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Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)
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Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)
Promotional poster
Starring
Kim Dickens
Cliff Curtis
Frank Dillane
Alycia Debnam-Carey
Colman Domingo
Mercedes Mason
Danay García
Daniel Sharman
Sam Underwood
Lisandra Tena
Dayton Callie
Rubén Blades
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
10
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
The third season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017, and is set to consist of 16 episodes.[1] The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017.[2] The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Kim Dickens as Madison Clark
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar
Danay García as Luciana Galvez[3]
Daniel Sharman as Troy Otto[4]
Sam Underwood as Jake Otto[3]
Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero
Dayton Callie as Jeremiah Otto[5]
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar
Supporting cast[edit]
Karen Bethzabe as Elena Reyes[6]
Ramses Jimenez as Hector Reyes
Rae Gray as Gretchen Trimbol
Michael William Freeman as Blake Sarno
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Dante Esquivel
Michael Greyeyes as Qaletqa Walker
Justin Rain as Crazy Dog
Production[edit]
AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016.[7] Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico.[8] This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season.[9] In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season.[10] In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular.[4] In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Sharman play members of the Otto family; and Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero.[3]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
22
1 "Eye of the Beholder" Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) 3.11[11]
Travis, Madison and Alicia are captured by an armed group and taken to a military compound, where Travis is separated from them and is taken to a basement while Madison and Alicia are taken to an office. At the basement, Travis finds himself with Nick, an injured Luciana and other captives. The captives are being experimented on by a group of soldiers. Travis, Luciana, Nick and one captive attempt to escape, but Travis is re-captured and the other captive is killed while Luciana and Nick sneak in a sewer. Meanwhile, Madison and Alicia attack Troy, impaling one of his eyes with a spoon and taking him as a hostage. Madison then takes Troy out to demand her family to be released while Alicia searches around for Travis. Meanwhile, Travis is thrown into a pit full of walkers, but he manages to kill them all. Nick carrying an injured Luciana tries to get out of the sewer but finds a horde of walkers that slowly make their way into the sewer. After bypassing several obstacles, Travis, Madison, Alicia and Nick are reunited. Soon after, the military compound is overrun with walkers, forcing all people to leave. Travis carrying an injured Luciana and Alicia board a helicopter while Madison and Nick escape in a truck.
23
2 "The New Frontier" Stefan Schwartz Mark Richard June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) 2.70[11]
The helicopter is attacked and Travis is shot in the stomach and neck. Travis sacrifices himself by falling out of the helicopter to prevent dying and turning in the helicopter. At the hotel, Strand allows many angry refugees past the gates, falsely claiming he is a doctor and can be of assistance. Madison, Troy, and Nick finally reach Broke Jaw Ranch, owned by Troy's father Jeremiah, and are informed that the helicopter has not arrived. Jeremiah welcomes Madison and Nick, who are suspicious of the ranch but ultimately decide to stay, even if that means taking it over. Back at the hotel, Elena orders Strand to leave for allowing survivors to enter the compound. After the helicopter crash, Alicia and Jake carry Luciana on their way to the ranch, where they reunite with Madison and Nick. Madison breaks down after being informed of the death of Travis, while Nick stands by Luciana's side. Prior to leaping to her death from a hotel balcony, IIene gifts Strand the keys to a brand new Jaguar.
24
3 "TEOTWAWKI" Deborah Chow Ryan Scott June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) 2.50[12]
In a television commercial well before the apocalypse, Jeremiah Otto and his family promote a video series on the key to surviving TEOTWAWKI, or the end of the world as we know it. The ranch holds a meeting in the wake of Charlene's death, where Troy, Jake, and Jeremiah vow justice for the party that shot down the helicopter. Other residents express contempt for Madison and her family. Gretchen, a young girl on the ranch, invites Alicia to "bible study," which Madison coaxes Alicia into attending. A recovering Luciana informs Nick that they must leave the ranch as soon as possible. Back in her cabin, Madison discovers Troy laying in Nick's bed, and he expresses contempt for her son; Madison tells Troy that Nick will learn to fit in. During a scouting mission, Nick soon discovers he and Troy were not so different in their views of the world. Back at the ranch, Jeremiah dispatches Troy to the camp of those who attacked the helicopter; Madison volunteers to accompany them to exact vengeance for Travis. Elsewhere, Strand arrives at the Gonzalez Dam, where he is reunited with an old friend Dante Esquevil, offering him a partnership in consoling the dam's dwindling water supplies, but Dante instead has Strand imprisoned; while in his cell, Strand is reunited with Daniel, alive.
25
4 "100" Alex Garcia Lopez Alan Page June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) 2.40[13]
Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped further into Mexico, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed by Efrain Morales, who consoles Daniel's grief for losing Ofelia, whom he was determined to find. While fending off Walkers, Daniel falls into the sewers leading to the Gonzalez Dam, where he is spared death by Lola Guerrero, one of Dante's workers. Learning of Daniel's military expertise, Dante makes Daniel one of his operatives, forcing him to torture Efrain for information on the refugees, who were stealing the dam's dwindling water resources. Daniel eventually is reunited with Strand, who offers to take him to Ofelia at the hotel. After witnessing Dante execute his employees for betrayal, Daniel breaks his control and kills Dante and his bodyguards, taking over the dam.
26
5 "Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame" Daniel Stamm Suzanne Heathcote June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25) 2.50[14]
After a fire kills one of the founders of Broke Jaw, Nick and Jeremiah bond by rebuilding the house, locating Jeremiah's prize antique revolver. Madison, Troy and their squadron set out for the Black Hat Reserve, a sanctuary populated by the Native American tribe of Qaletaqa Walker, whose ancestral land was where Broke Jaw was built upon; however, upon their arrival, Walker has the squadron stripped of their weapons and forces them to return to Broke Jaw, with a warning of an impending invasion unless the land was returned to his tribe. During the trek back, Madison and Troy confront further and Troy contemplates killing Madison, but relents. Back at Broke Jaw, Nick continues debating on leaving with Luciana, but eventually decides to remain; Luciana later leaves. Alicia and Jake begin a relationship. Elsewhere, Strand leads Daniel to the hotel, but upon discovering Ofelia was not present, Daniel abandons Strand, leaving him to the mercy of the undead.
27
6 "Red Dirt" Courtney Hunt Wes Brown July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02) 2.19[15]
After Madison and Troy's return with news of Walker's invasion, civil unrest occurs within Broke Jaw, with many residents considering leaving, including Gretchen and her family, despite Troy's threatening efforts to keep them within the ranch for security measures. Jeremiah allows people the option to leave, despite Madison's approval with Troy's intentions. Aware of the oncoming invasion, Jake journeys to Black Hat to negotiate peace terms with Walker to prevent the war, but Alicia follows him. Madison, Nick and Jeremiah later find Gretchen and her family murdered, presumably by Walker, but Madison suspects Troy was responsible. As such, she informs the community that Walker was responsible to prepare them for the upcoming war, leaving Nick disgusted, but accepted.
28
7 "The Unveiling" Jeremy Webb Mark Richard July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 2.62[16]
Jake and Alicia arrive at Black Hat, where Alicia discovers Ofelia to be alive and allied with Walker's tribe after she escaped the hotel. Jake and Walker agree to exchange hostages; Alicia remains at Black Hat, while Jake returns to Broke Jaw with Ofelia. While at Black Hat, Alicia learns that Walker did not intend to kill Travis, but had been aiming for Jake all along; Walker's people had also predicted the oncoming apocalypse, seeing it as a sign to reclaim the land they once owned. Displeased at Alicia's situation, Madison, Nick and Troy lead a team to rescue her from Black Hat; they succeed in doing so, but several of Walker's men are killed. Jake attempts to make peace by returning Ofelia, but Walker beats him and narrowly avoids scalping him. Later, Ofelia arrives at Broke Jaw, seemingly cast out. However, a crippling illness suddenly strikes the community and many people die and reanimate as walkers, massacring the residents; Nick is among those infected and Madison later uncovers Ofelia was responsible.
29
8 "Children of Wrath" Andrew Bernstein Jami O'Brien July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 2.40[16]
Through flashbacks, Ofelia was found, but left for dead by Jeremiah, only to be rescued by Walker. In present day, Ofelia is captured and transported to Walker by Madison; it was revealed Walker had Ofelia poison Broke Jaw's water supply with anthrax, which she was unaware of. In retaliation, Madison, Alicia and Troy sabotage Black Hat and steal a trailer full of Walker's spiritual relics. After recovering, Nick learns from Jeremiah that he had murdered Walker's father, which had ignited the rivalry. Realizing they had chosen the wrong side, Madison parlays with Walker, who demands Jeremiah be killed in exchange for peace. After tensions between them grow after Alicia learns of Troy's actions kept secret, Madison later reveals to her children that she had murdered her abusive father to protect her mother. After Madison fails to convince Jeremiah to kill himself to protect his sons, Nick arrives and kills Jeremiah, labeling his death as a suicide. Madison later delivers his scalp to Walker. Meanwhile, Strand returns to the capsized Abigail, but seeks solace within a Russian survivor on the radio. Desiring no further loneliness, Strand burns down the Abigail and sets off to get revenge against Daniel.
30
9 "Minotaur" Stefan Schwartz Dave Erickson & Mike Zunic September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.14[17]
Walker and the rest of the Native Americans arrive at the ranch. In a meeting, Walker tells the people of the ranch that his grudge is over, as Otto scarified himself for peace. Members of the ranch, including Troy, are not forgiving of the Nation's previous actions. After a resident of the ranch attacks one of Walker's men with a weapon, Walker is given the other key to the arsenal, so his people can arm themselves. Madison, Nick and Walker go to Otto's house to collect weapons from Troy, but he refuses and fires a warning shot. Troy orders everyone out, but Nick stays behind, hoping to get him to back down. A firefight between the Nation and them eventually ensues. Nick confesses to Troy that he killed Otto, leaving him stunned and he gives up. For punishment, Troy is exiled from the ranch and Nick is imprisoned in an outhouse. Troy is driven into the desert by Madison and one of Walker's men. Troy gets a hold of the man's knife, killing him. Madison holds a gun on him and orders him to leave. Meanwhile, at the damn, Lola, Daniel and Efrain distribute water to desperate people in the streets. A man accuses them of controlling the dam for personal gain and the crowd turns on them and attacks. The three of them rush to the truck and drive off.
31
10 "The Diviner" Paco Cabezas Ryan Scott September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.14[17]
After uncovering the ranch only possessed six weeks worth of water, Madison and Walker leave the ranch for the nearby arena where a large auctioning market has been set up to bargain for more water. Once arriving, Madison is reunited with Strand, who was targeted by the resident authorities for failing to pay his debts. He is later captured and forced to fight walkers on the outer grounds until death; fortunately, he is rescued by Madison by stealing the gold Walker intended to trade for the water. Learning of the damn, Madison commands Strand to lead them to the damn to save their people. Back on the ranch, Nick is released from captivity, but soon learns a group of residents were planning on rebelling against the Nation to regain control, but Nick was hesitant to cause further bloodshed. After Alicia reveals the truth behind the water's limited supplies, the community flies into revolt. However, before the coup can begin, they witness Alicia constructing another well on the Nation's land, inspiring the rebels to participate in saving their ranch.
32
11 "La Serpiente"[18] Josef Wladyka Mark Richard & Lauren Signorino September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) TBD
33
12 "Brother's Keeper"[19] Alrick Riley TBA September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) TBD
34
13 "This Land Is Your Land"[20] Meera Menon TBA October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) TBD
35
14 "El Matadero"[21] Stefan Schwartz TBA October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) TBD
36
15 "Things Bad Begun"[22] Andrew Bernstein TBA October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) TBD
37
16 "Sleigh Ride"[22] Andrew Bernstein TBA October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) TBD
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 84%, based on 63 reviews, whose average rating is 7.52/10.[23]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Eye of the Beholder" June 4, 2017 1.2 3.11[11] 0.9 1.97 2.1 5.08[24]
2 "The New Frontier" June 4, 2017 1.0 2.70[11] 1.0 1.93 2.0 4.63[24]
3 "TEOTWAWKI" June 11, 2017 1.0 2.50[12] 0.8 1.72 1.8 4.22[25]
4 "100" June 18, 2017 0.9 2.40[13] 0.8 1.67 1.7 4.07[26]
5 "Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame" June 25, 2017 1.0 2.50[14] 0.8 1.68 1.8 4.18[27]
6 "Red Dirt" July 2, 2017 0.8 2.19[15] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "The Unveiling" July 9, 2017 0.9 2.62[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 "Children of Wrath" July 9, 2017 0.8 2.40[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
9 "Minotaur" September 10, 2017 0.8 2.14[17] TBD TBD TBD TBD
10 "The Diviner" September 10, 2017 0.8 2.14[17] TBD TBD TBD TBD
11 "La Serpiente" September 17, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
12 "Brother's Keeper" September 24, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ridgley, Charlie (April 3, 2017). "Season 3 Premiere Date For Fear The Walking Dead Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (July 9, 2017). "Fear The Walking Dead Season 3B Premiere Date Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "AMC Releases "Fear the Walking Dead" Season 3 Key Art". The Futon Critic. April 18, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ge, Linda (March 23, 2017). "‘Fear the Walking Dead’ Adds ‘Teen Wolf’ Alum Daniel Sharman as Series Regular (Exclusive)". The Wrap. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wigler, Josh (May 22, 2017). "'Fear the Walking Dead' Boss Previews His Politically Charged Final Season". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead Season 3 First-Look Photos". AMC. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (April 15, 2016). "Fear the Walking Dead renewed for season 3". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (January 6, 2017). "Fear The Walking Dead Season 3 Begins Production In Baja". Comicbook.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave (March 24, 2017). "Fear the Walking Dead Showrunner to Step Down After Season 3". TVLine. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mason, Charlie (February 2, 2017). "Buffy Alumna Emma Caulfield Set to Raise Hellmouth on Fear TWD". TVLine. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (June 6, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Leftovers' ends on up note, 'Fear the Walking Dead' premieres to series low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' ties low, 'Claws' has decent premiere". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 20, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘American Gods’ finale improves, ‘Fear the Walking Dead’ hits another low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 27, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: BET Awards fall, ‘Power’ and ‘Preacher’ have solid premieres". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (July 5, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Fear the Walking Dead’ and ‘Power’ dip". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (July 11, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: Amelia Earhart documentary scores big for History". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (September 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Deuce' starts off on par with 'The Night Of'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Titles and Descriptions for the First Three Episodes of FEAR THE WALKING DEAD Season 3’s Second Half". Daily Dead. August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Brother's Keeper". Screener. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: This Land is Your Land". Screener. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: El Matadero". Screener. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fear the Walking Dead: Things Bad Begun; Sleigh Ride". Screener. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Season 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 14, 2017). "'Nashville' return makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for May 29-June 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 23, 2017). "'Better Call Saul' triples in cable Live +7 ratings for June 5-11". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2017). "'Better Call Saul' on top again: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 12-18". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2017). "'Doctor Who' quadruples in 18-49: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 19-25". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb
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text:
Can't Take My Eyes Off You
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"I Love You Baby" redirects here. For the film of that name, see I Love You Baby (film).
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
Cover of the 1967 US single
Single by Frankie Valli
from the album Frankie Valli: Solo[1]
B-side
"The Trouble With Me"
Released
May 1967 (1967-05)
Format
7"
Recorded
April 1967
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:58
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Bob Crewe
Bob Gaudio
Producer(s)
Bob Crewe
Frankie Valli singles chronology
"The Proud One"
(1966) "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
(1967) "I Make a Fool of Myself"
(1967)
"The Proud One"
(1966) "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
(1967) "I Make a Fool of Myself"
(1967)
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association.[2] It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You".[3]
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club's name or a popular player's name into the beat (for instance, A.S. Roma fans sing "Francesco Totti, la la, la la la la!")[citation needed]. The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake-up song on the STS-126 space shuttle mission, to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson, one of the mission's crew members.
Contents
[hide]
1 Credits
2 Charts
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Notable cover versions
3.1 1967–1969
3.2 1970–1989
3.3 1990–1999
3.4 2000–2009
3.5 2010–present
4 References
5 External links
Credits[edit]
The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio.[4] The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles[5] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[7] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Rank
Canada[8] 18
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 10
US Cash Box [10] 3
Notable cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts:
1967–1969[edit]
The Lettermen (#7 in 1967, in a medley with "Goin' Out of My Head")
A version by Andy Williams made it to #5 on the UK singles chart in 1968.[11] The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam.[12] This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary. In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song, as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen, which reached #23 in the UK singles charts.[13]
Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him.
Nancy Wilson (#52 in 1969)
Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love.[14]
The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil, only released on the UK/European version of the album.
1970–1989[edit]
In 1970, Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today.[15]
In 1972, Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series, Dean Martin Presents: The Bobby Darin Amusement Company, and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back.
In 1974, Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon.
In 1975, Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show.
Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976.
In 1978 actors Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter.
Maureen McGovern (#27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979; #5 Canadian AC in 1980).[16]
In 1982, San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and number four in the United Kingdom.[17][18] This version was also successful in Japan, receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011, and is also on games such as Just Dance 4.
In 1987, Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album, Why.
In 1989, Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys.
1990–1999[edit]
1991, onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor.[19]
1991, Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name", which reached #4 in the U.K. and #72 in the U.S.
1992, Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song (including a rap segment by Darrell Bell), which peaked at #5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts.[20]
1993, the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads (1993).[21]
1998, Lauryn Hill (#35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and #2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and #8 on the Australian Singles Charts).[22] This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999.
1999, Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You.
1999, Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous.
2000–2009[edit]
2000, Japanese singer Ringo Sheena, for the single "Tsumi to Batsu".
2000, Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station.
2000, Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous.
2001, Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single.
2001, British group Muse, for the single "Dead Star" / "In Your World".
2002, Japanese singer Tommy february6, on her eponymous album.
2004, Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song, "No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú", which reached #33 on the Latin charts.
2004, Bad Manners, for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners
2005, Jamie Kennedy, for The Son of the Mask.
2006, Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties.
2007, Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby.
2008, John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music.
2008, Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty.
2008, Frankie Valli's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake-up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson, in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS-126 Space Shuttle mission.[23]
2010–present[edit]
In 2010, A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist.
In 2010, Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True.
In 2011, Japanese R&B singer Misia, included a cover of the song as a B-side to her single "Kioku". The song was later included on her cover album, Misia no Mori: Forest Covers.
In 2011, Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter Joanna Wang, included a cover of the song on her cover album, The Things We Do for Love.
2011, Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed. The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign.[24]
In 2013, South Korean girl group Girls' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ～Girls＆Peace～[25] and 2013 Girls' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace.[26]
In 2013, the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy, and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album, Saturday Night at the Movies.
In 2014, John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli. He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005.
Jessie J recorded her version in 2016, for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever.
Valli's version appears in a 2018 TV commercial for Applebee's.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Frankie Valli Site". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100". 1967-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred. The Billboard book of number 1 hits. p. 398.
Jump up ^ "Frankie Valli - Can't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, July 15, 1967". Tropicalglen.com. 1967-12-23. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Musicoutfitters.com". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967". Tropicalglen.com. 1967-12-23. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Love, Andy by Andy Williams, album sleeve, 1967. New York: Columbia Records CS 9566
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Top 40-lijst van week 24, 1982". Top40.nl. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 74. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Can't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "JAARLIJST 1992". Members.chello.nl. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Coneheads - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 1993-07-20. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Lauryn Hill | Awards". AllMusic. 1975-05-26. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "MP3 file". Spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Girls' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th, 2013.
Jump up ^ 2013 Girls' Generation World Tour Set List. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Applebee's 2 For $20 TV Commercial , 'I Love You, Baby' Song by Frankie Valli". iSpot.tv. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
External links[edit]
"Official Frankie Valli Site". Retrieved 2010-2-16.
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database
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Albums
Sherry & 11 Others (1962)
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Dawn (1964)
Rag Doll (1964)
Born to Wonder (1964)
Stay and Other Great Hits (1964)
4 Seasons Entertain You (1965)
The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach... Hal David... Bob Dylan (1965)
Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits (1966)
Lets Hang On (1966)
On Stage with The Four Seasons (1965)
New Gold Hits (1967)
Edizione D'Oro (Gold Edition) (1968)
The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette (1969)
Half and Half (1970)
Chameleon (1972)
Who Loves You (1975)
Helicon (1977)
The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons (2002)
Singles
"Bermuda"
"Sherry"
"Big Girls Don't Cry"
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"Walk Like a Man"
"Ain't That a Shame"
"Candy Girl"
"New Mexican Rose"
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"Alone (Why Must I Be Alone)"
"Rag Doll"
"Silence Is Golden"
"Save It for Me"
"Sincerely"
"Big Man in Town"
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"Bye, Bye, Baby (Baby Goodbye)"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Girl Come Running"
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"Let's Hang On!"
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"Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'bout Me)"
"On the Good Ship Lollipop"
"I've Got You Under My Skin"
"The Proud One"
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"Beggin'"
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"C'mon Marianne"
"Lonesome Road"
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Hindustan (newspaper)
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Hindustan Dainik
Type
Daily newspaper
Format
Broadsheet
Owner(s)
HT Media Ltd
Publisher
Ajay Kumar Jain
Editor-in-chief
Shashi Shekhar
Founded
12 April 1936
Political alignment
Centrist
Language
Hindi
Headquarters
Kasturba Gandhi Marg,
New Delhi - 110001
Circulation
2,399,086 Daily[1] (as of Jan − Jun 2016)
Sister newspapers
Hindustan Times
Mint
Website
epaper.livehindustan.com
www.livehindustan.com
Hindustan Dainik or ''Hindustan'' is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper and the third-largest circulated newspaper in India.[1] It is published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited. Earlier it was part of HT Media Ltd group, which spun off its Hindi business into a separate company named Hindustan Media Ventures Limited in December 2009.[2] It ranks as the second largest-read daily in the country. Hindustan has 21 editions across the Hindi belt. They are spread across Delhi, Haryana (Faridabad), Bihar (Patna, Muzaffarpur, Gaya, Bhagalpur and Purnea), Jharkhand (Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Dhanbad), Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow, Varanasi, Meerut, Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Bareilly, Moradabad, Aligarh, and Kanpur) and Uttarakhand (Dehradun, Haridwar, Haldwani). Apart from these, the paper is also available in key towns like Mathura, Saharanpur, Faizabad.
In Delhi plus NCR, Hindustan is an undisputed No. 2 and has a rapidly growing reader's even as the market is declining. Hindustan readership has grown to 120 L readers in Q4 11. As per Total Readership, Hindustan is No 2 with 385 L readers.
Currently, the major editions of Hindustan are available online in epaper format.
Contents
1 In Bihar and Jharkhand
2 In Uttar Pradesh
3 In Uttarakhand
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
In Bihar and Jharkhand[edit]
Hindustan dominates in Bihar with an undisputed readership of about 5 million (as per the IRS 2011, Q4). It commands a massive 73% share of the Hindi readership market of Bihar. On 24th April 2018, Hindustan launched it's 5th edition in Purnea. Hindustan has been the No. 1 newspaper of Jharkhand, ever since readership surveys have been reported for the state. On 13 May 2016, a reporter was shot to death.[3]
In Uttar Pradesh[edit]
Hindustan is expanding rapidly in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is the largest Hindi newspaper market, and where it is the fastest growing Hindi daily. Apart from a long-standing presence in Lucknow and Varanasi, Hindustan was launched in Meerut, Agra and Kanpur in 2006. In 2008, Hindustan launched in the cities of Mathura. In 2009, Hindustan launched in Allahabad and Bareilly. In 2010, Hindustan launched in Gorakhpur as well. In 2011, Hindustan launched in Aligarh, and in 2012 in Moradabad.
In Uttarakhand[edit]
Hindustan has made an entry into Uttarakhand with a printing location in Dehradun, in May 2008. This edition covers key cities in Uttarakhand and West UP (like Dehradun, Hrishikesh, Haridwar, Roorkee and Saharanpur). In Jan 2009, Hindustan started its edition in Haldwani.It has the highest numbers of readers in Uttarakhand at present.
See also[edit]
Print media in India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Jump up ^ http://hmvl.in/aboutus.html
Jump up ^ "Three detained for murder of Bihar journalist Rajdev Ranjan". The Indian Express. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Hindustan Official Website
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Saliva
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the substance produced in the mouth. For other uses, see Saliva (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Salvia.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands. Human saliva comprises 98% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), glycoproteins, enzymes (such as amylase and lipase), antimicrobial agents such as secretory IgA and lysozyme.[1] The enzymes found in saliva are essential in beginning the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats. These enzymes also play a role in breaking down food particles entrapped within dental crevices, thus protecting teeth from bacterial decay.[2] Furthermore, saliva serves a lubricative function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of swallowing, and protecting the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity from desiccation.[3]
Various animal species have special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some swifts use their gummy saliva to build nests. Aerodramus nests form the basis of bird's nest soup.[4] Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the venom clade hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some caterpillars, produce silk fiber from salivary glands.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents
2 Daily salivary output
3 Function
3.1 Lubricant
3.2 Digestion
3.3 Role in taste
3.4 Other
4 Production
5 Behaviour
5.1 Spitting
5.2 Glue to construct bird nests
5.3 Wound licking
5.4 Classical conditioning
6 Substitutes
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Contents[edit]
Produced in salivary glands, human saliva is 99.5% water, but also contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes.[1]
Water: 99.5%
Electrolytes:
2–21 mmol/L sodium (lower than blood plasma)
10–36 mmol/L potassium (higher than plasma)
1.2–2.8 mmol/L calcium (similar to plasma)
0.08–0.5 mmol/L magnesium
5–40 mmol/L chloride (lower than plasma)
25 mmol/L bicarbonate (higher than plasma)
1.4–39 mmol/L phosphate
Iodine (mmol/L concentration is usually higher than plasma, but dependent variable according to dietary iodine intake)
Mucus (mucus in saliva mainly consists of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins)
Antibacterial compounds (thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide, and secretory immunoglobulin A)
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Various enzymes; there are three major enzymes found in saliva:
α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1), or ptyalin, secreted by the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands, starts the digestion of starch before the food is even swallowed; it has a pH optimum of 7.4
Lingual lipase, which is secreted by the acinar cells of the sublingual gland; has a pH optimum around 4.0 so it is not activated until entering the acidic environment of the stomach
Kallikrein, an enzyme that proteolytically cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen to produce bradykinin, which is a vasodilator; it is secreted by the acinar cells of all three major salivary glands
Antimicrobial enzymes that kill bacteria
Lysozyme
Salivary lactoperoxidase
Lactoferrin[5]
Immunoglobulin A[5]
Proline-rich proteins (function in enamel formation, Ca2+-binding, microbe killing and lubrication)[5]
Minor enzymes include salivary acid phosphatases A+B, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and tissue kallikrein (function unknown)[5]
Cells: possibly as many as 8 million human and 500 million bacterial cells per mL. The presence of bacterial products (small organic acids, amines, and thiols) causes saliva to sometimes exhibit foul odor
Opiorphin, a pain-killing substance found in human saliva
Haptocorrin, a protein which binds to Vitamin B12 to protect it against degradation in the stomach, before it binds to intrinsic factor
Daily salivary output[edit]
There is much debate about the amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day; estimates range from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day while it is generally accepted that during sleep the amount drops to nearly zero.[3][6] In humans, the submandibular gland contributes around 70–75% of secretion, while the parotid gland secretes about 20–25% and small amounts are secreted from the other salivary glands.
Function[edit]
Saliva contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene. Without normal salivary function the frequency of dental caries, gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), and other oral problems increases significantly.[citation needed]
Lubricant[edit]
Saliva, coats the oral mucosa, mechanically protecting it from trauma during eating, swallowing and speaking. In people with little saliva (xerostomia), soreness of the mouth is very common, and the food (especially dry food) sticks to the inside of the mouth.
Digestion[edit]
The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food and helping to create a food bolus. This lubricative function of saliva allows the food bolus to be passed easily from the mouth into the esophagus. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, also called ptyalin, which is capable of breaking down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin that can be further broken down in the small intestine. About 30% starch digestion takes place in the mouth cavity. Salivary glands also secrete salivary lipase (a more potent form of lipase) to begin fat digestion. Salivary lipase plays a large role in fat digestion in newborn infants as their pancreatic lipase still needs some time to develop.[7]
Role in taste[edit]
Saliva is very important in the sense of taste. It is the liquid medium in which chemicals are carried to taste receptor cells (mostly associated with lingual papillae). Persons with little saliva often complain of dysgeusia (i.e. disordered taste, e.g. reduced ability to taste, or having a bad, metallic taste at all times).
Other[edit]
Saliva maintains the pH of the mouth. Saliva is supersaturated with various ions. Certain salivary proteins prevent precipitation, which would form salts. These ions act as a buffer, keeping the acidity of the mouth within a certain range, typically pH 6.2–7.4. This prevents minerals in the dental hard tissues from dissolving.
Saliva secretes carbonic anhydrase (gustin), which is thought to play a role in the development of taste buds.[8]
Saliva contains EGF. EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.[9] EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents.[10]
Production[edit]
The production of saliva is stimulated both by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic.[11]
The saliva stimulated by sympathetic innervation is thicker, and saliva stimulated parasympathetically is more watery.
Sympathetic stimulation of saliva is to facilitate respiration, whereas parasympathetic stimulation is to facilitate digestion.
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to acetylcholine (ACh) release onto the salivary acinar cells. ACh binds to muscarinic receptors, specifically M3, and causes an increased intracellular calcium ion concentration (through the IP3/DAG second messenger system). Increased calcium causes vesicles within the cells to fuse with the apical cell membrane leading to secretion. ACh also causes the salivary gland to release kallikrein, an enzyme that converts kininogen to lysyl-bradykinin. Lysyl-bradykinin acts upon blood vessels and capillaries of the salivary gland to generate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability respectively. The resulting increased blood flow to the acini allows production of more saliva. In addition, Substance P can bind to Tachykinin NK-1 receptors leading to increased intracellular calcium concentrations and subsequently increased saliva secretion. Lastly, both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous stimulation can lead to myoepithelium contraction which causes the expulsion of secretions from the secretory acinus into the ducts and eventually to the oral cavity.
Sympathetic stimulation results in the release of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine binding to α-adrenergic receptors will cause an increase in intracellular calcium levels leading to more fluid vs. protein secretion. If norepinephrine binds β-adrenergic receptors, it will result in more protein or enzyme secretion vs. fluid secretion. Stimulation by norepinephrine initially decreases blood flow to the salivary glands due to constriction of blood vessels but this effect is overtaken by vasodilation caused by various local vasodilators.
Saliva production may also be pharmacologically stimulated by so-called sialagogues. It can also be suppressed by so-called antisialagogues.
A building being renovated in the Carrollton section of New Orleans
Behaviour[edit]
Spitting[edit]
Spitting is the act of forcibly ejecting saliva or other substances from the mouth. It is often considered rude and a social taboo in many parts of the world, including Western countries, where it is frequently forbidden by local laws (as it was thought to facilitate the spread of disease). These laws are generally not strictly enforced. In Singapore, the fine for spitting may be as high as SGD$2,000 for multiple offenses, and one can even be arrested. In some other parts of the world, expectoration is more socially acceptable (even if officially disapproved of or illegal), and spittoons are still a common appearance in some cultures. Some animals, including humans in some cases, use spitting as an automatic defensive move. Camels are well known for doing this, though most domestic camels are trained not to.
Glue to construct bird nests[edit]
Many birds in the swift family, Apodidae, produce a viscous saliva during nesting season to glue together materials to construct a nest.[12] Two species of swifts in the genus Aerodramus build their nests using only their saliva, the base for bird's nest soup.[13]
Wound licking[edit]
Main article: Wound licking
A common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural disinfectants, which leads people to believe it is beneficial to "lick their wounds". Researchers at the University of Florida at Gainesville have discovered a protein called nerve growth factor (NGF) in the saliva of mice. Wounds doused with NGF healed twice as fast as untreated and unlicked wounds; therefore, saliva can help to heal wounds in some species. NGF has not been found in human saliva; however, researchers find human saliva contains such antibacterial agents as secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme and peroxidase.[14] It has not been shown that human licking of wounds disinfects them, but licking is likely to help clean the wound by removing larger contaminants such as dirt and may help to directly remove infective bodies by brushing them away. Therefore, licking would be a way of wiping off pathogens, useful if clean water is not available to the animal or person.
Classical conditioning[edit]
Main article: Classical conditioning
In Pavlov's experiment, dogs where conditioned to salivate in response to a ringing bell, this stimulus is associated with a meal or hunger. Salivary secretion is also associated with nausea.
Substitutes[edit]
A number of commercially available saliva substitutes exist.[15]
See also[edit]
Spittle cures
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Physiology: 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Fejerskov, O.; Kidd, E. (2007). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3889-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Edgar, M.; Dawes, C.; O'Mullane, D. (2004). Saliva and Oral Health (3rd ed.). British Dental Association. ISBN 0-904588-87-4.
Jump up ^ Marcone, Massimo F. (2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the "Caviar of the East"". Food Research International. 38 (10): 1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Boron, Walter F. (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 928. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
Jump up ^ Dawes, C. (1972). "Circadian rhythms in human salivary flow rate and composition". Journal of Physiology. 220 (3): 529–545. PMC 1331668  . PMID 5016036.
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea (1993). Human Biology and Health. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
Jump up ^ Manuel Ramos-Casals; Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos; John H. Stone. Sjogren's syndrome: Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Springer, 2011. p. 522.
Jump up ^ Herbst RS (2004). "Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 59 (2 Suppl): 21–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041. PMID 15142631.
Jump up ^ Venturi S, Venturi M (2009). "Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health". Nutrition and Health. 20 (2): 119–134. doi:10.1177/026010600902000204. PMID 19835108.
Jump up ^ Physiology: 6/6ch4/s6ch4_7 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Ramel, Gordon, "Digestion", The Amazing World of Birds, Earthlife Web, retrieved 2012-07-29
Jump up ^ "Swiftlet". 2011-12-27. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
Jump up ^ Jorma (2002). "Antimicrobial Agents in Saliva—Protection for the Whole Body". Journal of Dental Research. 81 (12): 807–809. doi:10.1177/154405910208101202.
Jump up ^ Myers, Eugene N.; Ferris, Robert L. (2007). Salivary Gland Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 191. ISBN 9783540470724.
Further reading[edit]
Bahar, G.; Feinmesser, R.; Shpitzer, T.; Popovtzer, A.; Nagler, R. M. (2007). "Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile". Cancer. 109 (1): 54–59. doi:10.1002/cncr.22386. PMID 17099862.
Banerjee, R. K.; Bose, A. K.; Chakraborty, T. K.; De, S. K.; Datta, A. G. (1985). "Peroxidase-catalysed iodotyrosine formation in dispersed cells of mouse extrathyroidal tissues". J Endocrinol. 106 (2): 159–165. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1060159. PMID 2991413.
Banerjee, R. K.; Datta, A. G. (1986). "Salivary peroxidases". Mol Cell Biochem. 70 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1007/bf00233801. PMID 3520291.
Bartelstone, H. J. (1951). "Radioiodine penetration through intact enamel with uptake by bloodstream and thyroid gland". J Dent Res. 30 (5): 728–733. doi:10.1177/00220345510300051601. PMID 14888774.
Bartelstone, H. J.; Mandel, I. D.; Oshry, E.; Seildlin, S. M. (1947). "Use of radioactive iodine as a tracer in the Study of the Physiology of teeth". Science. 106 (2745): 132. doi:10.1126/science.106.2745.132-a.
Edgar, M.; Dawes, C.; O'Mullane, D. (2004). Saliva and Oral Health (3rd ed.). British Dental Association. ISBN 0-904588-87-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saliva.
The dictionary definition of saliva at Wiktionary
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