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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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This article is about the Roman Catholic military order. For other uses, see Order of Saint John (disambiguation) and Knights of Malta (disambiguation).
Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta
Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta (Italian)
Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis (Latin)
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: "Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum" (Latin)
"Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor"
Anthem: Ave Crux Alba (Latin)
Hail, thou White Cross
Capital
Rome (Palazzo Malta and Villa del Priorato di Malta)
Official languages
Italian[1]
Religion
Roman Catholic
Government
Elective monarchy
• Prince/Grand Master
vacant
• Lieutenant ad Interim
Giacomo Dalla Torre
• Grand Commander
Ludwig Hoffmann von Rumerstein
• Grand Chancellor
Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager
• Grand Hospitaller
Dominique de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel
Sovereign subject of international law
• Establishment of the Knights Hospitaller,
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Ca 1099 by Blessed Gerard
• Papal recognition
of sovereignty
1113 by Pope Paschal II
• Cyprus
1291–1310
• Rhodes
1310–1523
• Malta
1530–1798
• Exile to Rome
1834–
Population
• Estimate
2 citizens[2]
13,000 members
80,000 volunteers[3][4]
Currency
Maltese scudoa
Website
www.orderofmalta.int
Euro for postage stamps.
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Latin: Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) or Order of Malta, is a Roman Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature.[5] It was founded as the Knights Hospitaller circa 1099 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by the Blessed Gerard, making it the world's oldest surviving chivalric order.[6] Headquartered in Palazzo Malta in Rome, its mission is summed up in its motto: Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum, "Defence of the (Catholic) faith and assistance to the poor". The order is an elective monarchy and is ruled by a Prince and Grand Master.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta, now based in Rome,[7] is the present-day continuation of the medieval Knights Hospitaller, with origins in the Fraternitas Hospitalaria hospital founded circa 1048 by merchants from the Duchy of Amalfi in the Muristan district of Jerusalem, Fatimid Caliphate, to provide medical care for pilgrims to the Holy Land. Following the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade and the subsequent loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to the Mamluk Sultanate, it became a military order to protect Christians against Islamic persecution and was recognised as sovereign in 1113 by Pope Paschal II. It operated from Cyprus (1291–1310), Rhodes (1310–1523), Malta (1530–1798), over which it was sovereign until the French occupation, and from Palazzo Malta in Rome from 1834 until the present. The order venerates as its patroness the Virgin Mary, under the title "Our Lady of Mount Philermos".
Widely considered a sovereign subject of international law,[8] the order maintains diplomatic relations with 107 states. It has United Nations permanent observer status,[9] enters into treaties, and issues its own passports, coins, and postage stamps. Its two headquarters buildings in Rome enjoy extraterritoriality, similar to embassies, and it maintains embassies in other countries. The three principal officers are counted as citizens. Though its sovereignty is disputed by some legal scholars, it is often given as the only remaining example of a sovereign entity which entirely lacks territory.
The Order has 13,500 Knights, Dames and auxiliary members. A few dozen of these are professed religious. Until the 1990s, the highest classes of membership, including officers, required proof of noble lineage. More recently, a path was created for Knights and Dames of the lowest class (of whom proof of aristocratic lineage is not required) to be specially elevated to the highest class, making them eligible for office in the order.
The order employs about 25,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 80,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries,[3] assisting children, homeless, handicapped, refugees, elders, terminally ill and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion.[3] Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war. In several countries, including France, Germany and Ireland, local associations of the order are important providers of medical emergency services and training. Its annual budget is on the order of 200 million Euros, largely funded by European governments, the U.N., and the European Union.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name and insignia
2 History
2.1 Founding
2.2 Cyprus
2.3 Rhodes
2.4 Malta
2.4.1 Protestant Reformation
2.4.2 Colonies in the Caribbean
2.4.3 Great siege of Malta
2.4.4 Battle of Lepanto
2.4.5 French occupation of Malta
2.5 Exile
2.6 Rome
2.7 Relations with the Republic of Malta
2.8 Today
3 Organisation
3.1 Governance
3.1.1 Patrons of the order since 1961
3.1.2 Prelate of the order
3.2 Membership
3.3 Economy
4 International status
4.1 Currency and postage stamps
5 Military Corps
5.1 Air force
5.2 Logistics
6 Orders, decorations, and medals
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Name and insignia[edit]
Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The order has a large number of local priories and associations around the world, but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated, including numerous fraudulent (self-styled) orders seeking to capitalize on the name.[10]
In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. (Laypersons have no such restriction.) The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for professed knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.[11]
In order to protect its heritage against frauds, the order has legally registered 16 versions of its names and emblems in some 100 countries.[12]
History[edit]
Main article: Knights Hospitaller
Founding[edit]
Gerard Thom, founder of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Copper engraving by Laurent Cars, c. 1725.
The birth of the order dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent, and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem–the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land–became independent under the guidance of its founder, the religious brother Gerard.
With the Papal bull Pie Postulatio Voluntatis dated 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades obliged the order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the captured territories. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight "beatitudes" that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount.
Cyprus[edit]
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus.
Rhodes[edit]
In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, the knights regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, the defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The first seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – from Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castille and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other States. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues.
Malta[edit]
Bust portrait of a Knight of Malta
Main article: History of Malta under the Order of Saint John
In 1523, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender, and left Rhodes with military honours. The order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.
Protestant Reformation[edit]
The Reformation which split Western Europe into Protestant and Roman Catholic states affected the knights as well. In several countries, including England, Scotland and Sweden, the order was dissolved. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the order) experienced religious conversions; these "Johanniter orders" survive in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden and many other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.[citation needed]
Colonies in the Caribbean[edit]
Map of the colonies of the order in the Caribbean during the 17th century
Main article: Territorial possessions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
From 1651 to 1665, the Order of Saint John ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651, it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665, the four islands were sold to the French West India Company.
Great siege of Malta[edit]
Main article: Great Siege of Malta
In 1565, the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks.
Battle of Lepanto[edit]
The Battle of Lepanto (1571), unknown artist, late 16th century
Main article: Battle of Lepanto
The fleet of the order contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by John of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.
French occupation of Malta[edit]
Main article: French occupation of Malta
Two hundred years later, in 1798, the order surrendered the Maltese islands to the French First Republic under Napoleon, following the French Revolution and the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars.
Exile[edit]
The French forces occupying Malta expelled the knights from their country.[13]
The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this was not to be because objections to the treaty quickly grew in the UK.
Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.[14]
The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The UK gave its official reasons for resuming hostilities as France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy, and Switzerland.[15]
Rome[edit]
Palazzo Malta, Rome, Italy
After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania, and Ferrara, in 1834 the precursor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta settled definitively in Rome, where it owns, with extraterritorial status, the Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill.
The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the order, growing ever stronger during the last century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in so many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra' Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–88) and Fra' Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.
Relations with the Republic of Malta[edit]
Flags of Malta and the SMOM on Fort Saint Angelo
Two bilateral treaties have been concluded with the Republic of Malta. The first treaty is dated 21 June 1991 and is now no longer in force.[16] The second treaty was signed on 5 December 1998 and ratified on 1 November 2001.[17]
This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of the upper portion of Fort St Angelo in the city of Birgu. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it".[citation needed]
The agreement has a duration of 99 years, but the document allows the Maltese Government to terminate it at any time after 50 years.[18] Under the terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Saint Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. The second bilateral treaty mentions a number of immunities and privileges, none of which appeared in the earlier treaty.[16][17]
Today[edit]
In February 2013, the order celebrated the 900th anniversary of its papal recognition with a general audience with Pope Benedict XVI[19] and a Mass celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in Saint Peter's Basilica. The current leader of the order is Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto,[20] who is serving as Lieutenant ad interim, a temporary capacity, after a leadership crisis and a dispute between the previous leader, Grand Master Matthew Festing, and Pope Francis led to Festing's resignation in January 2017.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] In May, the Order launched constitutional reform process led by Mauro Bertero Gutiérrez, a Bolivian member of the Government Council.[28][29] In a departure from tradition, the leadership of the Order wore business attire rather than military uniforms to their annual papal audience in June 2017.[30]
Organisation[edit]
Governance[edit]
Fra' Matthew Festing, 79th Prince and Grand Master, now Bailiff Grand Prior of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and the Order's Code. It is divided internationally into six territorial Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 47 national associations.
The six Grand Priories are:
Grand Priory of Rome
Grand Priory Lombardy and Venice
Grand Priory of Naples and Sicily
Grand Priory of Bohemia
Grand Priory of Austria
Grand Priory of England[31]
The supreme head of the Order is the Prince and Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State, holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630 and received the rank of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1607.[32][33] Matthew Festing was elected by the Council as 79th Grand Master on 11 March 2008, succeeding Andrew Bertie, who was Grand Master until his death on 7 February 2008. Giacomo dalla Torre became the interim head of the order in April 2017.
Electors in the Council include the members of the Sovereign Council, other office-holders and representatives of the members of the Order. The Grand Master is aided by the Sovereign Council (the government of the Order), which is elected by the Chapter General, the legislative body of the Order.
The Chapter General meets every five years; at each meeting, all seats of the Sovereign Council are up for election. The Sovereign Council includes six members and four High Officers: the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller[34] and the Receiver of the Common Treasure.[35]
The Grand Commander is the chief religious officer of the Order and serves as "Interim Lieutenant" during a vacancy in the office of Grand Master. The Grand Chancellor, whose office includes those of the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the head of the executive branch; he is responsible for the Diplomatic Missions of the Order and relations with the national Associations. The Grand Hospitaller's responsibilities include the offices of Minister for Humanitarian Action and Minister for International Cooperation; he coordinates the Order's humanitarian and charitable activities. Finally, the Receiver of the Common Treasure is the Minister of Finance and Budget; he directs the administration of the finances and property of the Order.
Patrons of the order since 1961[edit]
Cardinal Raymond Burke, Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta since 2014
The patron, who is either a cardinal when appointed by the pope or soon raised to that rank,[36] promotes the spiritual interests of the Order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.
Paolo Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969)
Giacomo Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978)
Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984)
Sebastiano Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993)
Pio Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009)
Paolo Sardi (6 June 2009 – 8 November 2014)
Raymond Burke (8 November 2014 – present)[37]
Prelate of the order[edit]
The pope appoints the prelate of the order to supervise the clergy of the order, choosing from among three candidates proposed by the Grand Master. On 4 July 2015 Pope Francis named as prelate Bishop Jean Laffitte, who had held various offices in the Roman Curia for more than a decade. Laffitte succeeded Archbishop Angelo Acerbi, who had held the office since 2001. Laffitte's appointment followed the traditional meeting between the pope and the Grand Master, and an audience with the Grand Chancellor and others as well, held on 24 June, the feast of St. John the Baptist.[38]
Membership[edit]
A Knight of Grace and Devotion in contemporary church robes
Membership in the order is divided into three classes each of which is subdivided into several categories:[39]
First Class, containing only one category: Knights of Justice or Professed Knights, and the Professed Conventual Chaplains, who take religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience and form what amounts to a religious order. Until the 1990s membership in this class was restricted to members of families with noble lineages.[citation needed] There are also three surviving enclosed monasteries of nuns of the Order, two in Spain that date from the 11/12th centuries and one in Malta, whose members hold the same rank in the Order as chaplains.[40]
Second Class: Knight and Dames in Obedience, similarly restricted until recently, these knights and dames make a promise, rather than a vow, of obedience. This class is subdivided into three categories, namely that of Knight and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience, Knight and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience, and Knight and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience.
Third Class, which is subdivided into six categories: Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion, Conventual Chaplains ad honorem, Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion, Magistral Chaplains, Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace, and Donats (male and female) of Devotion. All categories of this class are made up of members who take no vows and who had to show a decreasingly extensive history of nobility. Knights of magistral grace need not prove any noble lineage and are the most common class of knights in the United States.
Within each class and category of knights are ranks ranging from bailiff grand cross (the highest) through knight grand cross, and knight — thus one could be a "knight of grace and devotion," or a "bailiff grand cross of justice." The final rank of donat is offered to some who join the order in the class of "justice" but who are not knights. Bishops and priests are generally honorary members, or knights, of the Order of Malta. However, there are some priests who are full members of the Order, and this is usually because they were conferred knighthood prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.
Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the Order had to be of noble birth (i.e., armigerous for at least a hundred years), as they were all knights of justice or of obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e., those without noble proofs) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.[citation needed]
Worldwide, there are over 13,000 knights and dames, of whom approximately 55 are professed religious.[41] Membership in the Order is by invitation only and solicitations are not entertained.
The Order's finances are audited by a Board of Auditors, which includes a President and four Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and Sovereign Council.
Economy[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)
Its annual budget is on the order of 200 million Euros, largely funded by European governments, the U.N., and the European Union.[citation needed]
International status[edit]
Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Diplomatic relations
Other relations
Coat of arms of the Knights of Malta from the façade of the church of San Giovannino dei Cavalieri, Florence, Italy
Vehicle registration plate of the Order, as seen in Rome, Italy
Flags of Knights Hospitaller in Saint Peter's Castle, Bodrum, Turkey.
Left to right: Fabrizio Carretto (1513–1514);
Amaury d'Amboise (1503–1512);
Pierre d'Aubusson (1476–1503);
Jacques de Milly (1454–1451).
See also: Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, List of Permanent Observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations, List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
SMOM has formal diplomatic relations with 107 states and has official relations with another six states and with the European Union.[42] Additionally it has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations, including observer status at the UN and some of the specialized agencies.[43] Its international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates,[44] stamps,[45] and coins.[46]
With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. It describes itself as a "sovereign subject of international law." Its two headquarters in Rome – the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome – Fort St. Angelo on the island of Malta, the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy have all been granted extraterritoriality by Italy and Malta.[47]
Unlike the Holy See, however, which is sovereign over Vatican City and thus has clear territorial separation of its sovereign area and that of Italy, SMOM has had no territory since the loss of the island of Malta in 1798, other than only those current properties with extraterritoriality listed above. Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters. Therefore, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[48] The United Nations does not classify it as a "non-member state" or "intergovernmental organization" but as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."[49] For instance, while the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to such quasi-sovereign jurisdictions as the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, SMOM has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider SMOM to be a separate "entity", but stations transmitting from there use an entirely unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A".[50] Likewise, for internet and telecommunications identification, the SMOM has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain or international dialling code, whereas the Vatican City uses its own domain (.va),[51] and has been allocated the country code +379.[52]
There are differing opinions as to whether a claim to sovereign status has been recognized. Ian Brownlie, Helmut Steinberger, and Wilhelm Wengler are among experts who say that the claim has not been recognized. Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, a claim to sovereign status is sometimes rejected.[53] The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order (usually their ambassador to the Holy See).
Wengler—a German professor of international law—addresses this point in his book Völkerrecht (1964), and rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states can make it a subject of international law. Conversely, professor Rebecca Wallace—writing more recently in her book International Law (1986)—explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that SMOM is an example of this.[54] This position appears to be supported by the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order, which more than doubled from 49 to 100 in the 20-year period to 2008.[55] In 1953, the Holy See decreed that the Order of Malta's quality as a sovereign institution is functional, to ensure the achievement of its purposes in the world, and that as a subject of international law, it enjoys certain powers, but not the entire set of powers of sovereignty "in the full sense of the word."[56] On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter, which contains the most solemn reaffirmations of the sovereignty of the Order. Article 1 affirms that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law." Article 3 states that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States."[48]
Currency and postage stamps[edit]
See also: Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The SMOM coins are appreciated more for their subject matter than for their use as currency; SMOM postage stamps, however, have been gaining acceptance among Universal Postal Union member nations.
The SMOM began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the SMOM. Also in 2005, the Italian post agreed with the SMOM to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail; additionally 56 countries recognize SMOM stamps for franking purposes, including those such as Canada and Mongolia that lack diplomatic relations with the Order.[57]
Military Corps[edit]
Logotype of the Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, ACISMOM, in parade during Festa della Repubblica in Rome (2007)
The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions.
On 26 March 1876, the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del sovrano militare ordine di Malta, ACISMOM) reformed the Order's military to a modern military unit of the era. This unit provided medical support to the Italian Army and on 9 April 1909 the military corps officially became a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms.[58] Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.[59]
I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
—  Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, stated in a speech given in London in November 2007.[58]
Air force[edit]
Roundel of the air force of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
SMOM Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 at the Italian Air Force Museum
In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early '50s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Museum.[60]
Logistics[edit]
The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains,[61] a service which was carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operate a modern 28-car hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army Railway Engineers Regiment.[62]
Orders, decorations, and medals[edit]
Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Order pro merito Melitensi
See also[edit]
Catholicism portal
Pope portal
Malta portal
Crusades portal
Knights Hospitaller
Territorial possessions of the Knights Hospitaller
List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps (Ireland)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Article 7 of the Constitutional Charter and Code.
Jump up ^ "Report from Practically Nowhere" by John Sack, 1959, published by Harper, page 140: "as part of the bargain only three men – the grand master, the lieutenant grand master, and the chancellor – could be citizens there. The other S.M.O.M.ians were to be citizens of the country they lived in."
^ Jump up to: a b c As the order's website says, "its programmes include medical and social assistance, disaster relief in the case of armed conflicts and natural catastrophes, emergency services and first aid corps, help for the elderly, the handicapped and children in need and the provision of first aid training, and support for refugees and internally displaced persons regardless of race, origin or religion."
Jump up ^ "Italy: Knights of Malta rejects alleged link to military action – Adnkronos Religion". Adnkronos.com. 7 April 2003. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Sainty, Guy Stair, ed. World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, Burke's, August 2006.
Jump up ^ Joint Declaration of SMOM and the Alliance of the Orders of St John of Jerusalem, Rome, 22 October 2004.
Jump up ^ The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law, Bo J. Theutenberg, ISBN 91-974235-6-4
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Jump up ^ "Pseudo Orden und ihr Auftreten in Österreich 1996–2008". Malteserorden.at. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Noonan 1996
Jump up ^ "Names of the Order". Sovereign Order of Malta. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Pièces diverses relatives aux operations militaires et pol. du gén. Bonaparte (in French). Paris: De l'imprimerie de P. Didot l'aîné. 1800. p. 32.
Jump up ^ Pocock, Tom (2005). The Terror Before Trafalgar: Nelson, Napoleon, And The Secret War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-681-0. OCLC 56419314.p. 78
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^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Knights of Malta Catholic order celebrates 900 years". BBC News. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ McKenna, Josephine (29 April 2017). "Knights of Malta elect new leader as Vatican seeks to bury feud". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tornielli, Andrea (26 January 2017). "The Order of Malta's crisis". La Stampa. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vatican condom row: pope prevails as Knights of Malta chief resigns". The Guardian. Reuters in Vatican City. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Christopher (30 January 2017). "Cardinal Burke 'in Office but out of Power' as Job Handed to Papal Delegate". The Tablet. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Pullella, Philip (29 January 2017). "The Knights of Malta-Vatican feud: a tale of chivalry and sovereignty". Reuters. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pope intervenes in Knights of Malta after head resigns under pressure". Reuters. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Gerard (3 February 2017). "Dust up with Order of Malta ends not with a bang but a reinstatement". America Magazine. New York. Retrieved 17 April 2017. Since the latter decision raised questions regarding the order’s sovereign status, Francis clarified the situation (...) that the 'special delegate' is to (...) serve as his only interlocutor with it. He made clear that the delegate would not have any role in the order’s governance, out of respect for the order’s sovereignty.
Jump up ^ Pentin, Edward (26 January 2017). "Pope Francis Declares All of Festing's Recent Acts 'Null and Void'". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Arocho Esteves, Junno (3 August 2017). "Ancient order, modern times: Order of Malta focuses on renewal". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Constitutional Reform of the Sovereign Order of Malta". Order of Malta. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. The Sovereign Order of Malta’s recent institutional crisis has provided us with a great opportunity to update our Constitutional Charter and Code. Promulgated in 1961, it was partially revised in 1997.
Jump up ^ McElwee, Joshua J. (23 June 2017). "New Knights of Malta leader genuflects before Francis in Vatican meeting". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "National Institutions". www.orderofmalta.int. Order of Malta. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Sire, H.J.A. (1994). The Knights of Malta. Yale University Press p.221.
Jump up ^ Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. p. 135. ISBN 0-670-86745-4
Jump up ^ "Grand Hospitaller". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Receiver of the Common Treasure". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Order of Malta's patron Paolo Sardi has been created cardinal". Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Rocco, Francis X. (10 November 2014). "Pope removes Cardinal Burke from Vatican post". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
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Jump up ^ Sire, H.J.A. (2016). The Knights of Malta: A Modern Resurrection. London: Third Millennium. p. 278.
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Jump up ^ Paul, Chevalier (pseudonym of a French knight of the SMOM). "An Essay on the Order of St. John (S.M.O.M.)". Archived from the original on 2 July 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2012. Minuscule as it is, the Order does also possess sovereign territory. This consists of the land in Rome on which stands the Grand Magistracy in the Via Condotti and the Villa Malta.
^ Jump up to: a b Arocha, Magaly (May 1999). "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature)". Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela: Analítica.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority database of top level domains". Iana.org. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "LIST OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATION E.164 ASSIGNED COUNTRY CODES" (PDF). ITU-T. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "The French Republic does not recognise the SMOM as a subject of international law; see a statement by the spokesman of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Feb 7, 1997". Heralda.org. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Rebecca (1986). International law: a student introduction (2nd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell Ltd. ISBN 0-421-33500-9.
Jump up ^ "Mass commemorates knights leader". BBC News. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "TRIBUNAL E CARDINALIZI O COSTITUITO CON PONTIFICIO CHIROGRAFO DEL 10 DICEMBRE 1951 (judgment dated 24 January 1953)" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian). The Holy See. XLV (15): 765–767. 30 November 1953. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Associate Countries". Sovereign Order of Malta. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Solaro del Borgo, Fausto (17 November 2007). "Address to British Association SMOM by Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association London, 17 November" (PDF). Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "This photograph shows four members of the Corps standing guard at the coffin of a deceased Grand Master of the Order". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Military Aircraft Insignia of the World by John Cochrane and Stuart Elliott, published 1998 by Airlife Publishing Limited of Shrewsbury, England (illustrated). ISBN 1-85310-873-1
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Bibliography[edit]
Patrick Levaye, Géopolitique du Catholicisme (Éditions Ellipses, 2007) ISBN 2-7298-3523-7.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Atlas of the Crusades. Facts on File, Oxford (1991).
Cohen, R. (15 April 2004) [1920]. Julie Barkley, Bill Hershey and PG Distributed Proofreaders, ed. Knights of Malta, 1523–1798. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. p. 196. ISBN 0-670-86745-4.
von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius (15 January 2013) [2013]. Evolution and Adaptation: The Order of Saint John in War and Peace. Ordines Militares. Colloquia Torunensia Historica. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Read, Piers Paul (1999). The Templars. Imago. p. 118. ISBN 85-312-0735-5.
Santolaria de Puey y Cruells, José-Apeles (1997). Escuela Diplomática Española, ed. Relaciones jurídicas internacionales de la Soberana Orden de San Juan de Malta. Google Docs.
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Allen Lane. p. 253. ISBN 0-7139-9220-4.
Wallace, R.M.M (1992). International Law. Sweet and Maxwell. p. 76.
Burlamacchi, Maurizio (2013). Nobility, Honour and Glory. A brief military History of the Order of Malta. Olschki. ISBN 978 88 222 6247 9.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutSovereign Military Order of Maltaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta official website (English)
Constitution of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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List of Italian knights of the Order of Malta from 1136 to 1713: Elenco dei cavaleri del S.M.Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme by Francesco Bonazzi (Napoli 1897)
List of Italian knights of the Order of Malta from 1714 to 1907: Elenco dei cavaleri del S.M.Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme by Francesco Bonazzi (Napoli 1907).
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VIAF: 26145857019322921207
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Coordinates: 41°54′18.69″N 12°28′50.06″E / 41.9051917°N 12.4805722°E / 41.9051917; 12.4805722
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New York Passenger Ship Terminal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Manhattan Cruise Terminal

The Costa Magica docked at Pier 92 of the terminal
Location
Piers 88, 90, and 92
711 Twelfth Avenue, (West 46th to West 54th Streets) New York, NY[1]
United States
Coordinates
40°46′05″N 73°59′48″W / 40.767964°N 73.996568°W / 40.767964; -73.996568Coordinates: 40°46′05″N 73°59′48″W / 40.767964°N 73.996568°W / 40.767964; -73.996568
Owned by
City of New York[2]
Operated by
Ports America[2][1]
Construction
Structure type
Pier
Parking
Yes
Disabled access
Yes
Other information
Website
nycruise.com/manhattan-terminal
History
Opened
1935
Rebuilt
1970
Traffic
Passengers (2016)
1,025,534
The Normandie, renamed USS Lafayette, lies capsized in the frozen mud at Pier 88 in the winter of 1942
The Manhattan Cruise Terminal, formerly known as the New York Passenger Ship Terminal or Port Authority Passenger Ship Terminal[3][4] (and also known as Luxury Liner Row or New York Cruise Terminal) is a terminal for ocean-going passenger ships in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Description
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The New York Passenger Ship Terminal originally consisted of Piers 88, 90, 92 and 94 on the Hudson River between West 46th and West 54th Street.
Piers 88-92 are each 1,100 feet (340 m) long and 400 feet (120 m) apart. They were first completed in 1935 to replace the Chelsea Piers as the city's luxury liner terminal. The new terminal was built to handle bigger ships that had outgrown the Chelsea Piers.[5]
The plan was to lengthen a number of existing 800-foot piers, but the US Army Corps of Engineers, who controlled the waterfront dimension, would not allow the extension of the pierhead line farther into the river, so the city was forced to extend the pier by cutting away at the land. The city earlier did this for the Chelsea Piers; however in Chelsea only landfill was taken away. At the Passenger Terminal, actual Manhattan schist was taken away.[6] The results of this can also be seen in the West Side Highway's diversion eastward from West 57th to 42nd Street.
During World War II, the pier was in the news when the SS Normandie caught fire and subsequently capsized at its Pier 88 berth.
The NYPST piers were renovated in 1970 and in 2004 underwent another $200 million renovation to accommodate newer and larger cruise ships.[7] The renovated plans included the decommission of Pier 92 and for the remaining piers to handle three large ships at a time.
Norwegian Cruise Line's ship the Norwegian Breakaway sails year-round out of the New York Passenger Ship Terminal. In 2011 the city committed $4 million to renovate and upgrade the cruise terminal to accommodate the ship.[8]
For decades, the terminal was the only ocean-going passenger terminal in New York Harbor. Many major passenger ships have docked there, including the RMS Queen Mary 2 and Freedom of the Seas. With an upsurge in cruise ship traffic and the terminal's ability to comfortably handle only three large ships at a time, two new terminals have opened in the harbor — the Cape Liberty Cruise Port opened in 2004 in Bayonne, New Jersey (used by Royal Caribbean Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises and Azamara Cruises), and the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal (used by the Queen Mary 2 and other ships of the Carnival Corporation cruise brands) opened in 2006 in Brooklyn.
Description[edit]
The current ship terminal now consists only of North River piers 88 and 90. With the opening of new piers elsewhere in the city, piers 92 and 94 were sold and are now used for exhibition space. Pier 86, once used by United States Lines, is now home to the USS Intrepid (CV-11).
In 2003, the terminal handled 900,000 passengers, and the city is forecasting that 1.5 million will use the terminal by 2017.
From downstream in the river
See also[edit]
Transportation in New York City
Cruise ship
Cape Liberty Cruise Port
Brooklyn Cruise Terminal
Port of New York and New Jersey
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Operations". NYCruise. 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Passenger Cruise Ships". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brouwer, Norman; La Rocco, Barbara (2004). "Epilogue". A maritime history of New York (PDF). Brooklyn, N.Y.: Going Coastal. pp. 262–295. ISBN 978-0972980319. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Allee King Rosen and Fleming, Inc. (May 1994). Route 9A Reconstruction Project: Final Environmental Impact Statement; Appendix B: Land Use and Socioeconomic Conditions. New York State Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. pp. B–51. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Maxtone-Graham, John (2006-03-12). "Sailing Away". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
Jump up ^ "History & Facts". New York Cruise Terminal. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "New York Cruising From Manhattan". Beyondships Cruise Destinations. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian Breakaway to Sail from New York Year-Round". Cruise Industry News. October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
External links[edit]
Official website
Wired New York forum discussing the terminal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Passenger_Ship_Terminal&oldid=801461954"
Categories:
Water transportation in New York City
Piers in New York City
Port of New York and New Jersey
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Hudson River Park
1935 establishments in New York (state)
Passenger ship terminals
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Dana Air
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Dana Air
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
9J DAN DANACO
Founded
2008
Hubs
Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Fleet size
4
Destinations
5
Company slogan
The Smartest Way to Fly
Headquarters
Ikeja, Nigeria
Website
flydanaair.com
Dana Air is a Nigerian airline headquartered in Ikeja and based out of Lagos's Murtala Muhammed International Airport.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Destinations
3 Fleet
3.1 Current Fleet
4 Incidents and accidents
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Destinations[edit]
As of February 2017, Dana Air serves the following destinations:[2]
Nigeria
Abuja – Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport
Lagos – Murtala Muhammed International Airport base
Owerri - Sam Mbakwe Airport
Port Harcourt - Port Harcourt International Airport
Uyo - Akwa Ibom Airport
Fleet[edit]
Current Fleet[edit]
Dana Air McDonnell Douglas MD-83
As of August 2018,the Dana Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:[3]
Dana Air fleet
Aircraft
In fleet
Orders
Notes
McDonnell Douglas MD-82 1 —
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 3 —
Total
4
—
Incidents and accidents[edit]
On 3 June 2012, a Dana Air McDonnell Douglas MD-83 operating as Flight 992 crashed into a two-storey building at Iju Railway, Ishaga, a suburb of Lagos. All 153 people on the aircraft were killed.[4] Following the crash, all flights by Dana Air were halted by Nigeria's Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) until further notice.[5]
On 7 February 2018, a Dana Air flight landed in Abuja and was taxiing on the runway when one of the emergency exit doors fell off[6]. No casualties resulted from the incident. Passengers claimed that the door rattled throughout the flight[7]. A spokesperson for the airline, however claimed that the door could not have fallen off without a conscious effort by a passenger[8]. The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority instituted an investigation into the incident to determine what exactly happened.[9]
On 20 February 2018, a Dana Air MD-83 with registration 5N-SRI veered of the runway at Port-Harcourt international airport during a night landing. There were no casualties, but the aircraft suffered significant damage[10]. Both the airline and the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria stated that the cause of the accident was inclement weather as there was torrential rain at the time of the landing[11].
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Contact us, Dana Air, archived from the original on 13 July 2011, retrieved 4 June 2012
Jump up ^ flydanaair.com Archived 2012-06-05 at WebCite retrieved 15 February 2017
Jump up ^ "Global Airline Guide 2018 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2018): 22. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Passenger plane crashes into building in Lagos". BBC News Online. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lagos plane crash: Nigeria suspends Dana Air licence". BBC News Online. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Blake, Elly (14 February 2018). "Airplane door FALLS OFF after landing - PANIC ensues". The Daily Express. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Olawoyin, Oladeinde (7 February 2018). "Dana Air speaks on aircraft door that fell off". Premium Times Nigeria.
Jump up ^ Oyebade, Wole (8 February 2018). "NCAA probes Dana Air plane emergency door incident". The Guardian Nigeria.
Jump up ^ Oyebade, Wole (8 February 2018). "NCAA probes Dana Air plane emergency door incident". The Guardian Nigeria.
Jump up ^ "Dana Aircraft Overshoots runway in Port Harcourt". Sahara Reporters. 20 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Ukpong, Cletus (21 February 2018). "Dana Airline skids off runway". Premium Times Nigeria.
External links[edit]
Media related to Dana Air at Wikimedia Commons
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Nigeria portal
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