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Euro banknotes
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Euro banknotes from the first series (2002-2013)
Euro banknotes from the Europa Series (2013-present)
Europa Series €100 & €200 notes not yet in circulation.
Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the Eurozone, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the European Central Bank.[1] In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,[2] and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.
Denominations of the notes range from €5 to €500 and, unlike euro coins, the design is identical across the whole of the Eurozone, although they are issued and printed in various member states. The euro banknotes are pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as giving the banknotes a distinctive feel. They measure from 120 by 62 millimetres (4.7 in × 2.4 in) to 160 by 82 millimetres (6.3 in × 3.2 in) and have a variety of colour schemes. The euro notes contain many complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document their authenticity. While euro coins have a national side indicating the country of issue (although not necessarily of minting), euro notes lack this. Instead, this information is shown by the first character of each note's serial number.
According to European Central Bank estimates, in August 2016, there were about 19.417 billion banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone, with a total value of about €1.1 trillion. On 8 November 2012, the European Central Bank announced that the first series of notes would be replaced by the Europa series, starting with the 5 euro note on 2 May 2013.
Contents
1 History
2 Specification
2.1 2002 Series
2.2 Europa Series (2013)
3 Design
3.1 Bridges
3.2 Signature
3.3 Security features
3.4 Europa series
3.4.1 Security features
3.5 Features for people with impaired sight
4 Circulation
4.1 Statistics
4.2 Counterfeiting
5 Legal information
6 Issuance and printing
6.1 1st series
6.1.1 Production statistics
6.1.2 Printing works
6.1.3 Serial number
6.2 2nd series
7 Tracking
8 €1 and €2 notes
9 €0 notes
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the euro
The euro is used in the 19 Eurozone countries (dark blue).
It is also used de facto in two former SFRJ countries (light blue)
The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.[2] The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s.[2] The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).[3]
In 1999 the currency was born virtually,[2] and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate.[2] It rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the rest of the EU.[2] In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty formalised the Euro's political authority, the Euro Group, alongside the European Central Bank.[4]
Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007,[5] Cyprus and Malta in 2008,[6] Slovakia in 2009,[7] Estonia in 2011,[8] Latvia in 2014[9] and Lithuania in 2015.[10]
Specification[edit]
There are seven different denominations of the euro banknotes: €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200 and €500. Each has a distinctive colour and size.[11] The designs for each of them have a common theme of European architecture in various artistic eras.[11][12] The obverse of the banknote features windows or gateways while the reverse bears different types of bridges.[11][12] The architectural examples are stylised illustrations, not representations of existing monuments.[11][12]
2002 Series[edit]
Image
Value
Dimensions
(millimetres)
Main Colour
Design
Printer code position
Obverse
Reverse
Architecture
Century
€5
120 × 62 Grey Classical < 5th Left image edge[13]
€10
127 × 67 Red Romanesque 11–12th 8 o'clock star[14]
€20
133 × 72 Blue Gothic 12–14th 9 o'clock star[15]
€50
140 × 77 Orange Renaissance 15–16th Right image edge[16]
€100
147 × 82 Green Baroque & Rococo 17–18th Right of 9 o'clock star[17]
€200
153 × 82 Yellow The age of iron and glass 19–20th Above 7 o'clock star[18]
€500
160 × 82 Purple Modern 20th century 20–21st 9 o'clock star[19]
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

All the notes of the initial series of euro notes bear the EU Flag, a map of Europe on the reverse, the name "euro" in both Latin and Greek script (EURO / ΕΥΡΩ) and the signature of a president of the ECB, depending on when the banknote was printed.[11][12] The 12 stars from the EU Flag are also incorporated into every note.[11][12]
The notes also carry the acronyms of the name of the European Central Bank in five linguistic variants, covering all official languages of the EU in 2002 (the time of the banknote introduction), and now 19 out of 24 official languages of the EU28, in the following order:[11]
BCE (French: Banque centrale européenne,[20] Spanish: Banco Central Europeo,[21] Italian: Banca centrale europea,[22] Portuguese: Banco Central Europeu[23])
ECB (Dutch: Europese Centrale Bank,[24] Danish: Europæiske Centralbank,[25] English: European Central Bank,[26] Swedish: Europeiska centralbanken[27])
EZB (German: Europäische Zentralbank[28])
ΕΚΤ (Greek: Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα[29])
EKP (Finnish: Euroopan keskuspankki[30])[12]
The order is determined by the EU country listing order,[31] with BCE ahead of ECB because of the national precedence of Belgium's two main languages, followed by the remaining languages of Germany (Deutschland), Greece (Ελλάδα/Elláda[32]) and Finland (Suomi), in that order.
The euro banknote initial designs were chosen from 44 proposals in a design competition, launched by the Council of the European Monetary Institute (EMI) on 12 February 1996.[33] The winning entry, created by Robert Kalina from the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, was selected on 3 December 1996.[33]
The euro banknotes are pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as giving the banknotes a distinctive feel.[34]
In the first series, the Azores, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Madeira, Martinique, Réunion, and the Canary Islands, overseas territories of the eurozone member states, which also use the euro, are shown under the map in separate boxes. Cyprus and Malta were not shown on the first series because they were not in the EU in 2002, when the banknotes were issued, even though they joined the Eurozone in 2008. The map did not stretch as far east as Cyprus, while Malta was too small to be depicted: the minimum size for depiction was 400 km2.[12] However, both Cyprus and Malta are depicted on the Europa series note.[35]
Europa Series (2013)[edit]
Image
Value
Year
Dimensions
(millimetres)
Main Colour
Design
Printer code position
Obverse
Reverse
Architecture
Century
€5
2013 120 × 62 Grey[35] Classical[35] < 5th[35] Top right
€10
2014 127 × 67 Red[35] Romanesque[35] 11–12th[35] Top right
€20
2015 133 × 72 Blue[35] Gothic[35] 12–14th[35] Top right
€50
2017 140 × 77 Orange[35] Renaissance[35] 15–16th[35] Top right
Unknown Unknown
€100
147 × 82 Green[35] Baroque & Rococo[35] 17–18th[35] Top right
Unknown Unknown
€200
153 × 82 Yellow[35] The age of iron and glass[35] 19–20th[35] Top right
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
The Europa series banknotes, similarly to the first series, bear the EU Flag, a map of Europe on the reverse and the signature of Mario Draghi, since 1 November 2011 president of the ECB. The 12 stars from the EU Flag are also incorporated into the notes.[11][12] On 4 May 2016 the European Central Bank decided not to issue a 500 euro banknote for the Europa series.[36]
The banknote also has the name "euro", but in three scripts: Latin, Greek and Cyrillic (EURO / ΕΥΡΩ / ЕВРО).[35]
The design for the 50 euro note features the acronyms of the name of the European Central Bank in ten linguistic variants, covering all official languages of the EU28, in the following order:[35]
BCE (French: Banque centrale européenne,[20] Irish: Banc Ceannais Eorpach;[37] Spanish: Banco Central Europeo,[21] Italian: Banca centrale europea,[22] Portuguese: Banco Central Europeu,[23] Romanian: Banca Centrală Europeană[38])
ECB (Dutch: Europese Centrale Bank,[24] Czech: Evropská centrální banka,[39] Danish: Europæiske Centralbank,[25] English: European Central Bank,[26] Latvian: Eiropas Centrālā banka,[40] Lithuanian: Europos Centrinis Bankas,[41] Slovene: Evropska centralna banka,[42] Slovak: Európska centrálna banka,[43] Swedish: Europeiska centralbanken[27])
ЕЦБ (Bulgarian: Европейска централна банка[44])
EZB (German: Europäische Zentralbank[28])
EKP (Estonian: Euroopa Keskpank,[45] Finnish: Euroopan keskuspankki[30])
ΕΚΤ (Greek: Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα[29])
ESB (Croatian: Europska središnja banka[46])
EKB (Hungarian: Európai Központi Bank[47])
BĊE (Maltese: Bank Ċentrali Ewropew[48])
EBC (Polish: Europejski Bank Centralny[49])
The 5 euro, 10 euro and 20 euro notes do not feature ESB, as Croatian became an official language only in July 2013 with the accession of Croatia, after the introduction of the banknote design earlier that year. The order in which the acronyms are shown is determined by the same principles as for Series 1:[31] the language of Bulgaria (България/Bulgaria[32]) precedes that of Germany (Deutschland); EKP now precedes ΕΚΤ due to the accession of Estonia (Eesti); and the languages of Croatia (Hrvatska), Hungary (Magyarország), Malta and Poland (Polska) trail the list.
The notes of the Europa series do not show the same year. The year shown is the year the note is issued.
The Europa series euro banknotes are supposedly more durable than the first series banknotes.[35]
Reinhold Gerstetter, an independent banknote designer, was chosen by the European Central Bank to redesign the euro notes.[35]
Design[edit]
Bridges[edit]
Banknotes printed from 2004 to 2012 show the signature of the second president of the ECB, Jean-Claude Trichet.
20 and 50 Euro banknotes.
Face of Europa on the new 20 euro banknote.
The 50 euro banknote has an orange colour scheme, and its gateway and bridge are from the Renaissance.
5 euro banknote under infrared light (Europa series)
Obverse
Reverse
Due to the great number of historic bridges, arches, and gateways throughout the European continent, all the structures represented on the notes are entirely stylised illustrations of the relevant architectural styles, designed to evoke the landmarks within the European Union,[11] representing various European ages and styles.[11] For example, the 5 euro note has a generic rendition of Classical architecture,[11] the 10 euro note of Romanesque architecture,[11] the 20 euro note of Gothic architecture,[11] the 50 euro note of the Renaissance,[11] the 100 euro note of Baroque and Rococo,[11] the 200 euro note of Art Nouveau[11] and the 500 euro note of modern architecture.[11] The initial designs by Robert Kalina were of actual bridges, including the Rialto Bridge in Venice and the Pont de Neuilly in Paris, and were subsequently rendered more generic.[50] In 2011, Dutch artist Robin Stam and the town of Spijkenisse in the Netherlands built seven bridges of colored concrete after the designs on the seven euro banknotes.[51][52][53][54]
Signature[edit]
Mario Draghi's signature on a 10 euro banknote
The euro banknotes bear the signature of the President of the European Central Bank.[12]
In the first series, banknotes printed after March 2012 bear the signature of the third, and incumbent ECB President, Mario Draghi.[12] Notes printed between November 2003 and March 2012 show the signature of Jean Claude Trichet, the second President of the ECB,[12][55] replacing that of the first president, Wim Duisenberg,[12] who was the ECB president when the first euro banknotes and coins were issued, until 2003.[12]
As at 2017, only the signature of the third, incumbent ECB President, Mario Draghi, features on the Europa series notes.[12]
Security features[edit]
Microprinting on a 100 euro note
The European Central Bank has described some of the basic security features of the euro notes that allow the general public to recognise the authenticity of their currency at a glance:
For the first series: the firm and crisp paper, the raised print, the watermark, the security thread, the see-through number, the hologram, the micro-perforations, the glossy stripe for €20 and below, the color-changing number for €50 and above, UV light, infrared and the microprint.[56]
For the Europa series: the firm and crisp paper, the raised print, the portrait watermark, the security thread, the emerald number, the portrait hologram, UV and UV-C, infrared and the microprint.[57]
However, in the interest of advanced security of the euro notes, the full list of these features is a closely guarded secret of the European Central Bank and the National Central Banks of the Eurosystem.
€5 holographic band
Still, between the official descriptions and independent discoveries made by observant users, it is thought that the euro notes have at least eleven different security features, which are:
Holograms[56] – The lower value notes carry a holographic band to the right of the obverse. This band contains the denomination, the euro sign, the stars of the EU flag and perforations in the shape of the euro sign. In the Europa series €5 banknote, there is Europa, a gate, 'EURO' and the euro sign, the number 5 and perforations in the shape of a euro sign.[58] The higher-value notes include a holographic decal containing the denomination, the obverse illustration, microprinting, and perforations in the shape of the euro sign.
Variable colour ink[56] – This appears on the lower right-hand side corner of the reverse of the higher-value notes. When observed from different angles, the colour will change from purple to olive green or brown. This special ink is also on the left bottom on the Europa series notes.[58]
Checksum – Each note has a unique serial number. The remainder from dividing the serial number by 9 gives checksum corresponding to the initial letter indicated on the note.[59] Using a variation of the divisibility rule shortcut, the remainder from division by 9 can easily be found by adding the constituent digits and, if the sum still does not make the remainder obvious, adding the digits of the sum.[59] Alternatively, substituting the letter with its ASCII value makes the resulting number exactly divisible by 9. Taking the same example, Z10708476264, the ASCII code for Z is 90, so the resulting number is 9010708476264. Dividing by 9 yields a remainder of 0. Using the divisibility rule again, the result can be checked speedily since the addition of all digits gives 54; 5 + 4 = 9—so the number is divisible by 9, or 9010708476264 modulo 9 is 0.[59]
A 50 euro note under ultraviolet light
EURion constellation[60] – Euro banknotes contain a pattern known as the EURion constellation that can be used to detect their identity as banknotes to prevent copying and counterfeiting. Some photocopiers are programmed to reject images containing this pattern.
Watermarks – There are possibly four watermarks on the euro notes.[58][56][61] They are:
Standard watermark – Each denomination is printed on uniquely watermarked paper. This may be observed by holding the note up to the light. In the first series, the standard watermark is a gate/window that is depicted on the note and the denomination,[56] for the €5 of the Europa series, it is the face of Europa and the denomination as well.[58]
Digital watermark – Like the EURion constellation, a Digimarc digital watermark is embedded in the banknotes' designs. Recent versions of image editors, such as Adobe Photoshop or Paint Shop Pro refuse to process banknotes.[61] This system is called Counterfeit Deterrence System (CDS) and was developed by the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group.
Infrared and ultraviolet watermarks[56] – When seen in the near infrared, the banknotes will show darker areas in different zones depending on the denomination. Ultraviolet light will make the EURion constellation show in sharper contrast, and also some fluorescent threads stand out.
A 5 euro note under infrared light
Security thread[56] – A black magnetic thread in the centre of the note is only seen when held up to the light. It features the denomination of the note, along with the word "euro" in the Latin alphabet and the Greek alphabet.
Magnetic ink[56] – Some areas of the euro notes feature magnetic ink. For example, the rightmost church window on the €20 note is magnetic, as well as the large zero above it.
Magnetic serial number on Euro banknote (recorded using CMOS-MagView)
Microprinting[56] – The texture lines to the bottom, like those aligned to the right of ΕΥΡΩ mark on the €5 note, consist of the sequence "EURO ΕΥΡΩ" in microprinting.
Matted surface[56] – The euro sign and the denomination are printed on a vertical band that is only visible when illuminated at an angle of 45°. This only exists for the lower-value notes.
Raised print – On every banknote, the initials of the ECB are in raised print. In the first series, every banknote has a bar with raised print lines. On the €200 note of the first series, there are lines at the bottom which are raised to allow blind people to identify the note. On the €500 note of the first series, these lines are on the right-hand side.[56] On the Europa series, there are lines on both sides of the banknote.[58]
Bar code[clarification needed][56] – When held up to the light, dark bars can be seen to the right of the watermark. The number and width of these bars indicates the denomination of the note. When scanned, these bars are converted to Manchester code.[62]
Manchester code[62]
Note
Barcode
Manchester
€5 0110 10 100
€10 0101 10 110
€20 1010 1010 0000
€50 0110 1010 1000
€100 0101 1010 1100
€200 0101 0110 1110
€500 0101 0101 1111
(looked at from the reverse, a dark bar is 1, a bright bar 0)
Europa series[edit]
The portrait of Europa is also contemplated amongst the security features, but the theme of the banknotes is still the same.
5 euro note from the new Europa series written in Latin (EURO) and Greek (ΕΥΡΩ) alphabets, but also in the Cyrillic (ЕВРО) alphabet, as a result of Bulgaria joining the European Union in 2007
The European Central Bank intends to redesign the notes every seven or eight years. A new series, called the "Europa series", has been released from 2013; the first notes entered circulation on 2 May 2013.[63] The new series includes slight changes, notably the inclusion of the face of the mythological princess Europa in the watermark and in the hologram stripe.[64]
New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques are employed on the new notes, but the design shares the colours of the first series and the theme of bridges and arches.[63] The new notes are nonetheless recognisable as a new series.[65]
The new notes also reflect the expansion of the European Union: every member of the EU is depicted on it. The initial series did not include the recent members Cyprus and Malta (Cyprus was off the map to the east and Malta was too small to be depicted.)[12]
The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet features on the Europa series banknotes, as a result of Bulgaria joining the European Union in 2007. Thus this series includes "ЕВРО", which is the Bulgarian spelling for EURO, as well as the abbreviation "ЕЦБ" (short for Европейска централна банка in Bulgarian).[66] The new banknotes also feature the Maltese abbreviation BĊE (Bank Ċentrali Ewropew)[inconsistent with the above], the Hungarian abbreviation EKB (Európai Központi Bank) and the Polish abbreviation EBC (Europejski Bank Centralny). The modified 5 euro note features the initials of the European Central Bank in each of the contemporary EU member languages in a column on the left-hand side of the obverse.[66] The word "euro" in Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic lettering has also been moved to a more central position.[66]
The full design of the Europa series 5 euro banknote was revealed on 10 January 2013.[67] The new note entered circulation on 2 May 2013. The full design of the Europa series 10 euro note was revealed on 13 January 2014 and it entered circulation on 23 September 2014.[68] The full design of the Europa series 20 euro banknote was revealed on 24 February 2015 [69][70] and it was launched on 25 November 2015.[69] The old series will gradually be withdrawn. The ECB will announce in due course when the old notes will lose their legal tender status. However, they will not lose their value and it will be possible to exchange them for new notes at Eurosystem central banks indefinitely.[63]
On 4 May 2016, the European Central Bank announced that the Europa series 500 euro banknote would not be released, due to fears of "facilitating the criminal activity".[36][71][72]
All the denominations of banknotes of the Europa series (except for €500) should start to be released by the end of 2018, the date when the issue of all of the first series banknotes will cease.[36][71][72]
The full design of the Europa series 50 euro note was revealed on 5 July 2016[73] and the new 50 note was released on 4 April 2017.[74][75]
The new banknotes of the Europa series 100 euro banknote and 200 euro banknote will be issued at the beginning of 2019.[76][inconsistent with the above]
Security features[edit]
Microprinting on the Europa series 5 euro note
Watermark: When the note is held under a normal light source, a portrait of Europa and an electrotype denomination appear on either side.[63][77]
Portrait hologram: When the note is tilted, the silver-coloured holographic stripe reveals the portrait of Europa – the same one as in the watermark. The stripe also reveals a window and the value of the banknote.[63][77]
Colour changing ink: When the note is tilted, the number on the note displays an effect of light that moves up and down. The number also changes colour from emerald green to deep blue.[63][77]
Raised printing: On the front of the note, there is a series of short raised lines on the left and right edges. The main edge, the lettering and the large value numeral also feel thicker.[63][77]
Security thread: When the note is held against the light, the security thread appears as a dark line. The Euro symbol (€) and the value of the banknote can be seen in tiny white lettering in the thread.[63][77]
Microprinting: Tiny letters which can be read with a magnifying glass. The letters should be sharp, not blurred.[77]
Ultraviolet ink: Some parts of the banknote shine when under UV or UV-C light. These are the stars in the flag, the small circles, the large stars and several other areas on the front. On the back, a quarter of a circle in the centre as well as several other areas glow green. The horizontal serial number and a stripe appear in red.[77]
Infrared light: Under infrared light, the emerald number, the right side of the main image and the silvery stripe are visible on the obverse of the banknote, while on the reverse, only the denomination and the horizontal serial number are visible.[77]
Features for people with impaired sight[edit]
"A good design for the blind and partially sighted is a good design for everybody" was the principle behind the cooperation of the European Central Bank and the European Blind Union during the design phase of the first series banknotes in the 1990s.[78] As a result, the design of the first euro banknotes include several characteristics which aid both the blind and partially sighted to confidently use the notes.[78]
Features for the blind and visually impaired include:
Different sizes of the banknotes – the bigger the value, the larger the note.[78]
The banknotes have clearly contrasting, striking colours. The €5 note is grey, the €10 note red, the €20 note blue, the €50 note orange, the €100 note green, the €200 note yellow and the €500 note is purple.[78]
Large denominations on the notes.[78]
Raised print.[78]
Tactile marks on the €200 and €500 of the first series and on all the notes of the Europa series.[58][78]
As in the design process of the first series of euro notes, visually impaired users were consulted during the design phase of the Europa series, and their requirements were included in the final designs.[58]
Circulation[edit]
The European Central Bank closely monitors the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the Eurozone.[79]
Statistics[edit]
Every month, the European Central Bank publishes the number of banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone.
As of June 2013, there were about 15,497 million banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone.[79] That is about €911 billion worth of banknotes.[79] As of June 2013, there were:
Note
Approx. no.
of notes in
circulation
(billions)[79]
Total face
value
(€ billions)[79]
€5 1.60 8.00
€10 2,05 20.5
€20 2.88 57.6
€50 6.46 323.1
€100 1.74 173.8
€200 0.189 37.7
€500 0.581 290
Figures since 2012
Date
Banknotes
(millions)
Value
(€billions)
December 2012 15,687 912.6
December 2013 16,512 956.2
December 2014 17,528 1,016.5
December 2015 18,895 1,083.4
December 2016 20,220 1,126.2
Counterfeiting[edit]
The European Central Bank publishes information on the amount of counterfeit banknotes removed from circulation every 6 months.[80] It reported that 531,000 banknotes were removed from circulation in all of 2012,[81] compared to 606,000 in the previous year.[81] The ECB also said that, when compared to the amount of genuine banknotes, the proportion of fake euro notes remains low.[81] The amount of counterfeits taken out of circulation in 2012 is 3.18 times that of 2002 (167,118).[82][83]
In July 2013, the European Central Bank said that it removed 317,000 counterfeit euro banknotes from circulation in the first half of 2013, which is an increase of 26.3% from the first half of 2012.[84] However, the Bundesbank, in July 2013, stated that the amount of counterfeit euro notes fell by 13.6% in Germany in the first half of the year.[85] On the other hand, De Nederlandsche Bank said it withdrew around 19,400 counterfeit banknotes in the same period, which is an increase of 49% in comparison to the first half of 2012.[86] The Central Banks also stated that most were fake €20 and €50 notes.[84][85][86]
According to the central banks, the ratio of counterfeited bank notes is about 10 in one million of real bank notes for the Swiss franc, of 50 in one million for the Euro, of 100 in one million for United States dollar and of 300 in one million for Pound sterling.[87]
Legal information[edit]
Legally, both the European Central Bank and the national central banks (NCBs) of the Eurozone countries have the right to issue the 7 different euro banknotes.[2] In practice, only the NCBs of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro notes.[2] The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.[2] However, the European Central Bank is responsible for overseeing the activities of national central banks in order to harmonise cash services in the Eurozone.[2]
Issuance and printing[edit]
The ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issue of notes within the Eurozone, but most notes are actually issued by the National Central Banks (NCBs) of the Eurozone.[1] As of 2004, 8% of banknotes were issued by the European Central Bank and 92% were issued by Eurozone NCBs.[1] The issuing central bank can be seen from the serial number. Each NCB is now responsible for the production of certain denominations, as assigned by the ECB.[1]
1st series[edit]
Since 2002, euro notes have been printed by the National Central Banks of the Eurozone, with each Central Bank being responsible for and bearing the cost of producing a proportion of the notes.[88] The production of notes needs to be sufficient to meet expected and unexpected surges in demand and to replace unfit notes.[88] Production volumes are forecast jointly by the National Central Banks and the European Central Bank, and it needs to be approved by the Governing Council of the ECB.[88]
Production statistics[edit]
The European Central Bank publishes details about euro notes produced every year.[88]
Banknotes to be produced in 2018[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
448.4 2,241 Estonia, Greece, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€10
— — —
€20
526.5 10,530 Belgium, Ireland, Spain, Portugal.
€50
- - -
€100
2,300 230,000 Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria.
€200
715 143,000 France, Italy, Austria.
€500
— — —
TOTAL
3,989.90 385,771.90 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes to be produced in 2017[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
390 1,948 Ireland, Greece.
€10
— — —
€20
900 18,000 France, Italy, Portugal.
€50
3,300 164,998 Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€100
850 85,002 Germany, Spain, Austria.
€200
284 56,752 Belgium, Germany.
€500
— — —
TOTAL
5,723 326,700 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes to be produced in 2016[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
— — —
€10
1,000 10,000 Ireland, Greece, Spain, France.
€20
500 10,000 France.
€50
4,541 227,050 Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€100
176 17,640 Austria.
€200
— — —
€500
— — —
TOTAL
6,217 264,690 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes to be produced in 2015[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
600 3,000 Belgium, Spain, Portugal.
€10
1,200 12,000 Estonia, Ireland, Greece, France, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€20
1,700 34,000 Germany, France, Italy.
€50
2,500 125,000 Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Latvia, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€100
— — —
€200
— — —
€500
— — —
TOTAL
6,000 171,300 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2014[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
825 4,125 Belgium, Greece, Spain, Ireland.
€10
94 940 Greece.
€20
3,994 79,880 Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Portugal.
€50
2,800 140,000 Belgium, Germany, Cyprus, Estonia, Spain, Italy, Malta, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€100
500 50,000 Germany.
€200
47 9,400 Germany.
€500
85 42,500 Austria.
TOTAL
8,345 326,845 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2013[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
— — —
€10
4,500 45,000 Germany, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€20
2,500 50,000 Germany, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, France, Italy, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€50
1,000 50,000 Belgium, Germany, Spain.
€100
— — —
€200
— — —
€500
— — —
TOTAL
8,000 145,000 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2012[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
2,915.30 14,576.52 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria.
€10
1,959.04 19,590.45 Germany, Greece, France, Ireland, Portugal.
€20
1,703.95 34,079.03 Cyprus, Estonia, France, Italy, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€50
1,530.43 76,521.70 Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy.
€100
298.13 29,813.20 Germany.
€200
50.00 10,000.04 Germany.
€500
— — —
TOTAL
8,456.87 184,580.95 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2011[88]
Denomination
Quantity (millions)
Value (€ millions)
NCBs commissioning production
€5
1,714.80 8,574.00 Germany, Cyprus, Spain, France, Ireland, Malta Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€10
1,541.20 15,412.00 Germany, Greece, France, Austria, Portugal.
€20
536.60 10,732.00 Cyprus, France, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
€50
2,169.10 108,455.00 Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy.
€100
— — —
€200
— — —
€500
56.20 28,100.00 Austria.
TOTAL
6,017.90 171,273.00 Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland.
Printing works[edit]
The printing code on a 10 euro note
There is a six-character printing code on every banknote which states the printer of the banknote. These printing codes have an initial letter, followed by three digits, then by a single letter, and ending in a digit, for example, "R001A1".[89]
The initial letter identifies the printing facility.[89] (the facilities are described below) "R" for example would be Bundesdruckerei, a printer in Berlin, Germany.[89] The three digits state sequential printing plates. "001", for example, would be the first printing plate created by the printer.[89] The fifth character, a letter and sixth character, a number, represent the row and column, respectively, of the particular banknote on the particular plate. So "A" would be the first row and "1" would indicate the first column.[89][90]
Banknotes are printed in sheets. Different printers use different sheet sizes and sheets of higher denominations, which are larger in size, would have fewer notes printed per sheet. For example, two German printers print €5 banknotes in sheets of 60 (10 rows, designated "A" to "J" and six columns), the sheets of €10 notes have 54 banknotes (nine rows, six columns), and €20 banknotes are printed in sheets of 45 banknotes (nine rows, five columns).[89]
The printer code does not need to be the same as the country code, i.e. notes issued by a particular country may have been printed in another country.[89] The printers used to print euro banknotes include commercial printers as well as national printers, some of which have been privatised, some previously produced national notes before the adoption of the euro.[89] There is one former or current national printer in each of the countries which issue euro notes, with the exception of Germany, where the former East German and West German printers now produce euro notes.[89] There are also two printers identified in France, F. C. Oberthur, a private printer, and the Bank of France printing works,[89] and also two in the United Kingdom: Thomas De La Rue, a major private printer, and the Bank of England printing house, which does not produce euro banknotes.[89]
Printer identification codes[89]
Code
Printer
Location
Country
NCB(s) produced for
(A) (Bank of England Printing Works) (Loughton) ( United Kingdom) —
(B) Unassigned
(C) (Tumba Bruk) (Tumba) ( Sweden) —
D Setec Oy Vantaa Finland L ( Finland)
E F. C. Oberthur Chantepie France E ( Slovakia), F ( Malta), G ( Cyprus), H ( Slovenia), L ( Finland), P ( Netherlands), U ( France), X ( Germany)
F Österreichische Banknoten‐ und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Vienna Austria N ( Austria), P ( Netherlands), S ( Italy), T ( Ireland), Y ( Greece)
G Koninklijke Joh. Enschedé Haarlem Netherlands E ( Slovakia), F ( Malta), G ( Cyprus), H ( Slovenia), L ( Finland), N ( Austria), P ( Netherlands), V ( Spain), X ( Germany), Y ( Greece)
H De La Rue Gateshead United Kingdom L ( Finland), M ( Portugal), P ( Netherlands), T ( Ireland)
(I) Unassigned
J Banca d'Italia Rome Italy S ( Italy)
K Banc Ceannais na hÉireann / Central Bank of Ireland Dublin Ireland T ( Ireland)
L Banque de France Chamalières France U ( France)
M Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Madrid Spain V ( Spain)
N Bank of Greece Athens Greece Y ( Greece)
(O) Unassigned
P Giesecke & Devrient Munich & Leipzig Germany L ( Finland), M ( Portugal), P ( Netherlands), U ( France), V ( Spain), X ( Germany), Y ( Greece)
(Q) Unassigned
R Bundesdruckerei Berlin Germany D ( Estonia), E ( Slovakia), F ( Malta), G ( Cyprus), H ( Slovenia), L ( Finland), P ( Netherlands), X ( Germany), Y ( Greece)
(S) (Danmarks Nationalbank) (Copenhagen) ( Denmark) —
T National Bank of Belgium Brussels Belgium U ( France), V ( Spain), Z ( Belgium)
U Valora—Banco de Portugal Carregado Portugal M ( Portugal)
(V) Unassigned
(W) Unassigned
(X) Unassigned
(Y) Unassigned
(Z) Unassigned
The A, C and S codes have been reserved for the British, Swedish and Danish printers not printing euro banknotes.[89]
Where a printer is listed as producing banknotes for a particular country, this may apply to a single denomination, or as many as all seven denominations.[89] Some NCBs source different denominations from different printers,[89] and some source even a single denomination from multiple printers.[89] NCBs that issue banknotes are free to source from any authorized printers, and do so in varying quantities.[89]
Serial number[edit]
The serial number on a 50 euro note. This banknote was issued for Banca d'Italia, the Italian central bank.
Unlike euro coins, euro notes do not have a national side indicating which country issued them. The country that issued them is not necessarily where they were printed. The information about the issuing country is encoded within the first character of each note's serial number instead.[11]
The first character of the serial number is a letter which uniquely identifies the country that issues the note.[11] The remaining 11 characters are numbers which, when their digital root is calculated, give a checksum also particular to that country.[91]
The W, K and J codes have been reserved for the three EU member states that did not adopt the euro in 1999, while the R prefix is reserved for Luxembourg, which, at present, does not issue euro banknotes.[11] The first series of uncirculated notes from Luxembourg use the prefix belonging to the country where they were printed.[11]
National identification codes[59]
Code
Country
Checksum(1)
in English
in official language(s)
Z Belgium België/Belgique/Belgien 9
Y Greece Ελλάδα [Ellada] 1
X Germany Deutschland 2
(W)(2) ( Denmark) Danmark (3)
V Spain España 4
U France France 5
T Ireland Éire/Ireland 6
S Italy Italia 7
(R) ( Luxembourg) Luxembourg/Luxemburg/Lëtzebuerg (8)
(Q) Unassigned
P Netherlands Nederland 1
(O) Unassigned
N Austria Österreich 3
M Portugal Portugal 4
L Finland Suomi/Finland 5
(K)(2) ( Sweden) Sverige (6)
(J)(2) ( United Kingdom) United Kingdom (7)
(I) Unassigned
H Slovenia Slovenija 9
G Cyprus Κύπρος [Kypros]/Kıbrıs 1
F Malta Malta 2
E Slovakia Slovensko 3
D Estonia Eesti 4
(C) Latvia Latvija[92]
(B) Lithuania Lietuva[92]
(A) Unassigned

(1) checksum of the 11 digits without the letter
(2) Denmark, the United Kingdom and Sweden presently do not use the Euro, but had these serial number prefixes reserved for the first series of notes.[11]
Although the Slovenian letter had been reserved since the eurozone enlargement in January 2007, the country initially used previously issued banknotes issued from other member states. The first banknotes bearing the "H" letter, produced in France specifically on behalf of Slovenia, were witnessed no sooner than April 2008.[93] The 'Cypriot banknotes' (G) appeared in circulation in November 2009, whereas, those from Malta (F) appeared 3 months later (February 2010).[94] Slovak notes (E) first appeared in October 2010.
2nd series[edit]
The serial number on a 5 euro note. This banknote was printed in Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre in Spain.
In the new series, there are two codes, like in the first series. They are the printer code in the top right hand corner and the serial number.[95] Part of the serial number is horizontal and part of it is vertical.[96] The serial number begins with a letter indicating the printer, which is broadly similar to the first series (Z for Belgium, Y for Greece, etc.).[97] The second letter of the new serial numbers is part of the serial number itself, and has no further significance.[97]
However, as the code indicates the printer, rather than the issuing NCB, certain letters have been reassigned from NCBs which do not maintain their own printing facilities. In the first series, H denoted Slovenia. As there is no Slovene printer of euro banknotes, H represents De La Rue (Loughton) in the second series.[97] Several of the printers which replaced what were NCB codes maintain their printing code from the first series (De La Rue, mentioned, and Bundesdruckerei, which replaced Luxembourg as R, its previous printing code).[97]
Identification codes[97]
Code
Printer
Country
Z Nationale Bank van België/Banque Nationale de Belgique Belgium
Y Bank of Greece Greece
X Giesecke & Devrient (Munich) Germany
W Giesecke & Devrient (Leipzig) Germany
V IMBISA (owned by Banco de España) Spain
U Banque de France France
T Central Bank of Ireland Ireland
S Banca d'Italia Italy
R Bundesdruckerei Germany
(Q) Omitted[97]
P Joh. Enschedé Netherlands
(O) Omitted[97]
N Oesterreichische Banknoten‐ und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Austria
M Valora Portugal
(L) Unassigned
(K) Unassigned
J De La Rue (Gateshead) UK
(I) Omitted[97]
H De La Rue (Loughton) UK
(G) Unassigned
(F) Unassigned
E Oberthur France
D Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych Poland
(C) Unassigned
(B) Unassigned
(A) Unassigned
Tracking[edit]
There are several communities of people at European level, an example of which is EuroBillTracker,[98] that as a hobby keep track of the euro notes that pass through their hands to keep track and know where they travel or have travelled.[98] The aim is to record as many notes as possible in order to know details about their spread, from where and to where they travel in general and follow it up, like where a specific note has been seen in particular and generate statistics and rankings, for example, in which countries there are more notes.[98] EuroBillTracker has registered over 174.96 million notes as of 3 March 2018, worth more than €3.23 billion.[99]
€1 and €2 notes[edit]
The ECB has stated that "printing a €1 note is more expensive (and less durable) than minting a €1 coin". On 18 November 2004 the ECB decided definitively that there was insufficient demand across the Eurozone for very-low-denomination banknotes. On 25 October 2005, however, more than half of the MEPs supported a motion calling on the European Commission and the European Central Bank to recognise the definite need for the introduction of €1 and €2 banknotes.[100] However, the European Central Bank is not directly answerable to the Parliament or the Commission, and has ignored the motion.
€0 notes[edit]
In 2015 Richard Faille developed the idea of souvenir Euro notes made to the same standards as the currency, but without value. These can then be sold at a profit to commemorate places or events.[101] Since then these have become increasingly popular, and the European Central Bank has approved their printing.[102] A popular addition to this series was issued in 2018 by the city of Trier, and shows Karl Marx, commemorating the bicentennial of his birth there.[103]
See also[edit]
Currency note tracking
EuroBillTracker
History of the euro
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/banknotes/html/index.en.html#main
Jump up ^ EuroBillTracker:: View topic – Slovenian notes, serial number H
Jump up ^ "euroHOBBY". Eurocollection.ning.com. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
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Jump up ^ “Zero euro” banknote creator Richard FAILLE strikes again!
Jump up ^ In Germany released a note of the value zero Euro
Jump up ^ Karl Marx €0 bills are red hot
External links[edit]
Security features on euro banknotes (ECB)
Website of the Europa Series (ECB)
The new security features on Europa series banknotes (ECB)
Euro banknote design exhibition – entries for the 1996 banknote design competition (PDF)
Website for tracking Euro Notes
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Act (drama)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Act (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An act is a division or unit of a theatre work, including a play, film, opera, and musical theatre. The term can either refer to a conscious division placed within a work by a playwright (usually itself made up of multiple scenes)[1] or refer to a unit of analysis for dividing a dramatic work into sequences. The former use of the term may or may not align with the latter.
Though there are no limits to the number of acts which might exist within a dramatic work, the most common structures are the three act structure and five act structure. Both of these are derived from different interpretations of Aristotle's The Poetics in which he stresses the primacy of plot over character and 'an orderly arrangement of parts'.[2]
The work of William Shakespeare, for example, generally adheres to a five act structure[3] whereas contemporary theatre, in line with screenwriting and novel forms, tends towards a three act structure.
The word act can also be used for major sections of other entertainment, such as variety shows, television programs, music hall performances, and cabaret.
Contents
[hide]
1 Acts and scenes
2 Three-act play
2.1 Act one
2.2 Act two
2.3 Act three
3 Other numbers of acts
3.1 Five-act play
3.2 One-act play
4 Other media
5 See also
6 References
Acts and scenes[edit]
An act is a part of a play defined by elements such as rising action, climax and resolution. A scene is a part of an act defined with the changing of characters.[4]
To be more specific, the elements that create the plot of a play or any story, and divide a play into acts include the exposition, which give information, setting up the rest of the story. Another is the inciting incident, which starts all of the action that will follow. Going along with the inciting incident, the major dramatic question is formed; this holds the rest of the play. The majority of the play is made up of complications. These are the things that change the action. These complications lead up to the crisis, this is the turning point. Most of the time, at this point, the major dramatic question has been answered. Finally, there is the resolution. This is the end of the play where everything comes together and the situation has been resolved. This leaves the audience satisfied with the play as a whole. These more specific elements of plot in a play are the main things used to divide a play up into acts and sometimes scenes.[5]
The Roman theatre was the first to divide plays into a number of acts separated by intervals. Acts may be further divided into scenes; in classical theater each regrouping between entrances and exits of actors is a scene, while later use describes a change of setting.
Modern plays often have only one level of structure, which can be referred to as either scenes or acts at the whim of the writer; and some writers dispense with firm divisions entirely. Successive scenes are normally separated from each other in either time or place; but the division between acts is more to do with the overall dramatic structure of the piece. The end of an act often coincides with one or more characters making an important decision, else having an important decision to make. A decision which has a profound impact on the story being told.
Many operettas and most musicals are divided into just two acts, so in practice the intermission is seen as dividing them, and the word "act" comes to be used for the two halves of a show whether or not the script divides it into acts.
Three-act play[edit]
See also: Three-act structure
In a three-act play, each act usually has a different tone to it. The most commonly used, but not always, is the first act having a lot of introductory elements, the second act can usually be the darkest with the antagonists having a greater encompass, while the third act is the resolution and the protagonists prevailing. There is an age-old saying that "the second act is the best" because it was in between a starting and ending act and thus being able to delve deeper into more of the meat of the story since it does not need to have as prominent introductory or resolutive portions. Of course this is not always so, since a third act or even a first act can have the common second act characteristics, but that type of structure is the most used.
Act one[edit]
In Act I the conflict of the story is discovered. In this act, the exposition, the introduction of the protagonist, and other characters that the protagonist meets take place,[6] as well as the dramatic premise and inciting incident (the incident that sets the events of the story in motion) occurs approximately halfway through the first act.
Act two[edit]
At this point, the main character encounters an obstacle that prevents the character from achieving his or her dramatic need. This is known as the complication. The main character reaches his or her lowest point and seems farthest from fulfilling the dramatic need or objective and it seems like there is no longer any way that the protagonist can succeed.[6]
Act three[edit]
The climax occurs as well as the dénouement, a brief period of calm at the end of a film where a state of equilibrium returns. In other words, it is simply the resolution.[6]
Other numbers of acts[edit]
Five-act play[edit]
Until the 18th century, most plays were divided into five acts. This format is known as the five-act play, and was famously analyzed by Gustav Freytag in Die Technik des Dramas (Dramatic techniques). The five acts played specific functions in the overall structure of the play; but in performance there was not necessarily any clear separation between them.
A similar five-part structure is also used in traditional Japanese Noh drama, particularly by Zeami Motokiyo. Zeami, in his work "Sandō" (The Three Paths), originally described a five-part (five dan) Noh play as the ideal form. It begins slowly and auspiciously in the first part (jo), building up the drama and tension in the second, third, and fourth parts (ha), with the greatest climax in the third dan, and rapidly concluding with a return to peace and auspiciousness in the fifth dan (kyū).[7]
One-act play[edit]
A one-act play is a short drama that consists of only one act; the phrase is not used to describe a full-length play that does not utilise act-divisions. Unlike other plays which usually are published one play per book, one-act plays are often published in anthologies or collections.
Other media[edit]
As part of a television program, each individual act can be separated by commercials.
In film, a number of scenes grouped together bring to an audiovisual work to life.
See also[edit]
Acting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Waters, Steve (2010). The Secret Life of Plays. London: Nick Hern Books. p. 32. ISBN 978 1 84842 000 7.
Jump up ^ "The Internet Classics Archive | Poetics by Aristotle". classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ Snuggs, Henry L. (1960). Shakespeare and Five Acts: studies in a dramatic convention. New York: Vantage Press.
Jump up ^ Sherlock, Karl (2005). "Plays, Acts and Scenes in Structure". English 160: Drama Writing. Grossmont College. Archived from the original on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Novic, J. (2012). Drama. In World book advanced. Retrieved from http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced
^ Jump up to: a b c Cannell, S. J. (n.d.). What is the three act structure? [Lecture transcript].
Jump up ^ Quinn, Shelley Fenno (Spring 1993). "How to write a Noh play - Zeami's Sandō". Monumenta Nipponica. 48 (1): 58–62. JSTOR 2385466.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Act_(drama)&oldid=796882764"
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