text:
List of states and union territories of India by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Area
Population
Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage
v
t
e
India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories.[1] As of 2011, with an estimated population of 1.2 billion, India is the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China. India occupies 2.4% of the world's land surface area and is home to 17.5% of the world's population.[2] After the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the eastern and western coastal regions of the Deccan Plateau are the most densely populated regions of India. The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world. The northern and north-eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys.[3]
Contents
1 Census of India
2 States and union territories (by population)
3 Notes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Census of India[edit]
Population density map of India.
The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872. Since India's independence in 1947, a census has been conducted every 10 years, the first occurring in 1951.[4] The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government.[5]
The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India.[6] During the decade of 2001–2011, India's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent.[6] Based on decennial census data, Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent, followed by Daman and Diu (53.5 percent), Meghalaya (27.8 percent) and Arunachal Pradesh (25.9 percent). Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of -0.5 percent.[7]
India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas.[7] Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500–999 persons; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000–1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200–499. There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more.[2] India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[8] In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population.[9][10] On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million, followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million). Uttar Pradesh (−2.6 million) and Bihar (−1.7 million) topped the list for interstate emigration.[11] The five states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half (47.90 percent) of the total Indian population.[6]
While the national average for sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011,[6] the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in child sex ratio, the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0–6 years.[6] States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in child sex ratio.[6] National child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011.[6] Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures, after Telangana formally took birth on 2 June 2014.[12]
States and union territories (by population)[edit]
The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres (1,269,210 sq mi)α.[2] Population density is rounded to the nearest integer.
As per provisional census data of 2011, the total population of India is: 1,210,193,422.[6]
Rank
State or union territory
Population (2011 Census)[13]
(% of population of India)[14]
Decadal growth (2001–2011)
Rural pop.[15]
(%)
Urban pop.[15]
(%)
Area[16]
Density
Sex ratio
1 Uttar Pradesh 7008199812341000000♠199,812,341
(16.49%) 20.1% 7008155111022000000♠155,111,022
(77.72%) 7007444704550000000♠44,470,455
(22.28%) 7011240928000000000♠240,928 km2 (93,023 sq mi) 6996828000000000000♠828/km2 (2,140/sq mi) 908
2 Maharashtra 7008112372972000000♠112,372,972
(9.28%) 16.0% 7007615454410000000♠61,545,441
(54.77%) 7007508275310000000♠50,827,531
(45.23%) 7011307713000000000♠307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi) 6996365000000000000♠365/km2 (950/sq mi) 946
3 Bihar 7008103804637000000♠103,804,637
(8.58%) 25.1% 7007920750280000000♠92,075,028
(88.70%) 7007117296090000000♠11,729,609
(11.30%) 7010941630000000000♠94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi) 6997110199999999999♠1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi) 916
4 West Bengal 7007913477360000000♠91,347,736
(7.55%) 13.9% 7007622136760000000♠62,213,676
(68.11%) 7007291340600000000♠29,134,060
(31.89%) 7010887520000000000♠88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) 6997102900000000000♠1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi) 947
5 Madhya Pradesh 7007725975650000000♠72,597,565
(6.00%) 20.3% 7007525378990000000♠52,537,899
(72.37%) 7007200596660000000♠20,059,666
(27.63%) 7011308245000000000♠308,245 km2 (119,014 sq mi) 6996236000000000000♠236/km2 (610/sq mi) 931
6 Tamil Nadu 7007721389580000000♠72,138,958
(5.96%) 15.6% 7007371892290000000♠37,189,229
(51.55%) 7007349497290000000♠34,949,729
(48.45%) 7011130058000000000♠130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) 6996554999999999999♠555/km2 (1,440/sq mi) 995
7 Rajasthan 7007686210120000000♠68,621,012
(5.67%) 21.4% 7007515402360000000♠51,540,236
(75.11%) 7007170807760000000♠17,080,776
(24.89%) 7011342239000000000♠342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi) 6996200999999999999♠201/km2 (520/sq mi) 926
8 Karnataka 7007611307040000000♠61,130,704
(5.05%) 15.7% 7007375525290000000♠37,552,529
(61.43%) 7007235781750000000♠23,578,175
(38.57%) 7011191791000000000♠191,791 km2 (74,051 sq mi) 6996319000000000000♠319/km2 (830/sq mi) 968
9 Gujarat 7007603836280000000♠60,383,628
(5.00%) 19.2% 7007346708170000000♠34,670,817
(57.42%) 7007257128110000000♠25,712,811
(42.58%) 7011196024000000000♠196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi) 6996308000000000000♠308/km2 (800/sq mi) 918
10 Andhra Pradesh 7007493867990000000♠49,386,799
(4.08%) 11.1% 7007347763890000000♠34,776,389
(70.42%) 7007146104100000000♠14,610,410
(29.58%) 7011162968000000000♠162,968 km2 (62,922 sq mi) 6996303000000000000♠303/km2 (780/sq mi) 993
11 Odisha 7007419473580000000♠41,947,358
(3.47%) 14.0% 7007349512340000000♠34,951,234
(83.32%) 7006699612400000000♠6,996,124
(16.68%) 7011155707000000000♠155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi) 6996268999999999999♠269/km2 (700/sq mi) 978
12 Telangana 7007352867570000000♠35,286,757
(2.97%) 17.87% 7007215853130000000♠21,585,313
(61.33%) 7007136086650000000♠13,608,665
(38.66%) 7011114840000000000♠114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi) 6996307000000000000♠307/km2 (800/sq mi) 988
13 Kerala 7007333876770000000♠33,387,677
(2.76%) 4.9% 7007174455060000000♠17,445,506
(52.28%) 7007159321710000000♠15,932,171
(47.72%) 7010388630000000000♠38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) 6996859000000000000♠859/km2 (2,220/sq mi) 1,084
14 Jharkhand 7007329881340000000♠32,988,134
(2.72%) 22.3% 7007250369460000000♠25,036,946
(75.95%) 7006792929200000000♠7,929,292
(24.05%) 7010797140000000000♠79,714 km2 (30,778 sq mi) 6996414000000000000♠414/km2 (1,070/sq mi) 947
15 Assam 7007311692720000000♠31,169,272
(2.58%) 16.9% 7007267805260000000♠26,780,526
(85.92%) 7006438875600000000♠4,388,756
(14.08%) 7010784380000000000♠78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi) 6996397000000000000♠397/km2 (1,030/sq mi) 954
16 Punjab 7007277042360000000♠27,704,236
(2.30%) 13.7% 7007173168000000000♠17,316,800
(62.51%) 7007103874360000000♠10,387,436
(37.49%) 7010503620000000000♠50,362 km2 (19,445 sq mi) 6996549999999999999♠550/km2 (1,400/sq mi) 893
17 Chhattisgarh 7007255401960000000♠25,540,196
(2.11%) 22.6% 7007196036580000000♠19,603,658
(76.76%) 7006593653800000000♠5,936,538
(23.24%) 7011135191000000000♠135,191 km2 (52,198 sq mi) 6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi) 991
18 Haryana 7007253530810000000♠25,353,081
(2.09%) 19.9% 7007165314930000000♠16,531,493
(75.75%) 7006882158800000000♠8,821,588
(24.25%) 7010442120000000000♠44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi) 6996573000000000000♠573/km2 (1,480/sq mi) 877
19 Jammu and Kashmir 7007125489260000000♠12,548,926
(1.04%) 23.7% 7006913482000000000♠9,134,820
(72.79%) 7006341410600000000♠3,414,106
(27.21%) 7011222236000000000♠222,236 km2 (85,806 sq mi) 6995570000000000000♠57/km2 (150/sq mi) 883
20 Uttarakhand 7007101167520000000♠10,116,752
(0.84%) 19.2% 7006702558300000000♠7,025,583
(69.45%) 7006309116900000000♠3,091,169
(30.55%) 7010534830000000000♠53,483 km2 (20,650 sq mi) 6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi) 963
21 Himachal Pradesh 7006686460200000000♠6,864,602
(0.57%) 12.8% 7006616780500000000♠6,167,805
(89.96%) 7005688704000000000♠688,704
(10.04%) 7010556730000000000♠55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 6996122999999999999♠123/km2 (320/sq mi) 974
22 Tripura 7006367103200000000♠3,671,032
(0.30%) 14.7% 7006271005100000000♠2,710,051
(73.82%) 7005960981000000000♠960,981
(26.18%) 7010104860000000000♠10,486 km2 (4,049 sq mi) 6996350000000000000♠350/km2 (910/sq mi) 961
23 Meghalaya 7006296400700000000♠2,964,007
(0.24%) 27.8% 7006236897100000000♠2,368,971
(79.92%) 7005595036000000000♠595,036
(20.08%) 7010224290000000000♠22,429 km2 (8,660 sq mi) 6996131999999999999♠132/km2 (340/sq mi) 986
24 Manipurβ 7006272175600000000♠2,721,756
(0.22%) 18.7% 7006189962400000000♠1,899,624
(79.79%) 7005822132000000000♠822,132
(20.21%) 7010223270000000000♠22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 6996122000000000000♠122/km2 (320/sq mi) 987
25 Nagaland 7006198060200000000♠1,980,602
(0.16%) -0.5% 7006140686100000000♠1,406,861
(71.03%) 7005573741000000000♠573,741
(28.97%) 7010165790000000000♠16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 6996119000000000000♠119/km2 (310/sq mi) 931
26 Goa 7006145772300000000♠1,457,723
(0.12%) 8.2% 7005551414000000000♠551,414
(37.83%) 7005906309000000000♠906,309
(62.17%) 7009370200000000000♠3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) 6996394000000000000♠394/km2 (1,020/sq mi) 968
27 Arunachal Pradesh 7006138261100000000♠1,382,611
(0.11%) 25.9% 7006106916500000000♠1,069,165
(77.33%) 7005313446000000000♠313,446
(22.67%) 7010837430000000000♠83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 6995170000000000000♠17/km2 (44/sq mi) 920
28 Mizoram 7006109101400000000♠1,091,014
(0.09%) 22.8% 7005529037000000000♠529,037
(48.49%) 7005561997000000000♠561,997
(51.51%) 7010210810000000000♠21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi) 6995519999999999999♠52/km2 (130/sq mi) 975
29 Sikkim 7005607688000000000♠607,688
(0.05%) 12.4% 7005455962000000000♠455,962
(75.03%) 7005151726000000000♠151,726
(24.97%) 7009709600000000000♠7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi) 6995859999999999999♠86/km2 (220/sq mi) 889
NCT Delhi 7007167879410000000♠16,787,941
(1.38%) 21% 7005419319000000000♠419,319
(2.50%) 7007163339160000000♠16,333,916
(97.50%) 7009148400000000000♠1,484 km2 (573 sq mi) 6998112970000000000♠11,297/km2 (29,260/sq mi) 866
UT1 Puducherry 7006124446400000000♠1,244,464
(0.10%) 27.7% 7005394341000000000♠394,341
(31.69%) 7005850123000000000♠850,123
(68.31%) 7008479000000000000♠479 km2 (185 sq mi) 6997259800000000000♠2,598/km2 (6,730/sq mi) 1,038
UT2 Chandigarh 7006105545000000000♠1,055,450
(0.09%) 17.1% 7004290040000000000♠29,004
(2.75%) 7006102568200000000♠1,025,682
(97.25%) 7008114000000000000♠114 km2 (44 sq mi) 6997925200000000000♠9,252/km2 (23,960/sq mi) 818
UT3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 7005379944000000000♠379,944
(0.03%) 6.7% 7005244411000000000♠244,411
(64.33%) 7005135533000000000♠135,533
(35.67%) 7009824900000000000♠8,249 km2 (3,185 sq mi) 6995460000000000000♠46/km2 (120/sq mi) 878
UT4 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 7005342853000000000♠342,853
(0.03%) 55.5% 7005183024000000000♠183,024
(53.38%) 7005159829000000000♠159,829
(46.62%) 7008491000000000000♠491 km2 (190 sq mi) 6996698000000000000♠698/km2 (1,810/sq mi) 775
UT5 Daman and Diu 7005242911000000000♠242,911
(0.02%) 53.5% 7004603310000000000♠60,331
(24.84%) 7005182580000000000♠182,580
(75.16%) 7008112000000000000♠112 km2 (43 sq mi) 6997216900000000000♠2,169/km2 (5,620/sq mi) 618
UT6 Lakshadweep 7004644290000000000♠64,429
(0.01%) 6.2% 7004141210000000000♠14,121
(21.92%) 7004503080000000000♠50,308
(78.08%) 7007320000000000000♠32 km2 (12 sq mi) 6997201300000000000♠2,013/km2 (5,210/sq mi) 946
Total India 1,210,193,422
(100%) 17.64% 833,087,662
(68.84%) 377,105,760
(31.16%) 3,287,240 km2 (1,269,210 sq mi) 382/km2 (990/sq mi) 943
Notes[edit]
For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the data excludes areas claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan (78,114 km2) and China (42,735 km2).[17][18]
This includes 120,849 square kilometres (46,660 sq mi) of territory controlled by Pakistan, but claimed by India along with Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley, territories administered by the People's Republic of China.
^β Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata, and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur.
See also[edit]
Demographics of India
List of country subdivisions by population
List of metropolitan areas in India
List of states and union territories of India by area
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "India at a Glance: Profile". Government of India. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Area and Population". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ "India - General Profile, Land Use Classification and Land Use Pattern" (PDF). National Informatics Centre (NIC). Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Census Organisation of India". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Brief history of census". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "India Census 2011, Provisional Population Totals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf
Jump up ^ "Urban Agglomerations (UAs) & towns". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Shinde, Swati (13 Sep 2008). "Migration rate to city will dip". Times of India. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Develop towns to stop migration to urban areas: economist". Chennai, India: Hindu. Dec 3, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Migration". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ "T-party today: India's 29th state Telangana is born - Times of India ►". Retrieved 15 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011". 2011 Census of India. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001" (PDF). Government of India (2001). Census of India. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Provisional Population Totals". Government of India (2011). Census of India. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Area of India/state/district". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
Jump up ^ "J&K 2011 Population density census" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Religion PCA 2011 J&K census".
External links[edit]
Official website of Census of India
Census of India - Density of population
2011 Indian Census
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population&oldid=864754334"
Categories:
States and union territories of India-related lists
Ranked lists of country subdivisions
Lists of subdivisions of India
Hidden categories:
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
ಕನ್ನಡ
Magyar
मराठी
پنجابی
Português
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
اردو
Tiếng Việt
吴语
中文
10 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 October 2018, at 07:32 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

value: tr

value: li

value: ul

value: hr

values: List of state and union territory capitals in India

values: List of Indian states by Child Nutrition

values: Indian states and territories ranking by crime rate

values: Indian states ranking by households having electricity

values: List of Indian states and union territories by GDP

values: List of Indian states and territories by highest point

values: List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index

values: Indian states ranking by families owning house

values: Indian states and territories ranked by incidents of human trafficking

values: Indian states ranking by institutional delivery

values: List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth

values: Indian states ranked by number of vehicles

values: List of states and union territories of India by voters

values: Indian states and union territories ranked by prevalence of open defecation

values: List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies

values: List of states and territories of India by number of places of worship

values: Indian states and territories ranked by poverty

values: States of India by installed power capacity

values: Indian states and territories ranked by safety of women

values: Indian states ranked by school enrollment rate

values: Indian states and territories ranking by sex ratio

values:
/wiki/Indian_states_ranked_by_suicide
mw-redirect
Indian states ranked by suicide

values:
/wiki/States_of_India_by_tax_revenues
mw-redirect
States of India by tax revenues

values: Indian states ranking by television ownership

values: Indian states and union territories ranked by availability of toilets

values: Indian states ranking by underweight people

values: Indian states ranking by vaccination coverage

values: Template:Lists of states and territories of India

values: Template talk:Lists of states and territories of India

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

values: Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India

values:
/wiki/2011_census_of_India
mw-redirect
2011 census of India

values:
/wiki/Population_growth_rate
mw-redirect
Population growth rate

values: Edit section: States and union territories (by population)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India
mw-redirect
States and territories of India

values:
/wiki/Punjab_(India)
mw-redirect
Punjab (India)

values:
/wiki/Shaksgam_Valley
mw-redirect
Shaksgam Valley

values: List of country subdivisions by population

values: Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://envfor.nic.in/unccd/chap-3.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php

values: Category:States and union territories of India-related lists

values: Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: জনসংখ্যা অনুযায়ী ভারতের রাজ্য ও কেন্দ্রশাসিত অঞ্চলগুলির তালিকা – Bangla

values: فهرست ایالت‌ها و سرزمین‌های ملی هند بر پایه جمعیت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Classement des États et territoires indiens par population – French

values: Liosta stáit na hIndia de réir a ndaonra – Irish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values: Lista de estados da India por poboación – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: जनसंख्या के आधार पर भारत के राज्य और संघ क्षेत्र – Hindi

values: Daftar negara bagian dan wilayah di India menurut jumlah penduduk – Indonesian

values: ಭಾರತದ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: India tagállamainak listája népesség szerint – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: भारतीय राज्ये व केंद्रशासित प्रदेश यांची सूची लोकसंख्येनुसार – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: لسٹ بھارت دیاں ریاستاں تے علاقے بلحاظ آبادی – Western Punjabi

values: Lista de estados e territórios da união da Índia por população – Portuguese

values: Lista över Indiens delstater efter folkmängd – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: மக்கள்தொகை அடிப்படையில் இந்திய மாநிலங்களின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: భారతదేశ రాష్ట్రాల జనాభా – Telugu

values: بھارت کی ریاستیں بلحاظ آبادی – Urdu

values: Danh sách bang của Ấn Độ theo dân số – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 印度行政区人口列表 – Wu Chinese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: 印度行政区人口列表 – Chinese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population rootpage-List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population skin-vector action-view


text:
English novel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Portrait of Samuel Richardson by Joseph Highmore.National Portrait Gallery, Westminster, England.
The English novel is an important part of English literature. This article mainly concerns novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a significant part of their lives in England, or Scotland, or Wales, or Northern Ireland (or Ireland before 1922). However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to novels in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early novels in English
2 Romantic period
3 Victorian novel
4 20th century
5 Survey
6 Famous novelists (alphabetical order)
7 See also
8 References
Early novels in English[edit]
Main article: First novel in English
The English novel has generally been seen as beginning with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Moll Flanders (1722),[1] though John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688) are also contenders, while earlier works such as Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur, and even the "Prologue" to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales have been suggested.[2] Another important early novel is Gulliver's Travels (1726, amended 1735), by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, which is both a satire of human nature, as well as a parody of travellers' tales like Robinson Crusoe.[3] The rise of the novel as an important literary genre is generally associated with the growth of the middle class in England.
Other major 18th-century English novelists are Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), author of the epistolary novels Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740) and Clarissa (1747–48); Henry Fielding (1707–1754), who wrote Joseph Andrews (1742) and The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749); Laurence Sterne (1713–1768), who published Tristram Shandy in parts between 1759 and 1767;[4] Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), author of The Vicar of Wakefield (1766); Tobias Smollett (1721–1771), a Scottish novelist best known for his comic picaresque novels, such as The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751) and The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), who influenced Charles Dickens;[5] and Fanny Burney (1752–1840), whose novels "were enjoyed and admired by Jane Austen," wrote Evelina (1778), Cecilia (1782) and Camilla (1796).[6]
A noteworthy aspect of both the 18th- and 19th- century novel is the way the novelist directly addressed the reader. For example, the author might interrupt his or her narrative to pass judgment on a character, or pity or praise another, and inform or remind the reader of some other relevant issue.[citation needed]
Romantic period[edit]
Main article: Romantic literature in English
Sir Walter Scott
The phrase Romantic novel has several possible meanings. Here it refers to novels written during the Romantic era in literary history, which runs from the late 18th century until the beginning of the Victorian era in 1837. But to complicate matters there are novels written in the romance tradition by novelists like Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Meredith.[7] In addition the phrase today is mostly used to refer to the popular pulp-fiction genre that focusses on romantic love. The Romantic period is especially associated with the poets William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Byron, Percy Shelley and John Keats, though two major novelists, Jane Austen and Walter Scott, also published in the early 19th century.
Horace Walpole's 1764 novel, The Castle of Otranto, invented the Gothic fiction genre. The word gothic was originally used in the sense of medieval.[8] This genre combines "the macabre, fantastic, and supernatural" and usually involves haunted castles, graveyards and various picturesque elements.[9] Later novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the Gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her most popular and influential work, The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), is frequently described as the archetypal Gothic novel. Vathek (1786), by William Beckford, and The Monk (1796), by Matthew Lewis, were further notable early works in both the Gothic and horror genres.
Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein (1818), as another important Gothic novel as well as being an early example of science fiction.[10] The vampire genre fiction began with John William Polidori's The Vampyre (1819). This short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem The Giaour. An important later work is Varney the Vampire (1845), where many standard vampire conventions originated: Varney has fangs, leaves two puncture wounds on the neck of his victims, and has hypnotic powers and superhuman strength. Varney was also the first example of the "sympathetic vampire", who loathes his condition but is a slave to it.[11]
Mary Shelley
Among more minor novelists in this period Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849) and Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866) are worthy of comment. Edgeworth's novel Castle Rackrent (1800) is "the first fully developed regional novel in English" as well as "the first true historical novel in English" and an important influence on Walter Scott.[12] Peacock was primarily a satirist in novels such as Nightmare Abbey (1818) and The Misfortunes of Elphin (1829).
Jane Austen's (1775–1817) works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism.[13] Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.[14] Austen brings to light the hardships women faced, who usually did not inherit money, could not work and where their only chance in life depended on the man they married. She reveals not only the difficulties women faced in her day, but also what was expected of men and of the careers they had to follow. This she does with wit and humour and with endings where all characters, good or bad, receive exactly what they deserve. Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become accepted as a major writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture. Austen's works include Pride and Prejudice (1813) Sense and Sensibility (1811), Mansfield Park, Persuasion and Emma.
The other major novelist at the beginning of the early 19th century was Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), who was not only a highly successful British novelist but "the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century ... [and] a European figure".[15] Scott established the genre of the historical novel with his series of Waverley Novels, including Waverley (1814), The Antiquary(1816), and The Heart of Midlothian (1818).[16] However, Austen is today widely read and the source for films and television series, while Scott is less often read.
Victorian novel[edit]
It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. Another important fact is the number of women novelists who were successful in the 19th century, even though they often had to use a masculine pseudonym. At the beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in three volumes. However, monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837. Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element, whether it was a plot twist or a new character, so as to maintain the readers' interest. Both Dickens and Thackeray frequently published this way.[17]
The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of social novel, also known as social problem novel, that "arose out of the social and political upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832".[18] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity.[19] Stories of the working class poor were directed toward middle class to help create sympathy and promote change. An early example is Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist (1837–38).
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s with the two novels already mentioned. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor, but in a good-humoured fashion, accessible to readers of all classes. One of his most popular works to this day is A Christmas Carol (1843). In more recent years Dickens has been most admired for his later novels, such as Dombey and Son (1846–48), Great Expectations (1860–61), Bleak House (1852–53) and Little Dorrit (1855–57) and Our Mutual Friend (1864–65). An early rival to Dickens was William Makepeace Thackeray, who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him, but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively for Vanity Fair (1847). In that novel he satirizes whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It features his most memorable character, the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp.
The Brontë sisters were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published but were subsequently accepted as classics. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The sisters returned to prose, producing a novel each the following year: Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey. Later, Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) and Charlotte's Villette (1853) were published. Elizabeth Gaskell was also a successful writer and first novel, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848. Gaskell's North and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south. Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, Gaskell usually frames her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes: her early works focused on factory work in the Midlands. She always emphasised the role of women, with complex narratives and dynamic female characters.[20]
Anthony Trollope's (1815–82) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works are set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire, including The Warden (1855) and Barchester Towers (1857). He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters, including The Way with Live Now (1875). Trollope's novels portrayed the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England.
George Eliot's (Mary Ann Evans (1819–80) first novel Adam Bede was published in 1859. Her works, especially Middlemarch 1871–72), are important examples of literary realism, and are admired for their combination of high Victorian literary detail combined with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow geographic confines they often depict.
H. G. Wells studying in London, taken c. 1890
An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy (1840–1928). A Victorian realist, in the tradition of George Eliot, he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry by Romanticism, especially by William Wordsworth.[21] Charles Darwin is another important influence on Thomas Hardy.[22] Like Charles Dickens he was also highly critical of much in Victorian society, though Hardy focussed more on a declining rural society. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life, and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898, so that initially he gained fame as the author of such novels as, Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). He ceased writing novels following adverse criticism of this last novel. In novels such as The Mayor of Casterbridge and Tess of the d'Urbervilles Hardy attempts to create modern works in the genre of tragedy, that are modelled on the Greek drama, especially Aeschylus and Sophocles, though in prose, not poetry, a novel not drama, and with characters of low social standing, not nobility.[23] Another significant late 19th-century novelist is George Gissing (1857–1903) who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903. His best known novel is New Grub Street (1891).[citation needed]
Important developments occurred in genre fiction in this era. Although pre-dated by John Ruskin's The King of the Golden River in 1841, the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald, the influential author of The Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes (1858). William Morris was a popular English poet who also wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel The Moonstone (1868), is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language, while The Woman in White is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels. H. G. Wells's (1866–1946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like The Time Machine (1895), and The War of the Worlds (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is seen, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (1828–1905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. He also wrote realistic fiction about the lower middle class in novels like Kipps (1905) and The History of Mr Polly (1910).
20th century[edit]
The major novelists writing in Britain at the start of the 20th century were an Irishman James Joyce (1882–1941) and two immigrants, American Henry James (1843–1916) and Pole Joseph Conrad (1857–1924). The modernist tradition in the novel, with its emphasis "towards the ever more minute and analytic exposition of mental life", begins with James and Conrad, in novels such as The Ambassadors (1903), The Golden Bowl (1907) and Lord Jim (1900).[24] Other important early modernists were Dorothy Richardson (1873–1957), whose novel Pointed Roof (1915), is one of the earliest example of the stream of consciousness technique and D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), who wrote with understanding about the social life of the lower and middle classes, and the personal life of those who could not adapt to the social norms of his time. Sons and Lovers (1913), is widely regarded as his earliest masterpiece. There followed The Rainbow (1915), though it was immediately seized by the police, and its sequel Women in Love published in 1920.[25] Lawrence attempted to explore human emotions more deeply than his contemporaries and challenged the boundaries of the acceptable treatment of sexual issues, most notably in Lady Chatterley's Lover, which was privately published in Florence in 1928. However, the unexpurgated version of this novel was not published until 1959.[26] Then in 1922 Irishman James Joyce's important modernist novel Ulysses appeared. Ulysses has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".[27] Set during one day in Dublin in June 1904, in it Joyce creates parallels with Homer's epic poem the Odyssey.[28]
Another significant modernist in the 1920s was Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), who was an influential feminist and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream-of-consciousness technique. Her novels include Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and The Waves (1931). Her essay collection A Room of One's Own (1929) contains her famous dictum; "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".[29]
Virginia Woolf
But while modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine novelists who were not modernists. This include E.M. Forster ((1879–1970), John Galsworthy ((1867–1933) (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include The Forsyte Saga, Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of The Old Wives' Tale, and H. G. Wells (1866–1946). Though Forster's work is "frequently regarded as containing both modernist and Victorian elements".[30] E. M. Forster's A Passage to India (1924), reflected challenges to imperialism, while his earlier works such as A Room with a View (1908) and Howards End (1910), examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of Edwardian society in England. The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling ((1865–1936), a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907).
A significant English writer in the 1930s and 1940s was George Orwell (1903–50), who is especially remembered for his satires of totalitarianism, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and Animal Farm (1945). Evelyn Waugh (1903–66) satirised the "bright young things" of the 1920s and 1930s, notably in A Handful of Dust (1934), and Decline and Fall (1928), while Brideshead Revisited (1945) has a theological basis, setting out to examine the effect of divine grace on its main characters.[31] Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) published his famous dystopia Brave New World in 1932, the same year as John Cowper Powys's (1872–1963) A Glastonbury Romance. Samuel Beckett (1906–89) published his first major work, the novel Murphy in 1938. This same year Graham Greene's (1904–91) first major novel Brighton Rock was published. Then in 1939 James Joyce's published Finnegans Wake. In this work Joyce creates a special language to express the consciousness of a character who is dreaming.[32]
D. H. Lawrence, 1906
Graham Greene was an important novelist whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s. Greene was a convert to Catholicism and his novels explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Notable for an ability to combine serious literary acclaim with broad popularity, his novels include, The Heart of the Matter (1948), A Burnt-Out Case (1961), and The Human Factor (1978). Evelyn Waugh's (1903–66) career also continued after World War II, and in "1961 he completed his most considerable work, a trilogy about the war entitled Sword of Honour.[33] In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published Under the Volcano, while George Orwell's satire of totalitarianism, 1984, was published in 1949. One of the most influential novels of the immediate post-war period was William Cooper's (1910–2002) naturalistic Scenes from Provincial Life (1950), which was a conscious rejection of the modernist tradition.[34] Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell (1905–2000) whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time (1951–75), is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire Lucky Jim (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel Lord of the Flies (1954), explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island; philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels that deal with such things as sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her works including Under the Net (1954), The Black Prince (1973) and The Green Knight (1993). Scottish writer Muriel Spark's also began publishing in the 1950s. She pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. Her first, The Comforters (1957), concerns a woman who becomes aware that she is a character in a novel; The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961), at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future to see the various fates that befall its characters. Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), set in the not-too-distant future, which was made into a film by Stanley Kubrick in 1971. In the entirely different genre of Gothic fantasy Mervyn Peake (1911–68) published his highly successful Gormenghast trilogy between 1946 and 1959.
Immigrant authors played a major role in post-war literature. Doris Lessing (1919) from Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), published her first novel The Grass is Singing in 1950, after immigrating to England. She initially wrote about her African experiences. Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing right through the century, and won the Nobel prize for literature in 2007. Salman Rushdie (born 1945) is another among a number of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight's Children 1981, which was awarded both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Booker prize, and named Booker of Bookers in 1993. His most controversial novel The Satanic Verses (1989), was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. V. S. Naipaul (born 1932), born in Trinidad, was another immigrant, who wrote among other things A House for Mr Biswas (1961) and A Bend in the River (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature.[35] Also from the West Indies George Lamming (born 1927) is best remembered for In the Castle of the Skin (1953). Another important immigrant writer Kazuo Ishiguro (born 1954) was born in Japan, but his parents immigrated to Britain when he was six.[36] His works include, The Remains of the Day 1989, Never Let Me Go 2005.
Anthony Burgess
Scotland has in the late 20th-century produced several important novelists, including James Kelman (born 1946), who like Samuel Beckett can create humour out of the most grim situations. How Late it Was, How Late (1994), won the Booker Prize that year; A. L. Kennedy (born 1965) whose 2007 novel Day was named Book of the Year in the Costa Book Awards.[37] In 2007 she won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature;[38] Alasdair Gray (born 1934) whose Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) is a dystopian fantasy set in his home town Glasgow. Another contemporary Scot is Irvine Welsh, whose novel Trainspotting (1993), gives a brutal depiction of the lives of working class Edinburgh drug users.[39]
Angela Carter (1940–1992) was a novelist and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. Writing from the 1960s until the 1980s, her novels include, The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972) and Nights at the Circus (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for Possession published in 1990.
Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are Money (1984) and London Fields (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include The Cement Garden (1978) and Enduring Love (1997), which was made into a film. In 1998 McEwan won the Man Booker Prize with Amsterdam, while Atonement (2001) was made into an Oscar-winning film. McEwan was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 2011. Zadie Smith's (born 1975) Whitbread Book Award winning novel White Teeth (2000), mixes pathos and humour, focusing on the later lives of two war time friends in London. Julian Barnes (born 1946) is another successful living novelist, who won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending, while three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker Prize.
Among popular novelists Daphne Du Maurier wrote Rebecca, a mystery novel, in 1938 and W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) Of Human Bondage (1915), a strongly autobiographical novel, is generally agreed to be his masterpiece. In genre fiction Agatha Christie was an important writer of crime novels, short stories and plays, best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Christie's novels include Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and And Then There Were None (1939). Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers, while Georgette Heyer created the historical romance genre.
Survey[edit]
In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled The Big Read in order to find the "nation's best-loved novel" of all time, with works by English novelists Tolkien, Austen, Pullman, Adams and Rowling making up the top five on the list.[40]
Famous novelists (alphabetical order)[edit]
Amis, Kingsley
Amis, Martin
Austen, Jane
Becket, Samuel
Brontë, Anne
Brontë, Charlotte
Brontë, Emily
Burney, Fanny, later Madame D'Arblay
Butler, Samuel
Carroll, Lewis
Collins, Wilkie
Conan Doyle, Arthur
Conrad, Joseph
Defoe, Daniel
Dickens, Charles
Eliot, George
Fielding, Henry
Ford, Ford Madox
Forster, E. M.
Forster, Margaret
Gaskell, Elizabeth
Gissing, George
Goldsmith, Oliver
Greene, Graham
Hardy, Thomas
Huxley, Aldous
James, Henry
Johnson, Samuel
Joyce, James
Kipling, Rudyard
Lawrence, D. H.
Lessing, Doris
Lewis, C. S.
Lewis, Wyndham
Lowry, Malcolm
Meredith, George
Naipaul, V. S.
Oliphant, Margaret, traditionally known as Mrs Oliphant
Orwell, George
Powys, John Cowper
Powys, T. F.
Pullman, Philip
Reade, Charles
Richardson, Dorothy
Richardson, Samuel
Rushdie, Salman
Sackville-West, Vita
Scott, Walter
Shelley, Mary
Smith, Charlotte Turner
Smollett, Tobias
Sterne, Laurence
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Swift, Jonathan
Thackeray, William
Tolkien, J. R. R.
Trollope, Anthony
Ward, Mary, traditionally known as Mrs Humphry Ward
Wells, H. G.
Wilde, Oscar
Woolf, Virginia
Wyndham, John
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Novel
List of English novelists
List of English writers
List of literary movements
American novel
British regional literature
British literature
English literature
Industrial novel
Modernism
Postmodern literature
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Defoe", The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxforsd University Press,1996), p. 265.
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984), pp. 433, 434.
Jump up ^ http://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/gullivers-travels/author/dean-swift/sortby/3/
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 947.
Jump up ^ Robert DeMaria (2001), British Literature 1640–1789: An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21769-X
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996), p. 151.
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms. (Harmondsworth:Penguin Books, 1984), p. 582.
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary of Literary Terms, p. 289.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996), p. 411.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 886.
Jump up ^ Skal, David J. (1996). V is for Vampire, p. 99. New York: Plume. ISBN 0-452-27173-8.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 310.
Jump up ^ Litz, pp. 3–14; Grundy, "Jane Austen and Literary Traditions", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, pp. 192–193; Waldron, "Critical Responses, Early", Jane Austen in Context, pp. 83, 89–90; Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", The Jane Austen Companion, pp. 93–94.
Jump up ^ A. Walton Litz, Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. p. 142; Oliver MacDonagh, Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. pp. 66–75; Collins, 160–161.
Jump up ^ J. A. Cuddon, p. 435.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 890.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne-Davies. (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), pp. 97–8.
Jump up ^ Bloomsbury Guide, p. 101.
Jump up ^ "James, Louis(2006)"
Jump up ^ Abrams, M.H., et al. (Eds.) "Elizabeth Gaskell, 1810–1865". The Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors: The Romantic Period through the Twentieth Century, 7th ed., Vol. B. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97304-2. DDC 820.8—dc21. LC PR1109.N6.
Jump up ^ Dennis Taylor, "Hardy and Wordsworth". Victorian Poetry, vol.24, no.4, Winter, 1986.
Jump up ^ Gillian Beer, Darwin's Plots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Aristotelian Tragedy and the Novels of Thomas Hardy"
Jump up ^ John Carruthers, Scheherazade: or the Future of the English Novel (1928), quoted in Randall Stevenson,Modernist Fiction: An Introduction. (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1992) pp. 18, 19, 22.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 562.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 562.
Jump up ^ Beebe, Maurice (Fall 1972). "Ulysses and the Age of Modernism". James Joyce Quarterly (University of Tulsa) 10 (1): p. 176.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne-Davies. (New York: Prentice Hall, 19900, p. 644.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge companion to Virginia Woolf. By Sue Roe, Susan Sellers. p. 219. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne Davies (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), p. 118.
Jump up ^ Memo dated 18 February 1947 from Evelyn Waugh to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, reproduced in Giles Foden (22 May 2004). "Waugh versus Hollywood". The Guardian. p. 34.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, p. 644.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne-Davies. (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), p. 1008.
Jump up ^ Bradbury, Malcolm. "Introduction to Scenes from Provincial Life. (Macmillan, London, 1969).
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001". Nobelprize.org.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 506.
Jump up ^ Brown, Mark (23 January 2008). "Perfect Day for AL Kennedy as she takes Costa book prize". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Literatur-Staatspreis an Britin verliehen". ORF Salzburg (Austrian Broadcasting Company). 27 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
Jump up ^ Irvine Welsh plans Trainspotting prequel The Sunday Times Retrieved 15 March 2011.
Jump up ^ BBC - The Big Read - Top 100 Books Retrieved 2010-27-11
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_novel&oldid=814889144"
Categories:
History of literature in the United Kingdom
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from October 2014
Use British English from October 2014
Articles needing additional references from December 2010
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
Español
हिन्दी
नेपाली
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 14:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Malory
mw-redirect
Sir Thomas Malory

values:
/wiki/Morte_d%27Arthur
mw-redirect
Morte d'Arthur

values:
/wiki/Canterbury_Tales
mw-redirect
Canterbury Tales

values:
/wiki/Pamela,_or_Virtue_Rewarded
mw-redirect
Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded

values:
/wiki/Tristram_Shandy
mw-redirect
Tristram Shandy

values:
/wiki/Fanny_Burney
mw-redirect
Fanny Burney

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Romantic_era
mw-redirect
Romantic era

values:
/wiki/George_Byron
mw-redirect
George Byron

values:
/wiki/Percy_Shelley
mw-redirect
Percy Shelley

values:
/wiki/Gothic_novel
mw-redirect
Gothic novel

values:
/wiki/Historical_novel
mw-redirect
Historical novel

values:
/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott
mw-redirect
Sir Walter Scott

values:
/wiki/Pickwick_Papers
mw-redirect
Pickwick Papers

values:
/wiki/Reform_Act_of_1832
mw-redirect
Reform Act of 1832

values:
/wiki/North_and_South_(1855_novel)
mw-redirect
North and South (1855 novel)

values:
/wiki/Sensation_novels
mw-redirect
Sensation novels

values: Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)

values:
/wiki/E.M._Forster
mw-redirect
E.M. Forster

values:
/wiki/Writer_of_novels
mw-redirect
Writer of novels

values:
/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature
mw-redirect
Nobel Prize for Literature

values:
/wiki/Gothic_fantasy
mw-redirect
Gothic fantasy

values:
/wiki/Gormenghast_trilogy
mw-redirect
Gormenghast trilogy

values:
/wiki/Booker_prize
mw-redirect
Booker prize

values:
/wiki/How_Late_it_Was,_How_Late
mw-redirect
How Late it Was, How Late

values:
/wiki/Day_(2007_novel)
mw-redirect
Day (2007 novel)

values: Austrian State Prize for European Literature

values: The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman

values:
/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize
mw-redirect
Man Booker Prize

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Daphne_Du_Maurier
mw-redirect
Daphne Du Maurier

values:
/wiki/Crime_novels
mw-redirect
Crime novels

values: Edit section: Famous novelists (alphabetical order)

values:
/wiki/William_Thackeray
mw-redirect
William Thackeray

values:
/wiki/John_Wyndham_(writer)
mw-redirect
John Wyndham (writer)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/American_novel
mw-redirect
American novel

values:
/wiki/Industrial_novel
mw-redirect
Industrial novel

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
http://salzburg.orf.at/stories/295874/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:History of literature in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2014

values: Category:Use British English from October 2014

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2010

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/English_novel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ইংরেজি উপন্যাস – Bangla

values: अंग्रेजी उपन्यास – Hindi

values: अङ्ग्रेजी उपन्यास – Nepali

values: ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਨਾਵਲ – Punjabi

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-English_novel rootpage-English_novel skin-vector action-view


text:
Rebecca Lee Crumpler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rebecca Lee Crumpler
Born
Rebecca Davis
(1831-02-08)February 8, 1831
Christiana, Delaware
Died
March 9, 1895(1895-03-09) (aged 64)
Hyde Park, Boston, Massachusetts
Nationality
African American
Alma mater
New England Female Medical College
Known for
First female African-American Physician
Scientific career
Fields
Medicine
Rebecca Lee Crumpler, née Davis, (February 8, 1831 – March 9, 1895) was an African American physician and author. Becoming a Doctor of Medicine in 1864[1] after studying at New England Female Medical College, she was the first African-American woman to become a physician in the United States.[nb 1] Rebecca graduated medical college and published her book at a time in history when very few African Americans were allowed to attend medical college or publish books. [2]Crumpler first practiced medicine in Boston,[1] primarily for poor women and children.[1] After the American Civil War ended in 1865, she moved to Richmond, Virginia, believing it to be "a proper field for real missionary work" and to continue her focus on diseases of women and children. Crumpler worked for the Freedmen's Bureau to provide medical care to freed slaves; She was subject to "intense racism" and sexism while practicing medicine.[2][1][nb 2] She later moved back to Boston and "entered into the work with renewed vigor, practicing outside, and receiving children in [her] house for treatment; regardless, in a measure, of remuneration."[2] In 1883, she published A Book of Medical Discourses. Dedicated to nurses and mothers,[2][1] it focused on the medical care of women and children[4] and was one of the first publications written by an African American about medicine.In addition to being the only female physician author in the 19th century.[5]name="NLM Biography" />
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Nursing and medical school
2.2 Physician
2.3 A Book of Medical Discourses
3 Personal life
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Early life and education[edit]
In 1831, Crumpler was born Rebecca Davis in Christiana, Delaware to Matilda Webber and Absolum Davis.[6] She was raised in Pennsylvania by an aunt who cared for infirm neighbors.[2][1] Rebecca's aunt acted as the doctor in her community and had a huge influence on Rebecca[6]. Crumpler later attended the elite West Newton English and Classical School in Massachusetts where she was a "special student in mathematics."
Career[edit]
Nursing and medical school[edit]
She moved to Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1852.[7] During the next eight years, Crumpler was employed as a nurse[2][1][nb 3] until she was accepted into the New England Female Medical College in 1860. This school was founded by Dr. Israel Tisdale and Samuel Gregory[8].[2][1] It was rare for women or black men to be admitted to medical schools during this time. However, because of how strikingly talented Crumpler was as a medical apprentice her "supervising doctor recommended her to this school"[9].[1] That year, there were 54,543 physicians in the United States, 300 of whom were women. None of them were African-American women.[7]. The faculty was hesitant to pass Crumpler because they thought she showed a slow progress in learning. They ended up passing her but they felt pressured to do so. The doctors who Crumpler worked with while in medical school helped persuade the faculty to pass her[10]. Lee Crumpler graduated from New England Female Medical College in 1864. Claims have been made that she was "homeopathically trained", and gained a lot of knowledge from other pioneers in her field at the medical college[11]. However, Crumpler and the many other pioneers are not recognized, nor does "history record them as homeopathic practitioners."[12] She won a tuition award from the Wade Scholarship Fund, which was established by the Ohio abolitionist, Benjamin Wade.[13] After having completed three years of coursework and a thesis, she gave her final oral examinations in February 1864. On March 1, 1864, the board of trustees named her a Doctor of Medicine,[1] making her the first African-American woman in the United States to earn the degree, and the only African-American woman to graduate from New England Female Medical College.[2] The school closed in 1873 due to financial issues[14] , without graduating another black woman.[2][1] It merged with Boston University School of Medicine and "adopted an exclusively homeopathic allegiance"[15]. The school also staffed around 26 new homeopathic faculty members[16].
Physician[edit]
Crumpler first practiced medicine in Boston,[1] primarily for poor African-American women and children. During this time she "sought training in the 'British Dominion'."[1] After the American Civil War ended in 1865, she moved to Richmond, Virginia, believing it to be "a proper field for real missionary work, and one that would present ample opportunities to become acquainted with the diseases of women and children." During my stay there nearly every hour was improved in that sphere of labor. The last quarter of the year 1866, I was enabled… to have access each day to a very large number of the indigent, and others of different classes, in a population of over 30,000 colored." Crumpler worked for the Freedmen's Bureau to provide medical care to freed slaves who were denied by white physicians[17]. ; At the Freedmen's Bureau she worked under the Assistant Commissioner, Orlando Brown[18].She was subject to "intense racism" by both the administration and other physicians [19]: "men doctors snubbed her, druggist balked at filling her prescriptions, majority of pharmacist would not acknowledge the prescriptions she filled [20] and some people wisecracked that the M.D. behind her name stood for nothing more than 'Mule Driver'."[2][1][nb 4]
By the time she moved back to Boston, her neighborhood on Joy Street in Beacon Hill was a predominantly African-American community. She "entered into the work with renewed vigor, practicing outside, and receiving children in the house for treatment; regardless, in a measure, of remuneration."[2]
A Book of Medical Discourses[edit]
Crumpler, A Book of Medical Discourses
In 1883, she published A Book of Medical Discourses from the notes she kept over the course of her medical career. It was dedicated to nurses and mothers,[2][1] and focused on the medical care of women and children.[4][21]. Though her primary focus was on the health of women and children which seem to be influenced by homeopathy, she "suggested recommendations for treating diseases without mentioning homeopathy"[22]. In her book "she did not advocate for the homeopathic approach"[23], even though she was well aware that medicine was dangerous and could cause risk and harm. She "favored conventional amount" of standard medicine usage[24] and recommended many throughout her discourse. Her medical book is divided into two different sections. In the first half of her book, she focuses on "treatment, prevention, and cure of infantile bowel complaints" that can occur around the teething period until the child is about five years of age[25]. The second portion of the books mainly focuses on womanhood and "distressing complaints" from youth to mature women[26].Crumpler describes the progression of experiences that led her to study and practice medicine in her A Book of Medical Discourses (1883):
It may be well to state here that, having been reared by a kind aunt in Pennsylvania, whose usefulness with the sick was continually sought, I early conceived a liking for, and sought every opportunity to relieve the sufferings of others. Later in life I devoted my time, when best I could, to nursing as a business, serving under different doctors for a period of eight years (from 1852 to 1860); most of the time at my adopted home in Charlestown, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. From these doctors I received letters commending me to the faculty of the New England Female Medical College, whence, four years afterward, I received the degree of Doctress of Medicine.[27][28]
Personal life[edit]
While living in Charlestown, Rebecca married Wyatt Lee, a Virginia native and former slave. They were married on April 19, 1852.[7][29] Rebecca was still a medical student when her husband Wyatt died of Phthisis pulmonalis (tuberculosis) on April 18, 1863. He is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Boston.[30] Her M.D. Degree was awarded under her married name, Rebecca Lee.[31]
In Saint John, New Brunswick, on May 24, 1865, Rebecca married Arthur Crumpler,[32][33] a former fugitive slave from Southampton County, Virginia. Born in 1824, he was the son of Samuel Crumpler, a slave of Benjamin Crumpler. Arthur lived on the neighboring estate of a large landowner, Robert Adams. He served with the Union Army at Fort Monroe, Virginia as a blacksmith, based upon his training and experience. He went to Massachusetts in 1862 and was taken in by Nathaniel Allen, founder of the West Newton English and Classical School, called the Allen School.[34][35]
Rebecca and Arthur were active members of the Twelfth Baptist Church where Arthur was a trustee, and in mid-December, 1870, their daughter, Lizzie Sinclair Crumpler, was born at their 20 Garden Street home.[36]
Crumpler spoke at a service for Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner upon his death in 1874. She read a poem that she had written for him, where "she touchingly alluded to his love for the gifted Emerson."[37] By 1880, Rebecca and Arthur moved to Hyde Park, Boston.[34]
Although "no photos or other images" of Crumpler survive,[2] a Boston Globe article described her as "a very pleasant and intellectual woman and an indefatigable church worker. Dr. Crumpler is 59 or 60 years of age, tall and straight, with light brown skin and gray hair."[38] About marriage, she said the secret to a successful marriage "is to continue in the careful routine of the courting days, till it becomes well understood between the two."[34]
Rebecca Crumpler died on March 9, 1895, in Fairview, Massachusetts, while still residing in Hyde Park.[34] She and her husband Arthur are both buried at the Fairview Cemetery near their residence in Hyde Park.[39] Arthur died in Boston in 1910.[40][41]
Legacy[edit]
The Rebecca Lee Society, one of the first medical societies for African-American women, was named in her honor.[1] Her home on Joy Street is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[42] Dr. Maass Robinson and Dr. Patricia Whitley made this life-long legacy become reality.
At Syracuse University there is a pre-health club named “The Rebecca Lee Pre-Health Society”. This club is there to encourage people with all different types of backgrounds to get involved with health professional schools. They offer mentors from all kinds of medical practices, workshops, and all kinds of resources to be able to succeed. [43]
See also[edit]
African American portal
Biography portal
Medicine portal
List of African-American firsts
List of Boston University people
List of people from Delaware
List of people from Pennsylvania
List of people from Virginia
List of physicians
Lists of writers
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Rebecca Cole was previously identified as the first African-American female physician. Subsequent research shows Crumpler was first (1864),[2] Cole second (1867) and Susan McKinney Steward third.[1][3]
Jump up ^ The great need for medical providers encouraged other black people to join the medical profession. Black charitable organizations and white missionary organizations provided funding for the first black medical schools.[1]
Jump up ^ Formal training was not required until nursing schools were established, which did not occur until 1873.[2]
Jump up ^ The great need for medical providers encouraged other black people to join the medical profession. Black charitable organizations and white missionary organizations provided funding for the first black medical schools.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Henry Louis Gates; Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (March 23, 2004). African American Lives. Oxford University Press. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-0-19-988286-1. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler Biography". Changing the Face of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vernon L. Farmer; Evelyn Shepherd Wynn (2012). Voices of Historical and Contemporary Black American Pioneers. ABC-CLIO. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-313-39224-5. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Darlene Clark Heine; Kathleen Thompson. A Shining Thread of Hope. Crown/Archetype. p. 162. ISBN 0307568229. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ McCloud, M.D., Melody T. “Women's History Month Honors Rebecca Lee Crumpler, M.D. First Black Female Physician in the United States.” Psych Central.com, 3 Mar. 2016, blogs.psychcentral.com/all-things/2016/03/womens-history-month-honors-rebecca-lee-crumpler-m-d-first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler". Changing the Face of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dr. Howard Markel (April 7, 2016). "Celebrating Rebecca (Davis)Lee Crumpler, first African-American woman physician". PBS. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Markel, Dr.Howard, “Celebrating Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American woman physician.” PBSNewsHours. March 9, 2016. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/celebrating-rebecca-lee-crumpler-first-african-american-physician
Jump up ^ mery.R. Crystal, “Against All Odds: Celebrating Black Women in Medicine.” https://urutherighttobe.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/sampler11.10.15.pdf
Jump up ^ "Crumpler, Rebecca Davis Lee (1831-1895), physician | American National Biography". doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1201058.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp.9, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp. 9, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ "The Historical Contributions of African Americans to the Advancement of Health and Science". Congressional Record Vol. 146-Part 2: Proceedings and Debates of the 106th Congress Second Session. Government Printing Office. 2000. p. 2107. GGKEY:HL8BK2RDHWR.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp.9, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp. 9, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp. 9, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ McCloud, M.D., Melody T. “Women's History Month Honors Rebecca Lee Crumpler, M.D. First Black Female Physician in the United States.” Psych Central.com, 3 Mar. 2016, blogs.psychcentral.com/all-things/2016/03/womens-history-month-honors-rebecca-lee-crumpler-m-d-first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/.
Jump up ^ Markel, Dr.Howard, “Celebrating Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American woman physician.” PBSNewsHours. March 9, 2016. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/celebrating-rebecca-lee-crumpler-first-african-american-physician
Jump up ^ McCloud, M.D., Melody T. “Women's History Month Honors Rebecca Lee Crumpler, M.D. First Black Female Physician in the United States.” Psych Central.com, 3 Mar. 2016, blogs.psychcentral.com/all-things/2016/03/womens-history-month-honors-rebecca-lee-crumpler-m-d-first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/.
Jump up ^ McCloud, M.D., Melody T. “Women's History Month Honors Rebecca Lee Crumpler, M.D. First Black Female Physician in the United States.” Psych Central.com, 3 Mar. 2016, blogs.psychcentral.com/all-things/2016/03/womens-history-month-honors-rebecca-lee-crumpler-m-d-first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Sara. "Crumpler, Rebecca Davis Lee (1831–1895)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ -first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/. Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp.19., doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ -first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/. Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp. 19., doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ -first-black-female-physician-in-the-united-states/.Davidson, Jonathan. “Women, Reform, and Medical Leadership.” A Century of Homeopaths, 2014, pp. 19., doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0527-0_3.
Jump up ^ Markel, Dr.Howard, “Celebrating Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American woman physician.” PBSNewsHours. March 9, 2016. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/celebrating-rebecca-lee-crumpler-first-african-american-physician
Jump up ^ Markel, Dr.Howard, “Celebrating Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American woman physician.” PBSNewsHours. March 9, 2016. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/celebrating-rebecca-lee-crumpler-first-african-american-physician
Jump up ^ Gregory, MD, Samuel (1868). Doctor or Doctress?. Boston: Trustees of New England Female Medical College. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Crumpler, MD, Rebecca (1883). A Book of Medical Discourses: In Two Parts. Boston: Cashman & Keating CO. p. 158.
Jump up ^ Wyatt Lee and Rebecca Davis marriage, Massachusetts, Marriage Records, 1840-1915. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records., April 19, 1852
Jump up ^ "Wyatt Lee, registered April 18, 1863, death April 17, 1863", Deaths in Boston, Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records., 1863
Jump up ^ Graduation Announcement, The Boston Herald, Tuesday, March 3, 1864.
Jump up ^ "Marriage announcements". The Religious Intelligencer. Saint John, New Brunswick. June 2, 1865.
Jump up ^ Caroline Rance (December 15, 2015). The History of Medicine in 100 Facts. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. PT139. ISBN 978-1-4456-5004-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Anthony W. Neal (September 5, 2012). "Dr. Crumpler: Nation's first African American woman physician". The Bay State Banner. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boston's Oldest Pupil: He's 74, and He Goes to the Evening School". The Boston Sunday Globe. April 3, 1898. p. 25.
Jump up ^ Massachusetts, Birth Records, 1840-1915, [Lizzie Sinclair Crumpler]
Jump up ^ "The Colored People's Memorial". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. March 17, 1874. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Sets in Colored Society". Boston Daily Globe. July 22, 1894. p. 29.
Jump up ^ Adele Logan Alexander (December 18, 2007). Homelands and Waterways: The American Journey of the Bond Family, 1846-1926. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-307-42625-3.
Jump up ^ Massachusetts, Death Index, 1901-1980, [Arthur Crumpler]
Jump up ^ Massachusetts, Wills and Probate Records, 1635-1991. Suffolk. Probate Record Book, Vol 971-981, 1910-1911. [Arthur Crumpler].
Jump up ^ "Beacon Hill". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
Jump up ^ "RebccaLeePrHlth". orgsync.com. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
Further reading[edit]
Pfatteicher, S. K. A. (February 2000). "Crumpler, Rebecca Davis Lee". American National Biography Online
Neal, Anthony W. (9/5/2012). "Dr. Crumpler: Nation's first African American woman physician", The Bay State Banner
"Female Medical College of 100 Years Ago Had Two Professors and Not Even a Skeleton", O'Brien, Mary; Daily Boston Globe (1928–1960); October 21, 1948; p. 20
The "Doctress of Medicine" (in Latin, Medicinea Doctrix ) degree is the feminine form of "Doctor of Medicine" or 'Medicinae Doctor'. This form was used at New England Female Medical College and at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in the 1860s. See "The Medical Profession: What Women Have Done in it". Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine (1). January 1864.
External links[edit]
Works by or about Rebecca Lee Crumpler at Internet Archive
[show]
v
t
e
Boston African American community prior to the Civil War
Boston African American National Historic Site
Black Heritage Trail
Slavery in the colonial United States
Prominent individuals
Macon Bolling Allen (lawyer, judge)
Crispus Attucks (killed during Boston Massacre)
Leonard Black (minister, slave memoirist)
John P. Coburn (abolitionist, soldier)
Ellen and William Craft (slave memoirists, abolitionists)
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (physician)
Lucy Lew Dalton (abolitionist)
Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)
Hosea Easton (abolitionist, minister)
Moses Grandy (abolitionist, slave memoirist)
Leonard Grimes (abolitionist, minister)
Primus Hall (abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
Prince Hall (freemason, abolitionist)
Lewis Hayden (abolitionist, politician)
John T. Hilton (abolitionist, author, businessman)
Thomas James (minister)
Barzillai Lew (Rev. War soldier)
George Latimer (escaped slave)
Walker Lewis (abolitionist)
George Middleton (1735–1815) (Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
Robert Morris (lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
William Cooper Nell (abolitionist, writer)
Susan Paul (teacher, abolitionist, author)
Thomas Paul (minister)
John Swett Rock (dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
John Brown Russwurm (college grad., teacher)
John J. Smith (abolitionist, politician)
Maria W. Stewart (abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
Baron Stow (minister)
Samuel Snowden (minister, abolitionist)
Edward G. Walker (abolitionist, lawyer, politician)
David Walker (abolitionist)
Phillis Wheatley (poet, author)
Relevant topics and
associated individuals
Black nationalism
Back-to-Africa movement (See Paul Cuffee - William Gwinn)
Legal cases
Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857 Supreme Court decision
Freedom suits of 1781 (See Elizabeth Freeman - Quock Walker)
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (See: Anthony Burns - Shadrach Minkins - Thomas Sims)
History of slavery
Charles Apthorp
Bunch-of-Grapes
Merchants Row
Organizations
Abolitionism
Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
Massachusetts General Colored Association (abolitionism, equality)
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (interracial)
Prince Hall Freemasonry
Education
Home of Primus Hall (1798-1806)
African Meeting House (1806-1835)
Abiel Smith School (1835-?)
Religion
African Meeting House
Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
Rowe Street Baptist Church
Twelfth Baptist Church
Other
Bucks of America (Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
Prince Hall Freemasonry
Historic sites
or neighborhoods
Abiel Smith School
African Meeting House and Museum
Black Beacon Hill (Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
Black Heritage Trail
Boston African American National Historic Site
Charles Street Meeting House
John Coburn House
Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
George Middleton House
William C. Nell House
Phillips School
John J. Smith House
Influential publications
Freedom's Journal
The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper (white owned))
Walker's Appeal
Related
Copp's Hill Burying Ground
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 68380002
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler&oldid=839224058"
Categories:
1831 births
1895 deaths
People from New Castle County, Delaware
Writers from Boston
Writers from Delaware
Writers from Pennsylvania
People from Charlestown, Boston
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
People of the Reconstruction Era
Physicians from Massachusetts
Physicians from Pennsylvania
Physicians from Virginia
Boston University alumni
19th-century American writers
19th-century American physicians
19th-century American women writers
African-American non-fiction writers
American non-fiction writers
African-American physicians
American primary care physicians
African-American women writers
American women writers
African-American writers
American medical writers
American women physicians
Beacon Hill, Boston
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Use American English from June 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from June 2015
Articles with hCards
Articles with Internet Archive links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
تۆرکجه
Català
Español
Français
മലയാളം
Shqip
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 02:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan style

values: Edit section: Nursing and medical school

values:
/wiki/British_Dominion
mw-redirect
British Dominion

values: List of addresses in Beacon Hill, Boston

values: Edit section: A Book of Medical Discourses

values: Fairview Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine
mw-redirect
National Library of Medicine

values:
nofollow
http://bwht.org/beacon-hill/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://orgsync.com/10907/chapter

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War

values: Template talk:Boston African American community pre-Civil War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/68380002

values: Category:People from New Castle County, Delaware

values: Category:People from Charlestown, Boston

values: Category:Writers from Richmond, Virginia

values: Category:People of the Reconstruction Era

values: Category:19th-century American women writers

values: Category:American primary care physicians

values: Category:Use American English from June 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Articles with Internet Archive links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: റെബേക്ക ക്രംപ്ലർ – Malayalam

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler rootpage-Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler skin-vector action-view