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Irish Car Bomb
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This article refers to the alcoholic drink. For prominent car-bombing incidents within Ireland during the Troubles, refer to the Dublin and Monaghan bombings or the Omagh bombing.
Irish Car Bomb
Cocktail
An Irish Car Bomb with Guinness and Irish cream.
Type
Beer cocktail
Primary alcohol by volume
Irish whiskey
Irish cream
Standard drinkware
A pub glass and a shot glass.
Commonly used ingredients
1/2 oz whiskey
1/2 oz Irish cream liqueur
1/2 pint stout
Preparation
The whiskey is floated on top of the Irish cream in a shot glass, and the shot glass is then dropped into the stout
An Irish Car Bomb, Irish Slammer, or Irish Bomb Shot is a cocktail, similar to a boilermaker, made by dropping a shot of Irish cream and whiskey into a glass of stout.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Preparation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Origin[edit]
The "Irish" in the name refers to the drink's Irish ingredients; typically Guinness stout, Baileys Irish Cream, and Jameson Irish Whiskey.
The term "car bomb" combines reference to its "bomb shot" style as well as the noted car bombings of Northern Ireland's Troubles.
The name is often deemed offensive, with some bartenders refusing to serve it.[2][3][4] The inclusion of the drink in an English bar's 2014 promotional material drew complaints, followed by withdrawal of the promotion and a public apology by the bar manager.[5] Increasingly, bartenders prefer the title "Irish Slammer", "Irish Bomb Shot", or simply the "Irish Bomb" to avoid offending patrons.
Preparation[edit]
The whiskey is layered over the Irish cream in a shot glass, and the shot glass is then dropped into a glass of stout. The drink should be consumed quickly as the cream will cause it to curdle within a short time.[6][7]
While Kahlúa was part of the original recipe, it is often excluded from the drink today. Some refer to the original recipe as a Belfast Car Bomb.[8][9][10][11]
See also[edit]
List of cocktails
Sake bomb
Jägerbomb
Drink portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Irish Car Bomb drink recipe". Drinknation.com. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Dicke, Scott (March 6, 2007). "History of Irish Car Bombs Isn't Something to Drink To". Daily Nexus. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Halleron, Chris (September 28, 2005). "Hal Wastes His Wages Defuse the 'Irish Car Bomb'". Hudson Reporter. Hoboken, New Jersey. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Detelj, Tina (July 5, 2010). "Irish group slams cocktail". New Haven, CT: WTNH. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nightclub scraps Irish Car Bomb shots poster". March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sennett, Bob. Complete world bartender guide.
Jump up ^ Charming, Cheryl (October 1, 2007). The Everything Bartender's Book: 750 recipes for classic and mixed drinks (2nd ed.). Everything Books. p. 178. ISBN 1598695908.
Jump up ^ "Carbomb Creation". April 16, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Meaning of an Irish Car Bomb". March 11, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "IrishCarBomb.com". Archived from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Belfast Carbomb #1". Retrieved May 18, 2009.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Bartending has a page on the topic of: Irish Car Bomb
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Linnaean taxonomy
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The title page of Systema Naturae, Leiden (1735)
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
the particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturae (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species), with an additional rank lower than species.
a term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based scientific classification. This term is especially used as opposed to cladistic systematics, which groups organisms into clades. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification (it goes back to Plato and Aristotle) nor gave it its present form. In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as "Linnaean taxonomy" as such does not really exist: it is a collective (abstracting) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.
Linnaean name also has two meanings: depending on the context, it may either refer to a formal name given by Linnaeus (personally), such as Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758, or a formal name in the accepted nomenclature (as opposed to a modernistic clade name).
Contents
[hide]
1 The taxonomy of Linnaeus
1.1 Classification for plants
1.2 Classification for animals
1.3 Classification for minerals
2 Rank-based scientific classification
2.1 Alternatives
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
The taxonomy of Linnaeus[edit]
In his Imperium Naturae, Linnaeus established three kingdoms, namely Regnum Animale, Regnum Vegetabile and Regnum Lapideum. This approach, the Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Kingdoms, survives today in the popular mind, notably in the form of the parlour game question: "Is it animal, vegetable or mineral?". The work of Linnaeus had a huge impact on science; it was indispensable as a foundation for biological nomenclature, now regulated by the nomenclature codes. Two of his works, the first edition of the Species Plantarum (1753) for plants and the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1758), are accepted as part of the starting points of nomenclature; his binomials (names for species) and generic names take priority over those of others. However, the impact he had on science was not because of the value of his taxonomy.
Classification for plants[edit]
His classes and orders of plants, according to his Systema Sexuale, were never intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his ordines naturales in his Philosophia Botanica) but only for use in identification. They were used for that purpose well into the nineteenth century.[1] Within each class were several orders.
Key to the Sexual System (from the 10th, 1758, edition of the Systema Naturae)
Kalmia is classified according to Linnaeus' sexual system in class Decandria, order Monogyna, because it has 10 stamens and one pistil
The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were:
Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamen
Classis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamens
Classis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamens
Classis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamens
Classis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamens
Classis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamens
Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–352[2]
Hexandria polygynia pp. 342–343[3]
Classis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamens
Classis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamens
Classis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamens
Classis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamens
Classis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 12 stamens
Classis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamens, perigynous
Classis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamens, inserted on the receptacle
Classis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short
Classis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short
Classis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united, at least at the base
Classis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two separate groups
Classis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several separate groups
Classis 19. Syngenesia; flowers with 5 stamens, the anthers united at their edges
Classis 20. Gynandria; flowers with the stamens united to the pistils
Classis 21. Monoecia: monoecious plants
Classis 22. Dioecia: dioecious plants
Classis 23. Polygamia: polygamodioecious plants
Classis 24. Cryptogamia: the "flowerless" plants, including ferns, fungi, algae, and bryophytes
The classes based on the number of stamens were then subdivided by the number of pistils, e.g. Hexandria monogynia with six stamens and one pistil.[4]
Index to genera p. 1201[5]
Classification for animals[edit]
The 1735 classification of animals
Only in the Animal Kingdom is the higher taxonomy of Linnaeus still more or less recognizable and some of these names are still in use, but usually not quite for the same groups. He divided the Animal Kingdom into six classes, in the tenth edition, of 1758, these were:
Classis 1. Mammalia
Classis 2. Aves
Classis 3. Amphibia
Classis 4. Pisces
Classis 5. Insecta
Classis 6. Vermes
Classification for minerals[edit]
His taxonomy of minerals has long since dropped from use. In the tenth edition, 1758, of the Systema Naturae, the Linnaean classes were:
Classis 1. Petræ
Classis 2. Mineræ
Classis 3. Fossilia
Classis 4. Vitamentra
Rank-based scientific classification[edit]
Main article: Taxonomy (biology)
This rank-based method of classifying living organisms was originally popularized by (and much later named for) Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time. The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of binomial nomenclature, the combination of a genus name and a second term, which together uniquely identify each species of organism within a kingdom. For example, the human species is uniquely identified within the animal kingdom by the name Homo sapiens. No other species of animal can have this same binomen (the technical term for a binomial in the case of animals). Prior to Linnaean taxonomy, animals were classified according to their mode of movement.
Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature was anticipated by the theory of definition used in Scholasticism. Scholastic logicians and philosophers of nature defined the species man, for example, as Animal rationalis, where animal was considered a genus and rationalis (Latin for "rational") the characteristic distinguishing man from all other animals. Treating animal as the immediate genus of the species man, horse, etc. is of little practical use to the biological taxonomist, however. Accordingly, Linnaeus's classification treats animal as a class including many genera (subordinated to the animal "kingdom" via intermediary classes such as "orders"), and treats homo as the genus of a species Homo sapiens, with sapiens (Latin for "knowing" or "understanding") playing a differentiating role analogous to that played, in the Scholastic system, by rationalis (the word homo, Latin for "human being", was used by the Scholastics to denote a species, not a genus).
A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to organize the different kinds of living organisms, simply and practically. Every species can be given a unique (and, one hopes, stable) name, as compared with common names that are often neither unique nor consistent from place to place and language to language. This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working systematists (biologists specializing in taxonomy), not merely of the binomial names themselves, but of the rules governing the use of these names, which are laid down in formal nomenclature codes.
Species can be placed in a ranked hierarchy, starting with either domains or kingdoms. Domains are divided into kingdoms. Kingdoms are divided into phyla (singular: phylum) — for animals; the term division, used for plants and fungi, is equivalent to the rank of phylum (and the current International Code of Botanical Nomenclature allows the use of either term). Phyla (or divisions) are divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species). There are ranks below species: in zoology, subspecies (but see form or morph); in botany, variety (varietas) and form (forma), etc.
Groups of organisms at any of these ranks are called taxa (singular: taxon) or taxonomic groups.
The Linnaean system has proven robust and it remains the only extant working classification system at present that enjoys universal scientific acceptance. However, although the number of ranks is unlimited, in practice any classification becomes more cumbersome the more ranks are added. Among the later subdivisions that have arisen are such entities as phyla, families, and tribes, as well as any number of ranks with prefixes (superfamilies, subfamilies, etc.). The use of newer taxonomic tools such as cladistics and phylogenetic nomenclature has led to a different way of looking at evolution (expressed in many nested clades) and this sometimes leads to a desire for more ranks. An example of such complexity is the scheme for mammals proposed by McKenna and Bell.
Alternatives[edit]
Over time, the understanding of the relationships between living things has changed. Linnaeus could only base his scheme on the structural similarities of the different organisms. The greatest change was the widespread acceptance of evolution as the mechanism of biological diversity and species formation, following the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. It then became generally understood that classifications ought to reflect the phylogeny of organisms, their descent by evolution. This led to evolutionary taxonomy, where the various extant and extinct are linked together to construct a phylogeny. This is largely what is meant by the term 'Linnaean taxonomy' when used in a modern context.
In cladistics, originating in the work of Willi Hennig, 1950 onwards, each taxon is grouped so as to include the common ancestor of the group's members (and thus to avoid polyphyly). Such taxa may be either monophyletic (including all descendants) such as genus Homo, or paraphyletic (excluding some descendants), such as genus Australopithecus.
Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for Plants, Animals and an additional group for minerals, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria); Protista, for protozoans and most algae; and Fungi. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the genomes of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.[6]
Representing presumptive evolutionary relationships, especially given the wide acceptance of cladistic methodology and numerous molecular phylogenies that have challenged long-accepted classifications, within the framework of Linnaean taxonomy, is sometimes seen as problematic. Therefore, some systematists have proposed a PhyloCode to replace it.
See also[edit]
History of plant systematics
Phylogenetic tree – a way to express insights into evolutionary relationships
Zoology mnemonic for a list of mnemonic sentences used to help people remember the list of Linnaean ranks.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Comstock, J.L. (1837). An introduction to the study of botany: including a treatise on vegetable physiology, and descriptions of the most common plants in the middle and northern states. Robinson, Pratt & Co.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–352.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria polyynia pp. 342–343.
Jump up ^ "Linnaeus Sexual System". CronkLab. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus 1753, Index generum p. 1201.
Jump up ^ Embley, T. A. & Martin, W. (2006). "Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges.". Nature. 440. pp. 623–630. doi:10.1038/nature04546.
Bibliography[edit]
Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Dawkins, Richard. 2004. The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-00583-8
Ereshefsky, Marc. 2000. The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fara, Patricia (2003). Sex, Botany and Empire: The Story of Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks. Cambridge: Icon Books. ISBN 9781840464443. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
George, Sam (June 2005). "‘Not Strictly Proper For A Female Pen’: Eighteenth-Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany". Comparative Critical Studies. 2 (2): 191–210. doi:10.3366/ccs.2005.2.2.191. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Gould, Stephen Jay. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-02705-8
Pavord, Anna. The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-7952-0
External links[edit]
Wikispecies
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code), Electronic version
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code, 2011), Electronic version
ICZN website, for zoological nomenclature
Text of the ICZN, Electronic version
ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names
International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes for bacteria
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. By the International Union of Biological Sciences
ICTVdB website, for virus nomenclature by the International Union of Microbiological Societies
Tree of Life
European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French
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List of systems of plant taxonomy
Pre-Linnaean
John Ray system (1686–1704)
A discourse on the seeds of plants
Methodus plantarum nova
De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Pre-Darwinian
Linnaean system (1735–51)
Systema Naturae
Species Plantarum
Genera Plantarum
Philosophia Botanica
Adanson system (1763)
Familles naturelles des plantes
De Jussieu system (1789)
Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
De Candolle system (1819–24)
Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux
Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
Berchtold and Presl
system (1820–1823)
O Prirozenosti Rostlin
Agardh system (1825)
Classes Plantarum
Gray system (1821)
The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
Dumortier system (1829)
Analyse des familles des plantes
Lindley system (1830–45)
An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
The Vegetable Kingdom
Don system (1834)
General History of Dichlamydious Plants.
Bentham & Hooker system
(1862–83)
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.
Baillon system (1867–94)
Histoire des plantes
Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)
Nineteenth century
Eichler system (1875–1886)
Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
Engler system (1886–1924)
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau
Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Das Pflanzenreich
van Tieghem system (1891)
Traité de botanique
Twentieth century
Dalla Torre & Harms
system (1900–07)
Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
Warming system (1912)
Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
Hallier system (1912)
L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
Bessey system (1915)
The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
Wettstein system (1901–35)
Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
Lotsy system (1907–11)
Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.
Hutchinson system (1926–73)
The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
Calestani system (1933)
Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
Kimura system (1956)
Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
Emberger system (1960)
Traité de Botanique systématique
Melchior system (1964)
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Takhtajan system (1966–97)
A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
Diversity and classification of flowering plants
Cronquist system (1968–81)
The evolution and classification of flowering plants
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
Goldberg system (1986–89
Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
Dahlgren system (1975–85)
The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
Thorne system (1968–2000)
An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
Kubitzki system (1990–)
The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
Reveal system (1999)
Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
System (1998–2009)
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
See also
Plantae at Wikispecies
Note: This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Batsch and Grisebach.
[show]
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Carl Linnaeus
Published works
Linnaeus bibliography
The Study of Instinct (book)
Systema Naturae (1735)
Fundamenta Botanica (1736)
Bibliotheca Botanica (1736)
Musa Cliffortiania (1736)
Critica Botanica (1737)
Flora Lapponica (1737)
Genera Plantarum (1737)
General
Taxonomy (biology)
Linnaean taxonomy (Linnaean classification)
Botanical nomenclature
Zoological nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Taxa named by Linnaeus
Natural history
History of biology
History of botany
Historical race concepts
Related people
Carl Linnaeus the Younger
Elisabeth Christina von Linné
Apostles of Linnaeus
Students of Linnaeus
Pre-Linnaean botanists
Gaspard Bauhin
Johann Bauhin
Peter Artedi
Herman Boerhaave
Recognitions
Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus
Expedition Linné
Linnaea
Linnaean Garden
Linnaeite
Linnaemya
Linnaemyini
7412 Linnaeus
Linnaeus Arboretum
The Linnaeus Museum
Linnaeus University
Linnaeus' Hammarby
Linné (crater)
Linnéa
Linnean Medal
Linnean Society of London
Swedish Linnaeus Society
Linnean Society of New South Wales
Linnean Tercentenary Medal
Linneus, Maine
Linneus, Missouri
Wikiquote
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