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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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This article is about the book. For the historical events, see History of the Roman Empire and Fall of the Western Roman Empire. For the historiography spawned by Gibbon's theories, see Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. For publication details and chapter listings, see Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Author
Edward Gibbon
Country
England
Language
English
Subject
History of the Roman Empire
Publisher
Strahan & Cadell, London
Publication date
1776–1789
Media type
Print
LC Class
DG311
Edward Gibbon (1737–1794)
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire[a] was written by the English historian Edward Gibbon, which traces Western civilisation (as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests) from the height of the Roman Empire to the fall of Byzantium. It was published in six volumes. Volume I was published in 1776 and went through six printings.[1] Volumes II and III were published in 1781;[2][3] volumes IV, V, and VI in 1788–1789.[4][5][6] The original volumes were published in quarto sections, a common publishing practice of the time. The work covers the history, from 98 to 1590, of the Roman Empire, the history of early Christianity and then of the Roman State Church, and the history of Europe, and discusses the decline of the Roman Empire in the East and West. Because of its heavy use of primary sources, unusual at the time, its methodology became a model for later historians.[7] This led to Gibbon being called the first "modern historian of ancient Rome".[8] His work remains a great literary achievement and a very readable introduction to the period, but considerable progress has since been made in history and archaeology, and his interpretations no longer represent current academic knowledge or thought. In The World of Late Antiquity (1971), Peter Brown offers an alternative interpretation of the period between the second and eighth centuries AD, and Framing the Early Middle Ages (2005) by Christopher Wickham presents hitherto unavailable evidence from both documentary and archaeological sources.
Contents
[hide]
1 Thesis
2 Style
2.1 Citations and footnotes
3 Criticism
3.1 Number of Christian martyrs
3.2 Criticism of Quran and Muhammad
3.3 Christianity as a contributor to the fall and to stability: chapters XV, XVI
3.4 Tolerant paganism
3.5 Misinterpretation of Byzantium
4 Gibbon's reflections
5 Editions
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Thesis[edit]
Gibbon offers an explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire, a task made difficult by a lack of comprehensive written sources, though he was not the only historian to attempt it.[b]
According to Gibbon, the Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasions in large part due to the gradual loss of civic virtue among its citizens.[9] They had become weak, outsourcing their duty to defend their empire to barbarian mercenaries, who then became so numerous and ingrained that they were able to take over the Empire. Romans, he believed, were unwilling to live a tougher, military lifestyle. In addition, Gibbon argued that Christianity created a belief that a better life existed after death, which fostered an indifference to the present among Roman citizens, thus sapping their desire to sacrifice for a larger purpose. He also believed that Christianity's comparative pacifism tended to hamper the traditional Roman martial spirit. Also, seldom openly stated, but constantly shown in practice, Christianity destroyed the unity of the Empire. Christians were not unified; they were split into dozens of groups, constantly battling over exceedingly minute differences in dogma, where the pronunciation of a vowel would determine eternal bliss or hell, and killing each other in the literal hundreds of thousands. One reason Islam conquered Egypt so easily was that the Egyptians preferred a totally alien faith to the different branch of Christianity espoused in Constantinople. Finally, like other Enlightenment thinkers and British citizens of the age steeped in institutional anti-Catholicism, Gibbon held in contempt the Middle Ages as a priest-ridden, superstitious Dark Age. It was not until his own era, the "Age of Reason," with its emphasis on rational thought, it was believed, that human history could resume its progress.[10]
Gibbon saw the Praetorian Guard as the primary catalyst of the empire's initial decay and eventual collapse, a seed planted by Augustus when the empire was established. His writings cite repeated examples of the Praetorian Guard abusing their power with calamitous results, including numerous instances of imperial assassination and incessant demands for increased pay.
He compared the reigns of Diocletian (284–305) and Charles V (1519–1556), noting superficial similarities. Both were plagued by continual war and compelled to excessive taxation to fund wars, both chose to abdicate as Emperors at roughly the same age, and both chose to lead a quiet life upon their retirement. However, Gibbon argues that these similarities are only superficial and that the underlying context and character of the two rulers is markedly different.
Style[edit]
Gibbon's style is frequently distinguished by an ironically detached and somewhat dispassionate yet critical tone. He occasionally lapses into moralisation and aphorism:
[A]s long as mankind shall continue to bestow more liberal applause on their destroyers than on their benefactors, the thirst of military glory will ever be the vice of the most exalted characters.
—  Gibbon, Edward (1872). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. 1 (Chandos ed.). London: Frederick Warne & Co. p. 21. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
The influence of the clergy, in an age of superstition, might be usefully employed to assert the rights of mankind; but so intimate is the connection between the throne and the altar, that the banner of the church has very seldom been seen on the side of the people.
—  Gibbon, Edward (1872). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. 1 (Chandos ed.). London: Frederick Warne & Co. p. 59. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
[H]istory […] is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.
—  Gibbon, Edward (1872). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. 1 (Chandos ed.). London: Frederick Warne & Co. p. 72. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
If we contrast the rapid progress of this mischievous discovery [of gunpowder] with the slow and laborious advances of reason, science, and the arts of peace, a philosopher, according to his temper, will laugh or weep at the folly of mankind.
—  Gibbon, Edward (1890). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. 3 (Chandos ed.). London: Frederick Warne & Co. p. 649. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
Citations and footnotes[edit]
Gibbon provides the reader with a glimpse of his thought process with extensive notes along the body of the text, a precursor to the modern use of footnotes. Gibbon's footnotes are famous for their idiosyncratic and often humorous style, and have been called "Gibbon's table talk."[11] They provide an entertaining moral commentary on both ancient Rome and 18th-century Great Britain. This technique enabled Gibbon to compare ancient Rome to his own contemporary world. Gibbon's work advocates a rationalist and progressive view of history.
Gibbon's citations provide in-depth detail regarding his use of sources for his work, which included documents dating back to ancient Rome. The detail within his asides and his care in noting the importance of each document is a precursor to modern-day historical footnoting methodology.
The work is notable for its erratic but exhaustively documented notes and research. John Bury, following him 113 years later with his own History of the Later Roman Empire, commended the depth and accuracy of Gibbon's work. Unusually for 18th century historians, Gibbon was not content with second-hand accounts when the primary sources were accessible. "I have always endeavoured", Gibbon wrote, "to draw from the fountain-head; that my curiosity, as well as a sense of duty, has always urged me to study the originals; and that, if they have sometimes eluded my search, I have carefully marked the secondary evidence, on whose faith a passage or a fact were reduced to depend."[12] The Decline and Fall is a literary monument and a massive step forward in historical method.[c]
Criticism[edit]
Numerous tracts were published criticising his work. In response, Gibbon defended his work with the 1779 publication of, A Vindication ... of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[13] His remarks on Christianity aroused particularly vigorous attacks, but in the mid-twentieth century, at least one author claimed that "church historians allow the substantial justness of [Gibbon's] main positions."[14]
Number of Christian martyrs[edit]
Gibbon challenged Church history by estimating far smaller numbers of Christian martyrs than had been traditionally accepted. The Church's version of its early history had rarely been questioned before. Gibbon, however, knew that modern Church writings were secondary sources, and he shunned them in favor of primary sources.
Criticism of Quran and Muhammad[edit]
Gibbon's comments on the Quran and Muhammad reflected his view of the secular, rather than divine, origin of the text. He outlined in chapter 33 the widespread tale (possibly Jewish in origin) of the Seven Sleepers,[15] and remarked "This popular tale, which Mahomet might learn when he drove his camels to the fairs of Syria, is introduced, as a divine revelation, into the Quran." His presentation of Muhammad's life again reflected his secular approach: "in his private conduct, Mahomet indulged the appetites of a man, and abused the claims of a prophet. A special revelation dispensed him from the laws which he had imposed on his nation: the female sex, without reserve, was abandoned to his desires; and this singular prerogative excited the envy, rather than the scandal, the veneration, rather than the envy, of the devout Mussulmans."[16]
Christianity as a contributor to the fall and to stability: chapters XV, XVI[edit]
Volume I was originally published in sections, as was common for large works at the time. The first two were well received and widely praised. The last quarto in Volume I, especially Chapters XV and XVI, was highly controversial, and Gibbon was attacked as a "paganist". Voltaire was deemed to have influenced Gibbon's claim that Christianity was a contributor to the fall of the Roman Empire. As one pro-Christian commenter put it in 1840:
As Christianity advances, disasters befall the [Roman] empire—arts, science, literature, decay—barbarism and all its revolting concomitants are made to seem the consequences of its decisive triumph—and the unwary reader is conducted, with matchless dexterity, to the desired conclusion—the abominable Manicheism of Candide, and, in fact, of all the productions of Voltaire's historic school—viz., "that instead of being a merciful, ameliorating, and benignant visitation, the religion of Christians would rather seem to be a scourge sent on man by the author of all evil."[17]
Gibbon thought that Christianity had hastened the Fall, but also ameliorated the results:
As the happiness of a future life is the great object of religion, we may hear without surprise or scandal that the introduction, or at least the abuse of Christianity, had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister: a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the specious demands of charity and devotion; and the soldiers' pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both sexes who could only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity. Faith, zeal, curiosity, and more earthly passions of malice and ambition, kindled the flame of theological discord; the church, and even the state, were distracted by religious factions, whose conflicts were sometimes bloody and always implacable; the attention of the emperors was diverted from camps to synods; the Roman world was oppressed by a new species of tyranny; and the persecuted sects became the secret enemies of their country. Yet party-spirit, however pernicious or absurd, is a principle of union as well as of dissension. The bishops, from eighteen hundred pulpits, inculcated the duty of passive obedience to a lawful and orthodox sovereign; their frequent assemblies and perpetual correspondence maintained the communion of distant churches; and the benevolent temper of the Gospel was strengthened, though confirmed, by the spiritual alliance of the Catholics. The sacred indolence of the monks was devoutly embraced by a servile and effeminate age; but if superstition had not afforded a decent retreat, the same vices would have tempted the unworthy Romans to desert, from baser motives, the standard of the republic. Religious precepts are easily obeyed which indulge and sanctify the natural inclinations of their votaries; but the pure and genuine influence of Christianity may be traced in its beneficial, though imperfect, effects on the barbarian proselytes of the North. If the decline of the Roman empire was hastened by the conversion of Constantine, his victorious religion broke the violence of the fall, and mollified the ferocious temper of the conquerors (chap. 38).[18]
Tolerant paganism[edit]
Gibbon has been criticised for his portrayal of Paganism as tolerant and Christianity as intolerant. In an article that appeared in 1996 in the journal Past & Present, H.A. Drake challenges an understanding of religious persecution in ancient Rome, which he considers to be the "conceptual scheme" that was used by historians to deal with the topic for the last 200 years, and whose most eminent representative is Gibbon. Gibbon had written:
The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosophers as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful.
Drake counters:
With such deft strokes, Gibbon enters into a conspiracy with his readers: unlike the credulous masses, he and we are cosmopolitans who know the uses of religion as an instrument of social control. So doing, Gibbon skirts a serious problem: for three centuries prior to Constantine, the tolerant pagans who people the Decline and Fall were the authors of several major persecutions, in which Christians were the victims. ...Gibbon covered this embarrassing hole in his argument with an elegant demur. Rather than deny the obvious, he adroitly masked the question by transforming his Roman magistrates into models of Enlightenment rulers—reluctant persecutors, too sophisticated to be themselves religious zealots.
Misinterpretation of Byzantium[edit]
Others such as John Julius Norwich, despite their admiration for his furthering of historical methodology, consider Gibbon's hostile views on the Byzantine Empire flawed and blame him somewhat for the lack of interest shown in the subject throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries.[19] This view might well be admitted by Gibbon himself: "But it is not my intention to expatiate with the same minuteness on the whole series of the Byzantine history."[20] However the Russian historian George Ostrogorsky writes, "Gibbon and Lebeau were genuine historians—and Gibbon a very great one—and their works, in spite of factual inadequacy, rank high for their presentation of their material."[21]
Gibbon's reflections[edit]
Gibbon's initial plan was to write a history "of the decline and fall of the city of Rome", and only later expanded his scope to the whole Roman Empire.[22]
Although he published other books, Gibbon devoted much of his life to this one work (1772–89). His autobiography Memoirs of My Life and Writings is devoted largely to his reflections on how the book virtually became his life. He compared the publication of each succeeding volume to a newborn child.[23]
Gibbon also held the antisemitic view that Jews were "a race of fanatics, whose dire and credulous superstition seemed to render them the implacable enemies not only of the Roman government, but also of humankind".[24]
Editions[edit]
Gibbon continued to revise and change his work even after publication. The complexities of the problem are addressed in Womersley's introduction and appendices to his complete edition.
In-print complete editions
J.B. Bury, ed., 7 volumes (London: Methuen, 1909–1914), currently reprinted (New York: AMS Press, 1974). ISBN 0-404-02820-9.
Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., 6 volumes (New York: Everyman's Library, 1993–1994). The text, including Gibbon's notes, is from Bury but without his notes. ISBN 0-679-42308-7 (vols. 1–3); ISBN 0-679-43593-X (vols. 4–6).
David Womersley, ed., 3 volumes. hardback-(London: Allen Lane, 1994); paperback (New York: Penguin Books, 2005; 1994). Includes the original index, and the Vindication (1779), which Gibbon wrote in response to attacks on his caustic portrayal of Christianity. The 2005 print includes minor revisions and a new chronology. ISBN 0-7139-9124-0 (3360 p.); ISBN 0-14-043393-7 (v. 1, 1232 p.); ISBN 0-14-043394-5 (v. 2, 1024 p.); ISBN 0-14-043395-3 (v. 3, 1360 p.)
In-print abridgements
David Womersley, ed., 1 volume (New York: Penguin Books, 2000). Includes all footnotes and seventeen of the original seventy-one chapters. ISBN 0-14-043764-9 (848 p.)
Hans-Friedrich Mueller, ed., one volume abridgment (New York: Random House, 2003). Includes excerpts from all seventy-one chapters. It eliminates footnotes, geographic surveys, details of battle formations, long narratives of military campaigns, ethnographies and genealogies. Based on the Rev. H.H. [Dean] Milman edition of 1845 (see also Gutenberg etext edition). ISBN 0-375-75811-9, (trade paper, 1312 p.); ISBN 0-345-47884-3 (mass market paper, 1536 p.)
Legacy[edit]
Many writers have used variations on the series title (including using "Rise and Fall" in place of "Decline and Fall"), especially when dealing with large nations or empires. Piers Brendon notes that Gibbon's work, "became the essential guide for Britons anxious to plot their own imperial trajectory. They found the key to understanding the British Empire in the ruins of Rome."[25]
An Inquiry into the Permanent Causes of the Decline and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations. Designed To Shew How The Prosperity Of The British Empire May Be Prolonged (1805), William Playfair
The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (1868), Jefferson Davis
The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody (1950), by the satirist Will Cuppy
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1959), William Shirer
The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), Jane Jacobs
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire (1970), John Toland (author)
The Decline and Fall of Science (1976), Celia Green
The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (1977), Lord Kinross
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church (1983), Malachi Martin
Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1986), Hans Eysenck
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987), Paul Kennedy
The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (1990), David Cannadine
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1998), Lawrence James
The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain (2000), Neil Faulkner
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (2002), Niall Ferguson
The Decline and Fall of the Catholic Church in America (2003), David Carlin
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire (2007), Piers Brendon
Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire (2008), Brendan Simms
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire (2008), Parvaneh Pourshariati
Decline and Fall of the American Republic (2010), Bruce Ackerman
Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors (2010), Alexander Canduci
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire: Mercantilism, Diplomacy and the Colonies (2015), Phillip J. Smith
and in film:
The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964)
The Decline of Western Civilization (1981), Penelope Spheeris
The Decline of the American Empire (1986), Denys Arcand
and in television:
Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (2006)
The title and author are also cited in Noël Coward's comedic poem "I Went to a Marvellous Party".[d] And in the poem "The Foundation of Science Fiction Success", Isaac Asimov acknowledged that his Foundation series—an epic tale of the fall and rebuilding of a galactic empire—was written "with a tiny bit of cribbin' / from the works of Edward Gibbon".[27]
In 1995, an established journal of classical scholarship, Classics Ireland, published punk musician's Iggy Pop's reflections on the applicability of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire to the modern world in a short article, Caesar Lives, (Vol. 2, 1995) in which he noted "America is Rome. Of course, why shouldn't it be? We are all Roman children, for better or worse... I learn much about the way our society really works, because the system-origins - military, religious, political, colonial, agricultural, financial - are all there to be scrutinised in their infancy. I have gained perspective."[28]
'Decline and fall' and 'rise and fall', and wordplay thereon, have become characteristic formulae in British culture, as seen in the titles of works such as Evelyn Waugh's novel Decline and Fall (1928), David Bowie's 1972 album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, and David Nobbs' series of novels The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin which were later turned into a television sitcom.
See also[edit]
Decline of the Roman Empire
Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ sometimes shortened to Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Jump up ^ See for example Henri Pirenne's (1862–1935) famous thesis published in the early 20th century. As for sources more recent than the ancients, Gibbon certainly drew on Montesquieu's short essay, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence, and on previous work published by Bossuet (1627–1704) in his Histoire universelle à Monseigneur le dauphin (1763). see Pocock, EEG. for Bousset, pp. 65, 145; for Montesquieu, pp. 85–88, 114, 223.
Jump up ^ In the early 20th century, biographer Sir Leslie Stephen ["Gibbon, Edward (1737–1794)," Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 7, (Oxford, 1921), p. 1134.] summarized The History's reputation as a work of unmatched erudition, a degree of professional esteem which remains as strong today as it was then:
The criticisms upon his book...are nearly unanimous. In accuracy, thoroughness, lucidity, and comprehensive grasp of a vast subject, the History is unsurpassable. It is the one English history which may be regarded as definitive. ...Whatever its shortcomings, the book is artistically imposing as well as historically unimpeachable as a vast panorama of a great period.
Jump up ^ Link to notes on the poem here.[26] Excerpt: "If you have any mind at all, Gibbon's divine Decline and Fall, Seems pretty flimsy, No more than a whimsy... ."
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. I. W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1781). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. II.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1781). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. III.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1788). The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire. IV. Strahan and Cadell.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1788). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. V. W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1788). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. VI.
Jump up ^ Charlotte Roberts (2014). Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History. Oxford UP. p. 137.
Jump up ^ David S. Potter (2006-05-22). A Companion to the Roman Empire. Wiley. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-631-22644-4.
Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock, "Between Machiavelli and Hume: Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian," Daedalus 105:3 (1976), 153–169; and in Further reading: Pocock, EEG, 303–304; FDF, 304–306.
Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock, "Between Machiavelli and Hume: Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian," Daedulus 105:3 (1976), 153–169; and in Further reading: Pocock, EEG, 303–304; FDF, 304–306.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Dero A., ed. (1952). Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin. p. 23 (Introduction).
Jump up ^ Preface to Gibbon's Volume the Fourth in David Womersley ed., Edward Gibbon – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 2 (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), p. 520.
Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon (1779). A vindication of some passages in the fifteenth and sixteenth chapters of The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire: By the author. Printed for W. Strahan; and T. Cadell, in the Strand.
Jump up ^ The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. IV, eds. S.M. Jackson, et al. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1952), 483–484. online.
Jump up ^ Rashid Iqbal, (2017). “A New Theory on Aṣḥāb al-kahf (The Sleepers of the Cave) Based on Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)”. Al-Bayān – Journal of Qurʾān and ḤadĪth Studies 15 (2017). doi:10.1163/22321969-12340044. pp. 20–47. Retrieved from http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22321969-12340044#
Jump up ^ http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume2/chap50.htm#Private
Jump up ^ Dublin review: a quarterly and critical journal. Burns, Oates and Washbourne. 1840. pp. 208–. p. 208 image at Google Books
Jump up ^ General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West. Fall In The West – The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon. At Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Calvin College Computer Science. http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap39.htm
Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich, Byzantium (New York: Knopf, 1989); Byzantium: the apogee (London and New York: Viking Press, 1991).
Jump up ^ Preface of 1782 online.
Jump up ^ Georgije Ostrogorski History of the Byzantine State (1986) p. 5 online
Jump up ^ Gibbon, Edward (1781). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 3. chapter 36, footnote 43. If I prosecute this History, I shall not be unmindful of the decline and fall of the city of Rome; an interesting object, to which my plan was originally confined.
Jump up ^ Patricia B. Craddock, Edward Gibbon, Luminous Historian. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1989), 249–266.
Jump up ^ Gibbon, Edward. "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", page 521 in the first volume.
Jump up ^ Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997 (2008) p. xv.
Jump up ^ http://www.noelcoward.net/ncmiindex/i1.html#iwtamp
Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (October 1954). "The Foundation of S. F. Success". The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. p. 69.
Jump up ^ "Classics Ireland". Ucd.ie. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Brownley, Martine W. "Appearance and Reality in Gibbon's History," Journal of the History of Ideas 38:4 (1977), 651–666.
Brownley, Martine W. "Gibbon's Artistic and Historical Scope in the Decline and Fall," Journal of the History of Ideas 42:4 (1981), 629–642.
Cosgrove, Peter. Impartial Stranger: History and Intertextuality in Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Newark: Associated University Presses, 1999) ISBN 0-87413-658-X.
Craddock, Patricia. "Historical Discovery and Literary Invention in Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall'," Modern Philology 85:4 (May 1988), 569–587.
Drake, H.A., "Lambs into Lions: explaining early Christian intolerance," Past and Present 153 (1996), 3–36. Oxford Journals
Furet, Francois. "Civilization and Barbarism in Gibbon's History," Daedalus 105:3 (1976), 209–216.
Gay, Peter. Style in History (New York: Basic Books, 1974) ISBN 0-465-08304-8.
Ghosh, Peter R. "Gibbon's Dark Ages: Some Remarks on the Genesis of the Decline and Fall," Journal of Roman Studies 73 (1983), 1–23.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas "The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity and the Renewal of Civilization", 2007 ISBN 978-0-676-97723-3, Chapter 3 pp. 57–60
Kelly, Christopher. "A Grand Tour: Reading Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall'," Greece & Rome 2nd ser., 44:1 (Apr. 1997), 39–58.
Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Eighteenth-Century Prelude to Mr. Gibbon," in Pierre Ducrey et al., eds., Gibbon et Rome à la lumière de l'historiographie moderne (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1977).
Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Gibbon from an Italian Point of View," in G.W. Bowersock et al., eds., Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1977).
Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Declines and Falls," American Scholar 49 (Winter 1979), 37–51.
Momigliano, Arnaldo. "After Gibbon's Decline and Fall," in Kurt Weitzmann, ed. Age of Spirituality : a symposium (Princeton: 1980); ISBN 0-89142-039-8.
Pocock, J.G.A. Barbarism and Religion, 4 vols. Cambridge Univ. Press.
vol. 1, The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737–1764, 1999 [hb: ISBN 0-521-63345-1]. cited as "Pocock, EEG";
vol. 2, Narratives of Civil Government, 1999 [hb: ISBN 0-521-64002-4];
vol. 3, The First Decline and Fall, 2003 [pb: ISBN 0-521-82445-1]. cited as "Pocock, FDF."
vol. 4, Barbarians, Savages and Empires, 2005 [hb: ISBN 0-521-85625-6].
The Work of J.G.A. Pocock: Edward Gibbon section.
Roberts, Charlotte. Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History. 2014 Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0198704836
Trevor-Roper, H.R. "Gibbon and the Publication of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1976," Journal of Law and Economics 19:3 (Oct. 1976), 489–505.
Womersley, David. The Transformation of 'The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' (Cambridge: 1988).
Womersley, David, ed. Religious Scepticism: Contemporary Responses to Gibbon (Bristol, England: Thoemmes Press, 1997).
Wootton, David. "Narrative, Irony, and Faith in Gibbon's Decline and Fall," History and Theory 33:4 (Dec. 1994), 77–105.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire author record at Project Gutenberg. Based on the Rev. H.H. Milman edition of 1845.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire from the Online Library of Liberty. The J. B. Bury edition, in 12 volumes.
Memoirs of My Life and Writings at Project Gutenberg
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Google Book Search (pdf version)
DeclineandFallResources.com: Maps, Translations, Illustrations
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Audiobook from the Internet Archive.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1 vol. 2[1] vol. 3 vol. 4 vol. 5 vol. 6: audio recordings at Librivox.org
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 313698905
LCCN: n80005339
GND: 4214611-2
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America's Got Talent (season 13)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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America's Got Talent
Promotional poster for the season.
Season 13
Broadcast from
May 29 (2018-05-29) – September 19, 2018 (2018-09-19)
Judges
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell
Host(s)
Tyra Banks
Broadcaster
NBC
Winner
Shin Lim
Origin
Boston, Massachusetts
Genre(s)
Magician
Runner-up
Zurcaroh
Chronology
◀
2018
Season thirteen of the reality competition series America's Got Talent premiered on May 29, 2018, on NBC. Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth, sixth, sixth, and third seasons. Meanwhile, Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host.[1]
The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre, beginning August 14, 2018.[2]
AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment, Cowell's company.[3][4]
Dunkin' Donuts is a sponsor for a fourth consecutive season.
Shin Lim was named the winner on the season finale, September 19, 2018. This marks the second magician to win. Acrobatic group Zurcaroh and violinist Brian King Joseph came in second and third place respectively.
Contents
1 Preliminary auditions
1.1 Golden buzzer
2 Judge Cuts
2.1 Golden Buzzer
2.2 Week 1
2.3 Week 2
2.4 Week 3
2.5 Week 4
3 Quarterfinals
3.1 Week 1 (August 14–15)
3.2 Week 2 (August 21–22)
3.3 Week 3 (August 28–29)
4 Semifinals
4.1 Week 1 (September 4–5)
4.2 Week 2 (September 11–12)
5 Finals
5.1 Finale
6 Top 36 acts
7 International broadcast
8 Ratings
8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings
8.2 Special episodes
9 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows
10 References
11 External links
Preliminary auditions
Season 13 judges and host
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell
Tyra Banks
The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando, Cincinnati, Savannah, Milwaukee, Houston, Las Vegas, New York City, Nashville, and Los Angeles.[5] As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.[6]
Auditions were taped from March 6-23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles[7] and began to air on May 29, 2018.[8]
Golden buzzer
The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season. Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode, Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh.[8] Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40-year-old singer Michael Ketterer. Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin. Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena. Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer, using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips.
Judge Cuts
The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday, July 17, 2018. Like the previous season, one guest judge will join the judges' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons. Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used. Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use. Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges are Ken Jeong, Olivia Munn, Martina McBride, and Chris Hardwick, who was also a guest judge in the previous season.[9] The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7, 2018. This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers.
After the Judge Cuts, three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows: Daniel Emmet, Human Fountains and Front Pictures (who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round).
Golden Buzzer
The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round. Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act. An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows. In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children's Choir. In week 2, Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale. In the third week, Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha, a ballroom dance duo. Chris Hardwick gave the season’s final Golden Buzzer for Flau’jae, a 14-year old rapper, in the final week of the Judge Cuts.
Key
Buzzed Golden buzzer
Advanced
Quarterfinal Wildcard
Eliminated
Advanced Immediately
Week 1
Guest judge: Ken Jeong
Date: July 17, 2018
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Jeong
Mel B
Mandel
Junior New System
1 Dance Group Advanced
Harold & Regan
2 Dance Duo Eliminated
Us the Duo
3 Band Advanced
Kevin Blake
4 Magician Eliminated
Mochi
5 Diabolo Artist Advanced
Lilly Wilker
6 Animal Impressionist Eliminated
Oscar and Pam
7 Singing Dog & Pianist Eliminated
Daniel Emmet
8 Opera Singer Quarterfinal Wildcard
Voices of Hope
9 Choir Advanced Immediately
Aaron Crow
10 Danger Act Advanced
Carmen Lynch
11 Stand-up Comedienne Eliminated
Christina Wells
12 Singer Advanced
Patches
13 Rapper Eliminated
Andrew Johnston
14 Singer Eliminated
Celina and Filiberto
15 Dance Duo Eliminated
Trinh Tra My
16 Aerialist Eliminated
Jack Tenney
17 Trampolinist Eliminated
Duo Transcend
18 Trapeze Duo Advanced
Week 2
Guest judge: Olivia Munn
Date: July 24, 2018
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Munn
Mel B
Mandel
Human Fountains
1 Novelty Act Quarterfinal Wildcard
Shin Lim
2 Close-up Magician Advanced
The Melisizwe Brothers
3 Band Eliminated
Macey Mac
4 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Sophie Fatu
5 Singer Eliminated
Reyes del Swing
6 Salsa Dance Troupe Eliminated
The Future Kingz
7 Dance Group Advanced
Lioz Shem Tov
8 Comedy Mentalist Eliminated
Angel City Chorale
9 Choir Advanced Immediately
Shannon and Reckon
10 Dog Act Eliminated
EXISDANCE
11 Multimedia Dance Act Eliminated
Hans
12 Singer/Accordionist/Dancer Advanced
Vivien Vajda
13 Jump Rope Acrobat Eliminated
Rob Lake
14 Illusionist Advanced
Leah Mathies
15 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Hunter Price
16 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Joseph O'Brien[a]
17 Singer/Pianist Advanced
Vicki Barbolak
18 Stand-up Comedienne Advanced
Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, O'Brien chose to perform for a second time. His result is based off the second performance.
Week 3
Guest judge: Martina McBride
Date: July 31, 2018
This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show's history in which an act with at least one "X" buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows.
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
McBride
Mel B
Mandel
The Savitsky Cats
1 Cat Act Advanced
Blue Tokyo
2 Acrobatic Dance Group Eliminated
OC Music and Dance
3 Orchestral Band Eliminated
The PAC Dance Team
4 Dance Group Advanced
Angel Garcia
5 Singer Eliminated
Jeffrey Li
6 Singer Eliminated
Ms. Trysh
7 Singer Eliminated
Kazi
8 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Bone Hampton
9 Stand-up Comedian Eliminated
Quin and Misha
10 Ballroom Dance Duo Advanced Immediately
Noah Guthrie[a]
11 Singer/Guitarist Advanced
Jules and Jerome
12 Teeterboard Duo Eliminated
Fratelli Rossi
13 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated
Bensax International
14 Saxophonist Eliminated
Oliver Graves
15 Stand-up Comedian Eliminated
UDI Dance
16 Blacklight Dance Group Advanced
We Three
17 Band Advanced
The Sacred Riana
18 Illusionist Advanced
Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, Guthrie chose to perform for a second time. His result is based off the second performance.
Week 4
Guest judge: Chris Hardwick
Date: August 7, 2018
This is the first time in America's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows.
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Hardwick
Mel B
Mandel
Brian King Joseph
1 Electric Violinist Advanced
Yumbo Dump
2 Comedy Duo Advanced
Academy of Villains
3 Dance Group Eliminated
Da RepubliK
4 Dance Group Advanced
Berlin
5 Singer/Pianist Eliminated
Sergey and Sasha
6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated
Flau'jae
7 Rapper Advanced Immediately
Elijah Holt
8 Trampolinist Eliminated
Sixto and Lucia
9 Quick Change Duo Eliminated
Brody Ray
10 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Ronnie Lamarque
11 Singer Eliminated
Glennis Grace
12 Singer Advanced
Diabolowalker
13 Diabolo Dance Group Eliminated
Troy James
14 Contortionist Eliminated
Street Drum Corps
15 Percussion Group Eliminated
NUNNABOVE
16 Band Eliminated
Lord Nil
17 Escape Artist Advanced
Samuel J. Comroe
18 Stand-up Comedian Advanced
Quarterfinals
The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14, 2018 with twelve acts performing each night.[10] The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals.[11] Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act, determined by popular vote, using "Google's Instant Save", sometimes also known as the "Dunkin' Save" due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts, via the America's Got Talent app or the official website.[12][13] In the first week of the Quarterfinals, Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals, Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum.
Key
Buzzed Judges' Choice
Advanced (Won Public Vote)
Advanced (Won Judges' Choice)
Advanced (Recived Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save)
Advanced (Received Judges' Wildcard)
Eliminated
Eliminated (Lost Judges' Choice)
Week 1 (August 14–15)
Guest: Darci Lynne Farmer
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Mochi
1 Diabolo Artist Lost Judges' Choice
Human Fountains
2 Novelty Act Eliminated
Angel City Chorale
3 Choir Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save
The PAC Dance Team
4 Dance Group Eliminated
Amanda Mena
5 Singer Advanced
Junior New System[a]
6 Dance Group Won Judges' Choice
We Three
7 Band Advanced
Lord Nil
8 Escape Artist Eliminated
Flau'jae
9 Rapper Eliminated
Shin Lim
10 Close-up Magician Advanced
Vicki Barbolak
11 Stand-up Comedienne Advanced
Courtney Hadwin
12 Singer Advanced
Jump up ^ After the Judges' choice was split evenly, Junior New System was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the next round.
Week 2 (August 21–22)
Guests: The Illusionists and Light Balance
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Makayla Phillips
1 Singer Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save
Da RepubliK
2 Dance Group Won Judges' Choice
Noah Guthrie
3 Singer/Guitarist Advanced
Yumbo Dump
4 Comedy Duo X[a] X[b] Eliminated
Samuel J. Comroe
5 Stand-up Comedian Advanced
Voices of Hope
6 Choir Advanced
The Savitsky Cats
7 Cat Act Eliminated
Glennis Grace
8 Singer Advanced
The Sacred Riana
9 Illusionist Eliminated
Quin and Misha
10 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated
Front Pictures
11 Multimedia Performance Act Received Judges' Wildcard
Duo Transcend
12 Trapeze Duo Advanced
Jump up ^ Cowell buzzed the act, but then took his buzzer back at the end.
Jump up ^ Mel B buzzed the act, but then took her buzzer back at the end.
Week 3 (August 28–29)
Guest: Beautiful Broadway
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
The Future Kingz
1 Dance Group Lost Judges' Choice
Us the Duo
2 Band Advanced
Daniel Emmet
3 Opera Singer Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save
Brian King Joseph
4 Electric Violinist Advanced
Aaron Crow
5 Danger Act Won Judges' Choice
Joseph O'Brien
6 Singer/Pianist Eliminated
Hans
7 Singer/Accordionist/Dancer Eliminated
UDI Dance
8 Blacklight Dance Group Eliminated
Christina Wells
9 Singer Advanced
Zurcaroh
10 Acrobatic Group Advanced
Rob Lake
11 Illusionist Eliminated
Michael Ketterer
12 Singer Advanced
Semifinals
The live semifinals started on September 4, 2018. They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals, plus the judges' semifinal wildcard pick. Each week, eleven acts performed; five went through to the finals, and six were eliminated.
Key
Buzzed Judges' Choice
Advanced (Won Public Vote)
Advanced (Won Judges' Choice)
Advanced (Recived Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save)
Eliminated
Eliminated (Lost Judges' Choice)
Week 1 (September 4–5)
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Amanda Mena
1 Singer; performed "Happy" by Pharrell. Eliminated
Junior New System
2 Dance Group; dancers performed with a basketball themed red stiletto extravaganza to "Work Bitch" by Britney Spears, "Bang Bang" by Jessie J ft. Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj, and "Lose Control" by Missy Elliott ft. Ciara & Fatman Scoop. Eliminated
Us the Duo
3 Band; performed an original song called "Broke". Eliminated
Voices of Hope
4 Choir; performed "Defying Gravity" from Wicked by Idina Menzel. Lost Judges' Choice
Shin Lim
5 Close-up Magician; started the act by placing a card in his back pocket "for later". He asked Heidi to pick a card and sign it. He put the signed card down and after he made a gesture, smoke began to rise from beneath it, at which point the card was shown to be blank. He opened his mouth, smoke came billowing out, and Heidi's card appeared from it. He placed her card in a plastic bag and then asked Tyra to pick a card and sign it. Tyra's card jumped from Shin's hand to his vest pocket, and thence to the card that started in his back pocket. Tyra's card then appeared in his mouth amidst a cloud of smoke, then switched places with Heidi's card in the plastic bag before the two cards switched back. He put both cards into the plastic bag and then vanished them in full view of the audience. Finally, he placed the remaining cards back in the box, and when smoke began pouring from the box he crushed it flat, making the box immediately disappear. Advanced
Makayla Phillips
6 Singer; performed "Who You Are" by Jessie J. Eliminated
Front Pictures
7 Multimedia Performance Act; starts in outer space and then gets a low oxygen tank. Ends up swimming with sea creatures such as turtles, dolphins, and whales. Eliminated
Duo Transcend[a]
8 Trapeze Duo; performed a dangerous trapeze act for half of the performance, and the other half was a fire roller skate act where Mary hung onto Tyce with just her legs wrapped around his neck. Won Judges' Choice
Samuel J. Comroe
9 Stand-up Comedian; explains about being the only kid out of his six siblings with tourettes. Then talks about how a woman tried to pray away his Tourette Syndrome. He ends with a story about how he was at a party with his black friends and the cops came. The cops told him to blink twice if he was in danger, and having tourettes he is likely to blink, so his black friends had to run. Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save
Michael Ketterer
10 Singer; performed "When I Look At You" by Miley Cyrus. Advanced
Zurcaroh
11 Acrobatic Group; the act was set in Egypt. Start with a dance on the floor, and then began leaping and flipping from the air while other members held gold wings and swung them simultaneously. They ended with two men swinging from a rope that dangled from the ceiling, and then made a human tower where the little girl on the top jumped down. Advanced
Jump up ^ After the Judges' choice was split evenly, Duo Transcend was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the finale.
Week 2 (September 11–12)
Guest: BTS[14] and A Magical Cirque Christmas
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Christina Wells
1 Singer; performed "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin. Eliminated
Da RepubliK
2 Dance Group; dancers mixed a combination of flipping and dancing to "Get Ugly" by Jason Derulo, "Hit the Floor" by Twista ft. Pitbull, and "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot. Eliminated
Noah Guthrie
3 Singer; performed "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston. Eliminated
Daniel Emmet
4 Opera Singer; performed "Somewhere" from West Side Story by Reri Grist. Won Judges' Choice
Angel City Chorale
5 Choir; performed "The Rising" by Bruce Springsteen. Eliminated
Aaron Crow
6 Danger Act; starts the act with a video of Crow asking Howie for his help in this routine. It then cuts back to the main stage with Howie trapped in a box. In total there are four boxes. Crow first asks Heidi to choose a box out of the four, then ask Mel B to do the same. Heidi selected box 3 and Mel B picked box 1. Crow proceeded to cut a rope that crushed box 3. He then did the same thing to box 1. Simon then had to pick a box which turned out to be box 4, Crow then crushed box 4. Finally, Crow opened box 2 and Howie was inside and safe. Eliminated
Vicki Barbolak
7 Stand-up Comedienne; talks about how she is extra attracted to Italian men. She says the best way to get a guy to notice you is to trace your body. Next, she explains that no diet has worked for her in the past. She ends talking about if a cop caught her drunk in her trailer, she would just trace her body. Advanced
We Three
8 Band; performed an original song called "Make Up". Lost Judges' Choice
Glennis Grace
9 Singer; performed "This Woman's Work" by Kate Bush. Google's Instant Save / Dunkin' Save
Brian King Joseph
10 Electric Violinist; started in the audience and made his way to the main stage. Performed "Gangsta's Paradise" by Coolio ft. L.V. to an electric mix on the song. Advanced
Courtney Hadwin
11 Singer; performed "Born to Be Wild" by Steppenwolf. Advanced
Finals
The final performances took on September 18, followed by the final results show aired on September 19, 2018. No acts were buzzed.
During the finale results, the top 5 acts were revealed first; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place.
Key
Advanced to the Top 5
Top 10
Act
Order
Performance Description
Result
Brian King Joseph
1 Electric Violinist; performed "Heartless" by Kanye West to an electric beat on the song. Joseph was surrounded by fire and two drummers. Advanced
Daniel Emmet
2 Opera Singer; gives an opera take on "Perfect" by Ed Sheeran. Top 10
Vicki Barbolak
3 Stand-up Comedienne; starts by saying she thought the finale was a bathing suit contest. She proceeds to strip into her bathing suit and talk about her time as a stripper. Chats about all the accomplishments her grandson has in school, to later say he is homeschooled. She says her dad is an ex-football player, and she has the typical looks of a football player's daughter. Ends with talking about Hooter's and how she wants tom open a restaurant for women called, "Woodpeckers". Top 10
Glennis Grace
4 Singer; performed "Run" by Snow Patrol. Top 10
Zurcaroh
5 Acrobatic Group; started all lined up in a row. They broke out and performed a ritual dance to "Baba Yetu". Next, they created a human tower, and threw the little girl at the top off. They showed a scene where a little boy sees a girl acrobat and is scared of her appearance. The remaining acrobats do a flag routine. The little boy comes back and isn't scared of the girl anymore. They end the routine by making another human tower and throwing three girls in the air to be caught. Advanced
Samuel J. Comroe
6 Stand-up Comedian; explains how he met his wife. Tells a story about a guy he met that was squeezing his girlfriend's butt. The guy then walked up to Comroe and said he doesn't really have tourettes because he doesn't cuss. Comroe said when he cusses it is from the heart. He finishes talking about how he does not like rude people. If you honk at him, he will follow you home. If he opens the door and you don't say thank you, he will pull you back in. Advanced
Courtney Hadwin
7 Singer; performed "River Deep, Mountain High" by Tina Turner. Top 10
Shin Lim
8 Close-up Magician; played piano for a bit, and talked about how he used to play piano until carpal tunnel made him stop, then got Tyra to randomly select a card. He then made multiple copies of this card appear and disappear, and displayed the name of the card with floating playing cards. Advanced
Duo Transcend
9 Trapeze Duo; opens with both at the top of the trapeze. Mary blindfolds Tyce, and proceeds to dangle for his leg in the air. She then does many flips by just holding onto his arms. Mary stands on Tyce's shoulders and jumps down with Tyce just barely catching her. They continue to do flips. Mary takes off his blindfold and holds him by just her arms. They conclude by Mary dropping Tyce, on purpose. Top 10
Michael Ketterer
10 Singer; performed "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell. Advanced
Finale
Guest performers in the finale included Kiss, Bebe Rexha, The Struts, Plácido Domingo, and Lindsey Stirling. Other celebrity appearances included David Spade, Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila.[15]
The following chart describes the acts, appearances and segments presented during the finale.
Act(s)
Performance Description
Glennis Grace
Singer; Guest performer Bebe Rexha sang a duet with Grace of her song "Meant to Be".
Samuel J. Comroe
Stand-up Comedian; Clips were shown of Comroe performing and acting as a judge to comment on the Mel B's performance as a stand-up comedienne.
Courtney Hadwin
Singer; Guest performer The Struts sang a duet with Hadwin of their song "Could Have Been Me" and Janis Joplin's version of "Piece of My Heart" song.
Daniel Emmet
Opera Singer; Guest performer Plácido Domingo sang a duet with Emmet of Les pêcheurs de perles opera song "Au fond du temple saint" (generally known as "The Pearl Fishers Duet").
Vicky Barbolak
Stand-up Comedienne; Guest performer David Spade performed together with Barbolak.
Michael Ketterer
Singer; Sang "The Courage To Love" by Garth Brooks.
Shin Lim
Close-up Magician; Guest volunteers Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila
Brian King Joseph & Duo Transcend
Electric Violinist and Trapeze Duo; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling and Joseph performed performed "Roundtable Rival" and "The Force of Nature" while Duo Transcend performs.
Zurcaroh
Acrobatic Group; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling
Key
1st place (Winner)
2nd place (Runner-ups)
3rd place
4th place
5th place
Act
Result
Shin Lim
Winner
Zurcaroh
Runner-Ups
Brian King Joseph
3rd place
Samuel J. Comroe
4th place
Michael Ketterer
5th place
Top 36 acts
Key
Winner Runner-up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist (lost judges' vote) Semifinalist (lost audience vote) Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote) Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote) Golden buzzer (Auditions) Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts) Judges' wild card (quarterfinals) Judges' wild card (semifinals)
Name of Act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Result
Shin Lim 26 Magic Close-up Magician Acton, Massachusetts 1 1 Winner
Zurcaroh 8–39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group Götzis, Austria 3 1 Runners-Up
Brian King Joseph 27 Music Electric Violinist Los Angeles, California 3 2 3rd place
Samuel J. Comroe 30 Comedy Stand-up Comedian Los Angeles, California 2 1 4th place
Michael Ketterer 40 Singing Singer Anaheim, California 3 1 5th place
Courtney Hadwin 13 Singing Singer County Durham, England 1 2 Finalist (Won Public Vote)
Daniel Emmet 25 Singing Opera Singer Las Vegas, Nevada 3 2 Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)
Duo Transcend 29 & 32 Acrobatics Trapeze Duo Salt Lake City, Utah 2 1 Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)
Glennis Grace 40 Singing Singer Amsterdam, Netherlands 2 2 Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save)
Vicki Barbolak 60 Comedy Stand-up Comedienne Oceanside, California 1 2 Finalist (Won Public Vote)
Voices of Hope 5–17 Singing Choir Orange County, California 2 1 Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)
We Three 21–27 Singing Band McMinnville, Oregon 1 2 Semifinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)
Aaron Crow 49 Danger Danger Act Bruges, Belgium 3 2 Eliminated
Amanda Mena 15 Singing Singer Boston, Massachusetts 1 1 Eliminated
Angel City Chorale 19–88 Singing Choir Los Angeles, California 1 2 Eliminated
Christina Wells 42 Singing Singer Houston, Texas 3 2 Eliminated
Da RepubliK 15–32 Dance Dance Group Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 2 2 Eliminated
Front Pictures 41 & 43 Variety Multimedia Performance Act Kiev, Ukraine 2 1 Eliminated
Junior New System 18–25 Dance Dance Group Manila, Philippines 1 1 Eliminated
Makayla Phillips 16 Singing Singer Canyon Lake, California 2 1 Eliminated
Noah Guthrie 24 Singing Singer/Guitarist Greer, South Carolina 2 2 Eliminated
Us the Duo 27 & 28 Singing Band Los Angeles, California 3 1 Eliminated
Mochi 29 Variety Diabolo Artist Shizuoka, Japan 1 N/A Quarterfinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)
The Future Kingz 7–23 Dance Dance Group Chicago, Illinois 3 N/A Quarterfinalist (Lost Judges' Vote)
Flau'jae 14 Music Rapper Savannah, Georgia 1 N/A Eliminated
Hans "19" Variety Singer/Accordionist/Dancer Adelaide, Australia 3 N/A Eliminated
Human Fountains 24–29 Variety Novelty Act Los Angeles, California 1 N/A Eliminated
Joseph O'Brien 20 Singing Singer/Pianist Columbia, Tennessee 3 N/A Eliminated
Lord Nil 38 Danger Escape Artist Italy 1 N/A Eliminated
Quin and Misha 70 & 35 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Orlando, Florida 2 N/A Eliminated
Rob Lake 35 Magic Illusionist Norman, Oklahoma 3 N/A Eliminated
The PAC Dance Team 15–18 Dance Dance Group Sahuarita, Arizona 1 N/A Eliminated
The Sacred Riana 25 Magic Illusionist Jakarta, Indonesia 2 N/A Eliminated
The Savitsky Cats 24 & 45 Animal Cat Act Ukraine 2 N/A Eliminated
UDI Dance 20–37 Dance Blacklight Dance Group Tomsk, Russia 3 N/A Eliminated
Yumbo Dump 31 & 34 Comedy Comedy Duo Okayama, Japan 2 N/A Eliminated
International broadcast
This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US. It airs on AXN starting May 31, 2018 (UTC+8).[16][17]
In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31. In Singapore, the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31, 2018.[18]
Ratings
U.S. Nielsen ratings
Episode
Title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank
1
Auditions Week 1 May 29, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 2.5 11 12.16 1[19] 3[20]
2
Auditions Week 2 June 5, 2018 2.2 10 11.27 1[21] 3[22]
3
Auditions Week 3 June 12, 2018 2.3 10 11.46 1[23] 1[24]
4
Auditions Week 4 June 19, 2018 2.2 10 11.86 1[25] 1[26]
5
Auditions Week 5 June 26, 2018 2.0 9 11.32 1[27] 1[28]
6
Auditions Week 6 July 10, 2018 2.1 9 11.55 1[29] 1[30]
7
Judge Cuts 1 July 17, 2018 2.1 9 11.33 1[31] 1[32]
8
Judge Cuts 2 July 24, 2018 2.0 8 11.68 1[33] 1[34]
9
Judge Cuts 3 July 31, 2018 2.1 9 11.83 1[35] 1[36]
10
Judge Cuts 4 August 7, 2018 1.9 9 11.04 1[37] 1[38]
11
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances) August 14, 2018 2.1 10 11.10 1[39] 1[40]
12
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results) August 15, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 1.5 8 9.85 2[41] 2[40]
13
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances) August 21, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 2.1 9 11.21 1[42] 1[43]
14
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results) August 22, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 1.6 8 9.69 1[44] 2[43]
15
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances) August 28, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 1.9 8 10.78 1[45] 1[46]
16
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results) August 29, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 1.5 7 9.90 2[47] 2[46]
17
Semifinals, Week 1 (Performances) September 4, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 1.8 8 10.69 1[48] 5[49]
18
Semifinals, Week 1 (Results) September 5, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 1.5 7 9.89 2[50] 7[49]
19
Semifinals, Week 2 (Performances) September 11, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 1.9 8 10.75 1[51] 4[52]
20
Semifinals, Week 2 (Results) September 12, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 1.6 8 10.15 1[53] 5[52]
21
The Finals September 18, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 2.3 10 12.99 1[54] 2[55]
22
Season Finale September 19, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 2.1 10 12.88 1[56] 3[55]
Special episodes
Specials
Title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank
S1
Best of Auditions July 11, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 0.9 5 5.98 2[57] 4[30]
S2
Road to Lives August 9, 2018 Thursday
8:00 p.m. 0.7 3 3.82 2[58] 21[38]
Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows
Act
Television show
Season
Result
Notes
Academy of Villains America's Got Talent 7 Semifinalist
Sergey and Sasha 10 Cut Before Judge Cuts
Silicon Valley Girls 11 Cut Before Judge Cuts Auditioned as "Trio Grace"
Junior New System Asia's Got Talent 1 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals.[59]
The Sacred Riana 2 Winner [60]
Yumbo Dump Semi-Finalist [61][62]
UDI Britain's Got Talent 9 Finalist
Wes-P 12 Semi-Finalist Auditioned as "Mr. Uekusa"
Aaron Crow 7 Semi-Finalist
La France a un incroyable talent 11 Semi-Finalist
Zurcaroh 12 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the auditions.[63]
David Pereira 8 Finalist
Got Talent España 1 Finalist
Noah Guthrie Glee 6 N/A Played Roderick Meeks[64]
Recurring role; 12 episodes.
Lioz Shem Tov Israel's Got Talent 1 Semi-Finalist
Jeffrey Li Little Big Shots 1 N/A
Rob Lake Masters of Illusion 3 N/A
Shin Lim Penn & Teller: Fool Us 2 Fooler
4
Jimmy Ichihana Non-Fooler
Flau'jae The Rap Game 3 Final Four
Troy James Showtime At The Apollo 1 N/A
Glennis Grace Eurovision Song Contest 50 (2005) Semi-Finalist Dutch contestant with "My Impossible Dream"
Soundmixshow 10 (1994) Winner Sang "One Moment in Time" by Whitney Houston
Courtney Hadwin The Voice Kids (UK) 1 Finalist One-chair turn from Danny Jones.[65]
Angel Garcia La Voz Kids (US) 2 Eliminated in the Battles Auditioned as "Angelito Garcia". One-chair turn from Prince Royce.
Amanda Mena Winner Three-chair turner and joined Team Royce.[66]
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External links
Official website
IMDB America's Got Talent website
Preceded by
Season 12 (2017) America's Got Talent
Season 13 (2018) Succeeded by
Season 14 (2019)
hide
v
t
e
America's Got Talent
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Winners
Bianca Ryan
Terry Fator
Neal E. Boyd
Kevin Skinner
Michael Grimm
Landau Eugene Murphy Jr.
Olate Dogs
Kenichi Ebina
Mat Franco
Paul Zerdin
Grace VanderWaal
Darci Lynne Farmer
Shin Lim
Runners-up
The Millers
Cas Haley
Eli Mattson
Bárbara Padilla
Jackie Evancho
Silhouettes
Tom Cotter
Taylor Williamson
Emily West
Drew Lynch
The Clairvoyants
Angelica Hale
Zurcaroh
Third place
Butterscotch
Nuttin' But Stringz
Recycled Percussion
Team iLuminate
Oz Pearlman
Jon Dorenbos
Light Balance
Other
notable
contestants
Season 1
Taylor Ware
Alexis Jordan
Celtic Spring
The Passing Zone
Rappin' Granny
Leonid the Magnificent
Jessica Sanchez
Kevin Johnson
Season 2
Jabbawockeez
Julienne Irwin
Kevin James
Season 3
Kaitlyn Maher
ZOOperstars!
Derrick Barry
Season 4
Grandma Lee
The Texas Tenors
Thia Megia
Season 5
ArcAttack
Haspop
Alice Tan Ridley
Prince Poppycock
Connor Doran
The Strange Familiar
Lindsey Stirling
Season 6
Geechy Guy
Anna Graceman
POPLYFE
Professor Splash
Melissa Villaseñor
Season 7
David Garibaldi and His CMYK's
Rudy Coby
Trish Paytas
Season 8
Cami Bradley
Marty Brown
Brad Byers
Forte
Branden James
Jim Meskimen
John Wing Jr.
Alexandr Magala
Season 9
Dan Naturman
Wendy Liebman
Quintavious Johnson
The Willis Clan
Mike Super
Season 10
Stevie Starr
Piff the Magic Dragon
Myq Kaplan
Freelusion Dance Company
Metal Mulisha Fitz Army
Kacey Jones
Kayvon Zand
Season 11
Ryan Stock & AmberLynn
Tape Face
Brian Justin Crum
Cory Kahaney
The Passing Zone
Kadie Lynn Roberson
Laura Bretan
Zach Sherwin
D.J. Demers
Sos and Victoria
Season 12
Bello Nock
Colin Cloud
Mandy Harvey
Preacher Lawson
Puddles Pity Party
The Singing Trump
Evie Clair
Mike Yung
Season 13
Aaron Crow
Angel City Chorale
Glennis Grace
Rob Lake
The Sacred Riana
Us the Duo
Related
America's Got Talent: The Champions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_13)&oldid=864113596"
Categories:
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2018 American television seasons
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This page was last edited on 15 October 2018, at 05:18 (UTC).
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