text:
United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
Location
United Kingdom
Gibraltar
Date
23 June 2016
Results
Votes
%
Leave 17,410,742 7001518900000000000♠51.89%
Remain 16,141,241 7001481100000000000♠48.11%
Valid votes 33,551,983 7001999200000000000♠99.92%
Invalid or blank votes 25,359 6998800000000000000♠0.08%
Total votes 33,577,342 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 46,500,001 7001722109999999999♠72.21%
Results by voting areas
Leave Remain
On the map, the darker shades for a colour indicate a larger margin.
National and regional referendums held within the United Kingdom and its constituent countries
Northern Ireland border poll
1973
United Kingdom EC referendum
1975
Scottish Devolution referendum
1979
Welsh Devolution referendum
1979
Scottish Devolution referendum
1997
Welsh Devolution referendum
1997
Greater London Authority referendum
1998
NI Good Friday Agreement referendum
1998
NE England Devolution referendum
2004
Welsh Devolution referendum
2011
United Kingdom AV referendum
2011
Scottish Independence referendum
2014
United Kingdom EU referendum
2016
v
t
e
Part of a series of articles on the
United Kingdom
in the
European Union
Accession [show]
1973 EC enlargement
1975 Referendum Act
1975 EC membership referendum
1972 EC Act
UK rebate
2011 EU Act

Membership [show]
Brand EU
EU Four
The Euro
European Movement UK
Nationality law
UK Euroscepticism
Maastricht Rebels
Black Wednesday

Officials and bodies
EU Committee
European Scrutiny Committee
Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels
EU Representative in London
Young European Movement UK
UK European Commissioners
Permanent EU Representatives

Legislation
1972 EC Act
1986 EC (Amendment) Act
1993 EC (Amendment) Act
1998 EC (Amendment) Act
2002 EC (Amendment) Act
2008 EU (Amendment) Act
2011 EU Act

European Parliament Elections
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
2014
1973 delegation
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Withdrawal [show]
2004–05 EU Bill
2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill
2015–16 EU membership renegotiation
2015 EU Referendum Act
2016 EU (Referendum) Act (Gibraltar)

2016 EU membership referendum
Causes
Endorsements
Issues
Opinion polling

Campaigns
Organisations advocating and campaigning
for a referendum
People's Pledge
Labour for a Referendum
Leave
Vote Leave (official lead group)
Business for Britain
Conservatives for Britain
Students for Britain
Labour Leave
Leave.EU
Bpoplive (cancelled)
Grassroots Out
Get Britain Out
The Freedom Association
Better Off Out
Other anti-EU advocacy organisations
Bruges Group
Campaign for an Independent Britain
Remain
Britain Stronger in Europe (official lead group)
Labour In for Britain
European Movement UK
Other pro-EU advocacy organisations
Britain in Europe
British Influence
Business for New Europe
New Europeans
Nucleus
Project Fear
Media coverage
Brexit: The Movie
In or Out

Aftermath
Results
International reactions
Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bill 2016-17
2016 Conservative Party election
2016 Labour Party election
Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
The New European
European Union (Withdrawal) Bill
Gibraltar
2017 General Election
UK's relations with EU after 2019

Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union'
EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
UK invocation of Article 50
Brexit negotiations
Department for Exiting the EU (Brexit Department)
Secretary of State (Brexit Secretary)
Department for International Trade
Secretary of State (International Trade Secretary)

Post-referendum organisations
Change Britain
More United
Open Britain

See also
United Ireland
v
t
e
The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the EU referendum and the Brexit referendum, took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of, or leaving, the European Union (EU) under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015. The referendum resulted in a simple majority of 51.9% of people voting in favour of leaving the EU. The government initiated the official EU withdrawal process on 29 March 2017, which put the UK on course to complete the withdrawal process by 30 March 2019.
Membership of the EU and its predecessors has long been a topic of debate in the United Kingdom. The country joined what were then the three European Communities, principally the European Economic Community (EEC, or "Common Market"), in 1973. A first referendum on continued membership of the then European Communities (Common Market) was held in 1975, and it was approved by 67.2% of "Yes" voters compared to 32.8% of "No" voters.
In May 2015, in accordance with a Conservative Party manifesto commitment following that party's surprise victory in the 2015 UK general election, the legal basis for a referendum on EU membership was established by the UK Parliament through the European Union Referendum Act 2015. Britain Stronger in Europe was the official group campaigning for the UK to remain in the EU, and was endorsed by the Prime Minister David Cameron and Chancellor George Osborne. Vote Leave was the official group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, and was fronted by the Conservative MP Boris Johnson, Secretary of State for Justice Michael Gove and Labour MP Gisela Stuart. Other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, trade unions, newspapers and prominent individuals were also involved, and each side had supporters from across the political spectrum.
Immediately after the result, financial markets reacted negatively but soon recovered, and Cameron announced that he would resign as prime minister and Conservative party leader, having campaigned unsuccessfully for a "Remain" vote and was the first time that a national referendum result had gone against the preferred option of HM Government. He was succeeded by Theresa May on 13 July. The opposition Labour Party also faced a leadership challenge as a result of the EU referendum. In response to the result, the Scottish Government announced that it would plan for a possible second referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Growing pressure for a referendum
1.2 Renegotiation before the referendum
2 Legislation
3 Administration
3.1 Date
3.2 Eligibility to vote
3.3 Registration problems
3.4 Crown Dependencies
3.5 Referendum question
4 Campaign
5 Responses to the referendum campaign
5.1 Party policies
5.1.1 Great Britain
5.1.2 Northern Ireland
5.1.3 Gibraltar
5.1.4 Minor parties
5.2 Cabinet ministers
5.3 Business
5.4 Exchange rates and stock markets
5.5 European responses
5.6 Non-European responses
5.6.1 International Monetary Fund
5.6.2 United States
5.6.3 Other states
5.7 Economists
5.7.1 Institute for Fiscal Studies
5.7.2 Law and economics experts
5.8 NHS officials
5.9 British charities
5.10 Fishing industry
5.11 Historians
5.12 Exit plan competition
6 Opinion polling
6.1 On the day YouGov Poll
7 Issues
8 Debates, Q&A sessions and interviews
8.1 Promises
9 Voting, voting areas and counts
10 Disturbances
11 Result
11.1 Regional count results
11.2 Results by constituent countries
11.3 Voting demographics and trends
12 Reactions to the result
12.1 Immediate reaction to the vote
12.1.1 Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens
12.1.2 Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries
12.1.3 Abuse and hate crimes
12.1.4 Petition for a new referendum
12.1.5 Notification of intention to leave the EU
12.2 Political
12.2.1 Conservative Party
12.2.2 Labour Party
12.2.3 UK Independence Party
12.2.4 Scottish independence
12.2.5 New political movement
12.3 Economy
12.4 Electoral Reform Society
12.5 Television coverage
13 Investigations into campaigns
13.1 Possible Russian interference
13.2 Campaign spending
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
Background[edit]
See also: Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities, European Communities Act 1972 (UK), and European Union Act 2011
The European Communities were formed in the 1950s—the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952, and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) and European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957.[1] The EEC, much the largest of the three, came to be known as the "Common Market". The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France.[1] A later application was successful, and the UK joined in 1973; two years later, a referendum on continuing membership resulted in 67.2% approval.[1] Political integration gained greater focus when the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union (EU) in 1993, which incorporated (and after the Treaty of Lisbon, succeeded) the European Communities.[1][2]
Growing pressure for a referendum[edit]
Before the 2010 general election David Cameron had given a "cast iron" promise of a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty, which he backtracked on after all EU countries had ratified the Treaty before the election.
In his 2015 election campaign, David Cameron promised to renegotiate the EU membership and later hold a referendum.
Whilst attending the May 2012 NATO summit meeting, British Prime Minister David Cameron, William Hague and Ed Llewellyn discussed the idea of using a European Union referendum as a concession to energise the Eurosceptic wing of the Conservative Party.[3] Cameron promised in January 2013 that, should his Conservative Party win a parliamentary majority at the 2015 general election, the British government would negotiate more favourable arrangements for continuing British membership of the EU, before holding a referendum on whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU.[4] The Conservative Party published a draft EU Referendum Bill in May 2013, and outlined its plans for renegotiation followed by an in-out vote (i.e. a referendum giving options only of leaving and of remaining in under the current terms, or under new terms if these had become available), were the party to be returned to office in 2015.[5] The draft Bill stated that the referendum must be held no later than 31 December 2017.[6]
The draft legislation was taken forward as a Private Member's Bill by Conservative MP James Wharton.[7] The bill's First Reading in the House of Commons took place on 19 June 2013.[8] Cameron was said by a spokesperson to be "very pleased" and would ensure the Bill was given "the full support of the Conservative Party".[9]
Regarding the ability of the bill to bind the British government in the 2015–20 Parliament to holding such a referendum, a parliamentary research paper noted that:
The Bill simply provides for a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of December 2017 and does not otherwise specify the timing, other than requiring the Secretary of State to bring forward orders by the end of 2016. [...] If no party obtained a majority at the [next general election due in 2015], there might be some uncertainty about the passage of the orders in the next Parliament.[10]
The bill received its Second Reading on 5 July 2013, passing by 304 votes to none after almost all Labour MPs and all Liberal Democrat MPs abstained, cleared the Commons in November 2013, and was then introduced to the House of Lords in December 2013, where members voted to block the bill.[11]
Conservative MP Bob Neill then introduced an Alternative Referendum Bill to the Commons.[12][13] After a debate on 17 October 2014, it passed to the Public Bills Committee, but because the Commons failed to pass a money resolution, the bill was unable to progress further before the Dissolution of Parliament on 27 March 2015.[14][15]
In the European Parliament election in 2014, the UK Independence Party (UKIP) secured more votes and more seats than any other party, the first time a party other than the Conservatives or Labour had topped a nationwide poll in 108 years, leaving the Conservative Party in third place.[16]
Under Ed Miliband's leadership between 2010 and 2015, the Labour Party ruled out an in-out referendum unless and until a further transfer of powers from the UK to the EU were to be proposed.[17] In their manifesto for the 2015 general election, the Liberal Democrats pledged to hold an in-out referendum only in the event of there being a change in the EU treaties.[18] The UK Independence Party (UKIP), the British National Party (BNP), the Green Party,[19] the Democratic Unionist Party[20] and the Respect Party[21] all supported the principle of a referendum.
When the Conservative Party won the majority of seats in the House of Commons in the May 2015 general election, Cameron reiterated his party's manifesto commitment to hold an in-out referendum on UK membership of the EU by the end of 2017, but only after "negotiating a new settlement for Britain in the EU".[22]
Renegotiation before the referendum[edit]
Main articles: United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership, 2015–16 and EU law
In early 2014, David Cameron outlined the changes he aimed to bring about in the EU and in the UK's relationship with it.[23] These were: additional immigration controls, especially for citizens of new EU member states; tougher immigration rules for present EU citizens; new powers for national parliaments collectively to veto proposed EU laws; new free-trade agreements and a reduction in bureaucracy for businesses; a lessening of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on British police and courts; more power for individual member states, and less for the central EU; and abandonment of the EU notion of "ever closer union".[23] He intended to bring these about during a series of negotiations with other EU leaders and then, if re-elected, to announce a referendum.[23]
In November that year Cameron gave an update on the negotiations, and further details of his aims.[24] The key demands made of the EU were: on economic governance, to recognise officially that Eurozone laws would not necessarily apply to non-Eurozone EU members and the latter would not have to bail out troubled Eurozone economies; on competitiveness, to expand the single market and to set a target for the reduction of bureaucracy for businesses; on sovereignty, for the UK to be legally exempted from "ever closer union" and for national parliaments to be able collectively to veto proposed EU laws; and, on immigration, for EU citizens going to the UK for work to be unable to claim social housing or in-work benefits until they had worked there for four years, and for them to be unable to send child benefit payments overseas.[24][25]
The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016.[26] The renegotiated terms were in addition to the United Kingdom's existing opt-outs in the European Union and the UK rebate. There was to be no fundamental change to the EU–UK relationship.[26][citation needed] Some limits to in-work benefits for EU immigrants were agreed, but these would apply on a sliding scale for four years and would be for new immigrants only; before they could be applied, a country would have to get permission from the European Council.[26] Child benefit payments could still be made overseas, but these would be linked to the cost of living in the other country.[27] On sovereignty, the UK was reassured that it would not be required to participate in "ever closer union"; these reassurances were "in line with existing EU law".[26] Cameron's demand to allow national parliaments to veto proposed EU laws was modified to allow national parliaments collectively to object to proposed EU laws, in which case the European Council would reconsider the proposal before itself deciding what to do.[26] On economic governance, anti-discrimination regulations for non-Eurozone members would be reinforced, but they would be unable to veto any legislation.[28] The final two areas covered were proposals to "exclude from the scope of free movement rights, third country nationals who had no prior lawful residence in a Member State before marrying a Union citizen"[29] and to make it easier for member states to deport EU nationals for public policy or public security reasons.[30] The extent to which the various parts of the agreement would be legally binding is complex; no part of the agreement itself changed EU law, but some parts could be enforceable in international law.[31]
The EU had offered David Cameron a so-called "emergency brake", which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years.[32] That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU. Cameron claimed that "he could have avoided Brexit had European leaders let him control migration", according to the Financial Times.[33][34] However, that offer had not been made by the EU, as confirmed by Angela Merkel to the German Parliament: "If you wish to have free access to the single market then you have to accept the fundamental European rights as well as obligations that come from it. This is as true for Great Britain as for anybody else."[35]
Legislation[edit]
See also: European Union Referendum Act 2015
The planned referendum was included in the Queen's Speech on 27 May 2015.[36] It was suggested at the time that Cameron was planning to hold the referendum in October 2016,[37] but the European Union Referendum Act 2015, which authorised it, went before the House of Commons the following day, just three weeks after the election.[38] On the bill's second reading on 9 June, members of the House of Commons voted by 544 to 53 in favour, endorsing the principle of holding a referendum, with only the Scottish National Party voting against.[39] In contrast to the Labour Party's position prior to the 2015 general election under Miliband, acting Labour leader Harriet Harman committed her party to supporting plans for an EU referendum by 2017.[40]
To enable the referendum to take place, the European Union Referendum Act[41] was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended to include and take legislative effect in Gibraltar,[42][43] and received royal assent on 17 December 2015. The Act was, in turn, confirmed, enacted and implemented in Gibraltar by the European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar),[44] which was passed by the Gibraltar Parliament and entered into law upon receiving the assent of the Governor of Gibraltar on 28 January 2016.
The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK’s continued membership of the European Union (EU) before the end of 2017. It did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum. Instead, it was designed to gauge the electorate's opinion on EU membership. The referendums held in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1997 and 1998 are examples of this type, where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced. The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented, unlike, for example, the Republic of Ireland, where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in its constitution. In contrast, the legislation that provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation, provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituency Act 2011 were also implemented. In the event, there was a substantial majority against any change. The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK’s EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States, and the terms set out in a command paper and agreed by both Houses.[45] Following the 2016 referendum, the High Court confirmed that the result was not legally binding, owing to the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy, and the legislation authorising the referendum did not contain clear words to the contrary.[46]
Administration[edit]
Date[edit]
Prior to being officially announced, it was widely speculated that a June date for the referendum was a serious possibility. The First Ministers of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales co-signed a letter to Cameron asking him not to hold the referendum in June, as devolved elections were scheduled to take place the previous month. These elections had been postponed for a year to avoid a clash with the 2015 general election, after Westminster had implemented the Fixed-term Parliament Act. Cameron refused this request, saying people were able to make up their own minds in multiple elections spaced a short time from each other.[47]
In February 2016, Cameron announced that the UK Government would formally recommend to the British people that the UK should remain a member of a reformed European Union and that the referendum would be held on 23 June, marking the official launch of the campaign. He also announced that Parliament would enact secondary legislation on 22 February relating to the European Union Referendum Act 2015. With the official launch, ministers of the UK Government were then free to campaign on either side of the argument in a rare exception to Cabinet collective responsibility.[48]
Eligibility to vote[edit]
The right to vote in the referendum in the United Kingdom is defined by the legislation as limited to residents of the United Kingdom who were either also Commonwealth citizens under the British Nationality Act 1948 (which include British citizens and other British nationals), or those who were also citizens of the Republic of Ireland, or both. Members of the House of Lords were able to vote in the referendum.[citation needed]
Residents of the United Kingdom who were citizens of other EU countries were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens (or were also citizens) of the Republic of Ireland, of Malta or of the Republic of Cyprus.[citation needed]
The Representation of the People Acts 1983 (1983 c. 2) and 1985 (1985 c. 50), as amended, also permit certain British citizens (but not other British nationals), who had once lived in the United Kingdom, but had since and in the meantime lived outside of the United Kingdom, but for a period of no more than 15 years, to vote.[49] 3.7 million British citizens were dis-enfranchised globaly, including many British residents impacted in the EU. [50] [51]

Voting on the day of the referendum was from 0700 to 2200 BST (WEST) (0700 to 2200 CEST in Gibraltar) in some 41,000 polling stations manned by over 100,000 staff. Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters.[citation needed] Under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 2000, postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016).
The minimum age for voters in the referendum was set to 18 years, in line with the Representation of the People Act, as amended. A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected.[52]
The deadline to register to vote was initially midnight on 7 June 2016; however, this was extended by 48 hours owing to technical problems with the official registration website on 7 June, caused by unusually high web traffic. Some supporters of the Leave campaign, including the Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, criticised the government's decision to extend the deadline, alleging it gave Remain an advantage because many late registrants were young people who were considered to be more likely to vote for Remain.[53] According to provisional figures from the Electoral Commission, almost 46.5 million people were eligible to vote.[54]
Registration problems[edit]
Nottingham City Council emailed a Vote Leave supporter to say that the council was unable to check whether the nationality that people stated on their voting registration form was true, and hence that they simply had to assume that the information that was submitted, was, indeed, correct.[55]
Kingston-upon-Thames Council and the Electoral Commission stated that Jakub Pawlowski, a Polish voter in Kingston-upon-Thames declared himself as being British on his registration form, and hence, received a referendum polling card in the post, although he is not a UK citizen and did not have the right to receive such a polling card. The voter stated that he specified that he is a Polish citizen when registering on the electoral roll,[56] but, still received the card in the post.[57] The matter had been referred to the police.[58]
3,462 EU nationals were wrongly sent postal voting cards, due to an IT issue experienced by Xpress, an electoral software supplier to a number of councils. Xpress was initially unable to confirm the exact number of those affected. The matter was resolved by the issuance of a software patch which rendered the wrongly recorded electors ineligible to vote on 23 June.[55]
Crown Dependencies[edit]
Residents of the Crown Dependencies (which are not part of the United Kingdom), namely the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, even if they were British citizens, were excluded from the referendum unless they were also previous residents of the United Kingdom (that is: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).[59]
Some residents of the Isle of Man protested that they, as full British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 and living within the British Islands, should also have been given the opportunity to vote in the referendum, as the Isle and the Bailiwicks, although not included as if they were part of the United Kingdom for the purpose of European Union (and European Economic Area (EEA)) membership (as is the case with Gibraltar), would also have been significantly affected by the outcome and impact of the referendum.[59]
Referendum question[edit]
Sample referendum ballot paper
Research by the Electoral Commission confirmed that its recommended question "was clear and straightforward for voters, and was the most neutral wording from the range of options ... considered and tested", citing responses to its consultation by a diverse range of consultees.[60] The proposed question was accepted by the government in September 2015, shortly before the bill's third reading.[61] The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum under the Act was:
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
with the responses to the question to be (to be marked with a single (X)):
Remain a member of the European Union
Leave the European Union
and in Welsh:
A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd neu adael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd?
with the responses (to be marked with a single (X)):
Aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd
Gadael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd
Campaign[edit]
Main article: Campaigning in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
Britain Stronger in Europe campaigners, London, June 2016
Referendum posters for both the Leave and Remain campaigns in Pimlico, London
As of October 2015[update], there was a cross-party, formal group campaigning for Britain to remain a member, called Britain Stronger in Europe, while there were two groups promoting exit which sought to be the official Leave campaign: Leave.EU (supported by most of UKIP, including Nigel Farage),[62] and Vote Leave (supported by Conservative Party Eurosceptics).[62][63] The Electoral Commission announced on 13 April 2016 that Vote Leave was the official leave campaign. This gave it the right to spend up to £7m, a free mailshot, TV broadcasts and £600,000 in public funds.[64] Leave.EU also had an umbrella group offshoot,[62] the cross-party Grassroots Out.[65] The UK government's official position was to support the remain option. Nevertheless, Cameron announced that Conservative Ministers and MPs were free to campaign in favour of remaining in the EU or leaving it, according to their conscience. This decision came after mounting pressure for a free vote for ministers.[66] In an exception to the usual rule of cabinet collective responsibility, Cameron allowed cabinet ministers to campaign publicly for EU withdrawal.[67] A Government-backed campaign was launched in April.[68] On 16 June all official national campaigning was suspended until 19 June after the killing of MP Jo Cox.[69]
HM Government distributed a leaflet to every household in England in the week commencing on 11 April, and in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland on 5 May (after devolved elections). It gave details on why the government's position was that the UK should remain in the EU. The rationale was that internal polls showed that 85% of the population wanted more information from the Government.[70] It was criticised by those wanting to leave as being an unfair advantage, inaccurate and a waste of money costing £9.3 million for the campaign.[71]
In the week beginning on 16 May the Electoral Commission sent a voting guide regarding the referendum to every household within the UK and Gibraltar to raise awareness of the upcoming referendum. The eight-page guide contained details on how to vote, as well as a sample of the actual ballot paper, and a whole page each was given to the campaign groups Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave to present their case.[72][73]
Those who favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union – commonly referred to as Brexit – argued that the EU has a democratic deficit and that being a member undermined national sovereignty, while those who favoured membership argued that in a world with many supranational organisations any loss of sovereignty was compensated by the benefits of EU membership.[citation needed] Those who wanted to leave the EU argued that it would allow the UK to better control immigration, thus reducing pressure on public services, housing and jobs; save billions of pounds in EU membership fees; allow the UK to make its own trade deals; and free the UK from EU regulations and bureaucracy that they saw as needless and costly.[citation needed] Those who wanted to remain argued that leaving the EU would risk the UK's prosperity; diminish its influence over world affairs; jeopardise national security by reducing access to common European criminal databases and result in trade barriers between the UK and the EU.[citation needed] In particular, they argued that it would lead to job losses, delays in investment into the UK and risks to business.[74]
Michael Dougan, professor of European law and Jean Monnet Chair in EU Law at the University of Liverpool, described the Leave campaign as "one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country [the UK] has ever seen".[75] He also accused it of "dishonesty on an industrial scale".[76]
Responses to the referendum campaign[edit]
Party policies[edit]
The table lists political parties with representation either in the House of Commons or in the House of Lords, or in the European Parliament, or in the Scottish Parliament, Northern Ireland Assembly or the Welsh Assembly, or in the Legislature of Gibraltar (Gibraltar Parliament).
Great Britain[edit]
Position
Political parties
Ref
Remain Green Party of England and Wales [77]
Labour Party [78][79]
Liberal Democrats [80]
Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales [81]
Scottish Green Party [82]
Scottish National Party (SNP) [83][84]
Leave
UK Independence Party (UKIP) [85]
Neutral Conservative Party [86]
Northern Ireland[edit]
Position
Political parties
Ref
Remain Alliance Party of Northern Ireland [87][88]
Green Party in Northern Ireland [89]
Sinn Féin [90]
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) [91]
Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) [92]
Leave
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) [93][94]
People Before Profit Alliance (PBP) [95]
Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV) [96]
Gibraltar[edit]
Position
Political parties
Ref
Remain Gibraltar Social Democrats [97]
Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party [98]
Liberal Party of Gibraltar [98]
Minor parties[edit]
Among minor parties, Socialist Labour Party, Communist Party of Britain, Britain First,[99] the British National Party (BNP),[100]Éirígí,[101] Respect Party,[102] Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC),[103] SDP,[104] Liberal Party,[105] and Independence from Europe[106] supported leaving the EU. The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) supported remaining in the EU.[107] The Women's Equality Party (WE) had no official position on the issue.[108][109]
Cabinet ministers[edit]
For the positions of backbench MPs and other politicians, see Endorsements in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016.
The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising governmental departments; it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government's ministerial heads.[110] Following the announcement of the referendum in February, 23 of the 30 Cabinet ministers (including attendees) supported the UK staying in the EU.[111] Iain Duncan Smith, in favour of leaving, resigned on 19 March and was replaced by Stephen Crabb who was in favour of remaining.[111][112] Crabb was already a cabinet member, as the Secretary of State for Wales, and his replacement, Alun Cairns, was in favour of remaining, bringing the total number of pro-remain Cabinet members to 25.
Business[edit]
See also: Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum § Business leaders
Various UK multinationals have stated that they would not like the UK to leave the EU because of the uncertainty it would cause, such as Shell,[113] BT[114] and Vodafone,[115] with some assessing the pros and cons of Britain exiting.[116] The banking sector was one of the most vocal advocating to stay in the EU, with the British Bankers' Association saying: "Businesses don't like that kind of uncertainty".[117] RBS has warned of potential damage to the economy.[118] Furthermore, HSBC and foreign-based banks JP Morgan and Deutsche Bank claim a Brexit might result in the banks' changing domicile.[119][120] According to Goldman Sachs and the City of London's policy chief, all such factors could impact on the City of London's present status as a European and global market leader in financial services.[121][122] In February 2016, leaders of 36 of the FTSE 100 companies, including Shell, BAE Systems, BT and Rio Tinto, officially supported staying in the EU.[123] Moreover, 60% of the Institute of Directors and the EEF memberships supported staying.[124]
Many UK-based businesses, including Sainsbury's, remained steadfastly neutral, concerned that taking sides in the divisive issue could lead to a backlash from customers.[125]
Richard Branson stated that he was "very fearful" of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU.[126] Alan Sugar expressed similar concern.[127]
James Dyson, founder of the Dyson company, argued in June 2016 that the introduction of tariffs would be less damaging for British exporters than the appreciation of the pound against the Euro, arguing that, because Britain ran a 100 billion pound trade deficit with the EU, tariffs could represent a significant revenue source for the Treasury.[128] Pointing out that languages, plugs and laws differ between EU member states, Dyson said that the 28-country bloc was not a single market, and argued the fastest growing markets were outside the EU.[128] Engineering company Rolls-Royce wrote to employees to say that it did not want the UK to leave the EU.[129]
Surveys of large UK businesses showed a strong majority favoured the UK remaining in the EU.[130] Small and medium-sized UK businesses are more evenly split.[130] Polls of foreign businesses found that around half would be less likely to do business in the UK, while 1% would increase their investment in the UK.[131][132][133] Two large car manufacturers, Ford and BMW, warned in 2013 against Brexit, suggesting it would be "devastating" for the economy.[134] Conversely, in 2015, some other manufacturing executives told Reuters that they would not shut their plants if the UK left the EU, although future investment might be put at risk.[135] The CEO of Vauxhall stated that a Brexit would not materially affect its business.[136] Foreign-based Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda confirmed that, whether or not Britain left the EU, Toyota would carry on manufacturing cars in Britain as they had done before.[137]
Exchange rates and stock markets[edit]
In the week following conclusion of the UK's renegotiation (and especially after Boris Johnson announced that he would support the UK leaving), the pound fell to a seven-year low against the dollar and economists at HSBC warned that it could drop even more.[138] At the same time, Daragh Maher, head of HSBC, suggested that if Sterling dropped in value so would the Euro. He said "If we have increased Brexit risk, we will have a negative risk for the euro." European banking analysts also cited Brexit concerns as the reason for the Euro's decline.[139] Immediately after a poll in June 2016 showed that the Leave campaign was 10 points ahead, the pound dropped by a further one per cent.[140] In the same month, it was announced that the value of goods exported from the UK in April had shown a month-on-month increase of 11.2%, "the biggest rise since records started in 1998".[141][142]
Uncertainty over the referendum result, together with several other factors—US interest rates rising, low commodity prices, low Eurozone growth and concerns over emerging markets such as China—contributed to a high level of stock market volatility in January and February 2016.[143] During this period, the FTSE 100 rose or fell by more than 1.5% on 16 days.[143] On 14 June, polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2%, lost £98 billion in value.[144][145] After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain, the pound and the FTSE recovered.[146]
On the day of the referendum, sterling hit a 2016 high of $1.5018 and the FTSE 100 also climbed to a 2016 high, as a new poll suggested a win for the Remain campaign.[147] Initial results suggested a vote for 'Remain' and the value of the pound held its value. However, when the result for Sunderland was announced, it indicated an unexpected swing to 'Leave'. Subsequent results appeared to confirm this swing and sterling fell in value to $1.3777, its lowest level since 1985. However, the following Monday when the markets opened, sterling fell to a new low of $1.32.[148]
When the London Stock Exchange opened on the morning of 24 June, the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes, before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. When the markets reopened the following Monday, the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline losing over 2% by mid-afternoon.[149] Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum, the US Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped nearly 450 points or about 2½% in less than half an hour. The Associated Press called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a stock market crash.[150] Investors in worldwide stock markets lost more than the equivalent of US$2 trillion on 24 June 2016, making it the worst single-day loss in history, in absolute terms.[151] The market losses amounted to US$3 trillion by 27 June.[152] The value of the pound sterling against the US dollar fell to a 31-year low.[153] The UK's and the EU's sovereign debt credit rating was also lowered by Standard & Poor's.[154][155] By 29 June, the markets had returned to growth and the value of the pound had begun to rise.[156]
By mid-afternoon on 27 June 2016, sterling was at a 31-year low, having fallen 11% in two trading days, and the FTSE 100 had surrendered £85 billion;[157] however, by 29 June it had recovered all its losses since the markets closed on polling day.[158]
European responses[edit]
Czech prime minister Bohuslav Sobotka suggested that the Czech Republic would start discussions on leaving the EU if the UK voted for an EU exit.[159] Former Czech President Václav Klaus said that Britain's departure from the EU would be a bigger non-event than the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.[160]
Marine Le Pen, the leader of the French Front national, described the possibility of a Brexit as "like the fall of the Berlin Wall" and commented that "Brexit would be marvellous – extraordinary – for all European peoples who long for freedom".[161] A poll in France showed that 59% of the French people were in favour of Britain remaining in the EU.[162]
Polish President Andrzej Duda lent his support for the UK remaining within the EU.[163] Moldovan Prime Minister Pavel Filip asked all citizens of Moldova living in the UK to speak to their British friends and convince them to vote for the UK to remain in the EU.[164]
Spanish foreign minister José García-Margallo said Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the "very next day" after a British withdrawal from the EU.[165] Margallo also threatened to close the border with Gibraltar if Britain left the EU.[166]
The Dutch politician Geert Wilders, leader of the Party for Freedom, said that the Netherlands should follow Britain's example: "Like in 1940s, once again Britain could help liberate Europe from another totalitarian monster, this time called ‘Brussels’."[167]
Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström said on 11 June 2016 that if Britain left the EU, other countries would have referendums on whether to leave the EU, and that if Britain stayed in the EU, other countries would negotiate, ask and demand to have special treatment.[168]
Non-European responses[edit]
International Monetary Fund[edit]
Christine Lagarde, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund, warned in February 2016 that the uncertainty over the outcome of the referendum would be bad "in and of itself" for the British economy.[169] In response, Leave campaigner Priti Patel said a previous warning from the IMF regarding the coalition government's deficit plan for the UK was proven incorrect and that the IMF "were wrong then and are wrong now".[170]
United States[edit]
In October 2015, United States Trade Representative Michael Froman declared that the United States was not keen on pursuing a separate free-trade agreement (FTA) with Britain if it were to leave the EU, thus, according to The Guardian, undermining a key economic argument of proponents of those who say Britain would prosper on its own and be able to secure bilateral FTAs with trading partners.[171] Also in October 2015, the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom Matthew Barzun said that UK participation in NATO and the EU made each group "better and stronger" and that, while the decision to remain or leave is a choice for the British people, it was in the US interest that it remain.[172] In April 2016, eight former US Secretaries of the Treasury, who had served both Democratic and Republican presidents, urged Britain to remain in the EU.[173]
In July 2015, President Barack Obama confirmed the long-standing US preference for the UK to remain in the EU. Obama said: "Having the UK in the EU gives us much greater confidence about the strength of the transatlantic union, and is part of the cornerstone of the institutions built after World War II that has made the world safer and more prosperous. We want to make sure that the United Kingdom continues to have that influence."[174] Obama's intervention was criticised by Republican Senator Ted Cruz as "a slap in the face of British self-determination as the president, typically, elevated an international organisation over the rights of a sovereign people", and stated that "Britain will be at the front of the line for a free trade deal with America", were a Brexit to occur.[175][176]
Prior to the vote, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump anticipated that Britain would leave based on its concerns over migration,[177] while Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton hoped that Britain would remain in the EU to strengthen transatlantic co-operation.[178]
Other states[edit]
In October 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping declared his support for Britain remaining in the EU, saying "China hopes to see a prosperous Europe and a united EU, and hopes Britain, as an important member of the EU, can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties".[179] Chinese diplomats have stated "off the record" that the People's Republic sees the EU as a counterbalance to American economic power, and that an EU without Britain would mean a stronger United States.[179]
In February 2016, the finance ministers from the G20 major economies warned that leaving the EU would lead to "a shock" in the global economy.[180][181]
In May 2016, the Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said that Australia would prefer the UK to remain in the EU, but that it was a matter for the British people, and "whatever judgment they make, the relations between Britain and Australia will be very, very close".[182]
Indonesian president Joko Widodo stated during a European trip that he was not in favour of Brexit.[183]
Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe issued a statement of reasons why he was "very concerned" at the possibility of Brexit.[184]
Russian President Vladimir Putin said: "I want to say it is none of our business, it is the business of the people of the UK."[185] Maria Zakharova, the official Russian foreign ministry spokesperson, said: "Russia has nothing to do with Brexit. We are not involved in this process in any way. We don’t have any interest in it."[186]
Economists[edit]
In November 2015, the Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney said that the Bank of England would do what was necessary to help the UK economy if the British people voted to leave the EU.[187] In March 2016, Carney told MPs that an EU exit was the "biggest domestic risk" to the UK economy, but that remaining a member also carried risks, related to the European Monetary Union, of which the UK is not a member.[188] In May 2016, Carney said that a "technical recession" was one of the possible risks of the UK leaving the EU.[189] However, Iain Duncan Smith said Carney's comment should be taken with "a pinch of salt", saying "all forecasts in the end are wrong".[190]
In December 2015, the Bank of England published a report about the impact of immigration on wages. The report concluded that immigration put downward pressure on workers' wages, particularly low-skilled workers: a 10 percent point rise in the proportion of migrants working in low-skilled services drove down the average wages of low-skilled workers by about 2 percent.[191] The 10 percentage point rise cited in the paper is larger than the entire rise observed since the 2004-06 period in the semi/unskilled services sector, which is about 7 percentage points.[192]
In March 2016, Nobel prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz argued that he might reconsider his support for the UK remaining in the EU if the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) were to be agreed to.[193] Stiglitz warned that under the investor-state dispute settlement provision in current drafts of the TTIP, governments risked being sued for loss of profits resulting from new regulations, including health and safety regulations to limit the use of asbestos or tobacco.[193]
The German economist Clemens Fuest wrote that there was a liberal, free-trade bloc in the EU comprising the UK, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Slovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, controlling 32% of the votes in the European Council and standing in opposition to the dirigiste, protectionist policies favoured by France and its allies.[194] Germany with its 'social market' economy stands midway between the French dirigiste economic model and the British free-market economic model. From the German viewpoint, the existence of the liberal bloc allows Germany to play off free-market Britain against dirigiste France, and that if Britain were to leave, the liberal bloc would be severely weakened, thereby allowing the French to take the EU into a much more dirigiste direction that would be unattractive from the standpoint of Berlin.[194]
Institute for Fiscal Studies[edit]
In May 2016, the Institute for Fiscal Studies said that an EU exit could mean two more years of austerity cuts as the government would have to make up for an estimated loss of £20 billion to £40 billion of tax revenue. The head of the IFS, Paul Johnson said that the UK "could perfectly reasonably decide that we are willing to pay a bit of a price for leaving the EU and regaining some sovereignty and control over immigration and so on. That there would be some price though, I think is now almost beyond doubt."[195]
Law and economics experts[edit]
A study by Oxford Economics for the Law Society of England and Wales has suggested that Brexit would have a particularly large negative impact on the UK financial services industry and the law firms that support it, which could cost the law sector as much as £1.7bn per annum by 2030.[196] The Law Society's own report into the possible effects of Brexit notes that leaving the EU would be likely to reduce the role played by the UK as a centre for resolving disputes between foreign firms, whilst a potential loss of "passporting" rights would require financial services firms to transfer departments responsible for regulatory oversight overseas.[197]
World Pensions Forum director M. Nicolas Firzi has argued that the Brexit debate should be viewed within the broader context of economic analysis of EU law and regulation in relation to English common law, arguing: "Every year, the British Parliament is forced to pass tens of new statutes reflecting the latest EU directives coming from Brussels – a highly undemocratic process known as 'transposition'... Slowly but surely, these new laws dictated by EU commissars are conquering English common law, imposing upon UK businesses and citizens an ever-growing collection of fastidious regulations in every field".[198]
A poll of lawyers conducted by a legal recruiter in late May 2016 suggested 57% of lawyers wanted to remain in the EU.[199]
During a Treasury Committee shortly following the vote, economic experts generally agreed that the leave vote would be detrimental to the UK economy.[200]
NHS officials[edit]
Simon Stevens, head of NHS England, warned in May 2016 that a recession following a Brexit would be "very dangerous" for the National Health Service, saying that "when the British economy sneezes, the NHS catches a cold."[201] Three-quarters of a sample of NHS leaders agreed that leaving the EU would have a negative effect on the NHS as a whole. In particular, eight out of 10 respondents felt that leaving the EU would have a negative impact on trusts' ability to recruit health and social care staff.[202] In April 2016, a group of nearly 200 health professionals and researchers warned that the NHS would be in jeopardy if Britain left the European Union.[203] The leave campaign reacted by saying more money would be available to be spent on the NHS if the UK left the EU.
British charities[edit]
Guidelines by the Charity Commission for England and Wales that forbid political activity for registered charities have kept them silent on the EU poll.[204] According to Simon Wessely, head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London – neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016, nor Cameron's encouragement have made health organisations, most of which support the remain campaign, willing to speak out.[204]
Fishing industry[edit]
A June 2016 survey of British fishermen found that 92% intended to vote to leave the EU.[205] The EU's Common Fisheries Policy was mentioned as a central reason for their near-unanimity.[205] More than three-quarters believed that they would be able to land more fish, and 93% stated that leaving the EU would benefit the fishing industry.[206] More than half of fish caught in British waters are caught by non-UK vessels due to the EU's Common Fisheries Policy.
Historians[edit]
In May 2016, more than 300 historians wrote in a joint letter to The Guardian that Britain could play a bigger role in the world as part of the EU. They said: "As historians of Britain and of Europe, we believe that Britain has had in the past, and will have in the future, an irreplaceable role to play in Europe."[207]
Exit plan competition[edit]
Following David Cameron's announcement of an EU referendum, British think tank the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) announced in July 2013 a competition to find the best plan for a UK exit from the European Union, declaring that a departure is a "real possibility" after the 2015 general election.[208] Iain Mansfield, a Cambridge graduate and UKTI diplomat, submitted the winning thesis: A Blueprint for Britain: Openness not Isolation.[209] Mansfield's submission focused on addressing both trade and regulatory issues with member states as well as other global trading partners.[210][211]
Opinion polling[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Opinion polling on the referendum
Opinion polls from 2010 onwards suggested the British public were relatively evenly divided on the question, with opposition to EU membership peaking in November 2012 at 56% compared with 30% who prefer to remain in,[212] while in June 2015 those in favour of Britain remaining in the EU reached 43% versus those opposed 36%.[213] The largest ever poll (of 20,000 people, in March 2014) showed the public evenly split on the issue, with 41% in favour of withdrawal, 41% in favour of membership, and 18% undecided.[214] However, when asked how they would vote if Britain renegotiated the terms of its membership of the EU, and the UK Government stated that British interests had been satisfactorily protected, more than 50% indicated that they would vote for Britain to stay in.[215]
Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU, whereas those older tend to support leaving, but there was no gender split in attitudes.[216][217] In February 2016 YouGov also found that euroscepticism correlated with people of lower income and that "higher social grades are more clearly in favour of remaining in the EU", but noted that euroscepticism also had strongholds in "the more wealthy, Tory shires".[218] Scotland, Wales and many English urban areas with large student populations were more pro-EU.[218] Big business was broadly behind remaining in the EU, though the situation among smaller companies was less clear cut.[219] In polls of economists, lawyers, and scientists, clear majorities saw the UK's membership of the EU as beneficial.[220][221][222][223][224] Ladbrokes offered 6/1 odds on the day of the referendum against voters choosing to leave the EU.[225] The American company TickerTags accurately predicted the results using Twitter data.[226]
On the day YouGov Poll[edit]
Remain
Leave
Undecided
Lead
Sample
Conducted by
52% 48% N/A 4% 4,772 YouGov
Shortly after the polls closed at 10pm on 23 June the British polling company YouGov relaeased a poll which was conducted by almost 5,000 people on the day which suggested a narrow lead for “Remain” which polled 52% with Leave polling 48%. It was later criticised for overestimating the margin of the “Remain” vote when it became clear a few hours later that the UK had voted 51.9% to 48.1% in favour of leaving the European Union.
Issues[edit]
Main article: Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
The number of jobs lost or gained by a withdrawal was a dominant issue; the BBC's outline of issues warned that a precise figure was difficult to find. The Leave campaign argued that a reduction in red tape associated with EU regulations would create more jobs and that small to medium-sized companies who trade domestically would be the biggest beneficiaries. Those arguing to remain in the EU, claimed that millions of jobs would be lost. The EU's importance as a trading partner and the outcome of its trade status if it left was a disputed issue. Whilst those wanting to stay cited that most of the UK's trade was made with the EU, those arguing to leave say that its trade was not as important as it used to be. Scenarios of the economic outlook for the country if it left the EU were generally negative. The United Kingdom also paid more into the EU budget than it received.[227]
Boris Johnson MP played a key role in the Vote Leave campaign
Citizens of EU countries, including the United Kingdom, have the right to travel, live and work within other EU countries, as free movement is one of the four founding principles of the EU.[228] Campaigners for remaining said that EU immigration had positive impacts on the UK's economy, citing that the country's growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration.[227] The Office for Budget Responsibility also claimed that taxes from immigrants boost public funding.[227] A recent academic paper suggests that migration from Eastern Europe put pressure on wage growth at the lower end of the wage distribution, while at the same time increasing pressures on public services and housing.[229] The Leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals, as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages.[227] According to official Office for National Statistics data, net migration in 2015 was 333,000, which was the second highest level on record, far above David Cameron's target of tens of thousands.[230][231] Net migration from the EU was 184,000.[231] The figures also showed that 77,000 EU migrants who came to Britain were looking for work.[230][231]
After the announcement had been made as to the outcome of the referendum, Rowena Mason, political correspondent for The Guardian offered the following assessment: "Polling suggests discontent with the scale of migration to the UK has been the biggest factor pushing Britons to vote out, with the contest turning into a referendum on whether people are happy to accept free movement in return for free trade."[232] A columnist for The Times, Philip Collins, went a step further in his analysis: "This was a referendum about immigration disguised as a referendum about the European Union."[233]
The Conservative MEP (Member of the European Parliament) representing South East England, Daniel Hannan, predicted on the BBC program Newsnight that the level of immigration would remain high after Brexit.[234] "Frankly, if people watching think that they have voted and there is now going to be zero immigration from the EU, they are going to be disappointed. ... you will look in vain for anything that the Leave campaign said at any point that ever suggested there would ever be any kind of border closure or drawing up of the drawbridge."[235]
The EU had offered David Cameron a so-called "emergency brake" which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years."[236] That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU.[237]
The possibility that the UK's smaller constituent countries could vote to remain within the EU but find themselves withdrawn from the EU led to discussion about the risk to the unity of the United Kingdom.[238] Scotland's First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, made it clear that she believed that a second independence referendum would "almost certainly" be demanded by Scots if the UK voted to leave the EU but Scotland did not.[239] The First Minister of Wales, Carwyn Jones, said: "If Wales votes to remain in [the EU] but the UK votes to leave, there will be a... constitutional crisis. The UK cannot possibly continue in its present form if England votes to leave and everyone else votes to stay".[240]
There was concern that the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), a proposed trade agreement between the United States and the EU, would be a threat to the public services of EU member states.[241][242][243][244] Jeremy Corbyn, on the Remain side, said that he pledged to veto TTIP in Government.[245] John Mills, on the Leave side, said that the UK could not veto TTIP because trade pacts were decided by Qualified Majority Voting in the European Council.[246]
There was debate over the extent to which the European Union membership aided security and defence in comparison to the UK's membership of NATO and the United Nations.[247] Security concerns over the union's free movement policy were raised too, because people with EU passports were unlikely to receive detailed checks at border control.[248]
Debates, Q&A sessions and interviews[edit]
A debate was held by The Guardian on 15 March 2016, featuring the leader of UKIP Nigel Farage, Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom, the leader of Labour's "yes" campaign Alan Johnson and former leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg.[249]
Earlier in the campaign, on 11 January, a debate took place between Nigel Farage and Carwyn Jones, who was at the time the First Minister of Wales and leader of the Welsh Labour Party.[250][251] Reluctance to have Conservative Party members argue against one another has seen some debates split, with Leave and Remain candidates interviewed separately.[252]
The Spectator held a debate hosted by Andrew Neil on 26 April, which featured Nick Clegg, Liz Kendall and Chuka Umunna arguing for a remain vote, and Nigel Farage, Daniel Hannan and Kate Hoey arguing for a leave vote.[253] The Daily Express held a debate on 3 June, featuring Nigel Farage, Labour MP Kate Hoey and Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg debating Labour MPs Siobhain McDonagh and Chuka Umunna and businessman Richard Reed, co-founder of Innocent drinks.[254] Essex TV produced a documentary named 'Is Essex IN or OUT' released on 20 June, featuring Boris Johnson, local public figures and various members of the public from Essex.[255] Andrew Neil presented four interviews ahead of the referendum. The interviewees were Hilary Benn, George Osborne, Nigel Farage and Iain Duncan Smith on 6, 8, 10 and 17 May, respectively.[256]
The scheduled debates and question sessions included a number of question and answer sessions with various campaigners.[257][258] and a debate on ITV held on 9 June that included Angela Eagle, Amber Rudd and Nicola Sturgeon, Boris Johnson, Andrea Leadsom, and Gisela Stuart.[259]
EU Referendum: The Great Debate was held at Wembley Arena on 21 June and hosted by David Dimbleby, Mishal Husain and Emily Maitlis in front of an audience of 6,000.[260] The audience was split evenly between both sides. Sadiq Khan, Ruth Davidson and Frances O'Grady appeared for Remain. Leave was represented by the same trio as the ITV debate on 9 June (Johnson, Leadsom and Stuart).[261] Europe: The Final Debate with Jeremy Paxman was held the following day on Channel 4.[262]
Promises[edit]
John Redwood considered that getting out of the EU can be quick and easy and that the UK holds most of the cards in any negotiation[263].
Voting, voting areas and counts[edit]
Sign outside a polling station in England on the morning of the referendum
Voting took place from 0700 BST (WEST) until 2200 BST (Same hours CEST in Gibraltar) in 41,000 polling stations across 382 voting areas, with each polling station limited to a maximum of 2,500 voters.[264] The referendum was held across all four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as in Gibraltar, as a single majority vote. The 382 voting areas were grouped into twelve regional counts and there was separate declarations for each of the regional counts.
In England, as happened in the 2011 AV referendum, the 326 districts were used as the local voting areas and the returns of these then fed into nine English regional counts. In Scotland the local voting areas were the 32 local councils which then fed their results into the Scottish national count, and in Wales the 22 local councils were their local voting areas before the results were then fed into the Welsh national count. Northern Ireland, as was the case in the AV referendum, was a single voting and national count area although local totals by Westminster parliamentary constituency areas were announced.
Gibraltar was a single voting area, but as Gibraltar was to be treated and included as if it were a part of South West England, its results was included together with the South West England regional count.[264]
The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas and regional counts that were used for the referendum.[264]
Country
Counts and voting areas
United Kingdom
(together with Gibraltar, treated as if it were a [full] part of the United Kingdom) Referendum declaration;
12 regional counts;
382 voting areas (381, 1 in Gibraltar)
Constituent countries
Counts and voting areas
England
(together with Gibraltar, treated as if it were a part of South West England) 9 regional counts;
327 voting areas (326, 1 in Gibraltar)
Northern Ireland National count and single voting area;
18 local totals
Scotland National count;
32 voting areas
Wales National count;
22 voting areas
Disturbances[edit]
On 16 June 2016, one pro-EU Labour MP, Jo Cox, was shot and killed in Birstall, West Yorkshire the week before the referendum by a man calling himself "death to traitors, freedom for Britain", and a man who intervened was injured.[265] The two rival official campaigns suspended their activities as a mark of respect to Cox.[69] David Cameron cancelled a planned rally in Gibraltar supporting British EU membership.[266] Campaigning resumed on 19 June.[267][268] Polling officials in the Yorkshire and Humber region also halted counting of the referendum ballots on the evening of 23 June to observe a minute of silence.[269] The Conservative Party, Liberal Democrats, UK Independence Party and the Green Party all announced that they would not contest the ensuing by-election in Cox's constituency as a mark of respect;[270]
On polling day itself two polling stations in Kingston upon Thames were flooded by rain and had to be relocated.[271] In advance of polling day, concern had been expressed that the courtesy pencils provided in polling booths could allow votes to be later altered. Although this was widely dismissed as a conspiracy theory, some Leave campaigners advocated that voters should instead use pens to mark their ballot papers. On polling day in Winchester an emergency call was made to police about "threatening behaviour" outside the polling station. After questioning a woman who had been offering to lend her pen to voters, the police decided that no offence was being committed.[272]
Result[edit]
Of the 382 voting areas a total of 263 returned majority votes in favour of "Leave" whilst 119 returned majority votes in favour of "Remain" in the referendum including all 32 areas in Scotland.
Leave
Remain
Main article: Results of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
The final result was announced on 24 June 2016 at 07:20 BST by the then Electoral Commission chairwoman Jenny Watson at Manchester Town Hall after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals. With a national turnout of 72% across the United Kingdom and Gibraltar the target to secure the majority win for the winning side was 16,788,672 votes. The decision by the electorate was to "Leave the European Union" which won by a majority of 1,269,501 votes (3.8%) over those who had voted in favour of "Remain a member of the European Union".[273][irrelevant citation] The national turnout of 72% was the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum and the highest for any national vote since the 1992 General Election.[274][275][276][277]

United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
National result
Choice
Votes
%
Leave the European Union 17,410,742 51.89%
Remain a member of the European Union 16,141,241 48.11%
Valid votes 33,551,983 99.92%
Invalid or blank votes 25,359 0.08%
Total votes 33,577,342 100.00%
Registered voters and turnout 46,500,001 72.21%
Voting age population and turnout 51,356,768 65.38%
Source: Electoral Commission
Referendum results (without spoiled ballots)
Leave:
17,410,742 (51.9%) Remain:
16,141,241 (48.1%)
▲
Regional count results[edit]
Region
Electorate
Voter turnout,
of eligible
Votes
Proportion of votes
Remain
Leave
Remain
Leave
East Midlands 3,384,299 74.2% 1,033,036 1,475,479 41.18% 58.82%
East of England 4,398,796 75.7% 1,448,616 1,880,367 43.52% 56.48%
Greater London 5,424,768 69.7% 2,263,519 1,513,232 59.93% 40.07%
North East England 1,934,341 69.3% 562,595 778,103 41.96% 58.04%
North West England 5,241,568 70.0% 1,699,020 1,966,925 46.35% 53.65%
Northern Ireland 1,260,955 62.7% 440,707 349,442 55.78% 44.22%
Scotland 3,987,112 67.2% 1,661,191 1,018,322 62.00% 38.00%
South East England 6,465,404 76.8% 2,391,718 2,567,965 48.22% 51.78%
South West England
(including Gibraltar) 4,138,134 76.7% 1,503,019 1,669,711 47.37% 52.63%
Wales 2,270,272 71.7% 772,347 854,572 47.47% 52.53%
West Midlands 4,116,572 72.0% 1,207,175 1,755,687 40.74% 59.26%
Yorkshire and the Humber 3,877,780 70.7% 1,158,298 1,580,937 42.29% 57.71%
Results by constituent countries[edit]
Country
Electorate
Voter turnout,
of eligible
Votes
Proportion of votes
Remain
Leave
Remain
Leave
England
(including Gibraltar) 39,005,781 73.0% 13,266,996 15,188,406 46.62% 53.38%
Northern Ireland 1,260,955 62.7% 440,707 349,442 55.78% 44.22%
Scotland 3,987,112 67.2% 1,661,191 1,018,322 62.00% 38.00%
Wales 2,270,272 71.7% 772,347 854,572 47.47% 52.53%
Voting demographics and trends[edit]
Voting figures from local referendum counts and ward-level data (using local demographic information collected in the 2011 census) suggested that Leave votes were strongly correlated with lower education and higher age.[278][279][280] The data were obtained from approximately one in nine wards in England and Wales, with no information coming from Northern Ireland and very little coming from Scotland.[278] A YouGov survey reported similar findings; these are summarised in the figures below.[281][282]
EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey.[281][282]
Relationship between education (level 4 or above) and Brexit Leave vote by Area.[283][284][not in citation given][original research?]
Reactions to the result[edit]
Further information: International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Immediate reaction to the vote[edit]
Main article: Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens[edit]
The referendum was criticised for not granting people younger than 18 years of age a vote. Unlike in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, the vote was not extended to 16- and 17-year-old citizens. Critics argued that these people would live with the consequences of the referendum for longer than those who were able to vote. Some supporters for the inclusion of these young citizens considered this exclusion a violation of democratic principles and a major shortcoming of the referendum.[285][286] An online survey conducted on the day the referendum result was announced indicated that this group would have voted substantially for Remain.[287]
Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries[edit]
The foreign ministry of Ireland stated on 24 June that the number of applications from the UK for Irish passports had increased significantly.[288][289] Enquiries about passports also increased: the Irish Embassy in London reported 4,000 a day immediately after the vote to leave, in comparison with the normal 200 a day.[290] Other EU nations also had increases in requests for passports from British citizens, including France and Belgium.[290]
Abuse and hate crimes[edit]
More than a hundred racist abuse and hate crimes were reported in the immediate aftermath of the referendum, with many citing the plan to leave the European Union.[291] On 24 June 2016, a Polish school in Cambridgeshire was vandalised with a sign reading "Leave the EU. No more Polish vermin".[292] Following the referendum result, similar signs were distributed outside homes and schools in Huntingdon, with some left on the cars of Polish residents collecting their children from school.[293] On 26 June, the London office of the Polish Social and Cultural Association was vandalised with racist graffiti.[294] Both incidents were investigated by the police.[292][294] In Wales, a Muslim woman was told to leave after the referendum, even though she had been born and raised in the United Kingdom.[295] Other instances of racism occurred as perceived foreigners were targeted in supermarkets, on buses and on street corners, and told to leave the country immediately.[296] All such incidents were widely condemned by politicians and religious leaders.[297]
By September 2016, it was reported, according to the LGBT anti-violence charity Galop, that attacks on LGBT people in the United Kingdom had risen by 147% in the three months after the referendum.[298]
The killing of a Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik in Harlow, Essex[299] in the aftermath of the result was widely reported to be linked to the Leave result.[300] A BBC Newsnight report by John Sweeney showed an interview with someone who knew the victim who then claimed that Leading Brexit campaigner Nigel Farage had "blood on his hands".[301] It was mentioned in the European Parliament by the EU Commissioner Jean-Claude Juncker who said: "We Europeans can never accept Polish workers being harassed, beaten up or even murdered on the streets of Harlow."[300] A teenager was subsequently convicted of manslaughter but the trial did not conclude that the altercation resulting in Jozwik's death was a hate crime.[302] Nigel Farage criticised the "sensationalist" reporting of the issue and complained to the BBC about broadcasting the "blood on his hands" remark.[303][304]
Petition for a new referendum[edit]
Within hours of the result's announcement, a petition, calling for a second referendum to be held in the event that a result was secured with less than 60% of the vote and on a turnout of less than 75%, attracted tens of thousands of new signatures. The petition had actually been initiated by someone favouring an exit from the EU, one William Oliver Healey of the English Democrats on 24 May 2016, when the Remain faction had been leading in the polls, and had received 22 signatures prior to the referendum result being declared.[305][306][307] On 26 June, Healey made it clear on his Facebook page that the petition had actually been started to favour an exit from the EU and that he was a strong supporter of the Vote Leave and Grassroots Out campaigns. Healey also claimed that the petition had been "hijacked by the remain campaign".[308] English Democrats chairman Robin Tilbrook suggested those who had signed the petition were experiencing "sour grapes" about the result of the referendum.[309] It attracted more than four million signatures, meaning it was considered for debate in Parliament;[310][311] this debate took place on 5 September 2016.[312]
On 27 June 2016, David Cameron's spokesperson stated that holding another vote on Britain's membership to the European Union was "not remotely on the cards."[313] Home Secretary Theresa May made the following comment when announcing her candidacy to replace Cameron as Conservative leader (and hence as Prime Minister) on 30 June: "The campaign was fought ... and the public gave their verdict. There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU ... and no second referendum. ... Brexit means Brexit."[314] The petition was rejected by the government on 9 July. Its response said that the referendum vote "must be respected" and that the government "must now prepare for the process to exit the EU".[315]
Notification of intention to leave the EU[edit]
After the government's plan to use the Royal prerogative (i.e., to give notice without explicit Parliamentary authority) was defeated in a court case, Parliament passed the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017, empowering the Prime Minister to invoke Article 50. The notification of withdrawal by a member state starts a negotiation period that is limited to two years, unless extended with the consent of all EU member states.[316] Arising from the Act, the UK Government formally triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017.[317]
Political[edit]
Conservative Party[edit]
Further information: Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2016
Prime Minister David Cameron announces his resignation following the outcome of the referendum.
Theresa May succeeded David Cameron as Prime Minister following the vote.
On 24 June, the Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron announced that he would resign by October because the Leave campaign had been successful in the referendum. The leadership election was scheduled for 9 September. The new leader would be in place before the autumn conference set to begin on 2 October.[318] Unexpectedly, Boris Johnson, who had been a leading figure for Vote Leave, declined to be nominated shortly before the deadline for nominations. On 13 July almost three weeks after the vote Theresa May succeeded David Cameron as Prime Minister.
Labour Party[edit]
Further information: Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2016
The Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn faced growing criticism from his party, which had supported remaining within the EU, for poor campaigning.[319] It is claimed that there is evidence that Corbyn deliberately sabotaged Labour's campaign to remain part of the EU.[320] In the early hours of 26 June, Corbyn sacked Hilary Benn (the shadow foreign secretary) for apparently leading a coup against him. This led to a string of Labour MPs quickly resigning their roles in the party.[321][322] A no confidence motion was held on 28 June 2016; Corbyn lost the motion with more than 80% (172) of MPs voting against him.[323] Corbyn responded with a statement that the motion had no "constitutional legitimacy" and that he intended to continue as the elected leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election[324] but he did so anyway, triggering the Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2016 in which he was a candidate. He won the contest, causing him to remain as leader, with an even larger share of the vote than he had won in 2015.
UK Independence Party[edit]
On 4 July 2016 Nigel Farage stood down as the leader of UKIP, stating that his "political ambition has been achieved" following the result of the referendum.[325] Following the resignation of the elected party leader Diane James, Farage became an interim leader on 5 October 2016.[326]
Scottish independence[edit]
Main article: Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said it was "clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union" and that Scotland had "spoken decisively" with a "strong, unequivocal" vote to remain in the European Union.[citation needed] The Scottish Government announced on 24 June 2016 that officials would plan for a "highly likely" second referendum on independence from the United Kingdom and start preparing legislation to that effect.[327] Former First Minister Alex Salmond said the vote was a "significant and material change" in Scotland's position within the United Kingdom, and that he was certain his party would implement its manifesto on holding a second referendum.[328] Sturgeon said she will communicate to all EU member states that "Scotland has voted to stay in the EU and I intend to discuss all options for doing so."[329]
New political movement[edit]
In reaction to the lack of a unified pro-EU voice following the referendum, the Liberal Democrats and others discussed the launch of a new centre-left political movement.[330] This was officially launched on 24 June as More United.[331]
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economic effects of Brexit
On the morning of 24 June, the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985.[332] The drop over the day was 8% – the biggest one-day fall in the pound since the introduction of floating exchange rates following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971.[333]
The FTSE 100 initially fell 8%, then recovered to be 3% down by the close of trading on 24 June.[334] The FTSE 100 index fully recovered by 29 June and subsequently rose above its pre-referendum levels.[335]
The referendum result also had an immediate impact on some other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping over 8% against the United States dollar.[336][337] Other countries affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%,[338] Nigeria[337] and Kenya.[337]
On 28 June 2016, former governor of Bank of England Mervyn King said that current governor Mark Carney would help to guide Britain through the next few months, adding that the BOE would undoubtedly lower the temperature of the post-referendum uncertainty, and that British citizens should keep calm, wait and see.[339]
On 5 January 2017, Andy Haldane, chief economist and the executive director of monetary analysis and statistics at the Bank of England, admitted that the bank's forecasts (predicting an economic downturn should the referendum favour Brexit) had proved inaccurate given the subsequent strong market performance.[340] He stated that the bank's models "were rather narrow and fragile [and] ill-equipped to making sense of behaviours that were deeply irrational" and said that his "profession is to some degree in crisis" due to this and the unforeseen 2007–2008 crisis.[340][341]
Electoral Reform Society[edit]
In August 2016 the Electoral Reform Society published a highly critical report on the referendum and called for a review of how future events are run. Contrasting it very unfavourably with the 'well-informed grassroots' campaign for Scottish independence, Katie Ghose described it as "dire" with “glaring democratic deficiencies” which left voters bewildered. Ghose noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29% of voters saying David Cameron made them more likely to vote leave whilst only 14% said he made them want to vote remain. Looking ahead, the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for Office of Communications (Ofcom) to define the role of broadcasters are expected to play.[342]
Television coverage[edit]
The BBC, ITV and Sky News all provided live coverage of the counts and the reaction to the result. ITV's coverage was presented by Tom Bradby, Robert Peston and Allegra Stratton. The BBC simulcast their domestic coverage on the BBC World News Channel, BBC One and the BBC News Channel which was presented by David Dimbleby, Laura Kuenssberg and John Curtice.
The BBC called the referendum result for Leave with its projected forecast at 04:40 BST on 24 June. David Dimbleby announced it with the words:
“ Well, at twenty minutes to five, we can now say the decision taken in 1975 by this country to join the Common Market has been reversed by this referendum to leave the EU. We are absolutely clear now that there is no way that the Remain side can win. It looks as if the gap is going to be something like 52 to 48, so a four point lead for leaving the EU, and that is the result of this referendum, which has been preceded by weeks and months of argument and dispute and all the rest of it. The British people have spoken and the answer is: we're out! ”
Television Coverage
Timeslot
Programme
Presenters
Broadcaster
22:00 - 06:00 EU Referendum Live Tom Bradby, Robert Peston & Allegra Stratton ITV
06:00 - 09:30 Good Morning Britain Susanna Reid, Piers Morgan & Charlotte Hawkins
09:30 - 14:00 ITV News Alastair Stewart
18:00 - 19:00 ITV News Mark Austin, Robert Peston & Mary Nightingale
22:00 - 22:45 ITV News Tom Bradby, Robert Peston & Allegra Stratton
21:55 - 09:00 EU Referendum - The Result David Dimbleby, Laura Kuenssberg & John Curtice BBC
09:00 - 13:00 EU Referendum - The Reaction Sophie Raworth, Victoria Derbyshire & Norman Smith
13:00 - 13:45 BBC News at One Sophie Raworth
13:45 - 14:00 Regional news
Investigations into campaigns[edit]
On 9 May 2016, Leave.EU was fined £50,000 by the UK Information Commissioner's Office 'for failing to follow the rules about sending marketing messages': they sent people text messages without having first gained their permission to do so.[343][344]
On 4 March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office also reported that it was 'conducting a wide assessment of the data-protection risks arising from the use of data analytics, including for political purposes' in relation to the Brexit campaign. It was specified that among the organisations to be investigated was Cambridge Analytica and its relationship with the Leave.EU campaign. The findings are expected to be published sometime in 2017.[345][346]
Possible Russian interference[edit]
In the run-up to the Brexit referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron suggested that Russia "might be happy" with a positive Brexit vote, while the Remain campaign accused the Kremlin of secretly backing a "Leave" vote in the referendum.[347] Steve Rosenberg, the Moscow correspondent for BBC News, writes that the Russian government stood to gain from Brexit in a number of ways: (1) enabling Russian state media "to contrast post-referendum upheaval and uncertainty abroad with a picture of 'stability' back home and images of a 'strong' President Putin at the helm" in a way that bolstered the ruling United Russia party; (2) to place the value of the British pound under pressure and thereby exact retaliation for sanctions against Russia imposed after its occupation of Crimea; (3) to "make the European Union more friendly towards Russia" in the absence of British membership; and (4) to force the resignation of Cameron, who had been critical of Russian actions.[347]
In December 2016, MP Ben Bradshaw said in Parliament: "I don’t think we have even begun to wake up to what Russia is doing when it comes to cyber warfare. Not only their interference, now proven, in the American presidential campaign, [but] probably in our referendum last year. We don't have the evidence for that yet. But I think it’s highly probable."[348] Hard evidence of active, covert Russian interference could delegitimise the original vote, given the narrow margin of victory[349]. In February 2017, Bradshaw called on the GCHQ intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference.[350]
In April 2017, the House of Commons Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee (PACAC), chaired by Bernard Jenkin, issued a report suggesting that foreign interference in the referendum may have occurred, including the temporary shutdown of the government's voter-registration website, and stating that the committee was "deeply concerned about these allegations about foreign interference."[351] The PACAC report stated that there was technical indications that a June 2016 crash of the voter-registration website was caused by a distributed denial-of-service attack using botnets. The Cabinet Office, in response, stated that it did not believe that "malign intervention" had caused the crash, and instead attributed the crash "to a spike in users just before the registration deadline."[351]
In October 2017, MP Damian Collins, chairman of the House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, sent a letter to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg requesting documents relating to possible Russian government manipulation of Facebook during the Brexit referendum and the general election the following year. The letter sought "examples of all advertisements purchased by Russian-linked accounts, details on pages set up by other related accounts, as well as how many people these ads reached and how much was paid for them."[352]
In October 2017, a study by researchers at City, University of London was published in the journal Social Science Computer Review. The article identifies a large "army" of Twitter bots, specifically 13,493 Twitter accounts with very high levels of activity in the last four weeks of the Brexit referendum campaign (posting about 65,000 messages), the vast majority campaigning for a "Leave" vote, which were deleted shortly after the referendum was held.[353][354] A further 26,538 Twitter accounts suddenly changed their username.[354] The research findings "raised questions about the possibility that a coordinated 'bot army' was deployed, and also about the possibility that Twitter itself may have detected and removed them without disclosing the manipulation."[353]
In November 2017, the Electoral Commission told The Times that it had launched an inquiry to "examine the growing role of social media in election campaigns amid concerns from the intelligence and security agencies that Russia is trying to destabilise the democratic process in Britain."[355] The Commission was in contact with Facebook and Twitter as part of the inquiry.[355]
After denying it for over a year, Facebook admitted on November 18th that it was targeted by Russian trolls in run-up to Brexit referendum,[356] as well as the Scottish Independence Referendum vote. SNP MPs calls for an investigation akin to the Special Counsel Investigation (Timeline) in the United States.[357][358]
Campaign spending[edit]
In February 2017, the Electoral Commission announced that it was investigating the spending of Stronger In and Vote Leave, along with smaller parties, as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices, receipts, or details to back up their accounts.[359] In April 2017, the Commission specified that 'there were reasonable grounds to suspect that potential offences under the law may have occurred' in relation to Leave.EU.[360][346]
In May 2017, The Irish Times reported that £425,622 donated by the Constitutional Research Council to the Democratic Unionist Party for spending during the referendum may have originated in Saudi Arabia.[361]
In November 2017, the Electoral Commission said that it was investigating where Arron Banks, an insurance businessman and the largest single financial supporter of Brexit, violated campaign spending laws.[362] The Commission's investigation focuses on both Banks and Better for the Country Limited, a company of which Banks is a director and majority shareholder.[363] The company donated £2.4 million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU.[362] The investigation began after the Commission found "initial grounds to suspect breaches of electoral law."[364] The Commission specifically seeks to determine "whether or not Mr Banks was the true source of loans reported by a referendum campaigner in his name" and "whether or not Better for the Country Limited was the true source of donations made to referendum campaigners in its name, or if it was acting as an agent."[362]
See also[edit]
Comparison of results in 1975 and 2016 referendums
Treaty of Accession 1972
United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975
European Union law
List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities / European Union
Brexit
Referendums related to the European Union
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit
Withdrawal from the European Union
Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum, 1982
European Union Bill 2004-05
European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013
United Kingdom general election, 2015
United Kingdom general election, 2017
United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
European Union (Withdrawal) Bill
Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wilson, Sam (1 April 2014). "Britain and the EU: A long and rocky relationship". BBC. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Treaty of Maastricht on European Union". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Tribune, Chicago. "Fateful O'Hare Airport pizza meeting sealed Brexit vote deal: British media".
Jump up ^ "David Cameron Pledges EU Referendum if Conservatives Win Next Election". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Cameron: EU referendum bill shows only Tories listen". BBC. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "European Union (Referendum) Bill (HC Bill 11)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Private Members' Bills". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Presentation of Bills". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Tory MP will take forward bill". BBC. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Jump up ^ European Union (Referendum) Bill, Bill 11 of 2013–14 Research Paper 13/41 (page 1), 28 June 2013; accessdate 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Rigby, Elizabeth; Pickard, Jim (31 January 2014). "EU referendum bill blocked in Lords". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum bill likely after Bob Neill comes third in backbench ballot". The Guardian. Press Association. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Kirkup, James (2 July 2014). "Conservative law on EU referendum raises 'serious' possibilty of exit, says MP". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "MPs debate Bob Neill's Bill for EU membership referendum". BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2014–15 – UK Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Parker, George; Stacey, Kiran (26 May 2014). "Ukip and Front National lead populist earthquake". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Miliband: EU poll is 'clear and present danger' to jobs". BBC News. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Liberal Democrats Hint Cameron's EU Referendum Plan Negotiable". Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Yes to an EU Referendum: Green MP Calls for Chance to Build a Better Europe". Green Party of England and Wales. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
Jump up ^ DUP manifesto, 2015, mydup.com. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The EU". Respect Party. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
Jump up ^ The Conservative Party Manifesto 2015 (PDF). Conservative Party. p. 30. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ross, Tim (15 March 2014). "David Cameron: my seven targets for a new EU". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The four key points from David Cameron's EU letter". BBC News. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Cameron, David. "A new settlement for the United Kingdom in a reformed European Union" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McKinney, Conor James. "Explaining the EU deal: an introduction". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Charlotte. "Explaining the EU deal: child benefit". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Craig, Paul. "Explaining the EU deal: the UK and the eurozone". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Nic Shuibhne, Niamh. "Explaining the EU deal: limiting residence rights for family members". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Barnard, Catherine. "Explaining the EU deal: deporting EU immigrants". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Peers, Steve. "Explaining the EU deal: is it legally binding?". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "How David Cameron blew it – The behind-the-scenes story of a failed campaign to keep Britain in the European Union". Politico EU. POLITICO SPRL. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Parker, George. "Cameron pins Brexit on EU failure to grant UK brake on migration". Financial Times. London, UK. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Heather (28 June 2016). "Cameron tells EU leaders they must offer UK more control over immigration". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Woodcock, Andrew (28 June 2016). "Cameron warns EU immigration rules could threaten UK trade deal". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Queen's Speech 2015: EU referendum, tax freeze and right-to-buy". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Watt, Nicholas. "David Cameron may bring EU referendum forward to 2016". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: MPs support plan for say on Europe". BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Labour to back EU referendum bill, says Harman". BBC News. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ European Union Referendum Act 2015 in BAILII.
Jump up ^ "European Union Referendum Act 2015". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Rowena Mason; Nicholas Watt; Ian Traynor; Jennifer Rankin (20 February 2016). "EU referendum to take place on 23 June, David Cameron confirms". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Act No. 2016-01 (Legislation Number (L.N.) 2016/034, as amended by L.N. 2016/035, L.N. 2016/082 and L.N. 2016/120.
Jump up ^ House of Commons Library BRIEFING PAPER Number 07212, 3 June 2015. This content is released under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0.
Jump up ^ R (Miller) v Brexit Secretary %5B2016%5D EWHC 2768 (Admin) at para. 106.
Jump up ^ "David Cameron just gave a massive hint about when the EU referendum will happen". The Independent. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Cameron sets June date for UK vote". BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Background to the UK's EU referendum 2016". Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "3 to 4 million dis-enfranchised globaly". Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "3.7 million dis-enfranchised globaly". Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Sims, Alexandra; Stone, Jon (8 December 2015). "MPs block plan to let 16 and 17 year olds vote in the EU referendum". The Independent. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "EU vote registration deadline extended". BBC News. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "European Union referendum: UK goes to the polls". BBC News. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EU referendum: Thousands wrongly sent polling cards". 3 June 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "EU Citizens Sent Referendum Polling Cards". Guido Fawkes. 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU Citizens Sent Referendum Polling Cards". 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ correspondent, Rowena Mason Political (2 June 2016). "Referendum voting papers sent to some EU nationals by mistake" – via The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lord of the Rings star launches Manx EU referendum petition". BBC News. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Referendum on membership of the European Union: Assessment of the Electoral Commission on the proposed referendum question" (PDF). United Kingdom Electoral Commission. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Watt, Nicholas; Syal, Rajeev (1 September 2015). "EU referendum: Cameron accepts advice to change wording of question". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "UKIP Infighting Over Rival Leave EU Campaigns". Sky News.
Jump up ^ "Home page". Vote Leave.
Jump up ^ "Lead EU referendum campaigns named". BBC. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Silvera, Ian (23 February 2016). "EU referendum: Pro-Brexit Bakers' Union will consider backing Grassroots Out". International Business Times.
Jump up ^ "Cameron: MPs will be allowed free vote on EU referendum – video" (Video). The Guardian. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016. The PM also indicates Tory MPs will be able to take differing positions once the renegotiation has finished
Jump up ^ Hughes, Laura; Swinford, Stephen; Dominiczak, Peter (5 January 2016). "EU Referendum: David Cameron forced to let ministers campaign for Brexit after fears of a Cabinet resignation". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: PM 'makes no apology' for £9m EU leaflets". BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EU Referendum campaigns remain suspended after Jo Cox attack". BBC News. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Landale, James (7 April 2016). "EU referendum: Government to spend £9m on leaflets to every home". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Voters to receive 'impartial guide' to EU referendum".
Jump up ^ "The 2016 EU Referendum Voting Guide" (PDF). About My Vote. The Electoral Commission. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "MPs will vote for UK to remain in the EU". 23 February 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Professor Michael Dougan assesses UK's position following vote to leave the EU". 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Dishonesty on an industrial scale" EU law expert analyses referendum debate". 16 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Policy: Europe". greenparty.org.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Wintour, Patrick (2 June 2015). "Andy Burnham pushes Labour to set up separate pro-European Union campaign". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour. "Alan Johnson to head Labour Yes campaign for EU referendum". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nick Clegg: Pro-Europeans are the real reformers now". libdems.org.uk. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Positions". partyof.wales. Plaid Cymru. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Greer, Ross (10 October 2015). "EU Referendum: Greens to Make Progressive Case for Membership". Scottish Green Party. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff (2 June 2015). "Nicola Sturgeon warns of EU exit 'backlash'". BBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alex Salmond: I'll campaign with Tories to stay in EU". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home page". ukip.org. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hope, Christopher (21 September 2015). "Conservative Party to stay neutral during EU referendum". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dickson – An EU referendum will threaten jobs and investment in Northern Ireland". Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alliance expresses concerns over referendum idea". allianceparty.org. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff (February 2014). Green Party in Northern Ireland: Manifesto 2015 (PDF). greenpartyni.org. Green Party in Northern Ireland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sinn Fein to protect EU membership". The Belfast Telegraph. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ SDLP. "International Affairs". Social Democratic and Labour Party. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ UUP. "Statement from the Ulster Unionist Party on EU Referendum". Ulster Unionist Party. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Cromie, Claire (25 November 2015). "EU referendum: DUP gives backing to UKIP Brexit campaign, blasting David Cameron's 'pathetic demands'". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "DUP to 'recommend vote to leave the EU'". The News Letter. Belfast. 20 February 2016.
Jump up ^ PBP. "Lexit: why we need a left exit from the eu". Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU Membership is a Matter for UK Citizens, Not US President". tuv.org.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Feetham urges joint strategies with Govt on key issues". Gibraltar Chronicle. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Garcia flags constitutional reform and Brexit in New Year message". Gibraltar Chronicle. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Britain First Policies". Britainfirst.org. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Affairs | British National Party". bnp.org.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Éirígí backs Brexit with Northern Ireland poster campaign". The Irish Times.
Jump up ^ "Respect to campaign to leave the EU". respectparty.org. 22 February 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Trade Unionist & Socialist Coalition (22 February 2016). "TUSC letter in The Guardian – now sign the petition". tusc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: 10 alternatives to the official Leave and Remain campaigns". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Liberal Party Assembly Motion" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Mike Nattrass MEP FRICS (19 April 2014). An independence from Europe YouTube (Video). Mike Nattrass via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Cullen, Hugh. "The Socialist Case Against Leaving the European Union". Scottish Socialist Party.
Jump up ^ "WE propose a Women's Bill of Rights". womensequality.org.uk. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Catherine (8 March 2016). "Whether we leave or stay in the EU, a Women's Bill of Rights is long overdue". The Huffington Post. AOL. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Cabinet works". The National Archives. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EU Referendum: Where Conservative MPs stand". BBC News. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Who is Stephen Crabb?". BBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shell CEO urges Britain to remain in European Union". The Daily Telegraph. 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Juliette Garside. "BT boss says EU is a positive force for business". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Jamie Dunkley; Russell Lynch (20 May 2015). "Vodafone head joins Deutsche Bank in warning over EU exit". The Independent.
Jump up ^ Hazel Sheffield (19 May 2015). "Deutsche Bank considers UK exit plan". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "Bankers start to warn on UK's EU referendum". Financial Times.
Jump up ^ "RBS warns of business damage from Brexit plans" (Press release). Scottish National Party. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Jill Treanor. "HSBC warns of economic risks of UK pulling out of Europe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "HSBC, JPMorgan may move parts of businesses to Luxembourg – The Times". Reuters UK.
Jump up ^ "Goldman Sachs president warns Britain's exit from the EU could harm London's status as 'a great financial capital of the world'". This is Money.
Jump up ^ "Brexit 'would sap London's wealth and power". The Daily Telegraph. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "EU exit would risk jobs, says group of business bosses". BBC. 23 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Parker, George; Cadman, Emily; Plimmer, Gill (22 February 2016). "Cameron outlines business case". Financial Times. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Castle, Stephen (1 May 2016). "Fear of Alienating Customers Keeps British Companies From Taking Sides on E.U". The New York Times (2 May 2016). Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Branson 'fearful' over Brexit impact". BBC News. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alan Sugar: Brexit Would Be A 'Disaster' For UK". Sky News. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sir James Dyson: 'So if we leave the EU no one will trade with us? Cobblers...' A. Pearson, The Daily Telegraph (London), 10 June 2016
Jump up ^ "Rolls-Royce says Brexit will heighten investment risk". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b Farell, Sean (2 June 2016). "UK small businesses are evenly split on Brexit, poll says". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Kleinman, Mark (11 April 2016). "Brexit Threat To UK Jobs, ICC Survey Warns". Sky News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "86% of international businesses surveyed believe the UK should remain within the EU – says ICC United Kingdom" (PDF). iccwbo.uk. United Kingdom office of International Chamber of Commerce. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Cordell, Jake (11 May 2016). "EU businesses want a hard line in any post-Brexit negotiations". City AM. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Blackden, Richard (20 January 2013). "Ford and BMW warn against UK exit from EU as David Cameron readies historic speech". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Britain's pro-EU carmakers say plants not at risk from 'Brexit'". Reuters UK.
Jump up ^ Szu Ping Chan (15 September 2015). "Ignore the scaremongers, manufacturing powerhouse Vauxhall says it would be fine outside the EU". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Toyota pledges to stay in UK even if country takes Brexit". Financial Times.
Jump up ^ P. Spence, Pound falls below $1.39 as economists warn Brexit could hammer households, The Daily Telegraph, Finance, 24 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Eshe (23 February 2016). "If Sterling Goes Down on 'Brexit,' It's Taking the Euro With It". Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Sterling falls after Independent poll puts Brexit 10 points ahead".
Jump up ^ "UK trade deficit narrows in April as exports jump". BBC News. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK trade deficit falls after record rise in exports". 9 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowery, Adrian (1 March 2016). "FTSE 100 index on roughest ride since 2000".
Jump up ^ "FTSE 100 falls 2% as investors fret over Brexit".
Jump up ^ "FTSE 100 loses £100bn in four days as Brexit paralyses markets and pound crumbles".
Jump up ^ "The pound has made strong gains against the dollar".
Jump up ^ "Sterling hits 2016 high, stocks climb as UK votes on Brexit". Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "GBP to USD exchange rate". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "FTSE 100 at the London Stock Exchange". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Kirka, Danica; Lee, Youkyung (24 June 2016). "Stocks crash as UK vote to quit EU shocks investors". AP The Big Story. London. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ David, Javier E. (26 June 2016). "Brexit cost investors $2 trillion, the worst one day drop ever". CNBC. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ David, Javier E. (27 June 2016). "Brexit-related losses widen to $3 trillion in relentless 2-day sell-off". CNBC. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ McGeever, Jamie; Graham, Patrick (24 June 2016). "UK markets shudder after Brexit vote, sterling hits 31-year low". Reuters. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosenfeld, Everett (27 June 2016). "Brexit fears drive downgrade: S&P cuts UK rating to 'AA' from 'AAA'". CNBC. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "S&P revises European Union credit rating to AA from AA+". CNBC.
Jump up ^ "Global stock markets rally as Brexit fears abate". BBC News. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Tara; Davidson, Lauren (27 June 2016). "FTSE 100 surrenders £85bn in two days, pound slides and banking stocks plunge in Brexit aftermath". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 27 June 2016. FTSE 100 surrenders £85bn in two days, pound slides and banking stocks plunge in Brexit aftermath
Jump up ^ "Markets shift after Carney speech". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ M. Holehouse, "Czech Republic 'will follow Britain out of EU'", The Daily Telegraph, 23 February 2016
Jump up ^ "Ostnaté dráty, zaminovaná pole, role USA a Turecka... Klaus hodně bez zábran hovořil o tom, zda přežijeme migrační vlnu, a rýpl si i do Zemana a Merkelov" (in Czech). OurMedia. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Verhofstadt, Guy (5 January 2016). "Putin will be rubbing his hands at the prospect of Brexit". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Ball, Sam (30 April 2016). "Why the French are against Brexit, but only just". France 24. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Holehouse, Matthew (18 January 2016). "Brexit will trigger collapse of EU, warns Poland". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ www.publika.md (20 June 2016). "Pavel Filip încurajează moldovenii să discute cu prietenii lor britanici pentru un vot pro-rămânere în UE". publika.md.
Jump up ^ "Spanish PM's anger at David Cameron over Gibraltar". BBC News. 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brexit border closure 'perfectly possible' in law – Margallo". Gibraltar Chronicle. 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Britain 'could liberate Europe again' by voting for Brexit and sparking populist revolution". The Daily Telegraph (London). 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ EU referendum: Swedish foreign minister warns Brexit 'could cause break-up of European Union' L. Dearden, The Independent (London), 11 June 2016
Jump up ^ Inman, Phillip (24 February 2016). "Brexit referendum could destabilise UK recovery, says IMF". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Swinford, Ping-Chan, Steven, Szu. "EU referendum: IMF accused of 'bullying' voters with warnings over Brexit". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "US warns Britain: If you leave EU you face barriers to trading with America". The Guardian. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "US ambassador: We would love strong UK in strong EU". BBC News. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries, BBC News (20 April 2016).
Jump up ^ Andrew Sparrow (24 July 2015). "Britain must stay in EU 'to make world more prosperous', says Obama". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Britain will be at the front of the queue for a US trade deal". Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Wilkinson (27 April 2016). "Ted Cruz: Post-Brexit Britain would be at front of the line for trade deal if I am US President". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Olli Smith (24 March 2016). "'Time to GO': Trump gives Brexit blessing as he blames 'crazy migration' for EU collapse". Daily Express. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Chuck Todd, Mark Murray and Carrie Dann (23 June 2016). "First Read: How 'Brexit' Impacts American Politics". NBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Hackett (21 October 2015). "Xi Jinping urges Britain to stay in EU as ballast to US market dominance". Russia: RT. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Ross, Tim (27 February 2016). "Global economy will suffer 'a shock' if Britain leaves EU, G20 warns". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK EU exit would be global economy 'shock' – G20 leaders". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Turnbull hopeful UK avoids EU Brexit". 1 May 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Presiden Jokowi ingin Inggris tak keluar dari Uni Eropa". BBC Indonesia. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016. (in Indonesian)
Jump up ^ "Ranil 'very concerned' at probable Brexit". Daily Mirror. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Worley, Will (18 June 2016). "EU referendum: Vladimir Putin says David Cameron called vote 'to blackmail Europe'". The Independent.
Jump up ^ Titov, Alexander; Sakwa, Richard (16 June 2016). "Does Putin Really Want a Brexit From The EU?". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ P. Spence, Bank of England can make Brexit work, says Mark Carney, The Daily Telegraph, 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Mark Carney: EU exit is 'biggest domestic risk' BBC News, 8 March 2016
Jump up ^ Robertson, Jamie. "Brexit vote may spark recession, Mark Carney warns". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Iain Duncan Smith casts doubt on Mark Carney's Brexit warning". BBC News. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ The impact of immigration on occupational wages: evidence from Britain S. Nickell and J. Saleheen, Staff Working Paper No. 574, Bank of England (2015)
Jump up ^ "How small is small? The impact of immigration on UK wages - National Institute of Economic and Social Research". www.niesr.ac.uk.
^ Jump up to: a b EU referendum: UK could be better off leaving if TTIP passes, Joseph Stiglitz says, H. Sheffield, The Independent, 2 March 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Fuest, Clemens (19 April 2016). "How Germany Views Brexit". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "EU exit could add two years to austerity, IFS says". BBC News. 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Dakers, Marion (28 September 2015). "Law firms will bear the brunt of Brexit, lawyers warn". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The EU and the Legal Sector" (PDF). The Law Society of England and Wales. October 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Firzli, Nicolas. "A Frenchman writes: Britain should say adiEU in June". Dow Jones Financial News. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Higgins, Kathryn (1 June 2016). "Majority of UK lawyers want to remain in the EU, poll finds". Global Legal Post. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Video: The UK's future economic relationship with the European Union". 5 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Brexit 'could damage NHS', health boss warns". BBC News. 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Rumney, Emma (26 May 2016). "NHS leaders fear negative impact of Brexit, survey says". Public Finance.
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Katie; Savage, Michael (4 April 2016). "Brexit would put the NHS at risk, health leaders warn". The Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Barbara Casassus (2016). "Guidelines cause UK health charities to be silent on Brexit". The Lancet. 387 (10035): 2277–2278. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30714-0. PMID 27302254.
^ Jump up to: a b Watling, Lindsay (10 June 2016). "Study finds 92% of fisherman will vote for Brexit". The Press and Journal. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Vevers, Dan. "Nine in ten fishermen will back Brexit, survey suggests". STV. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Heather (25 May 2016). "Vote to leave EU would 'condemn Britain to irrelevance', say historians". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Brexit': IEA offers prize for UK exit plan from EU". BBC. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "IEA Brexit Prize". Iea.org.uk. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Stacey, Kiran (8 April 2014). "UK diplomat wins prize for Brexit plan". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 April 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Littlewood, Mark. "The winner of the Brexit Prize provides a blueprint for an open, independent Britain". Conservative Home. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Boffey, Daniel; Helm, Toby (17 November 2012). "56% of Britons Would Vote to Quit EU in Referendum, Poll Finds". The Observer. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "YouGov Survey Results" (PDF). D25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lord Ashcroft Europe Poll – Europe on Trial". Yahoo! Finance. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "YouGov/The Sun Survey Results" (PDF). YouGov. June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ John Curtice, senior research fellow at NatCen and professor of politics at Strathclyde University (October 2015). "Britain divided? Who supports and who opposes EU membership" (PDF). Economic and Social Research Council.
Jump up ^ Grice, Andrew (23 November 2015). "EU referendum: Majority of UK public wants 'Brexit', poll reveals". The Independent. London. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Dahlgreen, Will (28 February 2016). "The Eurosceptic map of Britain". YouGov. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Pickard, Jim (3 February 2016). "Conservatives: the party of business?". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Cressey, Daniel (30 March 2016). "Scientists say 'no' to UK exit from Europe in Nature poll". Nature. 531 (7596): 559–559. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..559C. doi:10.1038/531559a. PMID 27029257.
Jump up ^ Booth, James (2 March 2016). "Partners overwhelmingly anti-Brexit as confidence in Britain staying in falters". Legal Week. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Economists' Views on Brexit". Ipsos MORI. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sonia Sodha, Toby Helm & Phillip Inman (28 May 2016). "Economists overwhelmingly reject Brexit in boost for Cameron". Observer. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Giles, Chris; Cadman, Emily (3 January 2016). "Economists' forecasts: Brexit would damage growth". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Annabelle (30 December 2016). "The year the bookies were confounded - 150/1 on Trump becoming US President and 100/1 on Alan Partridge becoming the Mayor of East Anglia". Eastern Daily Press.
Jump up ^ Duggan, Wayne (31 December 1969). "iShares MSCI United Kingdom Index Fund ETF (ETF:EWU) - TickerTags First to Call Brexit Results Using Twitter Data". Benzinga. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "UK and the EU: Better off out or in?". BBC News. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Sodha, Sonia (27 July 2015). "Why is EU free movement so important?". Analysis, BBC Radio 4. BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Becker and Fetzer (October 2016). "Does Migration Cause Extreme Voting?". University of Warwick. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b EU Referendum: Record number of migrants arrive in UK without jobs, as Boris Johnson accuses David Cameron of "deeply damaging" faith in democracy L. Hughes, The Daily Telegraph (London), 26 May 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Migration Statistics Quarterly Report: May 2016 ONS, 26 May 2016
Jump up ^ Mason, Rowena (24 June 2016). "How did UK end up voting to leave the European Union?". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Ward, Olivia (25 June 2016). "Toxic Brexit debate has led the U.K. into political turmoil: Analysis". Toronto Star. Toronto, Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Newsnight exchange with Brexit MEP Daniel Hannan". BBC News. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Lowyry, Nigel (25 June 2016). "Nigel Farage: Leave campaign pledges 'mistake', may not be upheld". iNews UK. Media Nusantara Citra. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Helm, Toby (24 July 2016). "Brexit: EU considers migration 'emergency brake' for UK for up to seven years". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "How David Cameron blew it – The behind-the-scenes story of a failed campaign to keep Britain in the European Union". Politico EU. POLITICO SPRL. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016. As Brussels held its ground, Cameron dropped his manifesto commitment for new EU workers to wait four years before accessing benefits, as long as something was done to cut immigration. In February Britain and the EU struck a deal. Britain would get an "emergency brake," allowing the UK to withhold access to benefits for new migrants for a one-off period of seven years.
Jump up ^ "Brexit could lead to second independence poll and break-up of Britain, says leading Scottish investment fund manager". The Herald. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sturgeon: EU exit could trigger demand for Scottish independence referendum". BBC News. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Brexit would spark 'constitutional crisis' for UK, warns Welsh First Minister Carwyn Jones". The Independent. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
Jump up ^ NHS could be part-privatised if UK and EU agree controversial TTIP trade deal, expert warns I. Johnston, The Independent (London), 21 February 2016
Jump up ^ TTIP: Government caves in to cross-party alliance of Eurosceptic MPs demanding NHS is protected from controversial deal O. Wright, The Independent (London), 19 May 2016
Jump up ^ EU referendum: 25 Tory rebels plot to vote down Queen's Speech as Labour MP caught calling voter 'horrible racist' on campaign trail L. Hughes, The Daily Telegraph, 19 May 2016
Jump up ^ TTIP symbolises the worst of global capitalism. Cameron pushes it at his peril N. Dearden, The Guardian, 20 May 2016
Jump up ^ Jeremy Corbyn Vows To Veto ‘TTIP’ EU-US Free Trade Deal Amid Privatisation Fears P. Waugh, The Huffington Post, 2 June 2016
Jump up ^ The EU Referendum Pits Big Business Against Working People – That's Why I’m Voting ‘Leave’ J. Mills, The Huffington Post, 10 June 2016
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Leaving EU 'big gamble' for UK security". BBC News. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reality Check: Is Britain safer in or out of the EU?". BBC News. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ EU referendum debate – Guardian Live. 15 March 2016 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Martin Shipton (15 December 2015). "Nigel Farage and Carwyn Jones to go head-to-head to debate whether UK should stay in the EU". walesonline.
Jump up ^ "Farage and Jones clash over steel in EU debate". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "It's official: David Cameron will not debate another political leader on television before EU referendum". 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Debate: Should Britain leave the EU?". The Spectator.
Jump up ^ "The Express EU Debate in full". Daily Express. 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brentwood Weekly News". Brentwood Weekly News. 8 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Andrew Neil Interviews: Leave or Remain? – Episode guide". BBC.
Jump up ^ "The EU Debate, Victoria Derbyshire". BBC.
Jump up ^ "Vote Leave lambasts ITV over EU debate between Cameron and Farage". 12 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Aiden Kerr (6 June 2016). "Nicola Sturgeon and Boris Johnson to clash in TV debate". STV. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ John Plunkett (11 May 2016). "BBC rejects fears EU referendum debate could be hijacked". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Campaigns set for live BBC debate at Wembley". BBC News. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jeremy Paxman to host final EU Referendum debate on Channel 4". Channel 4. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/01/the-brexit-climbdown-is-far-from-what-leaving-was-meant-to-look-like
^ Jump up to: a b c European Referendum Act 2015 Section 11.
Jump up ^ Booth, Robert; Dodd, Vikram; Rawlinson, Kevin; Slawson, Nicola (18 June 2016). "Jo Cox murder suspect tells court his name is 'death to traitors, freedom for Britain'".
Jump up ^ "Cameron cuts short Gibraltar visit over MP attack". Yahoo!. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Heather (18 June 2016). "Paused EU referendum debate to resume, but with a more respectful tone". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Cameron: 'No turning back' on EU vote". BBC News. 19 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Counting stops for minute silence for Jo Cox". The Telegraph. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Stone, Jon (17 June 2016). "Jo Cox death: Parties stand down in killed Labour MP's seat as Corbyn and Cameron call for unity". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Davies, Caroline (23 June 2016). "Long queues reported outside referendum polling stations".
Jump up ^ "Police question woman for offering voters A PEN amid erase concerns".
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: Brexit win amid Manchester's strong Remain vote – BBC News".
Jump up ^ Sparrow, Andrew; Weaver, Matthew; Oltermann, Philip; Vaughan, Adam; Asthana, Anushka; Tran, Mark; Elgot, Jessica; Watt, Holly; Rankin, Jennifer; McDonald, Henry; Kennedy, Maev; Perraudin, Frances; Neslen, Arthur; O'Carroll, Lisa; Khomami, Nadia; Morris, Steven; Duncan, Pamela; Allen, Katie; Carrell, Severin; Mason, Rowena; Bengtsson, Helena; Barr, Caelainn; Goodley, Simon; Brooks, Libby; Wearden, Graeme; Quinn, Ben; Ramesh, Randeep; Fletcher, Nick; Treanor, Jill; McCurry, Justin; Adams, Richard; Halliday, Josh; Pegg, David; Phipps, Claire; Mattinson, Deborah; Walker, Peter (24 June 2016). "Brexit: Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish referendum 'highly likely'".
Jump up ^ Erlanger, Steven (23 June 2016). "Britain Votes to Leave E.U., Stunning the World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Peter S. (23 June 2016). "Turbulence and Uncertainty for the Market After 'Brexit'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Laura. "EU referendum results live: Brexit wins as Britain votes to leave European Union". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Local voting figures shed new light on EU referendum". BBC. 7 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "EU referendum: full results and analysis". theguardian. 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Who Voted for the Brexit?". theatlantic. 25 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "how-britain-voted". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "EUFinalCall_Reweighted" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "electoralcommission". electoralcommission. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Young people are gathering at Parliament furious at not being given the vote". 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brexit: How much of a generation gap is there? – BBC News". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Referendum result would have been entirely different had votes been allowed at 16". The Independent. 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Harding, Luke (24 June 2016). "Brexit vote sparks scramble for European passports". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brexit vote sparks surge in Irish passport applications". ABC News. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Halpin, Padraic (27 June 2016). "Britons flood Ireland with EU passport queries after Brexit vote". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Agerholm, Harriet (26 June 2016). "Brexit: Wave of racial abuse and hate crime reported after EU referendum". The Independent. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Micklewaithte, Jamie (26 June 2016). "Police probe 'racist signs distributed after Brexit vote in EU referendum'". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anti-Polish cards in Huntingdon after EU referendum". BBC News. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Micklewaithte, Jamie (26 June 2016). "Police probe racist graffiti smeared on Polish centre after Brexit vote". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Staufenberg, Jess (25 June 2016). "Brexit: Welsh Muslim told to 'pack bags and go home' after campaigning for Remain". The Independent. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Kate (26 June 2016). "Racist incidents feared to be linked to Brexit result". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Harriet (27 June 2016). "Cameron condemns xenophobic and racist abuse after Brexit vote". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Townsend, Mark (8 October 2016). "Homophobic attacks in UK rose 147% in three months after Brexit vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Polish man killed with 'superman punch'". BBC News. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Polish ex-MP: Juncker right to raise Essex 'hate crime' murder". Sky News. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ BBC Newsnight (1 September 2016), Harlow: A town in shock over killing of Arkadiusz Jozwik - BBC Newsnight, retrieved 27 September 2017
Jump up ^ Gayle, Damien (8 September 2017). "Teenager who killed Polish man with a punch sentenced to three years". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nigel Farage 'blood on his hands' controversy: Media monitor blasts 'sensationalist' BBC". Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Farage, Nigel (19 September 2017). "The BBC's slur has caused my family misery". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Second EU referendum petition investigated for fraud". BBC News. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ York, Chris (26 June 2016). "Second EU Referendum Petition Started By Leave Voter William Oliver Healey". The Huffington Post. Verizon. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Clive (30 June 2016). "Can the law stop Brexit?". BBC News. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Marker, Christina (26 June 2016). "Brexit Redux? Petition for Second EU Vote Hits 3 Million Signatures". NBC News. Retrieved 26 June 2016. In an ironic twist, it emerged Sunday that the petition's creator was in fact in favor of so-called Brexit. In a message posted to Facebook, William Oliver Healey sought to distance himself from the petition, saying it had been hijacked by those in favor of remaining in the EU.
Jump up ^ Hume, Tim. "Brexit: Petition calling for second EU vote was created by Leave backer". CNN. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (24 June 2016). "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum so popular the government site's crashing". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Boult, Adam (26 June 2016). "Petition for second EU referendum attracts thousands of signatures". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Parliamentlive.tv". parliamentlive.tv. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Charlie (27 June 2016). "David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit". The Independent. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Theresa May's Tory Leadership Launch Statement". The Independent. London, UK. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum rejected". BBC News. 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Rankin, Jennifer (25 June 2016). "What is article 50 and why is it so central to the Brexit debate?". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Laura Kuenssberg. "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Tory leader 'should be in place by 9 September'". BBC News. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Labour 'Out' Votes Heap Pressure on Corbyn".
Jump up ^ "Corbyn office 'sabotaged' EU Remain campaign". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Asthana A, and Syal, R. (26 June 2016). "Labour in crisis: Tom Watson criticises Hilary Benn sacking". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Jeremy Corbyn's new-look shadow cabinet". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jeremy Corbyn Loses Vote of No Confidence". Sky News. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Holden, Michael; Piper, Elizabeth (28 June 2016). "EU leaders tell Britain to exit swiftly, market rout halts". Reuters. Retrieved 28 June 2016. the confidence vote does not automatically trigger a leadership election and Corbyn, who says he enjoys strong grassroots support, refused to quit. 'I was democratically elected leader of our party for a new kind of politics by 60 percent of Labour members and supporters, and I will not betray them by resigning,' he said.
Jump up ^ "UKIP leader Nigel Farage stands down". BBC News. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nigel Farage steps back in at UKIP as Diane James quits". BBC news. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Alastair (24 June 2016). "'Brexit' Triggers New Bid for Scottish Independence". NBC News.
Jump up ^ Carrell, Severin (24 June 2016). "Nicola Sturgeon prepares for second Scottish independence poll".
Jump up ^ "Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish referendum 'highly likely' – as it happened". The Guardian. 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Wintour, Patrick (19 July 2016). "Liberals, celebrities and EU supporters set up progressive movement". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Shead, Sam (24 July 2016). "Paddy Ashdown has launched a tech-driven political startup called More United that will crowdfund MPs across all parties". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brexit after EU referendum: UK to leave EU and David Cameron quits".
Jump up ^ McGeever, Jamie (7 July 2016). "Sterling's post-Brexit fall is biggest loss in a hard currency". Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shares and pound plunge on Leave vote".
Jump up ^ Sudip Kar-Gupta (4 July 2016). "FTSE 100 rises to build on post-Brexit recovery". Reuters. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rand slumps more than 8% against dollar". Reuters. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kuo, Lily & Kazeem, Yomi (24 June 2016). "Brexit will be terrible for Africa's largest economies". Quartz. Retrieved 26 June 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Evans, Pete (24 June 2016). "Loonie loses more than a penny, TSX sheds 239 points after Britons vote to quit EU". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "King Says Carney Calm Will Guide U.K. Through Brexit Uncertainty". Bloomberg. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Inman, Phillip (5 January 2017). "Chief Economist of Bank of England Admits Errors in Brexit Forecasting". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Swinford, Steven (6 January 2017). "Bank of England Admits 'Michael Fish' Moment with Dire Brexit Predictions". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Rajeev Syal (1 September 2016). "Electoral reform campaigners slam 'dire' EU referendum debate". Guardian newspapers. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ 'DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 SUPERVISORY POWERS OF THE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER MONETARY PENALTY NOTICE (9 May 2016).
Jump up ^ 'EU campaign firm fined for sending spam texts' (11 May 2016).
Jump up ^ Jamie Doward, Carole Cadwalladr and Alice Gibbs, 'Watchdog to launch inquiry into misuse of data in politics', The Observer (4 March 2017).
^ Jump up to: a b Carole Cadwalladr, 'The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked', The Observer (Sunday 7 May 2017).
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Rosenberg, EU referendum: What does Russia gain from Brexit?', BBC News (26 June 2016).
Jump up ^ Joe Watts, Highly probable' that Russia interfered in Brexit referendum, Labour MP says, Independent (13 December 2016).
Jump up ^ "How Putin could yest save Britain from Brexit". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jake Kanter & Adam Bienkov, Labour MPs think the government is hiding info about Russia interfering with Brexit, 'Business Insider (23 February 2016).
^ Jump up to: a b Rajeev Syal, Brexit: foreign states may have interfered in vote, report says, Guardian (12 April 2017).
Jump up ^ Joseph Cox (24 October 2017). "Britain Requests Facebook's Russian Ad Data From Run-Up to Brexit, Election". The Daily Beast.
^ Jump up to: a b David D. Kirkpatrick, Parliament Asks Twitter About Russian Meddling in Brexit Vote, New York Times (3 November 2017).
^ Jump up to: a b 13,500-strong Twitter bot army disappeared shortly after EU referendum, research reveals, City, University of London (20 October 2017).
^ Jump up to: a b Oliver Wright, Lucy Fisher & Sean O'Neill, Watchdog starts inquiry into Russia Brexit links, The Times (November 2, 2017).
Jump up ^ "Facebook admits it was targeted by Russian trolls in Brexit referendum". Mail Online. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
Jump up ^ Jeffay, John (2017-11-20). "Barrage of tweets on independence linked to Russia". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
Jump up ^ "SNP calls for US-style investigation into Kremlin links to Brexit vote". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
Jump up ^ Election watchdog probes spending by EU referendum campaign groups, The Daily Telegraph (24 February 2017).
Jump up ^ Electoral Commission statement on investigation into Leave.EU, Electoral Commission (21 April 2017).
Jump up ^ O'Toole, Fintan (16 May 2017) "What connects Brexit, the DUP, dark money and a Saudi prince?". The Irish Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Henry Mance, Brexit-backer Arron Banks to be investigated over campaign spending, Financial Times (November 1, 2017).
Jump up ^ Holly Watt, Electoral Commission to investigate Arron Banks' Brexit donations: Watchdog to consider whether leave campaigner broke campaign finance rules in run-up to EU referendum, The Guardian (November 1, 2017).
Jump up ^ Henry Mance, Arron Banks investigated for Brexit campaign spending, Financial Times (November 1, 2017).
Further reading[edit]
George, Stephen (January 2000). "Britain: anatomy of a Eurosceptic state". Journal of European Integration. Taylor and Francis. 22 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1080/07036330008429077.
Usherwood, Simon (March 2007). "Proximate factors in the mobilization of anti‐EU groups in France and the UK: the European Union as first‐order politics". Journal of European Integration. Taylor and Francis. 29 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1080/07036330601144177.
Emerson, Michael (April 2016). "The Economics of a Brexit". Intereconomics. Springer Science+Business Media. 51 (2): 46–47. doi:10.1007/s10272-016-0574-2.
LSE Library (March 2017), "Collection of campaigning leaflets from the referendum"
External links[edit]
Examples of leaflets used during the referendum campaign
European Union at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Electoral Commission guide to the EU Referendum
BBC News – EU Referendum
BBC Radio 4 Why Did People Vote to Leave
BBC Radio 4 How We Voted Brexit
[show]
v
t
e
United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
Renegotiation
Results
Aftermath
Brexit
Referendum question
"Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?"
Referendum legislation
European Union Referendum Act 2015
European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
Background
Treaty of Rome
UK Accession to the European Communities
Treaty of Accession 1972
European Communities Act 1972
1973 EC enlargement
1975 European Communities membership referendum
Single European Act
European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986
UK rebate
Black Wednesday
Maastricht treaty
Treaty on European Union
European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993
European Economic Area
European Economic Area Act 1993
Treaty of Amsterdam
European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998
Treaty of Nice
European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002
Treaty of Accession 2003
European Union (Accessions) Act 2003
European Constitution
European Union Bill 2005
Lisbon Treaty
Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
European Union (Amendment) Act 2008
European Union Act 2011
European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013
2014 UK European Parliament election
2015 UK general election
Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom
Campaign
2016 referendum campaign
Issues
Opinion polling
Endorsements
Project Fear
Campaign
organisations
Remain
Official campaign
Britain Stronger in Europe
Other campaigns
Labour In for Britain
Leave
Official campaign
Vote Leave
Other campaigns
Leave.EU
Grassroots Out
Labour Leave
Campaign for an Independent Britain
The Freedom Association
Better Off Out
Get Britain Out
Bruges Group
Televised debates
The European Union: In or Out (2014)
Aftermath
International reactions
Conservative Party leadership election
Labour Party leadership election
UK Independence Party leadership election (September)
UK Independence Party leadership election (November)
2017 UK general election
Brexit
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
Brexit negotiations
Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar
Effects of Brexit on science and technology
WTO Option
Brexit legislation
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
European Union (Withdrawal) Bill
Related
Brexit: The Movie (2016 documentary)
Change Britain
"Enemies of the People"
London independence
More United
The New European (newspaper)
Open Britain
Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
United Ireland
Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar
[show]
Articles relating to the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
[show]
v
t
e
Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom
General elections
1801 co-option
1802
1806
1807
1812
1818
1820
1826
1830
1831
1832
1835
1837
1841
1847
1852
1857
1859
1865
1868
1874
1880
1885
1886
1892
1895
1900
1906
1910 (Jan)
1910 (Dec)
1918
1922
1923
1924
1929
1931
1935
1945
1950
1951
1955
1959
1964
1966
1970
1974 (Feb)
1974 (Oct)
1979
1983
1987
1992
1997
2001
2005
2010
2015
2017
Next
Local elections
1889
1890
1892
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
European elections
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
2014
Referendums
1975
2011
2016
[show]
v
t
e
United Kingdom general election, 2015
← 2010 election
Constituencies
Debates
MPs elected
MPs who stood down
MPs who lost their seat
MPs by seniority
Endorsements
Opinion polling
Parties
Target seats
56th Parliament
Results breakdown
Results by constituency
Seat gains and losses
Incumbent Prime Minister: David Cameron (Conservative)
Subsequent Prime Minister: David Cameron (Conservative)

Incumbent Deputy Prime Minister: Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats)
Subsequent Deputy Prime Minister: None
Parties elected to
the House of Commons
Conservative (David Cameron)
Labour (Ed Miliband)
Scottish National Party (Nicola Sturgeon)
Liberal Democrats (Nick Clegg)
Democratic Unionist Party (Peter Robinson)
Sinn Féin (Gerry Adams)
Plaid Cymru (Leanne Wood)
Social Democratic and Labour Party (Alasdair McDonnell)
Ulster Unionist Party (Mike Nesbitt)
UK Independence Party (Nigel Farage)
Green Party of England and Wales (Natalie Bennett)
Parties only represented in Scotland,
Wales, Northern Ireland, London,
or the European Parliament
Green Party in Northern Ireland (Steven Agnew)
Scottish Green Party (Patrick Harvie/Maggie Chapman)
Traditional Unionist Voice (Jim Allister)
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (David Ford)
Other
Full list of parties standing candidates
Results by area
Northern Ireland (list)
Scotland (list)
Wales (list)
England (list)
United Kingdom local elections, 2015
[show]
v
t
e
United Kingdom general election, 2017
← 2015 election
Constituencies
Debates
MPs elected
MPs who stood down
MPs who lost their seat
MPs by seniority
Endorsements
Opinion polling
Parties
Target seats
57th Parliament
Results breakdown
Results by constituency
Seat gains and losses
Incumbent Prime Minister: Theresa May (Conservative)
Subsequent Prime Minister: Theresa May (Conservative)
Parties elected to
the House of Commons
Conservative (Theresa May)
Labour (Jeremy Corbyn)
Scottish National Party (Nicola Sturgeon)
Liberal Democrats (Tim Farron)
Democratic Unionist Party (Arlene Foster)
Sinn Féin (Gerry Adams)
Plaid Cymru (Leanne Wood)
Green Party of England and Wales (Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley)
Parties only represented in Scotland,
Wales, Northern Ireland, London,
or the European Parliament
UK Independence Party (Paul Nuttall)
Scottish Green Party (Patrick Harvie/Maggie Chapman)
Social Democratic and Labour Party (Colum Eastwood)
Ulster Unionist Party (Robin Swann)
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (Naomi Long)
Traditional Unionist Voice (Jim Allister)
People Before Profit Alliance (Collective leadership)
Other
Full list of parties standing candidates
Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire Scottish Parliament by-election (held on same day)
Results by area
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
United Kingdom local elections, 2017
[show]
v
t
e
Elections and referendums in Gibraltar
General elections
1921
1950
1953
1956
1959
1964
1969
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2003
2007
2011
2015
next
By-elections
1991
1999
2013
European elections
2004
2009
2014
Referendums
1967
2002
2006
2016
[show]
v
t
e
Stock market crashes
17th century
Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic
18th century
The Mississippi Bubble
South Sea Bubble of 1720
Panic of 1792
Panic of 1796–97
19th century
Panic of 1819
Panic of 1825
Panic of 1837
Panic of 1847
Panic of 1857
Black Friday (1869)
Panic of 1873
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Panic of 1884
Encilhamento
Panic of 1893
Panic of 1896
20th century
Panic of 1901
Panic of 1907
Depression of 1920–21
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Recession of 1937–38
1971 Brazilian markets crash
1973–74 stock market crash
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
Japanese asset price bubble (1986–1991)
Black Monday (1987)
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse
Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989)
1990s Japanese stock market crash
Dot-com bubble (1995–2000)
1997 Asian financial crisis
October 27, 1997, mini-crash
1998 Russian financial crisis
21st century
Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks (2001)
Stock market downturn of 2002
Chinese stock bubble of 2007
United States bear market of 2007–09
Financial crisis of 2007–08
Dubai debt standstill
European debt crisis
2010 Flash Crash
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (Aftermath)
August 2011 stock markets fall
2011 Bangladesh share market scam
2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence
2015–16 stock market crash
2016 United Kingdom EU referendum (Aftermath)
See also: List of stock market crashes and bear markets
[show]
v
t
e
United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975
Results
Referendum question
"Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community (the Common Market)?"
Legislation
Referendum Act 1975
Background
Treaty of Rome
1970 UK General election
UK Accession to the European Communities
Treaty of Accession 1972
European Communities Act 1972
1973 EC enlargement
1974 UK General election (February)
1974 UK General election (October)
Campaign organisations
Advocating a "Yes" vote
Britain in Europe
Advocating a "No" vote
National Referendum Campaign
Parties
For a "Yes" vote
Conservative Party
Liberal Party
Social Democratic and Labour Party
Alliance Party
Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
Neutral/split
Labour Party
For a "No" vote
Scottish National Party
Plaid Cymru
Ulster Unionist Party
National Front
Communist Party of Great Britain
Aftermath
European Assembly Elections Act 1978
1979 UK European Parliament election
UK rebate
Single European Act
Black Wednesday
Maastricht Treaty
Lisbon Treaty
UK renegotiation of EU membership, 2016
2016 European Union membership referendum
[show]
v
t
e
Member states of the European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
[show]
v
t
e
Treaties of the European Union and related documents
Legal basis
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2007)
Treaty on European Union (2007)
Euratom Treaty (1957)
Main treaties
Paris (European Coal and Steel Community, 1951)
Rome (European Economic Community, 1957)
Merger (1965)
Single European Act (1986)
Maastricht (1992)
Amsterdam (1997)
Nice (2001)
Lisbon (2007)
Accession Treaties
1972
1979
1985
1994
2003
2005
2011
Minor treaties
Netherlands Antilles Association Convention (1962)
First Budgetary Treaty (1970)
Second Budgetary Treaty (1975)
Greenland Treaty (1984)
Minor amendments
Protocol 36 (2011)
Article 136 (2011)
Abandoned treaties and agreements
Treaty establishing the European Defence Community (1952)
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (2004)
UK renegotiation of EU membership (2016)
Declarations
Schuman Declaration (1950)
Solemn Declaration (1983)
Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)
Berlin Declaration (2007)
Other documents
Schengen Agreement (1985)
Schengen Convention (1990)
Schengen acquis of the EU (1999)
PFI Convention (2002)
Prüm Convention (2005)
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism (2012)
European Fiscal Compact (2012)
Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (2013)
Single Resolution Fund Agreement (2014)
European Union Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Withdrawal from the European Union
Withdrawal of member state territories
French Algeria (independence)
Greenland (Greenland Treaty)
Saint Barthélemy (changed to OCT status)
Withdrawal of member states
United Kingdom (including Gibraltar) - see Brexit
Current membership
Enlargement
Withdrawal
Books
View or order collections of articles
Brexit
Portals
Access related topics
British politics portal
European Union portal
2010s portal
Find out more on Wikipedia's
Sister projects
Media
from Commons
News stories
from Wikinews
Data
from Wikidata
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum,_2016&oldid=816231170"
Categories:
2016 in British politics
2016 in Gibraltar
2016 in the European Union
2016 referendums
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Referendums related to the European Union
United Kingdom and the European Union
United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
June 2016 events in the United Kingdom
Hidden categories:
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from August 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from August 2017
CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)
Articles with Indonesian-language external links
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Use British English from December 2016
Use dmy dates from October 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016
Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016
Articles with DMOZ links
Articles with images not understandable by color blind users
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Languages
العربية
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
भोजपुरी
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 December 2017, at 02:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eeeeee; font-size:135%; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; padding:0.25em;

attrs: class style

value: caption

values: background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em

attrs: scope style

values:
col
width: 5em

values:
col
width: 7em

values:
wikitable
text-align:right; width:25em; margin:0

values: United Kingdom EU referendum 2016 area results.svg

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0069b5; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffc010; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: text-align:center;text-align:left; background:#fafafa; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; padding:0.2em;

values: Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg

values: United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975

values: Greater London Authority referendum, 1998

values: Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998

values: North East England devolution referendum, 2004

values: United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011

values: Template talk:UK Referendums (page does not exist)

values: Category:United Kingdom and the European Union

values: Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities

values: 1973 enlargement of the European Communities

values: text-align: center; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border:none;
NavFrame1

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0em; padding-bottom:0em; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;

values: History of European Union–United Kingdom relations

values: Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels

values: Representative of the European Union, London

values: List of European Commissioners by nationality

values: List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the European Union

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities/European Union

values: European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986

values: European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993

values: European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998

values: European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002

values: European Parliament election, 1979 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 1984 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 1989 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 1994 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 1999 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 2004 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 2009 (United Kingdom)

values: European Parliament election, 2014 (United Kingdom)

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1973–79

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1979–84

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1984–89

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1989–94

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1994–99

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1999–2004

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2004–09

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–14

values: List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2014–19

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border:none;
NavFrame2

values: European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)

values: Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

values: Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

values: Results of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

values: Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bill 2016-17

values: Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2016

values: Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2016

values: Proposed second Scottish independence referendum

values: European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19

values: R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

values: European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017

values: United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union

values: Department for Exiting the European Union

values: Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

values: Secretary of State for International Trade

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border:none;
NavFrame3

values: Template:United Kingdom in the European Union

values: Template talk:United Kingdom in the European Union

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/HM_Government
mw-redirect
HM Government

values: Edit section: Growing pressure for a referendum

values: Edward Llewellyn, Baron Llewellyn of Steep

values:
/wiki/Private_Member%27s_Bill
mw-redirect
Private Member's Bill

values:
/wiki/Dissolution_of_Parliament
mw-redirect
Dissolution of Parliament

values: Edit section: Renegotiation before the referendum

values: United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership, 2015–16

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/British_nationality
mw-redirect
British nationality

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)

values:
/wiki/Sir_Gerald_Howarth
mw-redirect
Sir Gerald Howarth

values:
/wiki/Crown_Dependencies
mw-redirect
Crown Dependencies

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Killing_of_Jo_Cox
mw-redirect
Killing of Jo Cox

values: United Kingdom devolved elections, 2016 (disambiguation)

values: United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union

values: Democratic deficit in the European Union

values:
/wiki/Supranational_organisation
mw-redirect
Supranational organisation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values: Modern immigration to the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Jean_Monnet_Chair
mw-redirect
Jean Monnet Chair

values: Edit section: Responses to the referendum campaign

values:
/wiki/Welsh_Assembly
mw-redirect
Welsh Assembly

values: Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)

values:
/wiki/The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_Group
mw-redirect
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group

values:
/wiki/Trade_deficit
mw-redirect
Trade deficit

values: Edit section: Exchange rates and stock markets

values: List of stock market crashes and bear markets

values:
/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall
mw-redirect
Fall of the Berlin Wall

values: Edit section: International Monetary Fund

values: Office of the United States Trade Representative

values: United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/European_Monetary_Union
mw-redirect
European Monetary Union

values: Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

values: Edit section: Institute for Fiscal Studies

values:
/wiki/Cambridge_University
mw-redirect
Cambridge University

attrs: data-sort- style class tabindex role title

values:
background:silver; width:100px;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: data-sort-type style class tabindex role title

values:
number
width:40px
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: background: rgb(0, 129, 66); color: white;

values: Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

values:
/wiki/Qualified_Majority_Voting
mw-redirect
Qualified Majority Voting

values: Edit section: Debates, Q&A sessions and interviews

values:
/wiki/Welsh_Labour_Party
mw-redirect
Welsh Labour Party

values:
/wiki/Innocent_drinks
mw-redirect
Innocent drinks

values: Edit section: Voting, voting areas and counts

values:
/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_region
mw-redirect
Yorkshire and Humber region

values: Batley and Spen (UK Parliament constituency)

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: Verification of this source citation failed to find it supporting or even relevant to the material that cites it (July 2016)

attrs: rowspan colspan class tabindex role title

values: Edit section: Results by constituent countries

values: Edit section: Voting demographics and trends

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2017)

values: The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2017)

values: Edit section: Immediate reaction to the vote

values: Edit section: Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens

values: Edit section: Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries

values: Edit section: Petition for a new referendum

values: Edit section: Notification of intention to leave the EU

values: R (Miller and Dos Santos) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

values: UK Independence Party leadership election, September 2016

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
wikitable
border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:90%;

values: Edit section: Investigations into campaigns

values: Edit section: Possible Russian interference

values:
/wiki/British_pound
mw-redirect
British pound

values:
/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia
mw-redirect
Sanctions against Russia

values: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

values: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

values: Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee

values: Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee

values: Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

values: United States presidential election, 2016

values: Referendums related to the European Union

values: Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum, 1982

values:
/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004-05
mw-redirect
European Union Bill 2004-05

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.respectparty.org/the-eu

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org

values:
nofollow
https://www.partyof.wales/europe-1/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ukip.org

values:
/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph
mw-redirect
The Belfast Telegraph

values:
nofollow
http://www.britainfirst.org/policies/
external text

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27302254

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iea.org.uk/brexit

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F531559a

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029257

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis
mw-redirect
Taylor and Francis

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aboutmyvote.co.uk/uk-voters

values:
/wiki/Maastricht_treaty
mw-redirect
Maastricht treaty

values: Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

values:
/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty
mw-redirect
Lisbon Treaty

values: Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union

values: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

values:
/wiki/Brexit_issues
mw-redirect
Brexit issues

values: International reactions to the Brexit referendum

values: UK Independence Party leadership election, November 2016

values: Effects of Brexit on science and technology

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: List of United Kingdom general elections

values: United Kingdom general election, January 1910

values: United Kingdom general election, December 1910

values: United Kingdom general election, February 1974

values: United Kingdom general election, October 1974

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1890 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1895 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1896 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1897 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1898 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1899 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1900 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1901 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1902 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1903 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1904 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1905 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1906 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1907 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1908 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1909 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1910 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1911 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1912 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1913 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1914 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1915 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1919 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1920 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1921 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1922 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1923 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1924 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1925 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1926 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1927 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1928 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1929 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1930 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1931 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1932 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1933 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1935 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1936 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1937 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1938 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1945 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1946 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1947 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1948 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1950 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1951 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1952 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1953 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1954 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1956 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1957 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1958 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1959 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1960 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1961 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1962 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1963 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1964 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1965 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1966 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1967 (page does not exist)

values: United Kingdom local elections, 1968 (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: Template talk:United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies

values: United Kingdom general election debates, 2015

values: List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: List of MPs who stood down at the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: List of MPs who lost their seat in the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority, 2015–17

values: Endorsements in the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: Opinion polling for the 2015 United Kingdom general election

values: Candidates standing in the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: List of target seats in the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: Results breakdown of the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: Results of the United Kingdom general election, 2015 by parliamentary constituency

values: List of parliamentary gains and losses in the United Kingdom general election, 2015

values: Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

values: Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)

values: United Kingdom general election, 2015 (Northern Ireland)

values: List of MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland 2015–17

values: United Kingdom general election, 2015 (Scotland)

values: List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland 2015–17

values: United Kingdom general election, 2015 (Wales)

values: List of MPs for constituencies in Wales 2015–17

values: United Kingdom general election, 2015 (England)

values: List of MPs for constituencies in England 2015–17

values: Template:United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: Template talk:United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: United Kingdom general election debates, 2017

values: List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: List of MPs who stood down at the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: List of MPs who lost their seat in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority, 2017–22

values: Endorsements in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: Opinion polling for the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: Candidates standing in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: List of target seats in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: Results breakdown of the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: Results of the United Kingdom general election, 2017, by parliamentary constituency

values: List of parliamentary gains and losses in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

values: Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire by-election, 2017

values: United Kingdom general election, 2017 (England)

values: United Kingdom general election, 2017 (Northern Ireland)

values: United Kingdom general election, 2017 (Scotland)

values: United Kingdom general election, 2017 (Wales)

values: Gibraltar general election, 1921 (page does not exist)

values: Gibraltar by-election, 1991 (page does not exist)

values: Gibraltar by-election, 1999 (page does not exist)

values: European Parliament election, 2004 (Gibraltar)

values: European Parliament election, 2009 (Gibraltar)

values: European Parliament election, 2014 (Gibraltar)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/1971_Brazilian_markets_crash
mw-redirect
1971 Brazilian markets crash

values: Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks

values: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

values:
/wiki/2015_stock_market_selloff
mw-redirect
2015 stock market selloff

values: Template:United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975

values: Template talk:United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975 (page does not exist)

values: Results of the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975

values: Template:Member states of the European Union

values: Template talk:Member states of the European Union

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Template talk:EU treaties and declarations

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Amsterdam_Treaty
mw-redirect
Amsterdam Treaty

values: Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community

values: Budgetary treaties of the European Communities

values:
/wiki/Greenland_Treaty
mw-redirect
Greenland Treaty

values: Treaty establishing the European Defence Community

values: Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

values:
/wiki/Schengen_Convention
mw-redirect
Schengen Convention

values: Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Withdrawal from the European Union

values: Template talk:Withdrawal from the European Union (page does not exist)

values: Special member state territories and the European Union

values: Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg

values: commons:Special:Search/Category:United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

values: wikinews:Special:Search/Category:2016 UK EU referendum

values: Category:Referendums in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Referendums related to the European Union

values: Category:United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

values: Category:June 2016 events in the United Kingdom

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2017

values: Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)

values: Category:Articles with Indonesian-language external links

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Use British English from December 2016

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016

values: Category:Articles with images not understandable by color blind users

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: استفتاء بقاء المملكة المتحدة ضمن الاتحاد الأوروبي 2016 – Arabic

values: 2016 nî Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok thoat-lî Au-chiu Liân-bêng kong-bîn tâu-phiò – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Рэферэндум аб членстве Вялікабрытаніі ў Еўрапейскім саюзе – Belarusian

values: यूनाइटेड किंगडम यूरोपियन यूनियन सदस्यता रायशुमारी, २०१६ – Bhojpuri

values: Referendum o članstvu Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva u Evropskoj uniji – Bosnian

values: Referèndum sobre la permanència del Regne Unit dins la UE – Catalan

values: Referendum o členství Spojeného království v Evropské unii 2016 – Czech

values: Refferendwm y Deyrnas Unedig ar aelodaeth o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd, 2016 – Welsh

values: Folkeafstemningen om Storbritanniens EU-medlemskab 2016 – Danish

values: EU-Mitgliedschaftsreferendum im Vereinigten Königreich 2016 – German

values: Βρετανικό δημοψήφισμα (2016) – Greek

values:
https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit
Brexit – Emiliano-Romagnolo
eml
eml
interlanguage-link-target

values: Referéndum sobre la permanencia del Reino Unido en la Unión Europea – Spanish

values: Britelira referendumo de 2016 – Esperanto

values: Erresuma Batua Europar Batasunean egoteari buruzko galdeketa – Basque

values: همه‌پرسی عضویت بریتانیا در اتحادیه اروپا (۲۰۱۶) – Persian

values: Fólkaatkvøðan um ES-limaskap Stórabretlands 2016 – Faroese

values: Référendum sur l'appartenance du Royaume-Uni à l'Union européenne – French

values: Reifreann mu bhallrachd Bhreatainn san Aonadh Eòrpach 2016 – Scottish Gaelic

values: Referendo sobre a permanencia do Reino Unido na Unión Europea – Galician

values: 2016년 영국 유럽 연합 회원국 국민투표 – Korean

values: Մեծ Բրիտանիայի՝ Եվրոպական միությունում անդամակցության հարցով հանրաքվե – Armenian

values: यूनाइटेड किंगडम में यूरोपीय संघ पर जनमत संग्रह – Hindi

values: Referendum o članstvu Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva u Europskoj uniji – Croatian

values: Referendum keanggotaan Britania Raya di Uni Eropa 2016 – Indonesian

values: Þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslan um aðild Bretlands að ESB 2016 – Icelandic

values: Referendum sulla permanenza del Regno Unito nell'Unione europea – Italian

values: משאל העם על חברות הממלכה המאוחדת באיחוד האירופי (2016) – Hebrew

values: Réferèndum ngenani Britania olèhé dadi anggota Uni Éropah (2016) – Javanese

values: Britannorum suffragium de tenenda Unionis Europaeae societate – Latin

values: Referendums par Apvienotās Karalistes dalību Eiropas Savienībā – Latvian

values: Referendumas dėl Jungtinės Karalystės narystės Europos Sąjungoje – Lithuanian

values: Referendum in su la permanenza del Regn Unii in de l'Union Europea – Lombard

values: 2016-os népszavazás az Egyesült Királyság EU-tagságáról – Hungarian

values: Referendum over het EU-lidmaatschap van het Verenigd Koninkrijk (2016) – Dutch

values: イギリスの欧州連合離脱是非を問う国民投票 – Japanese

values: Folkeavstemningen om Storbritannias EU-medlemskap 2016 – Norwegian

values: برطانوی ریفرنڈم برائے یورپی یونین رکنیت 2016 – Western Punjabi

values: Referendum w Wielkiej Brytanii w 2016 roku – Polish

values: Referendo sobre a permanência do Reino Unido na União Europeia em 2016 – Portuguese

values: Referendumul asupra menținerii Regatului Unit în Uniunea Europeană – Romanian

values: Референдум о членстве Великобритании в Европейском союзе – Russian

values: Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016 – Scots

values: යුරෝපියානු සංගමයෙහි සාමාජිකත්වය පිළිබඳ එක්සත් රාජධානිය තුල ජනමත විචාරණය, 2016 – Sinhala

values: United Kingdom European Union membership referendum – Simple English

values: Referendum o članstvu Združenega kraljestva v Evropski uniji – Slovenian

values: Referyndům we Wjelgij Brytańiji we 2016 roku – Silesian

values: Referendum Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva o članstvu u Evropskoj uniji – Serbo-Croatian

values: Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan EU-kansanäänestys – Finnish

values: Folkomröstningen om Storbritanniens medlemskap i EU – Swedish

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: Referendum sa pagkakasapi ng United Kingdom sa Unyong Europeo – Tagalog

values: Böyekbritaniäneñ Awrupa Berlegendä qalu-qalmaw referendumı – Tatar

values: การลงประชามติว่าด้วยสมาชิกภาพสหภาพยุโรปของสหราชอาณาจักร พ.ศ. 2559 – Thai

values: 2016 Birleşik Krallık'ın Avrupa Birliği üyeliği referandumu – Turkish

values: Референдум щодо членства Великої Британії в ЄС – Ukrainian

values: مملکت متحدہ ریفرنڈم برائے یورپین یونین رکنیت، 2016ء – Urdu

values: Trưng cầu dân ý về tư cách thành viên EU của Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland, 2016 – Vietnamese

values: 英國脫離歐盟公投 – Cantonese

values: 英國去留歐盟公投 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum_2016 rootpage-United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum_2016 skin-vector action-view