text:
American Medical Association
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article may contain wording that promotes the subject through exaggeration of unnoteworthy facts. Please help improve it by removing or replacing such wording. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
American Medical Association
Formation
May 7, 1847; 170 years ago (1847-05-07)
Type
Professional association
Purpose
"To bring together physicians and communities to improve the nation’s health."
Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Location
United States
Membership
240,359 as of 2016[1]
Official language
English
President
David O. Barbe, M.D.[2]
Key people
Board Chair Gerald E. Harmon, M.D.; CEO & EVP James Madara, M.D.
The American Medical Association (AMA), founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897,[3] is the largest association of physicians—both MDs and DOs—and medical students in the United States.[4]
The AMA's stated mission is "to bring together physicians and communities to improve the nation’s health."[5] The Association also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), which has the largest circulation of any weekly medical journal in the world.[6] The AMA also publishes a list of Physician Specialty Codes which are the standard method in the U.S. for identifying physician and practice specialties.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Policy positions
1.2 Politics and lobbying
2 Criticisms and historical controversies
3 Structure
4 Membership
5 Charitable activities
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
See also: List of presidents of the American Medical Association
In 1847 after a report by physician Nathan Smith Davis, American physicians met in Philadelphia and formed the AMA as a national professional medical organization, the first of its kind in the world, going on to establish uniform standards for medical education, training, and practice, the world's first national code for ethical medical practice. Ever since, the AMA Code of Medical Ethics dictates professional conduct for practicing physicians.
Policy positions[edit]
The AMA has one of the largest political lobbying budgets of any organization in the United States. Its political positions throughout its history have often been controversial. In the 1930s, the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the health maintenance organizations established during the Great Depression, which violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and resulted in a conviction ultimately affirmed by the US Supreme Court.[7] The American Medical Association's vehement campaign against Medicare in the 1950s and 1960s included the Operation Coffee Cup, supported by Ronald Reagan. Since the enactment of Medicare, the AMA reversed its position and now opposes any "cut to Medicare funding or shift [of] increased costs to beneficiaries at the expense of the quality or accessibility of care". However, the AMA remains opposed to any single-payer health care plan that might enact a National Health Service-style organization in the United States, such as the United States National Health Care Act. In the 1990s, the organization was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform advanced by Hillary and Bill Clinton.[citation needed]
The AMA has also supported changes in medical malpractice law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care. In many states, high risk specialists have moved to other states that have enacted reform. For example, in 2004, all neurosurgeons had relocated out of the entire southern half of Illinois.[8] The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for pain and suffering. These costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of healthcare and lost income. At the same time however, states without caps also experienced similar results; suggesting that other market factors may have contributed to the decreases. Some economic studies have found that caps have historically had an uncertain effect on premium rates.[9] Nevertheless, the AMA believes the caps may alleviate what is often perceived as an excessively litigious environment for many doctors.[citation needed] A recent report by the AMA found that in a 12-month period, five percent of physicians had claims filed against them.[10]
Claims that the AMA generates $70 million in revenue through its stewardship of Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes appear to be a mischaracterization.[citation needed] The estimate is based on a distortion[citation needed] of the transparent financial information the AMA voluntarily offers in its Annual Report. The AMA has publicly reported this figure represents income from its complete line of books and products, which include more than 100 items, not just CPT.[11]
The AMA sponsors the Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee which is an influential group of 29 physicians, mostly specialists, who help determine the value of different physicians' labor in Medicare prices.
Collections of the association's papers dating from the late 1860s to the late 1960s are held at the National Library of Medicine.[12][13]
Politics and lobbying[edit]
The American Medical Association headquarters building in Chicago
Throughout its history, the AMA has been actively involved in a variety of medical policy issues, from Medicare and HMOs to public health, and climate change. Between 1998 and 2011, the AMA spent $264 million on lobbyists, second only to the American Chamber of Commerce.[14]
In the 1930s the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the primitive health maintenance organizations that sprung up during the Great Depression. The AMA's subsequent conviction for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court.[7]
The AMA's vehement campaign against Medicare in the 1950s and 1960s included the Operation Coffee Cup supported by Ronald Reagan. Before Medicare passed, according to Steven Schroeder, Wilbur Cohen inserted "usual, customary and reasonable" charges into the Social Security Act of 1965 "in an unsuccessful attempt to placate" the AMA.[15] Since the enactment of Medicare, the AMA stated that it "continues to oppose attempts to cut Medicare funding or shift increased costs to beneficiaries at the expense of the quality or accessibility of care" and "strongly supports subsidization of prescription drugs for Medicare patients based on means testing". The AMA also campaigns to raise Medicare payments to physicians, arguing that increases will protect seniors' access to health care. In the 1990s, it was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform proposed by President Bill Clinton.
The AMA supported the War on Drugs, providing a medical rationale to clamp down on marijuana use in the 1990s.[citation needed]
The AMA has given high priority to supporting changes in medical malpractice law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care. In many states, high-risk specialists have moved to other states with such limits. For example, in 2004, not a single neurosurgeon remained in the entire southern half of Illinois.[8] The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for pain and suffering. These costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of health care and lost income. Multiple states found that limiting pain and suffering costs has dramatically slowed increases in the cost of medical malpractice insurance[citation needed]. The state of Texas enacted such reforms in 2003 and subsequently reported in 2005 that all major malpractice insurers were able to offer either no increase or a decrease in premiums to physicians.
Another top priority of the AMA is to lobby for change to the federal tax codes to allow the current health insurance system (based on employment) to be purchased by individuals. Such changes could possibly allow millions of currently uninsured Americans to be able to afford insurance through a series of refundable tax credits based on income (for example, the lower one's income, the greater your credit)[citation needed].
The AMA has made efforts to respond to health care disparities.
As such, the AMA created an advisory committee to assess the nature of disparities within different racial and ethnic groups.[16] One such committee focuses on the health of the Gay, Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender community. In 2005, the AMA president Edward Hill gave a keynote address to the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association at its annual conference.[17] Since that time, the AMA has worked closely with GLMA to develop AMA policy towards better health care access for LGBT patients and better working environments for LGBT physicians and medical students.[18]
The AMA responded to the government estimate that more than 35 million Americans live in underserved areas by stating it would take 16,000 doctors to immediately fill that need, and the gap is expected to widen due to rising population and aging work force. "And that will mostly be felt in rural America," said Sen. Kent Conrad, D-N.D., adding, "We're facing a real crisis." Fueling the shortage are the restrictions on allowing foreign physicians to work in the U.S. after the September 11, 2001 attack, and may become more restrictive after the attempted terrorist bombings June 2005 in Britain, still under investigation, linked to foreign doctors.[19][20]
In June 2007, at its annual meeting, the AMA discussed its opposition to a fast-spreading nationwide trend for medical clinics to open up in supermarkets and drugstores. The AMA identified at least two problems with in-store clinics: potential conflict of interest, and potential jeopardized quality of care. The AMA went on to rally state and federal agencies to investigate the relationship between the operating clinics and the pharmacy chains to decide if this practice should be prohibited or regulated. Dr. Peter Carmel, neurosurgeon and AMA board member asked, "If you own both sides of the operation, shouldn't people look at that?" The AMA also noted some employers reduce or waive the co-payment if an employee goes to the retail clinic instead of the doctor's office, inferring that this practice might negatively affect quality of care.[21]
In 2008, the AMA issued a policy statement on global climate change declaring that they "support the findings of the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, which states that the Earth is undergoing adverse global climate change and that these changes will negatively affect public health." They also "support educating the medical community on the potential adverse public health effects of global climate change, including topics such as population displacement, flooding, infectious and vector-borne diseases, and healthy water supplies."[22]
In July 2008, the AMA focused its energy on blocking cuts to Medicare. Through advocacy efforts and communications campaigns, the AMA and all the specialty societies and state medical societies it comprises came out with a temporary victory. Despite a presidential veto, H.R. 6331, the "Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008", passed with wide, bi-partisan majorities in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.
The AMA has affirmed, through continual policy statement (policies H-460.957, H-460.974, H-460.964, and H-460.991 for example), its support for appropriate and compassionate use of animals in biomedical research programs, and its opposition to the actions of other groups that impede such research, such as some actions from animal rights groups, and its opposition to legislation that unduly restricts such research.
The AMA's Office of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse promotes temperance and lobbies for a reduction of alcoholic beverage advertising and an increase in alcoholic beverage taxes, among other activities.
The AMA supported the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as a step toward providing coverage to all Americans.[23]
The AMA approved a resolution in 2015 declaring that there is "no medically valid reason to exclude transgender individuals from service in the U.S. military". The decision was lauded by the Human Rights Campaign.[24]
Criticisms and historical controversies[edit]
In historical terms, the American Medical Association's policy of allowing its constituent groups to be racially segregated in areas with widespread prejudice faced considerable opposition from doctors as well as other health care professionals. This came to a head during the Civil Rights Movement, pressure coming from organization such as the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR), and the AMA finally gave up the policy in the late 1960s. Retrospective articles by the AMA's own publications have criticized the AMA's past tolerance of discrimination as against fundamental medical ethics. One such 2008 article used the title "African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968: Origins of a Racial Divide".[25] The intersection of race and health in the U.S. has long been a disputed topic relating to many factors.[26] As well, in terms of history, the AMA's foot-dragging in helping foreign-trained medical professionals fleeing to the U.S. from Nazi-controlled Germany and adjacent nations has brought criticism. Despite a widespread need among natural-born Americans for health services, particularly in the context of the Great Depression, the number of newly licensed foreign-trained doctors after Adolf Hitler came to power remained similar to previous totals.[27]
In economic terms, several critics of the American Medical Association, including Nobel Memorial Prize winning economist Milton Friedman as well as his wife, Rose Friedman, have asserted that the organization acts as a guild and has attempted to increase physicians' wages and fees by influencing limitations on the supply of physicians and competition from non-physicians. In the book Free to Choose, a work associated with the television series of the same name, the Friedmans stated that "the AMA has engaged in extensive litigation charging chiropractors and osteopathic physicians with the unlicensed practice of medicine, in an attempt to restrict them to as narrow an area as possible."[27] Counters to this argument have appeared in publications such as The Wall Street Journal, in which AMA-related doctor Cecil B. Wilson argued that the AMA "has been supportive of medical school expansion to help ensure there are enough physicians to care for all Americans." Wilson remarked specifically as well that the sum of "medical schools accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, of which the AMA is one of two co-sponsors, increased from 125 in 2006 to 137 in 2012" and that the "number of medical students in the U.S. is also increasing."[28]
Profession and Monopoly, a book published in 1975, also condemned the AMA for limiting the supply of physicians and inflating the cost of medical care in the U.S. The book asserted that physician supply is kept low by the AMA to ensure high pay for practicing physicians. It states that in the United States the number, curriculum, and size of medical schools are restricted by state licensing boards controlled by representatives of state medical societies associated with the AMA. The book is also critical of the ethical rules adopted by the AMA which restrict advertisement and other types of competition between professionals. It points out that advertising and bargaining can result in expulsion from the AMA and legal revocation of licenses. Restrictions against advertising that is not false or deceptive were dropped from the AMA Code of Medical Ethics in 1980 (AMA Ethical Policy E-5.02). The book also states that before 1912 the AMA included uniform fees for specific medical procedures in its official code of ethics. The AMA's influence on hospital regulation was also criticized in the book.[29]
The belief by the AMA and other industry groups predicting an oversupply of doctors and negative issues as a result, the AMA limiting at least somewhat the number of new doctors, has picked up criticism for having created a problem in the other direction. More recently, the AMA changed its position and acknowledged a doctor shortage in multiple areas instead, predicting U.S. trends could worsen.[30]
It has been argued, through a commentary article, that the AMA's CPT monopoly has been created by the government and makes the organization subject to government influence. Further, the restricted access to CPT codes may not be in the interest of its constituents.[31]
In a 1987 antitrust court case, a federal district judge called the AMA's behavior toward chiropractors "systematic, long-term wrongdoing". The AMA was accused of limiting the associations between physicians and chiropractors. In the 1960s and 1970s, the association's Committee on Quackery was said to have targeted the chiropractic profession, and for many years the AMA held that it was unethical for physicians to refer patients to chiropractors or to receive referrals from chiropractors.[32]
Structure[edit]
The AMA is composed of various internal groups that discuss policy twice a year. There is an annual meeting, always held in Chicago, IL and an Interim meeting set on a rotating schedule for different locations.[33] Within the AMA, there are sections that can make up the total AMA. These sections include Medical Students, Resident and Fellows, Academic physicians, Medical School Deans and Faculty, Physicians in group practice setting, Retired and Senior Physicians, International Medical graduates, Woman physicians, Physician Diversity and Minority health, GLBT, USAN, AMA board of Trustees, Foundation and Council.[34] Externally to the AMA, there are organizations that come to these meetings by sending representatives. These representatives meet two a year in the House of Delegates at the Interim and/or annual meeting. Representatives come from medical societies that are either from a state, specialty or the federal services/government services. These organizations are called AMA member organizations.[35]
Membership[edit]
Published membership figures as reported by the AMA include:
Year
Membership
Reference
2002 278,000 [36]
2007 238,977 [37]
2009 228,150
2010 215,854 [38][39]
2011 217,490 [40]
2012 217,490 [41]
Charitable activities[edit]
The AMA Foundation provides approximately $1,000,000 annually in tuition assistance to financially needy students. This has to be seen on the background that in 2007, graduating medical students carried a mean debt load of $140,000 which rose to $220,000 after four years of negative amortization during residency[42] medical student debt has increased by 7% each successive year.[43] By the time debt is paid off, it is sometimes almost half a million dollars.[44]
Funds awareness projects about health literacy
Funds community service, community health, and healthcare education events held by local medical societies and student chapters
Supports research funding for students and fellows around the U.S.
Provides grants to community projects designed to encourage healthy lifestyles (of diet and exercise, good sleep habits, etc.).
The Worldscopes project is a collaboration with the medical community to collect stethoscopes and the funds to buy them. The stethoscopes are then distributed to those in the global medical community who normally lack the resources to obtain the instruments. Thousands of stethoscopes have been sent to physicians and others in the medical community around the world who lack access to this medical instrument.[45]
See also[edit]
JAMA (journal)
JAMA Pediatrics
AMA Foundation Leadership Award
AMA Manual of Style
AMA Scientific Achievement Award
American Association of Physicians and Surgeons
American College of Physicians
American Dental Association
American Medical Student Association
American Osteopathic Association
List of journals published by the American Medical Association
National Physicians Alliance
Physicians for a National Health Program
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.ama-assn.org/about-us/ama-annual-report
Jump up ^ https://www.ama-assn.org/david-o-barbe-md-inaugurated-172nd-president-ama
Jump up ^ "AMA (AMA History) 1847 to 1899". American Medical Association. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
Jump up ^ Pollack, Andrew (2013-06-18). "AMA Recognizes Obesity as a Disease". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ https://www.ama-assn.org/about
Jump up ^ "About JAMA: JAMA website".
^ Jump up to: a b American Medical Ass'n. v. United States, 317 U.S. 519 (1943)
^ Jump up to: a b "The doctors are leaving". The Chicago Tribune. April 18, 2004.
Jump up ^ Weiss Ratings News: Medical Malpractice Caps Fail to Prevent Premium Increases, According to Weiss Ratings Study
Jump up ^ Medical Liability Claim Frequency: A 2007-2008 Snapshot of Physicians
Jump up ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/37/2009-annual-report.pdf
Jump up ^ "American Medical Association annual meetings collection 1866-1890". National Library of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "AMA Deceased Physicians Masterfile 1906-1969". National Library of Medicine.
Jump up ^ Klein, Ezra (22 Mar 2012). "Our Corrupt Politics: It's Not All Money". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
Jump up ^ Steven A. Schroeder (April 2011). "Personal reflections on the high cost of American medical care: Many causes but few politically sustainable solutions". Archives of Internal Medicine. 171 (8): 722–727. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.149. PMID 21518938.
Jump up ^ AMA (Public Health) Eliminating health disparities
Jump up ^ AMA (GLBT) News release from the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association
Jump up ^ AMA (GLBT) AMA policy regarding sexual orientation
Jump up ^ Justin Donathan. "Physician Shortages, Gone Country". eQuoteMD. Retrieved 2014-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Short supply of foreign doctors". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
Jump up ^ "In-store clinics". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
Jump up ^ AMA policy statement on climate change
Jump up ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/399/hsr-3590-passage-support.pdf[dead link]
Jump up ^ https://www.hrc.org/blog/voters-reject-ted-cruzs-false-scare-tactics-against-trans-americans-campaig
Jump up ^ "The Medical Committee for Human Rights". Virtual Mentor. American Medical Association. 16 (Number 9): 745–748. September 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/2/343.full
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Milton; Friedman, Rose (1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Mariner Books. pp. 238–241. ISBN 9780156334600.
Jump up ^ Wilson, M.D., Cecil B. (April 12, 2012). "AMA Supports Training More M.D.s". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berlant, Jeffrey (1975). Profession and Monopoly: a study of medicine in the United States and Great Britain. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02734-5.
Jump up ^ Cauchon, Dennis (2005-03-02). "Medical miscalculation creates doctor shortage". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Scherz H. (2010-05-07). "Why the AMA wants to muzzle your doctor". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ "U.S. judge finds medical group conspired against chiropractors". The New York Times. Associated Press. 29 August 1987. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Meeting Dates". www.ama-assn.org. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Physician Leadership Opportunities at the AMA". www.ama-assn.org. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Member Organizations". www.ama-assn.org. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ Korcok M (August 20, 2002). "As membership plummets, American Medical Association seeks answers" (PDF). CMAJ. 167 (4): 386. PMC 117867  . Retrieved January 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Peck P (June 25, 2007). "AMA: after one-year increase, AMA membership declines again". MedPage Today. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Walker EP (June 20, 2011). "AMA: once again fewer doctors choose AMA". MedPage Today. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES AND AMA LEADERSHIP" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Collier R (August 9, 2011). "American Medical Association membership woes continue". CMAJ. 183 (11): E713–E714. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3943. PMC 3153537  . PMID 21746826.
Jump up ^ American Medical Association Implements New Policies to Combat Opioid Abuse
Jump up ^ "House passes partial forgiveness for medical student loans".
Jump up ^ "Medical Student Debt". Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
Jump up ^ "$1 million mistake: Becoming a doctor". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Give a simple stethoscope, Make a world of difference". Archived from the original on 2009-03-21. Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Further reading[edit]
Burrow, James G. AMA: Voice of American Medicine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.
Campion, Frank. The AMA and U.S. Health Policy Since 1940. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984.
Fishbein, Morris. History of the American Medical Association, 1847–1947. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1947.
Numbers, Ronald. Almost Persuaded: American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance, 1912–1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Poen, Monte. Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: The Genesis of Medicare. Columbia, MO: The University of Missouri Press, 1979.
Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry. New York: Basic Books, 1982.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Medical Association.
Official website
American Medical Association annual meetings collection (1866-1890)—National Library of Medicine finding aid
AMA Deceased Physicians Masterfile (1906-1969)—National Library of Medicine finding aid
[hide]
v
t
e
State affiliates of the American Medical Association
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Medicine portal
Health portal
United States portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&oldid=818490211"
Categories:
Organizations established in 1847
Medical and health professional associations in Chicago
1847 establishments in Pennsylvania
Medical associations based in the United States
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from August 2014
CS1 errors: dates
Articles needing additional references from August 2009
All articles needing additional references
Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009
All articles lacking reliable references
Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2010
All articles needing references cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2010
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Articles with wikipuffery
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
हिन्दी
Italiano
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Tagalog
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 January 2018, at 21:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

value: b

attrs: class href

attrs: href title

value: i

value: small

attrs: href class

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-puffery

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/Medical_student
mw-redirect
Medical student

values:
/wiki/Physician_Specialty_Codes
mw-redirect
Physician Specialty Codes

values: List of presidents of the American Medical Association

values: AMA Code of Medical Ethics (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Single-payer_health_care
mw-redirect
Single-payer health care

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values: Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce
mw-redirect
American Chamber of Commerce

values:
/wiki/Wilbur_Cohen
mw-redirect
Wilbur Cohen

values:
/wiki/Social_Security_Act_of_1965
mw-redirect
Social Security Act of 1965

values:
/wiki/War_on_Drugs
mw-redirect
War on Drugs

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

values:
/wiki/September_11,_2001_attack
mw-redirect
September 11, 2001 attack

values:
/wiki/Global_climate_change
mw-redirect
Global climate change

values: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

values:
/wiki/Infectious_disease
mw-redirect
Infectious disease

values: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

values: Edit section: Criticisms and historical controversies

values:
/wiki/Racially_segregated
mw-redirect
Racially segregated

values:
/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement
mw-redirect
Civil Rights Movement

values:
/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_U.S.
mw-redirect
Race and health in the U.S.

values: Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

values: Osteopathic medicine in the United States

values:
/wiki/Doctor_shortage
mw-redirect
Doctor shortage

values: List of American Medical Association Member Organizations (page does not exist)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: American Association of Physicians and Surgeons

values: Physicians for a National Health Program

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.ama-assn.org/about

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 317

values:
nofollow
external text
http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/ama461

values:
nofollow
external text
http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/ama556

values:
/wiki/Archives_of_Internal_Medicine
mw-redirect
Archives of Internal Medicine

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518938

values:
/wiki/Rose_D._Friedman
mw-redirect
Rose D. Friedman

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-3943

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21746826

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ama-assn.org

values: Template:American Medical Association state affiliates

values: Template talk:American Medical Association state affiliates

values: Medical Association of the State of Alabama (page does not exist)

values: Alaska State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Arizona Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Arkansas Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Connecticut State Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Medical Society of Delaware (page does not exist)

values: Medical Society of the District of Columbia (page does not exist)

values: Florida Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Idaho Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Illinois State Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Indiana State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Iowa Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Kansas Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Kentucky Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Louisiana State Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Maine Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Mississippi State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Missouri State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Montana Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Nebraska Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: New Hampshire Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: New Mexico Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Medical Society of the State of New York (page does not exist)

values: North Carolina Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: North Dakota Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Ohio State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Oklahoma State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Oregon Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: South Carolina Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: South Dakota State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Utah Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: West Virginia State Medical Association (page does not exist)

values: Wisconsin Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: Wyoming State Medical Society (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Organizations established in 1847

values: Category:Medical and health professional associations in Chicago

values: Category:1847 establishments in Pennsylvania

values: Category:Medical associations based in the United States

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2014

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2010

values: Category:All articles needing references cleanup

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2010

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/American_Medical_Association
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: الجمعية الطبية الأمريكية – Arabic

values: American Medical Association – Belarusian

values: Associació Mèdica Nord-americana – Catalan

values: Asociación Médica Estadounidense – Spanish

values: انجمن پزشکی آمریکا – Persian

values: Association médicale américaine – French

values: अमेरिकी चिकित्सक संघ – Hindi

values: American Medical Association – Norwegian

values: Associação Médica Americana – Portuguese

values: Американская медицинская ассоциация – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-American_Medical_Association rootpage-American_Medical_Association skin-vector action-view