text:
Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)
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Who Do You Think You Are?
Genre
Documentary
Narrated by
David Morrissey (2004)
Mark Strong (2006–2012)
Cherie Lunghi (2013–2016)
Phil Davis (2017–)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
14
No. of episodes
128 and 2 specials
(as of 7 September 2017 or
Series 14, Episode 9)

Specials:
11 July 2007:
Adoption Special

6 August 2014:
10 Years, 100 Shows Special
Production
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Wall to Wall
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Productions UK
Release
Original network
BBC Two (2004–06)
BBC One (2006–)
Original release
12 October 2004 (2004-10-12) – present
External links
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007t575
For the U.S. series of the same name, see Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series).
Who Do You Think You Are? is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004. In each episode, a celebrity traces their family tree. It is made by the production company Wall to Wall. The show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers.[1] More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
1.1 Series 1 (2004)
1.2 Series 2 (2006)
1.3 Series 3 (2006)
1.4 Adoption special (2007)
1.5 Series 4 (2007)
1.6 Series 5 (2008)
1.7 Series 6 (2009)
1.8 Series 7 (2010)
1.9 Series 8 (2011)
1.10 Series 9 (2012)
1.11 Series 10 (2013)
1.12 Series 11 (2014)
1.13 Series 12 (2015)
1.14 Series 13 (2016–17)
1.15 Series 14 (2017)
2 Awards and nominations
3 Media releases
4 Other countries
4.1 International versions
5 Similar programmes
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Episodes[edit]
Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two, and the first was the channel's highest-rating programme of 2004. This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards. The current narrator, as of Series 14 in 2017, is Phil Davis. Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series, which was nominated for "Best Factual Series or Strand" in the 2005 BAFTAs; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13.
In the first series, the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree. In 2007, a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC's "Family Wanted" campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born.[2]
The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer-Wade, who also provided the background music for earlier episodes. The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe.
Series 1 (2004)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Bill Oddie 12 October 2004 (2004-10-12) 5.79
Oddie, brought up by his father and paternal grandmother, goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother-in-law. Then he learns more about his grandmother's life, her husband and family in Rochdale, Lancashire. He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton, Lancashire.
2
Amanda Redman 19 October 2004 (2004-10-19) 4.63
3
Sue Johnston 26 October 2004 (2004-10-26) 4.25
4
Jeremy Clarkson 2 November 2004 (2004-11-02) 4.95
5
Ian Hislop 9 November 2004 (2004-11-09) 4.96
Hislop, who was 12 when his father died, never met his grandfathers. Hislop traces his family history by traveling to his late mother's native Jersey, where for five years of her childhood, the island was occupied by Nazi Germany. He travels to Clary, France, where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line. He then goes to South Africa, where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War. While in South Africa, he discovered his father's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch.
6
Moira Stuart 16 November 2004 (2004-11-16) 5.35
7
David Baddiel 23 November 2004 (2004-11-23) 4.60
8
Lesley Garrett 30 November 2004 (2004-11-30) 4.41
9
Meera Syal 7 December 2004 (2004-12-07) 3.97
10
Vic Reeves 14 December 2004 (2004-12-14) 4.46
Series 2 (2006)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Jeremy Paxman 11 January 2006 (2006-01-11) 5.48
2
Sheila Hancock 18 January 2006 (2006-01-18) 5.43
3
Stephen Fry 25 January 2006 (2006-01-25) 5.86
4
Julian Clary 1 February 2006 (2006-02-01) 5.94
5
Jane Horrocks 8 February 2006 (2006-02-08) 5.64
6
Gurinder Chadha 15 February 2006 (2006-02-15) 3.96
Series 3 (2006)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Barbara Windsor 6 September 2006 (2006-09-06) 6.40
2
Robert Lindsay 13 September 2006 (2006-09-13) 5.95
3
Colin Jackson 20 September 2006 (2006-09-20) 5.19
4
David Tennant 27 September 2006 (2006-09-27) 5.75
Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull, and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands. He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s, and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order. He is disturbed to learn that his great-grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry, Northern Ireland, and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday.
5
David Dickinson 4 October 2006 (2006-10-04) 5.80
6
Nigella Lawson 11 October 2006 (2006-10-11) 6.15
She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany, leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian-Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed.[4] She also uncovered that her maternal great-great-great grandfather, Coenraad Sammes (later Coleman Joseph), had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft.
7
Jeremy Irons 18 October 2006 (2006-10-18) 5.82
8
Julia Sawalha 25 October 2006 (2006-10-25) 5.54
Adoption special (2007)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Nicky Campbell 11 July 2007 (2007-07-11) 4.32
Campbell traces his adoptive family's roots in Scotland and Australia.
Series 4 (2007)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Natasha Kaplinsky 6 September 2007 (2007-09-06) 6.78
Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin's family. This includes the death of family members during the "liquidation" – massacre – of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia. Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III.
2
John Hurt 13 September 2007 (2007-09-13) 5.80
3
Griff Rhys Jones 20 September 2007 (2007-09-20) 5.75
4
Carol Vorderman 27 September 2007 (2007-09-27) 6.53
Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation. He died while the programme was being filmed. Her great-grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins.
5
Alistair McGowan 4 October 2007 (2007-10-04) 6.17
6
Graham Norton 11 October 2007 (2007-10-11) 6.88
It was discovered that Norton's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth, South Yorkshire, who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land. Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre. Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen.
7
Matthew Pinsent 18 November 2007 (2007-11-18) 6.57
Series 5 (2008)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Patsy Kensit 13 August 2008 (2008-08-13) 7.10
2
Boris Johnson 20 August 2008 (2008-08-20) 7.04
3
Jerry Springer 27 August 2008 (2008-08-27) 6.71
Springer, who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age, travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939. He discovered that someone in England paid £50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents, but the rest of the family was left behind. He travels to his great-grandfather's hometown of Neustettin (now Szczecinek, Poland), where his great grandfather, Abraham Springer, successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881. Springer then travels to Łódź, where his maternal grandmother, Marie Kallmann, was deported in 1941. She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942. Springer's paternal grandmother, Selma Springer, died in Theresienstadt concentration camp.
4
Esther Rantzen 3 September 2008 (2008-09-03) 6.44
5
Ainsley Harriott 10 September 2008 (2008-09-10) 6.70
6
David Suchet 17 September 2008 (2008-09-17) 6.79
Suchet, who has a love of water, discovers that his maternal great-great-great-grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England. His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews, and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey, Prussia, South Africa, and then the United Kingdom. He learns about his grandfather and great-grandfather, both of whom were noted photographers.
7
Jodie Kidd 24 September 2008 (2008-09-24) 5.87
8
Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen 29 September 2008 (2008-09-29) 4.72
Series 6 (2009)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 (2009-02-02) 6.44
2
Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 (2009-02-09) 5.86
3
Rick Stein 16 February 2009 (2009-02-16) 5.64
4
Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 (2009-02-23) 5.82
5
Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 (2009-03-02) 5.99
6
Davina McCall 15 July 2009 (2009-07-15) 6.92
7
Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 (2009-07-22) 5.23
8
Kate Humble 29 July 2009 (2009-07-29) 5.19
9
David Mitchell 5 August 2009 (2009-08-05) 4.55
10
Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 (2009-08-12) 6.27
Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather, George Baugh's mysterious disappearance in 1938. She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children. The episode reveals that Baugh's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961, and had lived there until Baugh's death in 1974.
11
Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 (2009-08-19) 6.48
Freeman researches his paternal grandfather, whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II. He discovers that his great-grandfather was blind, married three times, and meets a cousin he never knew he had. He also discovers how syphilis (a common disease at the time) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Series 7 (2010)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Bruce Forsyth[5] 19 July 2010 (2010-07-19) 7.22
2
Rupert Everett 26 July 2010 (2010-07-26) 5.97
3
Dervla Kirwan 2 August 2010 (2010-08-02) 5.58
Growing up, Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how. She discovers he was her great-great uncle: his sister, Margaret Collins O'Driscoll, was the mother of Kirwan's maternal grandfather. Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather, Finian O'Driscoll, was involved in the IRA. She travels to Clonakilty, County Cork, birthplace of Michael Collins. On her father's side, she finds out her great grandfather, Henry Kahn, was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century. Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland, after the Catholic church refused to marry them.
4
Monty Don 9 August 2010 (2010-08-09) 5.95
5
Rupert Penry-Jones 16 August 2010 (2010-08-16) 5.68
Penry-Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry. His great-great-great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers, and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He discovers Johnstone's wife, Louisa Collum, was of Anglo-Indian heritage.
6
Alexander Armstrong 23 August 2010 (2010-08-23) 6.46
Armstrong traces his mother's side of the family, who are descended from Irish landed gentry. The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse-Boughton family, to Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts, Dukes of Somerset.
7
Jason Donovan 30 August 2010 (2010-08-30) 5.55
8
Hugh Quarshie 6 September 2010 (2010-09-06) 5.42
9
Alan Cumming 13 September 2010 (2010-09-13) 5.15
Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather, whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya. He learns about his grandfather's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II, his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign, and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya.
Series 8 (2011)[edit]
#
Celebrity[6][7]
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
June Brown 10 August 2011 (2011-08-10) 6.62
2
J.K. Rowling 17 August 2011 (2011-08-17) 7.00
Rowling researches her mother's paternal great-grandfather, Louis Volant, a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s. Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War. She also learns about Volant's mother, Salomée Schuch, an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth. At age 17, she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace – which became part of the German Empire during the Franco-Prussian War – to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis' father.
3
Sebastian Coe 24 August 2011 (2011-08-24) 5.45
4
Larry Lamb 31 August 2011 (2011-08-31) 5.45
5
Emilia Fox 7 September 2011 (2011-09-07) 6.06
Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from. Fox's father believes that Fox's paternal grandfather, Robin Fox, a theatrical agent, likely would have wanted to be an actor. Fox learns that Robin's mother was Hilda Hanbury, an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s. Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree, though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles. Fox also learns that Sampson Fox, father of Hanbury's husband Arthur ("Willie") was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company. With his large fortune, Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London. However, Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors.
6
Alan Carr 14 September 2011 (2011-09-14) 5.49
7
Robin Gibb 21 September 2011 (2011-09-21) 4.37
8
Richard Madeley[8] 28 September 2011 (2011-09-28) 5.05
9
Len Goodman 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) 5.03
10
Tracey Emin 12 October 2011 (2011-10-12) Unknown (under 4.21)
Series 9 (2012)[edit]
#
Celebrity[9]
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Samantha Womack 15 August 2012 (2012-08-15) 5.30
2
Gregg Wallace 22 August 2012 (2012-08-22) 5.46
3
Patrick Stewart 29 August 2012 (2012-08-29) 4.58
4
Annie Lennox 5 September 2012 (2012-09-05) 4.86
5
Hugh Dennis 12 September 2012 (2012-09-12) 4.87
6
Alex Kingston 19 September 2012 (2012-09-19) 4.97
7
William Roache 26 September 2012 (2012-09-26) 4.30
8
Celia Imrie 10 October 2012 (2012-10-10) 4.89
9
John Barnes 17 October 2012 (2012-10-17) Unknown (under 4.10)
10
John Bishop 6 December 2012 (2012-12-06) 5.53
Series 10 (2013)[edit]
#
Celebrity[10]
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Una Stubbs 24 July 2013 (2013-07-24) 5.24
2
Nigel Havers 31 July 2013 (2013-07-31) 5.39
3
Minnie Driver 7 August 2013 (2013-08-07) 4.95
4
Lesley Sharp 14 August 2013 (2013-08-14) 4.52
5
Gary Lineker 21 August 2013 (2013-08-21) 5.37
6
Nick Hewer 28 August 2013 (2013-08-28) 4.52
7
Nitin Ganatra 4 September 2013 (2013-09-04) 4.31
8
Sarah Millican 11 September 2013 (2013-09-11) 4.57
9
Marianne Faithfull 18 September 2013 (2013-09-18) 3.78
10
John Simpson 25 September 2013 (2013-09-25) 3.99
Series 11 (2014)[edit]
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
—
Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows[11] 6 August 2014 (2014-08-06) Unknown (under 3.34)
1
Julie Walters[12] 7 August 2014 (2014-08-07) 5.23
Walters traces her Irish great-grandfather, Anthony Clarke.
2
Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 (2014-08-14) 5.31
Blessed traces his great-great-great-grandfather, Barnabus Blessed, a bookbinder, and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth, his four children were left orphans. Blessed's great-great-grandfather, Jabez Blessed, became a "real life Oliver Twist".[13]
3
Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 (2014-08-21) 4.94
4
Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 (2014-08-28) 6.06
5
Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 (2014-09-04) 4.74
6
Mary Berry 11 September 2014 (2014-09-11) 4.75
7
Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 (2014-09-18) 5.39
8
Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 (2014-09-25) 4.18
9
Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 (2014-10-02) 5.74
10
Twiggy 9 October 2014 (2014-10-09) 5.33
Series 12 (2015)[edit]
On 23 June 2015, the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12, which began on 13 August 2015.[14][15]
#
Celebrity
Original air date[16]
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Paul Hollywood 13 August 2015 (2015-08-13) 5.08
2
Jane Seymour 20 August 2015 (2015-08-20) 5.14
Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II.
3
Derek Jacobi 27 August 2015 (2015-08-27) 4.68
Jacobi, a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics, travels to France, where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution. His sixth great-grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne, a prominent financier of Louis XIV, lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701. He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London. In 1708, two years before his death, the 70-year-old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide, sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide, and 45 years his junior. In 1709 they had a son, Guillaume, who was baptised with William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather. Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire.
4
Jerry Hall 3 September 2015 (2015-09-03) 4.38
5
Gareth Malone 10 September 2015 (2015-09-10) 4.56
6
Anne Reid 17 September 2015 (2015-09-17) 4.70
7
Frank Gardner 24 September 2015 (2015-09-24) 4.41
8
Anita Rani 1 October 2015 (2015-10-01) 4.38
9
Mark Gatiss 8 October 2015 (2015-10-08) Unknown (under 3.80)
10
Frances de la Tour 22 October 2015 (2015-10-22) 3.83
Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage. Her great-great-great-great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley, stepdaughter of Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, married captain Alan Gardner in 1796. They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis, nephew of the Earl of Strathmore. Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis, Henry Fenton Gardner (born in 1802), who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case, in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage. De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis' mother, the Hon. Sophia Ann (née Delaval), daughter of John Delaval, 1st Baron Delaval. De la Tour discovers Sophia's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry, and rushing to marry a man beneath her status, John Jadis. After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis, Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially. She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38.
Series 13 (2016–17)[edit]
On 13 July, the line-up for the 13th series was confirmed.[17] The series started on 24 November 2016.
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Danny Dyer 24 November 2016 (2016-11-24) 5.45
Dyer discovers that his 3×great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby, who died, that his 15× great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell, his 14× great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour, the sister of Jane Seymour, who was Henry VIII's third wife and Queen, and that his 22× great grandfather was Edward III.
2
Amanda Holden 1 December 2016 (2016-12-01) 4.71
Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother's side. She discovers that her 5× great-grandfather Collin Thomas served a year's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15. Following his sentence, he enlisted in the British Army's 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War. In 1814, while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France, he met a local woman, Radegonde Charbonnel. He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out, married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family, moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards. She also discovers that her paternal grandfather, Frank Holden, a psychiatric nurse, survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria, which sank with the loss of thousands of lives, outside the port of Saint-Nazaire.
3
Liz Bonnin 8 December 2016 (2016-12-08) 3.94
Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family's Indian heritage, discovering that her 2× great-grandfather, Timothy Sirju, travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872, where he worked as an indentured servant. She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family's French heritage and discovers that her 3× great-grandfather, François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux, was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves, Marie Joseph, in 1835, and was actually born a slave. He and his mother, Pauline Zoé, were freed by his father, also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux, and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner.
4
Cheryl 15 December 2016 (2016-12-15) 4.81
Cheryl researches her maternal family. Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl's forebears. When tracing further back, in one of the branches of her paternal line, researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners. The investigation into Cheryl's maternal line shows that her grandmother, Olga Ridley, was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton, the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage. Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and, from an examination of the census, before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman.
5
Ricky Tomlinson 22 December 2016 (2016-12-22) 4.28
6
Ian McKellen 25 January 2017 (2017-01-25) 4.21
McKellen discovers that his great uncle, Frank Lowes, was an actor, and his great-great-grandfather, Robert Lowes, campaigned for a half-holiday for Manchester's workers on Saturdays, an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend.
7
Greg Davies 1 February 2017 (2017-02-01) 4.63
8
Warwick Davis 15 February 2017 (2017-02-15) 5.24
9
Sunetra Sarker 22 February 2017 (2017-02-22) 3.97
10
Sophie Raworth 8 March 2017 (2017-03-08) 4.45
Series 14 (2017)[edit]
On June 23, the BBC announced the line-up for the series' 14th series, which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One. The remaining[clarification needed] five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton, comedienne Ruby Wax, actor and director Noel Clarke, singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond.
#
Celebrity
Original air date
Viewers (millions)[3]
1
Charles Dance 6 July 2017 (2017-07-06) TBA
2
Craig Revel Horwood 13 July 2017 (2017-07-13) TBA
3
Clare Balding 20 July 2017 (2017-07-20) TBA
4
Adil Ray 27 July 2017 (2017-07-27) TBA
5
Emma Willis 3 August 2017 (2017-08-03) TBA
6
Lulu 17 August 2017 (2017-08-17) TBA
7
Fearne Cotton 24 August 2017 (2017-08-24) TBA
8
Noel Clarke 31 August 2017 (2017-08-31) TBA
9
Lisa Hammond 7 September 2017 (2017-09-07) TBA
10
Ruby Wax 4 October 2017 (2017-10-04) TBA
Awards and nominations[edit]
The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series.[18]
Media releases[edit]
Series 1 – 11 of Who Do You Think You Are? are available on DVD in the UK (Region 2).
In October 2007, BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine, a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series.
The series 1–4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are? is available, distributed by Acorn Media UK.[19]
Complete Series
Release dates
DVD Extras
and
Bonus Features
Number
Of Discs
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
The Complete
First Series
TBA 5 March 2007 17 September 2008 Unseen Footage, First Steps to Researching Your Family 3
The Complete
Second Series
TBA 4 September 2007 12 November 2008 Unseen Footage 2
The Complete
Third Series
TBA 12 January 2009 18 March 2009 None 3
The Complete
Fourth Series
TBA 3 August 2009 20 May 2009 Special episode in conjunction with the BBC's "Family Wanted" campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born. 3
The Complete
Fifth Series
TBA 1 February 2010 TBA Three behind-the-scenes features 3
The Complete
Sixth Series
TBA 6 September 2010 TBA None 4
The Complete
Seventh Series
TBA 7 March 2011 TBA None 3
The Complete
Eighth Series
TBA 20 August 2012[20] TBA None 3
The Complete
Ninth Series
TBA 5 August 2013[21] TBA None 3
The Complete
Tenth Series
TBA 22 September 2014[22] TBA None 3
The Complete
Eleventh Series
TBA 10 November 2014[23] TBA Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows 3
Other countries[edit]
See also: Who Do You Think You Are? (disambiguation)
The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies, who have produced their own individual versions:
TVP1 has aired a Polish version, called Sekrety rodzinne, which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007.
In September 2007, a first series of Canadian version, consisting of 13 episodes, aired on CBC Television.
An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008, after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry, Bill Oddie, Julia Sawalha, Jeremy Clarkson, Gurinder Chadha, and Nigella Lawson.
In 2008, ARD's Das Erste aired the German version, called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ("The secret of my family"). They aired four episodes featuring Marie-Luise Marjan, Armin Rohde, Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay.
Ireland's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009. The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon, Dana, Rosanna Davison, and Dermot Gavin.[24][25] The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland.
Sveriges Television, the Swedish public service broadcaster, aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är? in 2009. Later that year, in May and June, they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry, Jeremy Irons, Nigella Lawson, John Hurt, and Jane Horrocks.
Also on 31 May 2009, South African station SABC2 premiered its version, split into two parts, featuring local personalities.[26]
An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC. In Britain, this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010.
In 2010, the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden ("Hidden Past") of the show started. Thus far, eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017. From 2005 to 2008, four series of the show Verre Verwanten ("Distant Relatives") were shown on Dutch television.
In September 2010, the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version, called Ved du hvem du er?.
On 1 September 2010, France 2 aired two episodes of the French version, Retour aux Sources, featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié [27]
In January 2011, the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version, called Hvem tror du at du er?
Starting on 9 January 2012, Finland's national public-broadcasting company, YLE, aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version, called Kuka oikein olet?, in which local public figures searched for their origins.[28]
A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV, called Finding Your Roots, with Henry Louis Gates. This series adds DNA profiling to the format; including Y-chromosome DNA, mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships. The series started airing on 25 March 2012.[citation needed]
In January 2013, Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show, called Tajemství rodu ("The secret of the lineage").[29]
Starting 15 January 2013, RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És? ("Who Do You Think You Are?") at the 10:30 pm timeslot. The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José, the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu, the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané.[citation needed]
International versions[edit]
Country
Local Name
Network
Air Dates
Australia Who Do You Think You Are? SBS One January 2008 – present
Canada
Quebec Who Do You Think You Are? CBC Television 11 October 2007 – 31 January 2008
Qui êtes-vous? (Who Are You?) ICI Radio-Canada Télé 8 November 2013
Czech Republic Tajemství rodu (The Secret of the Family) ČT1 9 January 2013
Denmark Ved du hvem du er? (Do You Know Who You Are?) DR1 15 September 2010 – 17 March 2012
Finland Kuka oikein olet? (Who Are You?) Yle TV1 9 January 2012
France Retour aux Sources (Back to Basics) France 2 1 September 2010
Germany Das Geheimnis meiner Familie (The Secret of My Family) Das Erste 31 March 2008 –
Ireland Who Do You Think You Are RTÉ One 15 September 2008 – 19 October 2009
Israel מי אתה חושב שאתה? (Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata) Channel 1 4 February 2010
Netherlands Verborgen verleden (Hidden Past) Nederland 2 29 September 2010 – present
Norway Hvem tror du at du er? NRK1 January 2011 – present
Poland Sekrety rodzinne (Family Secrets) TVP1 November 2006 – March 2007
Portugal Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És? RTP1 15 January 2013
Russia Моя родословная (My Family Tree) Channel One Russia 1 July 2009 – 12 February 2011
South Africa Who Do You Think You Are? SABC2 31 May 2009
Sweden Vem tror du att du är? SVT1 Spring 2009
United States Who Do You Think You Are? NBC (2010–12)
TLC (2013–present) 5 March 2010 – present
Similar programmes[edit]
BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home, which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background.[30][31] In 2007, Wall to Wall developed You Don't Know You're Born for ITV1. The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors' jobs. UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007.
A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself, discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel-owner, respectively.[32]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "6.4 million uncover Davina's family history". Digital Spy. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? with Nicky Campbell". Who Do You Think You Are. 11 July 2007. BBC. BBC Two.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Top 30 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson. BBC Who Do You Think You Are?, 26 September 2006; retrieved 5 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History". BBC News. 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Featured Articles – BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are?". TheGenealogist.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton (12 April 2011). "This year's Who Do You Think You Are? celebrities revealed". Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ richardm56 (1 August 2011). "Yup. Sep 28, 9pm BBC1". Twitter. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Elton, Matt (9 February 2012). "Who Do You Think You Are? 2012: new series celebrities revealed". Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? 2013: new celebrities revealed". Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows". BBC. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Julie Walters". BBC. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah (9 August 2014). "Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers 'real-life Oliver Twist' in the family". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Carl (22 June 2015). "Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood, Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall". The Mirror. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are?". BBC. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC reveals WDYTYA? 2015 running order". Who Do You Think You Are Magazine. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Methven, Nicola (13 July 2016). "Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Television Awards Winners in 2010". BAFTA. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon". Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series Eight [DVD]: Alan Carr, June Brown, J. K. Rowling, Larry Lamb, Robin Gibb, Emilia Fox: Film & TV". Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series Nine [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series 10 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series 11 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are%3F (Irish TV series)". RTÉ. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ About The Show {Series 2} Who Do You Think You Are? RTÉ
Jump up ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? (SA)". TVSA. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retour aux sources, TV Show", Facebook.
Jump up ^ "Sarja: Kuka oikein olet? Ohjelmat Yle.fi". YLE. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tajemství rodu" [Secrets of the family] (in Czech). Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coming Home, Coming Soon". South East Wales. BBC Wales. 11 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Coming Home Coming Soon". Mid Wales. BBC Wales. 28 January 2008.
Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017
References[edit]
"Who Do You Think You Are? Series one: Celebrity Gallery". BBC History.
"Who Do You Think You Are? Series two: Celebrity Gallery". BBC History.
"Who Do You Think You Are? Series three: Celebrity Gallery". BBC History.
"Who Do You Think You Are? Series four: Celebrity Gallery". BBC History.
"Who Do You Think You Are? Series five: Celebrity Gallery". BBC History.
"Who Do You Think You Are? NBC Info Page With Celebrity Links". Footnote.com.
External links[edit]
"Who Do You Think You Are?". BBC Programmes.
Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine BBC
Who Do You Think You Are? Story
Family History at BBC Online
Who Do You Think You Are? on IMDb
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Star-crossed
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the phrase. For other uses, see Star-crossed (disambiguation).
The phrase "star-crossed lovers" was coined in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
"Star-crossed" or "star-crossed lovers" is a phrase describing a pair of lovers whose relationship is often thwarted by outside forces. The term encompasses other meanings, but originally means the pairing is being "thwarted by a malign star" or that the stars are working against the relationship.[1] Astrological in origin, the phrase stems from the belief that the positions of the stars ruled over people's fates, and is best known from the play Romeo and Juliet by the Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare. Such pairings are often said to be doomed from the start.
Contents
1 Definitions
2 Famous examples
3 Modern examples
4 See also
5 References
Definitions[edit]
The phrase was coined in the prologue of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet:
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes,
A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life (5–6).[2]
It also refers to destiny and the inevitability of the two characters' paths crossing. It usually but not always refers to unlucky outcomes, since Romeo and Juliet's affair ended tragically. Further, it connotes that the lovers entered into their union without sufficient forethought or preparation; that the lovers may not have had adequate knowledge of each other or that they were not thinking rationally.[1]
(The original texts of the prologue, Q1 and Q2, use the spelling "starre-crost", but the version "star-cross'd" is normally used in modern versions.)
Famous examples[edit]
Tristan and Isolde
Layla and Majnun
Examples of famous star-crossed lovers vary in written work. Pyramus and Thisbe are usually regarded as the source for Romeo and Juliet,[3] and is featured in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Wuthering Heights, considered to be one of the greatest love stories in literary works,[4] is a tale of all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between the star-crossed Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them.
Lancelot, a trusted knight of King Arthur's Round Table, and Guinevere, the queen of Camelot and wife of Arthur, were involved in a star-crossed affair. In some versions of the tale, she is instantly smitten, and when they consummate their adulterous passion, it is an act which paves the way for the fall of Camelot and Arthur's death.
The legend of Tristan and Iseult (also known as Tristan and Isolde) is an influential romance and tragedy, retold in numerous sources with as many variations. The tragic story is of the adulterous love between the lovers. The narrative predates and most likely influenced the Arthurian romance of Lancelot and Guinevere, and has had a substantial impact on Western art and literature since it first appeared in the 12th century. While the details of the story differ from one author to another, the overall plot structure remains much the same.
Pedro of Portugal and Inês de Castro shared a true and tragic love in the Portuguese 14th century. The dramatic circumstances of their relationship, forbidden by Peter's father, King Afonso IV, Inês' murder at the orders of Afonso, Peter's bloody revenge on her killers and the legend of the coronation of her exhumed corpse by Peter, have turned their story into a frequent subject of art, music, and drama through the ages.
Hero and Leander is a Greek myth, relating the story of Hero (Greek: Ἡρώ), a priestess of Aphrodite who dwelt in a tower in Sestos, at the edge of the Hellespont, and Leander (Greek: Λέανδρος, Leandros), a young man from Abydos on the other side of the strait. Leander fell in love with Hero and would swim every night across the Hellespont to be with her. Hero would light a lamp at the top of her tower to guide his way.
Pelléas and Mélisande (French: Pelléas et Mélisande) is a Symbolist play by Maurice Maeterlinck about the forbidden, doomed love of the title characters. A classical myth, was a common subject for art during the Renaissance and Baroque eras.
Troilus and Cressida is a tragedy by Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1602. The play (also described as one of Shakespeare's problem plays) is not a conventional tragedy, since its protagonist (Troilus) does not die.[5] The play ends instead on a very bleak note with the death of the noble Trojan Hector and destruction of the love between Troilus and Cressida.[5] Venus and Adonis is classical myth during the Renaissance. Heer Ranjha is one of the four popular tragic romances of the Punjab.
Hellelil and Hildebrand
Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl refers to a number of mythical and folkloric explanations of the origins of the volcanoes Popocatépetl ("the Smoking Mountain") and Iztaccíhuatl ("white woman" in Nahuatl, sometimes called the Mujer Dormida "sleeping woman" in Spanish)[6] which overlook the Valley of Mexico.
Layla and Majnun (by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi) is a classical Arabian love story . It is based on the real story of a young man called Qays ibn al-Mulawwah from the northern Arabian Peninsula,[7] in the Umayyad era during the 7th century. There were two Arabic versions of the story at the time.[8] In one version, he spent his youth together with Layla, tending their flocks. In the other version, upon seeing Layla he fell passionately in love with her. In both versions, however, he went mad when her father prevented him from marrying her; for that reason he came to be called Majnun Layla, which means "Driven mad by Layla". To him were attributed a variety of incredibly passionate romantic Arabic poems, considered among the foremost examples of the Udhari school.
The Butterfly Lovers is a Chinese legend about the tragic romance between two lovers, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. The legend is sometimes regarded as the Chinese equivalent to Romeo and Juliet.[9][10]
Other classic star-crossed lovers include Devdas and Paro (Parvati) in Devdas, Paris of Troy and Helen of Sparta in The Iliad, Oedipus and Jocasta in Oedipus Rex, Mark Antony and Cleopatra during the time of the Roman Empire, Khosrow and Shirin during the time of Sassanid Persia, Heloise and Peter Abelard during the Middle Ages, and Emperor Jahangir and Anarkali, Cyrano and Roxane in Cyrano de Bergerac, Hagbard and Signy and Maratha Peshwa (Prime Minister) Bajirao and Mastani during the peak of Maratha Empire.
Modern examples[edit]
In soap opera, modern examples of star-crossed lovers have included couples such as Cliff Warner and Nina Cortlandt, JR Chandler and Babe Carey and Bianca Montgomery and Maggie Stone from All My Children.[11][12][13]
Prime time has had various star-crossed lovers labeled as notable and "unforgettable" love stories. IGN considers Buffy Summers and Angel from Buffy the Vampire Slayer to be one of the genre's most tragic and notable star-crossed pairings.[14] The Doctor bidding farewell to his companion Rose Tyler in Doctor Who has been named one of the greatest love scenes in science fiction.[15] Cole Turner and Phoebe Halliwell from Charmed, Michael and Nikita from La Femme Nikita, Kara Thrace and Lee Adama from Battlestar Galactica, Clark Kent and Lana Lang from Smallville, as well as Lucas Scott and Peyton Sawyer from One Tree Hill are other star-crossed couples from the genre.[16][17][18][19][20] Clarke Griffin and Commander Lexa from the TV series The 100 are considered star-crossed lovers as well.[21]
With film or within modern novels and books, such star-crossed couples as Jack Dawson and Rose DeWitt Bukater from Titanic, Landon Carter and Jamie Sullivan from "A Walk to Remember", Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala from the Star Wars saga, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist from Brokeback Mountain, and Jake and Neytiri from Avatar have been included.[22][23][24][25][26]
Video games too have featured star-crossed couples[27] across different genres, particularly role-playing video games: Cloud Strife and Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII have been cited as a well-known star-crossed love story.[28][29] Tidus and Yuna from Final Fantasy X have also been called star-crossed lovers.[30] Zero and Iris from Mega Man X4 are another notable example.[28]
In 2008, a web-based reality soap opera was created based on the concept of being star-crossed. In Starcrossed, Fox News astrologer Greg Tufaro takes a couple in crisis and separates them for one cycle of the moon. Each is then set up with individuals who are a better match astrologically. The show puts the question "Is love written in the stars?" to the test with the couple deciding on the 28th day of their separation whether they will stay together or remain apart.[31]
See also[edit]
Elopement
Teenage tragedy song
Unrequited love
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Levenson (ed.), Jill L. (2000). Romeo and Juliet, The Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford World's Classics). Oxford: Oxford University Press. page 142 ISBN 0-19-281496-6.
Jump up ^ "Full text / script of the play Romeo and Juliet Act I by William Shakespeare". William-shakespeare.info. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Halio, Jay (1998). Romeo and Juliet: A Guide to the Play. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-313-30089-5.
Jump up ^ Wainwright, Martin (2007-08-10). "Emily Brontë hits the heights in poll to find greatest love story". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Oates, Joyce Carol (1966/1967). The Tragedy of Existence: Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida. Originally published as two separate essays, in Philological Quarterly, Spring 1967, and Shakespeare Quarterly, Spring 1966.
Jump up ^ Secor, R.J. Mexico's Volcanoes: A Climbing Guide
Jump up ^ ""Follow Your Heart: The Story of Layla and Majnun" by J. T. Coker". Theosophy-nw.org. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Layli and Madjnun in Arabic literature". Artarena.force9.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Dai, Fan (14 February 2000). "Butterfly Lovers: A Tale of the Chinese Romeo and Juliet". HOMA & SEKEY BOOKS. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "[Guangzhou] Butterfly Lovers Violin Concerto (Mar 31) - Arts & Artists - Culture & Education - Newsgd". Newsgd.com. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Peter Bergman Biography". hollywood.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
Jump up ^ "All My Children". All My Children. 2006-04-20. 60 minutes in. ABC.
Jump up ^ Warn, Sarah (2005-02-24). "The End of a Lesbian Era on All My Children". AfterEllen.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric; Zoromski, Brian; Iverson, Dan. "IGN's Top 10 Favorite TV Couples". IGN. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Dr Who farewell nabs 'greatest sci fi scene' honour". Itv.com. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commentary: The guilty pleasure of 'Charmed'". CNN. 2005-04-08. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (2005-03-15). "La Femme Nikita: The Complete Second Season (2005)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Andrew. "Final Flight". Time Out NY. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved 2008-12-27. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Kristin Kreuk as Lana Lang". The CW. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-09. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (2009-08-20). "'One Tree Hill' sneak preview: Time jumps, hot new characters, and life without Chad Michael Murray". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
Jump up ^ "11 TV Couples Who Had No Happily Ever After in 2016". Retrieved 2018-04-08.
Jump up ^ Glionna, John M. (1998-03-16). "'Titanic' Refuses to Sink, Passes 'Star Wars' as Top Moneymaker". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe (2002-01-24). "A Walk to Remember Movie Review". Variety.
Jump up ^ "NataliePortman.Com - Viewing article - Love in a Distant Galaxy". Natalieportman.com. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Harris, Dan. "Christian conservatives serve up 'Brokeback' backlash". ABC News. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian, with reporting by Josh Horowitz (2010-01-07). "James Cameron Compares His 'Avatar' And 'Titanic' Couples. The director notes the similarities between Sully and Neytiri, and Jack and Rose". MTV. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-09. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "7 Tragic Video Game Love Stories". Complex. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Danesi (2013). "The History of the Kiss: The Birth of Popular Culture, Semiotics and Popular Culture. Palgrave Macmillan pages 50-51". ISBN 978-1-137-37683-1.
Jump up ^ McGrath, Jack (2011-04-29). "The Ten Greatest Romances in Gaming History". technobuffalo.com. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "10 Best Video Game Couples of All Time". Tomsguide.com. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Tufaro, Greg (2008-09-15). "Can The Stars Predict Your Perfect Match?". Fox News.
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William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
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Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
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1936
1953
1954
1955
1964
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Hindi
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Saudagar (1991)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bollywood Queen (2002)
Ishaqzaade (2012)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
Issaq (2013)
Telugu
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Romeo and Juliet (1940)
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Italian
Fury of Johnny Kid (1967)
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Portuguese
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)
Other
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
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Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
Eeda (Malayalam 2017)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
Dangerous (2007)
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Romeo y Julieta (2007)
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Harina de otro costal (2010)
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Westside (2013 pilot)
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Still Star-Crossed (2017)
Plays
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Romeo and Juliet (2013)
Songs
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"Fever" (1956)
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968)
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976)
"Angelo" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
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"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
"Exit Music" (1997)
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"Love Me Again"
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"Mor Bani Thanghat Kare"
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Albums
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Tragic Lovers (2008)
Literature
Les Chouans
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The Faraway Lurs (1963)
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New Moon (2006)
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Art
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Romeo and Juliet (1978)
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Panic Button
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Bolji život
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She Died a Lady
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Foreign
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Such Tweet Sorrow
Romeo and Juliet effect
After Juliet
"Upper West Side Story" (2012)
Millennium Dome Show
Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn
Boys Don't Cry
My Wedding and Other Secrets
Donkey in Lahore
Upside Down
Letters to Juliet
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Book:Romeo and Juliet
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The Sound and the Fury (1959 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Sound and the Fury
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Martin Ritt
Written by
Harriet Frank, Jr.
Irving Ravetch
Based on
The Sound and the Fury
by William Faulkner
Starring
Yul Brynner
Joanne Woodward
Margaret Leighton
Stuart Whitman
Ethel Waters
Jack Warden
Françoise Rosay
Music by
Alex North
Cinematography
Charles G. Clarke
Edited by
Stuart Gilmore
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
April 6, 1959 (1959-04-06)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1,710,000[1]
Box office
$1.7 million (est. US/ Canada rentals)[2]
The Sound and the Fury is a 1959 American drama film directed by Martin Ritt. It is loosely based on the novel of the same name by William Faulkner, first published in 1929.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Quentin Compson is a girl of 17 in the small Mississippi town of Jefferson. She lives with her step-uncle, Jason, who has practically raised Quentin ever since her promiscuous mother, Caddy, abandoned her.
Jason makes ends meet working in the store of Earl Snopes, a man he detests. He is the provider for several people in the house, including Howard, who is Quentin's uncle, and his step-brother, and a mute, mentally handicapped man named Benjy, his other step-brother.
Quentin is bored, restless, and not interested in Jason's wishes that she continue her education. When a carnival comes to town, she becomes infatuated with Charlie Busch, a carny worker who tries to seduce her.
Caddy returns to town. She has a tentative reunion with Quentin, but takes Jason's side because she has no money and needs him to shelter her now. Caddy flirts with Snopes, who implies that they had intimate relations and is beaten by Jason for saying as much. Benjy also becomes incensed when he catches Quentin sneaking out to meet Busch and tries to strangle her, whereupon Jason decides that Benjy must be committed to an institution.
A frustrated Quentin wants to leave with Busch and claims she can get her hands on $3,000. She steals it from a suitcase of money Jason had been saving for her future. To prove the stranger's true intentions, Jason goes to Busch and gives him a choice: the girl or the money. Quentin is crushed when she realizes what Busch is really after. She returns to Jason and promises to be more mature in their future together.
Cast[edit]
Yul Brynner as Jason Compson
Joanne Woodward as Quentin Compson
Margaret Leighton as Caddy Compson
Jack Warden as Benjy Compson
Stuart Whitman as Charlie Busch
Ethel Waters as Dilsey
Françoise Rosay as Mrs Caroline Compson
John Beal as Howard Compson
Albert Dekker as Earl Snopes
Stephen Perry as Luster
Roy Glenn as Job
Reception[edit]
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that the film "lacks texture" and is "sentiment-dappled and synthetic".[3]
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1959
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1. p252
Jump up ^ "1959: Probable Domestic Take", Variety, 6 January 1960 p 34
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley (28 March 1959). "The Sound and the Fury (1959)". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
External links[edit]
The Sound and the Fury on IMDb
hide
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Films directed by Martin Ritt
Edge of the City (1957)
No Down Payment (1957)
The Long, Hot Summer (1958)
The Black Orchid (1958)
The Sound and the Fury (1959)
Five Branded Women (1960)
Paris Blues (1961)
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962)
Hud (1963)
The Outrage (1964)
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965)
Hombre (1967)
The Brotherhood (1968)
The Molly Maguires (1970)
The Great White Hope (1970)
Sounder (1972)
Pete 'n' Tillie (1972)
Conrack (1974)
The Front (1976)
Casey's Shadow (1978)
Norma Rae (1979)
Back Roads (1981)
Cross Creek (1983)
Murphy's Romance (1985)
Nuts (1987)
Stanley & Iris (1990)

This 1950s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Categories:
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English-language films
1950s drama films
20th Century Fox films
American films
American drama films
Films scored by Alex North
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by William Faulkner
Films set in Mississippi
Southern Gothic films
Films directed by Martin Ritt
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Atomic radius
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Diagram of a helium atom, showing the electron probability density as shades of gray.
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Three widely used definitions of atomic radius are: Van der Waals radius, ionic radius, and covalent radius.
Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to isolated atoms, or also to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bound in molecules, or in ionized and excited states; and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models. The value of the radius may depend on the atom's state and context.[1]
Electrons do not have definite orbits, or sharply defined ranges. Rather, their positions must be described as probability distributions that taper off gradually as one moves away from the nucleus, without a sharp cutoff. Moreover, in condensed matter and molecules, the electron clouds of the atoms usually overlap to some extent, and some of the electrons may roam over a large region encompassing two or more atoms.
Under most definitions the radii of isolated neutral atoms range between 30 and 300 pm (trillionths of a meter), or between 0.3 and 3 ångströms. Therefore, the radius of an atom is more than 10,000 times the radius of its nucleus (1–10 fm),[2] and less than 1/1000 of the wavelength of visible light (400–700 nm).
The approximate shape of a molecule of ethanol, CH3CH2OH. Each atom is modeled by a sphere with the element's Van der Waals radius.
For many purposes, atoms can be modeled as spheres. This is only a crude approximation, but it can provide quantitative explanations and predictions for many phenomena, such as the density of liquids and solids, the diffusion of fluids through molecular sieves, the arrangement of atoms and ions in crystals, and the size and shape of molecules.[citation needed]
Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explicable manner across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease along each period (row) of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases; and increase down each group (column). The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period. These trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory. The atomic radii decrease across the Periodic Table because as the atomic number increases, the number of protons increases across the period, but the extra electrons are only added to the same quantum shell. Therefore, the effective nuclear charge towards the outermost electrons increases, drawing the outermost electrons closer. As a result, the electron cloud contracts and the atomic radius decrease.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Definitions
3 Empirically measured atomic radius
4 Explanation of the general trends
4.1 Lanthanide contraction
4.2 d-Block contraction
5 Calculated atomic radii
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
In 1920, shortly after it had become possible to determine the sizes of atoms using X-ray crystallography, it was suggested that all atoms of the same element have the same radii.[3] However, in 1923, when more crystal data had become available, it was found that the approximation of an atom as a sphere does not necessarily hold when comparing the same atom in different crystal structures.[4]
Definitions[edit]
Widely used definitions of atomic radius include:
Van der Waals radius: in principle, half the minimum distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the element that are not bound to the same molecule.[5]
Ionic radius: the nominal radius of the ions of an element in a specific ionization state, deduced from the spacing of atomic nuclei in crystalline salts that include that ion. In principle, the spacing between two adjacent oppositely charged ions (the length of the ionic bond between them) should equal the sum of their ionic radii.[5]
Covalent radius: the nominal radius of the atoms of an element when covalently bound to other atoms, as deduced from the separation between the atomic nuclei in molecules. In principle, the distance between two atoms that are bound to each other in a molecule (the length of that covalent bond) should equal the sum of their covalent radii.[5]
Metallic radius: the nominal radius of atoms of an element when joined to other atoms by metallic bonds.[citation needed]
Bohr radius: the radius of the lowest-energy electron orbit predicted by Bohr model of the atom (1913).[6][7] It is only applicable to atoms and ions with a single electron, such as hydrogen, singly ionized helium, and positronium. Although the model itself is now obsolete, the Bohr radius for the hydrogen atom is still regarded as an important physical constant.
Empirically measured atomic radius[edit]
The following table shows empirically measured covalent radii for the elements, as published by J. C. Slater in 1964.[8] The values are in picometers (pm or 1×10−12 m), with an accuracy of about 5 pm. The shade of the box ranges from red to yellow as the radius increases; gray indicates lack of data.
Group
(column) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
(row)
1 H
25 He
2 Li
145 Be
105 B
85 C
70 N
65 O
60 F
50 Ne
3 Na
180 Mg
150 Al
125 Si
110 P
100 S
100 Cl
100 Ar
4 K
220 Ca
180 Sc
160 Ti
140 V
135 Cr
140 Mn
140 Fe
140 Co
135 Ni
135 Cu
135 Zn
135 Ga
130 Ge
125 As
115 Se
115 Br
115 Kr
5 Rb
235 Sr
200 Y
180 Zr
155 Nb
145 Mo
145 Tc
135 Ru
130 Rh
135 Pd
140 Ag
160 Cd
155 In
155 Sn
145 Sb
145 Te
140 I
140 Xe
6 Cs
260 Ba
215 *
Hf
155 Ta
145 W
135 Re
135 Os
130 Ir
135 Pt
135 Au
135 Hg
150 Tl
190 Pb
180 Bi
160 Po
190 At
Rn
7 Fr
Ra
215 **
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
Lanthanides *
La
195 Ce
185 Pr
185 Nd
185 Pm
185 Sm
185 Eu
185 Gd
180 Tb
175 Dy
175 Ho
175 Er
175 Tm
175 Yb
175 Lu
175
Actinides **
Ac
195 Th
180 Pa
180 U
175 Np
175 Pu
175 Am
175 Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Explanation of the general trends[edit]
A graph comparing the atomic radius of elements with atomic numbers 1–100. Accuracy of ±5 pm.
The way the atomic radius varies with increasing atomic number can be explained by the arrangement of electrons in shells of fixed capacity. The shells are generally filled in order of increasing radius, since the negatively charged electrons are attracted by the positively charged protons in the nucleus. As the atomic number increases along each row of the periodic table, the additional electrons go into the same outermost shell; whose radius gradually contracts, due to the increasing nuclear charge. In a noble gas, the outermost shell is completely filled; therefore, the additional electron of next alkali metal will go into the next outer shell, accounting for the sudden increase in the atomic radius.
The increasing nuclear charge is partly counterbalanced by the increasing number of electrons, a phenomenon that is known as shielding; which explains why the size of atoms usually increases down each column. However, there is one notable exception, known as the lanthanide contraction: the 5d block of elements are much smaller than one would expect, due to the shielding caused by the 4f electrons.
Essentially, atomic radius decreases across the periods due to an increasing number of protons. Therefore, there is a greater attraction between the protons and electrons because opposite charges attract, and more protons creates a stronger charge. The greater attraction draws the electrons closer to the protons, decreasing the size of the particle. Therefore, atomic radius decreases. Down the groups, atomic radius increases. This is because there are more energy levels and therefore a greater distance between protons and electrons. In addition, electron shielding causes attraction to decrease, so re electrons can go farther away from the positively charged nucleus. Therefore, size (atomic radius) increases.
The following table summarizes the main phenomena that influence the atomic radius of an element:
factor
principle
increase with...
tend to
effect on radius
electron shells quantum mechanics principal and azimuthal quantum numbers increase atomic radius increases down each column
nuclear charge attractive force acting on electrons by protons in nucleus atomic number decrease atomic radius decreases along each period
shielding repulsive force acting on outermost shell electrons by inner electrons number of electrons in inner shells increase atomic radius reduces the effect of the 2nd factor
Lanthanide contraction[edit]
Main article: Lanthanide contraction
The electrons in the 4f-subshell, which is progressively filled from cerium (Z = 58) to lutetium (Z = 71), are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out. The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii which are smaller than would be expected and which are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them.[9] Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius (and chemistry) as zirconium, and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium, and so forth. The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum (Z = 78), after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect.
Due to lanthanide contraction, the 5 following observations can be drawn:
The size of Ln3+ ions regularly decreases with atomic number. According to Fajans' rules, decrease in size of Ln3+ ions increases the covalent character and decreases the basic character between Ln3+ and OH− ions in Ln(OH)3, to the point that Yb(OH)3 and Lu(OH)3 can dissolve with difficulty in hot concentrated NaOH. Hence the order of size of Ln3+ is given:
La3+ > Ce3+ > ..., ... > Lu3+.
There is a regular decrease in their ionic radii.
There is a regular decrease in their tendency to act as a reducing agent, with increase in atomic number.
The second and third rows of d-block transition elements are quite close in properties.
Consequently, these elements occur together in natural minerals and are difficult to separate.
d-Block contraction[edit]
Main article: d-block contraction
The d-block contraction is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause. In this case, it is the poor shielding capacity of the 3d-electrons which affects the atomic radii and chemistries of the elements immediately following the first row of the transition metals, from gallium (Z = 31) to bromine (Z = 35).[9]
Calculated atomic radii[edit]
The following table shows atomic radii computed from theoretical models, as published by Enrico Clementi and others in 1967.[10] The values are in picometres (pm).
Group
(column) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
(row)
1 H
53 He
31
2 Li
167 Be
112 B
87 C
67 N
56 O
48 F
42 Ne
38
3 Na
190 Mg
145 Al
118 Si
111 P
98 S
88 Cl
79 Ar
71
4 K
243 Ca
194 Sc
184 Ti
176 V
171 Cr
166 Mn
161 Fe
156 Co
152 Ni
149 Cu
145 Zn
142 Ga
136 Ge
125 As
114 Se
103 Br
94 Kr
88
5 Rb
265 Sr
219 Y
212 Zr
206 Nb
198 Mo
190 Tc
183 Ru
178 Rh
173 Pd
169 Ag
165 Cd
161 In
156 Sn
145 Sb
133 Te
123 I
115 Xe
108
6 Cs
298 Ba
253 *
Hf
208 Ta
200 W
193 Re
188 Os
185 Ir
180 Pt
177 Au
174 Hg
171 Tl
156 Pb
154 Bi
143 Po
135 At
Rn
120
7 Fr
Ra
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
Lanthanides *
La
Ce
Pr
247 Nd
206 Pm
205 Sm
238 Eu
231 Gd
233 Tb
225 Dy
228 Ho
Er
226 Tm
222 Yb
222 Lu
217
Actinides **
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
See also[edit]
Atomic radii of the elements (data page)
Chemical bond
Covalent radius
Bond length
Steric hindrance
Kinetic diameter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. (1988). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 1385. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.
Jump up ^ Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. (2005). Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. p. 13, fig 1.1. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6.
Jump up ^ Bragg, W. L. (1920). "The arrangement of atoms in crystals". Philosophical Magazine. 6. 40 (236): 169–189. doi:10.1080/14786440808636111.
Jump up ^ Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1923). "On the Hypothesis of Constant Atomic Radii". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9 (2): 33–38. Bibcode:1923PNAS....9...33W. PMC 1085234  . PMID 16576657. doi:10.1073/pnas.9.2.33.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pauling, L. (1945). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press. LCCN 42034474.
Jump up ^ Bohr, N. (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I. – Binding of Electrons by Positive Nuclei" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 6. 26 (151): 1–24. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Bohr, N. (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II. – Systems containing only a Single Nucleus" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 6. 26 (153): 476–502. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals". Journal of Chemical Physics. 41 (10): 3199–3205. Bibcode:1964JChPh..41.3199S. doi:10.1063/1.1725697.
^ Jump up to: a b Jolly, W. L. (1991). Modern Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-07-112651-9.
Jump up ^ Clementi, E.; Raimond, D. L.; Reinhardt, W. P. (1967). "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons". Journal of Chemical Physics. 47 (4): 1300–1307. Bibcode:1967JChPh..47.1300C. doi:10.1063/1.1712084.
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