent lineages, and can no longer be regarded as "primitive animals". For this reason, the terms "protists", "Protista" or "Protoctista" are sometimes preferred for the high-level classification of eukaryotic microorganisms. In 2005, members of the Society of Protozoologists voted to change the name of that organization to the International Society of Protistologists.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History and terminology
2 Characteristics
2.1 Motility and feeding
2.2 Pellicle
2.3 Life cycle
3 Classification
4 Ecological role
4.1 Diseases
4.1.1 In humans
4.1.2 In other animals
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History and terminology[edit]
Illustration of class Protozoa, order Infusoria, family Monades by Georg August Goldfuss
The word "protozoa" (singular protozoon or protozoan) was coined in 1818 by zoologist Georg August Goldfuss, as the Greek equivalent of the German Urthiere, meaning "primitive, or original animals" (ur- ‘proto-’ + Thier ‘animal’). Goldfuss erected Protozoa as a class containing what he believed to be the simplest animals. Originally, the group included not only microorganisms, (also called microbes) but also some "lower" multicellular animals, such as rotifers, corals, sponges, jellyfish, bryozoa and polychaete worms.[3]
In 1848, in light of advancements in cell theory pioneered by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden, the anatomist and zoologist C.T. von Siebold proposed that the bodies of microorganisms such as ciliates and amoebae were made up of single cells, similar to those from which the multicellular tissues of plants and animals were constructed. Von Siebold redefined Protozoa to include only such unicellular forms, to the exclusion of all metazoa.[12] At the same time, he raised the group to the level of a phylum containing two broad classes of microorganisms: Infusoria (mostly ciliates and flagellated algae), and Rhizopoda (amoeboid organisms). The definition of Protozoa as a phylum or sub-kingdom made up of "unicellular animals" was adopted by the zoologist Otto Bütschli—celebrated at his centenary as the "architect of protozoology"[13]—and the term came into wide use.
John Hogg's illustration of the Four Kingdoms of Nature, showing "Primigenal" as a greenish haze at the base of the Animals and Plants, 1860
As a phylum under Animalia, the Protozoa were firmly rooted in the old "two-kingdom" classification of life, according to which all living beings were classified as either animals or plants. As long as this scheme remained dominant, the protozoa were understood to be animals and studied in departments of Zoology, while photosynthetic microorganisms and microscopic fungi—the so-called Protophyta—were assigned to the Plants, and studied in departments of Botany.[14]
Criticism of this system began in the latter half of the 19th century, with the realization that many organisms met the criteria for inclusion among both plants and animals. For example, the algae Euglena and Dinobryon have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, but can also feed on organic matter and are motile. In 1860, John Hogg argued against the use of "protozoa", on the grounds that "naturalists are divided in opinion—and probably some will ever continue so—whether many of these organisms, or living beings, are animals or plants."[15] As an alternative, he proposed a new kingdom called Primigenum, consisting of both the protozoa and unicellular algae (protophyta), which he combined together under the name "Protoctista". In Hoggs's conception, the animal and plant kingdoms were likened to two great "pyramids" blending at their bases in the Kingdom Primigenum.
Six years later, Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom of life, which he named Protista. At first, Haeckel included a few multicellular organisms in this kingdom, but in later work he restricted the Protista to single-celled organisms, or simple colonies whose individual cells are not differentiated into different kinds of tissues.
Despite these proposals, Protozoa emerged as the preferred taxonomic placement for heterotrophic microrganisms such as amoebae and ciliates, and remained so for more than a century. In the course of the 20th century, however, the old "two kingdom" system began to weaken, with the growing awareness that fungi did not belong among the plants, and that most of the unicellular protozoa were no more closely related to the animals than they were to the plants. By mid-century, some biologists, such as Herbert Copeland, Robert H. Whittaker and Lynn Margulis, advocated the revival of Haeckel's Protista or Hogg's Protoctista as a kingdom-level eukaryotic group, alongside Plants, Animals and Fungi.[14] A variety of multi-kingdom systems were proposed, and Kingdoms Protista and Protoctista became well established in biology texts and curricula.[16][17][18]
While many taxonomists have abandoned Protozoa as a high-level group, Thomas Cavalier-Smith has retained it as a kingdom in the various classifications he has proposed. As of 2015, Cavalier-Smith's Protozoa excludes several major groups of organisms traditionally placed among the protozoa, including the ciliates, dinoflagellates and foraminifera (all members of the SAR supergroup). In its current form, his kingdom Protozoa is a paraphyletic group which includes a common ancestor and most of its descendents, but excludes two important clades that branch within it: the animals and fungi.[7]
Characteristics[edit]
Resting cyst of ciliated protozoan Dileptus viridis.
Protozoa, as traditionally defined, are mainly microscopic organisms, ranging in size from 10 to 52 micrometers. Some, however, are significantly larger. Among the largest are the deep-sea–dwelling xenophyophores, single-celled foraminifera whose shells can reach 20 cm in diameter.[19] Free-living forms are restricted to moist environments, such as soils, mosses and aquatic habitats, although many form resting cysts which enable them to survive drying. Many protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of bacteria, algae and other protists.
Motility and feeding[edit]
Main article: Nutrition in Protozoa
Organisms traditionally classified as protozoa are abundant in aqueous environments and soil, occupying a range of trophic levels. The group includes flagellates (which move with the help of whip-like structures called flagella), ciliates (which move by using hair-like structures called cilia) and amoebae (which move by the use of foot-like structures called pseudopodia). Some protozoa are sessile, and do not move at all.
Protozoa may take in food by osmotrophy, absorbing nutrients through their cell membranes; or they may feed by phagocytosis, either by engulfing particles of food with pseudopodia (as amoebae do), or taking in food through a mouth-like aperture called a cytostome. All protozoa digest their food in stomach-like compartments called vacuoles.[20]
Pellicle[edit]
The pellicle is a thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa, such as ciliates, protecting them and allowing them to retain their shape, especially during locomotion, allowing the organism to be more hydrodynamic. The pellicle varies from flexible and elastic to rigid. Although somewhat stiff, the pellicle is also flexible and allows the protist to fit into tighter spaces. In ciliates and Apicomplexa, it is formed from closely packed vesicles called alveoli. In euglenids, it is formed from protein strips arranged spirally along the length of the body. Familiar examples of protists with a pellicle are the euglenoids and the ciliate Paramecium. In some protozoa, the pellicle hosts epibiotic bacteria that adhere to the surface by their fimbriae (attachment pili).[21]
Life cycle[edit]
Some protozoa have life phases alternating between proliferative stages (e.g., trophozoites) and dormant cysts. As cysts, protozoa can survive harsh conditions, such as exposure to extreme temperatures or harmful chemicals, or long periods without access to nutrients, water, or oxygen for periods of time. Being a cyst enables parasitic species to survive outside of a host, and allows their transmission from one host to another. When protozoa are in the form of trophozoites (Greek tropho = to nourish), they actively feed. The conversion of a trophozoite to cyst form is known as encystation, while the process of transforming back into a trophozoite is known as excystation. Protozoa reproduce asexually by binary fission or multiple fission. Many protozoan species exchange genetic material by sexual means (typically, through conjugation); however, sexuality is generally decoupled from the process of reproduction, and does not immediately result in increased population.[22]
Although meiotic sex is widespread among present day eukaryotes, it has, until recently, been unclear whether or not eukaryotes were sexual early in their evolution. Due to recent advances in gene detection and other techniques, evidence has been found for some form of meiotic sex in an increasing number of protozoans of ancient lineage that diverged early in eukaryotic evolution.[23] (See eukaryote reproduction.) Thus, such findings suggest that meiotic sex arose early in eukaryotic evolution. Examples of protozoan meiotic sexuality are described in the articles Amoebozoa, Giardia lamblia, Leishmania, Plasmodium falciparum biology, Paramecium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Trypanosoma brucei.
Classification[edit]
Further information: wikispecies:Protozoa
The classification of protozoa has been and remains a problematic area of taxonomy. Where they are available, DNA sequences are used as the basis for classification; however, for the majority of described protozoa, such material is not available. Protozoa have been and still are organized mostly on the basis of their morphology, means of locomotion, and for the parasitic species their hosts.[citation needed]
Flagellates (e.g., Giardia lamblia)
Amoeboids (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica)
Sporozoans (e.g., Plasmodium knowlesi)
Apicomplexa (now in Alveolata)
Microsporidia (now in Fungi)
Ascetosporea (now in Rhizaria)
Myxosporidia (now in Cnidaria)
Ciliates (e.g., Balantidium coli)
As a phylum the Protozoa were, historically, divided into four subphyla[24] reflecting the means of locomotion:
Subphylum Sarcomastigophora
Superclass Mastigophora (includes flagellates)
Superclass Sarcodina
Superclass Opalinata
Subphylum Sporozoa (includes apicomplexans)
Subphylum Cnidospora
Class Microsporidea
Subphylum Ciliophora (includes ciliates)
These systems are no longer considered to be valid.
Ecological role[edit]
As components of the micro- and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source for microinvertebrates. Thus, the ecological role of protozoa in the transfer of bacterial and algal production to successive trophic levels is important. As predators, they prey upon unicellular or filamentous algae, bacteria, and microfungi. Protozoan species include both herbivores and consumers in the decomposer link of the food chain. They also control bacteria populations and biomass to some extent. On average, protozoa eat ~ 100 to 1,000 bacteria per hour.[citation needed] Protozoa can stimulate decomposition of organic matter, digest cellulose in the rumen of cows and termite guts, and can play a role in nutrient mobilization.[citation needed]
Diseases[edit]
In humans[edit]
Trophozoites of the amoebic dysentery pathogen Entamoeba histolytica with ingested human red blood cells (dark circles)
Main article: Protozoan infection
A number of protozoan pathogens are human parasites, causing diseases such as malaria (by Plasmodium), amoebiasis, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, trichomoniasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), amoebic dysentery, acanthamoeba keratitis, and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (naegleriasis).
In other animals[edit]
The protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha is a parasite of butterfly larvae, passed from female to caterpillar. Severely infected individuals are weak, unable to expand their wings, or unable to eclose, and have shortened lifespans, but parasite levels vary in populations. Infection creates a culling effect, whereby infected migrating animals are less likely to complete the migration. This results in populations with lower parasite loads at the end of the migration.[25] This is not the case in laboratory or commercial rearing, where after a few generations, all individuals can be infected.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ I. Edward Alcamo; Jennifer M. Warner (28 August 2009). Schaum's Outline of Microbiology. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-07-162326-1. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (29 April 2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLoS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965  . PMID 25923521. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldfuss, Georg August (1820). Handbuch der Zoologie. Nuremberg: J. L. Schrag. pp. 11–16.
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3-4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. ISSN 0303-2647. PMID 7337818.
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (Dec 1993). "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla". Microbiological Reviews. 57 (4): 953–994. ISSN 0146-0749. PMC 372943  . PMID 8302218.
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (23 June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–345. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2880060  . PMID 20031978.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (29 April 2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLoS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965  . PMID 25923521. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
Jump up ^ Hogg, John (1860). "On the distinctions of a plant and an animal and on a fourth kingdom of Nature". Edinb N Phil J (N Ser). 12: 216–225.
Jump up ^ Scamardella, J. M. (Dec 1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista". International Microbiology. 2 (4): 207–216. ISSN 1139-6709. PMID 10943416.
Jump up ^ Copeland, Herbert F. (September–October 1947). "Progress Report on Basic Classification". The American Naturalist. 81: 340–361. doi:10.1086/281531. JSTOR 2458229.
Jump up ^ "New President's Address". protozoa.uga.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Details - Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbellosen Thiere / von C. Th. v. Siebold. - Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
Jump up ^ Dobell, C. (April 1951). "In memoriam Otto Bütschli (1848-1920) "architect of protozoology"". Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences. 42 (127): 20–22. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 14831973.
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, F. J. R. ‘Max’ (11 January 2003). "The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1707–1714. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02587-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 14657097.
Jump up ^ Hogg, John (1860). "On the distinctions of a plant and an animal, and on a fourth kingdom of nature". Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.
Jump up ^ Whittaker, R. H. (10 January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 5762760.
Jump up ^ Margulis, Lynn (1974). Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Hecht, Max K.; Steere, William C., eds. Five-Kingdom Classification and the Origin and Evolution of Cells. Springer US. pp. 45–78. ISBN 978-1-4615-6946-6.
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73: 203–266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)". Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 58: 2401–2419. Bibcode:2011DSRII..58.2401G. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.04.005. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Protozoa". MicrobeWorld. American Society for Chemistry. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Protozoa in biological research
Jump up ^ "Sex and Death in Protozoa". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
Jump up ^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C (2013). Bernstein C, Bernstein H eds. Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis'. Meiosis. InTech. ISBN 978-953-51-1197-9
Jump up ^ Honigberg, B. M.; W. Balamuth; E. C. Bovee; J. O. Corliss; M. Gojdics; R. P. Hall; R. R. Kudo; N. D. Levine; A. R. Lobblich; J. Weiser (February 1964). "A Revised Classification of the Phylum Protozoa". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 11 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01715.x.
Jump up ^ Bartel, Rebecca; Oberhauser, Karen; De Roode, Jacob; Atizer, Sonya (February 2011). "Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America". Ecology. 92 (2): 342–351. doi:10.1890/10-0489.1. PMID 21618914.
Jump up ^ Leong, K. L. H.; M. A. Yoshimura; H. K. Kaya; H. Williams (January 1997). "Instar Susceptibility of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to the Neogregarine Parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 69 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1006/jipa.1996.4634. PMID 9028932. Lay summary.
Bibliography[edit]
General
Dogiel, V. A., revised by J.I. Poljanskij and E. M. Chejsin. General Protozoology, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1965.
Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann. Protozoology. Thieme Verlag; New York, 1996.
Kudo, R.R. Protozoology. Springfield, Illinois: C.C. Thomas, 1954; 4th ed.
Manwell, R.D. Introduction to Protozoology, second revised edition, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1968.
Roger Anderson, O. Comparative protozoology: ecology, physiology, life history. Berlin [etc.]: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Sleigh, M. The Biology of Protozoa. E. Arnold: London, 1981.
Identification
Jahn,T.L.- Bovee, E.C. & Jahn, F.F. How to Know the Protozoa. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Div. of McGraw Hill, Dubuque, Iowa, 1979; 2nd ed.
Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A: Society of Protozoologists, 2000; 2nd ed.
Patterson, D.J. Free-Living Freshwater Protozoa. A Colour Guide. Manson Publishing; London, 1996.
Patterson, D.J., M.A. Burford. A Guide to the Protozoa of Marine Aquaculture Ponds. CSIRO Publishing, 2001.
Morphology
Harrison, F.W., Corliss, J.O. (ed.). 1991. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, vol. 1, Protozoa. New York: Wiley-Liss, 512 pp.
Pitelka, D. R. 1963. Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Physiology and biochemistry
Nisbet, B. 1984. Nutrition and feeding strategies in Protozoa. Croom Helm Publ., London, 280 pp.
Coombs, G.H. & North, M. 1991. Biochemical protozoology. Taylor & Francis, London, Washington.
Laybourn-Parry J. 1984. A Functional Biology of Free-Living Protozoa. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
Levandowski, M., S.H. Hutner (eds). 1979. Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa. Volumes 1, 2, and 3. Academic Press: New York, NY; 2nd ed.
Sukhareva-Buell, N.N. 2003. Biologically active substances of protozoa. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Ecology
Capriulo, G.M. (ed.). 1990. Ecology of Marine Protozoa. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
Darbyshire, J.F. (ed.). 1994. Soil Protozoa. CAB International: Wallingford, U.K. 2009 pp.
Laybourn-Parry, J. 1992. Protozoan plankton ecology. Chapman & Hall, New York. 213 pp.
Fenchel, T. 1987. Ecology of protozoan: The biology of free-living phagotrophic protists. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 197 pp.
Parasitology
Kreier, J.P. (ed.). 1991-1995. Parasitic Protozoa, 2nd ed. 10 vols (1-3 coedited by Baker, J.R.). Academic Press, San Diego, California, [1].
Methods
Lee, J. J., & Soldo, A. T. (1992). Protocols in protozoology. Kansas, USA: Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, [2].
External links[edit]
Data related to Protozoa at Wikispecies
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Protozoa". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[show]
v
t
e
Infectious disease and microbiology
Disciplines
(pathogens)
Major diseases
Bacteriology (bacteria)
Cholera
Diphtheria
Leprosy
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Virology (viruses, prions)
AIDS
Influenza
Measles
Polio
Smallpox
Mycology (fungi)
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Tinea
Parasitology (protozoa, helminths)
Amoebic dysentery
Hookworm
Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Entomology (ectoparasites)
Lice
Scabies
People
Alexander Fleming
Edward Jenner
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
Ignaz Semmelweis
Related topics
Antibiotics
Eradication
Pandemic
Transmission
horizontal
vertical
Vaccination
Zoonosis
[show]
v
t
e
Eukaryota
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animal
Fungi)
Diaphoretickes
Archaeplastida
Glaucophyta
Rhodophyta
Viridiplantae
Plantae s.s.
Chlorophyta
Streptophyta
Cryptista
Corbihelia
Cryptophyta
Haptista
Centroheliozoa
Haptophyta
SAR
Halvaria
Alveolata
Ciliates
Miozoa
Acavomonadia
Colponemidia
Myzozoa
Stramenopiles
(heterokonts)
Bicosoecea
Developea
Hyphochytrea
Ochrophyta
Peronosporomycota
Pirsoniomycota
Placidozoa
Platysulcea
Sagenista
Rhizaria
Filosa
Phytomyxea
Retaria
Ectoreta
Marimyxia
Vampyrellidea
Incertae sedis
Kamera lens
Excavata
Ancyromonadida
Malawimonadea
Metamonada (Anaeromonada, Trichozoa)
Discoba
Jakobea
Tsukubea
Discicristata
Euglenozoa
Percolozoa
Podiata
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Conosa (Archamoebae, Semiconosia)
Lobosa (Cutosea, Discosea, Tubulinea)
Obazoa
Apusomonadida
Breviatea
Opisthokonta
Holomycota
Cristidiscoidea
Opisthosporidia
Aphelida
Cryptomycota
Microsporidia
True fungi
Holozoa
Choanoflagellates
Filasterea
Metazoa or Animals
Teretosporea
Mesomycetozoea
Corallochytrea
Varisulca
(paraphyletic)
Discocelida
Micronucleariida
CRuMs
Diphyllatea
Mantamonadida
Rigifilida
Incertae sedis
Ancoracysta twista
Parakaryon myojinensis
†Acritarcha
†Charnia
†Gakarusia
†Galaxiopsis
†Grypania
†Leptoteichos
Major kingdoms are underlined. See also: protist. Sources and alternative views: Wikispecies.
[show]
v
t
e
Microbiology: Protistology: Protists
Former
classifications
Protozoa
Mastigophora/Flagellates
Sarcodina/Amoeboids
Testate
Heliozoa
Infusoria/Ciliates
Sporozoa
Algae
Cryptogams
Thallophytes
Fungus-like organisms
Slime molds
Ambiregnal protists
Morphology
Archaeplastida
Chloroplastida
"green algae": Phycoplast
Phragmoplast
Flagellar apparatus
Glaucophytes:
Cyanelles
Phycobilisomes
Red algae:
Pit connection
Phycobilisomes
Hacrobia
Cryptophyta:
Mastigonemes
Periplast
Haptophyte:
Coccolith
Haptonema
Stramenopiles
General:
Mastigonemes
Diatoms:
Frustule
Brown algae:
Lamina
Pneumatocyst
Alveolata
General:
Alveoli
Trichocyst
Dinoflagellates:
Dinokaryon
Dinocyst
Theca
Ciliates:
Cilium
Cirrus
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Apicomplexans:
Rhoptry
Apicoplast
Microneme
Rhizaria
Phytomyxea
Cruciform division
Excavate
Kinetoplastids:
Kinetoplast
Glycosome
Euglenoidea:
Periplast/pellicle
Amoebozoa
Dictyostelids:
Macrocyst
Sorocarp
Opisthokonta
Choanoflagellates:
Collar of microvilli
General
Levels of
organization
Unicellular
Monadoid
Amoeboid
Coccoid
Colonial s.s.
Colonial flagellated
Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
Sarcinoid
Coenobial
Filamentous/trichal/hyphal
Parenchymatous
Pseudoparenchymatous/plektenchymatic
Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
Multinucleated
Syncytial
Coenocytic
Siphonous
Siphonocladous
Multicellular s.s./tissular/histonal
Cell surface
structures
Simple cell membrane
Mucilage
Scale
Frustule
Cell wall
Lorica
Skeleton
Test
Theca
Periplast/pellicle
Locomotion
Flagellum
Cilium
Pseudopodia
Gliding motility
Mitochondria
Hydrogenosome
Mitosome
Nucleus
Nucleomorph
Multinucleate cells
Plasmodium
Dikaryon
Heterokaryon
Mitosis in protists
Open
Closed
Orthomitosis
Pleuromitosis
Meiosis in protists
Gametic
Zygotic
Sporic
Other
Cyst
Cytostome
Fimbriae
Extrusome
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot apparatus
Pyrenoid
Axostyle
Mastigont system
Ecology and
physiology
Microbial ecology
Microbial biogeography
Baas-Becking hypothesis
Development/Reproduction
Life cycles
Fertilization
Nutrition: Autotrophy
Phototrophy
Heterotrophy
Phagotrophy
Osmotrophy
Saprotrophy
Parasitism
Biotrophy
Necrotrophy
Mixotrophy
Auxotrophy
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q101274
EoL: 4651
Fossilworks: 71297
GBIF: 7
ITIS: 630577
Authority control
NDL: 00562365
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protozoa&oldid=826570503"
Categories:
Obsolete eukaryote taxa
Paraphyletic groups
Microscopic organisms described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1670s in science
Hidden categories:
Articles containing German-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Беларуская
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Walon
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 21:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: i

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Centropyxis_aculeata
mw-redirect
Centropyxis aculeata

values:
/wiki/Phylum_(biology)
mw-redirect
Phylum (biology)

values:
/wiki/Subkingdom_(biology)
mw-redirect
Subkingdom (biology)

values:
/wiki/Robert_H._Whittaker
mw-redirect
Robert H. Whittaker

values: Nutrition in Protozoa (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)
mw-redirect
Sessility (zoology)

values:
/wiki/Binary_fission
mw-redirect
Binary fission

values:
/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum_biology
mw-redirect
Plasmodium falciparum biology

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Fauna_(animals)#Microfauna
mw-redirect
Fauna (animals)

values:
/wiki/Fauna_(animals)#Meiofauna
mw-redirect
Fauna (animals)

values:
/wiki/Trophic_pyramid
mw-redirect
Trophic pyramid

values:
/wiki/Filamentous_algae
mw-redirect
Filamentous algae

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)

values:
/wiki/Amoebic_dysentery
mw-redirect
Amoebic dysentery

values:
/wiki/Vertical_transmission
mw-redirect
Vertical transmission

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923521

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0303-2647

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7337818

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-0749

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8302218

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031978

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1139-6709

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10943416

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F281531

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2458229

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14831973

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.02587-0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-5026

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657097

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5762760

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2011.04.005

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1890%2F10-0489.1

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21618914

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjipa.1996.4634

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9028932

values: -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-width: 28em; column-width: 28em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi
mw-redirect
Pathogenic fungi

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Flagellar apparatus (page does not exist)

values: Alveoli (Alveolata) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_division
mw-redirect
Nuclear division

values:
/wiki/Coccoid_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Coccoid (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Sensu_stricto
mw-redirect
Sensu stricto

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/4651

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gbif.org/species/7

values: Category:Microscopic organisms described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Protozoa
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Protozoa&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: أولي (كائن) – Arabic

values: Прасцейшыя – Belarusian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozous
Protozous – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvoci
Prvoci – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoer
Protozoer – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoen
Protozoen – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Πρωτόζωα – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoo
Protozoo – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoo
Protozoo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoo
Protozoo – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: تک‌یاختگان – Persian

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosoa
Protosoa – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoos
Protozoos – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Նախակենդանիներ – Armenian

values: प्रजीवगण – Hindi

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoo
Protozoo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: פרוטוזואה – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: უმარტივესები – Georgian

values: Қарапайымдылар – Kazakh

values: Жөнөкөйлөр – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Праживотни – Macedonian

values: പ്രോട്ടോസോവ – Malayalam

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozo
Protozo – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozo
Protozo – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਪ੍ਰੋਟੋਜ਼ੋਆ – Punjabi

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoar
Protozoar – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Простейшие – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvoky
Prvoky – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values: زیندەوەرە سەرەتایییەکان – Central Kurdish

values: Праживотиње – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoer
Protozoer – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: மூத்தவிலங்கு – Tamil

values: ప్రోటోజోవా – Telugu

values: โพรโทซัว – Thai

values: Содатаринҳо – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
Protozoa – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Найпростіші – Ukrainian

values: فایلم پروٹوزوا – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Protozoa rootpage-Protozoa skin-vector action-view


text:
Say Uncle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Say Uncle (disambiguation).
"Say 'uncle'!" is a North American expression demanding that the opponent in a contest submits. The response "Uncle!" is equivalent to "I give up" and indicates submission. There are two theories as to the origin of the term; one relates to the Roman Empire; alternatively the expression may have originated in a 19th-century English joke about a bullied parrot. This use of this term is also very common in Arabian Peninsula countries "gol aami" "say uncle" "قول عمي".
Definition[edit]
In the United States and Canada, the idiomatic expression "Say 'uncle'!" may be used as an imperative command to demand submission of one's opponent, such as during an informal wrestling match. Similarly, the exclamation "Uncle!" is an indication of submission – analogous to "I give up" – or it may be a cry for mercy, in such a game or match.[1]
Origin[edit]
Although it is often regarded as an Americanism, there are at least two differing theories as to the true origin of the phrase: ancient Rome and 19th-century in England.
The 19th-century England theory says it comes from an English joke about a bullied parrot being coaxed to address his owner's uncle.[2][3][4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Say (or cry) uncle, World Wide Words
Jump up ^ Say (or cry) uncle, World Wide Words
Jump up ^ Safire, William (2011-11-16). "Uncle cries "Uncle"". Language Maven Strikes Again. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 030780058X.
Jump up ^ Wilton, Dave (2007-03-11). "say uncle". Wordorigins.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Uncle&oldid=824605425"
Categories:
American English idioms
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 8 February 2018, at 11:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Say_Uncle_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Say Uncle (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

attrs: href title

value: span

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: ar ar

value: p

attrs: class id

values: mw-headline Definition

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Say_Uncle
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Say_Uncle rootpage-Say_Uncle skin-vector action-view


text:
Internet Explorer 11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Internet Explorer 11
Internet Explorer 11 running on Windows 10
Developer(s)
Microsoft
Initial release
17 October 2013; 4 years ago (2013-10-17)[1]
Stable release
11.0.56 (11.192.18952.0) (March 13, 2018; 2 months ago (2018-03-13)[2]) [±]
Included with
Windows 7 SP1
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows 8.1
Windows 10
Windows Server 2012 R2
Windows Server 2016
Platform
IA-32, x64, Itanium, and ARM
Size
28–53 MB
License
Proprietary, requires a Windows license[3]
Website
ie.microsoft.com
Internet Explorer versions:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Internet Explorer 11 (IE11) is the last version of the Internet Explorer web browser by Microsoft. It was officially released on 17 October 2013 for Windows 8.1 and on 7 November 2013 for Windows 7. The browser was also shipped with Windows 10 on its release on 29 July 2015, but Microsoft Edge is the default browser in this version of Windows. It is the default browser shipped with Windows Server 2016. After 12 January 2016, only the most recent version of Internet Explorer to be offered for installation on any given Windows operating system will continue to be supported with security updates, lasting until the end of the support lifecycle for that Windows operating system. On Windows 7, 8.1, and 10, only Internet Explorer 11 will receive security updates for the remainder of those Windows versions' support lifecycles.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Changes
1.1 Removed features
1.2 Added features
2 Performance
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Changes[edit]
IE11 features redesigned developer tools,[5] support for WebGL,[6] enhanced scaling for high DPI screens,[7] prerender and prefetch.[8] After launch IE11 got support for HTTP/2.[9][10][11] In addition, IE11 supports Full Screen and Orientation APIs, CSS border image support, JavaScript enhancements, DOM mutation observers, Web Cryptography API, video text track support, encrypted media support and an improved HTML editor.[12] IE11 uses Transport Layer Security v1.2 as the default protocol for secure connections and deprecates RC4 cipher suite.[13]
Internet Explorer 11 for Windows RT does not support Java and other add-ons.[14]
Removed features[edit]
IE11 has deprecated document.all, meaning that code that checks for its presence will not detect it, but code that actually uses it will continue to work.[15] Additionally, the attachEvent proprietary API has been removed.[12]
Quick Tabs (CTRL+Q)[16]
Work Offline command removed from File menu[17]
Drag and drop of selected content from IE to other programs like Word or WordPad[citation needed]
Use large icons for command buttons
Some Group Policy settings are no longer supported.[18]
Ability to view all cookies at once via Developer Tools
Ability to disable tabbed browsing
autocomplete="off" for input type="password"
Added features[edit]
KB3058515 released on 9 June 2015 added HTTP Strict Transport Security support to IE 11.[19]
KB3139929 bundles a patch which adds advertising of Windows 10 upgrade offer to the new tab page.[20]
Performance[edit]
In a November 2013 review by SitePoint, IE11 scored better than Google Chrome 30 and Firefox 26 in WebKit's SunSpider test and Google's WebGL test. It tied with Chrome for fastest in Microsoft's fish aquarium benchmark for WebGL and came last in Google's V8 performance benchmark. As a result of the speed improvements, the reviewer said "if you switched to Chrome for speed alone, you're now using the wrong browser." IE11 was also observed to use less memory with multiple tabs open than contemporary versions of Chrome and Firefox.[12]
In August 2015, SitePoint again benchmarked IE11 in its review for Microsoft Edge, where Edge 12, Chrome 44 and Firefox 39 were also present. IE11 came last in Apple's JetSteam test (which replaced SunSpider) and Google's Octane test (which replaces V8) but it came second in Microsoft's fish aquarium test, after Edge.[21]
History[edit]
Though an internal build of IE11 was leaked on 25 March 2013,[22] its first preview version was not formally released until June 2013, during the Build 2013 conference, along with the preview release of Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1.[23] On 25 July 2013, Microsoft released the developer preview of Internet Explorer 11 for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.[24][25]
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still supported
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
History of Internet Explorer releases
Name
Version
Release date
Works on
New features
Old version, no longer supported: Developer Preview Old version, no longer supported: 11.0.9431.0[26] 000000002013-06-26-000026 June 2013[23] Windows 8.1 WebGL, CSS border image, improved JavaScript performance, major update to Internet Explorer Developer Tools,[25] hardware-accelerated JPEG decoding,[27] closed captioning, HTML5 full screen,[28] HTML5 prerender, HTML5 prefetch,
Windows 8.1 only: cryptography (WebCrypto),[25] adaptive bitrate streaming (Media Source Extensions),[29] Encrypted Media Extensions,[28] SPDY v3[10]
000000002013-07-25-000025 July 2013[26] Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2[25]
Old version, no longer supported: Release Preview Old version, no longer supported: 11.0.9600.16384[30] 000000002013-09-17-000017 September 2013[30] Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2[31] Performance improvements
Current stable version: Internet Explorer 11 Current stable version: 11.0.9600.18617[32] 000000002015-06-09-00009 June 2015 Windows 7, Windows 8.1, and Windows Server 2008 R2 Update Versions: 11.0.40 (KB4012204)[32][33]
Current stable version: Internet Explorer 11 Current stable version: 11.0.10240.16384 000000002015-07-29-000029 July 2015 Windows 10 Released in Windows 10. Microsoft Edge is the default browser from Microsoft in this version of Windows.
While there was no other releases of Internet Explorer, Enterprise Mode, improved developer tools, improved support for WebGL and ECMAScript 5.1 were added in 2 April 2014 for Windows 7 and 8.1, with an update.[34]
See also[edit]
Usage share of web browsers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Windows 8.1 is available now". Microsoft News Center. Microsoft. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cumulative security update for Internet Explorer: March 13, 2018". Support (18 ed.). Microsoft. 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Pre-Release Software License Terms: Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Support for older versions of Internet Explorer ends on January 12, 2016". Microsoft. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "What's new in F12 Tools (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "WebGL (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "High DPI support (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prerender and prefetch support (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "HTTP/2: The Long-Awaited Sequel". IEBlog. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Lardinois, Frederic (26 June 2013). "Microsoft Confirms IE11 Will Support Google's SPDY Protocol". TechCrunch. Aol. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Foley, Mary Jo (7 November 2013), Microsoft releases for download IE11 for Windows 7, retrieved 7 November 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Buckler, Craig (7 November 2013), "Internet Explorer 11: the Review", SitePoint.com, retrieved 7 November 2013
Jump up ^ Peteroy, William (12 November 2013). "Security Advisory 2868725: Recommendation to disable RC4". Security Research & Defense. Microsoft. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Install Java in Internet Explorer". Windows Help. Microsoft. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Zakas, Nicholas C. (2 July 2013). "Internet Explorer 11: "Don't call me IE"". NCZOnline. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ctrl+Q disappeared from IE11?, Microsoft Connect". Microsoft. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ EricLaw [ex-MSFT] (24 September 2013). "IE11 Changes: IEInternals blog". IEInternals. Microsoft. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "New group policy settings for Internet Explorer 11". Microsoft TechNet. Microsoft. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "HTTP Strict Transport Security comes to Internet Explorer 11 on Windows 8.1 and Windows 7". Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "Windows patch KB 3139929: When a security update is not a security update". InfoWorld. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Buckler, Craig (18 August 2015). "Microsoft Edge: the Review". SitePoint.
Jump up ^ Sakr, Sharif (25 May 2013). "Internet Explorer 11 user agent makes browser look like Firefox, thumbs nose at legacy CSS hacks". Engadget. Aol. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Introducing IE11: The Best Way to Experience the Web on Modern Touch Devices". IEBlog. Microsoft. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview: FAQ". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Thurrott, Paul (25 July 2013). "Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview for Windows 7". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Penton Media. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Internet Explorer 11.0.9431.0 may be downloaded from "Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2". Download Center. Microsoft. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Tony (26 July 2013). "Why Internet Explorer 11 is the right browser for business". PC World. IDG. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Brinkmann, Martin (25 July 2013). "The Internet Explorer 11 Preview for Windows 7 is now available". Ghacks.net. ghacks Technology News. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Williams, Mike (26 July 2013). "Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview now available for Windows 7". BetaNews. BetaNews, Inc. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Internet Explorer 11.0.9600.16384 may be downloaded from "Internet Explorer 11 Release Preview for Windows 7 64-bit Edition and Windows Server 2008 R2 64-bit Edition". Download Center. Microsoft. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (18 September 2013). "Release Preview Version of IE 11 for Windows 7 is Now Available". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Penton Media. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Popa, Bogdan (13 November 2013). "Internet Explorer 11.0.1 Released for Windows 8.1 Users". Softpedia. SoftNews. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer 11". Softpedia. SoftNews. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Announcing an updated version of Internet Explorer 11 - available on Windows 8.1, Windows 7, and Windows Phone 8.1, 3 April 2014, retrieved 27 July 2014
External links[edit]
Official website
Internet Explorer Test Drive
IEBlog: Windows Internet Explorer Engineering Team Blog at MSDN Blogs
Internet Explorer Community Resources at Microsoft Developer Network
Internet 11 Development Status of Features
[show]
v
t
e
Internet Explorer
Versions
Main
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Other
Mobile
for Mac
for UNIX
IEs4Linux
Overview
History
Add-ons
Box model
Browser Helper Object (BHO)
Easter eggs
Extensions
Removal
Shells
Technologies
Accelerator
ActiveX
Dynamic HTML
HTA
HTML Components
favicon.ico
HTML+TIME
Index.dat
JScript
MHTML
MSXML
RSS Platform
Smart tags
Temporary Internet Files
Vector Markup Language
Web Slice
WPAD
XHR/XDomainRequest
Software & engines
Administration Kit
Developer Tools
Integrated Windows Authentication
Tasman
Trident
Chakra
Implementations
Active Channel
Active Desktop
ActiveMovie
Channel Definition Format (.cdf)
Comic Chat/Chat 2.0
DirectX Media
Internet Mail and News
Microsoft Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM)
MSN Explorer
MSN for Mac OS X
NetMeeting
NetShow
Outlook Express
Server Gated Cryptography (SGC)
Spyglass
Windows Address Book
Windows Desktop Update
Events
First Browser War
Second Browser War
Download.ject
Eolas v. Microsoft
Sun v. Microsoft
United States v. Microsoft Corp.
People
Tantek Çelik
Thomas Reardon
Dean Hachamovitch
Scott Isaacs
Inori Aizawa
Category
Commons
Microsoft portal
Internet portal
[show]
v
t
e
Timeline of web browsers
[show]
General
Comparison
lightweight
History
List
for Unix
Usage share
[show]
1990s
1990
WorldWideWeb (Nexus)
1991
Line Mode Browser
libwww
1992
Erwise
MacWWW (Samba)
MidasWWW
tkWWW
ViolaWWW
1993
AMosaic
Arena
Cello
Emacs/W3
Lynx 2
NCSA Mosaic
VMS Mosaic
1994
AirMosaic
Internet in a Box
ANT Fresco
Argo
IBM WebExplorer
SlipKnot
Minuet
Navipress
Mosaic/Mosaic Netscape/Netscape Navigator
Spyglass Mosaic
TCP/Connect II
1995
Agora
ALynx
AMSD Ariadna
Cyberjack
eWorld Web Browser
Grail
Internet Explorer 1
Internet Explorer 2
Netscape Navigator 2
NetShark
OmniWeb
HotJava
UdiWWW
WebShark
1996
Cyberdog
Arachne
AWeb
IBrowse
Amaya
Internet Explorer 3
Netscape Navigator 3
Opera 2
Oracle PowerBrowser
tcpCONNECT4
Voyager
1997
Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer 4
Opera 2.1
1998
NeoPlanet
Mozilla Application Suite
Opera 3–3.21
1999
iCab
Internet Explorer 5
Omniweb 3
Opera 3.5–3.62
[show]
2000s
2000
Beonex Communicator
Galeon
K-Meleon
MediaBrowser
Netscape 6
Opera 4–4.02
2001
iCab 2.5
Internet Explorer 6
Omniweb 4
Opera 5–5.12
2002
Avant Browser 7
Camino
Epiphany
Netscape 7
Opera 6–6.1
2003
GreenBrowser
Maxthon
Opera 7–7.3
Safari
SlimBrowser
2004
Avant Browser 9
Phoenix/Firebird/Firefox
Opera 7.5–7.55
2005
AOL Explorer
Deepnet Explorer
Firefox 1.5
Opera 8–8.54
Safari 2
2006
Avant Browser 11
Firefox 2
Internet Explorer 7
Opera 9–9.27
2007
Maxthon 2
Opera 9.5–9.64
Safari 3
SeaMonkey 1.1
2008
Google Chrome
Firefox 3
Netscape Browser
Netscape Navigator 9
NetSurf 1.2
2009
Avant Browser 11.7
Google Chrome 2–3
Firefox 3.5
Internet Explorer 8
Opera 10–10.63
Pale Moon
Safari 4
SeaMonkey 2.0
[hide]
2010s
2010
Google Chrome 4–8
Firefox 3.6
Lunascape 6.0.1
Maxthon 3
NetSurf 2.5
Opera 11–11.64
Safari 5
2011
Google Chrome 9–16
Firefox 4–9
Internet Explorer 9
Lunascape 6.5
Opera 12–12.17
SeaMonkey 2.1–2.4
Waterfox
2012
Google Chrome 17–23
Firefox 10–17
Internet Explorer 10
Lunascape 6.7
Maxthon 3.4
NetSurf 2.9
Safari 6
2013
Google Chrome 24–31
Firefox 18–26
Internet Explorer 11
Opera 15–18
Safari 7
SeaMonkey 2.15–2.22
2014
Google Chrome 32–39
Firefox 27–34
Lunascape 6.9
NetSurf 3.1
Opera 19–26
Safari 8
SeaMonkey 2.23–2.31
2015
Google Chrome 40–47
Firefox 35–43
Lunascape 6.10–6.12
Microsoft Edge 20, 25
Opera 27–34
Safari 9
SeaMonkey 2.32–2.39
Vivaldi
2016
Google Chrome 48–55
Firefox 44–50
Lunascape 6.13–6.15
Microsoft Edge 38
Opera 35–42
Safari 10
2017
Basilisk
Brave
Google Chrome 56–63
Firefox 51–57
Microsoft Edge 40, 41
Opera 43–49
Safari 11
SeaMonkey 2.46–2.49
[show]
Related topics
3D Markup Language for Web
Aliweb
ARPANET
ASCII
BITNET
Browser wars
CompuServe
Elm
Email
File Transfer Protocol
Gopher
HTML
HyperCard
HyTelnet
NCSA Telnet
NLS
Prodigy
Teletext
Telnet
Usenet
UUCP
Videotex
Viewdata
Virtual Reality Markup Language
Web page
Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog
World Wide Web
X.25
[show]
v
t
e
Web browsers
Comparison
lightweight
History
List
Unix & Unix-like
Timeline
Usage share
Features
Ad filtering
Augmented browsing
Bookmarks
Bookmarklet
Live bookmark
Smart Bookmarks
Browser extension
Browser security
Browser synchronizer
comparison
Cookies
Download manager
Favicon
Incremental search
Plug-in
Privacy mode
Tabs
Universal Edit Button
Web standards
Acid tests
Cascading Style Sheets
HTML
HTML5
JavaScript
MathML
SVG
WebGL
XHTML
Protocols
HTTP
HTTPS
OCSP
SPDY
SSL/TLS
WebSocket
WPAD
Related topics
BrowserChoice.eu
CRL
iLoo
Internet suite
Man-in-the-browser
Mobile Web
Offline reader
PAC
Pwn2Own
Rich Internet application
Site-specific browser
Widget
World Wide Web
XML
[show]
Desktop
Blink-based
Brave
Chrome
Chromium
Dragon
Falkon
Opera
Sleipnir
Slimjet
SRWare Iron
UC Browser
Vivaldi
Yandex Browser
Sputnik
SafeZone
Whale
Gecko-based
AT&T Pogo
Avant
Camino
Firefox
Conkeror
GNU IceCat
IceDragon
Swiftfox
Swiftweasel
TenFourFox
Timberwolf
Tor Browser
Waterfox
xB Browser
Galeon
Ghostzilla
K-Meleon
Kazehakase
Kirix Strata
Lotus Symphony
Lunascape
Mozilla
Beonex Communicator
Classilla
Netscape
SeaMonkey
Trident-based
AOL Explorer
Avant
Deepnet Explorer
GreenBrowser
Internet Explorer
Lunascape
Maxthon
MediaBrowser
MenuBox
NeoPlanet
NetCaptor
SlimBrowser
SpaceTime
UltraBrowser
WebbIE
ZAC Browser
WebKit-based
Arora
Avant
Dooble
Epic
Flock
Fluid
iCab
Konqueror
Lunascape
Maxthon
Midori
OmniWeb
Origyn Web Browser
Otter Browser
QtWeb
rekonq
Safari
Shiira
SlimBoat
surf
Torch
Uzbl
vimb
Epiphany
WebPositive
xombrero
Text-based
ELinks
Emacs/W3
Line Mode Browser
Links
Lynx
w3m
Other
abaco
Amaya
Arachne
Arena
Basilisk
Charon
Dillo
eww
Gazelle
HotJava
IBM Home Page Reader
IBrowse
KidZui
Microsoft Edge
Mosaic
Mothra
NetPositive
NetSurf
Pale Moon
Qihoo 360 Secure Browser
[show]
Mobile
Blink-based
Android Browser
Chromium
Brave
Chrome for Android
Opera Mobile
Silk
Firefox Focus for Android
Gecko-based
Firefox for Android
MicroB
Minimo
Waterfox
WebKit-based
BOLT
Dolphin Browser
Chrome for iOS
Firefox for iOS
Firefox Focus for iOS
Maxthon
Mercury Browser
Nokia Browser for Symbian
Opera Coast
Rockmelt
Safari
Steel
Other
Blazer
CM Browser
Deepfish
Internet Explorer Mobile
Iris Browser
Konqueror Embedded
Microsoft Edge
NetFront
Opera Mini
Skweezer
Skyfire
Teashark
ThunderHawk
UC Browser
Vision
WinWAP
[show]
Television and video game console
Gecko-based
Kylo
Presto-based
Internet Channel
WebKit-based
Google TV
Nintendo 3DS Internet Browser
Nintendo DS & DSi Browser
NetFront
Steam Overlay
Wii U Internet Browser
Other
MSN TV
Software no longer in development shown in italics
Category
Commons
Internet portal
Software portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Explorer_11&oldid=843291915"
Categories:
Internet Explorer
2013 software
Windows 8
Windows-only freeware
Windows web browsers
Windows components
News aggregator software
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Dansk
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 05:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: Internet Explorer 11 running on Windows 10

value: th

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2
mw-redirect
Windows Server 2012 R2

values:
nofollow
http://ie.microsoft.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Internet_Explorer_1
mw-redirect
Internet Explorer 1

values:
/wiki/HTTP_Secure
mw-redirect
HTTP Secure

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Tabbed_browsing
mw-redirect
Tabbed browsing

values:
/wiki/Alpha_software
mw-redirect
Alpha software

values:
/wiki/Beta_software
mw-redirect
Beta software

values: float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;

values: border-left: 1.2em solid #FDB3AB; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;

values: border-left: 1.2em solid #FEF8C6; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;

values: border-left: 1.2em solid #D4F4B4; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;

values: border-left: 1.2em solid #FED1A0; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;

values: border-left: 1.2em solid #C1E6F5; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;

values:
2
background-color: #FDB3AB;
Old version, no longer supported
Developer Preview

values:
background-color: #FDB3AB;
Old version, no longer supported
Release Preview

values:
background-color: #FDB3AB;
Old version, no longer supported
11.0.9600.16384

values:
templateVersion c
background-color: #D4F4B4;
Current stable version
Internet Explorer 11

values:
templateVersion c
background-color: #D4F4B4;
Current stable version
11.0.9600.18617

values:
templateVersion c
background-color: #D4F4B4;
Current stable version
11.0.10240.16384

values:
/wiki/Penton_Media
mw-redirect
Penton Media

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://ie.microsoft.com/testdrive/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://status.modern.ie/
external text

values:
/wiki/Internet_Explorer_versions
mw-redirect
Internet Explorer versions

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Web_Proxy_Autodiscovery_Protocol
mw-redirect
Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol

values:
/wiki/Trident_(layout_engine)
mw-redirect
Trident (layout engine)

values:
/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Mail_and_News
mw-redirect
Microsoft Internet Mail and News

values:
/wiki/MSN_Explorer
mw-redirect
MSN Explorer

values:
/wiki/MSN_for_Mac_OS_X
mw-redirect
MSN for Mac OS X

values:
/wiki/Server_gated_cryptography
mw-redirect
Server gated cryptography

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of web browsers for Unix and Unix-like operating systems

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Internet_in_a_Box
mw-redirect
Internet in a Box

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Ad_filtering
mw-redirect
Ad filtering

values:
/wiki/Revocation_list
mw-redirect
Revocation list

values:
/wiki/Graphical_control_element
mw-redirect
Graphical control element

values:
/wiki/Epiphany_(GNOME)
mw-redirect
Epiphany (GNOME)

values:
/wiki/Mothra_(web_browser)
mw-redirect
Mothra (web browser)

values:
/wiki/Blink_(layout_engine)
mw-redirect
Blink (layout engine)

values:
/wiki/Android_Browser
mw-redirect
Android Browser

values:
/wiki/Presto_(layout_engine)
mw-redirect
Presto (layout engine)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Internet_Explorer_11
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: إنترنت إكسبلورر 11 – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: اینترنت اکسپلورر۱۱ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 인터넷 익스플로러 11 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Internet_Explorer_11 rootpage-Internet_Explorer_11 skin-vector action-view