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Chevrolet Tahoe
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Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon
Overview
Manufacturer
General Motors
Production
1991–present (Yukon)
1995–present (Tahoe)
Body and chassis
Class
Full-size SUV
Layout
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive / four-wheel-drive
Related
Cadillac Escalade
Cadillac Escalade ESV
GMC Yukon
GMC Yukon XL
Chevrolet Suburban
Chevrolet Silverado
GMC Sierra
Chronology
Predecessor
Chevrolet K5 Blazer
GMC K5 Jimmy
The Chevrolet Tahoe (and its rebadged version the GMC Yukon) is a full-size SUV from General Motors. Chevrolet and GMC sold two different-sized SUVs under their Blazer/Jimmy model names through the early 1990s. This situation changed when GMC rebadged the full-size Jimmy as the Yukon in 1991. Chevrolet waited until 1994 to rebadge the redesigned mid-size S-10 Blazer as the Blazer, renaming the full-size Blazer as the Tahoe. The name Tahoe refers to the rugged and scenic area surrounding Lake Tahoe in the western United States. The name Yukon refers to the Yukon territory of northern Canada. For the 1995 model year, the Tahoe and Yukon gained a new 4-door model slotting in size between the 2-door models and the longer wheelbase and higher passenger capacity to up to nine passengers like the Chevrolet Suburban and newly named Yukon XL.
The Tahoe is sold in North America, Central America, the Middle East (excluding Israel), Chile, Ecuador, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Angola and Russia as a left-hand drive vehicle.
The Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon currently serve as a part of General Motors' full-size SUV family. Lengthened wheelbase models are available for both as the Suburban for Chevrolet and Yukon XL for GMC. A luxury Denali model joined the Yukon lineup in 1998. As of 2002, a Denali version of the Yukon XL has also been available as the Yukon XL Denali. The Cadillac Escalade is closely related to the Denali models of the Yukon. As of February 2014, the 2014 Tahoe was the top-ranked Affordable Large SUV in U.S. News & World Report's rankings.[1]
Contents
1 First generation (1992–2000)
1.1 Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71
2 Second generation (2000–2006)
2.1 Engines
3 Third generation (2007–2014)
3.1 The Apprentice make-your-own-ad contest
3.2 Engines
4 Fourth generation (2015–present)
4.1 Safety Recalls
4.2 2015 mid-year update
4.3 2016
4.4 2017
4.5 2018
4.6 2019
5 GMC Yukon Denali
5.1 1999
5.2 2001–2006
5.3 2007–2014
5.4 2015–present
6 Hybrid vehicle
7 The Tahoe outside the United States
8 Police package
9 Military applications
9.1 Variants
10 Yearly American sales
11 References
12 External links
First generation (1992–2000)[edit]
GMT400
Overview
Also called
GMC Yukon
Chevrolet Grand Blazer (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela)
Production
1991-2000
Model years
1992-1999 (Yukon)
1995-1999 (Tahoe)
2000 (Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71)
Assembly
Arlington, Texas, United States
Janesville, Wisconsin, United States
Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico
Rosario, Argentina
Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela
Designer
Chuck Jordan (Blazer: 1988)
Wayne Cherry (Blazer facelift/Tahoe: 1992)
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door SUV
4-door SUV
Platform
GMT420/430
Related
Chevrolet/GMC Suburban
Powertrain
Engine
4.1 L Chevrolet Straight-6
5.7 L Small-Block Chevrolet V8
4.2 L MWM Sprint Turbo Diesel
6.5 L Turbo Detroit Diesel V8
Transmission
4-speed 4L60E automatic
4-speed 4L80E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2-door: 111.5 in (2,832 mm)
4-door: 117.5 in (2,984 mm)
Length
188 in (4,775 mm) (3-door)
199 in (5,055 mm) (5/6-door)
Width
77 in (1,956 mm)
Height
72 in (1,829 mm)
Curb weight
4,500 lb (2,000 kg) (3-door)
5,500 lb (2,500 kg) (5/6-door)
GTX950 GMC Yukon GT
Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4-door
The new GMC Yukon was introduced in 1991 for the 1992 model year, while Chevrolet continued to use the K5 Blazer name through 1994. All were 2-door models through 1994. The Chevrolet K5 Blazer was discontinued after the 1994 model year. The Chevrolet Tahoe was introduced in 1995 for the 1995 model year with the addition of an all-new 4-door version. The Tahoe was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 1996. It is named for Lake Tahoe on the California-Nevada border in the United States.
The Tahoe/Yukon were shorter than the Suburban on which they were based, but shared that vehicle's GMT400 platform. This was a true truck chassis, and was based on that used in the Chevrolet Silverado full-size pickup truck. Both two-door and four-door models were produced in rear- and four-wheel drive. The two-door weighs roughly 4,500 lb (2,041 kg) while the four-door weighs approximately 5,500 lb (2,495 kg). "AutoTrac" full-time all-wheel drive and a programmable Homelink transmitter were added for 1998. The upscale Denali trim line to the Yukon was introduced in 1999 as these vehicles became popular with wealthy families.
The standard engine was Chevrolet's 5.7 L (350 cu in) LO5 small-block V8, while a turbocharged 6.5 L (395 cu in) Detroit Diesel V8 was available beginning in 1994.[2]
In Mexico, the Tahoe 2-door was released in 1995, called the Chevrolet Silverado, and in 1998 the 4-door was released as the Silverado 4-door, and both were available in Base, LS and luxury LT trim lines. In Venezuela, the Tahoe 2-door was released in 1993 (4WD only), called the Chevrolet Grand Blazer, and in 1996 the 4-door was released as the Grand Blazer 4-door (2WD). In 1996 the 2-door was discontinued. In 1996 only Grand Blazer 4-door 4WD was available. In Bolivia, 1995 the 4-door was released as the Tahoe 4-door (4WD).
Beginning in 1994, GM began making numerous annual changes to the Blazer/Yukon, including:
Revised front clip - Blazer (1994)
Revised interior including a driver-side air bag, revised side mirrors, Blazer renamed Tahoe, 4-door option included (1995)
Revised Vortec 5700 (350 cu in) engine with increased power and fuel efficiency, electronic 4WD shifting, daytime running lights, illuminated entry, and some new interior features (1996)
Revised automatic transmission, improved steering system and added passenger-side air bag, Yukon 2-door option dropped (October 1996)
Programmable Homelink transmitter, PassLock security system, heated front seating surfaces optional, air conditioning for rear seat passengers, AutoTrac automatic 4WD option added, second generation air bags, transmissions revised again (1998)
Revised steering wheel and improved radiators and transmissions, Tahoe 2-door option dropped (1999), side curtain airbags for all three rows (when equipped with 3rd row) and front and rear side torso airbags (optional); combination head and torso side airbag (without 2nd and 3rd rows, optional)
Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71[edit]
2000 Chevrolet Tahoe Limited
When the GMT800 platform based Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon was released for the 2000 model year, a 2WD Tahoe Limited and 4WD Tahoe Z71 remained in production on the GMT400 platform as special edition vehicles. These special edition vehicles were produced in the Arlington, Texas assembly plant for the 2000 model year only.
The Chevrolet Tahoe Limited was based on the Chevrolet Tahoe SS concept vehicle introduced in 1996 that never made it to production. It is reported that GM disliked the idea of an SS badged vehicle at a time when insurance companies were already demanding higher premiums for SUVs. The Tahoe SS prototype vehicles made in 1996 were painted either an unspecified metallic green or metallic blue, but the Tahoe Limited was produced only in black onyx metallic. The Tahoe Limited had a distinctive exterior appearance that included a factory equipped ground effects, a monochromatic theme with bumpers and grille painted in the same high gloss black as the body, removal of the roof rack, and fog lamps integrated into the front bumper. Other notable features of the Tahoe Limited included the Z60 high-performance chassis package (commonly known as the police package) which places the body of the vehicle 2 in (51 mm) lower than the 4WD Tahoe, two tone gray and charcoal leather interior seating surfaces, a 120 mph (190 km/h) gauge cluster, 46 mm (1.8 in) Bilstein shock absorbers, a 3.42 or optional 3.73 rear gear ratio, a limited slip rear differential, an engine oil cooling system, and distinctive 16 in Ronal R36 five-spoke aluminum wheels.
2000 Chevrolet Tahoe Z-71 Special Edition
The Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 also exhibited a monochromatic appearance similar to the Tahoe Limited, but instead of black onyx metallic the Tahoe Z71 was offered in either light pewter metallic, victory red, emerald green metallic, or indigo blue metallic. Features of the Tahoe Z71 were similar to those of the Tahoe Limited with a few key differences to distinguish the 2WD Tahoe Limited from the 4WD Tahoe Z71. Features that differ from those previously mentioned on the Tahoe Limited included the Z71 off-road chassis package (46 mm (1.8 in) Bilstein shock absorbers, a standard 3.73 rear gear ratio G80 locking differential), body colored wheel flares, trim, grille and bumpers, inset driving lights built into the center of the front bumper, oversized two row radiator, two tone leather seating surfaces in either a gray or neutral theme, distinctive tail lamp lens covers, black tubular side assist step bars, black brush guard, and distinctive 16 inch Alcoa five spoke 6 bolt polished aluminum wheels.
The L31 5.7 L Vortec V8 powerplant and 4L60E four-speed automatic transmission shared with other GMT400 Chevrolet Tahoe vehicles were not modified in these special edition vehicles, and as such these special editions were mostly appearance packages, albeit with unique-handling suspension options.[citation needed]
Year
Engine
Power
Torque
Notes
1991–1995 5.7 L 350 TBI V8 200 hp (149 kW) 310 lb⋅ft (420 N⋅m)
1993–1999 6.5 L Detroit Diesel V8 180 hp (134 kW) 2-door 4WD Tahoe only
1995–1999 5.7 L Vortec 5700 V8 255 hp (190 kW) 335 lb⋅ft (454 N⋅m)
Second generation (2000–2006)[edit]
GMT800
Overview
Also called
GMC Yukon
Chevrolet Sonora (Mexico)
Chevrolet Tahoe Police Package
Production
January 2000–2006
Model years
2000-2006
Assembly
Janesville, Wisconsin, United States
Arlington, Texas, United States
Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico
Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Designer
Wayne Cherry, Ken Sohocki (1996)
Body and chassis
Body style
4-door SUV
Platform
GM GMT800 platform
Related
Chevrolet Suburban
GMC Yukon XL
Cadillac Escalade
Hummer H2
Powertrain
Engine
4.8 L 275 hp (205 kW) V8
5.3 L 285 hp (213 kW) V8
Transmission
4-speed 4L60-E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
116.0 in (2,946 mm)
Length
1999–01 Tahoe & 1999–06 Yukon & Denali: 198.9 in (5,052 mm)
2001–03 Tahoe: 196.9 in (5,001 mm)
2003–06 Tahoe: 198.8 in (5,050 mm)
Width
78.9 in (2,004 mm)
Height
74.2–76.7 in (1885–1948 mm)
Chevrolet Tahoe
Rear view and interior of second-generation GMC Yukon
Other than the Tahoe Limited Edition, the vehicle was redesigned and launched in March 2000 for the 2000 model year on the new GMT800 platform, still shared with the full-sized pickups and SUV's.[3] Two new engines replaced the old 5.7 L (350 cu in) small-block V8, and while both were smaller, both produced more horsepower but less torque. The manual transmission was dropped, leaving only the automatic transmission. In Mexico, the GMT800 Chevy Tahoe is called a Chevrolet Sonora and used the front end from the 2003-2007 Silverado pickup. A 2-door GMT800 Tahoe prototype was made but never entered production.
Both vehicles received significant updates with only the grille and headlights distinguishing one from the other. Both vehicles now featured softer lines as part of a more aerodynamic design. The interior was also updated with new seats, dashboard, and door panels.
For 2003, all GM full-size trucks received an upgraded interior, including a new steering wheel and radio controls, along with better-quality materials and other enhancements. StabiliTrak stability control was also offered for the first time in 2003 (came standard on 2006), as were XM Satellite Radio, Bose audio, and a DVD entertainment system as the models continued to climb upmarket. Both engines received 10 hp (7 kW) more for 2003 and 2004. The Flex Fuel engine became available first in the 2002 model.
Engines[edit]
Year
Displacement
Engine
Power
Torque
Engine Code
VIN Code (8th Digit)
2000–2004 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 270–285 hp (201–213 kW) 285–295 lb⋅ft (386–400 N⋅m) LR4 V
2005–2006 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 285 hp (213 kW) 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) LR4 V
2000–2003 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 285 hp (213 kW) 325 lb⋅ft (441 N⋅m) LM7 T
2004–2006 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 295 hp (220 kW) 335 lb⋅ft (454 N⋅m) LM7 T
2002–2003 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 Flex Fuel 285 hp (213 kW) 320 lb⋅ft (430 N⋅m) L59 Z
2003-2006 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 Flex Fuel 295 hp (220 kW) 335 lb⋅ft (454 N⋅m) L59 Z
Third generation (2007–2014)[edit]
GMT900
Overview
Also called
GMC Yukon
Chevrolet Tahoe 4WD Special Service
Chevrolet Tahoe 2WD PPV
Production
December 1, 2005–2014
Model years
2007-2014
Assembly
United States: Arlington, Texas (Arlington Assembly)
Janesville, Wisconsin (Janesville Assembly) (2006-2009) Assembly)
Mexico: Silao, Guanajuato (Silao)
China: Shanghai (Shanghai GM)
Russia: Kaliningrad (Avtotor)[4][5]
Venezuela: Valencia, Carabobo (Valencia)[4][6]
Designer
Wayne Cherry (2002)
Body and chassis
Body style
4-door SUV
Platform
GMT921/922 (GMT920)
Related
Chevrolet Suburban
GMC Yukon XL
Cadillac Escalade
Powertrain
Engine
4.8 L LY2 V8 (gasoline)
5.3 L LY5 V8 (gasoline)
5.3 L LMG V8 (gasoline / E85)
6.0 L LFA V8 (hybrid gasoline / electric)
6.0 L LZ1 V8 (hybrid gasoline / electric)
6.2 L L92 V8 (gasoline)
6.2 L L9H V8 (gasoline / E85)
6.2 L L94 V8 (gasoline / E85)
Transmission
4-speed 4L60-E automatic
6-speed 6L80 automatic
CVT 2ML70 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
116.0 in (2,946 mm)
Length
202.0 in (5,131 mm)
Width
79.0 in (2,007 mm)
Height
74.6-77.0 in (1895–1956 mm)
GMC Yukon SLT
2007 Chevrolet Tahoe
General Motors redesigned the Tahoe and Yukon on the new GMT900 platform in late 2005 as a 2007 model. A hybrid version of the Yukon, which uses the shared GM/Chrysler Advanced Hybrid System 2, followed with the 2008 models. The GMT900 based Tahoe and Yukon exceeded initial sales expectations and continued to sell well despite a weakening market for large SUVs. The short-wheelbase Tahoe and its police counterpart began production at Arlington Assembly on December 1, 2005. SWB Yukon production began in early 2006, with Janesville Assembly coming on line as well. Long-wheelbase versions began at Janesville and Silao Assembly in March. For the first time, GM used the Tahoe name in Mexico.
For 2007, the GMC Yukon and Chevrolet Tahoe received different front fascias, hood, and tail lights. The GMC Yukon boasted a monolithic grille and headlights, while the Chevrolet Tahoe grille was divided by a body colored bar similar to the chrome bar found on most GMT800 Tahoes. Both the redesigned Yukon and Tahoe featured a more angular design that gave the vehicles a more upscale appearance than their predecessors. The interior was significantly redesigned as well, features a real wooded trim dashboard with new chrome accented instrument controls. New door panels as well as new seats were also added to the interior it still retains its nine-passenger seating availability on LS and SLE models only like the Chevy Suburban and GMC Yukon XL.
In 2006, the newly redesigned Tahoe was featured on, and promoted through Donald Trump's The Apprentice, where the two teams put together a show for the top General Motors employees to learn about the new Tahoe. Also, The Apprentice sponsored a controversial online contest, which allowed the public to create their own 30-second ad in hopes of winning a new Tahoe.
Highway mileage was improved from 19 mpg‑US (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg‑imp) to 21 to 22 mpg‑US (11 to 11 L/100 km; 25 to 26 mpg‑imp) with the addition of Active Fuel Management cylinder deactivation. For 2009, the 6.2 L engine in the Yukon Denali got a power increase to 403 hp (301 kW), while a 395 hp (295 kW) 6.2 L was added as an option for the Tahoe LTZ. A 6-speed 6L80 automatic transmission replaced the 4-speed on all trucks except 2WD models with the 4.8 L engine. The 2011 model has a NHTSA rollover risk of 24.6%,[7] and a lateral roadholding of 0.79g.[8]
2009 LTZ Models had the option of the 6.2 L Vortec 6200 this was only an option in 2009 and only in the LTZ trim.
2010 models underwent a mild mid-cycle refresh including a slightly raised bumper, revised door trim, improved side structure, and side torso air bags. For 2012, the GMC Yukon, underwent minor changes: the SLE and SLT grades were discontinued, in favor of appearance packages.
The Apprentice make-your-own-ad contest[edit]
In 2006, the 2007 Tahoe was featured on and promoted through Donald Trump's TV series, The Apprentice, where the two teams put together a show for the top General Motors employees to learn about the new Tahoe. Also, The Apprentice sponsored a controversial online contest in which anyone could create a 30-second commercial for the new Tahoe by entering text captions into the provided video clips; the winner's ad would air on national television. An early example of User generated marketing, headed by ad agency Campbell Ewald, the campaign began to backfire when hundreds of environmentally conscious parodies flooded YouTube and Chevy's website critiquing the vehicle for its low gas mileage. Over 400 negative ads were created in total, however over 20,000 positive ads were created making the campaign, according to Chevrolet, a success,[9] despite the negative media attention.[10]
Engines[edit]
Year
Engine
Power
Torque
Notes
2006–2014 Vortec 5.3 V8 320 hp (239 kW) 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m)
2009–2011 6.2 L Vortec 6200 V8 405 hp (302 kW) 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m) FlexFuel; standard on 4WD models
2011-2014 6.2 L Vortec 6200 V8 405 hp (302 kW) 417 lb⋅ft (565 N⋅m) Yukon Denali
Fourth generation (2015–present)[edit]
GMT K2UC/G
Overview
Also called
GMC Yukon
Production
2014–present
Model years
2015–present
Assembly
Arlington, Texas, U.S.
Minsk, Belarus[11]
Designer
Ed Welburn (2011)
Body and chassis
Body style
four-door SUV
Layout
Front engine,
rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Platform
GMTK2XX
K2UC: Chevrolet Tahoe
K2UG: GMC Yukon/Yukon Denali
Related
Cadillac Escalade ESV (2015)
Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL (2015)
Powertrain
Engine
5.3 L (325 cu in) EcoTec3 V8 FlexFuel
6.2 L EcoTec3 V8 FlexFuel (Tahoe (RST Performance Pack) (2018-), Yukon Denali)
Transmission
6-speed 6L80 automatic
8-speed 8L90 automatic (Denali)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
116.0 in (2,946 mm)
Length
203.9 in (5,179 mm)
Width
80.5 in (2,045 mm)
Height
74.4 in (1,890 mm)
Denali: 77.1 in (1,958 mm)
GMC Yukon
Rear view
The Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon, GMC Yukon XL, Cadillac Escalade, and Cadillac Escalade ESV had a shortened 2014 model year starting in June 2013, and was replaced with a new version in February 2014 as a 2015 model.[12] The 2015 Tahoe/Yukon was supposed to be based on the next-generation Chevrolet Silverado, which was introduced in May 2013. Rumor was that the vehicles could go to monocoque crossovers;[citation needed] those were shelved, as General Motors plans to add to the traditional body-on-frame truck-based SUV, as the 2012 Chevrolet Colorado-based Trailblazer debuted in 2013 for international markets, the Colorado debuting in 2014 for North America (as a 2015 model), and truck owners wanting a smaller truck-based SUV, instead of the monocoque crossover. GM's citing of healthy sales for their full-size SUVs in 2012 was another reason to retain the BOF platform.
The Tahoe and Yukon are now built on the GMT K2XX platform and assigned as K2UC (for Chevrolet Tahoe) and K2UG (for GMC Yukon). Production on the Tahoe and Yukon began in December 2013 with the first completed SUVs being used for testing purposes,[13] and started officially shipping the vehicles to dealerships on February 5, 2014.[14] The 2015 Tahoe was later named the fastest-selling vehicle for the month of February 2014, averaging seven days of sales upon its release.[15] On September 12, 2013, GM released photos and press release of the fourth-generation Tahoe and Yukon. Like its larger siblings Suburban and Yukon XL, the front fascias of the Tahoe and Yukon are distinct, but from the base of the A-pillars back, they share most of the same styling cues. This now includes inlaid doors that tuck into the door sills, instead of over them, improving aerodynamics and fuel economy, and lessens interior noise. The hoods and liftgate panels now are made of aluminum in an effort to reduce vehicle weight. A more-efficient, direct-injected EcoTec3 powertrain coupled with improved aerodynamics help increase fuel economy for the SUVs. Both fourth-generation SUVs do not share a single piece of sheetmetal or lighting element with the brands' full-size pick-up trucks, and the front grilles of both vehicles are slightly altered to give them their own identity. The front headlights features projector-beam headlamps that flanks the Chevrolet-signature dual-port grille – chrome on all models, sweeping into the front fenders, while the LTZ trims feature high-intensity discharge headlamps and light-emitting diode daytime running lamps.
Also new are the addition of fold-flat second- and third-row seats, now a standard feature but can be equipped with an optional power-folding feature for the upgraded trims, and an additional two inches of leg room for second-row passengers. Multiple USB ports and power outlets are now spread throughout their interiors, including one 110-volt, three-prong outlet, with the Tahoe adding an available eight-inch color touch-screen radio with next-generation MyLink connectivity along with an available rear-seat entertainment system (but will not feature a Blu-ray option that is exclusive to the Suburban for 2015), while the Yukon added a standard eight-inch-diagonal color touch screen radio with enhanced IntelliLink and available navigation.
The Yukon interior has more features including seats stuffed with dual-firmness foam, a standard Bose sound system and SD card slots, and laminated glass for the windshield and front windows, decreasing interior noise. GM's third-generation magnetic ride control suspension is optional on the Tahoe LTZ models, whose upgraded features include third-generation magnetic ride control, a real-time damping system that delivers more precise body motion control by "reading" the road every millisecond, and changing damping in just five milliseconds.
The new platform is based on the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500. Both SUVs feature sound deadening material to improve cabin quietness. A new Cadillac Escalade and Cadillac Escalade ESV arrived in dealerships in April 2014. Models continued for the Tahoe and Suburban as LS, LT, and LTZ, and the Yukon and Yukon XL as SLE, SLT, and Denali. The Tahoe and Yukon went on sale in February 2014 as an early 2015 model year vehicle. Prices for the all-new GM SUVs are expected to stay the same as the current-generation GMT900 SUVs. The Tahoe Hybrid, Yukon Hybrid, and Yukon Denali Hybrid models will be dropped along with their powertrains, as well as the Cadillac Escalade Hybrid and Cadillac Escalade Hybrid Platinum. The Yukon Denali AWD is also being dropped as well. And despite reports that it is under consideration at this point, GM is mulling plans to bring the SS and RS package back for the Tahoe.[16]
On August 29, 2014, Chevrolet announced that the Z71 package would return with a launch by leaking a photo that displayed the Z71 badge on one of its large SUVs.[17] On September 26, 2014, Chevrolet debuted the updated Z71 Tahoe at the State Fair of Texas, along with the debut of the Texas Edition Tahoe, the latter due to Texas having the largest units of Tahoes sold in the United States (as of August 2014, sales of the Chevrolet SUVs in Texas were up 37 percent) and to celebrate the 60th anniversary of GM's Arlington Assembly plant; production began in October 2014. As with the previous Z71 Tahoe, this version will continue to be offered in a 4WD LT trim only, featuring a front skid plate, off-road tires mounted on 18-inch wheels, a unique grille, running boards and "Z71" identification inside and out. Fog lamps, front tow hooks and front parking assist are also included. The Texas Edition will be available in both LT and LTZ trims, featuring a maximum trailering package, twenty-inch polished aluminum wheels (on LT models), twenty-two-inch premium painted aluminum wheels (on LTZ models), and an exclusive "Texas Edition" badge. The Texas Edition Tahoe package will be part of a lineup that will also use the Texas Edition package, alongside the Suburban and Silverado.[18]
Safety Recalls[edit]
On March 23, 2014, a 2015 GMC Yukon caught fire and went up in flames in Anaheim, California, after a couple, who along with the sales representative who were giving them a test drive, noticed the vehicle stopping and that smoke was starting to make its way into the cabin, prompting the three individuals to park the car and escape before it was destroyed within 15 minutes. The cause of the fire was traced to an oil leak and an engine malfunction.[19] Despite being an isolated incident, the 2015 Tahoe and Yukon are not believed to be tied to GM's announced recall of its vehicles that was made on March 17, 2014.[20] But five days later on March 28, 2014, GM announced a recall on the 2015 Tahoe and Yukon in order to fix a “transmission oil cooler line that is not securely seated in its fitting”, causing the vehicle to stop and rupture the oil cooling line, resulting in the engine to malfunction and catching fire immediately.[21] On June 6, 2014, GM issued another recall on the 2015 Tahoe and Yukon because their radio control modules may not work, and thus prevent certain audible safety warnings.[22]
The demand and interest in the redesigned Tahoe has also translated into a 108 percent sales spike since it went on sale in February 2014, with most dealers reporting the units being sold within 17 days after they arrive on the dealership lots with customers opting for the fully loaded LTZ model, making it one of Chevrolet's fastest selling brands in 2014 along with Suburban, who posted higher sales and quicker inventory turnovers.[23]
2015 mid-year update[edit]
The Tahoe received 4G LTE, WiFi, and Siri capability, a new color palette, Brownstone Metallic, and added a hands-free power liftgate feature that is standard on LTZ, but included on LT with the optional Luxury Package. The MyLink with Navigation feature became standard on the LTZ trim, while E85 capability is removed from retail orders.[24]
The Yukon, in addition to receiving the aforementioned features, sees the 6.2-liter EcoTec3 V8 engine being updated with the new 8L90E eight-speed automatic transmission for the interim model year, allowing it to improve fuel economy.[25]
2016[edit]
For the 2016 model year, the Chevrolet Tahoe received more upgraded changes and new features, similar to the ones added to the Suburban. The changes included power-adjustable pedals, forward collision alert, IntelliBeam headlamps, lane keep assist and a safety alert seat as part of the newly introduced enhanced driver alert package as an available option on the LS trim. The inside floor console with storage area-SD card reader was removed and a new infotainment system was introduced, officially ending the CD player era for the Tahoe; the 8-inch MyLink feature was expanded to the LS trim and became standard (replacing the 4-inch display), although the navigation feature remains as an option on LT and standard on LTZ. A new liftgate shield was added to the Theft Protection Package, along with the new lane keep assist which replaced the lane departure warning. The capless fuel fill tanks became standard on all trims. Siren Red Tintcoat and Iridescent Pearl Tricoat became the new color trims, replacing Crystal Red Tintcoat and White Diamond Tricoat. The instrument cluster was re-configured with a new multi-color enhancement and a heads-up display was introduced as a standard only on the LTZ trim.[26][27]
The 2016 GMC Yukon also sees similar changes, with liftgate, power, hands-free now packaged on SLT trims, a free-flow feature that replaced the Premium package, and two new premium colors (Crimson Red Tintcoat and White Frost Tricoat) replacing Crystal Red Tintcoat and White Diamond Tricoat respectively.[28][29]
On May 27, 2015, Chevrolet announced that the 2016 Tahoe will come equipped with both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto Capability features. However, only one of their phone brands at any one time can be used. The 2014 and 2015 LTZ and Denali packages come equipped with a "wireless" charging accessory.[30] while the Android Auto option will only be available on LT and LTZ trims featuring 8 inch screens.[31]
On July 10, 2015, GM announced that the Russian-built Chevrolet Tahoe will receive the 6.2L V8 L86 EcoTec engine, which will be the only engine offered in the region as an exclusive to the Russian and CIS markets only, as GM has no plans to make it available to North America for the time being.[32]
2017[edit]
For the 2017 model year, Chevrolet made upgraded changes to the Tahoe. New additions include the teen driver feature, the App Store feature, a rear seat reminder, and low speed forward automatic braking. Two new colors, blue velvet and pepperdust metallic, were added to replace four colors. The 22-inch wheels option was expanded to three, and the rear seat entertainment system was overhauled. Chevrolet also made changes in the level trims, with the standard LS badge now removed from all LS models and the LTZ trim is renamed to Premier, which will continue to be the top of the line model.[33]
The 2017 model year Yukon also received similar changes, but with a few exceptions. Two new colors, Dark Blue Sapphire Metallic and Mineral Metallic were introduced, the latter exclusive to the Denali, which is also adding a new 22-inch ultra bright aluminum wheels with midnight silver premium paint and a head-up display to its features. The interior backlights changed from red to blue. The heated and vented driver and front passenger seats are now standard on the SLT and Denali trims.[34]
2018[edit]
For the 2018 model year, the 6.2-liter EcoTec3 V8 engine will be available in the Tahoe RST (when bought with the Performance Package). All M.Y. 2018 Tahoe and Suburban trim levels will now be standard with LED Daytime Running Lights which will replace the high beam projector DRLs on LS and LT trim levels. The 2018 Tahoe will have the Custom Edition package added as an option on the base LS trim level. The Chevy Tahoe LS trim level will feature a chrome grille, 18" painted aluminum wheels, 18" all season blackwall tires, and third row seat delete (which reduces passenger capacity to 5 seats from 8 seats) if ordered with the Custom Edition package. The GMC Yukon received a 10 speed automatic transmission on the Denali trim level and the GMC Yukon is facelifted for 2018 with a refreshed grille similiar to the one from the 2017 GMC Acadia and 2018 GMC Terrain.
2019[edit]
The 2019 model year Tahoe/Yukon will only see minor changes due to Chevrolet’s plans to introduce a fifth generation Tahoe/Yukon that are scheduled for unveiling in mid 2019 as 2020 models. One exterior color, Shadow Gray Metallic, will replace both Havana Metallic and Tungsten Metallic, and the Premier badge are added to the top of the line level trim models of the Chevy Tahoe.[35]
GMC Yukon Denali[edit]
Further information: GMC Denali
The GMC Denali nameplate started as the luxury version of the Yukon for the 1998 model year. The Denali is available on both standard and XL versions, and is the top-of-the-line trim in the GMC Yukon lineup.
1999[edit]
GMT400 GMC Yukon Denali
In 1998, at the time of its introduction, the Yukon Denali was GM's answer to the Lincoln Navigator, but then GM introduced a clone to the Yukon Denali and rebadged it "Escalade" under the Cadillac nameplate. The Yukon Denali's exterior was shared with the Cadillac Escalade, with the entire front clip and lower side body panels differing from the standard Yukon. In the interior, in addition, the Denali features luxury options not available in the Yukon. These included an upgraded leather interior, power seats, heated seats front and rear, Bose stereo system, and some woodgrain on the dashboard.
2001–2006[edit]
GMT800 GMC Yukon Denali
Even though the Yukon was redesigned alongside the Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe in 2000, the Denali and Escalade retained their 1990s base design. It was not until 2001 that the Denali and Escalade were redesigned. While the Escalade departed from its Yukon based exterior design scheme in attempt to hide its roots, the Yukon Denali's exterior is almost the same as that of a post-2000 model year GMT800 Yukon. Embossed side body panels and slightly reworked headlights with projector-beam lenses along with 17" polished wheels and different grille and front bumper differentiate the Yukon Denali from the regular Yukon. 2001 also saw the introduction of the billet grille which now has become the hallmark of the Denali nameplate.
2007–2014[edit]
2011 GMC Yukon Denali
The Yukon Denali was redesigned for the 2007 model year alongside the regular mainstream Yukon. The biggest change was in the styling, such as the flattened tailgate reminiscent of the new Tahoe, and particularly the grill and headlight shapes, which made the Yukon look less aggressive than previous models. The only exterior difference between the Yukon Denali and the standard Yukon are the chrome grille and extensive use of chrome accents; and of course the insignias, embeveled rockerpanels, chromed headlights and the Vortec 6200 engine which it shares with the Cadillac Escalade.
2015–present[edit]
GMC Yukon XL Denali
The Yukon Denali was redesigned and updated along with other GM SUVs in September 2013 and went to dealerships on February 5, 2014 as a 2015 model. The Yukon Denali continues with the top-of-the-line features (using the similar features found in the Tahoe LTZ trim) and the front grille honeycomb design, equipped with a new active noise-cancellation technology and GM's third-generation magnetic ride control suspension as a standard feature. In November 2014 The Yukon Denali saw its MSRP bumped up by $1,300 in part due to the loaded features added to its 2015 mid-year updates.[36]
Hybrid vehicle[edit]
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid used by Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley
GMC Yukon Hybrid
The Tahoe made its hybrid electric debut in late 2007.[37] In January 2008, starting price was US$50,540.[38] The starting price of the 2009 model was increased to US$51,405.[39]
The Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid uses a combination of its dual displacement 3.0/6.0 L V8 engine and two 60 kW (80 hp) (continuous) electric motors that charge a 300-volt nickel-metal hydride battery. The vehicle can run on either gasoline, electricity or a mixture of the two using automatic Two-Mode Hybrid system that monitors the vehicle's torque, and state of the battery to choose the most efficient source of power. The battery is charged either directly by generating electricity through driving one or both electric motors using the gasoline engine (while the vehicle is coasting or being driven by the gasoline engine), or by the wheels driving one or both electric motors through what is called "Regenerative braking" when the vehicle is decelerating, thus regaining some of the energy invested in forward momentum. The Tahoe is considered a strong or full hybrid, in that it can run entirely on the battery (for a limited range) at low speeds. In city driving, the EPA rating of fuel consumption for the 2WD version of the hybrid is 21 mpg‑US (11 L/100 km; 25 mpg‑imp). In comparison, non-hybrid varieties of the Tahoe are rated no higher than 15 mpg‑US (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg‑imp) in city driving. In highway driving, the EPA rating is 22 mpg‑US (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg‑imp).[40]
The Tahoe and Yukon Hybrid models were discontinued after the 2013 model year as GM moved to make their SUVs more fuel efficient with the introduction of the EcoTec engine that they would later install in the 2015 Tahoe and Yukon.
The Tahoe outside the United States[edit]
In Brazil the Tahoe GMT400 was sold under the name of "Grand Blazer", sourced from Argentina with rear-wheel drive only, regionally-sourced 6-cylinder engines (the late-type 4.1 M.P.F.I. Chevrolet straight-6 as the only gasoline-powered option and the 4.2L MWM Sprint 6.07T for those who preferred Diesel) and manual transmission. The GMT400 is used by Brazilian elite police units, such as the BOPE (Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais) in Rio de Janeiro and the ROTA (Rondas Ostensivas Tobias de Aguiar) and GATE (Grupo de Ações Taticas Especiais) in São Paulo. It is also used by the São Paulo State Police and the Rio Grande do Sul State Police. But as the cars grew old, the great majority of them were substituted, mainly by the smaller Chevrolet Blazer midsize SUV, the locally imported Ford Crown Victoria and Ford Police Interceptor Sedan. The Tahoe name was not used in Brazil because it would be unfamiliar to most Brazilians since it refers to the Lake Tahoe on the border of Nevada and California.
Another South American country, Chile, has incorporated this vehicle as transport unit for special operations unit (GOPE) of the Chilean Police (Carabineros de Chile) to carry communication equipment.
The Tahoe was also assembled in Venezuela from CKD kits for 3 generations, being phased out in 2014 along most of the local Chevrolet range due to unfavorable economic conditions and political circumstances. The 4th generation of the Tahoe has not been available in Venezuela.
In Ecuador, due to fiscal benefits to hybrid vehicles, the 3rd generation of the Tahoe had been offered only in the Hybrid versions until 2011. A review of the benefit to exclude hybrid vehicles with a displacement greater than 1.8L rendered the Tahoe Hybrid less cost-effective than the non-hybrid in Ecuador.
Police package[edit]
GMT800 Chevrolet Tahoe Police package
A Tahoe used for the Hoover Dam police
In North America, the Tahoe is used by many law enforcement agencies, fire departments, and EMS agencies. Prior to the announcement of the Z56 police package model the civilian base & LS models based on the GMT400 were used in police service. During the 1997 model year, the Tahoe was offered with the Z56 police option using suspension components from the discontinued 454SS truck – the first Tahoe Z56s were available only in 2WD until the GMT400 was phased out. The original prototype had rear disc brakes based on the B-body 9C1s whereas the production Z56s came with rear drum brakes. Plans for outfitting the Tahoe with the Z56 police package originated around the 1994 model year when GM broke news about phasing out its B-platform sedans (Caprice, Impala SS, Roadmaster) at the end of the 1996 model year where a replacement was imminent since GM ended production of its body-on-frame passenger sedans due to SUV sales. Since the introduction of the GMT900, Chevrolet currently offers two versions of the police package Tahoe; a four-wheel-drive version and a two-wheel-drive version. Just like the GMT400 based models civilian GMT800 Tahoe base & LS models were also used for police use until the Z56 police package option was reintroduced in 2004 late in the GMT800's life cycle by some agencies.
Chevrolet refers to the four-wheel drive (4WD) version as "Special Service Vehicle" (SSV) which has the 5W4 code. This version of the Tahoe can be used for all purposes except pursuits and high speed responses due to its high center of gravity just below the front window[41] (height, not location), thus having a higher probability of rolling-over at high speeds. This version is preferred by agencies where snow, ice, flooding, rough terrain, and ground clearance are common issues.[34]
Chevrolet refers to the two-wheel drive (2WD) version—also known as the rear-wheel drive (RWD) version—as "Police Pursuit Vehicle" (PPV). This version be used for all purposes including pursuits and high speed responses. The center of gravity in this vehicle is lower than that of the four-wheel-drive version and the ground clearance is about 1 in (25 mm) less, with a standard rear bumper replacing the tow hitch on civilian Tahoes. Highway patrol agencies prefer the two-wheel-drive version, where pursuits and long distance responses are more common. The two-wheel-drive Chevrolet Tahoe is the only pursuit-rated SUV on the market today, and as of the 2012 model year, the last body-on-frame, rear-wheel drive police vehicle manufactured for the United States market since Ford phased out its aging Panther platform while the Volvo XC90-based Ford Police Interceptor (known as the Ford Explorer in civilian trim). Other SUVs like the Ford Expedition are used by many law enforcement and EMS agencies, but are not pursuit rated.[35]
On November 11, 2013, Chevrolet announced that they will build a 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe Police Patrol Vehicle, that was previewed as a concept at the 2013 SEMA show in Las Vegas. The vehicle became available in 2WD and 4WD drivetrains with orders coming in the first quarter of 2014 for special service models, followed by the orders for the police pursuit models afterwards.
Military applications[edit]
Main article: Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle
LSSV
Overview
Manufacturer
General Motors, AM General
Model years
2001–present
Body and chassis
Body style
2-door SUV
4-door SUV
2-door pickup
4-door pickup
Platform
GM GMT880 platform
Powertrain
Engine
6.6 L Duramax V8
Transmission
4-speed 4L80-E automatic
5-speed Allison 1000 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
varies by model
Length
varies by model
Width
varies by model
Height
varies by model
Curb weight
varies by model
When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000, GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings. The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle in 2001. In 2005, LSSV production switched to AM General, a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings. The LSSV is a GM-built Chevrolet Silverado 1500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD, Chevrolet Tahoe, or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine. As GM has periodically redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001 to the present, LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically.[42]
The militarization of standard GM trucks/SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint (Forest Green, Desert Sand, or 3-color Camouflage), blackout lights, military bumpers, a brush guard, a NATO slave receptacle/NATO trailer receptacle, a pintle hook, tow shackles and a 24/12 volt electrical system. The dashboard has additional controls and dataplates. The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab, cargo tie down hooks, folding troop seats, pioneer tools, winches, and other military accessories.[42] In the Canadian Army these vehicles are nicknamed "Milverado".
The Enhanced Mobility Package (EMP) option adds an uprated suspension, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes, a locking rear differential, beadlock tires, a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades. About 2,000 LSSV units have been sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations.[42]
Variants[edit]
Cargo/Troop Carrier Pickup (2-door, Extended Cab, or 4-door Silverado)[42]
Cargo/Troop Carrier/Command Vehicle (4-door Tahoe)[42]
Cargo/Troop Carrier/Command Vehicle/Ambulance (4-door Suburban)[42]
Yearly American sales[edit]
Calendar year
Tahoe
GMC Yukon
Total U.S. sales
1998[43] 133,235 49,355 182,590
1999 122,213 53,280 175,493
2000[44] 149,834 56,297 206,131
2001 202,319 77,254 279,573
2002[45] 209,767 76,488 286,255
2003 199,065 86,238 285,303
2004[46] 186,161 86,571 272,732
2005 152,307 73,458 225,765
2006[47] 161,491 71,476 232,967
2007 146,259 63,428 209,687
2008[48] 91,578 39,064 130,642
2009[49] 73,254 29,411 102,665
2010[50] 75,675 28,781 104,456
2011[51] 80,527 34,250 114,777
2012 68,904 27,818 96,722
2013[52] 83,502 28,302 111,804
2014 97,726 41,569 139,295
2015[53] 88,342 42,732 131,074
2016[54] 103,306 53,447 156,753
2017[55] 98,961 49,183 148,144
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Chevrolet TAHOE RST 2018
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet Tahoe.
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Database encryption
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Database encryption can generally be defined as a process that uses an algorithm to transform data stored in a database into "cipher text" that is incomprehensible without first being decrypted.[1] It can therefore be said that the purpose of database encryption is to protect the data stored in a database from being accessed by individuals with potentially "malicious" intentions.[2] The act of encrypting a database also reduces the incentive for individuals to hack the aforementioned database as "meaningless" encrypted data is of little to no use for hackers.[3] There are multiple techniques and technologies available for database encryption, the most important of which will be detailed in this article.
Contents
[hide]
1 Transparent/External database encryption
2 Column-level encryption
3 Field-level encryption
4 Filesystem-level encryption
4.1 Encrypting File System (EFS)
5 Full disk encryption
6 Symmetric and asymmetric database encryption
6.1 Symmetric database encryption
6.2 Asymmetric database encryption
7 Key management
8 Hashing
8.1 Salting
8.2 Pepper
9 Application-level encryption
9.1 Advantages of application-level encryption
9.2 Disadvantages of application-level encryption
10 Risks of database encryption
11 References
Transparent/External database encryption[edit]
Transparent data encryption (often abbreviated as TDE) is used to encrypt an entire database,[2] which therefore involves encrypting "data at rest".[4] Data at rest can generally be defined as "inactive" data that is not currently being edited or pushed across at network.[5] As an example, a text file stored on a computer is "at rest" until it is opened and edited. Data at rest are stored on physical storage media solutions such as tapes or hard disk drives.[6] The act of storing large amounts of sensitive data on physical storage media naturally raises concerns of security and theft. TDE ensures that the data on physical storage media cannot be read by malicious individuals that may have the intention to steal them.[7] Data that cannot be read is worthless, thus reducing the incentive for theft. Perhaps the most important strength that is attributed to TDE is its transparency. Given that TDE encrypts all data it can be said that no applications need to be altered in order for TDE to run correctly.[8] It is important to note that TDE encrypts the entirety of the database as well as backups of the database. The transparent element of TDE has to do with the fact that TDE encrypts on "the page level", which essentially means that data is encrypted when stored and decrypted when it is called into the system's memory.[9] The contents of the database are encrypted using a symmetric key that is often referred to as a "database encryption key".[2]
Column-level encryption[edit]
In order to explain column-level encryption it is important to outline basic database structure. A typical relational database is divided into tables that are divided into columns that each have rows of data.[10] Whilst TDE usually encrypts an entire database, column-level encryption allows for individual columns within a database to be encrypted.[11] It is important to establish that the granularity of column-level encryption causes specific strengths and weaknesses to arise when compared to encrypting an entire database. Firstly, the ability to encrypt individual columns allows for column-level encryption to be significantly more flexible when compared to encryption systems that encrypt an entire database such as TDE. Secondly, it is possible to use an entirely unique and separate encryption key for each column within a database. This effectively increases the difficulty of generating rainbow tables which thus implies that the data stored within each column is less likely to be lost or leaked. The main disadvantage associated with column-level database encryption is speed, or a loss thereof. Encrypting separate columns with different unique keys in the same database can cause database performance to decrease, and additionally also decreases the speed at which the contents of the database can be indexed or searched.[12]
Field-level encryption[edit]
Experimental work is being done on providing database operations (like searching or arithmetical operations) on encrypted fields without the need to decrypt them.[13] Strong encryption is required to be randomized - a different result must be generated each time. This is known as probabilistic encryption. Field-level encryption is weaker than randomized encryption, but it allows users to test for equality without decrypting the data.[14]
Filesystem-level encryption[edit]
Main article: filesystem-level encryption
Encrypting File System (EFS)[edit]
Main article: Encrypting File System
It is important to note that traditional database encryption techniques normally encrypt and decrypt the contents of a database. Databases are managed by "Database Management Systems" (DBMS) that run on top of an existing operating system (OS).[15] This raises a potential security concern, as an encrypted database may be running on an accessible and potentially vulnerable operating system. EFS can encrypt data that is not part of a database system, which implies that the scope of encryption for EFS is much wider when compared to a system such as TDE that is only capable of encrypting database files. Whilst EFS does widen the scope of encryption, it also decreases database performance and can cause administration issues as system administrators require operating system access to use EFS. Due to the issues concerning performance, EFS is not typically used in databasing applications that require frequent database input and output. In order to offset the performance issues it is often recommended that EFS systems be used in environments with few users.[16]
Full disk encryption[edit]
Main article: full disk encryption
BitLocker does not have the same performance concerns associated with EFS.[16]
Symmetric and asymmetric database encryption[edit]
A visual demonstration of symmetric encryption
Symmetric database encryption[edit]
Symmetric encryption in the context of database encryption involves a private key being applied to data that is stored and called from a database. This private key alters the data in a way that causes it to be unreadable without first being decrypted.[17] Data is encrypted when saved, and decrypted when opened given that the user knows the private key. Thus if the data is to be shared through a database the receiving individual must have a copy of the secret key used by the sender in order to decrypt and view the data.[18] A clear disadvantage related to symmetric encryption is that sensitive data can be leaked if the private key is spread to individuals that should not have access to the data.[17] However, given that only one key is involved in the encryption process it can generally be said that speed is an advantage of symmetric encryption.[19]
Asymmetric database encryption[edit]
Asymmetric encryption expands on symmetric encryption by incorporating two different types of keys into the encryption method: private and public keys.[20] A public key can be accessed by anyone and is unique to one user whereas a private key is a secret key that is unique to and only known by one user.[21] In most scenarios the public key is the encryption key whereas the private key is the decryption key. As an example, if individual A would like to send a message to individual B using asymmetric encryption, he would encrypt the message using Individual B's public key and then send the encrypted version. Individual B would then be able to decrypt the message using his private key. Individual C would not be able to decrypt Individual A's message, as Individual C's private key is not the same as Individual B's private key.[22] Asymmetric encryption is often described as being more secure in comparison to symmetric database encryption given that private keys do not need to be shared as two separate keys handle encryption and decryption processes.[23]
Key management[edit]
The "Symmetric & Asymmetric Database Encryption" section introduced the concept of public and private keys with basic examples in which users exchange keys. The act of exchanging keys becomes impractical from a logistical point of view, when many different individuals need to communicate with each-other. In database encryption the system handles the storage and exchange of keys. This process is called key management. If encryption keys are not managed and stored properly, highly sensitive data may be leaked. Additionally, if a key management system deletes or loses a key, the information that was encrypted via said key is essentially rendered "lost" as well. The complexity of key management logistics is also a topic that needs to be taken into consideration. As the number of application that a firm uses increases, the number of keys that need to be stored and managed increases as well. Thus it is necessary to establish a way in which keys from all applications can be managed through a single channel, which is also known as enterprise key management.[24] Enterprise Key Management Solutions are sold by a great number of suppliers in the technology industry. These systems essentially provide a centralised key management solution that allows administrators to manage all keys in a system through one hub.[25] Thus it can be said that the introduction of enterprise key management solutions has the potential to lessen the risks associated with key management in the context of database encryption, as well as to reduce the logistical troubles that arise when many individuals attempt to manually share keys.[24]
Hashing[edit]
Hashing is used in database systems as a method to protect sensitive data such as passwords; however it is also used to improve the efficiency of database referencing.[26] Inputted data is manipulated by a hashing algorithm. The hashing algorithm converts the inputted data into a string of fixed length that can then be stored in a database. Hashing systems have two crucially important characteristics that will now be outlined. Firstly, hashes are "unique and repeatable". As an example, running the word "cat" through the same hashing algorithm multiple times will always yield the same hash, however it is extremely difficult to find a word that will return the same hash that "cat" does.[27] Secondly, hashing algorithms are not reversible. To relate this back to the example provided above, it would be nearly impossible to convert the output of the hashing algorithm back to the original input, which was "cat".[28] In the context of database encryption, hashing is often used in password systems. When a user first creates their password it is run through a hashing algorithm and saved as a hash. When the user logs back into the website, the password that they enter is run through the hashing algorithm and is then compared to the stored hash.[29] Given the fact that hashes are unique, if both hashes match then it is said that the user inputted the correct password. One example of a popular hash function is SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) 256.[30]
Salting[edit]
One issue that arises when using hashing for password management in the context of database encryption is the fact that a malicious user could potentially use an Input to Hash table rainbow table[31] for the specific hashing algorithm that the system uses. This would effectively allow the individual to decrypt the hash and thus have access to stored passwords.[32] A solution for this issue is to 'salt' the hash. Salting is the process of encrypting more than just the password in a database. The more information that is added to a string that is to be hashed, the more difficult it becomes to collate rainbow tables. As an example, a system may combine a user's email and password into a single hash. This increase in the complexity of a hash means that it is far more difficult and thus less likely for rainbow tables to be generated. This naturally implies that the threat of sensitive data loss is minimised through salting hashes.[33]
Pepper[edit]
Some systems incorporate a "pepper" in addition to salts in their hashing systems. Pepper systems are controversial, however it is still necessary to explain their use.[31] A pepper is a value that is added to a hashed password that has been salted.[34] This pepper is often unique to one website or service, and it is important to note that the same pepper is usually added to all passwords saved in a database.[35] In theory the inclusion of peppers in password hashing systems has the potential to decrease the risk of rainbow (Input : Hash) tables, given the system-level specificity of peppers, however the real world benefits of pepper implementation are highly disputed.[34]
Application-level encryption[edit]
In application-level encryption, the process of encrypting data is completed by the application that has been used to generate or modify the data that is to be encrypted. Essentially this means that data is encrypted before it is written to the database. This unique approach to encryption allows for the encryption process to be tailored to each user based on the information (such as entitlements or roles) that the application knows about its users.[35]
Advantages of application-level encryption[edit]
One of the most important advantages of application-level encryption is the fact that application-level encryption has the potential to simplify the encryption process used by a company. If an application encrypts the data that it writes/modifies from a database then a secondary encryption tool will not need to be integrated into the system.The second main advantage relates to the overarching theme of theft. Given that data is encrypted before it is written to the server, a hacker would need to have access to the database contents as well as the applications that were used to encrypt and decrypt the contents of the database in order to decrypt sensitive data.[36]
Disadvantages of application-level encryption[edit]
The first important disadvantage of Application-level encryption is that applications used by a firm will need to be modified to encrypt data themselves. This has the potential to consume a significant amount of time and other resources. Given the nature of opportunity cost firms may not believe that application-level encryption is worth the investment. In addition, application-level encryption may have a limiting effect on database performance. If all data on a database is encrypted by a multitude of different applications then it becomes impossible to index or search data on the database. To ground this in reality in the form of a basic example: it would be impossible to construct a glossary in a single language for a book that was written in 30 languages. Lastly the complexity of key management increases, as multiple different applications need to have the authority and access to encrypt data and write it to the database.[36]
Risks of database encryption[edit]
When discussing the topic of database encryption it is imperative to be aware of the risks that are involved in the process. The first set of risks are related to key management. If private keys are not managed in an "isolated system", system administrators with malicious intentions may have the ability to decrypt sensitive data using keys that they have access to. The fundamental principle of keys also gives rise to a potentially devastating risk: if keys are lost then the encrypted data is essentially lost as well, as decryption without keys is almost impossible.[37]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Transparent Data Encryption with Azure SQL Database". msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
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Jump up ^ "Optimized and Controlled Provisioning of Encrypted Outsourced Data" (PDF). www.fkerschbaum.org.
Jump up ^ Suciu, Dan (2012). "Technical Perspective: SQL on an Encrypted Database". Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM.
Jump up ^ Spooner, David L.; Gudes, E. (1984-05-01). "A Unifying Approach to the Design of a Secure Database Operating System". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. SE-10 (3): 310–319. doi:10.1109/TSE.1984.5010240. ISSN 0098-5589.
^ Jump up to: a b "Database Encryption in SQL Server 2008 Enterprise Edition". technet.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Description of Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
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Jump up ^ "What is asymmetric cryptography and how do I use it?". Two Factor Authenticity. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Advantages and Disadvantages of Asymmetric and Symmetric Cryptosystems" (PDF). University of Babylon. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Encryption key management is vital to securing enterprise data storage". ComputerWeekly. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ "What is Enterprise Key Management?". web.townsendsecurity.com. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ "What is hashing? - Definition from WhatIs.com". SearchSQLServer. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "How data encryption software creates one way hash files using the sha1 hashing algorithm". www.metamorphosite.com. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Understanding Encryption – Symmetric, Asymmetric, & Hashing". Atomic Spin. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "PHP: Password Hashing - Manual". php.net. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "JavaScript Implementation of SHA-256 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm | Movable Type Scripts". www.movable-type.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Salt and pepper - How to encrypt database passwords". blog.kablamo.org. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "PHP: Password Hashing - Manual". php.net. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Why You Should Always Salt Your Hashes - Web Development in Brighton - Added Bytes". Added Bytes. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "ircmaxell's blog: Properly Salting Passwords, The Case Against Pepper". blog.ircmaxell.com. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Application Encryption from Thales e-Security". www.thales-esecurity.com. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Baccam, Tanya (April 2010). "Transparent Data Encryption: New Technologies and Best Practices for Database Encryption". Sans.org. SANS Institute. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Database Encryption: Challenges, Risks, and Solutions". www.thales-esecurity.com. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
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