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List of Attack on Titan characters
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The Attack on Titan manga and anime series feature an extensive cast of fictional characters created by Hajime Isayama. The story is set in a world where humanity lives in cities surrounded by enormous walls; a defense against the Titans, gigantic humanoids that eat humans seemingly without reason. The story initially centers on Eren Yeager with his childhood friends Mikasa Ackerman and Armin Arlert, who join the military to fight the Titans after their home town is invaded and Eren's mother is eaten. They are part of the 104th Training Corps, whose graduates assume different positions in the Military, including the Garrison Regiment, the Survey Corps and the Military Police Brigade.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main characters
2 104th Training Corps
3 Military
3.1 Garrison Regiment
3.2 Survey Corps
3.2.1 Special Operations Squad
3.3 Military Police Brigade
4 Other characters
5 Titans
6 Notes
7 Works cited
7.1 Attack on Titan manga
7.2 Attack on Titan anime
7.3 Other Attack on Titan media
8 References
Main characters[edit]
Eren Yeager (エレン・イェーガー, Eren Yēgā, alt. "Eren Jaeger")
Main article: Eren Yeager
The main protagonist of the series who, after witnessing his mother being devoured by a Titan, dedicates his life to their eradication. After graduating fifth in his cadet class, he is swallowed by a bearded Titan during his first mission in Trost.[vol. 1] However, he soon reappears as a 15-meter (49 ft) Rogue Titan who fights other Titans on equal ground.[vol. 1][vol. 2] His ability as the "Rogue Titan" makes him the target of multiple parties that include those who see him as a tool to eradicate the Titans, other humans who can become Titans, and those who perceive Eren as a rebellion-inducing threat to the status quo.[vol. 2,3] Placed into the Survey Corps' Special Operations Squad, he attempts to control his Titan-changing ability and discovers he has other abilities as well. Author Hajime Isayama stated that Eren's Titan form's physique was modeled after middleweight mixed martial artist Yushin Okami.[1][2]
Eren is voiced by Yūki Kaji.[GB p.19] In the Funimation English dub, his name is spelled Eren Jaeger and he is voiced by Bryce Papenbrook.[3] In the live-action film, Eren is portrayed by Haruma Miura.[4] In his voicing, Papenbrook noted the character's guttural screams and the "raw sound" and "disgusting and dirty" voice of Eren's Titan form.[5]
Mikasa Ackerman (ミカサ・アッカーマン, Mikasa Akkāman, alt. "Mikasa Ackermann")
Mikasa is Eren's childhood friend who was taken in by his family.[GB p. 36] She is a quiet and withdrawn girl and maintains a stoic expression except when it comes to Eren, and has been seen to go berserk when Eren is at risk. When Mikasa's parents were killed by slave traders, she went into shock until Eren saves her and motivates her to fight back.[ch. 6][ep 6] As a result, she is very protective of Eren, and follows him wherever she can in joining the military and its related divisions and squads.[vol. 2,3][GB p.37] She is the last-known person of Asian descent residing in the Walls[ch. 6][ep 6][GB p.39] She graduates at the top of the cadet class,[ch. 2] and is regarded by officers as an unprecedented genius and prodigy, easily worth a hundred men in battle.[vol. 3,4] In the author's blog, Isayama notes that her name comes from the Mikasa, a battleship from the Imperial Japanese Navy.[6]
Mikasa is voiced by Yui Ishikawa.[GB p.20] In the English dub, her last name is spelled Ackermann, and she is voiced by Trina Nishimura.[7][8] In the live-action film, she is portrayed by Kiko Mizuhara.[4] Ishikawa says that Mikasa cares mainly about Eren, and keeps a distance from the rest of the world. She says that "While she might seem like a character with so few emotional levels, there are actually many feelings that swirl around her heart."[GB p.20]
Armin Arlert (アルミン・アルレルト, Arumin Arureruto, alt. "Armin Arlelt")
Armin is Eren's childhood friend who joins him in the Scouts to order to make a meaningful difference in the world, and to fulfill his dream of seeing the outside world.[ch. 84] He initially has an inferiority complex, believing he barely passed the combat graduation exam (but was top of the class academically)[ch. 3], and whining that he hates being cowardly and having to rely on friends all the time.[ch. 11] However as the story progresses he gains confidence in himself and his abilities when he realizes that he can use his brain.[ep 10] Despite his self-perceived shortcomings, he vigorously defends Eren when the Military wanted to fire cannons at them, and brings Eren out of his feral Titan state following the latter's second full transformation where he attacks Mikasa,[vol. 3] Armin convinces Eren to overcome his hesitation to fight Annie. In the military, he impresses the higher-ups by deducing the human identity of the Female Titan.[ep 24][GB p. 40-43]
Later chapters describe him as being intelligent, a talented tactician, a deep thinker with good judgement, level-headedness, and ability to think outside the box.[ch. 82] During a battle at Shinganshina, Armin comes up with a plan to defeat the Colossal Titan where he acts as bait for Eren to capture Bertolt. The plan succeeds, but his body is severely burned in the occasion. [ch. 82] However, Levi saves his life by injecting him with Titan serum, and he acquires the Colossal Titan's power after eating the captured Bertolt.[ch. 84]
Armin is voiced by Marina Inoue.[GB p.20] The English dub spells his last name Arlelt,[ep 1] and Josh Grelle voices him.[9] In the live-action feature film, Kanata Hongō plays Armin. Inoue describes Armin as "withdrawn but slowly grows to the point where he's able to say what he believes".[GB p.20]
Reiner Braun (ライナー・ブラウン, Rainā Buraun)
Reiner is the protagonist from the Marley perspective. Ranked second of the trainee class,[ch. 2] Reiner is described as strong as an ox, and able to earn the trust of his comrades. He and Bertolt hail from a mountain village southeast of Wall Maria when it was attacked by Titans.[vol. 4] His initial reason for fighting is so he can return to his home town.[GB p.56-57] It is revealed that he is the Armored Titan (鎧の巨人, Yoroi no Kyojin)[vol. 10-11] a 15-meter (49 ft) Titan who at the start of the series destroyed the inner gate of Shiganshina that allowed Titans to breach Wall Maria.[ep 2] The Survey Corps defeat Reiner in a later battle at Shinganshina using an armor-piercing "Thunder Spear".[ch. 82] In a post on his blog, author Hajime Isayama stated that the Armored Titan's physique was based on that of professional wrestler and mixed martial artist Brock Lesnar.[10] Reiner is voiced by Yoshimasa Hosoya in the Japanese anime.[11] Robert McCollum provides his voice in the English version.[9]

104th Training Corps[edit]
The members of the 104th Training Corps (第104期訓練兵団, Dai-hyakuyon-ki Kunren Heidan) graduating class. In the manga, the top ten cadets were listed by their individual ranks,[ch. 2] but in the anime, the top ten are recognized as a group.[ep 4] Along with Eren, Mikasa, and Armin, there are the following members:
Bertolt Hoover (ベルトルト・フーバー, Berutoruto Fūbā, alt. "Bertholdt Hoover"[12])
Ranked third in the class,[ch. 2] Bertolt is described as having potential and able to master every skill he has been taught, but lacks drive and initiative.[ch. 18][vol. 5:profiles] He is also from a mountain village southeast of Wall Maria.[vol. 4][GB p.58-59] He is later revealed to be the Colossus Titan (超大型巨人, Chō-ōgata Kyojin, alt. "Colossal Titan"[ep 4]), a 60-meter (200 ft)[ch. 9] Titan with a physical appearance resembling a skinless humanoid;[vol. 10-11] who appears in the opening storyline to breach Shiganshina, and years later, breaches the outer wall of Trost.[ch. 4] One of his specialties as a Titan is releasing hot steam to protect himself and repel his opponents.[ch. 44] In Volume 12, Reiner hints that Bertolt is in love with Annie.[vol. 12] In a later battle at Shinganshina,[ch. 82] he is captured by Eren, and left to be eaten by Armin, who was injected with the Titan Serum to have the former regain his human form.[ch. 83,84] Bertolt is voiced by Tomohisa Hashizume in the Japanese anime.[11] In the English dub, his name is spelled Bertholdt Hoover and he is voiced by David Matranga.[12]
Annie Leonhart (アニ・レオンハート, Ani Reonhāto)
A small-statured girl who is described as skilled in combat, and a realist who tends to be a loner.[ch. 18][vol. 5:profile] During cadet training, she teaches Eren some of her melee skills that she learned from her father.[ep 4][ch. 17] Having placed fourth in her class,[ch. 2] she joins the Military Police,[ch. 3] where she is regarded as being the quiet girl.[vol. 8][GB p.54-55] She is ultimately revealed to be the Female Titan (女型の巨人, Megata no Kyojin), a 14-meter (46 ft) Titan with an unprecedented feminine body structure, able to harden her skin and regenerate her body parts during fights.[ep 18][ep 20][ep 21][vol. 5,6]. She ambushes the 57th expedition to Wall Maria, destroying Levi's special operations squad, and captures Eren briefly.[ch. 29] However, she is outed during the Stohess District storyline after Armin determined that she killed captured Titans Sawney and Bean and presented Marco's equipment at the interrogation.[ep 19][ep 23][vol. 8] Following her defeat, Annie encases herself in crystal to prevent further probing as to her motives, which originate from her father's wishes to treat the world as their enemy.[ep 24][ch. 34][GB p.54-55] Annie is voiced by Yū Shimamura in the Japanese anime.[11] In the English dub, she is voiced by Lauren Landa.[9] At Magic City Comic-Con 2015, Landa said that she used a low-pitched and emotionless voice in portraying Annie.[13]
Jean Kirstein (ジャン・キルシュタイン, Jan Kirushutain, alt. "Jean Kirschtein")
A hot-headed guy who speaks his mind, he plans to join the Military Police in order to live safely within Wall Sheena.[ch. 3] He and Eren have opposing ideals; Jean thinks Eren is suicidal for wanting to be on the front line, while Eren thinks Jean is cowardly.[vol. 4] He graduates sixth in the class.[ch. 2] In the battle at Trost, when he leads a group to retreat to the supply house, he is shaken up that his decisions have led to the deaths of some of his comrades.[vol. 2] After his close friend Marco dies, he joins the Survey Corps.[ch. 18] Isayama said that Jean is his favorite character because he says what he thinks.[2][GB p.44-45] Jean is voiced by Kishō Taniyama in the Japanese anime. In the Funimation English version, his last name is spelled Kirschtein, and he is voiced by Mike McFarland.[14] In the live-action film, he is portrayed by Takahiro Miura.[4]
Marco Bott (マルコ・ボット, Maruko Botto)
Ranked seventh of the trainee class, Marco is from the Jinae District, and is close friends with Armin and Jean.[ch. 2] He wants to join the Military Police so he can serve King Fritz, only to end up being killed under mysterious circumstances near the end of the battle of Trost.[ch. 3,15][vol. 4] Annie having used Marco's gear to cover up her killing of Sonny and Bean, it is later revealed that his death was caused by her, Reiner and Bertolt when he overheard their identity as Titan Shifters and they took his gear so he would be killed by a titan.[vol. 8][GB p.60-61][ch. 77] He is voiced by Ryōta Ōsaka in the Japanese anime.[11] In the English dub, his name is spelled Marco Bodt, and he is voiced by Austin Tindle.[14]
Connie Springer (コニー・スプリンガー, Konī Supuringā, alt. "Conny Springer"[14])
Connie hails from the Ragako District of Wall Rose.[ch. 15] He sports a buzz cut,[ch. 2] and has an outgoing and upbeat personality, trying his best to keep his teammates pumped up, not shying away from encounters with Titans.[ch. 3] His training instructor describes him as having a good sense of balance and effective at the vertical maneuvering equipment, but has a slow mind and makes strategic mistakes.[ch. 18] Having ranked eighth in his class,[ch. 2] he initially plans to join the Military Police, but changes his mind after hearing Eren's speech,[ch. 3] and eventually joins the Survey Corps.[ch. 21][GB p.46-47] Connie is voiced by Hiro Shimono in the Japanese dub of the anime.[11] In the Funimation dub, his name is spelled Conny Springer, and he is voiced by Clifford Chapin.[14]
Sasha Blouse (サシャ・ブラウス, Sasha Burausu, alt. "Sasha Braus")
Sasha is a hunter from the mountain Dauper District.[ch. 15] Her hair is styled in a ponytail.[ch. 2] She is noted as having remarkable instincts, but issues with structure.[vol. 4] She loves food, and was once nicknamed "Potato Girl" (芋女, Imo Onna) because she was eating one during a military drill.[15][GB p.60] She joins the military after getting into an argument with her father when he told her they had to give up their traditional lifestyle of hunting in the forest in favor of farming to support the large number of refugees moving to the area after the fall of Wall Maria.[ch. 36][GB p.48-49] In the Japanese anime, Sasha is voiced by Yū Kobayashi.[11] In the Funimation English version, her last name is spelled Braus and she is voiced by Ashly Burch.[14] In the live-action film, she is portrayed by Nanami Sakuraba.[4]
Krista Lenz (クリスタ・レンズ, Kurisuta Renzu, alt. "Christa Lenz")
A petite girl who is described as friendly, warm-hearted,[ch. 16][vol. 5:profiles] and popular to the point where her peers regard her as a goddess or an angel, and want to marry her.[GB p.50-51] [ch. 24,39]. Her true identity is Historia Reiss (ヒストリア・レイス, Hisutoria Reisu), the illegitimate child of Rod Reiss[ch. 41-42], she was raised by her mother at a farm where she only interacted with her once, during which her mother pushed her away and wished she had the courage to kill her. She then lived with her grandparents. After the fall of Wall Maria, Historia was introduced to her father Rod Reiss, but when a group of men surround them with her mother killed. Rod convinces the men to spare her and let her live among the refugees, where she assumes the name Krista Lenz, which came from a book she had read.[vol. 12,13] Krista later joins the 104th Training Corps where she ranked tenth in her trainee class,[ch. 2] and participated in the defense of Trost in the year 850.[ch. 5,11][GN p.50] When Ymir sacrifices herself to save her at Castle Utgard, caring for her friend even after revealing herself to be Titan, Krista honors the promise they made prior by revealing her true identity.[vol. 12][vol. 13]
Krista is voiced by Shiori Mikami in the Japanese anime.[11][16] In the Funimation English version, her name is spelled Christa Lenz, and she is voiced by Bryn Apprill.[14]

Ymir (ユミル, Yumiru)
A member of the 104th graduating class and a close friend of Krista.[ch. 36] She stays distant from her other training classmates and is harsh and critical. It is also hinted that she held back her abilities so that Krista could place tenth in the training corps standings.[GB p. 52-53] When the Titans attack Castle Utgard, Ymir transforms into a 7-meter (23 ft) chimpanzee-like Titan that is nimble enough to face several larger ones with her speed, claws, and teeth.[ch. 41-42] Prior to the events in the series, Ymir had spent sixty years as a Titan outside the walls until she stole the power to become a Titan by eating a friend of Reiner and Bertolt named Marcel during the attack on Wall Maria, becoming a Titan Shifter and infiltrating the city, where she met Krista. When she and Eren are later captured by Reiner and Bertolt, she allies with the latter two as long as they agree to keep Krista safe.[vol. 12] Some time after Krista becomes Queen, Ymir sends a letter to her where she states that she will soon be killed, possibly by another soldier who will be transformed into a Titan and eat her to obtain her power. This is later confirmed by Galliard, who reclaimed the Titan power by devouring Ymir.[ch. 93] Ymir is voiced by Saki Fujita in the Japanese version,[11] and by Elizabeth Maxwell in the English version.[14]
Military[edit]
The Military is divided into three divisions: the Garrison Regiment, the Survey Corps, and the Military Police Brigade. It is commanded by Darius Zackly. Applicants into the Military are first required to enter the Training Corps overseen by Keith Shadis, after which they are allowed to join one of the three divisions.
Darius Zackly (ダリス・ザックレー, Darisu Zakkurē, alt. "Dhalis Zachary")
Darius is the commander-in-chief of the military. He first appears at Eren's tribunal where he assigns Eren to the Survey Corps.[ch. 18] After it was shown that the nobles would abandon the people of Wall Rose should it be breached by Titans, he pledges to support Erwin's plan to overthrow the monarchy.[vol. 15] In the Japanese anime, he is voiced by Hideaki Tezuka. In the Funimation version, his name is spelled Dhalis Zachary and he is voiced by John Swasey.[ep 14]
Keith Shadis (キース・シャーディス, Kīsu Shādisu, alt. "Keith Sadies")
The instructor who is in charge of the training of the 104th Corp recruits. His face and head are cleanly shaven except for a patch of beard beneath his chin.[vol. 4] Before the fall of Wall Maria in the year 845, he became the 12th Commander of the Survey Corps, which had struggled to establish a base beyond the Walls with no success. He then became the first commander to pass his position to a successor (Erwin) without dying. He was close friends with Eren's parents.[ch. 71] In the Japanese anime, he is voiced by Tsuguo Mogami. In the Funimation English dub, his surname is spelled Sadies, but pronounced "Shardis". Patrick Seitz provides the voice.[ep 2]
Garrison Regiment[edit]
The Garrison Regiment (駐屯兵団, Chūton Heidan) are the soldiers that protect the towns and reinforce the Walls. They are the first line of defense against the Titans, maintaining a defensive stance. They are the largest force in the military due to the small number of members in the Military Police Brigade and the high death rate of the Survey Corps.
Hannes (ハンネス, Hannesu)
A Garrison soldier who saves Eren and Mikasa during the attack on Shiganshina,[ch. 1] While Eren finishes cadet training, Hannes becomes a Garrison squad leader. He seeks to repay a debt to the Yeager Family for saving his own wife and family from a deadly disease.[ch. 3][GB p.66-67] Hannes assisted Mikasa and the other Survey Corps in rescuing Eren from Reiner and Bertolt. He would later die fighting the Titan that ate Eren's mother.[ch. 50] Isayama said that Hannes and the Garrison Soldiers in volume 1 resemble him the most as they sit around and drink booze.[2] He is voiced by Keiji Fujiwara in the Japanese version, and by David Wald in the English version.[14]
Dot Pixis (ドット・ピクシス, Dotto Pikushisu, alt. "Dot Pyxis")
Dot Pixis is the highest-ranking commander of the Southern Territory.[ch. 12] He is sometimes viewed as eccentric.[ch. 12] Upon learning about the breach at Trost, he and his men stop Captain Woerman from shooting Eren after the latter is revealed to be able to transform into a Titan,[ch. 11] He then mobilizes his soldiers in a mission to protect Eren during the latter's attempt to seal the wall. [ch. 12] He appears later in the series to support Erwin's plan to overthrow the monarchy.[ch. 55] In a 2010 post on his blog, Isayama stated he modeled Dot Pixis after Imperial Japanese Army General Akiyama Yoshifuru.[17] However, this raised a heated discussion and death threats on his blog in 2013, with angry participants questioning Akiyama's participation or lack thereof in the Sino-Japanese War and the Imperial Japanese rule over Korea.[18] Dot is voiced by Masahiko Tanaka in the Japanese anime. In the Funimation English version, his last name is spelled Pyxis, and he is voiced by R Bruce Elliott.[12]
Survey Corps[edit]
The Survey Corps (調査兵団, Chōsa Heidan, alt. "Scout Regiment"[19]) is composed of expeditionary soldiers that venture outside the Walls. Their goal is to discover more about the origins and source of the Titans, their motives, and weaknesses; ultimately how to fight and defeat them. They are an integral component in the military's campaign to recapture Wall Maria. Due to this, the division suffers from a much larger casualty rate than the Military police or the Garrison Regiment.[citation needed]
Erwin Smith (エルヴィン・スミス, Eruvin Sumisu)
Commander of the Survey Corps, who led the last mission before the fall of Wall Maria. After learning of a mole among the military ranks, he leads the 57th expedition with the secret objective of exposing and capturing the person, hiding the information from even his most trusted subordinates.[ep 20] When Eren is kidnapped by Bertolt and Reiner, he leads a team to rescue him, having his right arm eaten by a Titan in the occasion.[ch. 49] Once realizing that their efforts against the Titans are being hindered by the Royalty, he gathers allies to stage a revolution and overthrow it. Erwin then leads an expedition to Shinganshina to seal the breach on Wall Maria, where he and his forces face a combined attack of the Beast Titan, the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan. After Erwin is mortally wounded while confronting the Beast Titan, Levi decides that injecting him with the titan serum is the logical choice, however, after coming to the realization that Erwin is neither respected nor looked at as a human being by the rest of the Survey Corps he decides to free him from hell, and Armin is given the injection by default. Levi also states that it was due to his "personal feelings" for Erwin that he made the choice to let him "rest" [ch. 85]. He is voiced by Daisuke Ono in the Japanese anime,[11][20] and by J. Michael Tatum in the English version.[14]
Zoë Hange (ハンジ・ゾエ, Hanji Zoe, alt. "Hange Zoë")[a]
Hange is a squad leader in the Survey Corps and a scientist who studies the Titans.[ep 14] Hange shows little fear when interacting with them, and is thus ecstatic when initially meeting Eren.[ch. 20] Hange had a strong hatred against Titans until the discovery of Ilse Langnar's notebook provided some new insight into how the Titans may be able to think. Hange also provides the special weapons they use, such as a barrel that fires multiple grappling hooks to capture Titans alive.[GB p.80-81] After Erwin steps down, Hange becomes commander of the Survey Corps in his stead.[volume & issue needed]
In the original English translation of the manga, and in the anime, Hange is referred to as a female.[vol. 5] However, in his blog in 2011, Isayama responded to a question regarding Hange's gender by responding "Perhaps [Hange's gender] is better left unstated".[22] In 2014, Kodansha USA stated they went back through volume 5 and removed gender-specific pronouns they had used for reprint,[23] and references from volume 6 onwards.[24] Hange is voiced by Romi Park in the Japanese anime,[11][20] is voiced by Jessica Calvello in the English dub,[12] and is portrayed by Satomi Ishihara in the live-action film.[4]
Mike Zacharius (ミケ・ザカリアス, Mike Zakariasu, alt. "Miche Zacharius")
A Survey Corps squad leader who has a peculiar habit of snorting and sniffing people when he meets them for the first time.[ep 14][ch. 19] His strength is second to Levi among the Survey Corps squad leaders. When Wall Rosé is breached by the Titans, Zacharius uses himself as a decoy to distract nine titans while his fellow soldiers escape. Zacharius manages to kill five of his opponents before he is incepted by the Beastly Titan. Zacharius is shocked to hear the titan speaking his language while being relieved of his gear, left to be devoured by the other three remaining Titans.[ch. 35] He is voiced by Kenta Miyake in Japanese. In the Funimation English dub, his first name was spelled Miche, and he is voiced by Jason Douglas.[ep 14]
Ilse Langnar (イルゼ・ラングナー, Iruze Rangunā)
Ilse was on the Survey Corps' 34th expedition. She had been taking detailed notes of her experiences outside the Walls, including her encounter with a Titan who reached out to her in reverence, thinking that she was "Lady Ymir", but then went berserk and ate her. Her story is recounted in the special chapter and an OVA titled "Ilse's Notebook" (イルゼの手帳, Iruze no Techō).[vol. 5] She is voiced by Sachi Kokuryu in Japanese.[citation needed] In the Funimation English dub of Attack on Titan: Junior High, she is voiced by Marissa Lenti.[citation needed]
Thomas (トーマ, Tōma)
Thomas is a member of the Survey Corps; he has dark hair and a goatee. He carries the news of the Titans breaching Wall Rose to Erwin and some of the citizens.[ch. 36]
Nanaba (ナナバ)
A member of the Survey Corps, Nanaba has short blond hair. She first appears during the 57th Expedition where she leads Krista's team in the forest used to ambush the Female Titan.[ep 18] She has some supporting roles in the Stohess storyline, and leads part of the squad when the Titans have breached Wall Rose.[ch. 35] She is eaten by the Titans when the latter invade Castle Utgard.[ch. 40]
Special Operations Squad[edit]
The Survey Corps Special Operations Squad (調査兵団特別作戦班, Chōsa Heidan Tokubetsu Sakusen-han) is a squad of elite soldiers hand-picked by Levi.
Levi (リヴァイ, Rivai)
He is known as humanity's most powerful soldier and head of an elite squad in the Survey Corps. Hange remarks that he is a bit of a "clean freak".[25] While it is said that he is blunt and unapproachable, it is noted that he has a strong respect for authority, structure and discipline.[volume & issue needed] The side story Attack on Titan: No Regrets focuses on Levi's origins, revealing that he was part of a band of thieves using the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment to commit crimes before he is scouted by Erwin to join the army. Captain Kenny Ackerman later notes that the capture of Eren and Krista has to do with Levi, whom he refers to as "Levi Ackerman".[volume & issue needed] Kenny is later revealed to be Levi's maternal uncle, who raised him after his mother Kuchel's death.[volume & issue needed] Levi was modeled after the Watchmen character Rorschach[26] and is named after a child Isayama noticed in the documentary Jesus Camp.[27] Levi is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya,[11] and by Matthew Mercer in the English dub.[12]
Eld Jinn (エルド・ジン, Erudo Jin, alt. "Eld Gin")
Deputy leader of the Survey Corps Special Ops, he has 14 Titan kills and 32 assists.[ep 15][ch. 26] He has a calm demeanor. After the Female Titan is initially devoured, he leads the Squad to protect Eren in their retreat but when the Female Titan reappears, he has the Squad attack her, but she bites his head off and spits it out.[ep 21][ch. 28] He is voiced by Susumu Chiba. In the Funimation English dub, his name is spelled Eld Gin and he is voiced by Vic Mignogna.[28][ep 15]
Oluo Bozado (オルオ・ボザド, Oruo Bozado, alt. "Oruo Bozad")
Bozado is a soldier who is introduced with 39 Titan kills and 9 assists.[ep 15][ch. 26] He is depicted as arrogant and boastful, although there is a running gag that whenever he is bragging while on his horse, he literally bites his tongue.[ep 15][ep 17][ch. 20,22] Despite helping disable the regenerated Female Titan, he is eventually killed by one of her roundhouse kicks.[ep 21][ch. 28] He is voiced by Shinji Kawada in the Japanese anime. In the Funimation version, his name is spelled Oruo Bozad, and he is voiced by Chris Smith.[ep 15]
Petra Ral (ペトラ・ラル, Petora Raru, alt. "Petra Rall")
Petra is a skilled and experienced fighter, introduced with having killed 58 Titans (10 solo, 48 assists).[ep 15][ch. 26] She too is killed by the regenerated Female Titan, after trying to flee and getting kicked into a tree.[ep 21][ch. 28] Levi later learns from her father that she had feelings for him.[ch. 30] She is voiced by Natsuki Aikawa in the Japanese version. In the Funimation English dub, her name is spelled Petra Rall, and she is voiced by Caitlin Glass.[12][ep 15]
Günther Schultz (グンタ・シュルツ, Gunta Shurutsu)
Günther is a soldier who has logged 47 Titan kills, 7 solo.[ep 15][ch. 26] On the 57th expedition to the lands outside the wall, he is killed during the retreat in the forest by a scout who transforms into the Female Titan.[ep 21][ch. 28] Gunther is voiced by Kozo Mito in the Japanese version, and by Brett Weaver in the English version.[ep 15]
Military Police Brigade[edit]
The Military Police Brigade (憲兵団, Kenpeidan) is composed of soldiers assigned to watch over the Training corps, supervise the Garrison Regiment, control the fire departments, and arrest and detain political criminals and offenders. The top ten of each training class are eligible to join, although some experienced members can transfer from the Garrison. As their tasks mainly involve administration and behind the scenes work, they do not experience front-line combat with Titans and often reside in the safety of the innermost wall.[vol. 8]
Nile Dok (ナイル・ドーク, Nairu Dōku, alt. "Nile Dawk"[ep 14])
Commander of the Military Police Brigade. During Eren's tribunal, Nile pleaded the side that Eren should be handed to the Military Police Brigade for examination and then executed, believing Eren's presence in the populace would cause a civil war.[ch. 18] When Eren called him a coward, he wanted Eren to be shot, but Levi stopped him. When the Female Titan suddenly appeared within Wall Sheena, Nile angrily demands an explanation from Erwin, suspecting he is planning a coup. But after learning about Erwin's plans, he decides to help by ordering the Military Police to assist the Survey Corps in capturing the Female Titan.[ep 25] Nile is voiced by Anri Katsu in the Japanese anime adaptation. In the English version, his name is spelled Nile Dawk and he is voiced by Ian Sinclair in the Funimation English dub.[28]
Marlowe Freudenberg (マルロ・フロイデンベルク, Maruro Furoidenberuku, alt. "Marlo Sand")
Marlowe is introduced during the Raid of Stohess District storyline as a Military Police member who is given a bit of leadership responsibility.[ch. 31] He is aware of the corruption in the organization and desires to reform it, although that draws some criticism from Annie.[ch. 31] In the anime series, his name is Marlo Sand (マルロ・サンド, Maruro Sando),[ep 23] and tries to demonstrate his leadership in a different way; he tries to stand up against two corrupt superiors who are selling guns to black marketers, where Annie then encourages Marlowe to keep gathering his strength.[ep 23]
In a later manga storyline, on patrol, he defends the Survey Corps, stating they had just caught a Titan which is something no one else in the other military factions has done.[ch. 59] They are caught by Levi's squad and taken into the forests. Marlowe wants to help them out, but Levi refuses, stating they can't be trusted. He and Hitch are left in Jean's custody. Deciding to test him, Jean gets into a brief fist fight with Marlowe. After a while, Jean decides he can be trusted and Marlowe's want for justice is similar to Eren's own.[ch. 59] Marlowe is among a number of soldiers who transfer into the Survey Corps to help strengthen the dwindling numbers.[ch. 70] He is among the soldiers killed during the attempt to retake Wall Maria, being struck in the head by a rock while distracting the Beast Titan in an attempt to allow Levi to ambush it.[ch. 81]
In the Japanese dub of the anime, Marlowe is voiced by Tomokazu Sugita. In the English dub, his name is spelled Marlo Sand and he is voiced by Todd Haberkorn.[ep 23]
Hitch Dreyse (ヒッチ・ドリス, Hitchi Dorisu)
Marlowe's female comrade in the Military Police, she likes to poke fun of Marlowe.[ep 23]: She is voiced by Akeno Watanabe in the Japanese anime adaptation, and by Brittney Karbowski in the English dub.[ep 23]
Boris Feulner (ボリス・フォイルナー, Borisu Foirunā)
One of the nicer members of Military Police who is kind to Annie.[ep 23] He is voiced by Yūichi Karasuma in the Japanese dub of the anime, and by Micah Solusod in the English version.[ep 23]
Djel Sanes (ジェル・サネス, Jeru Sanesu)
A member of the brigade's interior first squad, he is introduced when he informs the Survey Corps that Minister Nick was killed by a robber. Hange determines that Sanes and his partner had tortured and murdered Nick given that his fist had its skin ripped off.[ch. 52]
Other characters[edit]
Grisha Yeager (グリシャ・イェーガー, Gurisha Yēgā, alt. "Grisha Jaeger")
Eren's father and Mikasa's guardian. He is a renowned medical doctor who was well respected in the District of Shiganshina after he saved the village from a mysterious viral epidemic by developing vaccines.[ch. 3] He also provides a medical house call service to the people of Shiganshina and to various towns in addition to having a network of contacts within the Corps of the Shiganshina district.[vol. 1] Though Eren and the other believed he went into hiding after the fall of Wall Maria, they would later learn that Grisha was more than he appeared. In reality, Grisha was originally a second-class citizen of Marley and member of the Eldian Revivalists who intended to reach the island nation of Paradis to obtain the Coordinate. But he and his first wife Dina were exposed by their son Zeke, punished to be turned into Titans and left to wander on Paradis. But Grisha ended up becoming a Titan Shifter after being saved by Eren Kruger, making a new life for himself in Shiganshina.[ch. 86] During the fall of Wall Maria, Grisha made his move to claim the Coordinate from the Reiss Family and wiped most of them out.[volume & issue needed] Grisha later turns Eren into an Original Titan so he can have his son eat him and become a Titan Shifter himself.[ch. 62] Before his death, Grisha tells Eren that he hid a secret he called the "truth", revealed to be evidence of humanity thriving beyond Paradis, in the basement of their family home.[ch. 3] His memories of the event having been fuzzy at the time, Eren eventually learns the truth of his father's final actions and feels betrayed while realizing that the "truth" is connected to the Coordinate power.[ch. 63] While heading to the Orvud District of Wall Rose, Historia comes up with her own conclusion that Grisha had a more logical reason for killing her sister and giving Eren the Coordinate powers, upon realizing what Rod had in mind.[ch. 67] When Eren and his group reach the basement, they learn the truth that humanity is not as endangered as they believed along with a photo of Grisha and his first family.[ch. 85,86]
Grisha is voiced by Hiroshi Tsuchida in the anime. In the English dub, his name is spelled Grisha Jaeger, and he is voiced by Chris Hury.[14]
Kalura Yeager (カルラ・イェーガー, Karura Yēgā, alt. "Carla Jaeger", "Carla Yeager")
Eren's mother and Mikasa's guardian. Kalura was originally a waitress in Shiganshina who fell in love with Grisha after he saved her and others from a plague.[ch. 86]. She was in opposition to Eren's decision to join the Survey Corps and tried to get Mikasa to change his mind. [ch. 1] When her town is attacked, she becomes trapped under the Yeager family home from debris of Wall Maria. Eren and Mikasa try to save her, although her lower body was already crushed and she entrusted them to Hannes to save. As they flee, Eren looked on as Carla is picked up and devoured by the Titan that was originally Dina Yeager.[ch. 2][ep 1]
Kalura's given name is sometimes spelled Carla in various Attack on Titan media. She is voiced by Yoshino Takamori in the Japanese dub of the anime. In the Funimation English version her name is Carla Jaeger, and she is voiced by Jessica Cavanagh.[14]
Fritz (フリッツ, Furittsu)
King Fritz is the ruler of Wall Sheena who is spoken about by different characters, but is actually a puppet ruler working for Rod Reiss. He first appears in the Uprising Arc during a conference with four other people where one of them is a member of the Military Police Brigade. Fritz does not wear his crown during this conference, but instead leaves it on the table beside him along with a bottle of alcohol. He is later exposed by the Survey Corps with the help of Nile Dok and Commander Pyxis. The officials then demand Fritz to disclose the whereabouts of Rod Reiss.
Minister Nick (ニック司祭, Nikku-shisai)
Nick is a religious leader who heads a church that believes that the Walls are sacred, and refuses any modifications to be done to the Walls. During the incident in Stohess where his church is trashed by Eren and the Female Titan's fight,[ep 24][ep 25] it is revealed that he knew Titans reside in the walls and that they are activated by sunlight, but refuses to disclose any further information.[vol. 8] After he is captured by the Survey Corps, Nick experiences first hand the suffering of the families forced to evacuate because of the suspected breach of Wall Rosé.[ch. 37] While he refuses to reveal any secrets he knows of the Walls, Nick suggests that the Survey Corps talk to Historia about it since her birth family holds the knowledge they seek.[ch. 37] He is transferred to the Survey Corps barracks, but is later found dead, having been tortured by the Military Police Brigade.[ch. 52]
Nick is voiced by Tomohisa Asō in the Japanese anime, and by Francis Henry in its English dub.[ep 25]
Dimo Reeves (ディモ・リーブス, Dimo Rībusu)
A merchant who was first seen trying to flee with his packages intact when the Titans breached Wall Rose. However, a menacing threat from Mikasa forced Reeves to move his cart from the tunnel to let the villagers escape to the safety of Wall Sheena.[ch. 5] He appears later when his group tries to kidnap Eren and Krista, but is foiled by the Survey Corps. He agrees to Levi's terms to support the Survey Corps in their rebellion against the King.[ch. 54] However, Dimo is killed by Captain Ackerman when he sees through their plan and realize that he was working with them.[volume & issue needed]
Captain Kenny Ackerman (ケニー・アッカーマン隊長, Kenī Akkāman-taichō)
Serving directly under the Reiss family after being brought into their services by Rod's younger brother Uri, whom he respected, Kenny leads a unit whose Vertical Maneuvering Equipment is designed for killing humans.[volume & issue needed] Kenny was the also the man who killed Historia's mother sometime after the Wall Maria incident.[volume & issue needed] In the past, his family was despised out of fear since they descended from people who objected to the Reiss family's vision. Kenny was once known as Kenny the Ripper (切り裂きケニー, Kirisaki Kenī) and killed Military Police officials before meeting Uri.[volume & issue needed]He is related to Mikasa's father and is the uncle of Levi, raising the latter for a short time after his younger sister Kuchel died of an illness.[volume & issue needed] In the storyline, seeing through the Survey Corps's plan to stage a revolution, Kenny captures Eren and Historia under orders from Rod. But after learning of Rod's intentions for Historia, Kenny decides to betray Rod by partially freeing Eren so he can fight back.[ch. 64] After Rod transforms into a Titan, Kenny is fatally wounded when the chapel collapses. In his final moments, revealing their familial ties, Kenny gives Levi the Titan serum he would later use on Armin.[ch. 84]
Rod Reiss (ロッド・レイス, Roddo Reisu)
The father of Historia Reiss, and five legitimate children Frieda, Dirk, Abel, Urklyn and Florian. Rod's family have been power behind the throne in Wall Sheena for many generations with each head of the family bestowed the power of the Coordinator. When Historia was born, Rod send her and her mother to live on a land he leased to the latter's parents.[ch. 52] But when his entire family, was slaughtered by Grisha Yeager when he stole the Coordinate during the Wall Maria incident, upset that Grisha has unsettled the status quo, Rod attempts to bring Historia to live with him as he intended to use her to restore order. But the Wall Cult, unaware of his true intentions, sent Kenny Ackerman to kill Historia, with Rod convincing the soldier to let her join the Survey Corps under the alias of Krista Lenz. Reunited with his daughter, Rod reveals to Eren the truth of how his father made him a Titan before convincing Historia to eat Eren.[ch. 63] But when Historia refuses, Rod is forced to transform himself into a massive Abnormal Titan that's 120-meter (390 ft) tall and 40-meter (130 ft) wide. In this form, Rod burns continuously and threatens the Orvud District.[ch. 67] After being heavily crippled by the Levi Squad and Eren using a cache of barrels filled with gunpowder, Rod is killed when Historia personally makes the death blow. In his final moments, Rod transmits some of his memories into his daughter to better understand the situation that would soon come with his death.
Frieda Reiss (フリーダ・レイス, Furīda Reisu)
A woman who has appeared in Eren's dream, Freida is later revealed to be Historia's older half-sister by Rod's wife. She was a kind-hearted person, welcomed by the people in the Reiss family's domain, and cared for Historia. She originally obtained the Coordinate at age fifteen from her uncle Uri Reiss, gaining the power to assume Titan form, manipulate memories, and endowed with the collective knowledge of human history. Frieda also taught Historia to read and be a kind person, later erasing herself for her half sister's memory when she wanted to be like her. As Frieda was inexperienced in controlling Titans, she was killed and eaten by Grisha Yeager during the fall of Wall Maria when she and her family took refuge in a church. Rod covered up her death to make it appear to be the work of bandits. As a previous Coordinate holder, Freida's memories were passed on Grisha and then Eren who eventually learned her identity.[ch. 62]
Dina Yeager (ダイナ・イェーガー, Daina Yēgā)
Grisha's first wife and Zeke's mother. As the last known descendant of Ymir Fritz, she stayed in Eldia to assist the resistance after a disagreement her family had with the head when he decided to move to Paradis. When Zeke exposed her and Grisha to the Marley government, Dina was exiled to Paradis as a grinning titan.[ch. 86] Several years later, Dina devoured Grisha's second wife Carla and became the cause of Eren's hatred towards Titans. When Eren encounters the Titan while Bertoldt and Reiner, he tapped into his Coordinate powers for the time and had Dina attacked by Titans from all sides.[ch. 50] It was only later that Eren learns of Dina's existence as a human from Grisha's memories, realizing that being in Dina's presence as a Fritz enabled him to use his Coordinate powers.[ch. 87]
Eren Kruger (エレン・クルーガー, Eren Kurūgā)
An Eldian spy posing as a Marleyan soldier known as "The Owl". Eren Kruger first met Grisha when he was a child and despite knowing that his sister was killed by the police, pretended to not know anything to protect his cover. Since then he developed sympathy for him, and when Grisha was sentenced to roam the lands of Paradis as a Titan, he rescues him, revealing not only his disguise, but the fact that he is a Titan Shifter. Kruger then reveals to Grisha that he carries the power of one of the "Nine Titans", the Attack Titan (進撃の巨人, Shingeki no Kyojin), and needs to pass on the power as his body reached its limit. Kruger then allows Grisha to eat him in order to succeed him, with Grisha passing that same power that later to his son Eren, whom is apparently named after Kruger.
Titans[edit]
The Titans (巨人, Kyojin) are the primary antagonists of the series. They are giant creatures that usually resemble male humans in form, although lacking reproductive organs.[ch. 4] They can range in height from 3 to 15 meters (9.8–49.2 ft). Despite their enormous strength and toughness, their bodies are unnaturally light for their size. Their primary objective is to kill and eat humans, as they show no interest in attacking other animals. However, they do not require food or drink. They have hard skin and regenerative abilities, and can only be killed by causing a deep incision at the nape of the neck. They have high body temperatures, causing them to emit steam.[ch. 4]
Over the course of the series, some of the Titans, referred to as Abnormal (奇行種, Kikō-shū), show signs of intelligence. There are humans, such as Eren, who can assume Titan form by possessing the "Titan's power" (巨人の力, Kyojin no Chikara).[vol. 2] This ability is revealed to be tied to a form of cannibalism among Titans where the ability to assume human form is possible by ingesting spinal fluid. The transformation is triggered by a self-inflicted wound but also requires having a clear, specific goal in mind.[ep 19] While in this form, the human's normal body rests in the nape of the neck, connected via masses of muscular tissue.[vol. 2] The Reiss family are later revealed to have the ability to create these types of Titans using a special serum created from a Titan's spinal fluid and control them with a god-like ability called the Coordinate that also affects the memories of humans from the Eldian race. A group of figures with the Titans' Power composed of Reiner, Bertolt, Marcel and Annie were sent by their leader Zeke[volume & issue needed] to infiltrate Wall Maria to find the one who possesses the Coordinate for an unknown reason, targeting Eren as a result.[vol. 12] It is later revealed that the Titans' origins are connected to the myth of the Eldian people and the first Titan Ymir Fritz.[ch. 86] It is also revealed that there are nine Titan Shifters in total, whose powers are passed along the Eldian bloodline as when a Titan Shifter dies, another Eldian is born with its power unless they are eaten by a Titan who gains their powers. However, once becoming a Titan Shifter, the user only has thirteen years left to live at most, as it is the maximum time its body can support it.[volume & issue needed]
In addition to the Colossus Titan, the Armored Titan, and the Female Titan and other Shifters, the series gives names to the following Titans:
Sonny and Bean (ソニーとビーン, Sonī to Bīn, alt. "Sawney and Beane"[ep 15])
A 4-meter (13 ft) Titan and a 7-meter (23 ft) tall Titan captured by Eren for Hange's studies.[ch. 20] With them, Hange discovers that Titans require sunlight to operate, as Sonny becomes lethargic without sunlight, but Bean is still active.[ch. 20] In the anime, Hange says they were named after Sawney Bean, the leader of a clan of cannibals who hunted and ate their victims before the authorities found and exterminated them.[ep 15] Both are killed by Annie Leonhart.[ep 24][GB p.130-131]
In the English dub, they are referred to as Sawney and Beane, and are voiced by Jonathan C. Osborne and Cris George respectively.[ep 15]
Beast Titan
A titan shifter who is the warlord of the Colossal Titan and the Armored Titan, his 17-meter (56 ft) titan form resembling a Bigfoot-like creature with long, thin arms. Originally known as the Beast Titan (獣の巨人, Kemono no Kyojin), he first appears in Titan form during the Stohess district storyline when Wall Rose is breached. He surprises Survey Corps leader Mike Zacharius when he speaks in the human language while in his titan form, daintily stripping him of his gear so he may study it before allowing his fellow Titans to devour the soldier.[ch. 35] He can also function at night, and command other Titans.[ch. 35][GB p.135] After Reiss is removed from power, deeming the obtaining of the Coordinate goes above Annie's rescue, he orders Reiner and Bertolt to remain by his side to plan an ambush to capture Eren when he eventually appears to reclaim the city.[ch. 70] After the Survey Corps arrived at Shiganshina and closed the outer wall, he leads an army of Titans in an ambush against them.[ch. 74] His name is later revealed to be Zeke (ジーク, Jīku) and that he is Grisha's son with his first wife, thus Eren's paternal older half-brother. Zeke caused his parents' exile from the Marley government.[ch. 86]. Zeke is voiced by Takehito Koyasu in the Japanese version of the anime and by Jason Liebrecht in the English dub.
Ymir Fritz (ユミル・フリッツ, Yumiru Furittsu)
A mythical figure tied to the origins of the Titans who lived around 1,800 years ago, mentioned only in fairy tales. In the stories, Ymir became the first Progenitor Titan (始祖の巨人, Shiso no Kyojin) when she made a deal with the devil and used her gained power to protect her people from the Marley government. In time, the deceased Ymir passed the Coordinate on to one of the nine Titan Shifters who created Eldia and ruled for centuries until only two lines remained with the Reiss Family using Ymir's power maintain the order their founding ancestor began by creating the walls to protect the people for Marley's forces.[ch. 86] The other line remained in Marley and dwindled with Zeke Yeager as the last of his line.
Galliard (ガリアード, Gariādo)
Galliard is one of the Eldian titan shifters aligned with the Marleys. He is able to transform into the Jaws Titan (顎の巨人, Agito no Kyojin), an agile, light armoured Titan whose mouth is protected by a cog-like jaw. Galliard acquired his power by devouring Ymir, the previous holder of the power.[ch. 93]
Pieck (ピーク, Pīku)
Pieck is one of the Eldian titan shifters aligned with the Marleys. She is able to transform into the Cartman Titan (車力の巨人, Shariki no Kyojin), a quadrupedal Titan able to talk, just like the Beastly Titan and transport massive amounts of cargo on her back as she did during the battle against the Survey Corps in Shiganshina, supplying Zeke with barrels for him to throw. During the battle at Fort Slava, she acted as a heavily armoured tank by protecting her face with a large, plated mask while carrying two soldiers armed with machine guns.
Teiber Family
Not much is known at this time except that a member of the Teiber family, notably the most elite Eldian family in Marley, is in possession of the previously unknown 9th titan now known as the Warhammer titan. However, not much else is known about the titan at this time. The Teiber family is known to avoid using the titan power for conflict, opting to maintain peace. However, they were opposed to King Fritz's segregation of the Eldians from Paradis Island and his vow to avoid conflict with Marley. Pieck noted that they are highly influential throughout the rest of the world and stated that people will listen to their agendas. They are initiating a campaign in favor of the mission to return to Paradis Island and seize its resources.[ch. 95] It's later revealed that the Teiber family is in true control of Marley, and the current holder of the Warhammer Titan is Billy Teiber.[ch. 97]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hange's name as been arranged as "Zoë Hange" in the Kodansha USA manga and Funimation dub of the anime, but reversed in the official Attack on Titan Guidebook as "Hange Zoë".[GB p.80] In Japan, the character's English name was spelled "Zoe Hans" as part of a promotional collaboration with Japanese eyewear brand JINS.[21]
Works cited[edit]
Attack on Titan manga[edit]
Attack on Titan manga volumes by Hajime Isayama. Original Japanese version published by Kodansha. English version by Kodansha Comics USA.
Vol. 1 (ch. 1–4): 進撃の巨人 1 (in Japanese). March 2010. ISBN 978-4-06-384276-0. and Attack on Titan Vol. 1. June 2012. ISBN 978-1-61262-024-4.
Vol. 2 (ch. 5–9): 進撃の巨人 2 (in Japanese). July 2010. ISBN 978-4-06-384338-5. and Attack on Titan Vol. 2. September 2012. ISBN 978-1-61262-025-1.
Vol. 3 (ch. 10–13): 進撃の巨人 3 (in Japanese). December 2010. ISBN 978-4-06-384410-8. and Attack on Titan Vol. 3. December 2012. ISBN 978-1-61262-026-8.
Vol. 4 (ch. 14–18): 進撃の巨人 4 (in Japanese). April 2011. ISBN 978-4-06-384469-6. and Attack on Titan Vol. 4. March 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-253-8.
Vol. 5 (ch. 19–22): 進撃の巨人 5 (in Japanese). August 2011. ISBN 978-4-06-384513-6. and Attack on Titan Vol. 5. March 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-254-5.
Vol. 6 (ch. 23–26): 進撃の巨人 6 (in Japanese). December 2011. ISBN 978-4-06-384591-4. and Attack on Titan Vol. 6. August 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-255-2.
Vol. 7 (ch. 27–30): 進撃の巨人 7 (in Japanese). April 2012. ISBN 978-4-06-384652-2. and Attack on Titan Vol. 7. August 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-256-9.
Vol. 8 (ch. 31–34): 進撃の巨人 8 (in Japanese). August 2012. ISBN 978-4-06-384712-3. and Attack on Titan Vol. 8. October 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-547-8.
Vol. 9 (ch. 35–38): 進撃の巨人 9 (in Japanese). December 2012. ISBN 978-4-06-384776-5. and Attack on Titan Vol. 9. November 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-548-5.
Vol. 10 (ch. 39–42): 進撃の巨人 10 (in Japanese). April 2013. ISBN 978-4-06-384839-7. and Attack on Titan Vol. 10. December 2013. ISBN 978-1-61262-676-5.
Vol. 11 (ch. 43–46): 進撃の巨人 11 (in Japanese). August 2013. ISBN 978-4-06-394901-8. and Attack on Titan Vol. 11. January 2014. ISBN 978-1-61262-677-2.
Vol. 12 (ch. 47–50): 進撃の巨人 12 (in Japanese). December 2013. ISBN 978-4-06-394976-6. and Attack on Titan Vol. 12. April 2014. ISBN 978-1-61262-678-9.
Vol. 13 (ch. 51–54): 進撃の巨人 13 (in Japanese). April 2014. ISBN 978-4-06-395044-1. and Attack on Titan Vol. 13. August 2014. ISBN 978-1-61262-679-6.
Vol. 14 (ch. 55–58): 進撃の巨人 14 (in Japanese). August 2014. ISBN 978-4-06-395141-7. and Attack on Titan Vol. 14. November 2014. ISBN 978-1-61262-680-2.
Vol. 15 (ch. 59–62): 進撃の巨人 15 (in Japanese). December 2014. ISBN 978-4-06-395253-7. and Attack on Titan Vol. 15. March 2015. ISBN 978-1-61262-979-7.
Vol. 16 (ch. 63–66): 進撃の巨人 16 (in Japanese). April 2015. ISBN 978-4-06-395358-9. and Attack on Titan Vol. 16. August 2015. ISBN 978-1-61262-980-3.
Vol. 17 (ch. 67–70): 進撃の巨人 17 (in Japanese). August 2015. ISBN 978-4-06-395446-3. and Attack on Titan Vol. 17. December 2015. ISBN 978-1-63236-112-7.
Vol. 18 (ch. 71–74): 進撃の巨人 18 (in Japanese). December 2015. ISBN 978-4-06-395549-1. and Attack on Titan Vol. 18. April 2016. ISBN 978-1-63236-211-7.
Vol. 19 (ch. 75–78): 進撃の巨人 19 (in Japanese). April 2016. ISBN 978-4-06-395636-8. and Attack on Titan Vol. 19. August 2016. ISBN 978-1-63236-259-9.
Ch. 79–85: Uncollected chapters
Attack on Titan anime[edit]
Episode 1: 1 "To You, in 2000 Years -The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 1-". Attack on Titan. May 3, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 2: "That Day -The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 2-". Attack on Titan. May 10, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 3: "A Dim Light Amid Despair -Humanity's Comeback, Part 1-". Attack on Titan. May 17, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 4: 1 "The Night of the Closing Ceremony -Humanity's Comeback, Part 2-". Attack on Titan. May 24, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 5: "First Battle -The Struggle for Trost, Part 1-". Attack on Titan. May 31, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 6: 1 "The World Seen By A Young Girl – Attack on Trost: Part 2". Attack on Titan. 2013. Adult Swim.
Episode 7: "The Tiniest of Blades – Attack on Trost: Part 3". Attack on Titan. June 7, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 8: "I Hear His Heartbeat – Attack on Trost: Part 4". Attack on Titan. June 14, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 14: "Can't Look Into His Eyes Yet: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 1". Attack on Titan. August 9, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 15: "Special Operations Squad: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 2". Attack on Titan. August 16, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 19: "Bite: 57th Expedition Beyond the Walls, Part 3". Attack on Titan. September 20, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 20: "Erwin Smith: 57th Expedition Beyond the Walls, Part 4". Attack on Titan. September 27, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 21: "Crushing Blow: 57th Expedition Beyond the Walls, Part 5". Attack on Titan. October 4, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 23: "Smile: Raid on Stohess District, Part 1". Attack on Titan. October 11, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 24: "Mercy: Raid on Stohess District, Part 2". Attack on Titan. October 18, 2014. Adult Swim.
Episode 25: "Wall: Raid on Stohess District, Part 3". Attack on Titan. October 25, 2014. Adult Swim.
Other Attack on Titan media[edit]
Hajime Isayama (2014). Attack on Titan Guidebook. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-945-2. – English translation. Originally published in 2013 as two volumes: Shingeki no Kyojin Inside Kou and Shingeki no Kyojin Outside Kou
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MTV Geek – Interview with Attack on Titan Creator Hajime Isayama". Geek-news.mtv.com. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Attack on Titan Vol. 1 2012, ISBN 978-1-61262-024-4, interview:
"ISA: For the Titan version of Eren, I use martial artist Yuushin Okami's body as a model. My ideal is the physique of a middleweight mixed martial artist. I only use the shape of the body as a model."
"Q: Who is your favorite character in Attack on Titan? ISA: That would be Jean. Jean comes right out and says what he's thinking, even if it's something you normally wouldn't be able to say. That's what I like about him."
"Q: Mr. Isayama, which character in Attack on Titan most resembles you? ISA: Hmm...Mr. Hannes and the Garrison soldiers in Volume I who sit around drinking booze."
Jump up ^ Lee, Michelle (2014-03-22). "Introducing the Voice of Eren Jaeger in Attack on Titan". Funimation Blog. Funimation.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e http://www.dailydot.com/geek/attack-titan-shingeki-no-kyojin-movie-cast-photos/
Jump up ^ "Interview: Bryce Papenbrook". Anime News Network. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2011-08-29). "現在進行中の黒歴史 : ネットの環境が整いましたので再開します". Blog.livedoor.jp. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
Jump up ^ Lee, Michelle (2014-03-13). "Attack on Titan Cast Announcement – Day 4". Funimation Blog. Funimation.
Jump up ^ "Funimation Announces 5th Round of Attack on Titan Dub Cast". Anime News Network. 2014-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Michelle (2014-03-14). "Attack on Titan Cast Announcement – Day 5". Funimation Blog. Funimation.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2013-04-17). "アクセス数がすごい！". Blog.livedoor.jp. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会. "スタッフ・キャスト". shingeki.tv. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lee, Michelle (2014-03-12). "Attack on Titan Cast Announcement – Day 3". Funimation Blog. Funimation.
Jump up ^ Florida Supercon (February 6, 2015). Lauren Landa Q&A (YouTube). Magic City Comic-Con.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Lee, Michelle (2014-03-11). "A Colossal Cast Announcement". Funimation Blog. Funimation.
Jump up ^ "サシャ・ブラウスとは (イモオンナとは) [単語記事] – ニコニコ大百科". Dic.nicovideo.jp. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
Jump up ^ "声優をめざす専門学校 - 東京アナウンス学院 - 放送声優科" [College aims to voice actor - Tokyo announcement Academy - broadcasting voice actor Department]. Toho Gakuen (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2010-10-04). "現在進行中の黒歴史 : 更新が滞ってすいません！返事します！". Blog.livedoor.jp. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "A Thousand Death Threats Against a Popular Anime Creator". Kotaku. July 1, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ferreira, Mike (January 14, 2014). "Attack on Titan's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes". Anime Herald. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "コミックナタリー – アニメ「進撃の巨人」に神谷浩史、小野大輔、朴ロ美出演". Natalie.mu. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
Jump up ^ "JINS PC Collaborates with the Anime "Attack on Titan"". Fashion Headline Japan. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2011-03-30). "現在進行中の黒歴史 : このご時世に自分ごとで恐縮ですが". Blog.livedoor.jp. Retrieved 2014-04-08. 性別は明言しない方がよさそうだ (
Jump up ^ Romano, Aja (January 16, 2014). "'Attack on Titan' creator gets the last word in debate over character's gender". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ kodanshacomics (January 15, 2014). "Anonymous asked: I have the attack on titan books , and you said that there wasn't a confirmed gender for hange. But in volume 5 Levi refers to hange as her/she ... ????". Kodansha Comics Tumblr. Retrieved July 15, 2015. Vol. 5 came out before Isayama sent us this instruction, so yes, there are one or two moments in the first run of that volume where Hange is referred to as she. But we’ve removed those for reprint, and there shouldn’t be any gendered references in Vol. 6+.
Jump up ^ Attack on Titan manga, volume 3, "Side Story: Captain Levi": "Those kids and their envious looks...If only they know what a clean freak you are. It'd burst their bubble."
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2010-02-05). "現在進行中の黒歴史 : 週マガ読みきりの話". Blog.livedoor.jp. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2010-10-20). "現在進行中の黒歴史 : おすすめ作業用BGM". Blog.livedoor.jp. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Attack on Titan Cast Announcement – Day 3". Funimation Twitter. Funimation. 2014-05-17.
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Compulsory education
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Universal education" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Universal access to education.
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by government. Depending on the country, this education may take place at a registered school (schooling) or at home (homeschooling).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires, within a reasonable number of years, the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of compulsory education
1.1 Antiquity
1.1.1 Hellenic
1.1.2 Judea
1.2 Medieval Era
1.3 Early Modern Era
1.4 Late Modern Era
1.4.1 Europe
1.4.2 United States
1.4.3 Asia
2 Per-country variations in the age range of compulsory education
3 Number of pupils and students enrolled in compulsory education
4 Criticism
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History of compulsory education[edit]
Antiquity[edit]
Compulsory education was not unheard of in ancient times. However instances are generally tied to royal, religious or military organization—substantially different from modern notions of compulsory education.
Hellenic[edit]
Plato's The Republic (c. 424–c. 348 BCE) is credited with having popularized the concept of compulsory education in Western intellectual thought. Plato's rationale was straightforward. The ideal city would require ideal individuals, and ideal individuals would require an ideal education. Popularization of Plato's ideas began with the wider Renaissance and the translation of Plato's works by Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), culminating in the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, known for his own work on education, Emile, or On Education had said To get a good idea of public education, read Plato’s Republic. It is not a political treatise, as those who merely judge books by their title think, but it is the finest, most beautiful work on education ever written.
In Sparta boys between the age 6 and 7 left their homes and were sent to military school. School courses were harsh and have been described as a "brutal training period". Between the age of 18 and 20, Spartan males had to pass a test that consisted of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills. A student's failure meant a forfeiture of citizenship (perioidos) and political rights. Passing was a rite of passage to manhood and citizenry, in which he would continue to serve in the military and train as a soldier until the age of 60, when the soldier could retire to live with his family.[2]
Judea[edit]
Every parent in Judea since ancient times was required to teach their children at least informally. Over the centuries, as cities, towns and villages developed, a class of teachers called Rabbis evolved. According to the Talmud (tractate Bava Bathra 21a), which praises the sage Joshua ben Gamla with the institution of formal Jewish education in the 1st century AD, Ben Gamla instituted schools in every town and made formal education compulsory from age 6-8.[3]
Medieval Era[edit]
The Aztec Triple Alliance, which ruled from 1428 to 1521 in what is now central Mexico, is considered to be the first state to implement a system of universal compulsory education.[4][5]
Early Modern Era[edit]
The Protestant Reformation prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls, first in regions that are now part of Germany, and later in Europe and in the United States.
Martin Luther's seminal text An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes (To the Councillors of all Towns in German Countries,1524) called for establishing compulsory schooling so that all parishioners would be able to read the Bible by themselves.[6] The Protestant South-West of the Holy Roman Empire soon followed suit. In 1559, the German Duchy Württemberg established a compulsory education system for boys.[7] In 1592, the German Duchy Palatinate-Zweibrücken became the first territory in the world with compulsory education for girls and boys,[8] followed in 1598 by Strasbourg, then a free city of the Holy Roman Empire and now part of France.
In Scotland, the School Establishment Act of 1616 commanded every parish to establish a school for everyone paid for by parishioners. The Parliament of Scotland confirmed this with the Education Act of 1633 and created a local land-based tax to provide the required funding. The required majority support of parishioners, however, provided a tax evasion loophole which heralded the Education Act of 1646. The turmoil of the age meant that in 1661 there was a temporary reversion to the less compulsory 1633 position. However, in 1696 a new Act re-established the compulsory provision of a school in every parish with a system of fines, sequestration, and direct government implementation as a means of enforcement where required.
In the United States, following Luther and other Reformers, the Separatist Congregationalists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, obliged parents to teach their children how to read and write.[9] The Massachusetts School Laws, three legislative acts enacted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1642, 1647, and 1648, are commonly regarded as the first steps toward compulsory education in the United States. The 1647 law, in particular, required every town having more than 50 families to hire a teacher, and every town of more than 100 families to establish a school.[10] The Puritan zeal for learning was reflected in the early and rapid rise of educational institutions; e.g., Harvard College was founded as early as 1636.[11]
Prussia implemented a modern compulsory education system in 1763. It was introduced by the Generallandschulreglement (General School Regulation), a decree of Frederick the Great in 1763-5.[12] The Generallandschulreglement, authored by Johann Julius Hecker, asked for all young citizens, girls and boys, to be educated from age 5 to age 13-14 and to be provided with a basic outlook on (Christian) religion, singing, reading and writing based on a regulated, state-provided curriculum of text books. The teachers, often former soldiers, were asked to cultivate silk worms to make a living besides contributions from the local citizens and municipalities.[13][14]
In Austria, Hungary and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Czech lands), mandatory primary education was introduced by Empress Maria Theresa in 1774.[12]
Late Modern Era[edit]
Europe[edit]
Compulsory school attendance based on the Prussian model gradually spread to other countries. It was quickly adopted by the governments in Denmark-Norway and Sweden, and also in Finland, Estonia and Latvia within the Russian Empire, but it was rejected in Russia itself.[15][16]
The United Kingdom was slow to introduce compulsory education due to the upper class defending its educational privileges.[16] In England and Wales, the Elementary Education Act of 1870 paved the way for compulsory education by establishing school boards to set up schools in any places that did not have adequate provision. Attendance was made compulsory until age 10 in 1880. The Education Act of 1996 made it an obligation on parents to require children to have a full-time education from age 5 to 16. However, attendance at school itself is not compulsory: Section 7 of the Act allows for home education.
France was equally slow to introduce compulsory education, this time due to conflicts between the secular state and the Catholic Church,[16] and as a result between anti-clerical and Catholic political parties. The first set of Jules Ferry Laws, passed in 1881, made primary education free for girls and boys; communes and departments had the shared responsibility to fund it. In 1882, the second set of Jules Ferry Laws made education compulsory for girls and boys until the age of 13. In 1936, the upper age limit was raised to 14.[17] In 1959, it was further extended to 16.[18]
United States[edit]
In 1852, Massachusetts was the first U.S. state to pass a contemporary universal public education law. In particular, the Massachusetts General Court required every town to create and operate a grammar school. Fines were imposed on parents who did not send their children to school, and the government took the power to take children away from their parents and apprentice them to others if government officials decided that the parents were "unfit to have the children educated properly".[19]
The spread of compulsory attendance in the Massachusetts tradition throughout the U.S., especially for Native Americans, has been credited to General Richard Henry Pratt.[20] Pratt used techniques developed on Native Americans in a prisoner of war camp in Fort Marion, Augustine, Florida, to force demographic minorities across America into government schools.[20] His prototype was the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania.
In 1918, Mississippi was the last state to enact a compulsory attendance law.[21]
In 1922 an attempt was made by the voters of Oregon to enact the Oregon Compulsory Education Act, which would require all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend State School. Only leaving exceptions for mentally or physically unfit children, exceeding a certain living distance from a state school, or having written consent from a county superintendent to receive private instruction.[22] The law was passed by popular vote but was later ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, determining that "a child is not a mere creature of the state". This case settled the dispute about whether or not private schools had the right to do business and educate within the United States.
Asia[edit]
In Japan, compulsory education was established shortly after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Initially, it was strongly influenced by the Prussian education system. After World War II, it was rebuilt to a large extent, and the new education model is largely influenced by the American model.[23]
Per-country variations in the age range of compulsory education[edit]
The following table indicates at what ages compulsory education starts and ends, country by country. The most common age for starting compulsory education is 6, although this varies between 3 and 8.[24][25]
Country
Lower
age range
Upper
age range
Notes
Argentina 6 18
Australia 5 15/17 Upper age limit varies among states. Waived if pursuing full-time employment or full-time education.
Austria 6 15 Compulsory education only requires nine years spend in school.
Belgium 6 18 In Belgium, only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory.
Bulgaria 5 16 Since 2012, compulsory education includes two years of preschool education before children start primary school.[26][27]
Brazil 4 17 Last changed in 2009.[28]
Canada 6 16 Except Ontario and New Brunswick: 6-18. Some provinces have exemptions at 14.
China 6 15
Croatia 6 15
Cyprus 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.[29]
Egypt 6 14
Finland 7 15 Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year. Ends after graduation from comprehensive school, or at least 9 years.
France 6 16 Compulsory education only
Germany 6 16 Varies slightly between states.[30][31]
Haiti 6 11 The Haitian Constitution mandates that education be free of charge. However, even public schools charge substantial fees. 80% of children go to private schools.
Hong Kong 6 17 Hong Kong laws state that education is free for 12 years except for private schools or subsidized schools.
Hungary 3 16 Since 2015, kindergarten is compulsory from age 3, although exceptions are made for developmental reasons.[32][33]
India 6 14 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act in August 2009 made education free and compulsory for children aged between 6 and 14.
Indonesia 6 15
Israel 3 18 Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 12th grade.
Iran 6 12[34]
Italy 6 16
Jamaica 5 16 Parents could face charges of Child Neglect if they prevent their children from going to school without valid reasons. Not enforced.
Japan 6 15
Latvia 5 16[24][35]
Luxembourg 4 16 [24]
Malaysia 6 12[36]
Maldives 6 15
Mexico 6 18 Schooling is required through upper secondary school (Preparatoria).[37]
Morocco 6 15
Netherlands 5 18 Students are allowed to leave early after obtaining their 'start qualification' (MBO level 2, HAVO or VWO degree).
Norway 6 15 A total of ten years (of study, and not schooling, as suggested here), where Primary school is year 1-7 (without grades), and Lower Secondary school (with grades) is year 8-10.[38]
Poland 7 18 Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (obowiązek szkolny) and compulsory education (obowiązek nauki).
Portugal 6 18 It is the law that children living in Portugal (if there for 4 months or more) must go to school. Home schooling is available with registration at a school and quarterly examinations in the Portuguese curriculum only.
Russia 6 17 Student may leave after age 15 with the approval of parents and the local authority.[39]
Slovenia 6 15
Singapore 7 15[40] Compulsory Education Act 2000. Children with special needs or those with permission to be homeschooled are exempted from the act but in November 2016 the government announced that the Act will extend to children with moderate and severe special needs beginning in 2019.[41][42]
Spain 6 16
Syria 6 15 Typical ages for 9 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 9.
Sweden 7 16[43]
Switzerland 4-6 15 Varies by canton.[24]
Taiwan 7 18 Typical ages for 12 years of compulsory education (starting from 2014).
Turkey 6 18 From the 1st to the 12th grade, education is compulsory. Starting in the educational year of 2012-2013, an education reform took effect to bring the compulsory education up to the end of high school. The system is commonly referred to as 4+4+4.
United Kingdom 5[44] 18[45] Requirement is for a full-time education, but attendance at a school is not compulsory (section 7 of The Education Act 1996).
United States 5-8 15-18 Ages vary between states. Beginning age varies 5-8, ending age varies 15-18.[46] In case Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Supreme Court determined in 1972 that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education laws past the 8th grade.
Uruguay 6 14
Zimbabwe 6 16 Typical ages for 11 years of compulsory education.
Number of pupils and students enrolled in compulsory education[edit]
Due to population growth and the proliferation of compulsory education, UNESCO calculated in 2006 that over the subsequent 30 years, more people would receive formal education than in all prior human history.[47]
Criticism[edit]
Main article: Anti-Schooling Activism
See also[edit]
History of Education
Public education
Public school (government funded)
Child Labor
Unschooling
Anti-schooling activism
Raising of school leaving age
Democratic education
References[edit]
Jump up ^ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 14
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Agoge
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Jewish education#Primary schooling
Jump up ^ Jacques Soustelle (11 November 2002). Daily life of the Aztecs: on the eve of the Spanish Conquest. Courier Dover Publications. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-486-42485-9. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Aztec#Education
Jump up ^ Luther deutsch, p. 70, at Google Books
Jump up ^ "Große Kirchenordnung", 1559, Oliver Geister, Die Ordnung der Schule. Zur Grundlegung einer Kritik am verwalteten Unterricht. Münster 2006, p. 145.
Jump up ^ Emil Sehling (ed.), Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts. Vol 18: Rheinland-Pfalz I. Tübingen 2006, p. 406.
Jump up ^ John Demos (1970), A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 104, 142-144
Jump up ^ See references in articles Massachusetts School Laws and Massachusetts#Education.
Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States. Englewood Cliffs, N.J, pp. 79-80
^ Jump up to: a b James van Horn Melton. "Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria". p. xiv.
Jump up ^ 250 Jahre Volksschule in Preußen, Lesen, Schreiben und Beten (250 years of primary education in Prussia) 12.08.2013 Tagesspiegel Berlin, Barbara Kerbel, in German
Jump up ^ Funding and training of the teachers was slowly expanded and received funding till teachers gained full academic status in the 20th century.
Jump up ^ Cubberley, 1920
^ Jump up to: a b c Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu; Strang, David (1989). "Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe". Sociology of Education. 62 (4): 277–288. JSTOR 2112831.
Jump up ^ Law of August 9, 1936.
Jump up ^ Ordonnance of January 6, 1959.
Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray Rothbard. "The Puritans 'Purify': Theocracy in Massachusetts". Conceived in Liberty. Arlington House Publishers.
^ Jump up to: a b Witte, Daniel E. and Paul T. Mero. "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Katz, Michael S. "A History of Compulsory Education Laws" (PDF). ERIC - Institute of Education Sciences. ERIC. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Jorgenson, Lloyd P. The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel. Catholic University of America Press. p. 455. JSTOR 25018244.
Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article Education in Japan.
^ Jump up to: a b c d https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf
Jump up ^ https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_165.asp
Jump up ^ "LITERACY IN BULGARIA : COUNTRY REPORT SHORT VERSION" (PDF). Eli-net.eu. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Compulsory Education in Europe : 2016/17" (PDF). Webgate.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/emc59.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.highereducation.ac.cy/en/educational-system.html
Jump up ^ de:Schulpflicht#Heutige Rechtslage
Jump up ^ "Where home schooling is illegal". BBC News. March 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002299/229933E.pdf
Jump up ^ Hungary lowers mandatory school age to three Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "نگرش مردم ایران به تحصیل زنان در دانشگاه منفی تر شده است". BBC Farsi.
Jump up ^ http://www.studyinlatvia.eu/en/studies/education-system
Jump up ^ "Pelaksanaan pendidikan wajib di peringkat rendah 2003" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Laura Casillas. "Calderón firma decreto de preparatoria obligatoria". Azteca Noticias. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Education in Norway" (PDF). udir.no. Foreign Ministry of Norway. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Federal law of Russia "On education", article 19.6
Jump up ^ "COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT (CHAPTER 51)". Singapore Statutes Online.
Jump up ^ "Channel NewsAsia - Compulsory education for all special needs children from 2019". Government of Singapore. 5 Nov 2016.
Jump up ^ "Children with moderate to severe special needs to be part of Compulsory Education Act". The Straits Times. 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Hans Högman. "Den svenska skolans historia" (in Swedish). Hasses hemsida. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Education Act 1996 s8". Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Education leaving age". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs.. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Schools Kill Creativity. TED Talks, 2006, Monterey, CA, USA.
Further reading[edit]
Coleman, J. S., et al. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Dunlap, Knight (1929). "Is Compulsory Education Justified?," The American Mercury, pp. 211–214.
Epstein, R. (2007). Let's abolish high school. Education Week. Retrieved April 18, 2007, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/04/04/31epstein.h26.html
Gardner, Richard (1871). An address on compulsory education: given before the Church of England School Teachers' Association for West Kent, February 11, 1871. Tonbridge: Richard Gardner.
Gatto, J. T. (2003). The Underground History of American Education. New York: The Oxford Village Press.
Holt, J. (1974). Escape from childhood. In Noll, J.W. (Ed.), Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues (pp. 25–29). Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill.
Illich, I. (1970). Deschooling Society. New York: Harper & Row.
Rothbard, M. (1978). Public and compulsory schooling. In For a New Liberty (chap. 7). Retrieved April 12, 2007, from https://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty6.asp
Van Horn Melton, J. (1988). Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
West, E. G. (1974). The economics of compulsion. In The Twelve-Year Sentence. Retrieved April 11, 2007, from http://www.ncl.ac.uk/egwest/pdfs/economics%20of%20compulsion.pdf
White, John (1876). "The Laws on Compulsory Education," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXV, pp. 897–918
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Compulsory education.
A discussion of compulsory education as a human right (Right to education Project)
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