text:
While You Were Sleeping (film)
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While You Were Sleeping
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jon Turteltaub
Produced by
Roger Birnbaum
Joe Roth
Written by
Daniel G. Sullivan
Fredric Lebow
Starring
Sandra Bullock
Bill Pullman
Peter Gallagher
Peter Boyle
Glynis Johns
Jack Warden
Music by
Randy Edelman
Cinematography
Phedon Papamichael, Jr.
Edited by
Bruce Green
Production
company
Hollywood Pictures
Caravan Pictures
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc.
Release date
April 21, 1995 (1995-04-21)
Running time
103 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$17 million
Box office
$182,057,016
While You Were Sleeping is a 1995 romantic comedy film directed by Jon Turteltaub and written by Daniel G. Sullivan and Fredric Lebow. It stars Sandra Bullock as Lucy, a Chicago Transit Authority token collector, and Bill Pullman as Jack, the brother of a man whose life she saves, along with Peter Gallagher as Peter, the man who is saved, Peter Boyle and Glynis Johns as members of Peter's family, and Jack Warden as longtime family friend and neighbor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Lucy Eleanor Moderatz (Sandra Bullock) is a lonely fare token collector for the Chicago Transit Authority. She has a secret crush on a handsome commuter named Peter Callaghan (Peter Gallagher), although they are complete strangers. On Christmas Day, she rescues him from the oncoming Chicago 'El.' train after a group of muggers push him onto the tracks. He falls into a coma, and she accompanies him to the hospital, where a nurse overhears her musing aloud, "I was going to marry him." Misinterpreting her, the nurse tells his family that she is his fiancée.
At first she is too caught up in the panic to explain the truth. She winds up keeping the secret for a number of reasons: she is embarrassed, Peter's grandmother Elsie (Glynis Johns) has a heart condition, and Lucy quickly comes to love being a part of Peter's big, loving family. One night, thinking she is alone while visiting Peter, she confesses about her predicament. Peter's godfather Saul (Jack Warden) overhears the truth and later confronts her, but tells her he will keep her secret, because the accident has brought the family closer.
With no family and few friends, Lucy becomes so captivated with the quirky Callaghans and their unconditional love for her that she cannot bring herself to hurt them by revealing that Peter does not even know her. She spends a belated Christmas with them and then meets Peter's younger brother Jack (Bill Pullman), who is supposed to take over his father's furniture business. He is suspicious of her at first, but he falls in love with her as they spend time together. They develop a close friendship and soon she falls in love with him as well.
After New Year's Eve, Peter wakes up. He does not know Lucy, so it is assumed that he must have amnesia. She and Peter spend time together, and Saul persuades Peter to propose to her "again"; she agrees even though she is in love with Jack. When Jack visits her the day before the wedding, she gives him a chance to change her mind, asking him if he can give her a reason not to marry Peter. He replies that he cannot, leaving her disappointed.
On the day of the wedding, just as the priest begins the ceremony, Lucy finally confesses everything and tells the family she loves Jack rather than Peter. At this point, Peter's real fiancée Ashley Bartlett Bacon (Ally Walker), who happens to be married herself, arrives and also demands the wedding be stopped. As the family argues, Lucy slips out unnoticed, unsure of her future.
Some time later, while Lucy is at work, Jack places an engagement ring in the token tray of her booth. She lets him into the booth, and with the entire Callaghan family watching, he proposes to her. In the last scenes of the film, they kiss at the end of their wedding, then leave on a CTA train for their honeymoon. She narrates that he fulfilled her dream of going to Florence, Italy, and explains that, when Peter asked when she fell in love with Jack, she replied, "it was while you were sleeping."
Cast[edit]
Sandra Bullock as Narrator/Lucy Eleanor Moderatz
Bill Pullman as Jack Callaghan
Peter Gallagher as Peter Callaghan
Peter Boyle as Ox Callaghan
Jack Warden as Saul Tuttle
Glynis Johns as Elsie
Micole Mercurio as Midge Callaghan
Jason Bernard as Jerry Wallace
Michael Rispoli as Joe Fusco, Jr.
Ally Walker as Ashley Bartlett Bacon
Monica Keena as Mary Callaghan
Production[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2017)
Julia Roberts was offered the role of Lucy Moderatz but turned it down.[1]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2017)
The film was a tremendous success, grossing a total of $182,057,016 worldwide against an estimated $17,000,000 budget. It made $9,288,915 on its opening weekend of April 21–23, 1995.[2] It was the thirteenth-highest grosser of 1995 in the United States.[3] Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Great roles actors have turned down". Yahoo Movies. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18.
Jump up ^ While You Were Sleeping at boxofficemojo.com
Jump up ^ 1995 Yearly Box Office Results
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: While You Were Sleeping
Janet Maslin. "The Blossoming of a Wallflower". The New York Times. April 21, 1995. C16.
While You Were Sleeping on IMDb
While You Were Sleeping at Rotten Tomatoes
While You Were Sleeping at AllMovie
Script-O-Rama: While You Were Sleeping transcript
While You Were Sleeping at Virtual History
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Jon Turteltaub
Think Big (1990)
Driving Me Crazy (1991)
3 Ninjas (1992)
Cool Runnings (1993)
While You Were Sleeping (1995)
Phenomenon (1996)
Instinct (1999)
Disney's The Kid (2000)
National Treasure (2004)
National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007)
The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010)
Last Vegas (2013)
The Meg (2018)
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Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress
甲鉄城のカバネリ
(Kōtetsujō no Kabaneri)
Genre
Post-apocalyptic, Steampunk
Anime television series
Directed by
Tetsurō Araki
Produced by
Kōji Yamamoto
George Wada
Yuka Okayasu
Yōhei Shintaku
Written by
Ichirō Ōkouchi
Music by
Hiroyuki Sawano
Studio
Wit Studio
Licensed by
Amazon.com (streaming)
NA
Crunchyroll (Licensing Rights)
Funimation (Home Video)
Original network
Fuji TV (Noitamina)
Original run
April 8, 2016 – June 30, 2016
Episodes
12 (List of episodes)
Anime film
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress - Part 1: Gathering Light
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress - Part 2: Burning Life
Directed by
Tetsurō Araki
Written by
Ichirō Ōkouchi
Music by
Hiroyuki Sawano
Studio
Wit Studio
Released
December 31, 2016 (Part 1)
January 7, 2017 (Part 2)
Runtime
107 minutes (Part 1)[1]
104 minutes (Part 2)[2]
Anime and Manga portal
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress (甲鉄城のカバネリ, Kōtetsujō no Kabaneri) is an anime series by Wit Studio. The series was directed by Tetsurō Araki and written by Ichirō Ōkouchi,[3] with music by Hiroyuki Sawano and original character designs by Haruhiko Mikimoto. The series premiered on Fuji TV's Noitamina block on April 8, 2016 and ended on June 30, 2016 with a total of 12 episodes.[4] A prologue for the anime premiered for a week in theaters across Japan starting March 18, 2016.[5][6] Amazon streamed the series on their Amazon Prime Instant Video service.[7] Two compilation films premiered in Japanese theaters on December 31, 2016 and January 7, 2017.[8] Crunchyroll and Funimation will co-release the anime on Blu-ray and DVD in the United States; Crunchyroll also acquired the merchandise rights.[9][10] A new anime project has been announced for 2018.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Anime
3.1 Episode list
3.2 Music
3.2.1 Track listing
4 Notes
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
A mysterious virus appears during the industrial revolution that transforms infected humans into Kabane (カバネ, "corpses") and rapidly spreads. Kabane are aggressive, undead creatures that cannot be defeated unless the glowing heart, which is protected by a layer of lead, is pierced, or an important body part is completely severed (such as the head). Unfortunately, most melee weapons and the steam-pressure guns used by the bushi (武士, "soldiers") are not very effective against them.
On the island country Hinomoto (日ノ本), people have built fortress-like "stations" to shelter themselves from these creatures. People access the stations and transport wares between them with the help of fortified steam locomotives (駿城, hayajirō). One day, a hayajirō hijacked by the Kabane crashes into Aragane Station and they overrun the city. A young engineer called Ikoma uses the opportunity to test with success his anti-Kabane weapon, the "piercing gun" (ツラヌキ筒, tsuranuki zutsu), but is infected in the process, although he manages to resist the virus and become a Kabaneri (カバネリ), a human-Kabane hybrid. Assisted by Mūmei (無名, "Nameless"), another Kabaneri who appears to help them, Ikoma and the other survivors of the station board a hayajiro named Kōtetsujō (甲鉄城, "Iron Fortress") and depart to seek shelter elsewhere, fighting the hordes of Kabane along the way.
Characters[edit]
Ikoma (生駒)
Voiced by: Tasuku Hatanaka (Japanese); Robbie Daymond (English)[5][12]
A young man who makes a living as a steamsmith at Aragane Station. He and his good friend Takumi developed a bolt gun-like weapon called a piercing gun in order to defeat the Kabane. When Aragane Station is invaded by Kabane, Ikoma is able to successfully test his piercing gun but is bitten by a Kabane in the process. He is able to prevent the virus from reaching his brain by blocking his carotid arteries, transforming him into a Kabaneri.
Mumei (無名)
Voiced by: Sayaka Senbongi (Japanese); Janice Kawaye (English)[5][12]
A mysterious and anonymous[13] girl who boards the hayajiro Kotetsujo and appears at Aragane Station. She is revealed to be a Kabaneri as well as a very strong and agile fighter, capable of killing dozens of Kabane with ease. She became a Kabaneri through a surgical operation as the result of her brainwashing by Biba, making her believe unless she became stronger, she would also end up like her mother. Constant fighting can leave her sleepy and like Ikoma, she requires blood to stop herself from attacking other people. Her birth name is Hozumi (穂積) and she was named Mumei by Biba when he "saved" her as a child.
Ayame Yomogawa (四方川 菖蒲, Yomogawa Ayame)[14]
Voiced by: Maaya Uchida (Japanese); Veronica Taylor (English)[5][15]
The eldest daughter of the Yomogawa family, which governs Aragane Station. After her father is infected, she becomes the leader of the Aragane survivors. Despite her noble status, she's reasonable and understanding, even offering her blood to the Kabaneri. She is also an expert Archer using a steam powered bow.
Kurusu (来栖)
Voiced by: Toshiki Masuda (Japanese); Jamieson Price (English)[5][16]
A young Bushi who serves the Yomogawa family as Ayame's personal bodyguard. Among Bushi his skill with a sword is considerable. He is usually somber and honest, and he maintains his honor as a Bushi. Despite resenting Ikoma, he eventually recognizes the Kabaneri's usefulness. He is later given a reinforced katana that can pierce a Kabane's heart with ease. As a side note, Kurusu seems to have an attraction to Lady Ayame.
Takumi (逞生)
Voiced by: Yūki Kaji (Japanese); Ben Diskin (English)[5][15]
Ikoma's best friend and fellow steam smith, who helped him develop his piercing gun. He dies, shot by Biba, after sacrificing his life for Ikoma.
Kajika (鰍)
Voiced by: Kanae Oki (Japanese); Colleen O'Shaughnessey (English)[5][16]
Ikoma and Takumi's friend and fellow steam smith. A friendly and warm-hearted girl takes care of the children that lost their families to the Kabane.
Yukina (侑那)
Voiced by: Mariya Ise (Japanese); Abby Trott (English)[5][16]
A crew member of the Kotetsujo. A stoic and taciturn girl who, despite being only an apprentice, becomes the Kotetsujo's engineer and driver out of necessity.
Sukari (巣刈)
Voiced by: Ryōta Ōsaka (Japanese); Tom Gibis (English)[5]
A steam smith who lives at Aragane Station. Despite his aloof personality, he's a good mechanic and a decent fighter.
Kibito (吉備土)
Voiced by: Kensuke Satou (Japanese); Kyle Hebert (English)[5][16]
A Bushi who serves the Yomogawa family. Unlike other Bushis, he's reasonable and even friendly to the Kabaneri. He and his fellow Bushi are later given reinforced bullets that can penetrate the Kabane more easily.
Suzuki (鈴木)
Voiced by: Maxwell Powers (Japanese); Elijah Ungvary (English)[16]
The train's chief mechanic who has hair like a 17th-century wig and speaks with English phrases. Also served as narrator for each episodes' preview.
Biba Amatori (天鳥 美馬, Amatori Biba)
Voiced by: Mamoru Miyano (Japanese); Roger Craig Smith (English)[5][16]
The Leader of the Hunters (狩方衆, Karikatashū) and the eldest son of the Shogun. Charismatic, ruthless and manipulative, he inducted Mumei in his philosophy of strength superiority, where the weak don't deserve to live and should not even have the will to. He greatly resents his father for abandoning him and the 400,000 men he sent to fight on the front lines by essentially starving them of supplies. This made him develop his philosophy, making his purpose from that point to kill his father and show him how weak his fear made him. To do that he intends to destroy the Kongokaku (the Shogun's stronghold) using artificially created Kabaneri, and the blue blood he developed, making artificial hybrid colonies when injected with huge destructive power.
Horobi (滅火)
Voiced by: Aya Endō (Japanese); Cissy Jones (English)
A Kabaneri member of the Hunters. She is turned into a Black Fog (黒煙, Kuro Keburi) by Biba in order to destroy the Iwato Station, only for the virus to go out of control and mutate her even more. She only stops at the sight of Biba at which point he callously murders her.
Uryuu (瓜生)
Voiced by: Kaito Ishikawa (Japanese); Chris Niosi (English)[17]
The Captain of the Hunters, who serves under Biba Amatori.
Anime[edit]
Episode list[edit]
No.
Title
Director
Writer
Original air date[18]
Ref.
1
"Frightened Corpse"
"Obieru Shikabane" (脅える屍) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Tetsuaki Watanabe
Tetsurō Araki Ichirō Ōkouchi April 8, 2016 [19]
On the island country of Hinomoto, the hayajiro Kōtetsujō, an armored train, is attacked by several Kabane, humans transformed into undead creatures by a viral infection, and the bushi defeat them. However, a bushi is bitten and he commits suicide to avoid being killed as a Kabane. At the train's destination, Aragane Station (顕金駅), Ikoma, a steamsmith, is working on a powerful piercing gun to kill the Kabane. The Kōtetsujō arrives at Aragane Station and Ikoma steals some Kabane body parts. Kensho, the leader of the Yomogawa family, excuses Shimon and Mumei, two passengers from the mandatory Kabane inspection who are headed for Kongokaku. Ikoma is detained for insubordination, and is secretly visited by Mumei as she is intrigued by his personality and interest in the Kabane. Later, another hayajiro called Fusōjō (扶桑城) arrives at the station. The defensive drawbridge is lowered, but the train is taken over by the Kabane who crash it into the defending wall, allowing them to attack the station. Ikoma flees to his home, lures a Kabane into the house and kills it with his bolt gun, but is bitten in the process and begins to transform into a Kabane. Using several painful and potentially fatal techniques, Ikoma stops his blood flow from carrying the virus to his brain. He successfully does so, reverting to his human form and passing out. Meanwhile Mumei kills a Kabane using a blade which forms the base of her shoe.
2
"Never-Ending Night"
"Akenu Yoru" (明けぬ夜) Hiroyuki Tanaka Ichirō Ōkouchi April 22, 2016[a] [22]
Ikoma, discovering that he has stopped the Kabane virus from infecting him, tells his fellow steamsmith Takumi of his success with his bolt gun and anti-virus technique. Meanwhile survivors of the Kabane attack fight a defensive battle within Aragane Station while seeking an opportunity to escape in the Kōtetsujō. Mumei arrives dressed in battle gear and offers to clear the way so Yukina, the sole remaining engineer and an apprentice, can commander the Kōtetsujō. She leaps into the midst of the Kabane and leads them away, killing several in the process. The remaining citizens then rush to board the train. Meanwhile Ikoma and Takumi attempt to board the train with his gun. Mumei detects something different about Ikoma and vouches for him so he can board the Kōtetsujō. Ayame Yomogawa, Kensho's daughter, produces the special key to start the train's engine. Kurusu, one of the bushi, tells Mumei to defend the train's rear, but she refuses and falls asleep. While fending off a Kabane, Ikoma's infected heart is exposed and he is eventually forced off the Kōtetsujō. However, the train is stopped by a malfunction of the drawbridge, and the passengers witness Ikoma killing the Kabane. Lecturing the passengers for their distrust, Ikoma manually releases the drawbridge allowing the train to leave. Despite the bushi's objections, Takumi and Mumei get Ikoma back on the Kōtetsujō. Before Kurusu can kill him, Mumei intervenes and reveals that she and Ikoma are Kabaneri - beings with an existence between humans and Kabane.
3
"Prayer Offer"
"Sasageru Inori" (捧げる祈り) Hitomi Ezoe Ichirō Ōkouchi April 29, 2016 [23]
After Mumei reveals her identity as a Kabaneri, Ayame stops Kurusu from killing the Kabaneri and reminds everyone that they were rescued by Ikoma and Mumei. The Kōtetsujō is headed for Kongokaku, the Shogun's greatest stronghold and Mumei insists on staying onboard. However, the passengers are filled with alarm and distrust because of a lack of food and water, doubt whether they will be admitted into Kongokaku, and presence of the Kabaneri accompanying them. Mumei reveals that she has a mission and needs help from him because she gets exhausted after fighting. She begins training Ikoma personally in preparation for future Kabane attacks. The train has to stop for water and repairs, and the passengers take the opportunity to pray for those who died at Aragane Station. Ikoma tells Mumei that he has vowed to avenge his sister's death at the hands of the Kabane and a green stone tied to his palm which seems to have some effect on the Kabane. Mumei reveals that Kabaneri can only survive by drinking human blood, and later kills a pregnant woman who becomes a Kabane. Meanwhile, Ayame attacks Ikoma, but Ikoma tells her about his vow, appeasing the passengers' fears of the Kabaneri. However, Ikoma becomes delirious from his own need of blood and attacks Ayame.
4
"Flowing Blood"
"Nagaru Chishio" (流る血潮) Tetsuaki Watanabe Ichirō Ōkouchi May 6, 2016 [24]
Kurusu rescues Ayame, just as the Kabane appear in the woods surrounding the Kōtetsujō, and everyone gets back onboard. Still fearful of the Kabaneri, the Six Chiefs, led by Akoji, has Ayame hand over the Kōtetsujō's Master Key. To Ayame's dismay, Akoji reroutes the Kōtetsujō for the mountains to provide a shorter route to Kongokaku, in spite of the increased danger posed by the Kabane on the exposed mountain path. Then, Akoji dispatches a chief to get Takumi and fellow steam smiths Kajika and Sukari to the Kōtetsujō's last car with Mumei and Ikoma, and detach the car. However, the Kabane, including by a sword-wielding Wazatori (a Kabane that has learned combat techniques and is thus much more dangerous), ambushes the Kōtetsujō and kills some of its passengers. Ayame, Kurusu and the bushi hold off the Kabane while the surviving passengers escape to the train's front. Using his sword-wielding skills, Kurusu fights the remaining Kabane inside the train at close quarters. Simultaneously, Mumei, Ikoma and their allies escape from their car and fight the Kabane, but Mumei falls asleep from exhaustion. Kurusu fights the Wazatori, but is injured in the process. With Ikoma in need of fresh blood, Ayame slashes her arm and replenishes him with her blood. After Ikoma kills the Wazatori, Ayame leads a cry of "rokkon shōjō!” (六根清浄!) to celebrate their victory. Ayame regains the Master Key and declares that she will allow the Kabaneri to stay aboard the Kōtetsujō, offering her blood to help sustain them. Ikoma’s friends and a number of others, including Kurusu, voluntarily join her.
5
"Inescapable Darkness"
"Nigerarenu Yami" (逃げられぬ闇) Hironobu Aoyagi Hiroshi Seko May 12, 2016 [25]
Ikoma helps the bushi develop weapons to kill the Kabane and Ayame declares the Kabaneri are the bodyguards of the Kōtetsujō. The train arrives at Yashiro Station which was attacked by Kabane who still remain within. The Aragane passengers rescue some human survivors, who talk of a Black Fog before the attack. Mumei meets Enoku, a crippled fighter still loyal to her brother the Young Master. He warns her that the Shogunate is acting suspiciously by stockpiling weapons and advises her to complete her mission. Debris blocks the tracks and the Kōtetsujō committee decide to use a crane to remove it. Ikoma suggest a cautious route to the crane but Mumei unexpectedly insists on a head-on clash with the Kabane. While Ikoma leads a group of engineers to start the crane, Mumei attacks the nest of Kabane single handed, estimating that she has 90 seconds of energy left. She defeats them, but before the working party can start the crane, even more Kabane appear. The crew retreat and Ikoma starts to lift the debris with the crane while Mumei uses her remaining energy to fight the horde of Kabane. A weakening Mumei is then attacked by a Wazatori and Ikoma goes to her aid before he completes removing the debris. At that moment, a giant shadowy figure heads towards the train.
6
"Gathering Light"
"Tsudou Hikari" (集う光) Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko May 19, 2016 [26]
The Black Fog is revealed to be a colony of Kabane fused into one giant beast. Unable to leave, the Kōtetsujō retreats to the station workshop and they seal the door. Ikoma finds Mumei trapped under rubble and tries to release her. The committee discuss their options of whether to leave or stay. Unable to free Mumei, Ikoma leads the Kabane away from her and kills as many as he can before succumbing. Kurusu and some others rescue Mumei via an underground tunnel. She runs to find Ikoma who is badly wounded, and they all return to the train together. While the Black Fog beast is distracted, feeding on the bodies of the dead Kabane, Ikoma removes the wreckage from the tracks. Mumei suggests a plan to kill the beast using everyone working together. The Kōtetsujō leaves the workshop with the beast in pursuit. At the last possible moment, they shoot the beast with the train's cannon, and Mumei kills the woman controlling it, who, much to her surprise, was a Kabaneri like her who turned rogue. With the beast defeated, the Kōtetsujō leaves Yashiro Station.
7
"Begging The Heavens"
"Ten ni Negau" (天に願う) Fumihiro Ueno
Nobuyoshi Nagayama Ichirō Ōkouchi May 26, 2016 [27]
The Kōtetsujō arrives at Shitori Station, which is still occupied by humans, but are only allowed to stay for a couple of days. Ayame exchanges something of value to purchase bamboo for the Tanabata ceremony so people can hang their wishes on it. They are then offered food and other provisions in exchange for the jet bullets technology invented by Ikoma. Mumei reveals to Ikoma that her name was Hozumi before she became a Kabaneri, and he promises that he will make her human again. The next day they all share their wishes, hoping for a better life. The following day the hayajiro Kokujou arrives with the Hunter squad. It is an elite team that hunts Kabane, led by Biba, the Shogun's son, who Mumei calls her brother. However, Ikoma is suspicious of Biba's past and whether he is really a hero, or something else.
8
"The Silent Hunter"
"Mokusu Karibito" (黙す狩人) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Hitomi Ezoe
Kunihiro Mori Ichirō Ōkouchi June 2, 2016 [28]
Biba Amatori is introduced to Ayame, and reveals that he is Mumei's 'older brother' in name only and has been disowned by the Shogun. The Kabane attack Shitori Station and Biba takes his Hunter squad and destroys them all, and kills a re-emerged Enoku, who he accuses of betrayal. He then offers to accompany Ayane's Kōtetsujō to Kongokaku and she accepts. Ikoma suspects that Biba turned Mumei into a Kabaneri and gave her the name Mumei for his own purposes. Biba asks Mumei to get the Kōtetsujō master key for him, but she is tricked and given the wrong key. Ikoma discovers that Biba is transporting Kabane on his train, but Biba uses Mumei to prevent him from entering the carriage. Ikoma is convinced that Biba is not a hero.
9
"Fang of Ruin"
"Horobi no Kiba" (滅びの牙) Hironobu Aoyagi
Hiroyuki Tanaka
Tetsuaki Watanabe Ichirō Ōkouchi June 9, 2016 [29]
The Kokujou with the Hunters is refused entry to Iwato Station, the last before Kongokaku, by the Shogun's samurai. Ayame decides to part company with the Hunters and asks Ikoma to get Mumei. Lord Maeda, leader of the fortress agrees to a meeting with Biba on the condition that only women and children accompany him. During the meeting, Mumei leaves the meeting saying that she needs to go to the toilet and lowers the Iwato Station's drawbridge to let Biba's Kabane into the station. Biba then kills Lord Maeda. When Mumei sees the Kabane attack the station she is horrified by the consequences of her actions. Meanwhile Biba's men take Ayame hostage and kill the Shogun's samurai for what Biba says is retribution for the Shogunate's cowardice for the past 10 years. He believes that only the strong should survive. Biba injects his Kabaneri Horobi with a serum so that she can become the heart of another Black Fog beast, gathering all the Kabane into a single colony, a Nue. The Nue is defeated, but Horobi survives and continues to fight. When she reaches Biba, he kills her since she has served her purpose. In the aftermath, Biba and his men control a devastated Iwato Station. Mumei then realizes that everything Biba had told her was a lie.
10
"The Attacking Weak"
"Semeagu Jakusha" (攻め上ぐ弱者) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Tokiyoshi Sasaki
Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 16, 2016 [30]
Biba and his troops are now in control of the hayajiro and its passengers, using their blood to feed his Kabane. Biba offers a deal to Ayame that if she can open the gates to Kongokaku, and arrange a meeting with his father, he will guarantee the safety of her people. He tells her of the time when his father sent him with 400,000 troops to Kyushu to fight the Kabane, but when replacement supplies failed to arrive they were overrun and wiped out, for which he blames his father. Meanwhile Ikoma hatches a daring plan with some of the passengers to retake control of the hayajiro. Biba offers Mumei a chance to join his troops but she refuses and is forced to take captive vaccine and sedated. Ikoma's group starts their attack to take control of the Kōtetsujō, but Biba had anticipated a counter-attack and confronts Ikoma, killing Takumi who sacrifices himself to save Ikoma. Biba then calls on Mumei to kill Ikoma. She obeys his order due to Biba's captive vaccine, stabbing Ikoma who falls from the hayajiro into a coast far below.
11
"Burning Life"
"Moeru Inochi" (燃える命) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Hitomi Ezoe
Kunihiro Mori Ichirō Ōkouchi June 23, 2016 [31]
Ikoma is still alive, washed up on the shore and is found by Kurusu (who went missing in the previous attack). Biba injects Mumei with the same liquid that he used on Horobi to turn her into a Nue. The Kōtetsujō arrives at Kongokaku and announces that they have captured the men who destroyed Iwato Station so they are allowed entry. Ayame pretends to have Biba prisoner because her crew are being held hostage, and they are taken to meet the Shogun. Biba tricks the Shogun into holding a sword tainted with the Kabane virus which turns him into a Kabane. Biba then kills him and announces to everyone that Kabane are among them, which creates a panic and people start killing each other out of fear. The Karikatashu take the Kōtetsujō into the city and release the Kabane, while Ayame escapes with the help of her uncle. Kurusu has one of Biba's scientists prisoner with knowledge about the Kabane virus. He says that Mumei can be saved once she becomes a Nue by injecting white plasma into her heart. Ikoma insists on being injected by black plasma to give him additional strength, although it will accelerate the Kabane virus and shorten his life. Mumei begins her transformation into a Nue to fulfill Biba's dream of destruction.
12
"Iron Fortress"
"Kōtetsujō" (甲鉄城) Hironobu Aoyagi
Hiroyuki Tanaka
Takayuki Hirao
Tetsurō Araki Ichirō Ōkouchi June 30, 2016 [32]
Ikoma and Kurusu enter Kongokaku, drawing the Kabane towards them. Ayame appeals to the humans to stop attacking each other in fear, and entreats them to leave Kongokaku with her people in the Kōtetsujō. With Kurusu's help, Ikoma is able to reach the Mumei Nue. He destroys the hayajiro Kokujou in the process when the Hunters try to drive it into him with his additional powers since taking the black serum. Mumei seems to be unaware of what she's become, recalling memories from the past and imagining herself surrounded by butterflies. Ikoma reaches the Mumei Nue, but is intercepted by Biba who is revealed as a Kabaneri. Biba stabs Ikoma with his sword, but this does not kill him, and as he is about to try again, Ikoma recovers and blasts him with his bolt gun. Mumei appears to understand that Ikoma is near, and she allows him to inject her with the white serum, destroying the Nue and returning her to her previous form. Ayame and her people leave the smouldering city of Kongokaku in the hayajiro Kōtetsujō with Kurusu, Mumei and injured Ikoma are on board. Ikoma starts to recover thanks to a serum secretly given by Biba and the effects of the black serum seem to diminish. As an afterthought, Mumei hands him back his green stone.
Music[edit]
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Original Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Hiroyuki Sawano
Released
May 18, 2016
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
1:17:45
Label
Aniplex
Producer
Hiroyuki Sawano
Yasushi Horiguchi (co-producer)
Hiroyuki Sawano soundtrack albums chronology
Seraph of the End: Battle in Nagoya Original Soundtrack
(2016)Seraph of the End: Battle in Nagoya Original Soundtrack2016 Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress: Original Soundtrack
(2016) Thunderbolt Fantasy Touriken Yuuki: Original Soundtrack
(2016)Thunderbolt Fantasy Touriken Yuuki: Original Soundtrack2016
Singles from Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress: Original Soundtrack
"KABANERIOFTHEIRONFORTRESS"
Released: October 8, 2016
"Warcry"
Released: October 8, 2016
The soundtrack was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano and was released by Aniplex on May 18, 2016.[33] The opening theme is "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress" by Egoist and the ending theme is "ninelie" by Aimer with chelly. For episode 11, the ending theme is "Through My Blood <AM>" by Aimer.[34]
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Hiroyuki Sawano.
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Original Soundtrack
No.
Title
Lyrics
Vocals
Length
1. "KABANERIOFTHEIRONFORTRESS" cAnON. Eliana 5:18
2. "Warcry"
Benjamin
mpi
mpi 4:14
3. "KGK" 5:23
4. "JAnoPAN" mpi 4:35
5. "Through My Blood" cAnON. Mika Kobayashi 4:14
6. "noname" 4:39
7. "88城" 4:35
8. "VIVALABIBA" 4:00
9. "ComeBack音" 7:15
10. "Next of Kin"
Benjamin
mpi
Benjamin 3:27
11. "araganeekiNo@8女" 4:38
12. "克JOU気MACHINE甲" 6:57
13. "Grenzlinie" ("Borderline") Rie Cyua 4:56
14. "Ktetsu上-abdli" 3:38
15. "1coma" Mika Kobayashi 5:33
16. "icon" cAnON. Eliana 4:23
Total length: 1:17:45
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Due to special news coverage of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake that hit the Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan on April 14, episode 2 that was originally scheduled to air on April 15, 2016 was delayed on Fuji TV and Amazon Prime Video to April 22, 2016.[20][21]
Reception[edit]
The series won the 2016 Newtype Anime Awards for Best TV Anime.[35]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 甲鉄城のカバネリ　総集編　前編　集う光(2016). allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ 甲鉄城のカバネリ　総集編　後編　燃える命(2017). allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan Team, Code Geass Writer Make Kōtetsujō no Kabaneri Anime". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray&DVD 「甲鉄城のカバネリ」公式サイト" (in Japanese). Retrieved May 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Attack on Titan Team's Kōtetsujō no Kabaneri Anime Trailers Reveal Premise, April Premiere". Anime News Network. December 17, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Paul (December 18, 2015). "VIDEO: It's Trains vs. Zombies in "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress" Trailer". Crunchyroll. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amazon Prime to Stream Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Anime From Attack on Titan Team". Anime News Network. March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Gets Theatrical Compilation Editions". Anime News Network. June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll to Dub Release Anime on BD/DVD". Anime News Network. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll and Funimation Partner to Expand access to Anime". Crunchyroll. September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Gets New Anime in 2018". Anime News Network. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress English Dub Stars Robbie Daymond, Janice Kawaye". Anime News Network. November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.kanjijapanese.com/en/dictionary-japanese-english/mumei
Jump up ^ "ノイタミナ『甲鉄城のカバネリ』、来年4月放送! キービジュアル&PVを公開 _ マイナビニュース" (in Japanese). Retrieved June 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Funimonster on Twitter". Twitter. October 29, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Anime's English Dub Adds 4 More Cast Members". Anime News Network. November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Kirbopher/status/953026412151123968
Jump up ^ "甲鉄城のカバネリ" (in Japanese). Fuji TV. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第一話 「脅える屍」 [Episode 1: "Frightened Corpse"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kabaneri, Assassination Classroom, Shōnen Maid, Sakamoto Delayed This Week Due to Quake News Coverage". Anime News Network. April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Episode 2 Delayed 1 Week". Anime News Network. April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第二話 「明けぬ夜」 [Episode 2: "Never-Ending Night"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第三話 「捧げる祈り」 [Episode 3: "Prayer Offer"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第四話 「流る血潮」 [Episode 4: "Flowing Blood"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第五話 「逃げられぬ闇」 [Episode 5: "Inescapable Darkness"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第六話 「集う光」 [Episode 6: "Gathering Light"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第七話 「天に願う」 [Episode 7: "Begging the Heavens"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第八話 「黙す狩人」 [Episode 8: "The Silent Hunter"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第九話 「滅びの牙」 [Episode 9: "Fang of Ruin"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第十話 「攻め上ぐ弱者」 [Episode 10: "The Attacking Weak"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第十一話 「燃える命」 [Episode 11: "Burning Life"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ 第十二話 「甲鉄城」 [Episode 12: "Iron Fortress"]. kabaneri.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SVWC-70149 | KABANERI OF THE IRON FORTRESS ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK - VGMdb". vgmdb.net. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Theme song in Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress 「甲鉄城のカバネリ」公式サイト" (in Japanese). Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Wins 5 Awards Including Best Anime". manga.tokyo. October 9, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Japanese)
Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
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Front-wheel drive
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A classic front-wheel-drive car, the 1934 Citroën Traction Avant
Front-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a transverse engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel drive vehicles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Front-wheel-drive arrangements
2 History
2.1 Prior to 1900
2.2 Société Parisienne - Victoria Combination
2.3 1900 – 1920
2.4 1920 – 1930
2.5 1930 – 1945
2.6 1945 – 1960
2.7 1960 – 1975
2.7.1 Giacosa innovation
2.8 1975 – 1990
2.9 1990 – present
3 Records
4 See also
5 References
Front-wheel-drive arrangements[edit]
Most FWD layouts are front-engined. Rear-engined layouts are possible, but rare. Historically they fall into three categories:
Front-engine transversely mounted/ Front-wheel drive
Front-engine longitudinally mounted/ Front-wheel drive
Front Mid-engine/ Front-wheel drive
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Prior to 1900[edit]
Experiments with front-wheel-drive cars date to the early days of the automobile. According to various sources, sometime between 1895 and 1898 Gräf & Stift built a voiturette with a one-cylinder De Dion-Bouton engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front axle. It was thus arguably the world's first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw mass production, with only one copy ever made. In 1898, Latil, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts.
Société Parisienne - Victoria Combination[edit]
1898-1901 Victoria Combination
1898-1901 Victoria Combination
In 1898/9 the French manufacturer Société Parisienne patented their front-wheel drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a Victoria Combination. It was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower (1.30 or 1.86 kW) De Dion-Bouton engine or a water cooled 3.5 horsepower (2.6 kW) Aster engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering.[1][2][3][4] The name Victoria Combination described the lightweight, two-seater trailer commonly known as a Victoria, combined with the rear axle and drive mechanism from a motor tricycle that was placed in front to achieve front wheel drive.[2][3][4] It also known as the Eureka.
By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the 371 km Paris-St Malo race, finishing 23rd overall and second(last) in the class.[5] In October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100 kilometre course at 26 km/h (16 mph).[3][4] In 1900 it completed 240 kilometres (150 mi) non-stop at 29 km/h (18 mph).[1]
When production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 copies had been sold for 3,000 Francs (circa $600) each.[3][4]
1900 – 1920[edit]
J. Walter Christie of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car, the first prototype of which he built in 1904.[6] He promoted and demonstrated the vehicle by racing at various speedways in the United States, and even competed in the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup[7] and the French Grand Prix. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, but due to lack of sales this venture failed.
1920 – 1930[edit]
1925 Miller 122 Indianapolis 500 front-wheel-drive racer
The next successful application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged Alvis 12/50 racing car designed by George Thomas Smith-Clarke and William M. Dunn of Alvis Cars of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 Kop Hill Climb in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire on March 28, 1925. Harry Arminius Miller of Menomonie, Wisconsin designed the Miller 122 front-wheel-drive racecar that was entered in the 1925 Indianapolis 500, which was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday, May 30, 1925.[8]
However, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside the motor racing arena as no major auto manufacturer attempted the same for production automobiles. Market experiments in the United States were left to small endeavors such as the Ruxton (200 cars in 1929), and the Cord L-29 of 1929. Neither automobile maker was particularly successful on the open market. Alvis Cars introduced a front-wheel-drive commercial model of the Alvis 12/50 in 1928, but it was not a success either.[9]
1930 – 1945[edit]
Front-wheel-drive MF layout with engine behind the transmission in the 1930s. Renault widely used this configuration into the 1980s.
The first successful consumer application came in 1929. The BSA (Birmingham Small Arms Company) produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available. In 1931 the DKW F1 from Germany made its debut. Buckminster Fuller adopted rear-engine, front wheel drive for his three Dymaxion Car prototypes. Other German car producers followed: Stoewer offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, Adler in 1932 and Audi in 1933. In 1934, the very successful Traction Avant cars were introduced by Citroën of France. The Cord 810 of the United States managed a bit better in the late 1930s than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, running "backwards," (save for the Cord, which drove the transmission from the front of the engine). The basic front-wheel-drive layout provides sharp turning, and better weight distribution creates "positive handling characteristics" due to its low polar inertia and relatively favourable weight distribution.[10] (The heaviest component is near the centre of the car, making the main component of its moment of inertia relatively low). Another result of this design is a lengthened chassis.
1945 – 1960[edit]
The 1959 Mini with a transverse engine
Front-wheel-drive FF layout as pioneered in the Mini is today the most common in mass market passenger cars
Front-wheel drive continued with the 1948 Citroën 2CV, where the air-cooled lightweight aluminium flat twin engine was mounted ahead of the front wheels, but used Hooke type universal joint driveshaft joints, and 1955 Citroën DS, featuring the mid-engine layout. Panhard of France, DKW of Germany and Saab of Sweden offered exclusively front-wheel-drive cars, starting with the 1948 Saab 92.
In 1946, Lloyd Cars, the English car company, had produced the front-wheel-drive roadster, Lloyd 650. The two-stroke, two-cylinder motor was mounted transversely in the front and connected to the front wheels through four-speed synchronised gearbox. The high price and lacklustre performance had doomed its production. Only 600 units were produced from 1946 to 1950.
In 1954, Alfa-Romeo had experimented with its first front-wheel-drive compact car named "33" (not related or referred to sports car similarly named "33"). It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as the modern front-wheel-drive automobiles. It even resembled the smaller version of its popular Alfa Romeo Giulia. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the 33 never saw the production. Had Alfa-Romeo succeed in producing 33, it would precede the Mini as the first "modern" European front-wheel-drive compact car.
In 1955, one of the first Japanese manufacturers to utilize front-wheel drive with a transversely installed engine was the Suzuki Suzulight, which was a small "city" car, called a kei car in Japanese.
In 1959 Austin Mini was launched by the British Motor Corporation, designed by Alec Issigonis as a response to the first 'oil crisis', the 1956 Suez Crisis, and the boom in bubble cars that followed. It was the first production front-wheel-drive car with a watercooled inline four-cylinder engine mounted transversely. This allowed eighty percent of the floor plan for the use of passengers and luggage. The majority of modern cars use this configuration. Its progressive rate rubber sprung independent suspension, low centre of gravity, and wheel at each corner with radial tyres, gave a massive increase in grip and handling over all but the most expensive cars on the market. It used GKN designed Constant-velocity joint drive shaft universal joints.
1960 – 1975[edit]
1960's Renault 4 rolling chassis with gearbox ahead of engine
Front-wheel-drive FF layout as used by Audi and Subaru
The transversely mounted engine combined with front-wheel drive was popularized by the 1959 Mini; there the transmission was built into the sump of the engine, and drive was transferred to it via a set of primary gears. Another variant transmission concept was used by Simca in the 1960s keeping the engine and transmission in line, but transverse mounted and with unequal length driveshafts. This has proven itself to be the model on which almost all modern FWD vehicles are now based. Peugeot and Renault on their jointly developed small car engine of the 1970s where the 4-cylinder block was canted over to reduce the overall height of the engine with the transmission underneath (PSA X engine). The tendency of this layout to generate unwanted transmission "whine" has seen it fall out of favour. Also, clutch changes required engine removal.
The 1965 Triumph 1300 was designed around a longitudinal engine with the transmission underneath. Audi has also used a longitudinally mounted engine overhung over the front wheels since the 1970s. Audi is one of the few manufacturers which still uses this particular configuration. It allows the use of equal-length half shafts and the easy addition of all-wheel drive, but has the disadvantage that it makes it difficult to achieve 50/50 weight distribution (although they remedy this in four-wheel-drive models by mounting the gearbox at the rear of the transaxle.) The Subaru 1000 appeared in 1966 utilizing front-wheel drive mated to a flat-4 engine, with the driveshafts of equal length extending from the transmission, which addressed some of the issues of the powertrain being somewhat complex and unbalanced in the engine compartment - the Alfa Romeo Alfasud (and its replacement, the 1983 Alfa 33) also used the same layout.
Honda also introduced several small front wheel drive vehiches, with the N360 and N600, the Z360 and Z600 in 1967, the Honda 1300 in 1969, followed by the Honda Civic in 1972 and the Honda Accord in 1976.
Also in the 1970s and 1980s, the Douvrin engines used in the larger Renaults (20, 21, 25 and 30) used this longitudinal "forward" layout. The first generation Saab 900, launched in 1978, also used a longitudinal engine with a transmission underneath with helical gears. The 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado was the first U.S. front-wheel-drive car since the Cord 810. It used a longitudinal engine placement for its V8, coupled with an unusual "split" transmission, which turned the engine power 180 degrees. Power then went to a differential mounted to the transmission case, from which half-shafts took it to the wheels. The driveline was set fairly at centre-point of the wheels for better weight distribution, though this raised the engine, requiring lowered intake systems.
Giacosa innovation[edit]
“
Little known outside of Italy, the Primula is today primarily known for innovating the modern economy-car layout.
– Hemmings Motor News,[11]
”
“
This Active Tourer MPV wants to be more stable than a BMW M3, and using the Dante Giacosa-pattern front-wheel-drive layout compacts the mechanicals and saves space for people in the reduced overall length of what will surely become a production 1-series tall-sedan crossover.
– Robert Cumberford, Automobile Magazine, March, 2013[12]
”
Front-wheel drive layout had been highly impacted by the success of small, inexpensive cars, especially the British Mini. As engineered by Alec Issigonis, the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump — despite disparate lubricating requirements — and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, away from the flow of fresh air and drawing heated rather than cool air over the engine. The layout often required the engine be removed to service the clutch.[13]
As engineered by Dante Giacosa, the Fiat 128 featured a transverse-mounted engine with unequal length drive shafts and an innovative clutch release mechanism — an arrangement which Fiat had strategically tested on a previous production model, the Primula, from its less market-critical subsidiary, Autobianchi.
Ready for production in 1964, the Primula featured a gear train offset from the differential and final drive with unequal length drive shafts. The layout enabled the engine and gearbox to be located side by side without sharing lubricating fluid while orienting the cooling fan toward fresh air flow. By using the Primula as a test-bed, Fiat was able to sufficiently resolve the layout's disadvantages, including uneven side-to-side power transmission, uneven tire wear and potential torque steer, the tendency for the power of the engine alone to steer the car under heavy acceleration.
After the 128, Fiat further demonstrated the layout's flexibility, re-configurating the 128 drive-train as a mid-engined layout for the Fiat X1/9. The compact, efficient Giacosa layout — a transversely-mounted engine with transmission mounted beside the engine driving the front wheels through an offset final-drive and unequal-length driveshafts, combined with MacPherson struts and an independently located radiator — subsequently became common with competitors[14] and arguably an industry standard.[15]
1975 – 1990[edit]
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standard drove a mass changeover of cars in the U.S. to front-wheel drive. The change began in 1978, with the introduction of the first American-built transverse-engined cars, the Plymouth Horizon and Dodge Omni (based on the European designed Simca Horizon),[16] followed by the 1980 Chevrolet Citation and numerous other vehicles. Meanwhile, European car makers, that had moved to front-wheel drive decades before, began to homogenize their engine arrangement only in this decade, leaving Audi (and Volkswagen) alone with the Audi front drive-longitudinal engine layout. Years before this was the most common layout in Europe, with examples like Citroen DS, Renault 12, Renault 5, Renault 25 (a Chrysler LH ancestor) Alfa Romeo 33, Volkswagen Passat, etc. This transition can be exemplified in the Renault 21 that was offered with disparate engine configurations. The 1.7-litre version featured an 'east-west' (transversely) mounted engine, but Renault had no gearbox suitable for a more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted (north south) engines.
By reducing drivetrain weight and space needs, vehicles could be made smaller and more efficient without sacrificing acceleration. Integrating the powertrain with a transverse as opposed to a longitudinal layout, along with unibody construction and the use of constant velocity jointed drive axles, along with front wheel drive has evolved into the modern-day mass market automobile. Some suggest that the introduction of the modern Volkswagen Golf in 1974, from a traditional U.S. competitor, and the introduction of the 1973 Honda Civic, and the 1976 Honda Accord served as a wake-up call for the "Big Three" (only Chrysler already produced front-wheel-drive vehicles in their operations outside North America). Ford's 1976 Ford Fiesta was its first front-wheel-drive car in Europe, GM was even later with the 1979 Vauxhall Astra/Opel Kadett. Captive imports were the US car makers initial response to the increased demand for economy cars. The popularity of front-wheel drive began to gain momentum, with the 1981 Ford Escort, the 1982 Nissan Sentra, and the 1983 Toyota Corolla. Front-wheel drive became the norm for mid-sized cars starting with the 1982 Chevrolet Celebrity, 1982 Toyota Camry, 1983 Dodge 600, 1985 Nissan Maxima, 1986 Honda Legend, and the 1986 Ford Taurus. By the mid-1980s, most formerly rear-wheel-drive Japanese models were front-wheel drive, and by the mid-1990s, most American brands only sold a handful of rear-wheel-drive models.
1990 – present[edit]
The Chevrolet Cobalt, a front-wheel-drive car made from 2004 to 2010
The vast majority of front-wheel-drive vehicles today use a transversely mounted engine with "end-on" mounted transmission, driving the front wheels via driveshafts linked via constant velocity (CV) joints, and a flexibly located electronically controlled cooling fan. This configuration was pioneered by Dante Giacosa in the 1964 Autobianchi Primula and popularized with the Fiat 128.[17] Fiat promoted in its advertising that mechanical features consumed only 20% of the vehicle's volume and that Enzo Ferrari drove a 128 as his personal vehicle.[14] The 1959 Mini, while a pioneering transverse front-wheel-drive vehicle[citation needed], used a substantially different arrangement with the transmission in the sump, and the cooling fan drawing hot air from its side-facing location.
Volvo Cars has switched its entire lineup after the 900 series to front-wheel drive. Swedish engineers at the company have said that transversely mounted engines allow for more crumple zone area in a head-on collision. American auto manufacturers are now shifting larger models (such as the Chrysler 300 and most of the Cadillac lineup) back to rear-wheel drive.[18][19] There were relatively few rear-wheel-drive cars marketed in North America by the early 1990s; Chrysler's car line-up was entirely front-wheel drive by 1990. GM followed suit in 1996 where its B-body line was phased out, where its sports cars (Camaro, Firebird, Corvette) were the only RWDs marketed; by the early 2000s, the Chevrolet Corvette and Cadillac Catera were the only RWD cars offered by General Motors until the introduction of the Sigma platform. After the phaseout of the Ford Panther platform (except for the Mustang), Ford automobiles (including the Transit Connect van) manufactured for the 2012 model year to present are front wheel drive; its D3 platform (based on a Volvo platform) has optional all wheel drive.
Records[edit]
The Nissan GT-R LM Nismo race car holds the record for being the most-powerful front-wheel-drive car, with its combustion engine outputs approximately 500 hp (370 kW; 510 PS) while the flywheel system is intended to have an additional output of approximately 750 hp (560 kW; 760 PS). This accounts for a total of 1,250 hp (930 kW; 1,270 PS). Power from the flywheel was intended to be split between the front and rear wheels, making the car all-wheel drive in this configuration. However, due to unreliability the car was raced without the flywheel and with 500hp driving the front wheels only.
However, the 1970 Oldsmobile Toronado remains the most-powerful street-legal front-wheel drive production car till today, with W-34 option producing 400 hp (298 kW).
The Cadillac Eldorado, with front-wheel drive introduced in 1967, holds the record for the largest engine in a front-wheel-drive production vehicle, at 8.2 L (500 in³), starting with the 1970 model, lasting until the 1976 model year.[citation needed]
A production Dodge Neon SRT-4 from RaceDeck Racing broke the land speed record for its class at Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah on August 16, 2006. Driven by Jorgen Moller Jr., the record was set at 221 mph average speed for both runs on the five mile course.
See also[edit]
Automobile layout
Rear-wheel drive
Four-wheel drive
FF layout
Category:Front-wheel-drive sports cars
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Georgano, G.N (Nick) (1973). The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the present day. London: Ebury Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Grace's Guide to Industrial History. Profile of La Societe Parisienne
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bonhams Auctioneers, Profile description of Parisienne at Wikimedia Commons
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bonhams Auctioneers - Profile of La Société Parisienne - Victoria Combination
Jump up ^ Unique Cars and Parts. Voiturette Racing - Before The Formula One
Jump up ^ "Front Wheel Drive Used in 1908." Popular Science, November 1930, p. 52 bottom of page, photo
Jump up ^ "J. Walter Christie". Featured drivers. VanderbiltCupRaces.com. 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
Jump up ^ Day, Kenneth (1989). "Part II: Racing history". In Iles, Robert. Alvis:the story of the red triangle (2nd ed.). Somerset, England: Haynes Publishing Group. pp. 113–63. ISBN 0-85429-667-0.
Jump up ^ The Front Drive - Why Not? Popular Mechanics, January 1930, pp. 10-13
Jump up ^ "Cord front-drive car is here", The New York Times. April 12, 1936. p. XX7.
Jump up ^ "European Car of the Year 1965: BMC Scores a Win". Hemmings Motor News, August 2011.
Jump up ^ "By Design: BMW Concept Active Tourer". Automobile Magazine, Robert Cumberford, February 2013 Issue.
Jump up ^ "Dante Giacosa". Fiat500USA.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Collectible Classic: 1971-1979 Fiat 128". Automobile Magazine, August 2012.
Jump up ^ "1969-1984 FIAT 128 Saloon". Classic and Performance Car. Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. It’s the recipe for technical orthodoxy that has since been adopted by the entire industry.
Jump up ^ Bryan T. Nicalek. "The Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon". Allpar.
Jump up ^ Brick by Brick: The Biography of the Man Who Really Made the Mini, Martyn Nutland, p. 237. Authorhouse, Bloomington, IN, 2012. ISBN 9781477203170.
Jump up ^ "The Chrysler-Dodge LX Cars: Charger, Challenger, 300, 300C, and Magnum". Allpar.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Don (1998). "Cadillac goes to RWD - rear-wheel drive". Automotive Industries (extracted in LookSmart).
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values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: دفع أمامي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: خودروی محورجلو – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הנעה קדמית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Передний привод – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etuveto
Etuveto – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Передній привід – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Front-wheel_drive rootpage-Front-wheel_drive skin-vector action-view