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Tagalog language
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Tagalog
Wikang Tagalog
Pronunciation
[tɐˈɡaːloɡ]
Native to
Philippines
Region
Manila, Southern Tagalog and Central Luzon
Ethnicity
Tagalog people
Native speakers
28 million (2007)[1]
45 million L2 speakers (2013)[2]
Total: 70+ million (2000)[3]
Language family
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian
Philippine
Central Philippine
Tagalog
Early forms
Proto-Philippine
Old Tagalog
Classical Tagalog
Standard forms
Filipino
Dialects
Bataan
Batangas
Bulacan
Lubang
Manila
Marinduque
Tanay–Paete (Rizal-Laguna)
Tayabas (Quezon)
Mindoro
Writing system
Latin (Tagalog/Filipino alphabet),
Philippine Braille
Baybayin (historical)
Official status
Official language in
Philippines (in the form of Filipino)
Recognised minority
language in
Philippines (Regional language; apart from national standard of Filipino)
Regulated by
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-1
tl
ISO 639-2
tgl
ISO 639-3
tgl – inclusive code
Individual code:
fil – Filipino
Glottolog
taga1280 Tagalogic[4]
taga1269 Tagalog/Filipino[5]
Linguasphere
31-CKA
Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the four dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern and Marinduque. The majority of residents in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur speak Bikol as their first language but these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a second language throughout the Philippines.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Tagalog (/təˈɡɑːlɒɡ/;[6] Tagalog pronunciation: [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority.[citation needed] Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of two official languages alongside English.
It is related to other Philippine languages, such as the Bikol languages, Ilocano, the Visayan languages, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan, and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the Formosan languages of Taiwan, Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian), Hawaiian, Māori, and Malagasy. Tagalog is the predominant language used in the tanaga, a type of Filipino poem and the indigenous poetic art of the Tagalog people.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Historical changes
1.2 Official status
1.3 Controversy
1.4 Use in education
2 Classification
2.1 Dialects
2.2 Geographic distribution
2.3 Accents
2.4 Code-switching
3 Phonology
3.1 Vowels
3.2 Consonants
3.3 Lexical stress
4 Grammar
5 Writing system
5.1 Baybayin
5.2 Latin alphabet
5.2.1 Abecedario
5.2.2 Abakada
5.2.3 Revised alphabet
5.2.4 ng and mga
5.3 pô/hô and opò/ohò
6 Vocabulary and borrowed words
6.1 Tagalog words of foreign origin
6.2 Cognates with other Philippine languages
7 Austronesian comparison chart
8 Religious literature
9 Examples
9.1 Lord's Prayer
9.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
9.3 Numbers
9.4 Months and days
9.5 Time
10 Common phrases
10.1 Proverbs
11 Majority provinces
11.1 Northern Tagalog
11.2 Central Tagalog
11.3 Southern Tagalog
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Old Tagalog
The Tagalog Baybayin script
The word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log ("river dweller"), composed of tagá- ("native of" or "from") and ilog ("river"). Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[7][8]
The first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language.
Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San Jose published the “Arte y reglas de la Lengua Tagala” (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his "Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala” in Pila, Laguna.
The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.[9] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[10] reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.[11]
Among others, Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies[12] of the language.
The indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the early 19th-century epic Florante at Laura.[13]
Historical changes[edit]
Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper), the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1882 written in both Tagalog and Spanish.
Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə. In most Bikol and Visayan languages, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot.
Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík.
Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.
Official status[edit]
Main article: Filipino language
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.[14]
In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.[15] After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[16][17] President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[16] In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as Wikang Pambansâ (national language).[17] Under the Japanese puppet government during World War II, Tagalog as a national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language.".
In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".[17] Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino")[18] and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino).
Controversy[edit]
The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for a national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as Wikang Pambansâ ("National Language") in 1939.[16][19] Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José Romero, as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had not accepted the selection.[17]
The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention. Majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.[20] A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.[17] The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.
Many of the older generation in the Philippines feel that the replacement of English by Tagalog in the popular visual media has had dire economic effects regarding the competitiveness of the Philippines in trade and overseas remittances.[21]
Use in education[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)
Upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 134, Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On 12th of April 1940, Executive No. 263 was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools in the country. [22]

Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part:
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.
—  [23]
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
—  [23]
In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.[24] After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012-2013.[25][26]
It is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central Luzon) and a second language of the majority.[27]
Classification[edit]
Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian), Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan).[28] It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano.[28]
Dialects[edit]
The Ten Commandments in Tagalog.
At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Manila, Lubang, Marinduque, Bataan (Western Central Luzon), Batangas, Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and Tayabas (Quezon) as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are a part: Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.
Some example of dialectal differences are:
Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in Standard Tagalog. For example, standard Tagalog ngayón (now, today), sinigáng (broth stew), gabí (night), matamís (sweet), are pronounced and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.
In Teresian-Morong Tagalog, [ɾ] is usually preferred over [d]. For example, bundók, dagat, dingdíng, and isdâ become bunrók, ragat, ringríng, and isrâ, e.g. "sandók sa dingdíng" becoming "sanrók sa ringríng".
In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect infix of -um- verbs is na-. For example, standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers, for should a Southern Tagalog ask nákáin ka ba ng patíng? ("Do you eat shark?"), he would be understood as saying "Has a shark eaten you?" by speakers of the Manila Dialect.
Some dialects have interjections which are considered a regional trademark. For example, the interjection ala e! usually identifies someone from Batangas as does hane?! in Rizal and Quezon provinces.
Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque.[29] Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.
One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.
Manila Tagalog
Marinduqueño Tagalog
English
Susulat siná María at Esperanza kay Juan. Másúlat da María at Esperanza kay Juan. "María and Esperanza will write to Juan."
Mag-aaral siya sa Maynilà. Gaaral siya sa Maynilà. "[He/She] will study in Manila."
Maglutò ka na. Paglutò. "Cook now."
Kainin mo iyán. Kaina yaan. "Eat it."
Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay. Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay. "Father is calling us."
Tútulungan ba kayó ni Hilario? Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario? "Is Hilario going to help you?"
Northern and central dialects form the basis for the national language.
Geographic distribution[edit]
No dumping sign along the highway in the Laguna province, Philippines.
Welcome sign in Los Baños, Laguna.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, as of 2014 there were 100 million people living in the Philippines, where almost all of whom will have some basic level of understanding of the language. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon—particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal and Zambales. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Marinduque and Mindoro, as well as Palawan to a lesser extent. It is spoken by approximately 64 million Filipinos, 96% of the household population;[30] 22 million, or 28% of the total Philippine population,[31] speak it as a native language.
Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. In[update] 2010, the US Census bureau reported (based on data collected in 2007) that in the United States it was the fourth most-spoken language at home with almost 1.5 million speakers, behind Spanish or Spanish Creole, French (including Patois, Cajun, Creole), and Chinese. Tagalog ranked as the third most spoken language in metropolitan statistical areas, behind Spanish and Chinese but ahead of French.[32]
Accents[edit]
The Tagalog language also boasts accentations unique to some parts of Tagalog-speaking regions. For example, in some parts of Manila, a strong pronunciation of i exists and vowel-switching of o and u exists so words like "gising" (to wake) is pronounced as "giseng" with a strong 'e' and the word "tagu-taguan" (hide-and-go-seek) is pronounced as "tago-tagoan" with a mild 'o'.
Batangas Tagalog boasts the most distinctive accent in Tagalog compared to the more Hispanized northern accents of the language.[citation needed][33] The Batangas accent has been featured in film and television and Filipino actor Leo Martinez speaks with this accent. Martinez's accent, however, will quickly be recognized by native Batangueños as representative of the accent in western Batangas which is milder compared to that used in the eastern part of the province.[citation needed]
Code-switching[edit]
Main article: Taglish
Taglish and Englog are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to changing language in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.
Code-mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are "Filipinized" by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.
"Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?"
"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?"
City-dwellers are more likely to do this.
The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's, and Western Union have contained Taglish.
Phonology[edit]
Main article: Tagalog phonology
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Tagalog has 33 phonemes: 19 of them are consonants and 14 are vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple, being maximally consonant-ar-vowel-consonant, where consonant-ar only occurs in borrowed words such as trak "truck" or sombréro "hat".[34]
Vowels[edit]
Tagalog has ten simple vowels, five long and five short, and four diphthongs.[34] Before appearing in the area north of Pasig river, Tagalog had three vowel qualities: /a/, /i/, and /u/. This was later expanded to five with the introduction of words from Northern Philippine languages like Kapampangan and Ilocano and Spanish words.
Table of the five general Tagalog vowel phonemes
Front
Central
Back
Close
i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Mid
ɛ ⟨e⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
Open
a ⟨a⟩
/a/ an open central unrounded vowel roughly similar to English "father"; in the middle of a word, a near-open central vowel similar to Received Pronunciation "cup"; or an open front unrounded vowel similar to Received Pronunciation or California English "hat"
/ɛ/ an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to General American English "bed"
/i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
/o/ a mid back rounded vowel similar to General American English "soul" or Philippine English "forty"
/u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English "flute"
Nevertheless, simplification of pairs [o ~ u] and [ɛ ~ i] is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and worker class registers.
The four diphthongs are /aj/, /uj/, /aw/, and /iw/. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: á é í ó ú.[34]
Table of all possible realizations of Tagalog vowels
Front
Central
Back
Close
i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Near-close
ɪ ⟨i⟩ ʊ ⟨u⟩
Mid
ɛ̝ ⟨e⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
Open-mid
ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩
Near-open
ɐ ⟨a⟩
Open
a ⟨a⟩ ä ⟨a⟩
The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in bold.
Consonants[edit]
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside the angle brackets.
Tagalog consonant phonemes[34]
Bilabial
Alveolar/Dental
Post-alveolar/Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny, niy⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Stop
p ⟨p⟩ b ⟨b⟩ t ⟨t⟩ d ⟨d⟩ k ⟨k⟩ g ⟨g⟩ ʔ
Affricate
(ts ⟨ts⟩) tʃ ⟨ts, tiy, ty, ch⟩ dʒ ⟨diy, dy, j⟩
Fricative
s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨siy, sy, sh⟩ x ⟨-k-⟩ h ⟨h, j⟩
Approximant
l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
(ɰ ⟨-g-⟩)
Rhotic
ɾ ⟨r⟩
/k/ between vowels has a tendency to become [x] as in loch, German "Bach", whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become [kx], especially in the Manila dialect.
Intervocalic /ɡ/ and /k/ tend to become [ɰ], as in Spanish "agua", especially in the Manila dialect.
/ɾ/ and /d/ were once allophones, and they still vary grammatically, with initial /d/ becoming intervocalic /ɾ/ in many words.[34]
A glottal stop that occurs in pausa (before a pause) is omitted when it is in the middle of a phrase,[34] especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
The /ɾ/ phoneme is an alveolar rhotic that has a free variation between a trill, a flap and an approximant ([r~ɾ~ɹ]).
The /dʒ/ phoneme may become a consonant cluster [dd͡ʒ] in between vowels such as sadyâ [sadˈd͡ʒäʔ].
Glottal stop is not indicated.[34] Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:
the word starts with a vowel, like "aso" (dog)
the word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like "mag-aral" (study)
the word has two vowels next to each other, like "paano" (how)
the word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like "mag-aayos" ([will] fix)
Lexical stress[edit]
Lexical stress, coupled with glottalization, is a distinctive feature in Tagalog. Primary stress normally occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Long vowel accompany primary or secondary stress unless the stress occurs at the end of a word.
Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress and the presence of the glottal stop. In general, there are four types of phonetic emphases, which, in formal or academic settings, are indicated with a diacritic (tuldík) above the vowel. The penultimate primary stress position (malumay) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries. The name of each stress type has its corresponding diacritic in the final vowel.
Phonetic comparison of Tagalog homographs based on stress and glottalization
Lexicon
Stressed non-ultimate syllable
Stressed ultimate syllable
Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop
Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop
baka
[ˈbaka] [ˈbaxa] ('cow') [bɐˈka] [bɐˈxa] ('possible')
pito
[ˈpito] ('whistle') [pɪˈto] ('seven')
kaibigan
[ˈkaɪbɪɡan] ('lover') / [kɐɪˈbiɡan] ('friend')
bayaran
[bɐˈjaran] ('pay [imperative]') [bɐjɐˈran] ('for hire')
bata
[ˈbata] ('bath robe') [bɐˈta] ('persevere') [ˈbataʔ] ('child')
sala
[ˈsala] ('living room') [ˈsalaʔ] ('sin') [sɐˈlaʔ] ('filtered')
baba
[ˈbaba] ('father') [baˈba] ('piggy back') [ˈbabaʔ] ('chin') [bɐˈbaʔ] ('descend [imperative]')
labi
[ˈlabɛʔ]/[ˈlabiʔ] ('lips') [lɐˈbɛʔ]/[lɐˈbiʔ] ('remains')
Grammar[edit]
Main articles: Austronesian alignment and Tagalog grammar
Writing system[edit]
See also: Filipino orthography
This article contains Baybayin script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Baybayin characters.
Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an abugida–or alphasyllabary—called Baybayin. This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following the orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography.
In the late 19th century, a number of educated Filipinos began proposing for revising the spelling system used for Tagalog at the time. In 1884, Filipino doctor and student of languages Trinidad Pardo de Tavera published his study on the ancient Tagalog script Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos and in 1887, published his essay El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog which made use of a new writing system developed by him. Meanwhile, Jose Rizal, inspired by Pardo de Tavera's 1884 work, also began developing a new system of orthography (unaware at first of Pardo de Tavera's own orthography).[35] A major noticeable change in these proposed orthographies was the use of the letter ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme /k/.
In 1889, the new bilingual Spanish-Tagalog La España Oriental newspaper, of which Isabelo de los Reyes was an editor, began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of La España, Pascual H. Poblete's Revista Católica de Filipina began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. Among the attacks was the use of the letters "k" and "w" as they were deemed to be of German origin and thus its proponents were deemed as "unpatriotic". The publishers of these two papers would eventually merge as La Lectura Popular in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.[36][35] Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890.[36]
In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog in the Madrid-based periodical La Solidaridad. In it, he addressed the criticisms of the new writing system by writers like Pobrete and Tecson and the simplicity, in his opinion, of the new orthography. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Pardo de Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed.[36] The new orthography was however not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila until the early 20th century.[36] The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or Katipunan made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.[36]
In 1937, Tagalog was selected to serve as basis for the country's national language. In 1940, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the Abakada alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language.[37] The orthography as used by Tagalog would eventually influence and spread to the systems of writing used by other Philippine languages (which had been using variants of the Spanish-based system of writing). In 1987, the ABAKADA was dropped and in its place is the expanded Filipino alphabet.
Baybayin[edit]
Main article: Baybayin
Tagalog was written in an abugida—or alphasyllabary—called Baybayin prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi.
Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet taught by the Spaniards during their rule.
There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an abugida, or an alphasyllabary, rather than an alphabet. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.
A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, bundok being rendered as budo), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.
Example:
Baybayin is encoded in Unicode version 3.2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".
a
e/i
o/u
ka
ga
nga
ta
da/ra
na
pa
ba
ma
ya
la
wa
sa
ha
vowels
᜔
a ᜀ
i
e ᜁ
u
o ᜂ
b
b ᜊ᜔
ba ᜊ
bi
be ᜊᜒ
bu
bo ᜊᜓ
k
k ᜃ᜔
ka ᜃ
ki
ke ᜃᜒ
ku
ko ᜃᜓᜓ
d/r
d/r ᜇ᜔
da/ra ᜇ
di/ri
de/re ᜇᜒ
du/ru
do/ro ᜇᜓ
g
g ᜄ᜔
ga ᜄ
gi
ge ᜄᜒ
gu
go ᜄᜓ
h
h ᜑ᜔
ha ᜑ
hi
he ᜑᜒ
hu
ho ᜑᜓ
l
l ᜎ᜔
la ᜎ
li
le ᜎᜒ
lu
lo ᜎᜓ
m
m ᜋ᜔
ma ᜋ
mi
me ᜋᜒ
mu
mo ᜋᜓ
n
n ᜈ᜔
na ᜈ
ni
ne ᜈᜒ
nu
no ᜈᜓ
ng
ng ᜅ᜔
nga ᜅ
ngi
nge ᜅᜒ
ngu
ngo ᜅᜓ
p
p ᜉ᜔
pa ᜉ
pi
pe ᜉᜒ
pu
po ᜉᜓ
s
s ᜐ᜔
sa ᜐ
si
se ᜐᜒ
su
so ᜐᜓ
t
t ᜆ᜔
ta ᜆ
ti
te ᜆᜒ
tu
to ᜆᜓ
w
w ᜏ᜔
wa ᜏ
wi
we ᜏᜒ
wu
wo ᜏᜓ
y
y ᜌ᜔
ya ᜌ
yi
ye ᜌᜒ
yu
yo ᜌᜓ
Latin alphabet[edit]
Abecedario[edit]
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called 'ABECEDARIO' (Spanish for "alphabet"):[38][39]
Majuscule
Minuscule
Majuscule
Minuscule
A a Ng ng
B b Ñ ñ
C c N͠g / Ñg n͠g / ñg
Ch ch O o
D d P p
E e Q q
F f R r
G g Rr rr
H h S s
I i T t
J j U u
K k V v
L l W w
Ll ll X x
M m Y y
N n Z z
Abakada[edit]
Main article: Abakada alphabet
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ABAKADA in school grammar books called balarilà:[40][41][42]
Majuscule
Minuscule
Majuscule
Minuscule
A a N n
B b Ng ng
K k O o
D d P p
E e R r
G g S s
H h T t
I i U u
L l W w
M m Y y
Revised alphabet[edit]
Main article: Filipino alphabet
In 1987, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet[43][44] to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English:[45]
Majuscule
Minuscule
Majuscule
Minuscule
A a Ñ ñ
B b Ng ng
C c O o
D d P p
E e Q q
F f R r
G g S s
H h T t
I i U u
J j V v
K k W w
L l X x
M m Y y
N n Z z
ng and mga[edit]
See also: ng (digraph)
The genitive marker ng and the plural marker mga (e.g. Iyan ang mga damit ko. (Those are my clothes)) are abbreviations that are pronounced nang [naŋ] and mangá [mɐˈŋa]. Ng, in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. Siya ay kapatid ng nanay ko. She is the sibling of my mother) while nang usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix -ly in English adverbs), among other uses.
Nang si Hudas ay nadulás.—When Judas slipped.
Gumising siya nang maaga.—He woke up early.
Gumalíng nang todo si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siya.—Juan greatly improved because he practiced.
In the first example, nang is used in lieu of the word noong (when; Noong si Hudas ay madulas). In the second, nang describes that the person woke up (gumising) early (maaga); gumising nang maaga. In the third, nang described up to what extent that Juan improved (gumaling), which is "greatly" (nang todo). In the latter two examples, the ligature na and its variants -ng and -g may also be used (Gumising na maaga/Maagang gumising; Gumaling na todo/Todong gumaling).
The longer nang may also have other uses, such as a ligature that joins a repeated word:
Naghintáy sila nang naghintáy.—They kept on waiting" (a closer calque: "They were waiting and waiting.")
pô/hô and opò/ohò[edit]
The words pô/hô and opò/ohò are traditionally used as polite iterations of the affirmative "oo" ("yes"). It is generally used when addressing elders or superiors such as bosses or teachers.
"Pô" and "opò" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "Hô" and "ohò" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "pô" and "opò" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.
Example: "Pakitapon naman pô/ho yung basura." ("Please throw away the trash.")
Used in the affirmative:
Ex: "Gutóm ka na ba?" "Opò/Ohò". ("Are you hungry yet?" "Yes.")
Pô/Hô may also be used in negation.
Ex: "Hindi ko pô/hô alam 'yan." ("I don't know that.")
Vocabulary and borrowed words[edit]
See also: Indosphere, Indianisation, and List of India-related topics in the Philippines
Tagalog vocabulary is composed mostly of words of native Austronesian origin - most of the words that end with the diphthongs -iw, (e.g. saliw) and those words that exhibit reduplication (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). However it has a significant number of Spanish loanwords. Spanish is the language that has bequeathed the most loanwords to Tagalog.
Tagalog also includes many loanwords from English, Indian (Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit and Tamil), Chinese (Hokkien, Cantonese, Mandarin), Japanese, Arabic and Persian.
Due to trade with Mexico via the Manila galleons from the 16th to the 19th centuries, many words from Nahuatl were introduced to Tagalog, but some of them were replaced by Spanish loanwords in the latter part of the Spanish colonization in the islands.
The Philippines has long been a melting pot of nations. The islands have been subject to different influences and a meeting point of numerous migrations since the early prehistoric origins of trading activities, especially from the time of the Neolithic Period, Silk Road, Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu Kingdom and Manila Galleon trading periods. This means that the evolution of the language is difficult to reconstruct (although many theories exist).
In pre-Hispanic times, Trade Malay was widely known and spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.
English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, ylang-ylang, and yaya, although the vast majority of these borrowed words are only used in the Philippines as part of the vocabularies of Philippine English.[citation needed]
Other examples of Tagalog words used in English
Example
Definition
boondocks meaning "rural" or "back country," was imported by American soldiers stationed in the Philippines following the Spanish–American War as a mispronounced version of the Tagalog bundok, which means "mountain."
cogon a type of grass, used for thatching. This word came from the Tagalog word kugon (a species of tall grass).
ylang-ylang a tree whose fragrant flowers are used in perfumes.
Abaca a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, from abaká.
Manila hemp a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper usually made from abaca hemp.
Capiz also known as window oyster, is used to make windows.
Tagalog has contributed several words to Philippine Spanish, like barangay (from balan͠gay, meaning barrio), the abacá, cogon, palay, dalaga etc.
Tagalog words of foreign origin[edit]
Main article: List of loanwords in Tagalog
Cognates with other Philippine languages[edit]
Tagalog word
meaning
language of origin
original spelling
bakit why Kapampangan obakit
akyat climb/step up Kapampangan ukyát/mukyat
at and Kapampangan at
bundok mountain Kapampangan bunduk
huwag don't Pangasinan ag
aso dog South Cordilleran or Ilocano (also Ilokano) aso
tayo we (inc.) South Cordilleran or Ilocano tayo
ito, nito this, its South Cordilleran or Ilocano to
ng of Cebuano
Hiligaynon
Waray
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Ilocano sa
sg (pronounced as /sang/)
han
ning
na
nga
araw sun; day Visayan languages adlaw
ang definite article Visayan languages
Central Bikol ang
an
Austronesian comparison chart[edit]
Below is a chart of Tagalog and a number of other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words.
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we (inclusive)
what
fire
Tagalog
isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Tombulu (Minahasa)
esa zua (rua) telu epat tou walé asu po'po' endo weru kai, kita apa api
Central Bikol
saro duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam niyog aldaw ba-go kita ano kalayo
Rinconada Bikol
əsad darwā tolō əpat tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō kalayō
Waray
usa duha tulo upat tawo balay ayam/ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita anu kalayo
Cebuano
usa/isa duha tulo upat tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa kalayo
Hiligaynon
isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Aklanon
isaea, sambilog, uno daywa, dos tatlo, tres ap-at, kwatro tawo baeay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kaeayo
Kinaray-a
sara darwa tatlo apat tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Tausug
hambuuk duwa tu upat tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Maranao
isa dowa t'lo phat taw walay aso neyog gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
Kapampangan
metung adwa atlu apat tau bale asu ngungut aldo bayu ikatamu nanu api
Pangasinan
sakey dua, duara talo, talora apat, apatira too abong aso niyog ageo balo sikatayo anto pool
Ilocano
maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso niog aldaw baro datayo ania apoy
Ivatan
asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Ibanag
tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Yogad
tata addu tallu appat tolay binalay atu iyyog agaw bagu sikitam gani afuy
Gaddang
antet addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuy
Tboli
sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Kadazan
iso duvo tohu apat tuhun hamin tasu piasau tadau vagu tokou onu tapui
Malaysian
satu dua tiga empat orang rumah anjing kelapa/ nyior hari baru/ baharu kita apa api
Indonesian
satu dua tiga empat orang rumah/balai anjing kelapa/nyiur hari baru kita apa/anu api
Javanese
siji loro telu papat uwong omah asu klapa/kambil hari anyar/enggal kita apa/anu geni
Acehnese
sa duwa lhèë peuët ureuëng rumoh/balèë asèë u uroë barô (geu)tanyoë peuë apuy
Lampung
sai khua telu pak jelema lamban asu nyiwi khani baru kham api apui
Buginese
se'di dua tellu eppa' tau bola asu kaluku esso baru idi' aga api
Batak
sada dua tolu opat halak jabu biang harambiri ari baru hita aha api
Tetum
ida rua tolu haat ema uma asu nuu loron foun ita saida ahi
Maori
tahi rua toru wha tangata whare kuri kokonati ra hou taua aha ahi
Tuvaluan
tasi lua tolu fá toko fale kuri moku aso fou tāua ā afi
Hawaiian
kahi lua kolu hā kanaka hale 'īlio niu ao hou kākou aha ahi
Banjarese
asa dua talu ampat urang rumah hadupan kalapa hari hanyar kita apa api
Malagasy
isa roa telo efatra olona trano alika voanio andro vaovao isika inona afo
Dusun
iso duo tolu apat tulun walai tasu piasau tadau wagu tokou onu/nu tapui
Iban
sa/san duan dangku dangkan orang rumah ukui/uduk nyiur hari baru kitai nama api
Melanau
satu dua telou empat apah lebok asou nyior lau baew teleu nama apui
Religious literature[edit]
Religious literature remains one of the most dynamic contributors to Tagalog literature. The first Bible in Tagalog, then called Ang Biblia[46] ("the Bible") and now called Ang Dating Biblia[47] ("the Old Bible"), was published in 1905. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the Bible into modern Tagalog. Even before the Second Vatican Council, devotional materials in Tagalog had been in circulation. There are at least four circulating Tagalog translations of the Bible
the Magandang Balita Biblia (a parallel translation of the Good News Bible), which is the ecumenical version
the Bibliya ng Sambayanang Pilipino
the 1905 Ang Biblia is a more Protestant version
the Bagong Sanlibutang Salin ng Banal na Kasulatan (New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures)
When the Second Vatican Council, (specifically the Sacrosanctum Concilium) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into vernacular languages, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines was one of the first to translate the Roman Missal into Tagalog. The Roman Missal in Tagalog was published as early as 1982.
Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941[48] and The Watchtower (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1950s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog.[49]
Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic Bible translations. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, liturgical prayers tend to be more ecumenical.
Examples[edit]
Lord's Prayer[edit]
In Tagalog, the Lord's Prayer is exclusively known by its incipit, Amá Namin (literally, "Our Father").
Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka
Sambahín ang ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
Sundín ang loób Mo,
Dito sa lupà, gaya nang sa langit.
Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw,
At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salâ,
Para nang pagpápatawad namin,
Sa nagkakasalà sa amin;
At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksó,
At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.
[Sapagkát sa Inyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,
At ang kaluwálhatian, ngayón, at magpakailanman.]
Amen
Universal Declaration of Human Rights[edit]
This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Pángkalahatáng Pagpapahayag ng Karapatáng Pantao)
Bawat tao'y isinilang na may layà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhî na kailangang gamitin nilá sa pagtuturingan nilá sa diwà ng pagkakapatiran. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[50]
Numbers[edit]
The numbers (mga numero) in Tagalog language are of two sets. The first set consists of native Tagalog words and the other set are Spanish loanwords. (This may be compared to other East Asian languages, except with the second set of numbers borrowed from Spanish instead of Chinese.) For example, when a person refers to the number "seven", it can be translated into Tagalog as "pito" or "syete" (Spanish: siete).
Number
Cardinal
Spanish loanword
(Original Spanish)
Ordinal
0 sero / walâ (lit. "null") / bokyà sero (cero) -
1 isá uno (uno) una
2 dalawá [dalaua] dos (dos) pangalawá / ikalawá (informally, ikadalawá)
3 tatló tres (tres) pangatló / ikatló
4 apat kuwatro (cuatro) pang-apat / ikaapat ("ika" and the number-word are never hyphenated. For numbers, however, they always are.)
5 limá singko (cinco) panlimá / ikalimá
6 anim sais (seis) pang-anim / ikaanim
7 pitó siyete (siete) pampitó / ikapitó
8 waló otso (ocho) pangwaló / ikawaló
9 siyám nuwebe (nueve) pansiyám / ikasiyám
10 sampû [sang puo] diyés (diez) pansampû / ikasampû (or ikapû in some literary compositions)
11 labíng-isá onse (once) panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ikalabíng-isá
12 labíndalawá dose (doce) panlabíndalawá / pandose / ikalabíndalawá
13 labíntatló trese (trece) panlabíntatló / pantrese / ikalabíntatló
14 labíng-apat katorse (catorce) panlabíng-apat / pangkatorse / ikalabíng-apat
15 labínlimá kinse (quince) panlabínlimá / pangkinse / ikalabínlimá
16 labíng-anim disisaís (dieciséis) panlabíng-anim / pandyes-sais / ikalabíng-anim
17 labímpitó dissisyete (diecisiete) panlabímpitó / pandyes-syete / ikalabímpitó
18 labíngwaló dissiotso (dieciocho) panlabíngwaló / pandyes-otso / ikalabíngwaló
19 labinsiyám disinuwebe (diecinueve) panlabinsiyám / pandyes-nwebe / ikalabinsiyám
20 dalawampû bente / beinte (veinte) pandalawampû / ikadalawampû (rare literary variant: ikalawampû)
21 dalawampú't isá bente'y uno (veintiuno) pang-dalawampú't isá / ikalawamapú't isá
30 tatlumpû trenta / treinta (treinta) pantatlumpû / ikatatlumpû (rare literary variant: ikatlumpû)
40 apatnapû kuwarenta (cuarenta) pang-apatnapû / ikaapatnapû
50 limampû singkuwenta (cincuenta) panlimampû / ikalimampû
60 animnapû sesenta (sesenta) pang-animnapû / ikaanimnapû
70 pitumpû setenta (setenta) pampitumpû / ikapitumpû
80 walumpû otsenta / utsenta (ochenta) pangwalumpû / ikawalumpû
90 siyamnapû nobenta (noventa) pansiyamnapû / ikasiyamnapû
100 sándaán siyento (cien) pan(g)-(i)sándaán / ikasándaán (rare literary variant: ika-isándaan)
200 dalawandaán dos siyentos (doscientos) pandalawándaán / ikadalawandaan (rare literary variant: ikalawándaán)
300 tatlóndaán tres siyentos (trescientos) pantatlóndaán / ikatatlondaan (rare literary variant: ikatlóndaán)
400 apat na raán kuwatro siyentos (cuatrocientos) pang-apat na raán / ikaapat na raán
500 limándaán kinyentos (quinientos) panlimándaán / ikalimándaán
600 anim na raán sais siyentos (seiscientos) pang-anim na raán / ikaanim na raán
700 pitondaán siyete siyentos (sietecientos) pampitóndaán / ikapitóndaán (or ikapitóng raán)
800 walóndaán otso siyentos (ochocientos) pangwalóndaán / ikawalóndaán (or ikawalóng raán)
900 siyám na raán nuwebe siyentos (novecientos) pansiyám na raán / ikasiyám na raán
1,000 sánlibo mil (mil) pan(g)-(i)sánlibo / ikasánlibo
2,000 dalawánlibo dos mil (dos mil) pangalawáng libo / ikalawánlibo
10,000 sánlaksâ / sampúng libo diyes mil (diez mil) pansampúng libo / ikasampúng libo
20,000 dalawanlaksâ / dalawampúng libo bente mil (veinte mil) pangalawampúng libo / ikalawampúng libo
100,000 sangyutá / sandaáng libo siyento mil (cien mil)
200,000 dalawangyutá / dalawandaáng libo dos siyento mil (dos cientos mil)
1,000,000 sang-angaw / sangmilyón milyón (un millón)
2,000,000 dalawang-angaw / dalawang milyón dos milyón (dos millones)
10,000,000 sangkatì / sampung milyón dyes milyón (diez millones)
100,000,000 sampúngkatì / sandaáng milyón syento milyón (cien millones)
1,000,000,000 sang-atos / sambilyón bilyón (un billón)
1,000,000,000,000 sang-ipaw / santrilyón trilyón (un trillón)
Number
English
Ordinal Spanish
Cardinal
1st first primero/a una / ika-isá
2nd second segundo/a ikalawá
3rd third tercero/a ikatló
4th fourth cuarto/a ika-apat
5th fifth quinto/a ikalimá
6th sixth sexto/a ika-anim
7th seventh séptimo/a ikapitó
8th eighth octavo/a ikawaló
9th ninth noveno/a ikasiyám
10th tenth décimo/a ikasampû
1/2 half media kalahatì
1/4 quarter cuarta kapat
3/5 three-fifths tres quintas partes tatlóng-kalimá
2/3 two-thirds dos tercios dalawáng-katló
1 1/2 one and a half un medio isá't kalahatì
2 2/3 two and two-thirds dos de dos tercios dalawá't dalawáng-katló
0.5 zero point five cero punto cinco salapî / limá hinatì sa sampû
0.005 zero point zero zero five cero punto cero cero cinco bagól / limá hinatì sa sanlibo
1.25 one point twenty-five uno punto veinticinco isá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sampû
2.025 two point zero twenty-five dos punto cero veinticinco dalawá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sanlibo
25% twenty-five percent veinticinco por ciento dalawampú't-limáng bahagdán
50% fifty percent cincuenta por ciento limampúng bahagdán
75% seventy-five percent setenta y cinco por ciento pitumpú't-limáng bahagdán
Months and days[edit]
Months and days in Tagalog are also localised forms of Spanish months and days. "Month" in Tagalog is buwán (also the word for moon) and "day" is araw (the word also means sun). Unlike Spanish, however, months and days in Tagalog are always capitalised.
Month
Original Spanish
Tagalog (abbreviation)
January enero Enero (Ene.)
February febrero Pebrero (Peb.)
March marzo Marso (Mar.)
April abril Abríl (Abr.)
May mayo Mayo (Mayo)
June junio Hunyo (Hun.)
July julio Hulyo (Hul.)
August agosto Agosto (Ago.)
September septiembre Septyembre (Sept.)
October octubre Oktubre (Okt.)
November noviembre Nobyembre (Nob.)
December diciembre Disyembre (Dis.)
Day
Original Spanish
Tagalog
Monday lunes Lunes
Tuesday martes Martes
Wednesday miércoles Miyérkules / Myérkules
Thursday jueves Huwebes / Hwebes
Friday viernes Biyernes / Byernes
Saturday sábado Sábado
Sunday domingo Linggó
Time[edit]
Time expressions in Tagalog are also Tagalized forms of the corresponding Spanish. "Time" in Tagalog is panahon, or more commonly oras. Unlike Spanish and English, times in Tagalog are capitalized whenever they appear in a sentence.
Time
English
Original Spanish
Tagalog
1 hour one hour una hora Isang oras
2 min two minutes dos minutos Dalawang sandali/minuto
3 sec three seconds tres segundos Tatlong saglit/segundo
morning mañana Umaga
afternoon tarde Hapon
evening/night noche Gabi
noon mediodía Tanghali
midnight medianoche Hatinggabi
1:00 am one in the morning una de la mañana Ika-isa ng umaga
7:00 pm seven at night siete de la noche Ikapito ng gabi
1:15 quarter past one
quarter after one
one-fifteen una y cuarto Kapat makalipas ikaisa
Labinlima makalipas ikaisa
Apatnapu't-lima bago mag-ikaisa
2:30 half past two
two-thirty dos y media Kalahati makalipas ikalawa
Tatlumpu makalipas ikalawa
3:45 three-forty-five
quarter to/of four tres y cuarenta y cinco Tatlong-kapat makalipas ikatlo
Apatnapu't-lima makalipas ikatlo
Labinlima bago mag-ikaapat
4:25 four-twenty-five cuatro y veinticinco Dalawampu't-lima makalipas ikaapat
Tatlumpu't-lima bago mag-ikaapat
5:35 five-thirty-five
twenty-five to/of six cinco y treinta y cinco Tatlumpu't-lima makalipas ikalima
Dalawampu't-lima bago mag-ikaanim
Common phrases[edit]
English
Tagalog (with Pronunciation)
Filipino Pilipino [ˌpiːliˈpiːno]
English Inglés [ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]
Tagalog Tagalog [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]
Spanish "Espanyol/Español"
What is your name? Anó ang pangalan ninyo/nila*? (plural or polite) [ɐˈno aŋ pɐˈŋaːlan nɪnˈjo], Anó ang pangalan mo? (singular) [ɐˈno aŋ pɐˈŋaːlan mo]
How are you? kumustá [kʊmʊsˈta] (modern), Anó po áng lagáy ninyo/nila? (old use)
Good morning! Magandáng umaga! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ uˈmaːɡa]
Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.) Magandáng tanghali! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ taŋˈhaːlɛ]
Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) Magandáng hapon! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈhaːpon]
Good evening! Magandáng gabí! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ɡɐˈbɛ]
Good-bye paálam [pɐˈʔaːlam]
Please Depending on the nature of the verb, either pakí- [pɐˈki] or makí- [mɐˈki] is attached as a prefix to a verb. ngâ [ŋaʔ] is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness. (e.g. Pakipasa ngâ ang tinapay. ("Can you pass the bread, please?"))
Thank you Salamat [sɐˈlaːmat]
This one ito [ʔiˈtoh], sometimes pronounced [ʔɛˈtoh] (literally—"it", "this")
That one iyan [ʔiˈjan], When pointing to something at greater distances: iyun [ʔiˈjʊn] or iyon [ʔiˈjon]
Here dito [dɪˈtoh], heto [hɛˈtoh] ("Here it is")
There doon [dʒan], hayan [hɑˈjan] ("There it is")
How much? Magkano? [mɐɡˈkaːno]
Yes oo [ˈoːʔo]
opô [ˈʔopoʔ] or ohô [ˈʔohoʔ] (formal/polite form)
No hindî [hɪnˈdɛʔ], often shortened to dî [dɛʔ]
hindî pô (formal/polite form)
I don't know hindî ko álam [hɪnˈdɛʔ ko aːlam]
Very informal: ewan [ʔɛˈʊɑn], archaic aywan [ɑjˈʊɑn] (closest English equivalent: colloquial dismissive 'Whatever')
Sorry pasensya pô (literally from the word "patience") or paumanhin po [pɐˈsɛːnʃa poʔ] patawad po [pɐtaːwad poʔ] (literally—"asking your forgiveness")
Because kasí [kɐˈsɛ] or dahil [dɑˈhɪl]
Hurry! dalí! [dɐˈli], bilís! [bɪˈlis]
Again mulí [muˈli], ulít [ʊˈlɛt]
I don't understand Hindî ko naiintindihan [hɪnˈdiː ko nɐʔɪɪnˌtɪndiˈhan] or
Hindi ko nauunawaan [hɪnˈdiː ko nɐʔʊʊnawaʔˌʔan]
What? Anó? [ɐˈno]
Where? Saán? [sɐˈʔan], Nasaán? [ˌnaːsɐˈʔan] (literally - "Where at?")
Why? Bakít? [bɑˈkɛt]
When? Kailan? [kɑjˈlɑn], [kɑˈɪˈlɑn], or [kɛˈlɑn] (literally—"In what order?/"At what count?"")
How? Paánó? [pɑˌɐˈno] (literally—"By what?")
Where's the bathroom? Nasaán ang banyo? [ˌnaːsɐˈʔan ʔaŋ ˈbaːnjo]
Generic toast Mabuhay! [mɐˈbuːhaɪ] (literally—"long live")
Do you speak English? Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Ingglés? [mɐˈɾuːnoŋ ka baŋ mɐɡsaliˈtaː naŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]
Marunong po ba kayong magsalitâ ng Ingglés? (polite version for elders and strangers)
Marunong ka bang mag-Ingglés? (short form)
Marunong po ba kayong mag-Ingglés? (short form, polite version for elders and strangers)
It is fun to live. Masaya ang mabuhay! [mɐˈsaˈja ʔaŋ mɐˈbuːhaɪ] or Masaya'ng mabuhay (contracted version)
*Pronouns such as niyo (2nd person plural) and nila (3rd person plural) are used on a single 2nd person in polite or formal language. See Tagalog grammar.
Proverbs[edit]
Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinánggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan. (José Rizal)
One who knows not how to look back from whence he came, will never get to where he is going.
Tao ka nang humarap, bilang tao kitang haharapin.
(A proverb in Southern Tagalog that made people aware the significance of sincerity in Tagalog communities. It says, "As a human you reach me, I treat you as a human and never act as a traitor.")
Hulí man daw at magalíng, nakákahábol pa rin. (Hulí man raw at magalíng, nakákahabol pa rin.)
If one is behind but capable, one will still be able to catch up.
Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.
Make fun of someone drunk, if you must, but never one who has just awakened.
Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayo?
What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?
Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, ramdám ng buóng katawán.
The pain in the pinkie is felt by the whole body.
(In a group, if one goes down, the rest follow.)
Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.
Regret is always in the end.
Pagkáhabà-habà man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.
The procession may stretch on and on, but it still ends up at the church.
(In romance: refers to how certain people are destined to be married. In general: refers to how some things are inevitable, no matter how long you try and postpone it.)
Kung 'dî mádaán sa santóng dasalan, daanin sa santóng paspasan.
If it cannot be got through holy prayer, get it through blessed force.
(In romance and courting: santóng paspasan literally means 'holy speeding' and is a euphemism for sexual intercourse. It refers to the two styles of courting by Filipino boys: one is the traditional, protracted, restrained manner favoured by older generations, which often featured serenades and manual labour for the girl's parents; the other is upfront seduction, which may lead to a slap on the face or a pregnancy out of wedlock. The second conclusion is known as pikot or what Western cultures would call a 'shotgun marriage'. This proverb is also applied in terms of diplomacy and negotiation.)
Majority provinces[edit]
Northern Tagalog[edit]
Central Luzon Region
Bataan
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Zambales
(including Aurora)
Central Tagalog[edit]
National Capital Region
Metro Manila (commonly, Taglish)
(including Rizal)
Southern Tagalog[edit]
Southern Luzon
(mainly) Calabarzon and Mimaropa
Batangas
Cavite
Laguna
Marinduque
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Quezon
Romblon
(including Palawan)
(including Camarines Norte; outside jurisdiction from (Bicol Region))
See also[edit]
Philippines portal
Language portal
Abakada alphabet
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Filipino alphabet
Old Tagalog
Filipino orthography
Tagalog Wikipedia
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tagalog/Filipino". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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Jump up ^ Cruz, H. (1906). Kun sino ang kumathâ ng̃ "Florante": kasaysayan ng̃ búhay ni Francisco Baltazar at pag-uulat nang kanyang karunung̃a't kadakilaan. Libr. "Manila Filatélico,". Retrieved January 8, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Manuel L. Quezon III, Quezon’s speech proclaiming Tagalog the basis of the National Language (PDF), quezon.ph, retrieved 2010-03-26
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Jump up ^ "What the PH constitutions say about the national language". Rappler.
Jump up ^ "The cost of being tongue-tied in the colonisers' tongue". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2018. ONCE it claimed to have more English speakers than all but two other countries, and it has exported millions of them. But these days Filipinos are less boastful. Three decades of decline in the share of Filipinos who speak the language, and the deteriorating proficiency of those who can manage some English, have eroded one of the country's advantages in the global economy. Call-centres complain that they reject nine-tenths of otherwise qualified job applicants, mostly college graduates, because of their poor command of English. This is lowering the chances that the outsourcing industry will succeed in its effort to employ close to 1m people, account for 8.5% of GDP and have 10% of the world market
Jump up ^ "Filipino Language in the Curriculum - National Commission for Culture and the Arts". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
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^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, M.P., Simons, G.F., & Fennig, C.D. (2014). Tagalog. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tgl
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Jump up ^ Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Educational characteristics of the Filipinos bat man, National Statistics Office, March 18, 2005, archived from the original on January 27, 2008, retrieved 2008-01-21
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Jump up ^ "Tagalog Language". Archived from the original on 2017-02-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Tagalog (2005). Keith Brown, ed. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
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Jump up ^ Signey, Richard, Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Manila, Philippines: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, The Evolution and Disappearance of the "Ğ" in Tagalog orthography since the 1593 Doctrina Christiana, ISSN 0048-3796, OCLC 1791000, retrieved August 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Linda Trinh Võ; Rick Bonus (2002), Contemporary Asian American communities: intersections and divergences, Temple University Press, pp. 96, 100, ISBN 978-1-56639-938-8
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External links[edit]
For a list of words relating to Tagalog language, see the Tagalog language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Tagalog edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Tagalog
Tagalog language repository of Wikisource, the free library
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Filipino phrasebook.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tagalog language.
Tagalog Dictionary
Tagalog verbs with conjugation
Filipino Lessons Dictionary
Tagalog Translate
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Abaknon
Bajaw
Sinama
Pangutaran Sama
Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers
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† indicates extinct status
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GND: 4120352-5
NDL: 00572490
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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Afrikaans
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalogeg
Tagalogeg – Breton
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagal
Tagal – Catalan
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Czech
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Welsh
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Danish
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – German
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalo
Tagalo – Basque
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Tagalog – French
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Tagalog – Icelandic
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitagalog
Kitagalog – Swahili
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Tagalog – Dutch
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Tagaalog – Northern Frisian
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Tagalog – Norwegian
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Tagalog – Norwegian Nynorsk
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interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਤਗਾਲੋਗ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pag
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Тагальский язык – Russian

values: Тагалог тыла – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Тагалог (језик) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: தகலாகு மொழி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ภาษาตากาล็อก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalogca
Tagalogca – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Тагальська мова – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: تگالوگ زبان – Urdu

values: تاگالوگ تىلى – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: טאגאלאג – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog
Tagalog – Zeelandic
zea
zea
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zea
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tagalog_language rootpage-Tagalog_language skin-vector action-view