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Thelma & Louise
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Thelma & Louise
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ridley Scott
Produced by
Ridley Scott
Mimi Polk Gitlin
Written by
Callie Khouri
Starring
Susan Sarandon
Geena Davis
Harvey Keitel
Music by
Hans Zimmer
Cinematography
Adrian Biddle
Edited by
Thom Noble
Production
company
Pathé
Percy Main Productions
Star Partners III Ltd.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
May 24, 1991 (1991-05-24)
Running time
129 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$16.5 million
Box office
$45.4 million (North America)[1]
Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American road film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Callie Khouri. It stars Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise, two friends who embark on a road trip with unforeseen consequences. The supporting cast include Harvey Keitel, Michael Madsen, and Brad Pitt, whose career was launched by the film.
The film became a critical and commercial success, receiving six Academy Award nominations and winning one for Best Original Screenplay for Khouri. Scott was nominated for Best Director, and both Sarandon and Davis were nominated for Best Actress. At its release the film stirred controversy. At the intersection of several genres, it is now considered a classic. It influenced other films and artistic works, and became a landmark of feminist film. In 2016, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 General
4.2 Feminism
4.3 Awards and honors
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Best friends Thelma Dickinson and Louise Sawyer set out for a weekend vacation at a fishing cabin in the mountains, to take a break from their dreary lives in Arkansas. Thelma, a ditzy housewife, is married to a disrespectful and controlling man, Darryl, while sharp-tongued Louise works as a waitress in a diner, and is on-off dating a musician, Jimmy, who spends most of his time on the road.
On the way they stop for a drink at a roadhouse bar where Thelma meets and dances with a flirtatious stranger, Harlan. When he takes her outside to the parking lot to get some fresh air, he starts kissing her and taking her clothes off without her consent. Thelma resists but Harlan hits her, and then starts raping her. Louise finds them and threatens to shoot Harlan with the gun that Thelma brought with her. Harlan stops but as the women walk away, he yells that he should have continued the rape and continually insults them. Enraged, Louise responds by shooting him dead, and the pair flee the scene.
At a motel, they discuss how to handle the situation. Thelma wants to go to the police but Louise fears that no one will believe Thelma's claim of attempted rape and they will be subsequently charged for murder. They decide to go on the run, but Louise demands they travel from Oklahoma to Mexico without going through Texas. Something happened to Louise in Texas, and Thelma suspects it was something similar to what had happened with Harlan but Louise adamantly refuses to discuss it. Heading west, the women come across an attractive young drifter, J.D., who Thelma quickly falls for, and she convinces Louise to let him hitch a ride with them. Louise then contacts Jimmy and asks him to wire transfer her life savings to her. When she goes to pick up the money, she finds that Jimmy has come to see her to deliver the money in person, and the two spend the night together. Jimmy proposes to Louise but she refuses. Meanwhile, Thelma invites J.D. to her room, and they sleep together. She then learns he is a thief who has broken parole.
The following morning, Thelma leaves J.D. in her motel room while she meets Louise downstairs for breakfast and, when they return, they discover J.D. has stolen Louise's life savings and fled. Louise is distraught, so a guilty Thelma takes charge and later robs a nearby convenience store using the tactics she learned from listening to J.D. Meanwhile, the FBI are getting closer to catching the fugitives after witnesses at the bar saw Louise's 1966 Ford Thunderbird convertible speeding out of the parking lot the night of the shooting. Their whereabouts are also questioned by the owner of the fishing cabin after the women failed to arrive for the weekend. Arkansas State Police Investigator Hal Slocumb leads the investigation and questions both J.D. and Jimmy, and taps into the phone line at Darryl's house. He discovers that Louise had been raped years earlier in Texas, so sympathizes with her situation and understands why they didn't report Harlan's murder to the authorities. During a couple of brief phone conversations with Louise, he expresses his sympathy, but is unsuccessful in his attempts to persuade her to surrender.
Thelma tells Louise she understands if she wants to go back home, knowing she has Jimmy waiting for her, but explains she cannot go back to Darryl. Louise promises they will keep going together. The pair are later pulled over by a New Mexico state trooper for speeding. Knowing he will soon discover they are wanted for murder and armed robbery, Thelma holds him at gunpoint and locks him in the trunk of his police car, while Louise takes his gun and ammunition. They drive away from the scene and spend the next few nights heading further west. On the road, they encounter a foul-mouthed truck driver who repeatedly makes obscene gestures at them. They pull over and demand an apology from him, but when he refuses, they fire at the fuel tanker he is driving, causing it to explode.
Thelma and Louise are finally cornered by the authorities only one hundred yards from the edge of the Grand Canyon. Hal arrives on the scene, but he is refused the chance to make one last attempt to talk the women into surrendering. Rather than be captured and spend the rest of their lives in jail, Thelma proposes that they "keep going". Louise asks Thelma if she is certain, and Thelma says yes. They kiss, then Louise steps on the accelerator, and they ride the car over the cliff to their deaths.
Cast[edit]
Susan Sarandon as Louise Elizabeth Sawyer
Geena Davis as Thelma Yvonne Dickinson
Harvey Keitel as Detective Hal Slocumb
Michael Madsen as Jimmy Lennox
Christopher McDonald as Darryl Dickinson
Stephen Tobolowsky as Max
Brad Pitt as J.D.
Timothy Carhart as Harlan Puckett
Jason Beghe as State Trooper
Marco St. John as Truck Driver
Production[edit]
Although the setting for the film is a fictional route between Arkansas and the Grand Canyon, the movie was filmed almost entirely in the states of California and Utah. The primary filming locations for the movie are rural areas around Bakersfield, California and Moab, Utah. The Grand Canyon scenes were actually filmed just south of Dead Horse Point State Park in Utah.[2] Parts of the film were also shot at Shafer Overlook, Monument Valley, La Sal Mountains, La Sal Junction, Cisco, Old Valley City Reservoir, Thompson Springs, Arches National Park, and Crescent Junction in Utah.[3]
Reception[edit]
General[edit]
The film was an overwhelming critical success. Metacritic lists a composite critical score of 88 out of 100.[4] Rotten Tomatoes rates Thelma & Louise 83% "Fresh". Janet Maslin of The New York Times had only praise for the film in her review: "Mr. Scott's Thelma and Louise, with a sparkling screenplay by the first-time writer Callie Khouri, is a surprise on this and many other scores. It reveals the previously untapped talent of Mr. Scott (best known for majestically moody action films like Alien, Blade Runner and Black Rain) for exuberant comedy, and for vibrant American imagery, notwithstanding his English roots. It reimagines the buddy film with such freshness and vigor that the genre seems positively new. It discovers unexpected resources in both its stars, Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis, who are perfectly teamed as the spirited and original title characters."[5] Roger Ebert also praised the film, but withheld a perfect score on the basis of "the last shot before the titles begin. It's a freeze frame that fades to white, which is fine, except it does so with unseemly haste... It's unsettling to get involved in a movie that takes 128 minutes to bring you to a payoff that the filmmakers seem to fear."[6]
The film was screened out of competition at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.[7] After watching the film, singer-songwriter Tori Amos wrote "Me and a Gun", the story of her rape several years earlier.[8][9]
Argentinian singer and musician Fito Páez wrote a hit song called "Dos días en la vida" ("Two days in one lifetime") after watching this movie. The lyrics tell the story of the main characters, with verses played by singers Fabiana Cantilo (in the role of Thelma) and Celeste Carballo (Louise). It was one of the most successful singles from his 1992 album El amor después del amor.
The final scene, where the two embrace each other before driving off a cliff, has become iconic. Numerous homages and parodies of the scene have appeared, including alternate movie endings, cartoon parodies, video game "Easter Eggs", and as a tragic ending to television series, music videos and commercials.[clarification needed]
The film also received harsh and significant criticism from those who thought it was anti-male and that its depictions of men were unfairly negative.[10][11]
Feminism[edit]
Numerous critics and writers have remarked on the strong feminist overtones of Thelma & Louise. Film critic B. Ruby Rich praises the film as an uncompromising validation of women's experiences,[12] while Kenneth Turan calls it a "neo-feminist road movie".[13] In her essay "The Daughters of Thelma and Louise", Jessica Enevold argues that the movie constitutes "an attack on conventional patterns of chauvinist male behavior toward females". In addition, it "exposes the traditional stereotyping of male–female relationships" while rescripting the typical gender roles of the road movie genre.[14]
In her review for The Los Angeles Times, film critic Sheila Benson objects to the characterization of the film as feminist, arguing that it is more preoccupied with revenge and violence than feminist values.[15]
In his review for The New York Post, film critic Kyle Smith describes the film as "a misogynist tale about unbelievably ditzy women who lose what remains of their reason under pressure and suffer the ultimate punishment." Smith's review focused less on the fact that the film stars strong female characters and instead points out the terrible decisions these strong female characters make throughout the entire movie.[16]
In an article commemorating the film's 20th anniversary in 2011, Raina Lipsitz called it "the last great film about women" and said that it heralded the achievements of women that caused 1992 to become "the year of the woman". However, she also said that women-themed films have since been losing ground.[17]
Awards and honors[edit]
Khouri won an Academy Award for Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen; Scott, Davis, Sarandon, cinematographer Adrian Biddle, and film editor Thom Noble were nominated for Oscars.
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Boston Society of Film Critics Best Actress Geena Davis Won
British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Award Adrian Biddle Nominated
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Actress Geena Davis Nominated
NBR Award Best Actress Susan Sarandon Won
Geena Davis
Top Ten Films Won
Saint Jordi Award Best Foreign Actress Susan Sarandon Nominated
Golden Spike Award Ridley Scott Won
(tied with The Adjuster)
Academy Award Best Original Screenplay Callie Khouri Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Geena Davis Nominated
Susan Sarandon
Best Cinematography Adrian Biddle Nominated
Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated
Best Film Editing Thom Noble Nominated
BAFTA Award Best Actress Geena Davis Nominated
Susan Sarandon
Best Cinematography Adrian Bibble Nominated
Best Direction Ridley Scott Nominated
Best Editing Thom Noble Nominated
Best Film Ridley Scott
Mimi Polk Gitlin Nominated
Best Original Film Score Hans Zimmer Nominated
Best Screenplay – Original Callie Khouri Nominated
Bodil Award Best Non-European Film Ridley Scott Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Best Actress Geena Davis Nominated
Susan Sarandon
Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated
Best Picture Nominated
Best Screenplay Callie Khouri Nominated
César Award Best Foreign Film Ridley Scott Nominated
David di Donatello Award Best Foreign Actress Geena Davis Won
Susan Sarandon
Best Foreign Film Ridley Scott Nominated
DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ridley Scott Nominated
Golden Globe Award Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Callie Khouri Won
Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Geena Davis Nominated
Susan Sarandon
Silver Ribbon Best Female Dubbing Rossella Izzo
(voice of Louise) Won
Best Foreign Director Ridley Scott Nominated
Critics' Circle Film Awards Actress of the Year Susan Sarandon
(also for White Palace) Won
Director of the Year Ridley Scott Won
Film of the Year Won
MTV Movie Award Best Female Performance Geena Davis Nominated
Best On-Screen Duo Geena Davis
Susan Sarandon Nominated
NSFC Award Best Supporting Actor Harvey Keitel
(also for Bugsy and Mortal Thoughts) Won
Best Actress Susan Sarandon Nominated
Literary Award Screenplay Callie Khouri Won
Writers Guild of America Award Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Won
The British Film Institute published a book[15] about the film in 2000, as part of a Modern Classics series. On the Writers Guild of America Award's 101 Best Screenplays List it made No. 72.[18] The film was ranked on the Australian program 20 to 1, in the episode Magnificent Movie Moments.
American Film Institute lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 76
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Thelma Dickinson & Louise Sawyer – No. 24 Heroes
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 78
Soundtrack[edit]
Pete Haycock on slide guitar contributed to Thunderbird, the theme music for the film.[19] In addition to Glenn Frey's "Part of Me, Part of You", which became the film's primary theme song, the soundtrack included songs by Chris Whitley, Martha Reeves, Toni Childs, Marianne Faithfull, Charlie Sexton, Grayson Hugh, B.B. King, and Michael McDonald.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Thelma and Louise (1991)". Box Office Mojo. 1991-08-06. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Movies filmed in the Moab area". Moab Area Travel Council. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ D'Arc, James V. (2010). When Hollywood came to town: a history of moviemaking in Utah (1st ed.). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 9781423605874.
Jump up ^ "Thelma & Louise Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Thelma & Louise (1991)" The New York Times. May 24, 1991.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert. "Thelma & Louise". Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Thelma & Louise". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Chasing Away the Demons". 20/20. February 15, 1999. Archived from the original on June 25, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Tori Amos on her new album and the "muses" that inspire her songs". CBS This Morning. November 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Is This What Feminism Is All About?" Time, June 24, 1991.
Jump up ^ "Callie Khouri Answers Critics Of 'Thelma And Louise'" Chicago Tribune. July 7, 1991.
Jump up ^ Rich, B. Ruby (February 18, 2003). "Two for the Road". The Advocate: 48–49.
Jump up ^ Dunne, Michael (2001). Intertextual Encounters in American Fiction, Film, and Popular Culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-87972-848-5.
Jump up ^ Enevold, Jessica (2004). "The Daughters of Thelma and Louise". Gender, Genre & Identity in Women's Travel Writing. New York. pp. 73–95. ISBN 0-8204-4905-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Sturken, Marita (2000). Thelma and Louise. London: British Film Institute. p. 11. ISBN 0-85170-809-9.
Jump up ^ "As a feminist film, 'Thelma & Louise' fails miserably" New York Post, April 07, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Thelma & Louise': The Last Great Film About Women" The Atlantic, August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Writers Guild of America, West: 101 list
Jump up ^ Pierre Perrone (November 22, 2013). "Pete Haycock: Guitarist with the Climax Blues Band who went on to write film music for John Badham and Franc Roddam". The Independent. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Fournier, Gina. Thelma & Louise and Women in Hollywood. McFarland & Co., Inc. Publishers, 2007
Cook, Bernie, editor. Thelma & Louise Live! The Cultural Afterlife of an American Film, The University of Texas Press, 2007
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thelma & Louise
Official website
Thelma & Louise on IMDb
Thelma & Louise at AllMovie
Thelma & Louise at the TCM Movie Database
Thelma & Louise at Rotten Tomatoes
Thelma & Louise at Box Office Mojo
Thelma & Louise at The Numbers
Thelma and Louise – Original Trailer on YouTube
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Ridley Scott
Feature films
The Duellists (1977)
Alien (1979)
Blade Runner (1982)
Legend (1985)
Someone to Watch Over Me (1987)
Black Rain (1989)
Thelma & Louise (1991)
1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992)
White Squall (1996)
G.I. Jane (1997)
Gladiator (2000)
Hannibal (2001)
Black Hawk Down (2001)
Matchstick Men (2003)
Kingdom of Heaven (2005)
A Good Year (2006)
American Gangster (2007)
Body of Lies (2008)
Robin Hood (2010)
Prometheus (2012)
The Counselor (2013)
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)
The Martian (2015)
Alien: Covenant (2017)
All the Money in the World (2017)
Other work
Boy and Bicycle (short film, 1965)
1984 (advertisement, 1984)
Unrealized projects
[show]
v
t
e
London Film Critics' Circle Award for Film of the Year
Apocalypse Now (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Missing (1982)
The King of Comedy (1983)
Paris, Texas (1984)
The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
A Room with a View (1986)
Hope and Glory (1987)
House of Games (1988)
Distant Voices, Still Lives (1989)
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1990)
Thelma & Louise (1991)
Unforgiven (1992)
The Piano (1993)
Schindler's List (1994)
Babe (1995)
Fargo (1996)
L.A. Confidential (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Being John Malkovich (2000)
Moulin Rouge! (2001)
About Schmidt (2002)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
Sideways (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
United 93 (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
The Wrestler (2008)
A Prophet (2009)
The Social Network (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Amour (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
La La Land (2016)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
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Bell Ranch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Mesozoic geologic formation in Utah, see Bell Ranch Formation.
For the movie ranch, see Movie ranch § Bell Moving Picture Ranch.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bell Ranch Headquarters
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
N.M. State Register of Cultural Properties
Show map of New Mexico Show map of the US Show all
Nearest city
Tucumcari, New Mexico
Coordinates
35°31′46″N 104°6′0″W / 35.52944°N 104.10000°W / 35.52944; -104.10000Coordinates: 35°31′46″N 104°6′0″W / 35.52944°N 104.10000°W / 35.52944; -104.10000
Area
5 acres (2.0 ha)
NRHP reference #
70000407[1]
NMSRCP #
133
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
October 6, 1970
Designated NMSRCP
November 21, 1969
The Bell Ranch is a historic ranch in Tucumcari, New Mexico, United States of America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
2 History
2.1 Early ranch operations
2.2 Present day
3 Art and literature
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Location[edit]
Lying along La Cinta Creek near the Canadian River, the ranch is bordered by Conchas Lake in San Miguel County, New Mexico about 30 miles (97 km) from Tucumcari, New Mexico. The land originally totaled 656,000 acres (2,655 km²) of rolling grasslands bordered by red rimrocked canyons and flat-topped mountains called mesas.[2] It now spans 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) of land.[2]
History[edit]
The Native Americans, Comanche, Kiowa and Apache, hunted the buffalo and ground their corn in well-placed grinding holes where they could scan the horizon for friend and foe. Pictographs carved in the red cliffs indicate the native Americans may well have been living there a long time before the 16th century.
The ranch originated from a Mexican land grant held by Don Pablo Montoya in 1824, only three years after Mexico had gained independence from Spain.[2] In 1875, it was named after the bell-shaped mountain on its land by then-owner Wilson Waddingham. Upon acquisition of New Mexico Territory, the U.S. Cavalry established a temporary post at the Bell Ranch Headquarters for a time, using a part of the manager's house as a "map room" and post office while surveying the surrounding area. Charles Goodnight of the Goodnight Cattle trail utilized one of the prominent mesas of the ranch, Gavilan, to navigate on the way to Colorado with his cattle herds.[citation needed]
Early ranch operations[edit]
The ensuing century brought a some pioneering individuals. One person, British-born John H. Culley, came as a young man to learn about ranching in northeastern New Mexico. He served as assistant manager in the late 19th century. Educated at Oxford, he recorded the ranch life in his book Cattle, Horses and Men. He wrote "It is -for I know it- a world where the summers are long and hot and if in winter a flurry of snow comes, it is gone by noon; where things grow readily in the loose red soil and the rim rocks are vermilion. A world where few pines are to seen,[sic] but the hill and mesa sides are covered with juniper and the flats with mesquite, and the sunflowers grow higher than a man on horseback in the bottoms."[citation needed]
Later, Albert K. Mitchell served as manager. His list of accomplishments included President of the American Hereford Cattle Breeders Association, an elected member of the New Mexico State House of Representatives, President of the New Mexico Cattle Growers Association and a founder of the American Quarter Horse Association. Mitchell, busy with all these responsibilities, used a small plane to commute to all his activities. He built a hangar and runway at the Bell which stands today. He was one of the first to use airplane flight to commute for agricultural pursuits.[citation needed]
In the 1930s, the ranch was acquired by Guy Waggoner, who built the 10,300-square-foot hacienda on the ranch.[3] His two children sold the ranch after his death.
In 1947, the ranch went through a significant re-division with the Bell Ranch headquarters, the name, and brand being retained with approximately 130,000 acres (526 km²) near the center of the Montoya grant and five other portions sectioned off. This was purchased by Harriet Keeney of Connecticut and her family.
Present day[edit]
In more modern times, the Bell Ranch has been known for the quality of beef cattle produced and the pioneering concepts that went into those herds. The concepts of "beef production testing" were laid down at the Bell under the guidance of longtime manager George F. Ellis (manager 1946 to 1970). Over time, the purebred Hereford stock were measured and selected to improve desirable inherited traits. The proven performance advances were significant and groundbreaking. Ellis would be honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Beef Cattle Industry and honors from a host of other established organizations for his work.[citation needed]
In 1970, ownership of the largest single chunk—so large it has its own Zip Code, 88441—was acquired by William N. Lane II of Chicago, chairman and CEO of publicly traded General Binding Corp., a maker of office supplies and equipment.[2] Further purchases of the original grant land have fleshed out the holding to its present size of 290,100 acres (1,174 km2). After Lane died in a 1978 car accident on the ranch, it was owned by his five children through a trust. His son Jeff died in a plane accident on the ranch in 2007. In 2010, the ranch was acquired by Silver Spur Ranches, a ranching company owned by John Malone.[2][4]
The Bell Ranch stands at 290,100 acres (1,174 km2) of the original 656,000 acres (2,650 km2) of a century and a half ago. The white faced red Hereford cattle of Ellis' tenure are gone. The present day herds feature of a cross consisting of the original Hereford, Red Angus, Gelbvieh, Brahman to create the "Red Bell" herd. The ranch is home to a private airport known as the Waggoner Airport.[5]
Art and literature[edit]
Over the centuries, the Bell Ranch has attracted many notable artists and writers with its beauty and unique qualities. Canadian artist Robert Lougheed visited the ranch numerous times taking inspiration from the horses, people and places to create a body of work recognized by the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. In the 1940s, famed photographer Harvey Caplin took images in black and white. Some of these have been used by the Stetson Hat Company for promotion since that time as the quintessential western iconography.[2]
In 1975, a film called Cowboy Heaven was filmed by David Ellis about the true western cowboy featuring the ranch and the then current cowboys of the Bell. The American Quarter Horse Journal has published well illustrated articles about the ranch on several occasions as had the Western Horseman magazine.
George Ellis wrote about his experiences in the book, The Bell Ranch As I Knew It, covering the Bell operations during his tenure. The book itself won the '74 Wrangler Award for Best Western Book of the Year from the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. He wrote "The Bell is a good ranch - one of the best in the Southwest. Cattle people and college people from all over the world came to visit there." He lists countries represented by these frequent visitors from an impressive five continents. He concludes "The demands and privileges of the Bell touched all our lives - and left them richer."[citation needed]
See also[edit]
NRHP portal
New Mexico portal
National Register of Historic Places listings in San Miguel County, New Mexico
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Burt Rutherford, New Mexico’s Iconic Bell Ranch Changes Hands, Beef Magazine, November 5, 2010
Jump up ^ The Bell Ranch: Brochure
Jump up ^ Jeff Hull, Meet the largest landowner in America, Fortune, September 27, 2012
Jump up ^ Airnav: Waggoner Airport
Further reading[edit]
George F. Ellis; Illustrated by Robert Lougheed. Photos by Harvey Caplin (1973). The Bell Ranch As I Knew It. The Lowell Press. ISBN 0-913504-15-7.
Martha Downer Ellis; Illustrated by Robert Lougheed (1985). Bell Ranch Recollections and Memories. Ellis Book Company.
Martha Downer Ellis; Illustrated by Robert Lougheed (1964). Bell Ranch Sketches. Clarendon Company.
Martha Downer Ellis; Illustrated by Robert Lougheed (1963). Bell Ranch Places & People. Clarendon Company.
Martha Downer Ellis; Illustrated by Robert Lougheed (1980). Bell Ranch Glimpses. Ellis Book Company, Inc.
Martha Downer Ellis (1969). Rope and Pan. Clarendon Press, Inc.
Mattie Ellis; Mark Wood. Photos by Harvey Caplin. (1984). Bell Ranch Wagon Work. Ellis Book Company, Inc.
John H.(Jack) Culley (1984). Cattle, Horses, & Men. The University of Arizona Press.
David A. Remly (June 2000). Bell Ranch: Cattle Ranching in the Southwest, 1824-1947. Yucca Tree Press.
External links[edit]
Panoramic photo of Bell Ranch c. 1914 in the Library of Congress American Memory collection
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text:
Renin–angiotensin system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Anatomical diagram of RAS[1]
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor – prorenin, already present in the blood into renin and secrete it directly into the circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, released by the liver, to angiotensin I.[2] Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found in the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure.[3] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone[3] from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). This increases the volume of extracellular fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.
If the RAS is abnormally active, blood pressure will be too high. There are many drugs that interrupt different steps in this system to lower blood pressure. These drugs are one of the primary ways to control high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney failure, and harmful effects of diabetes.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Activation
2 Cardiovascular effects
3 Local renin–angiotensin systems
4 Fetal renin–angiotensin system
5 Clinical significance
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Activation[edit]
Further information: Autoregulation
RAAS schematic
The system can be activated when there is a loss of blood volume or a drop in blood pressure (such as in hemorrhage or dehydration). This loss of pressure is interpreted by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus. It can also be activated by a decrease in the filtrate sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration or a decreased filtrate flow rate that will stimulate the macula densa to signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.
If the perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney's macula densa decreases, then the juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells, modified pericytes in the glomerular capillary) release the enzyme renin.
Renin cleaves a decapeptide from angiotensinogen, a globular protein. The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I.
Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide, angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE),[6] which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. One study in 1992 found ACE in all blood vessel endothelial cells.[7]
Angiotensin II is the major bioactive product of the renin–angiotensin system, binding to receptors on intraglomerular mesangial cells, causing these cells to contract along with the blood vessels surrounding them and causing the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, autocrine/paracrine, and intracrine hormone.
Cardiovascular effects[edit]
Further reading: Angiotensin Effects and Aldosterone Function
Renal hormone regulation schematic
It is believed that angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin II has a variety of effects on the body:
Throughout the body, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles.
In the kidneys, angiotensin II constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect on efferent arterioles than afferent. As with most other capillary beds in the body, the constriction of afferent arterioles increases the arteriolar resistance, raising systemic arterial blood pressure and decreasing the blood flow. However, the kidneys must continue to filter enough blood despite this drop in blood flow, necessitating mechanisms to keep glomerular blood pressure up. To do this, angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles, which forces blood to build up in the glomerulus, increasing glomerular pressure. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is thus maintained, and blood filtration can continue despite lowered overall kidney blood flow. Because the filtration fraction has increased, there is less plasma fluid in the downstream peritubular capillaries. This in turn leads to a decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure (due to unfiltered plasma proteins) in the peritubular capillaries. The effect of decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries will facilitate increased reabsorption of tubular fluid.
Angiotensin II decreases medullary blood flow through the vasa recta. This decreases the washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space. Thus, higher concentrations of NaCl and urea in the medulla facilitate increased absorption of tubular fluid. Furthermore, increased reabsorption of fluid into the medulla will increase passive reabsorption of sodium along the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.
Angiotensin II stimulates Na+
/H+
exchangers located on the apical membranes (faces the tubular lumen) of cells in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in addition to Na+
channels in the collecting ducts. This will ultimately lead to increased sodium reabsorption.
Angiotensin II stimulates the hypertrophy of renal tubule cells, leading to further sodium reabsorption.
In the adrenal cortex, angiotensin II acts to cause the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the tubules (e.g., the distal convoluted tubules and the cortical collecting ducts) in the kidneys, causing them to reabsorb more sodium and water from the urine. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure. In exchange for the reabsorbing of sodium to blood, potassium is secreted into the tubules, becomes part of urine and is excreted.
Angiotensin II causes the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH),[3] also called vasopressin – ADH is made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. As its name suggests, it also exhibits vaso-constrictive properties, but its main course of action is to stimulate reabsorption of water in the kidneys. ADH also acts on the central nervous system to increase an individual's appetite for salt, and to stimulate the sensation of thirst.
These effects directly act together to increase blood pressure and are opposed by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Local renin–angiotensin systems[edit]
Locally expressed renin–angiotensin systems have been found in a number of tissues, including the kidneys, adrenal glands, the heart, vasculature and nervous system, and have a variety of functions, including local cardiovascular regulation, in association or independently of the systemic renin–angiotensin system, as well as non-cardiovascular functions.[6][8][9] Outside the kidneys, renin is predominantly picked up from the circulation but may be secreted locally in some tissues; its precursor prorenin is highly expressed in tissues and more than half of circulating prorenin is of extrarenal origin, but its physiological role besides serving as precursor to renin is still unclear.[10] Outside the liver, angiotensinogen is picked up from the circulation or expressed locally in some tissues; with renin they form angiotensin I, and locally expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme, chymase or other enzymes can transform it into angiotensin II.[10][11][12] This process can be intracellular or interstitial.[6]
In the adrenal glands, it is likely involved in the paracrine regulation of aldosterone secretion, in the heart and vasculature, it may be involved in remodeling or vascular tone, and in the brain where it is largely independent of the circulatory RAS, it may be involved in local blood pressure regulation.[6][9][13] In addition, both the central and peripheral nervous systems can use angiotensin for sympathetic neurotransmission.[14] Other places of expression include the reproductive system, the skin and digestive organs. Medications aimed at the systemic system may affect the expression of those local systems, beneficially or adversely.[6]
Fetal renin–angiotensin system[edit]
In the fetus, the renin–angiotensin system is predominantly a sodium-losing system,[citation needed] as angiotensin II has little or no effect on aldosterone levels. Renin levels are high in the fetus, while angiotensin II levels are significantly lower; this is due to the limited pulmonary blood flow, preventing ACE (found predominantly in the pulmonary circulation) from having its maximum effect.
Clinical significance[edit]
Flowchart showing the clinical effects of RAAS activity and the sites of action of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.
ACE inhibitors–inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme are often used to reduce the formation of the more potent angiotensin II. Captopril is an example of an ACE inhibitor. ACE cleaves a number of other peptides, and in this capacity is an important regulator of the kinin–kallikrein system, as such blocking ACE can lead to side effects.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from acting on its receptors.
Direct renin inhibitors can also be used for hypertension.[15] The drugs that inhibit renin are aliskiren[16] and the investigational remikiren.[17]
Vaccines against angiotensin II, for example CYT006-AngQb, have been investigated.[18][19]
See also[edit]
Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boron, Walter F. (2003). "Integration of Salt and Water Balance (pp. 866–7); The Adrenal Gland (p. 1059)". Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Abbas; Fausto, Aster (2010). "11". Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 493. ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yee AH, Burns JD, Wijdicks EF (April 2010). "Cerebral salt wasting: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment". Neurosurg Clin N Am. 21 (2): 339–52. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2009.10.011. PMID 20380974.
Jump up ^ "High Blood Pressure: Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders". Merck Manual Home Edition.
Jump up ^ Solomon, Scott D; Anavekar, Nagesh (2005). "A Brief Overview of Inhibition of the Renin–Angiotensin System: Emphasis on Blockade of the Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor". Medscape Cardiology. 9 (2).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Paul M, Poyan Mehr A, Kreutz R (July 2006). "Physiology of local renin–angiotensin systems". Physiol. Rev. 86 (3): 747–803. doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2005. PMID 16816138.
Jump up ^ Rogerson FM, Chai SY, Schlawe I, Murray WK, Marley PD, Mendelsohn FA (July 1992). "Presence of angiotensin converting enzyme in the adventitia of large blood vessels". J. Hypertens. 10 (7): 615–20. doi:10.1097/00004872-199207000-00003. PMID 1321187.
Jump up ^ Kobori, H.; Nangaku, M.; Navar, L. G.; Nishiyama, A. (1 September 2007). "The Intrarenal Renin–Angiotensin System: From Physiology to the Pathobiology of Hypertension and Kidney Disease". Pharmacological Reviews. 59 (3): 251–287. doi:10.1124/pr.59.3.3. PMC 2034302  . PMID 17878513.
^ Jump up to: a b Ehrhart-Bornstein, M; Hinson, JP; Bornstein, SR; Scherbaum, WA; Vinson, GP (April 1998). "Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis" (PDF). Endocrine Reviews. 19 (2): 101–43. doi:10.1210/edrv.19.2.0326. PMID 9570034.
^ Jump up to: a b Nguyen, G (March 2011). "Renin, (pro)renin and receptor: an update". Clinical Science. 120 (5): 169–78. doi:10.1042/CS20100432. PMID 21087212.
Jump up ^ Kumar, R; Singh, VP; Baker, KM (March 2008). "The intracellular renin–angiotensin system: implications in cardiovascular remodeling". Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 17 (2): 168–73. doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e3282f521a8. PMID 18277150.
Jump up ^ Kumar, R; Singh, VP; Baker, KM (April 2009). "The intracellular renin–angiotensin system in the heart". Current hypertension reports. 11 (2): 104–10. doi:10.1007/s11906-009-0020-y. PMID 19278599.
Jump up ^ McKinley, MJ; Albiston, AL; Allen, AM; Mathai, ML; May, CN; McAllen, RM; Oldfield, BJ; Mendelsohn, FA; Chai, SY (June 2003). "The brain renin–angiotensin system: location and physiological roles". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 35 (6): 901–18. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00306-0. PMID 12676175.
Jump up ^ Patil J, Heiniger E, Schaffner T, Mühlemann O, Imboden H (April 2008). "Angiotensinergic neurons in sympathetic coeliac ganglia innervating rat and human mesenteric resistance blood vessels". Regul. Pept. 147 (1–3): 82–7. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2008.01.006. PMID 18308407.
Jump up ^ Presentation on Direct Renin Inhibitors as Antihypertensive Drugs Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Gradman A, Schmieder R, Lins R, Nussberger J, Chiangs Y, Bedigian M (2005). "Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients". Circulation. 111 (8): 1012–8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000156466.02908.ED. PMID 15723979.
Jump up ^ Richter WF, Whitby BR, Chou RC (1996). "Distribution of remikiren, a potent orally active inhibitor of human renin, in laboratory animals". Xenobiotica. 26 (3): 243–54. doi:10.3109/00498259609046705. PMID 8730917.
Jump up ^ Tissot AC, Maurer P, Nussberger J, Sabat R, Pfister T, Ignatenko S, Volk HD, Stocker H, Müller P, Jennings GT, Wagner F, Bachmann MF (March 2008). "Effect of immunisation against angiotensin II with CYT006-AngQb on ambulatory blood pressure: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase IIa study". Lancet. 371 (9615): 821–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60381-5. PMID 18328929.
Jump up ^ Brown, MJ (2009). "Success and failure of vaccines against renin–angiotensin system components". Nature Reviews. Cardiology. 6 (10): 639–47. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.156. PMID 19707182.
Banic A, Sigurdsson GH, Wheatley AM (1993). "Influence of age on the cardiovascular response during graded haemorrhage in anaesthetized rats". Res Exp Med (Berl). 193 (5): 315–21. doi:10.1007/BF02576239. PMID 8278677.
External links[edit]
Renin-Angiotensin System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
[show]
v
t
e
Physiology of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Cardiac output
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
End-systolic volume
Afterload
Preload
Frank–Starling law
Cardiac function curve
Venous return curve
Wiggers diagram
Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound
Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
Aortic valve area calculation
Ejection fraction
Cardiac index
Heart rate
Cardiac pacemaker
Chronotropic (Heart rate)
Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
Inotropic (Contractility)
Bathmotropic (Excitability)
Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction
Conduction system
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potential
cardiac
atrial
ventricular
Effective refractory period
Pacemaker potential
Electrocardiography
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure
Central venous
Right
atrial
ventricular
pulmonary artery
wedge
Left
atrial
ventricular
Aortic
Other
Ventricular remodeling
Vascular system/
Hemodynamics
Blood flow
Compliance
Vascular resistance
Pulse
Perfusion
Blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean arterial pressure
Jugular venous pressure
Portal venous pressure
Regulation of BP
Baroreflex
Kinin–kallikrein system
Renin–angiotensin system
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Cerebral autoregulation
Paraganglia
Aortic body
Carotid body
Glomus cell
[show]
v
t
e
Physiology of the kidneys and acid-base physiology
Renal function
Secretion
clearance
Pharmacokinetics
Clearance of medications
Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
Solvent drag
sodium
chloride
urea
glucose
oligopeptides
protein
Renal function
Glomerular filtration rate
Creatinine clearance
Renal clearance ratio
Urea reduction ratio
Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V
Measures of dialysis
Hemodialysis product
PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow
Extraction ratio)
Filtration
Renal blood flow
Ultrafiltration
Countercurrent exchange
Filtration fraction
Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Prostaglandins
Acid-base balance
Fluid balance
Darrow Yannet diagram
Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
Extracellular fluid
(Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Transcellular fluid)
Base excess
Davenport diagram
Anion gap
Arterial blood gas
Winters' formula
Buffering
Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiratory compensation
Renal compensation
Other
Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine
[show]
v
t
e
Human homeostasis
Blood composition
Blood sugar
Osmoregulation
Pressure: Renin–angiotensin system
Acid–base
Fluid balance
Hemostasis
Other
Predictive
Thermoregulation
[show]
v
t
e
Angiotensin receptor modulators
ATR
Agonists: Angiotensin II
Angiotensin III
Angiotensin IV
Saralasin
Antagonists: Abitesartan
Azilsartan
Azilsartan medoxomil
Candesartan
Elisartan
Embusartan
Eprosartan
EXP-3174
Fimasartan
Forasartan
Irbesartan
Losartan
Milfasartan
Olmesartan
Olmesartan medoxomil
Olodanrigan
PD123319
Pomisartan
Pratosartan
Ripisartan
Saprisartan
Sparsentan
Tasosartan
Telmisartan
Valsartan
Zolasartan
ACE inhibitors: Alacepril
Benazepril
Captopril
Cilazapril
Delapril
Enalapril
Enalaprilat
Fosinopril
Gemopatrilat
Imidapril
Lisinopril
Moexipril
Omapatrilat
Perindopril
Quinapril
Quinaprilat
Ramipril
Rentiapril
Rescinnamine
Spirapril
Spiraprilat
Temocapril
Trandolapril
Zofenopril
Zofenoprilat
Renin inhibitors: Aliskiren
Ciprokiren
Ditekiren
Enalkiren
Pepstatin
Remikiren
Terlakiren
Zankiren
Propeptides: Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin_system&oldid=842569547"
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text:
Fida (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Fida
Gender
Female/Male
Origin
Word/name
Arabic
Fida (Arabic: فدا), is an Arabic name given meaning redemption. It is a common female given name but also can be a male one.
People with given name Fida[edit]
Fida al-Sayed, Syrian political activist
Fida Hassnain (1924–2016), Kashmiri writer and Sufi mystic
Fida Hussein, Fiji Labour Party politician
Fida Hussain Bukhari, Pakistani religious scholar
Fida Hussain Gadi, Seraiki intellectual
Fida Hussain Malik, Pakistani general
Fida M. Kamal, Bangladeshi lawyer
Fida Mohammad Khan (1919 – 2007), Pakistani conservative economist and lawyer
Movies[edit]
Fida - Bollywood film
Fidaa - Telugu language film
This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fida_(name)&oldid=793725560"
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values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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