text:
Institutional review board
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about research ethical oversight in the United States. For a worldwide perspective, see Ethics committee.
An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a type of committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical. Such boards are formally designated to approve (or reject), monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. They often conduct some form of risk-benefit analysis in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be completed.[1] The purpose of the IRB is to assure that appropriate steps are taken to protect the rights and welfare of humans participating as subjects in a research study. Along with developed countries, many developing countries have established National, regional or local Institutional Review Boards in order to safeguard ethical conduct of research concerning both national and international norms, regulations or codes.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 United States mandate for IRBs
2.1 Exceptions
3 International ethics review committees
4 Naming and composition
5 Convened and expedited reviews
6 Pharmaceutical trials and good clinical practice
7 Adapting IRB review to social science
8 Adapting IRB review to big data research
9 Managing conflicts of interest
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Description[edit]
A key goal of IRBs is to protect human subjects from physical or psychological harm, which they attempt to do by reviewing research protocols and related materials. The protocol review assesses the ethics of the research and its methods, promotes fully informed and voluntary participation by prospective subjects capable of making such choices (or, if that is not possible, informed permission given by a suitable proxy), and seeks to maximize the safety of subjects.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Department of Health and Human Services (specifically Office for Human Research Protections) regulations (see Human subject research legislation in the United States) have empowered IRBs to approve, require modifications in planned research prior to approval, or disapprove research. IRBs are responsible for critical oversight functions for research conducted on human subjects that are "scientific", "ethical", and "regulatory". The equivalent body responsible for overseeing U.S. federally funded research using animals is the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
IRBs are most commonly used for studies in the fields of health and the social sciences, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Such studies may be clinical trials of new drugs or devices, studies of personal or social behavior, opinions or attitudes, or studies of how health care is delivered and might be improved.
United States mandate for IRBs[edit]
See also: Human subject research legislation in the United States
Formal review procedures for institutional human subject studies were originally developed in direct response to research abuses in the 20th century. Among the most notorious of these abuses were the experiments of Nazi physicians, which became a focus of the post-World War II Doctors' Trial, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, a long-term project conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service, and numerous human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War. Other controversial U.S. projects undertaken during this era include the Milgram obedience experiment, the Stanford prison experiment, and Project MKULTRA, a series of classified mind control studies organized by the CIA.
The result of these abuses was the National Research Act of 1974 and the development of the Belmont Report, which outlined the primary ethical principles in human subjects review; these include "respect for persons", "beneficence", and "justice". An IRB may only approve research for which the risks to subjects are balanced by potential benefits to society, and for which the selection of subjects presents a fair or just distribution of risks and benefits to eligible participants. A bona fide process for obtaining informed consent from participants is also generally needed. However, this requirement may be waived in certain circumstances – for example, when the risk of harm to participants is clearly minimal.
In the United States, IRBs are governed by Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46.[3] These regulations define the rules and responsibilities for institutional review, which is required for all research that receives support, directly or indirectly, from the United States federal government. IRBs are themselves regulated by the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Additional requirements apply to IRBs that oversee clinical trials of drugs involved in new drug applications, or to studies that are supported by the United States Department of Defense.
In addition to registering its IRB with the OHRP, an institution is also required to obtain and maintain a Federalwide Assurance or FWA, before undertaking federally funded human research.[4] This is an agreement in which the institution commits to abiding by the regulations governing human research. A secondary supplement to the FWA is required when institutions are undertaking research supported by the U.S. Department of Defense.[5] This DoD Addendum includes further compliance requirements for studies using military personnel, or when the human research involves populations in conflict zones, foreign prisoners, etc.[6]
Exceptions[edit]
U.S. regulations identify several research categories that are considered exempt from IRB oversight. These categories include:
Research in conventional educational settings, such as those involving the study of instructional strategies or effectiveness of various techniques, curricula, or classroom management methods. In the case of studies involving the use of educational tests, there are specific provisions in the exemption to ensure that subjects cannot be identified or exposed to risks or liabilities.[7]
Research involving the analysis of existing data and other materials if they are already publicly available, or where the data can be collected such that individual subjects cannot be identified in any way.[7]
Studies intended to assess the performance or effectiveness of public benefit or service programs, or to evaluate food taste, quality, or consumer acceptance.[7]
Generally, human research ethics guidelines require that decisions about exemption are made by an IRB representative, not by the investigators themselves.[8]
International ethics review committees[edit]
Numerous other countries have equivalent regulations or guidelines governing human subject studies and the ethics committees that oversee them. However, the organizational responsibilities and the scope of the oversight purview can differ substantially from one nation to another, especially in the domain of non-medical research. The United States Department of Health and Human Services maintains a comprehensive compilation of regulations and guidelines in other countries, as well as related standards from a number of international and regional organizations.[9]
Naming and composition[edit]
Although "IRB" is a generic term used in the United States by the FDA and HHS, each institution that establishes such a board may use whatever name it chooses. Many simply capitalize the term "Institutional Review Board" as the proper name of their instance. Regardless of the name chosen, the IRB is subject to the FDA's IRB regulations when studies of FDA-regulated products are reviewed and approved. At one time such a committee was named the "Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects". Originally, IRBs were simply committees at academic institutions and medical facilities to monitor research studies involving human participants, primarily to minimize or avoid ethical problems. Today, some of these reviews are conducted by for-profit organizations known as 'independent' or 'commercial' IRBs. The responsibilities of these IRBs are identical to those based at academic or medical institutions, and they are governed by the same U.S. federal regulations.
The regulations set out the board's membership and composition requirements, with provisions for diversity in experience, expertise, and institutional affiliation. For example, the minimum number of members is five, at least one scientist, and at least one non-scientist. The guidance strongly suggests that the IRB contain both men and women, but there is no regulatory requirement for gender balance in the IRB's membership. The full requirements are set out in 21 CFR 56.107.[10]
Convened and expedited reviews[edit]
Unless a research proposal is determined to be exempt (see below), the IRB undertakes its work either in a convened meeting (a "full" review) or by using an expedited review procedure.[11] When a full review is required, a majority of the IRB members must be present at the meeting, at least one of whom has primary concern for the nonscientific aspects of the research.[11] The research can be approved if a majority of those present are in favor.[11]
An expedited review may be carried out if the research involves no more than minimal risk to subjects, or where minor changes are being made to previously approved research.[12] The regulations provide a list of research categories that may be reviewed in this manner.[12] An expedited review is carried out by the IRB chair, or by their designee(s) from the board membership. Research activity cannot be disapproved by expedited review.[12]
Pharmaceutical trials and good clinical practice[edit]
The International Conference on Harmonisation sets out guidelines for registration of pharmaceuticals in multiple countries. It defines Good Clinical Practice (GCP), which is an agreed quality standard that governments can transpose into regulations for clinical trials involving human subjects.[13]
Here is a summary of several key regulatory guidelines for oversight of clinical trials:
Safeguard the rights, safety, and well-being of all trial subjects. Special attention should be paid to trials that may include vulnerable subjects, such as pregnant women, children, prisoners, the elderly, or persons with diminished comprehension.
Obtain trial protocol(s)/amendment(s), written Informed Consent Form(s) (ICFs) and consent form updates the investigator proposes for use in the trial, subject recruitment procedures (e.g., advertisements), written information to be provided to subjects, investigator's brochure, available safety information, information about payments and compensation available to subjects, the investigator's current curriculum vitae and/or other documentation evidencing qualifications, and any other documents the IRB may need to fulfill its responsibilities.
Review both the amount and method of payment to subjects to assure neither presents problems of coercion or undue influence on the trial subjects. Payments to a subject should be prorated and not wholly contingent on completion of the trial by the subject. Information regarding payment to subjects, including the methods, amounts, and schedule of payment to trial subjects, should be set forth in the written informed consent form and any other written information to be provided to subjects. The way payment will be prorated should be specified.
Ensure that the proposed trial is reviewed within a reasonable time and document opinions and decisions in writing, clearly identifying the trial, the documents reviewed and recorded dates for approvals, required modifications prior to approval, disapproval of a proposed trial, or termination/suspension of any prior approval. Continuing review of ongoing trials is required at intervals appropriate to the degree of risk to human subjects, but at least once per year.
The reviewers may also request that more information be given to subjects when, in their judgment, the additional information would add meaningfully to the protection of the rights, safety and/or well-being of the subjects. When a non-therapeutic trial is to be carried out with the consent of the subject's legally acceptable representative, reviewers should determine that the proposed protocol and/or other document(s) adequately address relevant ethical concerns and meets applicable regulatory requirements for such trials. Where the protocol indicates prior consent of the trial subject or the subject's legally acceptable representative is not possible, the review should determine that the proposed protocol and/or other document(s) adequately addresses relevant ethical concerns and meets applicable regulatory requirements for such trials (i.e., in emergency situations).
Adapting IRB review to social science[edit]
While the Belmont principles and U.S. federal regulations were formulated with biomedical and social-behavioral research in mind, the enforcement of the regulations, the examples used in typical presentations regarding the history of the regulatory requirements, and the extensiveness of written guidance have been predominantly focused on biomedical research.
Numerous complaints by investigators about the fit between the federal regulations and its IRB review requirements as they relate to social science research have been received.[14] Broad complaints range from the legitimacy of IRB review, the applicability of the concepts of risk as it pertains to social science (e.g., possibly unneeded, over-burdensome requirements), and the requirements for the documentation of participants' informed consent (i.e., consent forms).[15] Researchers have tried to determine under what instances participants are more likely to read informed consent forms, and ways to improve their efficacy in the social sciences.[16] Social scientists have criticized biomedical IRBs for failing to adequately understand their research methods (such as ethnography). In 2003, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), in conjunction with the Oral History Association and American Historical Association, issued a formal statement that taking oral histories, unstructured interviews (as if for a piece of journalism), collecting anecdotes, and similar free speech activities often do not constitute "human subject research" as defined in the regulations and were never intended to be covered by clinical research rules.[17]
Other federal agencies supporting social science have attempted to provide guidance in this area, especially the National Science Foundation. In general, the NSF guidelines assure IRBs that the regulations have some flexibility and rely on the common sense of the IRB to focus on limiting harm, maximizing informed consent, and limiting bureaucratic limitations of valid research.[18]
Adapting IRB review to big data research[edit]
Aspects of big data research pose formidable challenges for research ethics and thus show potential for wider applicability of formal review processes.[19][20][21] One theme is data breaches, but another with high difficulty is potentially dangerous predictive analytics with unintended consequences, via false-positives or new ways to invade privacy. A 2016 article on the hope to expand ethics reviews of such research included an example of a data breach in which a big data researcher leaked 70,000 OkCupid profiles with usernames and sexual orientation data.[20] It also gave an example of potential privacy invasion and government repression in which machine learning was used to build automated gaydar, labeling strangers as "probably gay" based on their facial photographs.[20] Analogies with phrenology[19] and Nazis identifying people as "probably part-Jewish" based on facial features have been made to show what can go wrong with research whose authors may have failed to adequately think through the risks of harm. Such challenges broach familiar themes, such as mistaken identity, precrime, and persecution, in new applications.
Managing conflicts of interest[edit]
While the IRB approval and oversight process is designed to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects, it has been the subject of criticism, by bioethicists and others, for conflicts of interest resulting in lax oversight.[22][23] In 2005, the for-profit Western Institutional Review Board claimed to conduct the majority of reviews for new drug submissions to the FDA.[24] In a 2006 study of 575 IRB members at university medical centers, over one-third reported industry financial ties and over one-third admitted they "rarely or never" disclosed conflicts of interest to other board members.[25]
In 2009 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) set up a series of undercover tests to determine whether the IRB system was vulnerable to unethical manipulation. In one test, a fake product "Adhesiabloc" was submitted to a number of IRBs for approval for human tests. The product, company, and CVs of the supposed researchers were all fictitious and documents were forged by the GAO. The product was deliberately formulated to match some "significant risk" criteria of the FDA and was described by GAO as a "gel that would be poured into a patient’s stomach after surgery to collect the bits and pieces left over from an operation." Despite this, one IRB approved the device for human testing. Other IRBs to whom the device was submitted rejected the application, one of them saying it was "the riskiest thing I’ve ever seen on this board". However, none of the IRBs approached detected that the company and product were fake. The GAO also set up a fake IRB and obtained requests for approval from companies. They succeeded in getting assurance approval from the HHS for their fake IRB. HHS has only three staff to deal with 300 IRB registrations and 300 assurance applications per month. HHS stated that it would not be worthwhile to carry out additional evaluation even if they had the staff to do it.[26][27][28][29][30]
See also[edit]
Clinical trial
Ethics committee (European Union)
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
Informed consent
Data monitoring committee
Declaration of Helsinki
Office for Human Research Protections
Ethical problems using children in clinical trials
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Inside the Ethics Committee
IRB: Ethics & Human Research (journal)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Office of Human Research Protection. Institutional Review Board Guidebook. "Chapter 3, Section A: Risk/Benefit Analysis.” pp. 1-10 [1] Retrieved May 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Mohamadi, Amin; Asghari, Fariba; Rashidian, Arash (2014). "Continuing review of ethics in clinical trials: a surveillance study in Iran". Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 7: 22. PMC 4648212  . PMID 26587202.
Jump up ^ "Code of Federal Regulations". HHS.gov. 2010-01-15. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ "IRBs and Assurances". hhs.gov. 22 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Human Research Protection Program (HRPP). Archived 2014-09-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ HRPP Information Sheet for DoD Addendum. Archived 2014-09-16 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Office for Human Research Protections (January 15, 2009). "Code of Federal Regulations". hhs.gov. p. US 45 CFR 46.101. Retrieved 19 August 2014. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ Ritter, F. et al, Running Behavioral Studies with Human Participants, Sage Publications Inc. 2013., ISBN 9781452217420.
Jump up ^ International Compilation of Human Research Protections, Office for Human Research Protections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Jump up ^ "PART 56 - INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS". Food and Drug Administration (United States). 28 June 1991. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Office for Human Research Protections (January 15, 2009). "Code of Federal Regulations". hhs.gov. p. US 45 CFR 46.108. Retrieved 19 August 2014. |chapter= ignored (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Office for Human Research Protections (January 15, 2009). "Code of Federal Regulations". hhs.gov. p. US 45 CFR 46.110. Retrieved 19 August 2014. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ International Conference on Harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. "Good Clinical Practice". Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Gunsalus, C.K.; Bruner, Edward M.; Burbules, Nicholas C.; Dash, Leon; Finkin, Matthew; Goldberg, Joseph P.; Greenough, William T.; Miller, Gregory A.; Pratt, Michael G. (2016-06-29). "The Illinois White Paper". Qualitative Inquiry. 13 (5): 617–649. doi:10.1177/1077800407300785.
Jump up ^ Perrault, E. K.; Nazione, S. A. (2016). "Informed Consent—Uninformed Participants: Shortcomings of Online Social Science Consent Forms and Recommendations for Improvement". Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics. 11 (3): 274–280. doi:10.1177/1556264616654610.
Jump up ^ Perrault, Evan K.; Keating, David M. (2017-11-08). "Seeking Ways to Inform the Uninformed: Improving the Informed Consent Process in Online Social Science Research". Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics. doi:10.1177/1556264617738846.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, Don; Shopes, Linda (2003). "Oral History Excluded from IRB Review: Application of the Department of Health and Human Services Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects at 45 CFR Part 46, Subpart A to Oral History Interviewing". Oral History Association. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2008. . See also An Update on the Exclusion of Oral History from IRB Review (March 2004).
Jump up ^ "FAQs and Vignettes - NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Sophia (2017-09-18), "AI research is in desperate need of an ethical watchdog", Wired, retrieved 2017-09-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zhang, Sarah (2016-05-20), "Scientists are just as confused about the ethics of big-data research as you", Wired, retrieved 2017-09-18.
Jump up ^ Gibney, Elizabeth (2017-10-03), "Ethics of Internet research trigger scrutiny: Concern over the use of public data spurs guideline update", Nature, doi:10.1038/550016a.
Jump up ^ "Should Society Allow Research Ethics Boards to Be Run As For-Profit Enterprises?". PLOS Medicine. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ Caroline McNeil (2014-03-03). "Debate Over Institutional Review Boards Continues as Alternative Options Emerge". Jnci.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Carl (2005-12-13). "Ethics for sale". Slate.com. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Hospital IRBs are "On the Take"-Tainted by Conflicts ofInterest_NEJM - AHRP". ahrp.org. 29 November 2006.
Jump up ^ http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09448t.pdf
Jump up ^ —By Carl Elliott. "Poor Reviews". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ Mundy, Alicia (22 April 2009). "Coast IRB, Caught in Sting, to Close". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived June 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "FDA Approves Nonexistent Product from Nonexistent Company for Human Testing | Food Freedom". Foodfreedom.wordpress.com. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Further reading[edit]
Enfield, K. B. & Truwit, J. D. (2008). The Purpose, Composition, and Function of an Institutional Review Board: Balancing Priorities. Respiratory Care, 53, 1330-1336.
Fairchild, A. L. & Bayer, R. (1999). Uses and Abuses of Tuskegee. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 284, 919-921.
Perrault, E. K. & Nazione, S. A. (2016). Informed Consent—Uninformed Participants: Shortcomings of Online Social Science Consent Forms and Recommendations for Improvement. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics. 11(3), 274-280. doi=10.1177/1556264616654610
Pope, T. M. (2009). Multi-Institutional Healthcare Ethics Committees: The Procedurally Fair Internal Dispute Resolution Mechanism, 31 Campbell Law Review 257-331.
External links[edit]
"Human Research Report" - a monthly newsletter for IRBs
Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) at HHS
IRB: Ethics & Human Research – a peer-reviewed journal of The Hastings Center
Drug Industry Human Testing Masks Death, Injury, Compliant FDA, Bloomberg News Special Report, November 2, 2005
Ethics for Sale: For-profit ethical review, coming to a clinical trial near you, Carl Elliott and Trudo Lemmens, Slate, December 13, 2005
show
v
t
e
Research participant rights
Rights
Beneficence
Justice
Respect for persons
Privacy for research participants
Right to withdraw
Return of results
Informed consent
Human subject research
Clinical research
Biobank
Social research
Ethical systems
Research ethics
Medical ethics
Bioethics
Clinical research ethics
Biobank ethics
Guidelines for human subject research
List of medical ethics cases
Nuremberg Code
Declaration of Helsinki
Belmont Report
Common Rule
Monitoring in clinical trials
Ethics committee
Institutional review board
Data monitoring committee
Community advisory board
show
v
t
e
Bioethics
Classic principles
Autonomy
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Justice
Other principles
Authority
Confidentiality
Conscience
Doctrine of double effect
Equality
Equity
Guilt
Mercy
Oath
Ownership
Privacy
Persuasion
Theories
Utilitarianism
Deontology
Consequentialism
Reproduction
Abortion
Reproductive technology
Gender assignment
Genetics
Gender
Gene therapy
Genetic testing
Genetic modification
Death, dying, and emergent situations
Arbitration
Brain death
Cardiac death
Consensus
Court intervention
Death
Ethics committee
Euthanasia
Executor
Family meeting
Mediation
Next of kin
Health care proxy
Suicide
Transplant ethics
Cultural differences
Dignity
Etiquette
Jewish medical ethics
Pain
Suffering
Religion
Respect
Personal conduct
Abuse of trust
Continuity of care
Duty
Gifts
Liability
Lying
Misconduct
Scientific misconduct
Medical misconduct
Competence (law)
Competency
Incompetency
Termination of the patient-physician relationship
Research ethics
Informed consent
Informed assent
Human rights
Institutional review board
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&oldid=842205073"
Categories:
Design of experiments
Human subject research
Clinical research ethics
Medical ethics
Nursing ethics
Drug safety
Social research
Ethics organizations
Ethics and statistics
Applied ethics
Regulatory compliance
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 errors: chapter ignored
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
한국어
日本語
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 May 2018, at 23:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values:
/wiki/Risk-benefit_analysis
mw-redirect
Risk-benefit analysis

values:
/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration
mw-redirect
U.S. Food and Drug Administration

values: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

values:
/wiki/Clinical_trials
mw-redirect
Clinical trials

values: Edit section: United States mandate for IRBs

values:
/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial
mw-redirect
Doctors' Trial

values:
/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study
mw-redirect
Tuskegee Syphilis Study

values:
/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service
mw-redirect
U.S. Public Health Service

values:
/wiki/Project_MKULTRA
mw-redirect
Project MKULTRA

values:
/wiki/Mind_control
mw-redirect
Mind control

values:
/wiki/New_drug_application
mw-redirect
New drug application

values: Edit section: International ethics review committees

values: Edit section: Convened and expedited reviews

values: Edit section: Pharmaceutical trials and good clinical practice

values: International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

values:
/wiki/Good_Clinical_Practice
mw-redirect
Good Clinical Practice

values: Edit section: Adapting IRB review to social science

values:
/wiki/Free_speech
mw-redirect
Free speech

values: Edit section: Adapting IRB review to big data research

values: Edit section: Managing conflicts of interest

values:
/wiki/Research_subject
mw-redirect
Research subject

values:
/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest
mw-redirect
Conflicts of interest

values: Western Institutional Review Board (page does not exist)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26587202

values: Food and Drug Administration (United States)

values:
nofollow
http://ichgcp.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038/550016a

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.humansubjects.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.slate.com/id/2132187/
external text

values: Template talk:Research participant rights

values:
/wiki/Research_ethics
mw-redirect
Research ethics

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Doctrine_of_double_effect
mw-redirect
Doctrine of double effect

values:
/wiki/Gender_assignment
mw-redirect
Gender assignment

values:
/wiki/Genetic_modification
mw-redirect
Genetic modification

values:
/wiki/Cardiac_death
mw-redirect
Cardiac death

values: Court intervention (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ethics_committee_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ethics committee (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Health_care_proxy
mw-redirect
Health care proxy

values:
/wiki/Abuse_of_trust
mw-redirect
Abuse of trust

values:
/wiki/Continuity_of_care
mw-redirect
Continuity of care

values: Medical misconduct (page does not exist)

values: Termination of the patient-physician relationship (page does not exist)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Institutional_review_board
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Comité de protection des personnes – French

values: 기관 감사 위원회 – Korean

values: 治験審査委員会 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Institutional_review_board rootpage-Institutional_review_board skin-vector action-view


text:
Real Love (Beatles song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Real Love"
Song by John Lennon
from the album Imagine: John Lennon
Released
10 October 1988
Recorded
New York City
Length
2:48
Label
Parlophone
EMI
Songwriter(s)
John Lennon
Producer(s)
George Martin
John Lennon
Yoko Ono
Phil Spector
Jack Douglas
"Real Love"
Single by the Beatles
from the album Anthology 2
B-side
"Baby's in Black" (Live)
Released
4 March 1996
Format
7"
CD
Recorded
Bermuda
July 1980 and Sussex
February 1995
Genre
Rock
Length
3:54
Label
Apple 58544
Songwriter(s)
John Lennon
The Beatles singles chronology
"Free as a Bird"
(1995) Free as a Bird1995 "Real Love"
(1996) Real Love1996
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"Real Love" on YouTube
"Real Love" is a song written by John Lennon, and recorded with overdubs by the three surviving Beatles in 1995 for release as part of The Beatles Anthology project. To date, it is the last released record of new material credited to the Beatles.
Lennon made six takes of the song in 1979 and 1980 with "Real Life", a different song that merged with "Real Love". The song was ignored until 1988 when the sixth take was used on the documentary soundtrack Imagine: John Lennon.
"Real Love" was subsequently reworked by the three surviving former members of the Beatles (Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) in early 1995, an approach also used for another incomplete Lennon track, "Free as a Bird". "Real Love" was released as a Beatles single in 1996 in the United Kingdom, United States and many other countries; it was the opening track on the Beatles' Anthology 2 album. It is the last "new" credited Beatles song to originate and be included on an album. To date, it is the last single by the group to become a top 40 hit in the US.
The song reached number 4 and number 11, respectively, in the UK and US singles charts, and earned a gold record more quickly than a number of the group's other singles. The song was not included on the BBC Radio 1 playlist, prompting criticism from fans and British members of parliament. After the release of "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love", Starr commented: "Recording the new songs didn't feel contrived at all, it felt very natural and it was a lot of fun, but emotional too, at times. But it's the end of the line, really. There's nothing more we can do as the Beatles."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early origins
2 Reuniting the Beatles
3 Working in the studio
4 Music video
5 Release
6 Lyrics and melody
7 Personnel
8 Track listings
9 Charts and certifications
9.1 Charts
9.2 Certifications
10 Tom Odell version
10.1 Chart performance
11 Other versions
12 Notes
13 External links
Early origins[edit]
According to Beatles biographer John T. Marck, "Real Love" originated as part of an unfinished stage play that Lennon was working on at the time titled The Ballad of John and Yoko. The song was first recorded in 1977 with a handheld tape recorder on his piano at home. Eventually the work evolved under the title "Real Life", a song which Lennon would record at least six times in 1979 and 1980, and then abandoned. The song was eventually combined with elements of another Lennon demo, "Baby Make Love to You".[2] In June 1978, Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono told the press that they were working on a musical, The Ballad of John and Yoko, which had been planned during the previous year.[3] Songs proposed to be included up to this point were "Real Love" and "Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him".[3]
In later versions, Lennon altered portions of the song; for example, "no need to be alone / it's real love / yes, it's real love" became "why must it be alone / it's real / well it's real life." Some takes included an acoustic guitar, while the eventual Beatles release features Lennon on piano, with rudimentary double-tracked vocals, and a tambourine. The version released in 1996 most closely reflected the lyrical structure of the early demo takes of the song.[4]
Lennon appears to have considered recording "Real Love" for his and Ono's 1980 album Double Fantasy. A handwritten draft of the album's running order places it as the possible opening track on side two.[5] The song remained largely forgotten until 1988, when the take 6 of "Real Love" appeared on the Imagine: John Lennon soundtrack album. The song was also released on the Acoustic album in 2004. The demo with just Lennon on piano was issued in 1998 on John Lennon Anthology and then later on Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon.
Reuniting the Beatles[edit]
Before the Anthology project, the closest the Beatles had come to reuniting on record (while all four members were still alive) was for Starr's Ringo album in 1973, when Lennon, Harrison and Starr collaborated on "I'm the Greatest". By the early 1990s, the idea of redoing some of Lennon's old songs was inspired by former Beatles road manager Neil Aspinall and Harrison, who first requested some demos from Ono. In January 1994, McCartney went to New York City for Lennon's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. While there, he received at least four songs from Ono. According to Aspinall, it was "two cassettes" which "might have been five or six tracks". Ono said of the occasion: "It was all settled before then, I just used that occasion to hand over the tapes personally to Paul. I did not break up the Beatles, but I was there at the time, you know? Now I'm in a position where I could bring them back together and I would not want to hinder that."[6]
In an interview, McCartney remarked:
Yoko said "I've got a couple of tracks I'll play you, you might be interested". I'd never heard them before but she explained that they're quite well known to Lennon fans as bootlegs. I said to Yoko, "Don't impose too many conditions on us, it's really difficult to do this, spiritually. We don't know, we may hate each other after two hours in the studio and just walk out. So don't put any conditions, it's tough enough. If it doesn't work out, you can veto it." When I told George and Ringo I'd agreed to that, they were going, "What? What if we love it?" It didn't come to that, luckily.[6]
McCartney, Harrison and Starr then focused their attention on four songs: "Free as a Bird", "Real Love", "Grow Old with Me" and "Now and Then". Of these, they liked "Free as a Bird" the most, and worked hard on it. Eventually the song was released as the first new Beatles single since 1970. The remaining Beatles then turned their attention to "Real Love", which, co-producer Jeff Lynne later remarked, at least "had a complete set of words".[7]
Working in the studio[edit]
With George Martin declining to produce the new recording, the Beatles brought in Electric Light Orchestra's Jeff Lynne, who had worked extensively with Harrison, including as part of the Traveling Wilburys, and had already co-produced "Free as a Bird".[1] The first problem that the team had to confront was the low quality of the demo, as Lennon had recorded it on a hand-held tape recorder. Lynne recalled:
We tried out a new noise reduction system, and it really worked. The problem I had with "Real Love" was that not only was there a 60 cycles mains hum going on, there was also a terrible amount of hiss, because it had been recorded at a low level. I don't know how many generations down this copy was, but it sounded like at least a couple. So I had to get rid of the hiss and the mains hum, and then there were clicks all the way through it ... We'd spend a day on it, then listen back and still find loads more things wrong ... It didn't have any effect on John's voice, because we were just dealing with the air surrounding him, in between phrases. That took about a week to clean up before it was even usable and transferable to a DAT master. Putting fresh music to it was the easy part![1]
Although "Real Love" was more complete than "Free as a Bird", which had required the addition of some lyrics by McCartney,[6] the song also suffered from problems with Lennon's timing. Lynne recalled that "it took a lot of work to get it all in time so that the others could play to it."[7] Lynne emphasised that the three remaining Beatles were keen to ensure the song sounded very "Beatles-y": "What we were trying to do was create a record that was timeless, so we steered away from using state-of the-art gear. We didn't want to make it fashionable."[7]
As with "Free as a Bird", the Beatles worked at McCartney's studio in Sussex, with the intention of producing another single. Added to the demo were the sounds of a double bass (originally owned by Elvis Presley's bassist, Bill Black), Fender Jazz bass guitar, a couple of Fender Stratocaster guitars, one of which was Harrison's psychedelically-painted "Rocky" Strat (as seen in the "I Am the Walrus" video), as well as a Ludwig drum kit.[7] Other than their regular instruments, a Baldwin Combo Harpsichord (as played by Lennon on the Beatles song "Because") and a harmonium (which appeared on the band's 1965 hit single "We Can Work It Out") were also used. During the recording process, it was decided to speed up the tape, thereby raising the key from D minor to E flat minor.[8]
As their sound engineer, the Beatles opted for Geoff Emerick, who had not only worked with them to a great extent in the 1960s, but is often credited with many of the Beatles' audio inventions. The assistant engineer was Jon Jacobs, who had worked with McCartney and Emerick since the late 1970s. The attitude in the studio was very relaxed, according to Lynne: "Paul and George would strike up the backing vocals – and all of a sudden it's the Beatles again! ... I'd be waiting to record and normally I'd say, 'OK, Let's do a take', but I was too busy laughing and smiling at everything they were talking about." Starr said that the lightheartedness was key to ensuring he, Harrison and McCartney could focus on the task: "We just pretended that John had gone on holiday or out for tea and had left us the tape to play with. That was the only way we could deal with it, and get over the hurdle, because [it] was really very emotional."[7]
Music video[edit]
The single's video features shots of the three remaining Beatles recording in Sussex, mixed with shots of the Beatles taken during their career. Geoff Wonfor, who directed the Anthology documentary, filmed the Beatles recording in the studio with a handheld camcorder, as they did not want to be aware of the camera recording. Kevin Godley, who co-directed the music video, said that it was meant to be a "fly on the wall thing".[1]
Two different versions of the video were made. The first version aired during the second installment of The Beatles Anthology television mini-series on ABC, at the end of the episode. The second version is the more common of the two, and appears on the Anthology DVD set. The most notable difference between the two is in the way the videos begin: the first is presented by a strawberry – possibly a reference to "Strawberry Fields Forever", although also quite likely a nod to Godley's "Strawberry Studios" – while the second opens with a piano (the piano chord at the beginning).
Release[edit]
Although "Real Love" was released as single in both the UK and US on 4 March 1996, the first time the song was publicly aired was on 22 November 1995, when the American television network, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) aired the second episode of The Beatles Anthology. The single debuted on the British charts on 16 March 1996 at number 4, selling 50,000 copies in its first week.[9] The single's chart performance was subsequently hindered by BBC Radio 1's exclusion of "Real Love" from its playlist. Reuters, which described Radio 1 as "the biggest pop music station in Britain", reported that the station had declared: "It's not what our listeners want to hear ... We are a contemporary music station."[10]
Beatles spokesman Geoff Baker responded by saying that the band's response was "Indignation. Shock and surprise. We carried out research after the Anthology was launched and this revealed that 41% of the buyers were teenagers."[11] The station's actions contrasted strongly with what had occurred at the launch of "Free as a Bird" the year before, when Radio 1 became the first station to play the song on British airwaves. The exclusion of "Real Love" provoked a fierce reaction from fans also, and elicited comment from two members of parliament (MPs). Conservative MP Harry Greenway called the action censorship, and urged the station to reverse what he called a ban.[10]
An angry McCartney wrote an 800-word article for British newspaper The Daily Mirror about the alleged ban, in which he stated: "the Beatles don't need our new single, 'Real Love', to be a hit. It's not as if our careers depend on it … It's very heartening to know that, while the kindergarten kings of Radio 1 may think the Beatles are too old to come out to play, a lot of younger British bands don't seem to share that view. I'm forever reading how bands like Oasis are openly crediting the Beatles as inspiration, and I'm pleased that I can hear the Beatles in a lot of the music around today." The letter was published on 9 March, the day after Radio 1 announced the "ban".[11][dead link]
The station's controller, Matthew Bannister, denied that the failure to include "Real Love" was a ban, saying that it merely meant that the song had not been included on the playlist of each week's 60 most regularly featured songs.[citation needed] The station also hit back by devoting a "Golden Hour" to the group's music as well as music by bands influenced by the Beatles. This "Golden Hour" concluded with a playing of "Real Love".[12]
"Real Love" fell out of the British charts in seven weeks, never topping its initial position of number 4. In the US, the single entered the charts on 30 March, and peaked at number 11.[13] After four months, 500,000 copies had been sold in the US.[9][14] The Beatles' compilation album Anthology 2, which included the song, eventually topped the British and American albums charts.[15][16]
John Lennon's solo versions appear on several Lennon compilations, the film Imagine: John Lennon, and also in a 2007 ad campaign for J. C. Penney.[17] On 6 November 2015, Apple Records released a new deluxe version of the 1 album in different editions and variations (known as 1+). Most of the tracks on 1 have been remixed from the original multi-track masters by Giles Martin. Martin and Jeff Lynne also remixed "Real Love" for the DVD and Blu-ray releases. The remix of "Real Love" cleans up Lennon's vocal further, and reinstates several deleted elements originally recorded in 1995, such as lead guitar phrases and drum fills, as well as making the harpsichord and harmonium more prominent in the mix.
Lyrics and melody[edit]
The song's lyrics have been interpreted by one reviewer to be conveying the message that "love is the answer to loneliness" and "that connection is the antidote to unreality."[18]
The song has been sped up 12% from the demo, apparently to "effect the ... snappy tempo" as Alan W. Pollack has speculated. The tune is nearly completely pentatonic, comprising primarily the notes E, F♯, G♯, B and C♯. The refrain is higher than the verse; while the verse covers a full octave, the refrain, at its peak, is a fifth higher.[19]
The instrumental intro is four measures long, and the verse and refrain are eight measures. The introduction occurs in parallel E minor,[20] with the main thrust of the song being in E major. There are several other occasions where Lennon moves to a chord from the parallel minor, e.g. in the chorus where the progression moves from a major tonic (I) chord to a minor subdominant (iv) chord. The move to minor harmony happens on the words 'alone' and 'afraid'. This combination of lyrics and harmony turning at the same point is a common Beatles device, and helps give the song a wistful feeling. The outro largely comprises the last half of the refrain repeated seven times, slowly fading out.[19]
Personnel[edit]
Sixth take
John Lennon – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Beatles version
According to Ian MacDonald[21] and Mark Lewisohn:[22]
John Lennon – double-tracked lead vocals, piano
Paul McCartney – backing vocals, acoustic guitar, piano, bass guitar, double bass, harmonium, harpsichord,[23] percussion[7]
George Harrison – backing vocals, electric guitars, acoustic guitar, percussion
Ringo Starr – backing vocals, drums, percussion
Jeff Lynne – backing vocals, guitar
Track listings[edit]
All tracks written by Lennon–McCartney, except where noted.
7" (R6425)
"Real Love" (Lennon) – 3:54
Recorded at The Dakota, New York City, circa 1979 (original demo) and at The Mill Studio, Sussex, in February 1995.
"Baby's in Black" – 3:03
Recorded live at the Hollywood Bowl on 29 August 1965 (spoken introduction by Lennon) and 30 August 1965 (song performance).
CD (CDR6425)
"Real Love" (Lennon) – 3:54
"Baby's in Black" – 3:03
"Yellow Submarine" – 2:48
Recorded at EMI Studios, London, on 26 May and 1 June 1966. A new remix with a previously unreleased "marching" introduction with the sound effects mixed higher in volume throughout.
"Here, There and Everywhere" – 2:23
Recorded at EMI Studios, London, on 16 June 1966. This is a combination of take 7 (a mono mix of the basic track with McCartney's guide vocal) with a 1995 stereo remix of the harmony vocals as overdubbed onto take 13 superimposed at the end.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[24] 6
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[25] 50
Germany (Official German Charts)[26] 45
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[27] 4
France (SNEP)[28] 36
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 8
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[30] 21
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[31] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[32] 26
UK (Official Charts Company)[33] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[34] 11
US Cash Box Top 100[35] 10
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[36]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Tom Odell version[edit]
"Real Love"
Single by Tom Odell
Released
6 November 2014
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
2:21
Label
Sony
Songwriter(s)
John Lennon
Tom Odell singles chronology
"I Know"
(2013) "Real Love"
(2014) "Wrong Crowd"
(2016)
"I Know"
(2013) "Real Love"
(2014) "Wrong Crowd"
(2016)
In 2014, English singer-songwriter Tom Odell released a cover version of the song. It was released on 6 November 2014 in the United Kingdom as a digital download through Sony. The song was selected as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2014 Christmas advertisement and was later included on the "Spending All My Christmas With You" EP released in 2016.
Chart performance
On 9 November 2014 (week ending 15 November 2014), "Real Love" debuted at number 21 in the UK Singles Chart with only 3 days of sales, and then reached a new peak of number 7 the following week.
Track listing
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Real Love" 2:21
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (2014)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[37] 16
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[38]
89
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[39] 9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[40] 7
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 6 November 2014 Digital download Sony
Other versions[edit]
Regina Spektor recorded a cover version of "Real Love" for Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur, released in June 2007. She performed that cover at Bonnaroo the same month.[41]
Adam Sandler performed the song in the 2009 film Funny People. This version is also found on the film's soundtrack.
The Last Royals released a cover version of "Real Love" on September 1, 2015 [42][43]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Maclauchlan, Paul (1998). Gobnotch's Recording Sessions Update - February 1995 Archived 4 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 24 June 2005.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Marck, John T. Oh Look Out! Part 26, Free as a Bird & Real Love. Retrieved 24 June 2005.[unreliable source?]
^ Jump up to: a b Miles, Barry; Badman, Keith, eds. (2001). The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001 (reprint ed.). London: Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.
Jump up ^ Hodgson, Gordon (1998). "Real Love History". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
Jump up ^ http://beatlephotoblog.com/photos/blogger/_AInLCzbQBXM/SgZuzVsJRtI/AAAAAAAAK3w/tGtWh_50au0/s1600/5.jpg
^ Jump up to: a b c Maclauchlan, Paul (1998). Gobnotch's Recording Sessions Update - February & March 1994 Archived 23 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 24 June 2005.[unreliable source?]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f (2000). Jeff Lynne & the Beatles. Retrieved 24 June 2005.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Real Love. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b Cross, Craig. Beatles British Singles[dead link]. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC in 'oldies' row over ban on Beatles single". Reuters. 8 March 1996. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Maclauchlan, Paul (1998). Gobnotch's Recording Sessions Update - 4 March 1996 Archived 7 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
Jump up ^ Culf, Andrew (12 March 1996). Radio 1 changes tune on Beatles. The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 3/30/96". Cashbox. 1996-03-30. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ Cross, Craig. Beatles American Singles[dead link]. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
Jump up ^ ""The Official UK Charts Company : ALL THE No.1's"". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link). Retrieved 11 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( Anthology 2 > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". Retrieved 11 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Yoko Ono Did Sell Out John Lennon to JCPenney". FOX News Network. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Bromell, Nicholas Knowles (2000). Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock and Psychedelics in the 1960s, p. 34. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-07553-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollack, Alan W. (1995). Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Real Love". Retrieved 27 August 2009.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Real Love sheet music". Sheet Music Direct.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd rev. edn). Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1996). Anthology 2 (CD booklet liner notes). The Beatles. Apple Records. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 0-19-512941-5.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The Beatles – Real Love". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – Real Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles - Real Love". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles: Real Love" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – The Beatles – Real Love" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Real Love". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – Real Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Beatles – Real Love". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Beatles – Real Love". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles - Singles". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for The Beatles. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles". Cashbox Archives. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Beatles – Real Love". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 15 May 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 46, 2014". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Tom Odell – Real Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ Padgett, Ray (2010-08-20). "Consequence of Sound Presents…Best Fest Covers » Cover Me". Covermesongs.com. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ Padgett, Ray (2015-09-01). "Real Love - Single on iTunes". iTunes.com. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
Jump up ^ Padgett, Ray (2015-09-01). "Real Love - Single on Spotify". Spotify.com. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Real Love sheet music
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles Anthology
Media
Albums (1
2
3)
Documentary
Book
Singles
"Free as a Bird"
"Real Love"
See also
"All for Love"
"Grow Old with Me"
"Now and Then"
"Carnival of Light"
The Rutles Archaeology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Love_(Beatles_song)&oldid=804839986"
Categories:
1988 songs
1996 singles
Apple Records singles
John Lennon songs
Rock ballads
Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne
Songs about loneliness
Songs released posthumously
Songs written by John Lennon
The Beatles Anthology
The Beatles songs
Songs in memory of John Lennon
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from April 2010
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2010
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Wikipedia pages move-protected due to dispute
Use British English from October 2011
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with dead external links from July 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Belgium (Flanders)
Singlechart usages for Finland
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Switzerland
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart called without song
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Singlechart usages for Irish
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart usages for Scotland
Singlechart usages for UK
Use dmy dates from December 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
ქართული
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 13:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: i

value: td

values:
/wiki/Parlophone_Records
mw-redirect
Parlophone Records

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values: Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon

values:
/wiki/Now_and_Then_(song)
mw-redirect
Now and Then (song)

values:
/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror
mw-redirect
The Daily Mirror

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Sony Music Entertainment

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
tlheader mbox-text
3
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2010)

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allmusic.com/album/r232961

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
The_Beatles_singles_discography
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)

values: Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/All_for_Love_(The_Beatles_song)
mw-redirect
All for Love (The Beatles song)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2010

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia pages move-protected due to dispute

values: Category:Use British English from October 2011

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2011

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Belgium (Flanders)

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Ireland2

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Scotland

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Real_Love_(Beatles_song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love
Real Love – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: Real Love (chanson des Beatles) – French

values: Real Love (ჯონ ლენონის სიმღერა) – Georgian

values: リアル・ラヴ (ビートルズの曲) – Japanese

values: Real Love (canção de The Beatles) – Portuguese

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love
Real Love – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love
Real Love – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Real_Love_Beatles_song rootpage-Real_Love_Beatles_song vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5)
Starring
Andy Samberg
Stephanie Beatriz
Terry Crews
Melissa Fumero
Joe Lo Truglio
Chelsea Peretti
Andre Braugher
Dirk Blocker
Joel McKinnon Miller
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
15
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine episodes
The fifth season of the television sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine premiered September 26, 2017 on Fox.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Episodes
3 Cast
3.1 Recurring
3.2 Guest
4 Ratings
5 References
Summary[edit]
Jake and Rosa adjust to life in jail before the Nine-Nine are able to bust Melanie Hawkins when Holt is forced to make a deal with local mobster Seamus Murphy. After their release, Jake realizes he's not ready to be back out in the field right away and Rosa breaks up with Adrian. During the fifth annual Halloween heist, Jake proposes to Amy and they get engaged. On a trip to Los Angeles for the funeral of the Nine-Nine's previous captain, Holt learns he's in the running to become the new police commissioner and the crew vows to help him deal with Murphy. Rosa comes out as bisexual. Gina returns to the Nine-Nine after spending months on maternity leave. Though the crew successfully finds a loophole that allows Holt to keep up his deal with Murphy without jeopardizing his moral code, Murphy finds out about their ruse and threatens Kevin's life.
Kevin is forced to remain in a safe house with Jake for two months to avoid detection from Murphy. After the Nine-Nine successfully locates Murphy's hideout, Kevin takes down Murphy and the mobster and his men are successfully apprehended. Charles begins his own food truck business. Amy passes the Sergeant's Exam.
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
91
1 "The Big House Pt. 1" Tristram Shapeero Luke Del Tredici September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26) 501 2.00[1]
Jake and Rosa have been in prison for a while, with Jake having to deal with his amieble mass-murdering cannibal cellmate, and Rosa doing whatever it takes to establish herself as someone not to be messed with. Jake ends up being put in the general population after smuggling "street soups" to a feared gang led by Romero, and Holt and Terry struggle to fill a very long list of requests for help by Rosa after she realizes they're not going to stop trying to help her. Amy and Boyle badly miss Jake, and Gina is on maternity leave.
92
2 "The Big House Pt. 2" Michael McDonald Justin Noble October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) 502 1.74[2]
Jake undertakes a dangerous undercover mission at the warden's behest, but it looks like he'll end up getting killed by Romero no matter how it turns out. The squad tries to figure out how to prove Lt. Hawkins was behind the robberies she framed Jake and Rosa for. An operation to hack into her phone is one option, but a more viable and much more dangerous one involves a Hawkins-loathing mob boss named Seamus Murphy who will give Amy the information to clear Jake and Rosa if she will "do a favor for me" in return. When the operation fails, Holt secretly obtains the information from Murphy, resulting in Jake and Rosa's freedom at the cost of a favor Holt will owe Murphy in the future.
93
3 "Kicks" Eric Appel Andrew Guest October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) 503 1.68[3]
Jake must pass an official evaluation performed by Holt in order to get back in the field after his incarceration. When Jake starts doubting his choices after the prime suspect claims innocence, he sees it as a weakness, but Holt sees is as a strength. Meanwhile, Rosa gets Amy and Terry's assistance to discover if Pimento is cheating on her. Despite being proven innocent, Rosa decides to break up with him regardless after realizing she would've felt relieved had he been caught and she ended the relationship.
94
4 "HalloVeen" Jamie Babbit Dan Goor October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) 504 1.69[4]
On the fifth annual Halloween heist, all members of the squad try to capture the champion cummerbund. Charles, Rosa and Terry team up to form "The Tramps". Amy figures out Jake's plan and finds the cummerbund; it is then revealed that Jake changed the inscription on the belt from "amazing human/genius" to "Amy Santiago, will you marry me?" Amy accepts and Boyle faints upon learning they are finally engaged. While he is happy for them, Captain Holt is slightly upset by the fact that no one technically won the heist since Jake changed the belt.
95
5 "Bad Beat" Kat Coiro Carol Kolb November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) 505 1.50[5]
Jake and Terry propose to join an underground gambling ring to catch a criminal. However, in the process, Captain Holt relapses into his old gambling addiction. Charles is planning a new food truck venture and ropes in Amy as an investor, only to later tell her that the truck he bought was the scene of a notorious murder. Rosa accepts Hitchcock's and Scully's challenge when they say she can't sit all day like they do.
96
6 "The Venue" Cortney Carrillo Matt Lawton November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) 506 1.65[6]
Jake and Amy find a mansion that makes a perfect venue for their wedding only to have it snatched at the last second by The Vulture, who is also planning to get married on the same day. After finding out that his fiancé is a kind charity worker, they debate over whether they want the venue or to save Jean from her marriage. Charles and Rosa track down and rescue Sergeant Peanut Butter, whom Charles still envies for stealing his thunder when he received his Medal of Valor. Much to Charles' dismay, Peanut Butter is given the credit for the rescue despite Charles saving his life. Captain Holt tries to convince Terry to be less image-conscious after Terry begins to prepare a party for a cop he accidentally offended.
97
7 "Two Turkeys" Alex Reid David Phillips November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21) 508 1.66[7]
Jake and Amy attempt to get their parents to bond over Thanksgiving dinner, but their first holiday together as a family does not go well. However, an unexpected injury causes both sets of parents to reexamine their feelings towards each other. Elsewhere, Holt and husband Kevin’s Thanksgiving pie goes missing, and Holt suspects Rosa, Boyle, or Terry may have taken the pie. After interrogating them with no luck, Holt enlists the help of Hitchcock and Scully in order to uncover the culprit and find the pie.
98
8 "Return to Skyfire" Linda Mendoza Neil Campbell November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28) 507 1.73[8]
Skyfire author DC Parlov returns to the precinct after the latest manuscript for his upcoming book was stolen. Jake, Terry, and Rosa go to a convention to investigate and find out that Parlov's rival Landon Lawson also had his manuscript stolen. As the two authors accuse each other of stealing each other's work, Terry reveals to Jake that he's been writing a fantasy novel of his own. Jake encourages Terry to have Parlov look at it, only to find out that it's terrible. Back at the precinct, Holt, Amy, and Charles take a forensics course and struggle to keep Charles' mouth shut.
99
9 "99" Payman Benz Andy Bobrow December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) 509 1.94[9]
While at a funeral in Los Angeles for their former police chief, Captain Holt finds out he is in the running to be commissioner. After experiencing many difficulties like missing their flight and having their RV explode, Jake and the squad must find a way to get from Los Angeles to New York in time for Holt's interview. Jake finds out that Holt was sabotaging the trip purposefully due to his compromise with Murphy, but Jake and the squad vow to find a way to solve Holt's issue and get him to the interview on time. During the trip, Amy tries to act less serious, Terry's upset about missing his first-class flight, and Charles discovers that Rosa is bisexual and has a girlfriend.
100
10 "Game Night" Tristram Shapeero Justin Noble & Carly Hallam Tosh December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) 510 1.81[10]
After Rosa reveals she's bisexual to her colleagues, she seeks Jake's help in telling the news to her parents during a dinner with them. Though she initially pretends she's dating Jake during dinner, she comes out and invites Jake to join her family for Game Night, where she finds out how much her parents are willing to accept the change. Meanwhile, the precinct turns to Gina for help when the Cyber Crimes division is using up all their bandwidth, resulting in slow internet. After Gina helps them, she reveals she's planning on quitting the Nine-Nine to pursue a career in entrepreneurship. However, after being touched by Amy and Charles' good-byes, she decides to return to the Nine-Nine while continuing to work on her side business.
101
11 "The Favor" Victor Nelli Jr. Aeysha Carr December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) 511 1.81[10]
Seamus Murphy finally asks Holt for his favor: To request a permit for a block party that will cover up their next crime. Jake and Charles go undercover and befriend Seamus' dimwitted nephew Kyle to find out what the Murphys are planning and stop it. Amy and Rosa try to request a permit for the block party, but when they are rejected, they try to find holes in the bureaucratic system Amy's grown to adore. Terry tries to find Gina time and space to use her breast pump for her baby. After the Nine-Nine uncovers Seamus' plan, they manage to foil the planned robbery while ensuring Holt keeps up his end of the bargain. When they arrest Kyle to protect him from his uncle's wrath, Seamus finds out about the ruse and threatens Kevin's life.
102
12 "Safe House" Nisha Ganatra Andy Gosche March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18) 512 1.92[11]
Kevin and Jake are forced to stay in a safe house for two months to avoid getting caught by Seamus Murphy and his men with heavy restrictions placed by Holt. When Holt's over-protectiveness starts to strain his and Kevin's marriage, Jake begins to worry. The Nine-Nine try to track down Murphy. Rosa goes to a hair salon and is forced to make small talk and change her hair to get info out of Murphy's girlfriend. Amy, Terry, and Scully search through a room full of shredded documents to pin down Murphy's location.
103
13 "The Negotiation" Linda Mendoza Phil Augusta Jackson March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25) 513 1.83[12]
Jake is requested to act as a negotiator for a hostage situation at a jewelry store only to find out that it's a set-up from Doug Judy, who asks for his help to take down a dangerous criminal in order to rescue Judy's mother. Amy and Gina try to help Charles out with his new food truck as the stress of his new business and perfectionist attitude seems to be getting to him. When a member of the Police Commissioner selection committee decides to interview Hitchcock about Holt's qualities, Holt and Terry train him to be less disgusting and more professional.
104
14 "The Box" Claire Scanlon Luke Del Tredici April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01) 516 1.78[13]
Jake and Holt spend the night interrogating dentist Phillip Davidson to determine if he murdered his partner. The task proves difficult as Davidson appears to have a defense for all of their accusations and strategies, leaving Jake to take drastic measures.
105
15 "The Puzzle Master" Akiva Schaffer Lang Fisher April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08) 514 TBD
After Amy passes the Sergeant's Exam, Jake tries to make their last case memorable by choosing an investigation of a series of arsons connected to Amy's favorite crossword puzzle author, Vin Stermly (David Fumero). When Vin joins them on the case and impresses Amy with his intellect and looks, Jake becomes jealous. Holt and Gina meet the competition for Police Commissioner and are intimidated by a young woman in the running. Terry, Rosa, Hitchcock, and Scully debate over who should get the new Detective car.
106
16 "NutriBoom"[14] TBA TBA April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15) 515 TBD
Jake and Charles get suckered into a pyramid scheme.
107
17 "DFW"[14] TBA TBA April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15) 518 TBD
Jake meets his half-sister and invites her to stay with him.
108
18 "Gray Star Mutual"[15] TBA TBA April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22) 517 TBD
Pimento shows up as the insurance agent when a fire destroys Charles' food truck.
109
19 "Bachelor/ette Party"[16] TBA TBA April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29) 519 TBD
Cast[edit]
Andy Samberg as Jake Peralta
Stephanie Beatriz as Rosa Diaz
Terry Crews as Terry Jeffords
Melissa Fumero as Amy Santiago
Joe Lo Truglio as Charles Boyle
Chelsea Peretti as Gina Linetti
Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Holt
Dirk Blocker as Michael Hitchcock
Joel McKinnon Miller as Norman Scully
Recurring[edit]
Gina Gershon as Lt. Melanie Hawkins
Tim Meadows as Caleb
Lou Diamond Phillips as Romero
Paul Adelstein as Seamus Murphy
Jason Mantzoukas as Adrian Pimento
Marc Evan Jackson as Kevin Cozner
Winston Story as Bill
Guest[edit]
Dean Winters as Detective Keith "The Vulture" Pembroke
Bradley Whitford as Captain Roger Peralta
Katey Sagal as Karen Peralta
Jimmy Smits as Victor Santiago
Bertila Damas as Camila Santiago
Danny Trejo as Oscar Diaz
Olga Merediz as Julia Diaz
Fred Melamed as DC Parlov
Maria Thayer as Jean Munhroe
Rob Huebel as Landon Lawson
Reggie Lee as Dr. Ronald Yee
Mike Mitchell as Kyle Murphy
Craig Robinson as Doug Judy
Sterling K. Brown as Philip Davidson
David Fumero as Vin Stermly
Jay Chandrasekhar as himself
Nasim Pedrad as Katie Peralta
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "The Big House Pt. 1" September 26, 2017 0.7/3 2.00[1] 0.7 1.24 1.4 3.24[17]
2 "The Big House Pt. 2" October 3, 2017 0.6/2 1.74[2] 0.7 1.24 1.3 2.98[18]
3 "Kicks" October 10, 2017 0.7/3 1.68[3] 0.6 1.19 1.3 2.87[19]
4 "HalloVeen" October 17, 2017 0.6/2 1.69[4] 0.7 1.21 1.3 2.90[20]
5 "Bad Beat" November 7, 2017 0.6/2 1.50[5] 0.7 1.29 1.3 2.78[21]
6 "The Venue" November 14, 2017 0.6/2 1.65[6] 0.6 1.14 1.2 2.78[22]
7 "Two Turkeys" November 21, 2017 0.6/2 1.66[7] 0.7 1.34 1.3 3.00[23]
8 "Return to Skyfire" November 28, 2017 0.7/3 1.73[8] 0.6 1.16 1.3 2.89[24]
9 "99" December 5, 2017 0.7/3 1.94[9] 0.6 1.15 1.3 3.09[25]
10 "Game Night" December 12, 2017 0.7/3 1.81[10] TBD TBD TBD TBD
11 "The Favor" December 12, 2017 0.7/3 1.81[10] TBD TBD TBD TBD
12 "Safe House" March 18, 2018 0.9/4 1.92[11] 0.6 TBD 1.5 TBD
13 "The Negotiation" March 25, 2018 0.9/4 1.83[12] TBD 0.94 TBD 2.78[26]
14 "The Box" April 1, 2018 0.8/3 1.78[13] TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 27, 2017). "'Bull,' 'Voice,' 'This Is Us' adjust up, 'L&O True Crime' and 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 4, 2017). "'Fresh Off the Boat,' 'Voice' adjust up, 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' 'L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 11, 2017). "'Voice,' 'Flash,' 'Lethal Weapon' & 'The Mick' adjust up, 'NCIS: New Orleans' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'NCIS,' 'Voice' and 'This Is Us' adjust up, 'Black-ish' and 'L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 8, 2017). "'The Middle' adjusts up, 'The Mayor' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 15, 2017). "'Fresh Off the Boat,' 'The Flash' and 'Kevin' adjust up, 'Bull' and 'L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 22, 2017). "'Dancing With the Stars,' 'This Is Us,' all others hold: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 30, 2017). "'The Flash,' 'This Is Us' and 'Rudolph' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 6, 2017). "'Chicago Med' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (December 13, 2017). "'The Voice,' 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' all others unchanged: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 20, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'NCIS: LA' and 'AFV' adjust up, 'Deception' and '60 Minutes' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 27, 2018). "'NCIS: LA' and 'Bob's Burgers' adjust up, 'Instinct,' 'Simpsons' and 'Deception' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 3, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers' and 'Dateline' adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "(BRK-515/18) "NutriBoom/DFW"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(BRK-517) "Gray Star Mutual"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(BRK-519) "Bachelor/ette Party"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 'The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'The Orville,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "'Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). "'This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). "'Chicago Med' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 14, 2017). "CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
[hide]
v
t
e
Brooklyn Nine-Nine
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Tagger"
"The Slump"
"M.E. Time"
"The Vulture"
"Halloween"
"48 Hours"
"Old School"
"Sal's Pizza"
"Thanksgiving"
"Christmas"
"Pontiac Bandit"
"The Bet"
"The Ebony Falcon"
"Operation: Broken Feather"
"The Party"
"Full Boyle"
"The Apartment"
"Tactical Village"
"Fancy Brudgom"
"Unsolvable"
"Charges and Specs"
Season 2
"Undercover"
"Chocolate Milk"
"The Jimmy Jab Games"
"Halloween II"
"The Mole"
"Jake and Sophia"
"Lockdown"
"USPIS"
Related
Characters
New Girl
"Homecoming"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_(season_5)&oldid=835639060"
Categories:
2017 American television seasons
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Français
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 21:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #78474D; color: white; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

value: li

values: text-align:center;background: #78474D; color: white; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
description
8
border-bottom:solid 3px #78474D

values:
/wiki/Gambling_addiction
mw-redirect
Gambling addiction

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2017 American television seasons

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_(season_5)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Бруклин 9-9 (сезон 5) – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_season_5 rootpage-Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_season_5 skin-vector action-view