text:
Episode (app)
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Episode
Developer(s)
Pocket Gems
Release
February 2014
Genre(s)
Interactive fiction
Mode(s)
Mobile
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Episode" app – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Episode is an interactive story app developed by American game developer Pocket Gems.[1][2][3][4][5]
The app is a storytelling network and platform that features interactive stories built from the ground up for mobile. Users enter one of 84,000 stories and make choices as the storyline progresses. With over 125 million installs, there have been over 4.4 billion episodes viewed on Episode so far, adding up to 83,000 years of combined viewing time. The product also has a UGC creation platform that enables users to create their own stories, 12 million of which have registered.
Episode features four three types of stories:
User generated
In-house originals
IP licensed (studio and celebrity)
Some notable IP stories include Demi Lovato: Path to Fame, Pretty Little Liars, Clueless, Pitch Perfect In Deep Treble, Cameron Dallas: It Started With a Lie, and Falling For the Dolan Twins.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Pretty Little Liars' Offshoot Debuts on Episode's Interactive Story App". Variety. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pocket Gems' Episode brings back Clueless as an interactive mobile game". VentureBeat. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pocket Gems Reviving 'Mean Girls' With New Mobile Game". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Episode became the world's biggest interactive fiction platform". Gamasutra. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pocket Gems Launches Episode, A Platform For Interactive Mobile Stories". TechCrunch. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website

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Pocketful of Sunshine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the song by Natasha Bedingfield. For her album of the same title, see N.B. (album).
"Pocketful of Sunshine"
Single by Natasha Bedingfield
from the album Pocketful of Sunshine and Strip Me Away
Released
15 January 2008 (2008-01-15)
Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
2006
Studio
Starstruck Studios, Nashville, Tennessee
Henson Recording Studios, Hollywood, California
Larrabee Studios, Los Angeles, California
Genre
Pop
Length
3:23
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Natasha Bedingfield
Danielle Brisebois
John Shanks
Producer(s)
John Shanks
Natasha Bedingfield singles chronology
"Love Like This"
(2007) "Pocketful of Sunshine"
(2008) "Bruised Water"
(2008)
Music video
"Pocketful of Sunshine" on YouTube
"Pocketful of Sunshine" is a song recorded by English singer–songwriter Natasha Bedingfield. It was released on 15 January 2008 as the second single from her second North American studio album of the same title (2008). Bedingfield co-wrote the song together with American songwriter Danielle Brisebois and American musician and songwriter John Shanks; Shanks also produced the track as well as performing on most of the instruments present. Epic Records serviced the song to contemporary hit radios in the United States on 11 February 2008. It wasn't released in Europe until April 2011, when it was released as the lead single from her third European studio album Strip Me Away (2011).
Bedingfield noted "Pocketful of Sunshine" as her favorite, stating that it centers on escaping from one's troubles. It adapts dance-pop and adult contemporary styles, differing from her previous recordings. Lyrically, the song discusses escapism and finding a peaceful place in difficult situations. The message is amplified by the melancholic tone of the lyrics mixing with the exuberance displayed in Bedingfield's voice. "Pocketful of Sunshine" was well received by contemporary music critics; the majority of them named it as one of the album's highlights. Several critics also praised it as a bright and lively summer tune.
"Pocketful of Sunshine" experienced commercial success in North America. In the United States, it peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), selling three million downloads and becoming her most successful single there. In Canada, it peaked at number three on Canadian Hot 100 and was certified platinum by Music Canada. It, however, did not replicate the success internationally as it charted moderately in several countries.
The music video for "Pocketful of Sunshine" premiered on April 15, 2008, and features Bedingfield escaping from a stressful situation and dancing on a roof with other background dancers, also portraying scenes of other people escaping their troubles, coming to Bedingfield for comfort. The single has been used widely in the media, being featured in movies and television series such as Easy A, Degrassi: The Next Generation and The Ugly Truth.
Contents
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Music video
6 Usage in media
7 Track listing
8 Credits and personnel
9 Charts
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
10 Certifications
11 Release history
12 References
13 External links
Background[edit]
"Pocketful of Sunshine" was written and produced by John Shanks, while additional writing was provided by Bedingfield and Danielle Brisebois. The aforementioned songwriters were also involved in performing the background vocals present on the track. Shanks, a musician as well as a writer and producer, performed several instruments that make up the song, which include the guitar, bass and keyboards. The latter instrument was also played by Charlie Judge while Wendy Melvain performed on guitar. Jeff Rothschild was the engineer behind the recording process of "Pocketful of Sunshine", which took place at Starstruck Studios in Nashville, Tennessee and Henson Recording Studios in Hollywood, California. He received assistance from engineers Aaron Kasdorf and Jared Robbins in recording the song. Rothschild was involved in programming the song as well as playing the drums. It was then edited through the use of ProTools technology by Lars Fox and mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in Los Angeles, California. In an interview with OK! Magazine, Bedingfield the song as one of her favorites on the album, stating "Its about going to a familiar place when you're in that situation that you want to escape from finding a peaceful place within."[1]
"Pocketful of Sunshine" is the second single taken from Pocketful of Sunshine (2008), a repackaged version of N.B. released in North American territories. Epic Records serviced the song to contemporary hit radios on 11 February 2008.[2] On 29 July 2008, an extended play of "Pocketful of Sunshine" was released via iTunes in North American territories.[3] The EP features remixes by StoneBridge and American disc jockey Johnny Vicious. Following the release of Strip Me in international territories in spring 2011, the song was selected to be released as the international single. "Pocketful of Sunshine" was released for digital download on 15 April 2011 in Germany and 22 April 2011 in France.[4][5]
Composition[edit]
"Pocketful of Sunshine"
An 18-second sample of "Pocketful of Sunshine"'s chorus.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Pocketful of Sunshine" is a pop song that incorporates styles of dance-pop and runs for three minutes and twenty three seconds.[6] The song is built on an electro beat.[7] According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing, it is written in a key of A minor.[6] The song is set in common time and to a moderate groove with a tempo of 110 beats per minute.[6] Bedingfield's vocals range from A3 to D5. The song follows a chord progression of Am-Gsus2-F-Dm in some parts and Am-C-G-F in other parts.[6] Lyrically, "Pocketful of Sunshine" is written about finding refuge and escape in love and the small triumphs of life.[8] The message is amplified by the contrast between the melancholic tone of the lyrics and the exuberance of Bedingfield's vocals.[8]
Critical reception[edit]
"Pocketful of Sunshine" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Chisling of AllMusic named it one of the album's highlights, commenting that it was "eared perfectly toward the mainstream American market."[9] About.com writer Bill Lamb, in his review of the derivative album, also named it one of the album's top tracks and in his review of the single itself, praised Bedingfield's style of singing and the contrast between the melancholy tone and the lyrics aimed towards love and escape.[8][10] Mike Schiller, a writer for PopMatters, praised it as being "so utterly effervescent that it could re-carbonate a seven-days-open can of soda."[11] Julie Farmer of Blogcritics praised it as one of the album's standout tracks.[7] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine labelled it as one of the strongest tracks on the album, writing that it is evocative of Canadian singer Nelly Furtado's third studio album Loose (2006).[12] Digital Spy writer Alex Fletcher praised the recording for its sound but criticized its lack of originality, writing that "it sounds as American as 'The Star-Spangled Banner' being belted out by a redneck Texan."[13] Andrew Greenhalgh of Patrol Magazine wrote it as a summertime favorite, commenting "It’s one of those songs that cries out for a convertible with the top down and a long drive to the beach."[14]
Commercial performance[edit]
"Pocketful of Sunshine" earned Bedingfield her second top five single in North America. It became her highest charting single in Canada and tied with "Unwritten" as her highest charting effort in the United States.
"Pocketful of Sunshine" experienced its highest success in North America. In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty-five on the week ending 9 February 2008 as well as debuting on the Digital Songs at number twenty-four.[15] It fell out after its second week and re-entered the chart at number ninety-four on the week ending 15 March 2008.[16][17] It continued to ascend the chart until the week ending 5 July 2008, when "Pocketful of Sunshine" reached its peak position at number five.[18] It also peaked at number four on the Hot Digital Songs and Mainstream Top 40, as well as peaking at number ten on the Hot 100 Airplay (Radio Songs).[18] The single also became her second single to top the Dance Club Songs.[18] "Pocketful of Sunshine" has become Bedingfield's most successful single in the United States, selling over three million downloads and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) almost a year after its release.[19] The song fared similarly in Canada, where it debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number forty-three, fell to ninety-three the following week and exited the chart the week after.[20][21] It reappeared on the Canadian Hot 100 a month later and ultimately peaked at number three on the week ending 17 May 2008.[18][22] The single spent a total of thirty-eight weeks on the chart, selling over 40,000 downloads, and earning a platinum certification by Music Canada on 19 November 2008.[18][23]
Following the release of Strip Me Away (2011) in Europe, "Pocketful of Sunshine", included in the album's track listing, was selected to be the international single. More than a month after its release, the song began charting in Germany, debuting at number thirty-four. It steadily ascended the chart, reaching its peak position at number twenty-four over a month later.[24] The single also charted in Austria within the same time period, debuting at number sixty-eight and peaking at number twenty-eight, where it remained for two consecutive weeks.[25] The song experienced less commercial success in Switzerland as it charted within the lower positions of the Swiss Singles Chart for most of its run. It eventually peaked at number forty-three and quickly exited the chart weeks later.[26]
Music video[edit]
A shot from the video, where Bedingfield "escapes" from her workplace
The music video for "Pocketful of Sunshine" was directed by Alan Ferguson, who has directed music videos for Fall Out Boy, Gym Class Heroes and Katy Perry.[27] It was released on 15 April 2008 to MTV.[27] The video opens with Bedingfield at a work building; scenes of a child drawing a picture while his parents are fighting and a teenager drawing graffiti in a parking lot are intercut through the video. After she drops off her work, Bedingfield grabs a parachute and jumps out the window. She lands on a rooftop with a change of attire and more people following suit. While Bedingfield sings, the crowd dances. Meanwhile, a teenager is spray painting on a wall until the police arrive to arrest him. The video also cuts into scenes of Bedingfield in a red dress spinning around against the wind. In an attempt to escape, the teenager punches through the wall, entering the rooftop with Bedingfield and the backup dancers.
Bedingfield is then sitting in a chair and when an eclipse occurs, hence the line "in the darkness there's light." As the eclipse begins to pass, Bedingfield red butterflies are released from her hands while she sings the line "there's only butterflies." Bedingfield performs for the crowd of dancers and is seen dancing with teenager shown earlier in the video. Back at the work building, the employees watch Bedingfield's performance via the LG Voyager cell phone. The video at this point features the child still drawing his picture and covering his ears, blocking out the sound of his parents arguing. The child walks out of the house he drew, when the camera shows Bedingfield meditating on a large lotus flower, while a group of belly dancers dance around her. As the child walks up to her, Bedingfield opens her eyes. The end of the video shows the lotus flower rising up, while Bedingfield sings the final lines, then looking at the child. Future Dance Central choreographer Nick Demoura appears in the video. Despite the fact Bedingfield herself licenses a lot of her songs to video games this song has yet to appear in a Dance Central.
Usage in media[edit]
"Pocketful of Sunshine" was recorded in Simlish for the video game The Sims 2: FreeTime; a music video was also made using the game and portraying Bedingfield as a sim.[28] It was featured on the mid-season finale of the MTV reality television series The Hills, whose theme song is Bedingfield's "Unwritten". Bedingfield performed the song on the season finale of the Canadian television series Degrassi: The Next Generation.[29] The song is also in the soundtrack of the film The Ugly Truth (2009). In the fall of 2008, "Pocketful of Sunshine" was used in the promotional campaign for the syndicated launch of the television series Lost. "Pocketful of Sunshine" was also used in the background of several of ABC's "Start Fresh" commercials such as those for Desperate Housewives and Grey's Anatomy. The song is also featured on Audition Online.
In the United States, the escape-themed song's chorus portion was used in a 2008 television commercial to promote Pechanga Resort and Casino in California.[30] This makes "Pocketful of Sunshine" Bedingfield's second single to be used in a television ad campaign. The chorus was also heard in promotional spots for the television series In Plain Sight, which airs on the USA Network. It was included in the soundtrack album Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation (2008). The song and music video were featured in the video game Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 3. It was also featured in the end credits of the film Igor (2008). "Pocketful of Sunshine" was featured prominently in the film Easy A (2010): after receiving a greeting card from her grandmother that played the song, the main character Olive Penderghast (portrayed by Emma Stone), declares it to be "the worst song ever" before becoming addicted to it, going so far as to use it as her ringtone. The animated series Planet Warriors has the song as Sun's transformation song.
Track listing[edit]
US digital single
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (radio edit) – 3:02
Promotional CD
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (radio edit) – 3:02
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (album version) – 3:22
"Love like This" (Jim Jonsin Remix) – 4:14
Club promo mixes CD
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (Johnny Vicious Club)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (StoneBridge Club)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (Johnny Vicious Radio)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (StoneBridge Radio)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (Johnny Vicious Warehouse Mix)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (Johnny Vicious Dub)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (StoneBridge Dub)
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (radio edit)
German CD single
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (album version) – 3:22
"Pocketful of Sunshine" (Johnny Vicious Club Remix) - 10:12
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pocketful of Sunshine.[31]
Recording and mixing
Recorded at Starstruck Studios in Nashville, Tennessee and Henson Recording Studios in Hollywood, California
Mixed at Larrabee Studios in Los Angeles, California
Personnel
Vocals, background vocals – Natasha Bedingfield
Songwriting – Natasha Bedingfield, Danielle Brisebois, John Shanks
Production and bass – John Shanks
Keyboards – John Shanks, Charlie Judge
Guitars – John Shanks, Wendy Melvoin
Drums and programming – Jeff Rothschild
Recording – Jeff Rothschild, Aaron Kasdorf (assistant), Jared Robbins (assistant)
Mixing – Manny Marroquin
ProTools – Lars Fox
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2008–12)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[32]
28
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[33]
20
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[34]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[35]
24
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[36]
88
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[37]
43
US Billboard Hot 100[38]
5
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[39]
3
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[40]
3
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[41]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[42]
1
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[43]
4
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[44]
4
US Pop 100 (Billboard)[45]
5
US Radio Songs (Billboard)[46]
10
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[47]
18
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[48]
Platinum 40,000^
United States (RIAA)[49]
2× Platinum 2,000,000^
Ringtone
United States (RIAA)[49]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
List of release dates, showing region, format, record label and reference.
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Kenya
15 January 2008 Digital download Sony BMG Music [50]
United States
11 February 2008 Contemporary hit radio Epic [2]
Canada
29 July 2008 Remixes EP Sony BMG Music [51]
United States
Epic [3]
Germany
15 April 2011 Digital download Sony Music [4]
France
22 April 2011 [5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Staff (3 April 2008). "OK! Interview: Natasha Bedingfield". OK! Magazine. America Media Inc. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Airplay Archive". FMQB. Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Inc. and Mediaspan Online Services. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pocketful of Sunshine (Remixes)". iTunes. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pocketful of Sunshine - Single by Natasha Bedingfield". Amazon.com (in German). Germany. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pocketful of Sunshine - Single by Natasha Bedingfield". Amazon.com (in French). France. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Natasha Bedingfield - Pocketful of Sunshine Sheet Music (Digital Download)". Musicnotes.com. EMI Music Publishing. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Farmer, Julie. "Music Review: Natasha Bedingfield - Pocketful Of Sunshine". Blogcritics. Technorati, Inc. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lamb, Bill. "Natasha Bedingfield - "Pocketful of Sunshine"". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Chisling, Matthew. "Pocketful of Sunshine - Natasha Bedingfield". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill. "Natasha Bedingfield - Pocketful of Sunshine". About.com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Schiller, Mike. "Natasha Bedingfield: Pocketful of Sunshine". PopMatters. PopMatters. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Cinquemani, Sal (22 January 2008). "Natasha Bedingfield: Pocketful of Sunshine". Slant Magazine. Slant Magazine. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Alex (29 June 2008). "Natasha Bedingfield: 'Pocketful of Sunshine' - Music Singles Review". Digital Spy. United Kingdom: Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Greenhalgh, Andrew (5 February 2008). "Natasha Bedingfield, "Pocketful of Sunshine"". Patrol Magazine. Patrol. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 - February 9, 2008 - Biggest Jump". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 - February 16, 2008 - Biggest Jump". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 - March 15, 2008 - Biggest Jump". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Pocketful of Sunshine - Billboard". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (15 June 2009). "Week Ending June 12, 2011. Songs: The Odd Couples". Chart Watch. Chart Watch. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 - February 9, 2008 - Biggest Jump". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 - February 16, 2008 - Biggest Fall". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 - March 15, 2008 - Biggest Jump". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Database". Music Canada. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield - Pocketful of Sunshine @ Top40-Charts.com". Top40-Charts.com. top40-charts.com. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield - Pocketful Of Sunshine - austriancharts.at". austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield - Pocketful Of Sunshine - swisscharts.com". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pocketful of Sunshine | Natasha Bedingfield". MTV. Viacom International Inc. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "VideoBlog: Singing In Simlish". YouTube. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Warner, Tyrone. "Natasha Bedingfield talks 'Degrassi'". CTV. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". youtube.com.
Jump up ^ Pocketful of Sunshine (inlay cover). Natasha Bedingfield. Epic Records, Sony BMG Music Entertainment (UK). 2008.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Natasha Bedingfield – Pocketful of Sunshine" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Natasha Bedingfield – Pocketful of Sunshine" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Natasha Bedingfield Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Natasha Bedingfield – Pocketful of Sunshine" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Natasha Bedingfield – Pocketful of Sunshine". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Digital Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Johnny Loftus. "Natasha Bedingfield - Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "Natasha Bedingfield Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs 11 through 20 - Billboard Year In Music 2008". Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-18. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Natasha Bedingfield – Pocketful of Sunshine". Music Canada.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Natasha Bedingfield – Pocketful of Sunshine". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Pocketful of Sunshine - Single by Natasha Bedingfield on Apple Music". iTunes Store (KE). 15 January 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pocketful of Sunshine (Remixes) - Natasha Bedingfield". iTunes (CA). Retrieved 28 April 2012.
External links[edit]
Official website
Official US website
hide
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t
e
Natasha Bedingfield
Discography
Songs written
Studio albums
Unwritten
N.B.
Strip Me
Singles
"Single"
"These Words"
"Unwritten"
"I Bruise Easily"
"I Wanna Have Your Babies"
"Soulmate"
"Say It Again"
"Love Like This"
"Pocketful of Sunshine"
"Angel"
"Touch"
"Strip Me"
Other songs
"The One That Got Away"
Featured singles
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
"Bruised Water"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Jet Lag"
"Easy" (with Rascal Flatts)
"Between the Raindrops"
Concert tours
Verizon VIP Tour
Less is More Tour
Video releases
Live in New York City
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pocketful_of_Sunshine&oldid=855111192"
Categories:
2008 singles
Natasha Bedingfield songs
Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles
Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay number-one singles
Song recordings produced by John Shanks
Songs written by John Shanks
Songs written by Danielle Brisebois
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Combustion chamber
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Combustion chamber (named combustor) on a Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine
A combustion chamber is that part of an internal combustion engine (ICE) in which the fuel/air mix is burned.
Contents
[hide]
1 Internal combustion engine
1.1 Petrol (gasoline) engine
1.2 Diesel engine
1.3 Gas turbine
1.4 Rocket engine
2 Steam engine
3 Micro combustion chambers
4 See also
5 References
Internal combustion engine[edit]
Diagram of jet engine showing the combustion chamber.
ICEs typically comprise reciprocating piston engines, rotary engines, gas turbines and jet turbines.
The combustion process increases the internal energy of a gas, which translates into an increase in temperature, pressure, or volume depending on the configuration. In an enclosure, for example the cylinder of a reciprocating engine, the volume is controlled and the combustion creates an increase in pressure. In a continuous flow system, for example a jet engine combustor, the pressure is controlled and the combustion creates an increase in volume. This increase in pressure or volume can be used to do work, for example, to move a piston on a crankshaft or a turbine disc in a gas turbine. If the gas velocity changes, thrust is produced, such as in the nozzle of a rocket engine.
Petrol (gasoline) engine[edit]
Side-valve engine showing combustion chamber
At top dead centre the pistons of a petrol engine are flush (or nearly flush) with the top of the cylinder block. The combustion chamber may be a recess either in the cylinder head, or in the top of the piston. A design with the combustion chamber in the piston is called a Heron head, where the head is machined flat but the pistons are dished. The Heron head has proved even more thermodynamically efficient than the hemispherical head.[citation needed] Intake valves permit the inflow of a fuel air mix; and exhaust valves allow burnt gases to be scavenged.
Head types
Various shapes of combustion chamber have been used, such as: L-head (or flathead) for side-valve engines; "bathtub", "hemispherical", and "wedge" for overhead valve engines; and "pent-roof" for engines having 3, 4 or 5 valves per cylinder. The shape of the chamber has a marked effect on power output, efficiency and emissions; the designer's objectives are to burn all of the mixture as completely as possible while avoiding excessive temperatures (which create NOx). This [clarification needed]is best achieved with a compact rather than elongated chamber.[citation needed]
Swirl & Squish
The intake valve/port is usually placed to give the mixture a pronounced "swirl" (the term is preferable to[according to whom?] "turbulence", which implies movement without overall pattern) above the rising piston, improving mixing and combustion. The shape of the piston top also affects the amount of swirl. Another design feature to promote turbulence for good fuel/air mixing is "squish", where the fuel/air mix is "squished" at high pressure by the rising piston.[1][2] Where swirl is particularly important, combustion chambers in the piston may be favoured.
Flame front
Ignition typically occurs around 15 degrees before top dead centre. The spark plug must be sited so that the flame front can progress throughout the combustion chamber. Good design should avoid narrow crevices where stagnant "end gas" can become trapped, as this gas may detonate violently after the main charge, adding little useful work and potentially damaging the engine.[citation needed]
Diesel engine[edit]
Dished piston for diesel engine
Diesel engines fall into two broad classes:
Direct injection, where the combustion chamber consists of a dished piston
Indirect injection, where the combustion chamber is in the cylinder head
Direct injection engines usually give better fuel economy but indirect injection engines can use a lower grade of fuel.
Harry Ricardo was prominent in developing combustion chambers for diesel engines, the best known[note 1] being the Ricardo Comet.
Gas turbine[edit]
Main article: Combustor
The combustion chamber in gas turbines and jet engines (including ramjets and scramjets) is called the combustor.
The combustor is fed with high pressure air by the compression system, adds fuel and burns the mix and feeds the hot, high pressure exhaust into the turbine components of the engine or out the exhaust nozzle.
Different types of combustors exist, mainly:
Can type: Can combustors are self-contained cylindrical combustion chambers. Each "can" has its own fuel injector, liner,interconnectors,casing. Each "can" get an air source from individual opening.
Cannular type: Like the can type combustor, can annular combustors have discrete combustion zones contained in separate liners with their own fuel injectors. Unlike the can combustor, all the combustion zones share a common air casing.
Annular type: Annular combustors do away with the separate combustion zones and simply have a continuous liner and casing in a ring (the annulus).
Rocket engine[edit]
See also: Rocket_engine § Combustion_chamber
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)
Steam engine[edit]
The term combustion chamber is also used to refer to an additional space between the firebox and boiler in a steam locomotive.[citation needed] This space is used to allow further combustion of the fuel, providing greater heat to the boiler.
Large steam locomotives usually have a combustion chamber in the boiler to allow the use of shorter firetubes. This is because:
Long firetubes have a theoretical advantage in providing a large heating surface but, beyond a certain length, this is subject to diminishing returns.
Very long firetubes are prone to sagging in the middle.
Micro combustion chambers[edit]
Micro combustion chambers are the devices in which combustion happens at a very small volume, due to which surface to volume ratio increases which plays a vital role in stabilizing the flame.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Combustion chambers.
Cylinder head
Engine displacement
Combustor
Variable compression ratio
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Comet series was best known in later years. At the time, Ricardo achieved much of his fame for his earlier turbulent head, used in petrol sidevalve engines.
Jump up ^ http://www.nrhsperformance.com/tech_squish.shtml
Jump up ^ http://homes.ottcommunications.com/~red/squish.html
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Sell v. United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
United States Supreme Court case
Sell v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 3, 2003
Decided June 16, 2003
Full case name
Charles Thomas Sell, Petitioner v. United States
Citations
539 U.S. 166 (more)
123 S. Ct. 2174; 156 L. Ed. 2d 197; 2003 U.S. LEXIS 4594; 71 U.S.L.W. 4456; 188 A.L.R. Fed. 679; 2003 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5131; 2003 Daily Journal DAR 6512; 16 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 359
Prior history
Order granting permission to administer drug No. 4: 98CR177, (E.D. Mo. Aug. 9, 2000);Order affirmed 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26009 (E.D. Mo., Apr. 4, 2001); affirmed by 8th Cir. court at 282 F.3d 560
Subsequent history
remanded to district court 343 F.3d 950, 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 26859 (8th Cir., Sept. 2, 2003)
Holding
Drugs to make defendant competent to stand trial may be administered involuntarily under very limited circumstances.
Court membership
Chief Justice
William Rehnquist
Associate Justices
John P. Stevens · Sandra Day O'Connor
Antonin Scalia · Anthony Kennedy
David Souter · Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg · Stephen Breyer
Case opinions
Majority
Breyer, joined by Rehnquist, Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, and Ginsburg
Dissent
Scalia, joined by O’Connor and Thomas
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. VI, XIV
Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003),[1] is a landmark decision in which the United States Supreme Court imposed stringent limits on the right of a lower court to order the forcible administration of antipsychotic medication to a criminal defendant who had been determined to be incompetent to stand trial for the sole purpose of making them competent and able to be tried. Specifically, the court held that lower courts could do so only under limited circumstances in which specified criteria had been met. In the case of Charles Sell, since the lower court had failed to determine that all the appropriate criteria for court-ordered forcible treatment had been met, the order to forcibly medicate the defendant was reversed.
Previously, in Washington v. Harper,[2] the Supreme Court made clear that the forced medication of inmates with mental disorders could be ordered only when the inmate was a danger to themselves or others and when the medication is in the inmate's own best interests. In addition, courts must first consider "alternative, less intrusive means" before resorting to the involuntary administration of psychotropic medication.[2][1]
Using the framework set forth in Riggins v. Nevada,[3] the Court emphasized that an individual has a constitutionally protected "interest in avoiding involuntary administration of antipsychotic drugs" and this interest is one that only an "essential" or "overriding" state interest might overcome.[1]
Contents
1 Facts of the case
2 Decision
2.1 Summary
3 Significance
4 Subsequent developments
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 External links
Facts of the case[edit]
In 1997, Charles Thomas Sell, a St. Louis dentist with no prior history of criminal behavior, was charged with fifty-six counts of mail fraud, six counts of Medicaid fraud, and one count of money-laundering.[1] That year a federal judge found Sell competent to stand trial and released him on bail. However, Sell's mental status deteriorated while he was on bail, and his bail was revoked in 1998. Also in 1998, on the basis of a videotape provided by an undercover agent, Sell was charged with one count of conspiring to commit the attempted murder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation officer arresting him.[1] The agent later interviewed Sell in jail, and by questioning got him to say something about hiring a hit man.[4] In early 1999 Sell requested a competency hearing before standing trial for the fraud and attempted murder charges.[5]
Sell was given a competency evaluation by the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners (Medical Center), and in 1999 was found incompetent to stand trial. Sell was ordered to be hospitalized to determine whether he would be able to become competent so as to allow his trial to proceed. While in the hospital, Sell refused to take the antipsychotic medication prescribed by the Medical Center staff. The Medical Center sought to involuntarily medicate Sell. On June 9, 1999, an administrative hearing was held before a medical hearing officer who concluded that antipsychotic medication was the treatment of choice based on the fact that Dr. Sell's "delusional thinking could make him dangerous." Sell filed a court challenge to stop the hospital's decision to give him the drug involuntarily.[1]
The question of whether the drug could be administered involuntarily was the subject of several other hearings. In August 2000 the magistrate found that Sell was a danger to himself and others, authorized Sell to be forcibly medicated on the grounds that only medication would reduce his dangerousness, that any serious side effects could be treated, that the benefits to Sell were greater than the risks, and that the medication were substantially likely to restore Sell's competence.[1]
In 2001, Sell appealed on certiorari to the Federal District Court which, while reversing the federal magistrate's finding of dangerousness, upheld the order of forced medication on the grounds that it was necessary to restore Sell's competency to stand trial. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision in a divided vote.[1] Sell's attorney pointed out that Sell had already been incarcerated for a longer period of time than if he were convicted for the offenses as charged.[4]
Sell, on Writ of Certiorari, appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The American Psychological Association filed an amicus curiae brief taking a neutral position, supporting neither the government's nor Sell's position.[6]
Decision[edit]
Although the Supreme Court upheld two aspects of the appeal, it ultimately vacated and remanded on the question of the petitioner's dangerousness.
Held
In a divided opinion (6-3), the Court held that the Constitution allows the Federal Government to administer antipsychotic drugs, even against the defendant's will, in limited circumstances as decided previously in Washington v. Harper and Riggins v. Nevada. It affirmed that involuntary administration for the purposes of restoring a defendant's competency to stand trial can be an appropriate means of acting in the state's interest to bring to trial defendants who are charged with serious crimes, overriding the defendant's right to refuse forced medication. However, the court outlined specific criteria which must be satisfied to justify involuntary medication. This framework was outlined in Riggins v. Nevada.[1]
An important government issue must be at stake and only a case by case inquiry can determine whether the government's interest is mitigated by the possibility of a long civil commitment for the treatment of the mental illness or by the fact that long periods of confinement have already been served, as this would be subtracted from any criminal sentence.
There must be a substantial probability that the medication will enable the defendant to become competent without substantial undermining side effects.
The medication must be necessary to restore the defendant's competency, with no alternative, less intrusive procedures available that would produce the same results.
[T]he Constitution permits the Government involuntarily to administer antipsychotic drugs to a mentally ill defendant facing serious criminal charges in order to render that defendant competent to stand trial, but only if the treatment is medically appropriate, is substantially unlikely to have side effects that may undermine the fairness of the trial, and, taking account of less intrusive alternatives, is necessary significantly to further important governmental trial-related interests.[1]
Held
The Supreme Court held that the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals erred in approving the lower court's order to allow forced medication to restore Sell's competence to stand trial because the original decisions of the hospital and the judge were based on an assessment of Sell's dangerousness. Since the experts testifying at the hearings focused mainly on the issue of dangerousness and not on Sell's trial competence, there was not enough evidence in the court record regarding the possible effect of the medication on Sell's ability to obtain a fair trial.
Vacated and remanded
In examining the lower courts' findings, the Court found no evidence that Sell was dangerous, so the Court assumed that he was not. Determining that the findings of the District Court and Court of Appeals did not satisfy the criteria for involuntary medication, the Court vacated the appellate court's judgment.
Summary[edit]
The Court in its decision wrote that the standards it outlined will allow involuntary medication for the sole purpose of rendering the defendant competent to stand trial only in rare instances. The standard implies that a court must find that important governmental interests are at stake and that its interest in bringing the accused to trial for serious crimes is important enough to override constitutional issues, and that the forced medication will not significantly interfere with the defense or have untoward side effects. Therefore, in each case the facts and circumstances must be considered individually, balancing the government's responsibility to ensure timely prosecution with an equal interest in making sure a defendant obtains a fair trial. The court must weigh these factors and decide if forced medication will significantly further or hinder these conflicting interests of the state.
Significance[edit]
It is unknown in how many cases involuntary administration will now be justified, and any procedure outlined by the Court will require the government to submit proof on all the criteria outlined by the court. Beyond the federal situation, any constitutional ruling will apply to all criminal proceedings, state as well as federal.[5] However, although this decision possibly affects only a small percentage of trials, it seems to add weight to a growing acceptance of the belief that government can override the constitutional rights of self-determination on medical matters.[7] The case potentially could have addressed a more serious question of whether governmental manipulation of an individual's mental state through psychotropic drug administration is based on false assumptions of what makes up a person's individuality. The court chose to sidestep this issue.[7]
However, others disagreed, arguing that the strict limits imposed by the Supreme Court on involuntary medication meant that the involuntary medication of a non dangerous defendant would be rare, especially since government's "important" interest in bringing the defendant to trial must be unattainable by alternative, less invasive means.[8]
At the very least however, the criteria set forth by the court will ensure that the lower courts considering the issue of forced medication must determine why it is medically appropriate to force drug an individual who is not dangerous and furthermore is competent to make up his own mind about treatment.[9]
Subsequent developments[edit]
In 2004, Sell was found competent to stand trial and trial was scheduled. A week before the trial was to begin, the prosecution and defense claimed that he was mentally unfit for trial and the trial was continued.[9]
On April 18, 2005, Sell pleaded no contest to federal charges of fraud and conspiracy to kill a federal agent, after serving eight months without trial in federal prison. The U.S. District Judge sentenced him to time served, six months in a halfway house and three years on parole.[4]
See also[edit]
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539
List of United States Supreme Court cases
Washington v. Harper
Riggins v. Nevada
Rennie v. Klein
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003).
^ Jump up to: a b Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990).
Jump up ^ Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127 (1992).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Charles Thomas Sell, D.D.S., to be released on Alford plea". Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, Inc. April 18, 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sell v. United States". www.law.duke.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Court's Decision in Sell v. United States Reflects Psychology's Recommendation that Alternatives to Drug Therapy Should be Considered". American Psychological Association. June 17, 2003. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drugging Defendants". The Christian Science Monitor. June 18, 2003. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (June 17, 2003). "Supreme Court Limits Forced Medication of Some for Trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dr. Sell denied trial; videotapes document prison abuse". Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, Inc. November 22, 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
External links[edit]
Text of Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003) is available from: CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Oyez
Court's Decision in Sell v. United States Reflects Psychology's Recommendation that Alternatives to Drug Therapy Should be Considered
Amicus brief filed in behave of Dr. Sell by Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
A win for Sell, but not a complete victory
State Can Make Inmate Sane Enough to Execute
"Application of Sell v. United States -- Etheridge and Chamberlain 34 (2): 248 -- Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online". www.jaapl.org.
Donna Lee Elm; Doug Passon, Forced Medication After U.S. v. Sell: Fighting Your Client's War on Drugs (PDF), Assistant Federal Public Defenders, D. AZ, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13
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