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Suits (season 7)
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Suits (season 7)
Starring
Gabriel Macht
Patrick J. Adams
Rick Hoffman
Meghan Markle
Sarah Rafferty
Gina Torres
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
16
Release
Original network
USA Network
Original release
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) – April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
Next →
Season 8
List of Suits episodes
The seventh season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on August 3, 2016,[1] and started airing on USA Network in the United States July 12, 2017. The season has five series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Specter Litt law firm in Manhattan: Gabriel Macht, Patrick J. Adams, Rick Hoffman, Meghan Markle, and Sarah Rafferty. Gina Torres is credited as the sixth regular only for the episodes that she appears in, following her departure last season.[2]
The season featured the 100th episode of the series, which was directed by Patrick J. Adams and aired August 30, 2017.[3] To celebrate the series' milestone, the main cast (including Gina Torres) and creator Aaron Korsh came together at ATX Television Festival for a live read-through of the series' pilot script. They were joined by Abigail Spencer and Nick Wechsler to read for the episode's guest stars.[4]
After Markle's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27, 2017 it was confirmed by show producers the next day that she would be leaving the show at the end of the season.[5] On January 30, 2018, it was announced that the back half of the season would air from March 28, 2018 to April 25, 2018, concluding the season with a 120-minute finale that would see the departure of both Markle and Adams. At the same time, the show was officially renewed for its eighth season.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Regular cast
1.2 Special Guest Star
1.3 Recurring cast
1.4 Guest Cast
1.5 Notes
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Suits characters
Regular cast[edit]
Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter
Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross
Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt
Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane
Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen
Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson[a]
Special Guest Star[edit]
Dule Hill as Alex Williams
Recurring cast[edit]
Christina Cole as Dr. Paula Agard
Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski
Jordan Johnson-Hinds as Oliver Grady
Peter Cambor as Nathan[7]
Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane[7]
Jake Epstein as Brian Altman
Paul Schulze as Frank Gallo
Ray Proscia as Dr. Lipschitz
Al Sapienza as Thomas Bratton
Jay Harrington as Mark Meadows
Zoe McLellan as Holly Cromwell
Rachael Harris as Sheila Sazs
Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett
John Kapelos as Elias Gould
Bruce McGill as Stanley Gordon
Guest Cast[edit]
Megan Gallagher as Laura Zane
Abigail Spencer as Dana Scott
D.B. Woodside as Jeff Malone
John Pyper-Ferguson as Jack Soloff
Leslie Hope as Anita Gibbs
Brynn Thayer as Lily Specter
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gina Torres is credited as a regular cast member for the episodes she appears in, following her departure last season.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Suits episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
93
1 "Skin in the Game" Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) 1.40[8]
Following his breakup with Tara, Louis starts terrorizing the associates. His behavior raises red flags with Rachel, Donna, and Gretchen. Donna has figured out that what she wants is a seat at the table as a senior partner. She uses the situation with Louis to prove to Harvey that she deserves it after all these years of being a key person in running the firm without getting credit. Harvey agrees to name her senior partner, but has to tiptoe around telling Louis. As Rachel convinces Louis that he needs closure with Tara, he allows Rachel, now a lawyer in her own right, to step up and take over the associates from him. Meanwhile, Mike and Harvey team up again to prove to one of Jessica's clients that the firm can handle his case now that Jessica is gone. Harvey has a hard time filling Jessica's shoes and pursues a romantic relationship with his former therapist, Dr. Paula Agard. Mike gives the legal clinic half a million dollars, but his returning to PSL doesn't sit well with his former colleagues, especially Oliver.
94
2 "The Statue" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 1.36[9]
Harvey and Paula agree to get to know one another better. Drawing inspiration from Jessica herself to mark the change of leadership, Harvey decides to drop her oldest client while eyeing an important client from Alex Williams, a lawyer from his past. However, Alex is only willing to transfer said client if he is made name partner at Pearson Specter Litt, which Louis and Donna oppose. Louis is terrified to lose his fragile friendship with Harvey if Alex comes to the firm, so he tries to poach the client behind Alex's back. Harvey goes to meet with Jessica to get her on his side, but the meeting results in a fight. Meanwhile, Mike's pro bono case hits a snag when the opposing lawyer uses Mike's past to prejudice the judge. Katrina tells Harvey that his promoting Donna to senior partner has changed what it means to be named a partner to those both inside and outside the firm, leading to Harvey undoing Donna's promotion. He instead names her COO while agreeing that she gets to have a vote inside the firm. Harvey also denies Alex name partner, but offers him senior partner, which Alex accepts. Jessica and Harvey make up and she confirms that he's ready to take the lead.
95
3 "Mudmare" Maurice Marable Sharyn Rothstein July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26) 1.41[10]
Louis has a nightmare about going mudding with Harvey in the other tub, only to have Alex join them and claim that he and Harvey go mudding all the time. After a discussion with his therapist, Louis agrees to try and be friends with Alex rather than possibly lose Harvey as a friend. Rachel deals with a fourth-year associate who repeatedly hands off menial procedural work to first-year employees. When Rachel confronts her, Donna steps in, undermining Rachel's authority in front of all the other associates. After an argument, both Rachel and Donna admit they have a lot to learn about their new positions in the company. Rachel concedes she needs to focus on becoming a great lawyer more than being a supervisor. Mike takes a pro bono case concerning the wrongful death of a prisoner, only to find out there's a conflict of interest because the parent company that built and runs the prison is one of Alex's clients. Mike hands the case off to Oliver, who reluctantly takes it after Mike tells him how the incident hits close to home. Elsewhere, Harvey's relationship with Dr. Agard hits a snag.
96
4 "Divide and Conquer" Anton Cropper Daniel Arkin August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02) 1.41[11]
Rachel’s father questions if she and Mike can make time for the wedding and a marriage, as they both are busy with their careers. As Louis finds it difficult to get over Tara, Donna tries to manage the situation. Harvey meets Jessica for help with the fiasco at work and Mike finds it difficult not to help Oliver after signing the agreement to stay away from the prison case. While Louis and Alex get on better terms, Bratton Gould is trying to poach PSL clients, as someone seems to be leaking inside information. As a solution, Harvey tries to convince Zane to agree to a fake merger. Alex proves himself to be loyal to PSL and puts himself at risk to stop Tommy Bratton from coming after PSL clients. Mike and Rachel finally decide to set a date for their wedding, but set it far enough in the future to avoid stress. Harvey learns it was Jessica who leaked the information and he understands that she did so to unite PSL in a time of crisis. Rachel and her father have a heart to heart conversation for the first time in a long while.
97
5 "Brooklyn Housing" Roger Kumble Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) 1.29[12]
While Mike agrees to work for the clinic on the prison case under the cover of a suit against the Brooklyn Housing Projects, Harvey suggests that Paula take Louis as her lawyer for her lawsuit with Jacob, her ex. Paula admits that she violated the terms of her professional agreement with Jacob. Donna feels that Harvey is hiding something from her. Harvey tries to get Mike’s help regarding a case and Mike’s absence makes him distressed. Holly Cromwell demands a job at PSL and Donna disagrees with Harvey’s decision. The return of Frank Gallo stirs things up. When Mike tries to extract information from Gallo about the prison rewarding him for starting fights, he demands that Mike get him early parole. Louis clears things with Dr. Lipschitz and wins Dr. Agard’s case. Elsewhere, Rachel discovers Mike is still working the prison case and warns him about the agreement. At the clinic, Nathan also deduces that Mike is helping Oliver.
98
6 "Home to Roost" Valerie Weiss Sandra Silverstein August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16) 1.47[13]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mike and Oliver visit Frank Gallo, who tips them off to a prosecutor who was going to bring a similar case involving him, but was forced to drop it. Rachel later has to lie to Harvey to cover for where Mike is that day, making her furious. Harvey finds out anyway when Gallo calls Donna, saying Harvey and Mike had better not try to screw him again. Meanwhile, Louis is hit with a sexual harassment lawsuit from Stephanie, the fourth-year associate whom Donna fired. Katrina tries to help by visiting Stephanie as a former colleague, but it still results in Louis needing to admit guilt. Louis eventually apologizes to Stephanie, telling her about losing his chance to be a father, only to find out his rant from before hit close to home with her. Elsewhere, Harvey tells Donna about dating Paula. Donna tells him she already knew, but later admits to Rachel that she didn't know, making her question herself. A pre-trial motion for the prison case goes sour when Alex shows up in court and calls out Mike, who is sitting in the back to support Oliver, forcing Mike to admit he violated conflict of interest and causing the case to be thrown out. Harvey appears to take Alex's side in a fight with Mike, but later visits Alex and demands he tell him the truth.
99
7 "Full Disclosure" Cherie Nowlan Ethan Drogin August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23) 1.35[14]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In flashbacks to the Pearson Hardman days, it's revealed how Alex arranged for himself and Harvey to get junior partner positions at Bratton Gould, following Harvey's displeasure over Hardman promoting Louis to junior partner ahead of him. Alex assures Tommy Bratton that Harvey's arrival is a "done deal," but Jessica ultimately convinces Harvey to stay, causing problems for Alex. Harvey apologizes to Alex and promises a favor if he ever needs it. Alex is given mostly grunt work and unwinnable cases for several years and his only way back is to become part of an unholy alliance between Bratton, Masterson Construction, and Reform Corp. – an alliance that Mike has just discovered in the present day. Mike tries to get Anita Gibbs to take over the Masterson case as a criminal matter, now that the civil case has been dropped, but Gibbs sees too many conflicts. Also in the past, it is revealed that Jessica was the one who insisted that Louis start seeing Dr. Lipschitz for therapy, while Donna is dumped by Mark (guest star Jay Harrington), her boyfriend of six months, when it becomes clear she will follow Harvey wherever he goes. In the present, Alex reveals all to Mike, including how his life could be in danger if Masterson is prosecuted, while Harvey reveals the same to Donna.
100
8 "100" Patrick J. Adams Rick Muirragui August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) 1.51[15]
Harvey asks Robert Zane to take over the prison case, but Zane will only agree if Harvey lets him try the case his own way. Later, Frank Gallo dies in prison, but not before Zane could record a damning video confession from him. Harvey accuses a rep from Reform Corp. of putting a hit on Gallo. While denying involvement, the rep agrees to sign a document revealing the alliance with Tommy Bratton. Harvey uses this to get Bratton to sign a document taking full responsibility and absolving Alex of any wrongdoing. Donna reconnects with her old boyfriend Mark and is taken aback when Mark invites her to his hotel room, even though he is currently married. Elsewhere, Louis wonders why Columbia Law didn't submit any candidates for the firm. He later learns that it's because Sheila Sasz is now working in their placement department. Sheila reveals she is engaged to another man, but invites Louis to a hotel room for one last fling. While Donna backs away at Mark's door, Louis enters Sheila's room.
101
9 "Shame" Silver Tree Sharyn Rothstein September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06) 1.64[16]
Feeling shame and guilt following a night of passion with Sheila, Louis throws himself into a case with his associate Brian while simultaneously avoiding an appointment with Dr. Lipschitz. When Louis finally meets with Lipschitz, he explains his actions by saying that Sheila, not Tara, is his one true love. Mike, meanwhile, suggests that Harvey reestablish his strength by taking on a prosecutor who is making waves by going after corrupt Wall Street brokers and winning every case. After finding a client to defend, Harvey learns that the prosecutor, Andy Malick (Usman Ally), once worked with him in the Manhattan DA's office. Harvey does not remember Andy, but Andy definitely remembers Harvey as being Cameron Dennis' pet employee. Donna is drawn into the case as well, being the only other person aware of the shady things that went on under Cameron's leadership. Elsewhere, Rachel goes after predatory lenders in a pro bono case with her father, later learning that the case is deeply personal for Robert.
102
10 "Donna" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) 1.68[17]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Louis finds a way to get Donna off the hook with Malick by citing that everything she and Harvey worked on under Cameron Dennis is work product and therefore privileged information. At the pre-trial hearing, Mike and Harvey successfully prevent Malick from using that information, but Malick surprises them by questioning Donna about the documents she shredded in the Coastal Motors case. Unprepared and under oath, Donna admits to doing so, but says she acted alone and not under Harvey's direction. Donna later finds that Malick got the Coastal Motors information from Holly, but Holly will not take the stand. Mike and Harvey are able to prove that Malick manufactured evidence, offering to ignore it in exchange for Malick dropping the case against their client. Elsewhere, Rachel and Robert Zane continue their case against the bank executive who abused Robert's sister. Robert almost ruins the case by letting his emotions take over, but Rachel finds another path they can take to win the case and get the executive fired. Louis helps Alex when the other half of Bratton Gould tries to poach a huge client. Malick returns with a new angle to get back at Harvey: he intends to get Jessica disbarred for knowing about Mike's fraud and covering it up. Jessica arrives at Harvey's home and says that she is okay with the consequences. Harvey insists that he will fight for her, but she urges him to let it go and remove her name from the wall. Louis helps Donna realize that she should fight for the one she loves when he relays his own regrets over Sheila. When Harvey comes to talk to Donna, she stuns him with a kiss, apologizing and telling him she just had to know.
103
11 "Hard Truths" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28) 1.18[18]
Harvey and Louis fight to protect the future of the firm from its past; Alex worries Mike's instincts could risk a client relationship; Donna and Harvey delve into the aftermath of their kiss.
104
12 "Bad Man" Roger Kumble Rick Muirragui April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 1.06[19]
Harvey has to call in an old debt for the firm; Mike goes toe to toe with an unlikely opponent; Louis comes to terms with his new role.
105
13 "Inevitable" Christopher Misiano Genevieve Sparling April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11) 0.95[20]
Harvey is forced into a difficult decision when the impossible is asked of him; Mike and Rachel try to make time to discuss their future; Louis struggles with the rules of his relationship with Sheila.
106
14 "Pulling the Goalie" Emile Levisetti Aaron Korsh & Sharyn Rothstein April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18) 0.99[21]
Mike's attempt to distract Harvey with a case. Louis tries not to let emotion affect his judgment in a legal duel with Sheila's fiancée. Donna tries to prove her worth to the firm when the building's landlord hits SL with a huge lease increase. While working a class action case with the clinic, Mike is offered a job heading up a Seattle firm that specializes in class action suits against large companies.
107
15 "Tiny Violin" Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 1.09[22]
Harvey is forced to help Jessica in Chicago, leaving Louis and Mike to deal with a lawsuit brought by former PSL partners and headed up by Stanley Gordon. Mike tries to balance his loyalty to SL with his ongoing class action suit that could make or break the clinic. Rachel learns that the offer to head up a victim-oriented legal firm in Seattle is real, causing she and Mike to move up their wedding date.
108
16 "Good-Bye" Anton L. Cropper Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 1.07[22]
Donna discovers that Robert Zane's firm is expanding their offices to three floors, causing Mike and Louis to realize Gordon's lawsuit is part of a takeover of Specter Litt that would render Harvey and Louis effectively neutered, as they would always be outvoted. Louis confronts Robert, who claims he knows nothing about a takeover but suspects his other managing partners, Rand and Calder, are behind it. In a bold move, Zane agrees to join Specter Litt as a name partner and bring enough of his senior partners to have a majority in any vote. Gordon then chooses to drop his suit, but claims they haven't seen the last of him. Jessica resolves her issues in Chicago by agreeing to work for the mayor. Harvey returns to New York in time for Mike and Rachel's wedding. Mike gives Harvey the news that he and Rachel are moving to Seattle.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Skin in the Game" July 12, 2017 0.4 1.40[8] 0.4 1.31 0.8 2.71[23]
2 "The Statue" July 19, 2017 0.4 1.36[9] N/A 1.27 N/A 2.63[24]
3 "Mudmare" July 26, 2017 0.3 1.41[10] N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 "Divide and Conquer" August 2, 2017 0.4 1.41[11] 0.4 1.38 0.8 2.79[25]
5 "Brooklyn Housing" August 9, 2017 0.3 1.29[12] 0.5 1.54 0.8 2.83[26]
6 "Home to Roost" August 16, 2017 0.4 1.47[13] 0.4 1.27 0.8 2.73[27]
7 "Full Disclosure" August 23, 2017 0.4 1.35[14] 0.4 1.52 0.8 2.87[28]
8 "100" August 30, 2017 0.4 1.51[15] 0.3 1.34 0.7 2.85[29]
9 "Shame" September 6, 2017 0.4 1.64[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "Donna" September 13, 2017 0.5 1.68[17] 0.3 1.30 0.8 2.98[30]
11 "Hard Truths" March 28, 2018 0.3 1.18[18] 0.3 1.14 0.6 2.32[31]
12 "Bad Man" April 4, 2018 0.3 1.06[19] N/A 1.05 N/A 2.11[32]
13 "Inevitable" April 11, 2018 0.2 0.95[20] 0.3 1.05 0.5 2.00[33]
14 "Pulling the Goalie" April 18, 2018 0.3 0.99[21] N/A N/A N/A N/A
15 "Tiny Violin" April 25, 2018 0.3 1.09[22] 0.3 1.14 0.6 2.23[34]
16 "Good-Bye" April 25, 2018 0.3 1.07[22] 0.3 1.37 0.6 2.44[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 3, 2016). "'Suits' Renewed For Season 7 By USA Network – TCA". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ SHATTUCK, KATHRYN (September 15, 2016). "Gina Torres on Why She Decided to Leave 'Suits'". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Arop, Nirat (April 11, 2017). "USA Network Reveals Summer Programming Premiere Dates". Spoilertv.com. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ HELDMAN, BREANNE L. (June 11, 2017). "Suits celebrates 100 episodes with a royal good time". ew.com. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Agard, Chancellor (November 28, 2017). "Meghan Markle is officially leaving Suits after season 7". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (January 30, 2018). "'Suits' Renewed for Season 8 as Patrick J. Adams Officially Exits". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gelman, Vlada (July 12, 2017). "Suits Boss on Harvey's Surprising New Romance and Donna's Career Twist". TVLine.com. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 13, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.12.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.19.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.26.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 3, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.2.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.9.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 17, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.16.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.23.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.30.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 9.6.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (March 29, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.28.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 5, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.4.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (April 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 26, 2017). "'Game of Thrones,' 'Nashville' and 'Orphan Black' lead the cable Live +7 ratings for July 10-16". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 3, 2017). "'Game of Thrones,' 'Descendants 2' make big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 17-23". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 17, 2017). "'The Sinner' premiere triples in cable Live +7 ratings for July 31-Aug. 6". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 24, 2017). "'Nashville,' 'Orphan Black' finales score in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 7-13". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 30, 2017). "'The Sinner' makes more strong gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 14-20". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 7, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' finale reaches all-time highs: Cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 21-27". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 17, 2017). "'The Sinner' scores big in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 28-Sept. 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 27, 2017). "'South Park' premiere makes big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Sept. 11-17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). "'Siren' premiere doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for March 26-April 1". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Fixer Upper' finale goes out strong: Cable Live +7 ratings for April 2-8". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'The Last O.G.' scores for TBS in cable Live +7 ratings for April 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Suits' finale gets solid bump in cable Live +7 ratings for April 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Suits episodes on IMDb
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Executive Order 9981
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Executive Order 9981
Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces. The executive order eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.[1]
Contents
1 Before Executive Order 9981
2 Attempts to end discrimination
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Before Executive Order 9981[edit]
The Chicago Defender announces Executive Order 9981.
Blacks in the military worked under different rules that delayed their entry into combat. They had to wait four years before they could begin combat training while a white American would begin training within months of being qualified. The Air Corps was deliberately delaying the training of African Americans even though the Air Corps needed more manpower (Survey and Recommendations[2]).
In an Army survey conducted among 250 white officers and sergeants who had a colored platoon assigned to their company the following results were found: 77% of both officers and sergeants said they had become more favorable towards colored soldiers after having a colored platoon assigned to their company (no cases were found where someone said their attitude towards them had turned less favorable), 84% of officers and 81% of sergeants thought the colored soldiers had performed very well in combat, only 5% of officers and 4% of sergeants thought that colored infantry soldiers were not as good as white infantry soldiers, and 73% of officers and 60% of sergeants thought the colored soldiers and white soldiers got along together very well.[3] According to this particular survey there are no reasonable grounds for segregation in the armed forces.
Attempts to end discrimination[edit]
World War II veteran Spencer Moore addresses the audience in the Capitol Rotunda, Washington, D.C., at an event marking the 60th anniversary of the integration of the U.S. Armed Forces (July 23, 2008).
World War II veterans talk with audience members in the Capitol Rotunda at an event marking the 60th anniversary of Executive Order 9981 (July 23, 2008).
In 1947, A. Philip Randolph, along with colleague Grant Reynolds, renewed efforts to end discrimination in the armed services, forming the Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation.[4] Truman's Order expanded on Executive Order 8802 by establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the military for people of all races, religions, or national origins.
The order:
It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.
The order also established a committee to investigate and make recommendations to the civilian leadership of the military to implement the policy.
The order eliminated Montford Point as a segregated marine boot camp. It became a satellite facility of Camp Lejeune.[5]
Most of the actual enforcement of the order was accomplished by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration (1953–1961), including the desegregation of military schools, hospitals, and bases. The last of the all-black units in the United States military was abolished in September 1954.[6]
Kenneth Claiborne Royall, Secretary of the Army since 1947, was forced into retirement in April 1949 for continuing to refuse to desegregate the army nearly a year after President Truman's Order.[7]
Fifteen years after Truman's order, on July 26, 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara issued Directive 5120.36 encouraging military commanders to employ their financial resources against facilities used by soldiers or their families that discriminated based upon sex or race.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 9981". Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Survey and Recommendations Concerning the Integration of the Negro Soldier into the Army". Harry S. Truman Library. September 22, 1941.
Jump up ^ "Opinions About Negro Infantry Platoons in White Companies of 7 Divisions". Harry S. Truman Library. July 3, 1945.
Jump up ^ Susan M. Glisson, The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 91
Jump up ^ "Marine Corps Base Camp LeJeune – History". Official Website of the United States Marine Corps. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nichols, David A. (2007). A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 42–50. ISBN 978-1-4165-4554-5.
Jump up ^ Robert B. Edgerton, Hidden Heroism: Black Soldiers in America's Wars, (Barnes & Noble 2009), 165
Further reading[edit]
Alan L. Gropman, The Air Force Integrates, 1949–1964 (Office of Air Force History, 1986)
Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965 (US Government Printing Office, 1981)
Jon E. Taylor, Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981 (Routledge, 2013)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Executive Order 9981.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Executive Order 9981
Full text of Executive Order 9981 from the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965 (Defense Studies Series) by Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., from the United States Army Center of Military History
"'Blacks Must Wage Two Wars:' The Freeman Field Uprising & WWII Desegregation", Indiana Historical Bureau
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Randall Einhorn
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification, as its only attribution is to IMDb. IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Randall Einhorn
Einhorn in 2011.
Born
(1963-12-07) December 7, 1963 (age 54)
Cincinnati, Ohio
Occupation
Television director, cinematographer
Randall Einhorn (born December 7, 1963) is an American television director and cinematographer. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated from Finneytown High School in 1982. He is the son of Larry Einhorn[1].
Having started his career making rafting videos on the Tully River in Queensland, Australia, Einhorn is best known for his work on The Office. He also directed The Accountants, a ten-part webisode spin-off of The Office which appeared online between the second and third seasons.
Einhorn has directed episodes of Survivor, for which he was nominated for two Emmy Awards. He also directed many episodes in season 5, 6 and 7 of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and all but three episodes of Wilfred.
In May 2015, it was announced that Einhorn would be executive producer and director of The Muppets, executive produced and co-created by Bill Prady (co-creator, The Big Bang Theory) and Bob Kushell (Anger Management, 3rd Rock from the Sun, The Simpsons).[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.newswirl.com/larry-einhorn-death-the-office-in-memory-of-larry-einhorn/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. "Comedies "The Muppets", "Dr. Ken" & "The Real O'Neals" Get ABC Series Orders". Deadline.com. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Randall Einhorn on IMDb
This biographical article related to television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Geography of Japan
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Geography of Japan
Continent
Asia
Region
East Asia
Coordinates
35.0000° N 136.0000° E
Area
Ranked 61st
• Total
377,915 km2 (145,914 sq mi)
• Land
87.93099%
• Water
12.06901%
Coastline
29,751 km (18,486 mi)
Borders
None
Highest point
Mount Fuji[1]
Lowest point
Hachirōgata[1]
Longest river
Shinano River[2]
Largest lake
Lake Biwa[3]
Climate
varied; warm subtropical in south to cool continental in north[1]
Terrain
mostly rugged and mountainous[1]
Natural Resources
fish[1]
Natural Hazards
volcanoes, tsunamis, earthquakes and typhoons[1]
Environmental Issues
air pollution; acidification of lakes and reservoirs; overfishing; deforestation[1]
A map of Japan.
Japan is an island nation in East Asia comprising a volcanic archipelago extending along the continent's Pacific coast. It lies between 24° to 46° north latitude and from 123° to 146° east longitude. Japan is southeast of the Russian Far East, separated by the Sea of Okhotsk; slightly east of the Korean Peninsula, separated by the Sea of Japan; and east-northeast of China and Taiwan, separated by the East China Sea. The closest neighboring country to Japan is Russia.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Composition, topography and geography
3 Climate
4 Environmental issues
5 Natural hazards
6 Regions
7 Extreme points
7.1 Japan
7.2 Japan (main islands)
7.3 Elevation extremes
8 Antipodes
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Overview[edit]
The major islands, sometimes called the "Home Islands", are (from east to west) Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku and Kyushu. There are 6,852 islands in total,[5] including the Nansei Islands, the Nanpō Islands and islets, with 430 islands being inhabited and others uninhabited. In total, as of 2006, Japan's territory is 377,923.1 km2 (145,916.9 sq mi), of which 374,834 km2 (144,724 sq mi) is land and 3,091 km2 (1,193 sq mi) water.
Location: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula.
Map references: Asia, Oceania
Area:
total: 377,915 km²
land: 364,485 km²
water: 13,430 km²
notes: Includes the Bonin Islands, Daitō Islands, Minami-Tori-shima, Okinotorishima, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Volcano Islands. Ownership of the Senkaku Islands and Liancourt Rocks (Japanese:Takeshima, Korean:Dokdo) is in dispute.
Land boundaries: the ocean
Coastline: 29,751 km (18,486 mi)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi); between 3 and 12 nmi (5.6 and 22.2 km; 3.5 and 13.8 mi) in the international straits—La Pérouse (or Sōya Strait), Tsugaru Strait, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait.
exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous, can easily be compared to Norway, both having about 70% of their land in the mountains.
Natural resources: small deposits of coal, oil, iron, and minerals. Major fishing industry.
Land use:
arable land: 11.65%
permanent crops: 0.83%
other: 87.52% (2012)
Irrigated land: 25,000 km² (2010)
Total renewable water resources: 430 km3 (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 90.04 km3/yr (20%/18%/62%)
per capita: 714.3 m3/yr (2007)
Composition, topography and geography[edit]
A topographic map of Japan.
A map of Japan's major cities, main towns and selected smaller centers.
About 73% of Japan is mountainous, with a mountain range running through each of the main islands. Japan's highest mountain is Mount Fuji, with an elevation of 3,776 m (12,388 ft). Japan's forest cover rate is 68.55% since the mountains are heavily forested. The only other developed nations with such a high forest cover percentage are Finland and Sweden.[6]
Since there is little level ground, many hills and mountainsides at lower elevations around towns and cities are often cultivated. As Japan is situated in a volcanic zone along the Pacific deeps, frequent low-intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes occur several times a century. Hot springs are numerous and have been exploited as an economic capital by the leisure industry.
The mountainous islands of the Japanese archipelago form a crescent off the eastern coast of Asia. They are separated from the mainland by the Sea of Japan, which historically served as a protective barrier. The country consists of four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; with more than 6,500 adjacent smaller islands and islets ("island" defined as land more than 100 m in circumference),[7] including the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands in the Nanpō Islands, and the Satsunan Islands, Okinawa Islands, and Sakishima Islands of the Ryukyu Islands.
The national territory also includes the Volcano Islands (Kazan Retto) such as Iwo Jima, located some 1,200 kilometers south of mainland Tokyo. A territorial dispute with Russia, dating from the end of World War II, over the two southernmost of the Kuril Islands, Etorofu and Kunashiri, and the smaller Shikotan Island and Habomai Islands northeast of Hokkaido remains a sensitive spot in Japanese–Russian relations (as of 2005[update]). Excluding disputed territory, the archipelago covers about 377,000 square kilometers. No point in Japan is more than 150 kilometers from the sea.
The four major islands are separated by narrow straits and form a natural entity. The Ryukyu Islands curve 970 kilometers southward from Kyūshū.
The distance between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, the nearest point on the Asian continent, is about 200 kilometers at the Korea Strait. Japan has always been linked with the continent through trade routes, stretching in the north toward Siberia, in the west through the Tsushima Islands to the Korean Peninsula, and in the south to the ports on the south China coast.
The Japanese islands are the summits of mountain ridges uplifted near the outer edge of the continental shelf. About 73 percent of Japan's area is mountainous, and scattered plains and intermontane basins (in which the population is concentrated) cover only about 27 percent. A long chain of mountains runs down the middle of the archipelago, dividing it into two halves, the "face", fronting on the Pacific Ocean, and the "back", toward the Sea of Japan. On the Pacific side are steep mountains 1,500 to 3,000 meters high, with deep valleys and gorges.
Central Japan is marked by the convergence of the three mountain chains—the Hida, Kiso, and Akaishi mountains—that form the Japanese Alps (Nihon Arupusu), several of whose peaks are higher than 3,000 meters. The highest point in the Japanese Alps is Mount Kita at 3,193 meters. The highest point in the country is Mount Fuji (Fujisan, also erroneously called Fujiyama), a volcano dormant since 1707 that rises to 3,776 meters above sea level in Shizuoka Prefecture. On the Sea of Japan side are plateaus and low mountain districts, with altitudes of 500 to 1,500 meters.
None of the populated plains or mountain basins are extensive in area. The largest, the Kantō Plain, where Tokyo is situated, covers only 13,000 square kilometers. Other important plains are the Nōbi Plain surrounding Nagoya, the Kinai Plain in the Osaka–Kyoto area, the Sendai Plain around the city of Sendai in northeastern Honshū, and the Ishikari Plain on Hokkaidō. Many of these plains are along the coast, and their areas have been increased by reclamation throughout recorded history.
The small amount of habitable land has prompted significant human modification of the terrain over many centuries. Land was reclaimed from the sea and from river deltas by building dikes and drainage, and rice paddies were built on terraces carved into mountainsides. The process continued in the modern period with extension of shorelines and building of artificial islands for industrial and port development, such as Port Island in Kobe and the new Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay. Hills and even mountains have been razed to provide flat areas for housing.
Rivers are generally steep and swift, and few are suitable for navigation except in their lower reaches. Although most rivers are less than 300 kilometers in length, their rapid flow from the mountains provides a valuable, renewable resource: hydroelectric power generation. Japan's hydroelectric power potential has been exploited almost to capacity. Seasonal variations in flow have led to extensive development of flood control measures. Most of the rivers are very short. The longest, the Shinano River, which winds through Nagano Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture and flows into the Sea of Japan, is only 367 kilometers long. The largest freshwater lake is Lake Biwa, northeast of Kyoto.
Extensive coastal shipping, especially around the Seto Inland Sea (Seto Naikai), compensates for the lack of navigable rivers. The Pacific coastline south of Tokyo is characterized by long, narrow, gradually shallowing inlets produced by sedimentation, which has created many natural harbors. The Pacific coastline north of Tokyo, the coast of Hokkaidō, and the Sea of Japan coast are generally unindented, with few natural harbors.
In November 2008, Japan filed a request to expand its claimed continental shelf.[8] In April 2012, the U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf recognized around 310,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of seabed around Okinotorishima, giving Japan priority over access to seabed resources in nearby areas. According to U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, the approved expansion is equal to about 82% of Japan's total land area.[8] The People's Republic of China and South Korea have opposed Japan's claim because they view Okinotorishima not as an island, but as a group of rocks.
Climate[edit]
A Köppen climate classification map of Japan.
A village in Niigata Prefecture in January
Kabira Bay on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture in March
Sakura blossoms with Himeji Castle in Hyōgo Prefecture in April
Mount Yari, Nagano Prefecture in October
Most regions of Japan, such as much of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, belong to the temperate zone with humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by four distinct seasons. However, its climate varies from cool humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) in the north such as northern Hokkaido, to warm tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as Ishigaki in the Yaeyama Islands.
The two primary factors influences in Japan's climate are a location near the Asian continent and the existence of major oceanic currents. Two major ocean currents affect Japan: the warm Kuroshio Current (Black Current; also known as the Japan Current); and the cold Oyashio Current (Parent Current; also known as the Okhotsk Current). The Kuroshio Current flows northward on the Pacific side of Japan and warms areas as north as the South Kantō region; a small branch, the Tsushima Current, flows up the Sea of Japan side. The Oyashio Current, which abounds in plankton beneficial to coldwater fish, flows southward along the northern Pacific, cooling adjacent coastal areas. The intersection of these currents at 36 north latitude is a bountiful fishing ground.
Japan's varied geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones.
Hokkaido (北海道, Hokkaidō): Belonging to the humid continental climate, Hokkaido has long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not great.
Sea of Japan (日本海, Nihonkai): The northwest seasonal wind in winter gives heavy snowfall, which south of Tohoku mostly melts before the beginning of spring. In summer it is a little less rainy than the Pacific area but sometimes experiences extreme high temperatures due to the foehn wind phenomenon.
Central Highland (中央高地, Chūō-kōchi): A typical inland climate gives large temperature variations between summers and winters and between days and nights. Precipitation is lower than on the coast due to rain shadow effects.
Seto Inland Sea (瀬戸内海, Setonaikai): The mountains in the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions block the seasonal winds and bring mild climate and many fine days throughout the year.
Pacific Ocean (太平洋, Taiheiyō): The climate varies greatly between the north and the south but generally winters are significantly milder and sunnier than those of the side that faces the Sea of Japan. Summers are hot due to the southeast seasonal wind. Precipitation is very heavy in the south, and heavy in the summer in the north. The climate of the Ogasawara Island chain in the Pacific Ocean ranges from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) to tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with temperatures being warm to hot all year round.
Ryukyu Islands (南西諸島, Nansei-shotō): The climate of these islands ranges from humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north to tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very high, and is especially affected by the rainy season and typhoons.
Japan is generally a rainy country with high humidity. Because of its wide range of latitude, seasonal winds and different types of ocean currents, Japan has a variety of climates, with a latitude range of the inhabited islands from 24° to 46° north, which is comparable to the range between Nova Scotia and The Bahamas in the east coast of North America. Tokyo is at about 35 degrees north latitude, comparable to that of Tehran, Athens, or Las Vegas.
Regional climatic variations range from humid continental in the northern island of Hokkaido extending down through northern Japan to the Central Highland, then blending with and eventually changing to a humid subtropical climate on the Pacific Coast and ultimately reaching tropical rainforest climate on the Yaeyama Islands of the Ryukyu Islands. Climate also varies dramatically with altitude and with location on the Pacific Ocean or on the Sea of Japan.
Northern Japan has warm summers but long, cold winters with heavy snow. Central Japan in its elevated position, has hot summers and moderate to short winters with some areas having very heavy snow, and southwestern Japan has long hot summer and short mild winters. The generally temperate climate exhibits marked seasonal variation such as the blooming of the spring cherry blossoms, the calls of the summer cicada and fall foliage colors that are celebrated in art and literature.
The climate from June to September is marked by hot, wet weather brought by tropical airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. These airflows are full of moisture and deposit substantial amounts of rain when they reach land. There is a marked rainy season, beginning in early June and continuing for about a month. It is followed by hot, sticky weather. Five or six typhoons pass over or near Japan every year from early August to early October, sometimes resulting in significant damage. Annual precipitation averages between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (40 and 100 in) except for the areas such as Kii Peninsula and Yakushima Island which is Japan's wettest place[9] with the annual precipitation being one of the world's highest at 4,000 to 10,000 mm.[10]
Maximum precipitation, like the rest of East Asia, occurs in the summer months except on the Sea of Japan coast where strong northerly winds produce a maximum in late autumn and early winter. Except for a few sheltered inland valleys during December and January, precipitation in Japan is above 25 millimetres (1 in) of rainfall equivalent in all months of the year, and in the wettest coastal areas it is above 100 millimetres (4 in) per month throughout the year.
In winter, the Siberian High develops over the Eurasian land mass and the Aleutian Low develops over the northern Pacific Ocean. The result is a flow of cold air southeastward across Japan that brings freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls to the central mountain ranges facing the Sea of Japan, but clear skies to areas fronting on the Pacific.
Mid June to mid July is generally the rainy season in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, excluding Hokkaidō since the seasonal rain front or baiu zensen (梅雨前線) dissipates in northern Honshu before reaching Hokkaido. In Okinawa, the rainy season starts early in May and continues until mid June. Unlike the rainy season in mainland Japan, it rains neither everyday nor all day long during the rainy season in Okinawa. Between July and October, typhoons, grown from tropical depressions generated near the equator, can attack Japan with furious rainstorms.
The warmest winter temperatures are found in the Nanpō and Bonin Islands, which enjoy a tropical climate due to the combination of latitude, distance from the Asian mainland, and warming effect of winds from the Kuroshio, as well as the Volcano Islands (at the latitude of the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, 24° N). The coolest summer temperatures are found on the northeastern coast of Hokkaidō in Kushiro and Nemuro Subprefectures.
Sunshine, in accordance with Japan’s uniformly heavy rainfall, is generally modest in quantity, though no part of Japan receives the consistently gloomy fogs that envelope the Sichuan Basin or Taipei. Amounts range from about six hours per day in the Inland Sea coast and sheltered parts of the Pacific Coast and Kantō Plain to four hours per day on the Sea of Japan coast of Hokkaidō. In December there is a very pronounced sunshine gradient between the Sea of Japan and Pacific coasts, as the former side can receive less than 30 hours and the Pacific side as much as 180 hours. In summer, however, sunshine hours are lowest on exposed parts of the Pacific coast where fogs from the Oyashio current create persistent cloud cover similar to that found on the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
As an island nation, Japan has the 7th longest coastline in the world.[11][12] A few prefectures are landlocked: Gunma, Tochigi, Saitama, Nagano, Yamanashi, Gifu, Shiga, and Nara. As Mt. Fuji and the coastal Japanese Alps provide a rain shadow, Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures receive the least precipitation in Honshu, though it still exceeds 900 millimetres (35 in) annually. A similar effect is found in Hokkaido, where Okhotsk Subprefecture receives as little as 750 millimetres (30 in) per year. All other prefectures have coasts on the Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Seto Inland Sea or have a body of salt water connected to them. Two prefectures—Hokkaido and Okinawa—are composed entirely of islands.
The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan, 41.0 °C (105.8 °F), occurred in Shimanto, Kochi on August 12, 2013.[13]
Environmental issues[edit]
Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
Environment - current issues: In the 2006 environment annual report,[14] the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer, conservation of the atmospheric environment, water and soil, waste management and recycling, measures for chemical substances, conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation.
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes (Basel Convention), Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection (Montreal Protocol), Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands (Ramsar Convention), Whaling
signed and ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Natural hazards[edit]
The aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Ten percent of the world's active volcanoes—forty in the early 1990s (another 148 were dormant)—are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 7 are common. Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the twentieth century was the great Kantō earthquake of 1923, in which 130,000 people died. Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis (津波).
On March 11, 2011 Japan was subject to a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake and a massive tsunami as a result. The March 11 quake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and is the world's fourth largest earthquake to strike since 1900, according to the U.S. Geological Service. It struck offshore about 371 kilometres (231 mi) northeast of Tokyo and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east of the city of Sendai, and created a massive tsunami that devastated Japan's northeastern coastal areas. At least 100 aftershocks registering a 6.0 magnitude or higher have followed the main shock. At least 15,000 people died as a result.
Japan has become a world leader in research on causes and prediction of earthquakes. The development of advanced technology has permitted the construction of skyscrapers even in earthquake-prone areas. Extensive civil defence efforts focus on training in protection against earthquakes, in particular against accompanying fire, which represents the greatest danger.
Another common hazard are several typhoons that reach Japan from the Pacific every year and heavy snowfall during winter in the snow country regions, causing landslides, flooding, and avalanches.
Regions[edit]
Main article: Regions of Japan
Japan is informally divided into eight regions. Each contains several prefectures, except the Hokkaido region, which covers only Hokkaido Prefecture.
The region is not an official administrative unit, but has been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts: for example, maps and geography textbooks divide Japan into the eight regions, weather reports usually give the weather by region, and many businesses and institutions use their home region as part of their name (Kinki Nippon Railway, Chūgoku Bank, Tohoku University, etc.). While Japan has eight High Courts, their jurisdictions do not correspond to the eight regions.
Extreme points[edit]
Main article: Extreme points of Japan
This is a list of the extreme points of Japan, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
Japan[edit]
Northernmost point
Benten-jima, Wakkanai, Hokkaido – 45°31'35″N, 141°55'09″E
Including land currently disputed with Russia: Cape Kamuiwakka (カムイワッカ岬, Kamuiwakka-misaki)), Etorufu – 45°33'N, 148°45'E
Southernmost point: Okinotorishima – 20°25'N, 136°04'E
Westernmost point: Yonaguni – 24°27′N, 122°59′E
Easternmost point: Minami-Tori-shima – 24°18′N, 153°58′E
Japan (main islands)[edit]
Northernmost point: Cape Sōya, Wakkanai, Hokkaido – 45°31'N, 141°56'E
Southernmost point: Cape Sata on Ōsumi Peninsula, Minamiōsumi, Kagoshima – 30°59'N, 130°39'E
Westernmost point: Kōsakibana (神崎鼻), Sasebo (formerly Kosaza), Nagasaki – 33°13'N, 129°33'E
Easternmost point: Cape Nosappu (納沙布岬, Nosappu-misaki)), Nemuro, Hokkaido – 43°22'N, 145°49′E
Elevation extremes[edit]
Lowest point: Hachirōgata – -4 m
Highest point: Mount Fuji – 3,776 m
Antipodes[edit]
The Ogasawara islands.
The only part of Japan with antipodes over land are the Ryukyu Islands, though the islands off the western coast of Kyūshū are close.
The northernmost antipodal island in the Ryukyu Island chain, Nakanoshima, is opposite the Brazilian coast near Capão da Canoa. The other islands south to the Straits of Okinawa correspond to southern Brazil, with Gaja Island being opposite the outskirts of Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Takarajima with Jua, Amami Ōshima covering the villages of Carasinho and Fazenda Pae João, Ginoza, Okinawa with Palmas, Paraná, the Kerama Islands with Pato Branco, Tonaki Island with São Lourenço do Oeste, and Kume Island corresponding to Palma Sola. The main Daitō Islands correspond to near Guaratuba, with Oki Daitō Island near Apiaí.
The Sakishima Islands beyond the straits are antipodal to Paraguay, from the Brazilian border almost to Asunción, with Ishigaki overlapping San Isidro de Curuguaty, and the uninhabited Senkaku Islands surrounding Villarrica.
See also[edit]
Geology of Japan
List of islands of Japan
List of lakes of Japan
List of mountains and hills of Japan by height
List of national parks of Japan
List of peninsulas of Japan
List of rivers of Japan
Japanese addressing system
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Japan". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shinano River". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lake Biwa". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Jump up ^ "離島の現状について" (PDF). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Forest area". The World Bank Group. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "島とは何か". Center for Research and Promotion of Japanese Islands. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Japan granted more continental shelf". Upi.com. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Japan Climate Charts Index". Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Yakushima World Heritage property". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "The length of the coast for the countries of the world". Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Coastline Lengths / Countries of the World". world.bymap.org. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
Jump up ^ Kochi Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan - 41 Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. - Asahi Shimbun
Jump up ^ Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2006, Ministry of the Environment
All Geography of Japan information taken from the "Japan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. .
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies document "Japan".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Japan.
"Colton's Japan: Nippon, Kiusiu, Sikok, Yesso and the Japanese Kuriles" a map from 1855
Terrain of Japan - GJI Maps(Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)
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