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Barney Stinson
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Barney Stinson-Whittaker
How I Met Your Mother character
Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Last Forever"
Created by
Carter Bays
Craig Thomas
Portrayed by
Neil Patrick Harris
Tanner Maguire
Riley Thomas Stewart
Information
Nickname(s)
Awesome
Swarley
Gender
Male
Occupation
PLEASE (Provide Legal Exculpation and Sign Everything) [1]
Family
Loretta Stinson (mother)
Jerome Whittaker (father)
Cheryl Whittaker (step-mother)
James Stinson (maternal half-brother)
Jerome "J. J." Whittaker, Jr. (paternal half-brother)
Carly Whittaker (paternal half-sister)
Spouse(s)
Robin Scherbatsky (m. 2013-2016)
Significant other(s)
Shannon (ex-girlfriend)
Nora (ex-girlfriend)
Quinn Garvey (ex-fiancée)
"#31" (daughter's mother)
Children
Ellie Stinson (daughter, born 2020)
Relatives
Tom (brother-in-law)
Eli Stinson (nephew)
Sadie Stinson (niece)
Nationality
American
Barnabas "Barney" Stinson is a fictional character portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris and created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas for the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother. One of the main characters, Barney is a womanizer who uses many 'plays' in his 'playbook' to help him have sex with women. The character is known for his love of wearing expensive suits, laser tag, alcohol and various catchphrases, including "Suit up!", "Legendary", "Wait for it" (often combining the two as "legen—wait for it—dary!"), and "Daddy's home". In later seasons, he has a few serious relationships, marries, divorces, and has a child with an unnamed woman from a one-night stand.
Critics have praised the character and credit him for much of the show's success. He is considered the show's breakout character.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Character
2.1 Childhood and family
2.2 Education
2.3 Adult life prior to 2005 ("Pilot")
2.4 In the series (2005–2014)
2.5 Career
2.6 Friends
2.6.1 Ted Mosby
2.6.2 Marshall Eriksen
2.6.3 Lily Aldrin
2.6.4 Robin Scherbatsky
2.7 Romantic relationships
2.7.1 Robin Scherbatsky
2.7.2 Others
3 Appearances outside How I Met Your Mother
4 Catchphrases
5 Reception
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Development[edit]
The show's creators envisioned Barney as what Bays later described as a "large, John Belushi-type character";[3] nonetheless, Megan Branman, the casting director for How I Met Your Mother, invited Harris to audition. He assumed that he was invited solely because the two were friends and did not believe he had a chance of winning the role. Harris later said: "Since I [considered] myself the long shot, I didn't care that much, and I think that allowed a freedom." His audition centered on a scene playing laser tag, and Harris attempted a dive roll, accidentally knocking over a chair and slamming into a wall in the process. CBS executives enjoyed his playing and soon offered Harris the part.[4] The character is named for a heroin dealer in the James Ellroy novel L.A. Confidential.[citation needed]
Character[edit]
Barney Stinson is one of five main characters on How I Met Your Mother. He is a manipulative, oversexed businessman in his thirties who always wears a suit, likes women with "daddy issues" and is frequently willing to offer his (sometimes hypocritical) opinion.[4] Throughout the earlier seasons, Barney is a huge womanizer, and has been described as a "high-functioning sociopath" by his best friend, Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor). Barney has a plethora of strategies and rules designed to meet women, sleep with them, and discard them.[4] Through several seasons of the show, four (4) of the main characters are couples, as Ted began dating Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders) and Ted's roommate Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel) becomes engaged and later married to Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan). This leaves Barney the only single character, and, according to Harris, Barney is "resentful" that the other characters have paired up. Later on, in season 5, he dates Robin. They end up breaking up not long after, once they both realize they are making one another miserable.
Harris describes Barney as a man who "likes to create crazy situations and then sit back and watch it all go down."[5] He is an opportunist who manipulates any situation so that it goes his way. He is also highly competitive, and will take on "challenges" to complete outlandish tasks in order to prove his worth. He is proud and stubborn, and attempts to stand by his word no matter what. In "I Heart NJ", for example, he refuses to put down his fist unless someone offers him a fist bump. By the end of the episode, he has the same fist elevated in a sling after struggling to keep his fist up throughout the episode. In "Lucky Penny", when the others do not believe that he can run the New York City Marathon the next day without training, Barney immediately agrees to do so. Although he succeeds, he is unable to walk afterwards. Although he thinks of himself as worldly, Barney is sometimes extremely naive, believing many lies his mother told him well into adulthood, such as believing that Bob Barker is his father.
Barney, like Harris himself, is an illusionist. His favorite types of magic tricks involve fire, as seen in the tenth episode of the second season, "Single Stamina" and in the fourth episode of the fourth season, "Intervention". Barney uses magic tricks mostly to pick up women. His most common method of picking up women is telling them elaborate lies about himself, often using an alias. Many of his schemes for picking up women are in a book he has written called "The Playbook", which is exposed in the episode "The Playbook". He has commitment issues, as evidenced in his reluctance to put a label on his relationship with Robin and the fact that she is one of the few women he has actually dated since the show started.
Barney is very well-connected and is the most affluent member of the group. He frequently buys expensive items—such as a last-minute plane ticket to San Francisco, thousands of dollars in postage stamps, or two televisions specifically for smashing in frustration—in the spur of the moment. He is also something of a metrosexual; he waxes his chest, enjoys manicures and has an extensive knowledge of designer labels and gourmet food. However, he is also seen to have a gambling problem that he occasionally gets under control, only to relapse as seen in several episodes such as "Atlantic City", where he has gambling buddies in the Chinese Triad, and "Monday Night Football".
Although The Early Show described him as "Utterly devoid of morality", Barney lives by the "Bro Code", his own code of ethics.[6] Despite his overall questionable character, according to creator Craig Thomas, Barney is "a pretty fragile character who's really afraid of being alone. He just wants people to like him, to be important to people, and to have disciples who follow his word."[7] He has displayed a softer, kinder side on several occasions, however, such as preventing Marshall from sleeping with other women when he and Lily break up, and persuading Lily to come back to Marshall.
In "The Slutty Pumpkin Returns", Barney finds out he is one quarter Canadian, much to his horror and embarrassment.
Throughout the series, one major character development is apparent in Barney: At the beginning of the show, his character is a womanizer who completely objectifies sex and women and wants nothing to do with dating and relationships. Although he does date Robin in Season 5, he resumes his promiscuous lifestyle immediately after they break up. In Seasons 6 and 7, however, he begins to confront his personal issues, like his relationship with his estranged father and his fear of commitment. By the time late Season 7 rolls around, Barney has finally "grown up," and has now warmed to the idea of a commitment and marriage, culminating in his proposal to his girlfriend, Quinn. Although he briefly retreats to his escapades after he and Quinn break up, he does make one major final leap in his maturity when he burns The Playbook and proposes to Robin in Season 8's two-part episode "The Final Page," after finally admitting to himself that he is still in love with her. Robin accepts and they plan their wedding in the second half of the season.
The final season revolves around Barney and Robin's wedding weekend. After some apprehension on both their parts, they get married in "The End of the Aisle" after he vows to always be honest with her. The series finale, "Last Forever", reveals that, three years after their wedding, they get divorced because Robin's hectic travel schedule prevents them from spending any time together. Barney returns to a lifestyle of meaningless sex with multiple women for several years afterward, until he gets one of his one-night stands pregnant. He hates the idea of being a father until the day his child – a girl named Ellie – is born. He falls in love with her at first sight and becomes a devoted father, turning away from his player lifestyle for good.
Childhood and family[edit]
A few references have been offered to identify Barney's Birthday: In "Natural History", Barney claims he was six years old on July 23, 1981. This puts his birthday somewhere between July 24, 1974 and July 23, 1975; in "Zoo or False", Ted says Barney was born seven years after the moon landing (which occurred in July 1969), In "Columns" set in 2007, Barney gives his age as 31 further confirming his birth year is 1976. In "The Drunk Train" Marshall states Barney is a Scorpio which places his birthday between October 23 - November 21, 1976.
He was raised in Port Richmond, Staten Island by his mother Loretta (younger version voiced by Megan Mullally, played by Frances Conroy), who was apparently very promiscuous.[4] His father proved to be an ongoing mystery in the series. When Barney was young, he asked his mother who his father was, and as The Price Is Right happened to be on TV at the time, she pointed to Bob Barker and replied, "Oh, I don't know. That guy." Barney believed the lie wholeheartedly. Years later, as portrayed in the season 2 episode "Showdown", he appears on The Price Is Right with the intention of naming Barker as his father on national television, until he panics at the last minute and cannot go through with it. As a child, Barney was terrible at sports, and from various episodes it is shown he had few friends (one scene shows that no one attended his birthday party). In the episode "The Leap," Lily reveals that Barney planned on being a violinist when he was young.
In "Natural History", Barney finds out that a man named Jerome Whittaker, whom Barney believed to be his uncle, signed a form claiming to be Barney's father. Barney finally meets Jerome (John Lithgow) again in the episode "Legendaddy" and learns that he is in fact his father. Upon meeting, Jerome feels pressured to act like the hard-partying womanizer he once was in order to impress Barney, and also because Barney refuses to see him any other way. Barney eventually breaks down and accuses Jerome of walking out on him. Jerome, who can offer no excuse, apologizes and pleads with Barney to allow him to be a part of his life. Later in the sixth season, in "Hopeless", Jerome tries to impress Barney by acting like his old self, but later reveals he was just pretending. Barney, nevertheless, willingly listens to advice from Jerome about settling down. Barney also learns of his Canadian heritage, when he finds out that Jerome's mother was born in Manitoba.
Barney has three half-siblings: James (played by Wayne Brady), from his mother's side, a gay African American who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter (as revealed in the season seven episode "The Rebound Girl"); Carly (played by Ashley Benson), a university student from his father's side with whom Ted has a one-night stand in "Ring Up!", and Jerome Jr. (JJ), from his father's side, who is 11. He also has a female cousin named Leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode "Okay Awesome".
Education[edit]
Throughout the series Barney has claimed to have attended MIT; In the final season, Barney explains that MIT is an acronym for the Magicians Institute of Teaneck, not the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has worn a Cornell Big Red T-shirt,[8] indicating that he may have gone there, instead. As evidenced in Season 2 "Atlantic City", Barney learned at least conversational Korean, Chinese at some point, as well as some French. His musical skills include playing the drums, dancing the tango and singing. He is also skilled at juggling and laser tag.
Adult life prior to 2005 ("Pilot")[edit]
"Game Night" reveals that Barney had once been an innocent, idealistic young man who wanted to join the Peace Corps with his first serious girlfriend, Shannon. When she left him for a suit-wearing womanizer, James arranged for the 23-year-old Barney to lose his virginity to their mother's friend, Rhonda "the Man Maker" French.[9] After he slept with Rhonda and was led to believe he satisfied her, he became a similarly suit-wearing womanizer, even going so far as to adopt some of his rival's catchphrases. He lives by a strict code known as the Bro Code.[10][better source needed]
Barney is also revealed to have had a gambling problem, enabled by his mother, who is a bookmaker. However, he assures the group that it is not a problem because he is so good at it. He revealed in "Atlantic City" that he lost his entire life savings playing a Chinese game. He has also apparently lost every one of his many bets on the Super Bowl. He will go to any lengths to win a bet, even if it takes one year for just $10.[11]
In the series (2005–2014)[edit]
While Barney's softer, generous side is not often apparent,[7] it is not always relegated to flashbacks. When Marshall and Lily break their engagement in season one, Barney lures women away from Marshall so that he can remain faithful to the woman he truly loves.[5] It is revealed that it was Barney who convinced Lily to come back to New York, even buying her a plane ticket home. Barney's relationship with women evolves throughout the series; in the later seasons, he begins to desire a more conventional relationship, as evidenced by his subsequent proposals to both Quinn Garvey and Robin Scherbatsky. He is also known to write a blog.[12] In an allusion to Harris' role in Doogie Howser, M.D., the music played during his blogging sessions is the theme song from the show.
Career[edit]
Throughout the series, Barney frequently refuses to say what he does for a living, brushing off any questions about his job with a dismissive "Please."
Barney is apparently quite wealthy, and is undeniably the richest out of the five. He lives in an upscale apartment and is rich enough to own two 300 inch televisions shipped from Japan as well as expensive memorabilia, including an Imperial Stormtrooper costume from the Star Wars films.[13] Barney is also shown to be a fan of the rock groups AC/DC, Van Halen and Bon Jovi.
In his blog, he writes that he is the Director of WHO DID THIS.[14] The company he works for, Altrucell,[15] advertises itself as the world's largest producer of the felt covers of tennis balls; however, Future Ted implies that the company's main profits come from other, less innocent sources, such as logging, oil drilling, small arms, tobacco farming and missile construction. Barney states in "Cupcake" that, as a lawyer for Altrucell, Marshall would make more money in three months than he and Lily make in a year because his company has so many lawsuits against it.[6] In the season 3 episode "The Bracket," he says that he is good enough at lying to avoid perjury charges. As of Season 4, his company is involved in a hostile takeover of Goliath National Bank (GNB) and consequently shifts him to the management team of the bank, but he remains a powerful executive and continues to use the same office he has had since it was first shown in Season 1. Despite this, he has suggested there is the possibility he will one day wash up on shore with no teeth or fingerprints and supposedly has come under attack by ninjas in the past during work. In Season 4, during the episode "Happily Ever After", Barney states to a woman that he is an "Attorney in Law", though this was probably just part of a pick-up line as he immediately followed it with "Let's talk about getting you off". His video resume was published in Season 4 episode "The Possimpible".[16] In a season 8 episode, it was implied that the full extent of Barney's career might never be revealed.
In the Season 9 episode "Unpause", he drunkenly reveals that his job is to "Provide Legal Exculpation And Sign Everything" (P.L.E.A.S.E.), setting him up to be the fall guy for his company's nefarious activities. Unknown to his company, he has been conspiring with the federal government as part of a long-term plan to get revenge on his boss, who stole his girlfriend prior to the start of the series.
Friends[edit]
Ted Mosby[edit]
Ted is Barney's self-proclaimed best friend and "wing man". They meet in 2001 at MacLaren's, and Barney takes it upon himself to "teach Ted how to live". While Ted is often annoyed by Barney's antics, he considers him a good friend, and in "Miracles," says that Barney is like a brother to him. Their friendship has been tested, however; in "The Goat", Ted finds out that Barney and Robin slept together and ends their friendship, and refuses to speak to him for several episodes. In the third-season finale, "Miracles", however, Ted forgives Barney after Barney severely injures himself while trying to help him. They remain an important part of each other's lives for the rest of the series, with Barney comforting Ted after he is left at the altar in "Shelter Island" and Ted teaching Barney how to be a good boyfriend to Robin in "Robin 101" . Ted is the best man at Barney's wedding, and, along with the other main characters, is present for the birth of his child.[17]
Marshall Eriksen[edit]
Barney meets Marshall around the same time as Ted, and takes it upon himself to give Marshall unwanted advice on picking up women. While Marshall makes fun of Barney's promiscuity and ethical lapses, however, Barney has helped him many times throughout the series. For example, Barney gets him an internship at Altrucell in "Life Among the Gorillas", keeps him from sleeping with other women in "The Scorpion and the Toad", persuades Lily to come back to him in "Bachelor Party", and gets him a job at Goliath National Bank in "The Best Burger in New York". Barney is "co-best man" with Ted at Marshall's wedding. Along with the other main characters, Marshall is present for the birth of Barney's daughter. In the episode "Slap Bet", Barney loses a bet with Marshall and agrees to let Marshall slap him five times at random occasions "throughout eternity". This is later extended to eight slaps in the episode "Disaster Averted". Marshall administers these slaps in the episodes "Slap Bet", "Stuff", "Slapsgiving", "Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap", "Slapsgiving 3: Slappointment in Slapmarra", and "The End of the Aisle".
Lily Aldrin[edit]
Barney makes many unwelcome sexual advances toward Lily throughout the series, and frequently implies that Lily is secretly attracted to him, despite all evidence to the contrary. Nevertheless, he considers Lily a confidante, seeking her advice on winning Robin over and telling her deeply personal secrets, such as his failed ambition to be a concert violinist. He also admires her skill at lying and manipulating people, considering it to be on par with his own. While Lily calls Barney "the world's biggest pervert" and a "womanizing creep", she also considers him one of her best friends. Along with the other main characters, Lily is present for the birth of Barney's daughter.[17]
Robin Scherbatsky[edit]
Barney and Robin start out as friends, but he falls in love with her after they impulsively sleep together in "Sandcastles in the Sand". Throughout Season 4, he struggles with his feelings for her, until they finally get together in the season finale "The Leap". They become a full-fledged couple in season 5, but they break up in "The Rough Patch" when they find that they are making each other miserable. They never truly get over each other, however, even while they are dating other people. In the eighth season, he launches an elaborate plan to win Robin's heart (encouraged by Ted's future wife) that ends with Barney proposing to her. She accepts, and they get engaged. The final season revolves around their wedding weekend. After much doubt and soul-searching, they get married in "The End of the Aisle". The series finale, "Last Forever", reveals that, after three years of marriage, they get divorced because Robin's work schedule prevents them from spending any time together. They do not see each other again for several years, until Ted's wedding.[17]
Romantic relationships[edit]
Robin Scherbatsky[edit]
Barney and Robin start out as friends, but he falls in love with her after they impulsively sleep together in "Sandcastles in the Sand". Throughout Season 4, he struggles with his feelings for her, until they finally get together in the season finale "The Leap". They become a full-fledged couple in season 5, but they break up in "The Rough Patch" when they find that they are making each other miserable. They never truly get over each other, however, even while they are dating other people. In the eighth season, he launches an elaborate plan to win Robin's heart (encouraged by Ted's future wife) that ends with Barney proposing to her. She accepts, and they get engaged. The final season revolves around their wedding weekend. After much doubt and soul-searching, they get married in "The End of the Aisle". The series finale, "Last Forever", reveals that, after three years of marriage, they get divorced because Robin's work schedule prevents them from spending any time together. They do not see each other again for several years, until Ted's wedding.[17]
Others[edit]
Barney has two other serious girlfriends throughout the series: Nora (Nazanin Boniadi), on whom he cheats with Robin; and Quinn (Becki Newton), a stripper to whom he proposes, but with whom he breaks up upon realizing that they don't trust each other.
Appearances outside How I Met Your Mother[edit]
In 2008, the book The Bro Code, ostensibly written by Barney, was published. Three other books ostensibly written by Barney, Bro on the Go (2009), The Playbook (2010), and Bro Code for Parents: What to Expect When You're Awesome (2012), were also published.
In 2010, Barney was featured in a Super Bowl commercial that showed him in the stands at the Super Bowl with a sign stating "Hey Ladies Call Barney Stinson 1-877-987-6401." A recorded message by Neil Patrick Harris was played if the number was dialed.[18]
Catchphrases[edit]
In the show's pilot, Barney first utters the phrase, "Suit up!", as he tells others to dress like him to go out. The phrase "Suit up!" came from an ad for a suit sale in a later episode about his past with Shannon. According to creator Thomas, this is a sign that Barney "thought of his suit as some kind of superhero outfit that separated him from the pack."[7] The phrase is repeated in many episodes, and is often modified to fit whatever clothing Barney is wearing, such as "Flight suit up", "Snow suit up", and even "Birthday suit up". He also uses the word "awesome" to describe anything that he finds remotely pleasing, and invents different kinds of "high-fives" for every occasion. However, Barney's arguably most famous catch phrase is "Legendary!" which he uses to describe anything and everything fun and exciting (In fact, Ted says that he over-uses it). When saying something is legendary, he typically says "it's going to be Legen... wait for it... dary! Legendary!" He also says "wait for it" quite often. And also he often uses the word "Nice" to express when he enjoys something or someone.
In the show Barney frequently approaches attractive women with Ted in tow and asks "Haaaaaave you met Ted?" as a way to start a conversation with strangers. Thomas says that this phrase is based in real life, as a one-time friend of his often used a similar line to meet women.[7] He is also prone to saying "Daddy's Home" as either a chat-up line or for grand entrances, and "True Story" as an ending to stories or theories that are generally erroneous.
Barney often uses the phrase "Challenge accepted" when someone mentions an outlandish task that supposedly cannot be done; he takes this as a personal challenge and attempts, usually successfully, to perform the task.
Reception[edit]
According to The Early Show, Barney is one of the main reasons that the show has been a success.[6] Maclean's stated that Barney is the show's most popular character and explains that the most likeable characters are often those with the best catchphrases.[7] In 2006, TV Land named Barney's "Suit Up" one of the 100 Best Catchphrases. Barney's signature phrase is one of only four from contemporary television shows, as writers are now less likely to have a character repeat a phrase in many episodes.[7] In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named him one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years.[19] Paste included him in their list of the 20 Best Characters of 2011, ranking him No. 4.[20]
From 2007–10, Harris was nominated for a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his work playing Barney.[21] In 2008, Fireside published The Bro Code. Ostensibly written by Stinson, although actually penned by Matt Kuhn, a writer for the show, the book reveals the code by which the character supposedly lives his life (though he has been shown disregarding and/or violating a large portion of the articles in the book).[22] Oxford Dictionaries recognized Stinson as "the quintessence of a certain iteration of the contemporary bro" and noted how his language uses the word liberally.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Unpause". How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 15. January 20, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ Zoromski, Brian. "How I Met Your Mother: Girls vs. Suits Review". IGN TV. IGN. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Brian Ford (January 8, 2010). "Live at the Paley Center for Media: "How I Met Your Mother"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barney, has a good sense of humor, and made one of his catchphrases, "True story", an Internet viral meme. Dransfeldt, Jeffrey (April 26, 2008). "Harris is enjoying Barney's adventures in How I Met Your Mother". Ventura County Star. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Pierce, Scott D. (September 3, 2007). "Legen-dary!". Deseret Morning News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Neil Patrick Harris on Playing a Cad". The Early Show. October 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Weinman, Jaime J. (December 25, 2006). "Why Barney is the new Fonzie". Maclean's. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "How Lily Stole Christmas". How I Met Your Mother. Season 2. Episode 11. December 11, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "The Yips". How I Met Your Mother. Season 3. Episode 10. November 26, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ Weather & Time (April 2, 2012). "Barney Stinson's Bro Code". Chacha.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ten Sessions". How I Met Your Mother. Season 3. Episode 13. March 24, 2008. NBC.
Jump up ^ "How I Met Your Mother Community". CBS.com. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How I Met Your Mother: "Third Wheel" Review — A potential threesome ... for Ted, not Barney". ... we know he's a geek at heart. He does have a life-size Stormtrooper in his living room after all.
Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother Season Premiere Monday September 24, 8/7c (May 15, 2012). "Barney's Blog: Interrogation Room, Sweet Interrogation Room – How I Met Your Mother". CBS.com. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Life Among the Gorillas". How I Met Your Mother. Season 1. Episode 17. March 20, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Barney Stinson's Video Resume". Barneysvideoresume.com. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Last Forever". How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 24. March 31, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl: Call Barney Stinson at 1-877-987-6401". Zap2It. Tribune Digital Ventures.
Jump up ^ Adam B. Vary (June 1, 2010). "The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years: Here's our full list!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Josh (December 5, 2011). "The 20 Best TV Characters of 2011". Paste. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "And the nominees are". The Daily Telegraph. September 14, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Michael Esposito (November 8, 2008). "5 things we learned from "The Bro Code"". Chicago Tribune (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin, Katherine Connor (October 9, 2013). "The rise of the portmanbro". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Stinson, Barney (2008). The Bro Code. New York: Fireside. ISBN 978-1-4391-1000-3.
Stinson, Barney (2009). Bro on the Go. New York: Fireside. ISBN 978-1-4391-7313-8.
Stinson, Barney (2010). The Playbook: Suit up. Score chicks. Be awesome. New York: Touchstone. ISBN 978-1-4391-9683-0.
External links[edit]
Barney Stinson on IMDb
Barney's Blog
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb16501128r (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 1547 3757
LCCN: n2012034995
MusicBrainz: 13dff037-3d25-4067-a91f-c698e8a151ea
SUDOC: 139164278
VIAF: 271113218
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Quad (figure skating)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Quad (disambiguation).
A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least four but less than five revolutions.[1] Most quadruple jumps have exactly four revolutions; the quadruple Axel has 4½ revolutions, although no figure skater to date has completed this jump in competition. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly skated in the discipline. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not having one in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap.[2][3] The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. In 2002, Miki Ando became the first woman to do so, and she remains one of only two women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in competition.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of first jumps
2 Timeline of major events
2.1 Men
2.2 Ladies
2.3 Pairs
3 Execution
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of first jumps[edit]
In singles competition for men:
On March 25, 1988, at the World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Kurt Browning, a Canadian, landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) in competition.
On March 7, 1998, at the Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow and, in particular, a quad Salchow in combination.
On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quad Lutz in a sanctioned competition.[4][5][6][7][8] On November 12, he landed a ratified quad Lutz at the NHK Trophy, becoming the first skater to land successfully a quad Lutz in international competition.
On April 22, 2016, in the short program at the Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, United States, Shoma Uno landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition.[9]
On September 30, 2016, in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada, Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first ratified quadruple loop (also known as the "Rittberger" in Europe) in competition.[10]
No quadruple Axel has yet been ratified.
No quadruple combinations (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified.
In singles competition for ladies:
On December 14, 2002, in the free skate at the Junior Grand Prix Final, Miki Ando landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow in competition.
On March 10, 2018, in the long program at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships, Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple toeloop in competition.[11]
In pair skating competition:
In 1977, during their free skate at the European Championships, Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai performed the first ever quadruple twist lift in competition[12]
On November 17, 2007, in the free skate at the Trophee Eric Bompard competition in Paris, France, Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent landed the first ratified throw quadruple Salchow jump.
On July 11, 2015, in the free skate at the Cup of China, Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov landed the first ratified throw quadruple loop jump.[13]
Timeline of major events[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Men[edit]
1983
Mark Cockerell (USA) lands quads in training at the US National Sports Festival, but decides not to try it during his performance.[14]
1984
Alexander Fadeyev (USSR) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[15]
1986
Jozef Sabovčík (CZE) attempts a quad toe at the European Championships. It was approved at the time but a few weeks later ruled invalid because of a touchdown with his free foot.[16]
1987
Brian Boitano (USA) makes a quad toe attempt at the World Championships but falls and loses his title to Brian Orser (CAN).[17]
1988
Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first ratified quadruple jump, a toe loop, at the World Championships (with three turns on the landing).[16][18][19] Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen."[16]
Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.[18]
1989
Kurt Browning (CAN) lands a quad toe loop at the World Championships but touchdown with free foot.[19]
1990
Alexei Urmanov (USSR) becomes the first Soviet skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December.
Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but touches down with free foot at the European Championships in January
1991
Erik Larson (USA) attempts a slide spiral into a quad toe lands it and turns out at the NHK Trophy.
Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot Axel/quad Salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed.
Alexei Urmanov lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January.
Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.[20] He later said that he had studied VHS tapes of Browning, Boitano, Fadeev, and Sabovcik to master the quad.[21]
1992
Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but stepping out on landing at the European Championships in January.[22]
Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands the first quad (toe loop) in Olympic competition but touches down with the right hand.
Petr Barna (CZE) lands a huge quad toe-loop but touch down with free foot.[23]
1993
Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
1994
Zhang Min (CHN) lands a quad toe cleanly at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer.
Elvis Stojko (CAN) attempts a quad toe-triple toe combination at the World Championships, but steps out on the landing.[citation needed]
1995
Vassily Eremenko (UKR) falls on a quad toe attempt at the European Championships in January
Michael Weiss (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
Francis Gastellu (FRA) lands a quad toe at the French Nationals.[24][25]
1996
Guo Zhengxin (CHN) landed a quad-toe-double toe at the World Championships.[26]
1997
Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.[27]
Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.[21]
A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition: Ilia Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN).
Guo Zhengxin (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance.
Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships.
Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop).
17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series and attempts a quad Salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt is ruled a two-footed landing.
1998
Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall).
Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad Salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple Salchow and the first quad Salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is ratified by the ISU a month later.[28]
Ilia Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program.
The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June.
Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad Salchow at the Goodwill Games in July.
Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly.
Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt.
1999
Zhang Min (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[29]
Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships.[30]
Ilia Klimkin (RUS) becomes the first man to land two different quadruple jumps (salchow and toe loop) in a program at the 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy.[31]
Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at 1999 Skate America in October; he landed a quad salchow, quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe as a solo jump.[16]
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs the world's first quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy.
2000
Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program at the World Championships, including one in combination[32]
Todd Eldredge (USA) lands his first quadruple jump in competition at the Masters of Figure Skating.[citation needed]
2001
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) at the World Championships.
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) falls on a quad lutz attempt at the Cup of Russia.
2002
Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands a quad-triple combination jump in his short program at the 2002 Olympics.[33]
Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympic-winning long program: 1) a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe, toe-triple toe, double loop) combination and 2) a quadruple toe loop.[34]
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympics long program: a quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop attempt (step out on the last jump) and a solo quad toe.[35]
Zhang Min (CHN) is the first to land three quadruple jumps in the long program at the Olympic Games.[36]
Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a quad salchow-triple toe loop combination in his Olympic short program.
Timothy Goebel (USA) lands two quad salchow (one in combination with a triple toe loop) and one quad toe loop during his Olympic free program.
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands the first quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia.
2003
Takeshi Honda (JPN) lands three quadruple jumps in his long program at the 2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[37]
2006
Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination in his Olympic-winning free skate.[citation needed]
Stephane Lambiel (CHE) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination during his free skate at the Olympics. He attempts a second quad past the halfway point, but steps out and touches down with his hand.[38]
Brian Joubert (FRA) lands three quads (a quad toe in combination with double toe, a quad Salchow and a second quad toe) in competition at the Cup of Russia. He became the first European to perform it, and the first skater to land three quads in a free program under the ISU Judging System.[39]
2008
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple loop) at the Canadian Championships (at the age of 17), being the second one to do so.
Jeffrey Buttle (CAN) won at the 2008 World Championships. He became the first Champion whom without attempting a quad since Todd Eldredge in 1996. This led to criticism from silver-medal winner Brian Joubert and U.S. champion Evan Lysacek.[40]
2010
Evan Lysacek (USA) won the gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics without attempting a quad. This led to heavy criticism from silver-medal winner Evgeni Plushenko who landed a quad toe-triple toe combination in both his short program and free skate.[41]
Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the World Championships, but the jump is underrotated.[42]
Kevin van der Perren (BEL) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple toe) combination in competition at the World Championships in Torino, Italy.
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first skater to successfully land two quadruple jumps (quad salchow-triple toe loop and quad toe-loop) in a short program at the 2010 Skate Canada International.[43]
Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the Grand Prix Final, but the jump is downgraded.
2011
Brandon Mroz (USA) lands a quad Lutz in the short program at the 2011 Colorado Springs Invitational.[4][5] The U.S. Figure Skating-sanctioned competition was a small non-ISU event with three men's entries, making it unclear whether the accomplishment would be recognized by the International Skating Union.[5][44] On October 26, the ISU announced it had ratified the jump as the first quad Lutz to be performed in a sanctioned competition.[6][7] World Champion Patrick Chan of Canada commented, "I don't think it can be an official ISU record until [Mroz] has done it in an ISU event."[45]
Adam Rippon attempted quad Lutz in his free skating at the 2011 Skate Canada, but the jump was downgrated and two-footed.[46]
On November 12, 2011, Brandon Mroz (USA) landed a quad Lutz as his opening jump in the men's short program at the NHK Trophy in Sapporo, Japan, becoming the first skater to land a quadruple lutz in international competition.[47]
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2011 Cup of China. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[48]
2012
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2012 World Team Trophy. The jump was underrotated, then he fell.[49]
Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the second European skater to land three quads (two salchows and a toe-loop) in a free program and the first one to do it with a quad-triple combination (4S+3T) at the 2012 Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia.
2013
Brian Joubert (FRA) becomes the first skater to land more than 100 quadruple jumps in his career at international competitions.[50]
Vladislav Sesganov (RUS) becomes the first European skater to have landed quadruple Lutz in a competition at the 2013 International Cup of Nice.[51]
Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the first skater to land three quads twice in the same season after the 2012-13 Grand Prix Final and the 2013 European Championships. In both programs he did two quad Salchows and a quad toe loop, the first Salchow in combination with a triple toe loop.
Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first figure skater to land five quads in one competition
2014
Gordei Gorshkov (RUS) at a domestic competition (2nd stage of 2014 SPB Cup) attempts quad loop. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[52]
2015
Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Latvia attempts the quad loop. The jump was downgraded and received a fall deduction.[53] He also attempts quad loop at a JGP in Poland but the jump is underrotated.[54]
Boyang Jin (CHN) at a domestic competition (2015 National Grand Prix) lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Lutz.[55]
Boyang Jin (CHN) lands a successful quad Lutz - triple toe-loop (4Lz-3T) combination during his senior debut, the short program at the 2015 ISU Grand Prix event, Cup of China. The jump combination earned +1.29 GOE and Jin became the first man to land a positively graded 4Lz in an official ISU competition and the first man to jump a 4Lz in combination. Jin landed two successful quads in his short program. During the free skate Jin attempted four quads, landing a 4Lz, 4T-2T, 4T, but falling on his 4S attempt. He earned +2.14 GOE on his 4Lz, landing it for the second time in one competition.
Boyang Jin (CHN) at the 2015-16 Grand Prix Final lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Salchow.[56]
2016
Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first American to have landed two quads (4T and 4S) in his short program, four quads (4T-2T, 4S-2T-2Lo, 4T and 4S) in the free skate, and also six quads in two programs.[57]
Boyang Jin (CHN) at his debut Four Continents Championships in Taipei landed six clean quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate.
Shoma Uno (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple flip in the competition at the 2016 Team Challenge Cup.[58][59][60][61]
Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Slovenia landed quad loop but stepped out on the landing. The jump was counted as fully rotated.
Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple loop in competition at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International.[62]
Nathan Chen (USA) attempts five quads in a single program for the first time in his free skate at 2016 Finlandia Trophy: a quad Lutz, a quad flip, a quad toe loop, a quad toe loop-double toe loop-double loop combination and a quad Salchow. However, only his quad toe combination is landed cleanly as he falls on the first quad toe and the quad salchow.
2017
Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first skater in history to land 1) four different types of quads in a free skating program (Lutz, flip, toeloop, Salchow), 2) five quads in total in a free skating program, and 3) seven quads in total in both his short program and free skating.[63]
Shoma Uno (JPN) successfully lands a quad loop in his free skate at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He also lands a quad flip and two quad toe loops in the same programs.[64]
Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first competitor to land three quads in the second half of a free skating program.[65]
Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to have landed five different types of quads across various competitions: toe loop, Salchow, loop, flip and Lutz, following his successful quadruple loop at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.
Yaroslav Paniot (UKR) successfully lands a quad flip in his free skate at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.
Mikhail Kolyada (RUS) successfully lands a quad Lutz in his free skate at the 2017 Ondrej Nepela Memorial.
Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) successfully lands a quad Lutz at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup (Cup of Russia).
Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to land two quad Lutz jumps in a free skating and three quad Lutz jumps in a single competition at the 2017 Skate America.
Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the youngest person to land a quad Lutz jump in international competition, at the age of 15. He did so in his free skate at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb.
2018
Vincent Zhou (USA) became the first skater to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics.[66]
Nathan Chen (USA) was the first to land six quads in a free skate (five of them cleanly), also at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Ladies[edit]
1989
Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad toe loop at the European Championships; first quad attempt by a woman in a major competition. She also falls on a quad Salchow attempt.
1991
Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad attempt at the World Championships.
1992
Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad toe loop at the Olympics and later repeats this at the World Championships.[67][68]
1996
Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad Salchow at the World Championships, but lands forward and falls.[69]
2001
Sasha Cohen (USA) lands a quad Salchow in warmup and practice at Skate America, but her attempt in the long program ends up aborted.[70]
2002
Miki Ando (JPN) becomes the first woman to land a rotated quadruple (a Salchow) at the Junior Grand Prix Final.[71]
2017
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands an underrotated quad Salchow at the JGP Australia at the age of 13.[72]
2018
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands a rotated quad Salchow at the Final Of Cup of Russia, she also falls on a quad toe loop attempt.
Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands a ratified quad Salchow and a ratified quad toe loop with positive grades of execution at the 2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships.[11]
Pairs[edit]
1977
Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai (URS) perform the first ever quadruple twist lift at the European Championships.
1987
Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov (URS) perform a quadruple twist at the World Championships.[73]
2000
Dan Zhang and Hao Zhang (CHN) perform the first quadruple twist in a Junior competition at the Junior World Championships.[74]
2002
Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw Salchow at the Olympics. She lands, then falls, and the jump is not ratified.
2004
Ding Yang and Ren Zhongfei (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing is two-footed.
2007
Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent (USA) became the first pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard.[75]
2008
Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the second pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2008 European Championships. They also were the first pair to land a quadruple Salchow at the Russian and World Championships.
2011
Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) successfully perform a quadruple twist at JGP Innsbruck, Austria.[76]
2012
Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) became the first pair to attempt two quadruples, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple twist, in a program at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships; the landing for the quadruple-throw Salchow is two-footed.[77]
2014
Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete a quadruple-throw salchow in domestic competition[78]
2015
Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) at a domestic competition (1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop. The landing for the quadruple-throw loop is two-footed, then she falls.[79]
Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw Lutz, but she falls after the quad Lutz attempt.[citation needed]
Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the first pair to perform two quadruple-throws in one program, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop, at the ISU competition - 2015 Cup of China, although the landing for the loop is two-footed. It is also the first attempt to perform the quadruple-throw loop at the international competition.[13]
2018
Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete the first quadruple-throw salchow in Olympic competition [80]
Execution[edit]
A jump harness is often employed in training quads.[81] Max Aaron stated that the smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt: "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in the right place, anything will throw you off."[81] Ross Miner stated that the quality of the ice sometimes plays a role but more on the quad salchow than the toe loop.[81] Practicing quads increases the risk of injury and wear and tear on a skater's body.[81][82]
See also[edit]
Quadruple jump controversy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "GLOSSARY". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on June 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ Borzilleri, Meri-Jo (March 25, 2003). "Not taking same path as others". The Gazette (Colorado Springs).
Jump up ^ Brennan, Christine (February 16, 2018). "Adam Rippon solid again, but can't keep up technically in men's figure skating competition". USA Today.
^ Jump up to: a b Brandon Mroz - Quad Lutz (2011 Colorado Springs invitational) at Official U.S. Figure Skating Youtube
^ Jump up to: a b c Hersh, Philip (September 21, 2011). "Top skating official says Mroz could jump into record books". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The first reportedly recognized quadruple Lutz jump". International Skating Union. October 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosewater, Amy (October 26, 2011). "ISU confirms Mroz's historic accomplishment". Icenetwork. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brandon Mroz's quad lutz validated". Associated Press. ESPN. October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hoang, Mai (April 23, 2016). "Uno lands historic quad flip at Team Challenge". Golden Skate.
Jump up ^ "Hanyu first to nail quadruple loop". The Japan Times Online. October 1, 2016. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "13-year-old is first female figure skater to land two quads (video)". OlympicTalk. March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hines, James R. Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating. Scarecrow Press. p. 57. ISBN 0810868598.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1516/gpchn2015/gpchn2015_Pairs_FS_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ "Cockerell Captures Skating". Associated Press. The New York Times. June 27, 2003.
Jump up ^ Smith. "Figure Skating: A Celebration"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wilner, Barry (December 2, 1999). "The quad: Skating's evolution is for more revolution". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on October 31, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Boitano Isn't Upset By Loss Of His Title". The New York Times. March 14, 1987.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Quadruple Jump on Ice". Associated Press. The New York Times. March 26, 1988. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kurt Browning FAQ".
Jump up ^ Dodd, Mike (February 15, 2002). "Men leaps and bounds ahead in skating". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kwong, PJ (October 29, 2010). "The Quad and The Canadians". CBC Sports. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ (in Russian) European Championships - Men's
Jump up ^ Janofsky, Michael (February 16, 1992). "Petrenko Gets a Gold, Wylie a Silver Surprise". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ L'Equipe. 12/1994
Jump up ^ Patinage Magazine #46, page 56
Jump up ^ "Worlds". Iceskatingintnl.com. March 24, 1996. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Longman, Jere (February 16, 1997). "Kwan's Slips Open Door For a Younger Champion". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 4, 1998
Jump up ^ "Zhang". International Skating Union. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Michael Weiss: Online Interview". Goldenskate.com. May 16, 2004. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mittan, Barry (May 6, 2003). "Klimkin Recovers From Injuries to Record Best Season". GoldenSkate. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Quad jumps bring Yagudin third title". The Independent, London. March 21, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Yagudin short program at the 2002 Olympics".
Jump up ^ "Yagudin 2002 Olympic Long Program".
Jump up ^ "Plushenko 2002 Olympic Free Program, Carmen".
Jump up ^ "Yagudin skates to glory". BBC News. February 15, 2002. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships: Highlights". Golden Skate. February 20, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Stephane Lambiel FS Olympic Winter Games 2006 (Torino)". Youtube. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bangs, Kathleen (January 20, 2007). "Brian Joubert: In Peak Form". Golden Skate. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Buttle's world gold comes without quad; Weir takes bronze". Associated Press. ESPN. March 22, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (February 19, 2010). "Lysacek Wins the Gold With Style". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2010 - Men Free Skating Judges Details Per Skater" (PDF). International Skating Union. March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nealin, Laurie (October 29, 2010). "Oda leads, Reynolds makes history at Skate Canada". Agence France-Presse. Google News. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ainsworth, Alexa (September 21, 2011). "Will Mroz's quad Lutz go down in history?". Universal Sports. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Lynn (October 27, 2011). "Rippon plans quad Lutz at Skate Canada". Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpcan2011/gpcan2011_Men_FS_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ "Brandon Mroz lands historic quad lutz". Associated Press. Espn.go.com. January 1, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpchn2011/gpchn2011_Men_FS_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.isuresults.com/results/wtt2012/wtt2012_Men_FS_M_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ "100". La Nouvelle Republique (in French). February 27, 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "18th INTERNATIONAL CUP OF NICE MEN SHORT PROGRAM JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER" (PDF).
Jump up ^ http://fsevents.narod.ru/event/s1415/cup2spb/cup2spb_MMC__Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1516/jgplat2015/jgplat2015_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.isuresults.com/results/season1516/jgppol2015/jgppol2015_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ http://chnfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015_NationalGrand_Prix-Protocol.pdf
Jump up ^ "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final". International Skating Union. December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships". U.S. Figure Skating. January 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Team Challenge Cup". US Figure Skating. April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "First quadruple flip performed in competition". ISU. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Team North America Comes In Second On First Night Of Figure Skating's Team Challenge Cup". Team USA. April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Team North America Wins Inaugural Figure Skating Team Challenge Cup". Team USA. April 24, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) performs first clean quad loop in competition". International Skating Union. October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Via Associated Press. "Nathan Chen lands 5 quads to win 4 Continents figure skatingThe American champion, 17, set international-best scores across the board", The Denver Post, February 19, 2017. Accessed September 17, 2017. "Chen became the first man to land five quadruple jumps in a single performance at an ISU championship to win Four Continents on Sunday."
Jump up ^ "Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Hanyu, Uno keep Japan in the lead at World Team Trophy". Golden Skate. April 21, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Zhou lands 1st quad lutz in Olympics". Sacramento Bee. Associated Press. February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ O'Hagan, Simon. "Fire of an ice queen". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 5, 1995.
Jump up ^ Spargo, Chris (December 31, 2016). "How French figure skater Surya Bonaly has swapped Paris for a quiet life in MINNESOTA, 18 years after captivating the world with a back flip at the Olympics". The Daily Mail (UK). Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Surya Bonaly 1996 Worlds free program (Quad Salchow attempt)".
Jump up ^ Rosewater, Amy (December 26, 2001). "Cohen Continues Her Comeback". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Miki Ando". Absolute Skating. 2004.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Jack (August 29, 2017). "Takino takes bronze in Junior Grand Prix debut". The Japan Times.
Jump up ^ "Sergei Grinkov: Information and Much More from". Answers.com. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "icenetwork.com: Skaters". Web.icenetwork.com. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Quadruple Throw Salchow - Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent Land the First Quad Throw Salchow". Figureskating.about.com. November 17, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ISU JGP Austria 2011 - Junior Pairs Free Skating Judges Details Per Skater" (PDF). International Skating Union. September 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2012/fc2012_Pairs_FS_Scores.pdf
Jump up ^ "Skate Canada – Duhamel and Radford create magic with quad Salchow". skatecanada.ca.
Jump up ^ "Wall". vk.com.
Jump up ^ Dicker, Ron (February 15, 2018). "Popular Skating Duo Pulls Off Historic Move At Winter Olympics" – via Huff Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brannen, Sarah S. (March 20, 2012). "The fourth dimension: U.S. men analyze the quad". Ice Network.
Jump up ^ Tabb, Michael (March 30, 2017). "The physics behind figure skating's most difficult jump". Quartz.
External links[edit]
USA Today Graphic "Quad Jumps Require Speed, Power"
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