text:
Flashlight (Jessie J song)
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"Flashlight"
Single by Jessie J
from the album Pitch Perfect 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Released
23 April 2015 (2015-04-23)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
3:29
Label
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Sia Furler
Christian Guzman
Jason Moore
Sam Smith
Producer(s)
Greg Kurstin
Kuk Harrell
Jessie J singles chronology
"Masterpiece"
(2015) "Flashlight"
(2015) "Real Deal"
(2017)
"Masterpiece"
(2015) "Flashlight"
(2015) "Real Deal"
(2017)
"Flashlight" is a song recorded by British singer and songwriter Jessie J for the soundtrack to the film Pitch Perfect 2 (2015). The song was written by Sia Furler, Christian Guzman, Jason Moore and Sam Smith.[1] The song was originally obtained when one pre-ordered the Pitch Perfect 2 soundtrack in the United States, beginning on 23 April 2015; it later became available for download on its own. "Flashlight" was released in the United Kingdom on 11 May 2015 both on the soundtrack and as a stand-alone single. "Flashlight" was particularly successful in Australia, peaking at number two, and number seven in New Zealand.
Hailee Steinfeld performs a version of "Flashlight" titled the "Sweet Life Mix" in the film Pitch Perfect 2. Her cover of the song is included on the special edition of the film's soundtrack as well as Japanese version of Steinfeld's debut EP, Haiz (2015).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Music video
3 Use in film
4 Chart performance
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Certifications
7 Release history
8 References
9 External links
Critical reception[edit]
"Flashlight" received generally mixed reviews. In a less favourable review, Steven J. Horowitz of Billboard gave the song two stars out of five, saying: "prone to funny bone shout-singing on her more upbeat singles, Jessie J dials back her vocal force on the tepid "Flashlight", off the Pitch Perfect 2 soundtrack. The more subtle delivery would be welcome if the track weren't so paint-by-numbers, it plays like a pantomime of a Sia ballad, but without the emotive edge."[3]
Music video[edit]
The music video (directed by Hannah Lux Davis) was released on 23 April 2015 on YouTube.[4] In the video, Jessie J heads to Barden University (the campus of UCLA) where she performs the ballad while watching the students go about their days while walking around the campus, while scenes from Pitch Perfect 2 are shown.[4]
Use in film[edit]
The song is first sung by Barden University freshman Emily (Hailee Steinfeld) for her audition into the Barden Bellas, who have been suspended from competition. Emily explains that she writes songs to compensate for her anxieties, in this case, leaving home. Emily sings the song again later during the "Riff Off" which, due to it being an original song, causes the Bellas to be disqualified.
Upon learning that Emily writes her own songs, Beca (Anna Kendrick) offers to work with her on it and record the song in a studio.
At the climax of the film, the Bellas incorporate "Flashlight" into their World Championships setlist.
Chart performance[edit]
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on 28 May 2015, at number 68.[5][6] The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart on 24 May 2015, at number 62, eventually reaching number 13. The song debuted on the ARIA Charts on 18 May 2015, at number 15 and reached number 2 as of 8 June 2015. It reached number one in Indonesia.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[7]
2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8]
37
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[9]
8
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[10]
57
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[11]
37
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[12]
31
France (SNEP)[13]
89
Germany (Official German Charts)[14]
38
Ireland (IRMA)[15]
31
Italy (FIMI)[16]
89
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[17]
55
Malaysia (RIM)[18]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19]
7
Norway (VG-lista)[20]
29
Philippines (PARI)[21]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[22]
9
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[23]
33
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24]
54
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25]
28
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26]
13
US Billboard Hot 100[27]
61
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[28]
40
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[29]
Platinum 70,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[30]
Gold 30,000^
Italy (FIMI)[31]
Gold 25,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)[32]
Gold 7,500*
United Kingdom (BPI)[33]
Gold 400,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United States[34] 23 April 2015 Digital download Republic
United Kingdom[35] 11 May 2015
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Flashlight - Jessie J | Credits". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Haiz by Hailee Steinfeld on Apple Music". iTunes Store (JP). 26 August 2016. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Billboard Staff (May 1, 2015). "Best and Worst Singles of the Week: From Adam Lambert to Jessie J". SS. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Vena, Jocelyn (April 24, 2015). "Watch Jessie J's Uplifting 'Flashlight' Video from 'Pitch Perfect 2'". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 Week of June 6, 2015
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 27, 2015). "Taylor Swift's 'Bad Blood' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Jessie J – Flashlight". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Jessie J – Flashlight" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Jessie J – Flashlight" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jessie J Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201532 into search.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201527 into search.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Jessie J – Flashlight" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Jessie J – Flashlight". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 26, 2015". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 26 (dal 2015-06-22 al 2015-06-28)". Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Jessie J – Flashlight" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 30 Singles Chart Malaysia". Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. July 22, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Jessie J – Flashlight". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Jessie J – Flashlight". VG-lista. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 30 Singles Chart Philippines". Philippine Association of the Record Industry. June 24, 2015. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201527 into search.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Jessie J – Flashlight". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Jessie J – Flashlight". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jessie J Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. June 29, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jessie J "Flashlight"". ifpi.dk. 23 May 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Jessie J – Flashight" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Jessie J – Flashight". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Jessie J – Flashight". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 August 2015. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Flashight in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Flashlight (From "Pitch Perfect 2" Soundtrack): Jessie J: MP3 Downloads". Amazon Music. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Flashlight (From "Pitch Perfect 2" Soundtrack): Jessie J: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads". Amazon.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
External links[edit]
"Flashlight" (music video) on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Categories:
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Nutrient cycle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Composting within agricultural systems capitalizes upon the natural services of nutrient recycling in ecosystems. Bacteria, fungi, insects, earthworms, bugs, and other creatures dig and digest the compost into fertile soil. The minerals and nutrients in the soil is recycled back into the production of crops.
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is an unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition.
Contents
[hide]
1 Outline
2 Complete and closed loop
3 Ecological recycling
3.1 Ecosystem engineers
4 History
4.1 Variations in terminology
5 Recycling in novel ecosystems
5.1 Technological recycling
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Outline[edit]
Fallen logs are critical components of the nutrient cycle in terrestrial forests. Nurse logs form habitats for other creatures that decompose the materials and recycle the nutrients back into production.[1]
The nutrient cycle is nature's recycling system. All forms of recycling have feedback loops that uses energy in the process of putting material resources back into use. Recycling in ecology is regulated to a large extent during the process of decomposition.[2] Ecosystems employ biodiversity in the food webs that recycle natural materials, such as mineral nutrients, which includes water. Recycling in natural systems is one of the many ecosystem services that sustain and contribute to the well-being of human societies.[3][4][5]
A nutrient cycle of a typical terrestrial ecosystem.
There is much overlap between the terms for biogeochemical cycle and nutrient cycle. Most textbooks integrate the two and seem to treat them as synonymous terms.[6] However, the terms often appear independently. Nutrient cycle is more often used in direct reference to the idea of an intra-system cycle, where an ecosystem functions as a unit. From a practical point it does not make sense to assess a terrestrial ecosystem by considering the full column of air above it as well as the great depths of Earth below it. While an ecosystem often has no clear boundary, as a working model it is practical to consider the functional community where the bulk of matter and energy transfer occurs.[7] Nutrient cycling occurs in ecosystems that participate in the "larger biogeochemical cycles of the earth through a system of inputs and outputs."[7]:425
Complete and closed loop[edit]
All systems recycle. The biosphere is a network of continually recycling materials and information in alternating cycles of convergence and divergence. As materials converge or become more concentrated they gain in quality, increasing their potentials to drive useful work in proportion to their concentrations relative to the environment. As their potentials are used, materials diverge, or become more dispersed in the landscape, only to be concentrated again at another time and place.[8]:2
Ecosystems are capable of complete recycling. Complete recycling means that 100% of the waste material can be reconstituted indefinitely. This idea was captured by Howard T. Odum when he penned that "it is thoroughly demonstrated by ecological systems and geological systems that all the chemical elements and many organic substances can be accumulated by living systems from background crustal or oceanic concentrations without limit as to concentration so long as there is available solar or other source of potential energy"[9]:29 In 1979 Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen proposed a fourth law of entropy stating that complete recycling is impossible. Despite Georgescu-Roegen's extensive intellectual contributions to the science of ecological economics, the fourth law has been rejected in line with observations of ecological recycling.[10][11] However, some authors state that complete recycling is impossible for technological waste.[12]
A simplified food web illustrating a three-trophic food chain (producers-herbivores-carnivores) linked to decomposers. The movement of mineral nutrients through the food chain, into the mineral nutrient pool, and back into the trophic system illustrates ecological recycling. The movement of energy, in contrast, is unidirectional and noncyclic.[13][14]
Ecosystems execute closed loop recycling where demand for the nutrients that adds to the growth of biomass exceeds supply within that system. There are regional and spatial differences in the rates of growth and exchange of materials, where some ecosystems may be in nutrient debt (sinks) where others will have extra supply (sources). These differences relate to climate, topography, and geological history leaving behind different sources of parent material.[7][15] In terms of a food web, a cycle or loop is defined as "a directed sequence of one or more links starting from, and ending at, the same species."[16]:185 An example of this is the microbial food web in the ocean, where "bacteria are exploited, and controlled, by protozoa, including heterotrophic microflagellates which are in turn exploited by ciliates. This grazing activity is accompanied by excretion of substances which are in turn used by the bacteria, so that the system more or less operates in a closed circuit."[17]:69–70
Ecological recycling[edit]
A large fraction of the elements composing living matter reside at any instant of time in the world’s biota. Because the earthly pool of these elements is limited and the rates of exchange among the various components of the biota are extremely fast with respect to geological time, it is quite evident that much of the same material is being incorporated again and again into different biological forms. This observation gives rise to the notion that, on the average, matter (and some amounts of energy) are involved in cycles.[18]:219
An example of ecological recycling occurs in the enzymatic digestion of cellulose. "Cellulose, one of the most abundant organic compounds on Earth, is the major polysaccharide in plants where it is part of the cell walls. Cellulose-degrading enzymes participate in the natural, ecological recycling of plant material."[19] Different ecosystems can vary in their recycling rates of litter, which creates a complex feedback on factors such as the competitive dominance of certain plant species. Different rates and patterns of ecological recycling leaves a legacy of environmental effects with implications for the future evolution of ecosystems.[20]
Ecological recycling is common in organic farming, where nutrient management is fundamentally different compared to agri-business styles of soil management. Organic farms that employ ecosystem recycling to a greater extent support more species (increased levels of biodiversity) and have a different food web structure.[21][22] Organic agricultural ecosystems rely on the services of biodiversity for the recycling of nutrients through soils instead of relying on the supplementation of synthetic fertilizers.[23][24] The model for ecological recycling agriculture adheres to the following principals:
Protection of biodiversity.
Use of renewable energy.
Recycling of plant nutrients.[25]
Ecosystem engineers[edit]
Main article: Ecosystem engineer
An illustration of an earthworm casting taken from Charles Darwin's publication on the movement of organic matter in soils through the ecological activities of worms.[26]
From the largest to the smallest of creatures, nutrients are recycled by their movement, by their wastes, and by their metabolic activities. This illustration shows an example of the whale pump that cycles nutrients through the layers of the oceanic water column. Whales can migrate to great depths to feed on bottom fish (such as sand lance Ammodytes spp.) and surface to feed on krill and plankton at shallower levels. The whale pump enhances growth and productivity in other parts of the ecosystem.[27]
The persistent legacy of environmental feedback that is left behind by or as an extension of the ecological actions of organisms is known as niche construction or ecosystem engineering. Many species leave an effect even after their death, such as coral skeletons or the extensive habitat modifications to a wetland by a beaver, whose components are recycled and re-used by descendants and other species living under a different selective regime through the feedback and agency of these legacy effects.[28][29] Ecosystem engineers can influence nutrient cycling efficiency rates through their actions.
Earthworms, for example, passively and mechanically alter the nature of soil environments. Bodies of dead worms passively contribute mineral nutrients to the soil. The worms also mechanically modify the physical structure of the soil as they crawl about (bioturbation), digest on the moulds of organic matter they pull from the soil litter. These activities transport nutrients into the mineral layers of soil. Worms discard wastes that create worm castings containing undigested materials where bacteria and other decomposers gain access to the nutrients. The earthworm is employed in this process and the production of the ecosystem depends on their capability to create feedback loops in the recycling process.[30][31]
Shellfish are also ecosystem engineers because they: 1) Filter suspended particles from the water column; 2) Remove excess nutrients from coastal bays through denitrification; 3) Serve as natural coastal buffers, absorbing wave energy and reducing erosion from boat wakes, sea level rise and storms; 4) Provide nursery habitat for fish that are valuable to coastal economies.[32]
Fungi contribute to nutrient cycling[33] and nutritionally rearrange patches of ecosystem creating niches for other organisms.[34] In that way fungi in growing dead wood allow xylophages to grow and develop and xylophages in turn affect dead wood, contributing to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor.[35]
History[edit]
Nutrient cycling has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms. Darwin wrote about "the continued Following the Greeks, the idea of a hydrological cycle (water is considered a nutrient) was validated and quantified by Halley in 1687.
Variations in terminology[edit]
In 1926 Vernadsky coined the term biogeochemistry as a sub-discipline of geochemistry.[36] However, the term nutrient cycle pre-dates biogeochemistry in a pamphlet on silviculture in 1899: "These demands by no means pass over the fact that at places where sufficient quantities of humus are available and where, in case of continuous decomposition of litter, a stable, nutrient humus is present, considerable quantities of nutrients are also available from the biogenic nutrient cycle for the standing timber.[37]:12 In 1898 there is a reference to the nitrogen cycle in relation to nitrogen fixing microorganisms.[38] Other uses and variations on the terminology relating to the process of nutrient cycling appear throughout history:
The term mineral cycle appears early in a 1935 in reference to the importance of minerals in plant physiology: "...ash is probably either built up into its permanent structure, or deposited in some way as waste in the cells, and so may not be free to re-enter the mineral cycle."[39]:301
The term nutrient recycling appears in a 1964 paper on the food ecology of the wood stork: "While the periodic drying up and reflooding of the marshes creates special survival problems for organisms in the community, the fluctuating water levels favor rapid nutrient recycling and subsequent high rates of primary and secondary production"[40]:97
The term natural cycling appears in a 1968 paper on the transportation of leaf litter and its chemical elements for consideration in fisheries management: "Fluvial transport of tree litter from drainage basins is a factor in natural cycling of chemical elements and in degradation of the land."[41]:131
The term ecological recycling appears in a 1968 publication on future applications of ecology for the creation of different modules designed for living in extreme environments, such as space or under sea: "For our basic requirement of recycling vital resources, the oceans provide much more frequent ecological recycling than the land area. Fish and other organic populations have higher growth rates, vegetation has less capricious weather problems for sea harvesting."[42]
The term bio-recycling appears in a 1976 paper on the recycling of organic carbon in oceans: "Following the actualistic assumption, then, that biological activity is responsible for the source of dissolved organic material in the oceans, but is not important for its activities after death of the organisms and subsequent chemical changes which prevent its bio-recycling, we can see no major difference in the behavior of dissolved organic matter between the prebiotic and post-biotic oceans."[43]:414
Water is also a nutrient.[44] In this context, some authors also refer to precipitation recycling, which "is the contribution of evaporation within a region to precipitation in that same region."[45] These variations on the theme of nutrient cycling continue to be used and all refer to processes that are part of the global biogeochemical cycles. However, authors tend to refer to natural, organic, ecological, or bio-recycling in reference to the work of nature, such as it is used in organic farming or ecological agricultural systems.[25]
Recycling in novel ecosystems[edit]
See also: ecotoxicology and novel ecosystem
An endless stream of technological waste accumulates in different spatial configurations across the planet and turns into a predator in our soils, our streams, and our oceans.[46][47] This idea was similarly expressed in 1954 by ecologist Paul Sears: "We do not know whether to cherish the forest as a source of essential raw materials and other benefits or to remove it for the space it occupies. We expect a river to serve as both vein and artery carrying away waste but bringing usable material in the same channel. Nature long ago discarded the nonsense of carrying poisonous wastes and nutrients in the same vessels."[48]:960 Ecologists use population ecology to model contaminants as competitors or predators.[49] Rachel Carson was an ecological pioneer in this area as her book Silent Spring inspired research into biomagification and brought to the worlds attention the unseen pollutants moving into the food chains of the planet.[50]
In contrast to the planets natural ecosystems, technology (or technoecosystems) is not reducing its impact on planetary resources.[51][52] Only 7% of total plastic waste (adding up to millions upon millions of tons) is being recycled by industrial systems; the 93% that never makes it into the industrial recycling stream is presumably absorbed by natural recycling systems[53] In contrast and over extensive lengths of time (billions of years) ecosystems have maintained a consistent balance with production roughly equaling respiratory consumption rates. The balanced recycling efficiency of nature means that production of decaying waste material has exceeded rates of recyclable consumption into food chains equal to the global stocks of fossilized fuels that escaped the chain of decomposition.[54]
Pesticides soon spread through everything in the ecosphere-both human technosphere and nonhuman biosphere-returning from the 'out there' of natural environments back into plant, animal, and human bodies situated at the 'in here' of artificial environments with unintended, unanticipated, and unwanted effects. By using zoological, toxicological, epidemiological, and ecological insights, Carson generated a new sense of how 'the environment' might be seen.[55]:62
Microplastics and nanosilver materials flowing and cycling through ecosystems from pollution and discarded technology are among a growing list of emerging ecological concerns.[56] For example, unique assemblages of marine microbes have been found to digest plastic accumulating in the worlds oceans.[57] Discarded technology is absorbed into soils and creates a new class of soils called technosols.[58] Human wastes in the Anthropocene are creating new systems of ecological recycling, novel ecosystems that have to contend with the mercury cycle and other synthetic materials that are streaming into the biodegradation chain.[59] Microorganisms have a significant role in the removal of synthetic organic compounds from the environment empowered by recycling mechanisms that have complex biodegradation pathways. The effect of synthetic materials, such as nanoparticles and microplastics, on ecological recycling systems is listed as one of the major concerns for ecosystem in this century.[56][60]
Technological recycling[edit]
Main article: Recycling
Recycling in human industrial systems (or technoecosystems) differs from ecological recycling in scale, complexity, and organization. Industrial recycling systems do not focus on the employment of ecological food webs to recycle waste back into different kinds of marketable goods, but primarily employ people and technodiversity instead. Some researchers have questioned the premise behind these and other kinds of technological solutions under the banner of 'eco-efficiency' are limited in their capability, harmful to ecological processes, and dangerous in their hyped capabilities.[12][61] Many technoecosystems are competitive and parasitic toward natural ecosystems.[54][62] Food web or biologically based "recycling includes metabolic recycling (nutrient recovery, storage, etc.) and ecosystem recycling (leaching and in situ organic matter mineralization, either in the water column, in the sediment surface, or within the sediment."[63]:243
See also[edit]
Ecology portal
Plastic pollution
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Soil and Water Conservation Society
Baltic Ecological Recycling Agriculture and Society
Dianna Cohen: Tough truths about plastic pollution on TED.com
Plastic pollution coalition
Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems journal
Nova Scotia Agricultural College lecture notes on nutrient cycling in soil[permanent dead link]
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Billiken
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Argentine children's magazine, see Billiken (magazine).
From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of November 7, 1909, the Billiken sketch at the left is by Florence Pretz and the drawing of Pretz is by journalist Marguerite Martyn.
Billiken statue on the campus of Saint Louis University
Wooden statue of the Billiken in Tsutenkaku Tower
The Billiken is a charm doll created by an American art teacher and illustrator, Florence Pretz of Kansas City, Missouri, who is said to have seen the mysterious figure in a dream.[1] It is believed that Pretz found the name Billiken in Bliss Carman's 1896 poem Mr. Moon: A Song Of The Little People. In 1908, she obtained a design patent on the ornamental design of the Billiken,[2] which she sold to the Billiken Company of Chicago. The Billiken was elephant-like with pointed ears, a mischievous smile and a tuft of hair on his pointed head. His arms were short and he was generally sitting with his legs stretched out in front of him. Billiken is known as "The God of Things As They Ought to Be."
To buy a Billiken was said to give the purchaser luck, but to have one given would be better luck.[3] The image was copyrighted and a trademark was put on the name. After a few years of popularity, the Billiken faded into obscurity. Although they are similar, the Billiken and the baby-like Kewpie figures that debuted in the December 1909 Ladies' Home Journal are not the same.
Today, the Billiken is the official mascot of Saint Louis University and St. Louis University High School, both Jesuit institutions located in St. Louis. The Billiken is also the official mascot of the Royal Order of Jesters,[4] an invitation only Shriner group, affiliated with Freemasonry. The Billiken also became the namesake of Billiken Shokai, the Japanese toy & model manufacturing company (established 1976).
Many current online articles about the Billikens are based on an article by anthropologist Dorothy Jean Ray that first appeared in Alaska Sportsman (now Alaska) in 1960, with an updated version in Alaska Journal in 1973.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sports mascot
3 Alaska
4 Japan
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Billiken sprang from the height of the "Mind-Cure" craze in the United States at the start of the twentieth century.[5] It represented the "no worry" ideal, and was a huge hit. Variations appeared, such as the "Teddy-Billiken Doll" and the Billycan/Billycant pair (to drive petty problems away). The Billiken helped touch off the doll craze of the era.[5][6]
At least two Billiken-themed songs were recorded, including "Billiken Rag" and the "Billiken Man Song." The latter was recorded by Blanche Ring.[7]
The Billiken, as a good luck charm, appears multiple times in the Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor movie Waterloo Bridge. It is employed as a device that both prompts recollections of the male lead, Robert Taylor, and that links several scenes within the movie as the plot unfolds. Wizard of Oz author L. Frank Baum kept a Billiken doll on his piano.[5]
The Billiken made its Japanese debut in 1908. A statue was installed in the uppermost level of the original Tsutenkaku Tower as it was opened to the public in 1912. When the nearby Luna Park was closed in 1925, the tower's Billiken statue disappeared. In 1980, a replacement statue made its appearance in a new Tsutenkaku Tower that was built in 1956.
Sports mascot[edit]
In its heyday, the Billiken enjoyed worldwide celebrity. In America he became the athletic mascot of Saint Louis University, because the figure was said to resemble coach John R. Bender. The school's athletic teams remain the Billikens to this day. A bronze statue of the Billiken stands in front of the Chaifetz Arena on the Saint Louis University Campus. A junior version of the Billiken became the mascot of nearby Saint Louis University High School; a stainless steel statue of the Junior Billiken stands adjacent to the Danis Fieldhouse, on the St. Louis University High School Campus. Bud Billiken was a youth-club mascot for the Chicago Defender, and was created in 1923, and is known more contemporarily as the inspiration for the yearly parade of the same name held shortly before the start of the school year.
The Billiken was the team nickname for several minor league professional baseball teams, including the Fort Wayne Billikens of the 1908–1910 Central League, the Montgomery Billikens of the 1910 Southern Association (a Class A league that ran from 1902–1935), the Bay City Billikens of the 1911 and 1912 Southern Michigan League (a league that dwelled in several classifications between 1906 and 1912), and the McLeansboro Billikens of the 1910 Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League ("KITTY League"), (a Class D professional baseball league that ran from 1903 until 1955). McLeansboro is a strongly-Roman Catholic community located 116 miles from St. Louis. The Billiken is now used as the mascot for Saint Louis University.
Alaska[edit]
Two Billikens from the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909.
In 1909, the Billiken began its appearance in souvenir shops of Alaska. In Nome, Alaska, an Eskimo carver by the name Angokwazhuk copied a Billiken figurine in ivory brought to him by a merchant. Since that first appearance in Alaska, some Eskimo carvers began to include the billiken in the collection of figurines they created.[1] By the 1960s the Billiken was ubiquitous in larger Alaskan cities like Anchorage, and heavily touristed areas. Billikens were often carved from Alaskan ivory and were used in jewelry and knick-knacks. Often these souvenirs were accompanied by printed, romanticized Billiken lore. In Anchorage, the name was also adopted by merchants, as in the Billiken Drive-In movie theater.
Japan[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Throughout Japan representations of the Billiken were enshrined. Pre-World War II statues of the Billiken can be found in Kobe city's Chinju Inari and Matsuo Inari shrines. Both of these statues were removed from display for many years at the onset of the war when foreign deities fell out of favor.
The most famous representation of the Billiken was in an amusement park, Luna Park, in the Shinsekai district of Osaka, Japan. In 1912, he was enshrined in the park as a symbol of Americana and there was revered as "The God of Things As They Ought to Be". Popular Billiken souvenirs in the park included dolls and manju. When the park closed in 1923, the wooden statue of the Billiken went missing.
A replica of the statue was placed in the second-generation Tsutenkaku Tower in 1980. The Billiken was a star in Sakamoto Junji's 1996 comedy Billiken in which the statue is restored to the Tsutenkaku in an effort to revive the popularity of the tower and save Shinsekai.[8]
The statue was a permanent fixture in the tower until September 2005 when it made its first departure and was taken, as an ambassador of sorts, to Shibuya's Tokyu Hands department store in Tokyo as a part of a fair to promote Naniwa (traditional Osaka) culture. As a part of the cultural exchange, a replica of the statue of Shibuya's most famous dog, Hachikō, was sent to Osaka.
In October 2008, the Billiken of Tsutenkaku took a journey all the way from Japan to its "home" city of St. Louis, Missouri where it was visited by students of St. Louis University High School, whose mascot is also the Billiken.
Due to wear (particularly to the soles of the feet), the dark, worn statue replica from 1980 was replaced in May 2012 with a new one. Presently he resides on the fifth floor observation deck and has become closely associated with the tower. Each year thousands of visitors place a coin in his donation box and rub the soles of his well-worn feet to make their wishes come true.
The Billiken also became the namesake of Billiken Shokai, the Japanese toy & model manufacturing company established in 1976.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Dorothy Jean Ray. "Billiken Lore". Church of Good Luck. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ US Design Patent D39,603, Florence Pretz, "Design for an image", issued October 6, 1908.
Jump up ^ What is a Billiken? Unmasking SLU's Cool and Unusual Mascot, Billiken Media Relations (Saint Louis University), August 5, 2009 .
Jump up ^ University of Cincinnati News "Beguiled by billikens in Bearcat country". Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leach, William (1993). Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 230, 247. ISBN 0-679-75411-3.
Jump up ^ Dry Goods Economist. New York: United Publishers Corp.: 35 March 6, 1909. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Donation of the month. Object: Billiken Doll, Rogers Historical Museum, City of Rogers, Arkansas (undated).
Jump up ^ Billiken, Moviefone, archived from the original on 2012-03-07 .
See also[edit]
Billiken, an Argentine children's magazine named after the doll
References[edit]
Leach, William (1993). "Chapter 8: Mind Cure and the Happiness Machine". Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 230, 247. ISBN 0-679-75411-3. .
Ray, Dorothy Jean (September 1960), "The Mystery of the Billiken", Alaska Sportsman . Also reprinted in Shepherd, Jill, ed. (2004), The Last Frontier: Incredible Tales of Survival, Exploration, and Adventure from Alaska Magazine, Globe Pequot, ISBN 1-59228-568-6 .
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billiken.
In Search of Billiken's Roots Well-researched article tracing the history of the Billiken's first mention in 1896 in Canadian poet Bliss Carman's book More Songs from Vagabondia. This was the inspiration of stories by Sara Hamilton Birchall and illustrator Florence Pretz.
What's a Billiken? Saint Louis Billikens: Official Site
Origin of the Billiken Excerpt of article from Universitas (a Saint Louis University publication)
Billiken Centennial 1908–2008 Flickr group featuring photographs, ephemera and souvenir images of Billikens from all over the world
What's a Junior Billiken? Saint Louis University High School's origin of their mascot
Billikens.com Fan Site of the Saint Louis University Billikens Saint Louis University
The Billiken Man recorded 1909 by Blanche Ring; available for free download from InternetArchive,Archive.org
Biriken (1996) motion picture trailer
About Florence Pretz
[1] Picture of Florence Pretz
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billiken&oldid=835190677"
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