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Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
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The Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award (formerly known as the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1969 NBA Finals. The award is decided by a panel of eleven media members, who cast votes after the conclusion of the Finals. The person with the highest number of votes wins the award.[1] The award was originally a black trophy with a gold basketball-shaped sphere at the top, similar to the Larry O'Brien Trophy, until a new trophy was introduced in 2005 to commemorate Bill Russell.[2][3]
Since its inception, the award has been given to 31 different players. Michael Jordan is a record six-time award winner.[4] Magic Johnson, Shaquille O'Neal, Tim Duncan and LeBron James won the award three times in their careers. Jordan and O'Neal are the only players to win the award in three consecutive seasons (Jordan accomplished the feat on two separate occasions). Johnson is the only rookie ever to win the award,[5] as well as the youngest at 20 years old.[6] Andre Iguodala is the only winner to have not started every game in the series.[7] Jerry West, the first ever awardee, is the only person to win the award while being on the losing team in the NBA Finals.[4] Willis Reed, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Larry Bird, Hakeem Olajuwon, Kobe Bryant, and Kevin Durant won the award twice. Olajuwon, Durant, Bryant, and James have won the award in two consecutive seasons. Abdul-Jabbar and James are the only players to win the award for two different teams. Olajuwon of Nigeria, who became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1993, Tony Parker of France, and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only international players to win the award. Duncan is an American citizen, but is considered an "international" player by the NBA because he was not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C.[8] Parker and Nowitzki are the only winners to have been trained totally outside the U.S.; Olajuwon played college basketball at Houston and Duncan at Wake Forest. Cedric Maxwell is the only Finals MVP winner eligible for the Hall of Fame who has not been voted in.[9]
On February 14, 2009, during the 2009 NBA All-Star Weekend in Phoenix, then-NBA Commissioner David Stern announced that the award would be renamed the "Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award" in honor of 11-time NBA champion Bill Russell.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners[edit]
Jerry West, the inaugural recipient, is the only player to win the award while being on the losing team.
Magic Johnson is the only player to win the award as a rookie.
Michael Jordan has won the award a record six times.
Shaquille O'Neal is the only player other than Michael Jordan to have won the award three times consecutively.
Tony Parker (bottom) is the first non-American player to win the award.
LeBron James (pictured) and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar are the only players to win the award for two different teams.
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
§ Player's team lost the NBA Finals
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player has received the Finals MVP award
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has received the Finals MVP award
Year
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1969
Jerry West*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers §
1970
Willis Reed*
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks
1971
Lew Alcindor*[a]
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks
1972
Wilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1973
Willis Reed* (2)
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks (2)
1974
John Havlicek*
Forward/Guard United States Boston Celtics
1975
Rick Barry*
Forward United States Golden State Warriors
1976
Jo Jo White*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (2)
1977
Bill Walton*
Center United States Portland Trail Blazers
1978
Wes Unseld*
Center/Forward United States Washington Bullets
1979
Dennis Johnson*
Guard United States Seattle SuperSonics
1980
Magic Johnson*[b]
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1981
Cedric Maxwell
Forward United States Boston Celtics (3)
1982
Magic Johnson* (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1983
Moses Malone*
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers
1984
Larry Bird*
Forward United States Boston Celtics (4)
1985
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[c] (2)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1986
Larry Bird* (2)
Forward United States Boston Celtics (5)
1987
Magic Johnson* (3)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1988
James Worthy*
Forward United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
1989
Joe Dumars*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons
1990
Isiah Thomas*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons (2)
1991
Michael Jordan*
Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1992
Michael Jordan* (2)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1993
Michael Jordan* (3)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1994
Hakeem Olajuwon*
Center United States[d] Houston Rockets
1995
Hakeem Olajuwon* (2)
Center United States[d] Houston Rockets (2)
1996
Michael Jordan* (4)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1997
Michael Jordan* (5)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (5)
1998
Michael Jordan* (6)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (6)
1999 Tim Duncan[e] Forward/Center United States San Antonio Spurs
2000
Shaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2001
Shaquille O'Neal* (2)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (9)
2002
Shaquille O'Neal* (3)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (10)
2003 Tim Duncan (2) Forward/Center United States[e] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2004 Chauncey Billups Guard United States Detroit Pistons (3)
2005 Tim Duncan (3) Forward/Center United States[e] San Antonio Spurs (3)
2006
Dwyane Wade^
Guard United States Miami Heat
2007
Tony Parker^
Guard France[f] San Antonio Spurs (4)
2008 Paul Pierce Forward United States Boston Celtics (6)
2009 Kobe Bryant Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (11)
2010 Kobe Bryant (2) Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (12)
2011
Dirk Nowitzki^
Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks
2012
LeBron James^
Forward United States Miami Heat (2)
2013
LeBron James^ (2)
Forward United States Miami Heat (3)
2014
Kawhi Leonard^
Forward United States San Antonio Spurs (5)
2015
Andre Iguodala^
Forward/Guard United States Golden State Warriors (2)
2016
LeBron James^ (3)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2017
Kevin Durant^
Forward United States Golden State Warriors (3)
2018
Kevin Durant^ (2)
Forward United States Golden State Warriors (4)
Multi-time winners[edit]
Player
Team(s)
No.
Years
Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 6 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 3 1980, 1982, 1987
Shaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers 2000, 2001, 2002
Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 1999, 2003, 2005
LeBron James Miami Heat (2), Cleveland Cavaliers (1) 2012, 2013, 2016
Willis Reed New York Knicks 2 1970, 1973
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers 1971, 1985
Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984, 1986
Hakeem Olajuwon Houston Rockets 1994, 1995
Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers 2009, 2010
Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors 2017, 2018
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[11]
Jump up ^ At 20 years and 276 days old, Johnson is the youngest Finals MVP winner in history.[12]
Jump up ^ At 38 years and 54 days old, Abdul-Jabbar is the oldest Finals MVP winner in history.[13]
^ Jump up to: a b Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993.[14]
^ Jump up to: a b c Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth, as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[15] he was able to play for the U.S. internationally.[16]
Jump up ^ Tony Parker was born in Belgium. He holds French citizenship and plays for their national team.[17]
References[edit]
General
"Finals Most Valuable Player". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
"Finals Most Valuable Players". ESPN. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Kevin Durant Wins 2017 NBA Finals MVP After Winning 1st Title with Warriors". Bleacher Report. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Game 5 Notebook: Billups Wins MVP". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Spurs crowned NBA champions". CBC Sports. June 24, 2005. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Finals Most Valuable Player". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Magic Johnson Bio". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Scott, Nate (June 16, 2014). "Kawhi Leonard is third youngest NBA Finals MVP ever". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Ethan Sherwood (June 16, 2015). "Andre Iguodala named Finals MVP after coming off bench to begin series". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick". People's Daily Online. June 29, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nba--danny-green-spurs-nba-finals-3-pointers-cedric-maxwell-224343936.html
Jump up ^ "The Finals MVP to Receive Bill Russell MVP Award". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. February 14, 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Magic Johnson 1979-80 Game Log". basketball-reference. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1984-85 Game Log". basketball-reference. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon Bio: 1992-93". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster: D". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Parker will be speedy foe for Nets". Sports Illustrated. Time Warner Company. June 2, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
show
v
t
e
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
1969: West
1970: Reed
1971: Alcindor
1972: Chamberlain
1973: Reed
1974: Havlicek
1975: Barry
1976: White
1977: Walton
1978: Unseld
1979: D. Johnson
1980: E. Johnson
1981: Maxwell
1982: E. Johnson
1983: Malone
1984: Bird
1985: Abdul-Jabbar
1986: Bird
1987: E. Johnson
1988: Worthy
1989: Dumars
1990: Thomas
1991: Jordan
1992: Jordan
1993: Jordan
1994: Olajuwon
1995: Olajuwon
1996: Jordan
1997: Jordan
1998: Jordan
1999: Duncan
2000: O'Neal
2001: O'Neal
2002: O'Neal
2003: Duncan
2004: Billups
2005: Duncan
2006: Wade
2007: Parker
2008: Pierce
2009: Bryant
2010: Bryant
2011: Nowitzki
2012: James
2013: James
2014: Leonard
2015: Iguodala
2016: James
2017: Durant
2018: Durant
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Rajagopala Chidambaram
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Rajagopalan Chidambaram
Chidambaram at the 2008 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.
Born
(1936-11-12) 12 November 1936 (age 81)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
British Indian Empire
Residence
New Delhi, India
Nationality
India
Alma mater
University of Madras,
Indian Institute of Science
Known for
Nuclear weapons programme
Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I)
Pokhran-II
Awards
Padma Shri (1975),
Padma Vibhushan (1999)
Scientific career
Fields
Physics
Institutions
Atomic Energy Commission (India)
Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
Department of Atomic Energy
International Atomic Energy Agency
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Indian Institute of Technology
University of Hyderabad
Rajagopala Chidambaram (born 12 November 1936, PhD), is an Indian Physicist who is known for his integral role in India's nuclear weapons program; he coordinated test preparation for the Pokhran-I (1975) and Pokhran-II (1998).
Currently serving as the principal scientific adviser to the federal Government of India, Chidambaram previously served as the director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)— and later as chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of the Government of India and he contributed in providing national defence and energy security to India. Chidambaram was chairman of the board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) during 1994–95. He was also a member of the Commission of Eminent Persons appointed by the Director-General, IAEA, in 2008 to prepare a report on "The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and Beyond".
Throughout his career, Chidambaram played a key role in developing India's nuclear weapons, being a part of the team conducting the first Indian nuclear test (Smiling Buddha) at Pokhran Test Range in 1974. He gained international fame when he led and represented the team of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) while observing and leading efforts to conduct the second nuclear tests in May 1998.
Contents
[hide]
1 Academic life
2 Nuclear program
3 As Principal Scientific Adviser
4 Awards and honours
5 References
6 External links
Academic life[edit]
Chidambaram completed his early education in Meerut and Chennai, completing his B.Sc. with honors in physics, having stood first rank at the departmental and the university level of the Madras University in 1956. After enrolling in master's program, Chidambaram taught introductory physics laboratory courses and obtained M.Sc. in physics, writing a fundamental thesis on analog computers from the same institution, in 1958. He was accepted for the doctoral programme of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), and was awarded the PhD in 1962. His thesis contained the research work on the development of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and was conferred with the Martin Forster Medal for the best doctoral thesis submitted to the Indian Institute of Science. Chidambaram is a versatile scholar, interest first in physics. After graduating, his interest in nuclear physics diminished and his research interest in physics did not keep him motivated to contribute in his field. Instead, Chidambaram found himself interested in crystallography and condensed matter physics, writing scientific articles which later played an influential role in the development of modern materials science. His contribution to the enhancement of condensed matter physics and material science led him to be conferred with a D.Sc., in physics by the IISc after submitting his doctoral thesis on experiments which he conducted at IISc. He has been conferred doctoral degrees in physics by eight Indian universities.[1] After the test of the nuclear device at Pokharan in 1974, Chidambaram started ‘open research' in the area of high pressure physics. For this a complete range of instrumentation such as diamond anvil cells, and gas-gun for launching projectiles were indigenously built. He also laid the foundation of theoretical high-pressure research for calculation of equation of state and phase stability of materials by first principles techniques. The papers published by his high pressure group are also well cited. The one on ‘Omega Phase in Materials’ is considered a textbook by researchers in Condensed Matter Physics/ Materials Science. He is an excellent orator, brightest mind with understating of diverse subjects. A scientific visionary of India.
Nuclear program[edit]
After receiving his doctorate in physics, Chidambaram joined the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). He served as the director of the physics group initiating research on physical aspects of nuclear weapons. At BARC, he rose to become one of the senior nuclear scientists involved in various classified projects, and was one of the central figures building the nuclear programme. In 1967, Chidambaram joined the nuclear weapon designing effort along with his fellow scientists in constructing and building the metallurgical and physical aspects of the nuclear weapons. He and his colleagues worked out the equation of state of plutonium, which is still classified by all nuclear weapon states. He chose the implosion method and initiated research at BARC in very close interaction with the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to achieve this. Chidambaram also assisted the Indian Army to construct a nuclear test site at long-constructed Indian Army base, Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan, Chidambaram was part of a team of scientists who participated in and supervised India's first nuclear test, codename Smiling Buddha, and was one of the scientists who were honoured by Indian Premier Indira Gandhi. Finally, in 1990, Chidambaram became Director of the BARC . His key participation in the design and successful execution of Operation Smiling Buddha saw him leading the DAE team of Operation Shakti in 1998. As the director of BARC, he initiated the development of super-computers, which now have multi-teraflop speed capability. During his chairmanship of the Atomic Energy Commission, he accelerated the development of nuclear power. Upset by the secret manner in which the test was conducted,[2][3] and given his instrumental role in the test, Chidambaram was not positively reciprocated when he approached the US for a visa to attend the 1998 annual conference of the International Union of Crystallography, of which was the vice-president, which was followed by his withdrawal of the visa application.[4][5]
As Principal Scientific Adviser[edit]
Currently Chidambaram[when?] is the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India and Chairman of the Scientific Advisory to the Cabinet of the Federal Government. Some of his initiatives as Principal Scientific Adviser, including the setting up of the Core Advisory Group for R&D in the Automotive Sector (CAR) to increase academia-industry interaction, the creation of RuTAGs (Rural Technology Action Groups) for effective need based technology delivery in rural areas, the establishment of SETS (Society for Electronic Transactions and Security), are making significant impact. During the last few years, he helped conceptualise and supervised, along with National Informatic Center, the setting up of the high-speed 'National Knowledge Network' to connect about 1,500 educational and research institutions in India. He has emphasised the need for 'Coherent Synergy' (a phrase he has coined) in India's Science & Technology (S&T) efforts to take India on a sustained fast-growth path. He has also focused on the importance of 'Directed Basic Research' as an addition to (not a substitute for) self-directed basic research.
Awards and honours[edit]
Chidambaram is the recipient a number of awards and honours. The Indian Government acknowledged his contribution to the successful nuclear tests by awarding the Padma Shri, the fourth highest Civilian honour of the nation, in 1975 and the Padma Vibushan, the second highest civilian honour, in 1999. His other prominent awards are the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Science (1991), the C.V. Raman Birth Centenary Award of the Indian Science Congress Association (1995), the Distinguished Materials Scientist of the Year Award of the Materials Research Society of India (1996), the R.D. Birla Award of the Indian Physics Association (1996), the H. K. Forodia Award for Excellence in S & T (1998), the Hari Om Prerit Senior Scientist Award (2000), the Meghnad Saha Medal of the Indian National Science Academy (2002), the INS Homi Bhabha Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Nuclear Society (2006), the Life Time Contribution Award in Engineering (2009) from Indian National Academy of Engineering, the C.V. Raman Medal of the Indian National Science Academy. He has been awarded D.Sc. degrees (Honoris Causa) by more than twenty universities in India and abroad. Chidambaram is a Fellow of all the science Academies in India and the Third World Academy of Science (TWAS), Trieste (Italy). He has also served as a member, chairman and president of a number of organizations which, among others, include IIT-Madras, IIT-Bombay, the Materials Research Society of India, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and the International Union of Crystallography. In early 2008, the IAEA invited Chidambaram to be a member of the "Commission of Eminent Persons", for making recommendations to the Board of Governors, regarding long-term priorities and funding.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Profile of Dr. Rajagopala Chidambaram". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Pokaran-The U.S. Intelligence Failure". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ "India blasts take U.S. intelligence by surprise". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ "US denies visa to AEC Chairman". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ "US denies visa to AEC Chairman - Debate in Parliament". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ "R. Chidambaram in IAEA Panel". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajagopala Chidambaram.
Information page at the Technology Information Forecasting & Assessment Council
Profile at zoominfo
Home Page of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India
The May 1998 Pokhran Tests: Scientific Aspects
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Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia
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Reported proven reserves for Saudi Arabia (blue) and Venezuela (red)
The proven oil reserves in Saudi Arabia are the 2nd largest in the world, estimated to be 268 billion barrels (43×10^9 m3) (Gbbl hereafter), including 2.5 Gbbl in the Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone. They are predominantly found in the Eastern Province.[1] These reserves were the largest in the world until Venezuela announced they had increased their proven reserves to 297 Gbbl in January 2011.[2] The Saudi reserves are about one-fifth of the world's total conventional oil reserves, a large fraction of these reserves comes from a small number of very large oil fields, and past production amounts to 40% of the stated reserves.
In 2000, the US Geological Survey estimated that remaining undiscovered oil reserves in Saudi Arabia had a probability-weighted average of 90 Gbbl.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Data quality
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Saudi Arabia crude oil production 1950-2012
Saudi Arabia has traditionally been regarded as the world’s most important swing producer of oil. When acting as such, the Saudi government would increase or decrease oil production to maintain a more stable price.[4]
Saudi Arabia produced 10.3 million barrels per day (1.6×10^6 m3/d) (Mbbl/d) in 1980, 10.6 Mbbl/d in 2006,[5] and in the region of 9.2 Mbbl/d in 2008.[6] Saudi Arabia maintains the world’s largest crude oil production capacity, estimated to be approx. 11 Mbbl/d at mid-year 2008 and announced plans to increase this capacity to 12.5 Mbbl/d by 2009[7] Cumulative production through the end of 2009 was 119.4 billion bbl.[8] Using the stated number of 267 Gbbl, past production amounts to 40% of the stated remaining proved reserves. As of 2016, Saudi Arabia cumulative oil production reached 143.97 bbl.[9]
After the then U.S. president George W. Bush asked the Saudis to raise production on a visit to Saudi Arabia in January 2008 and they declined, Bush questioned whether they had the ability to raise production any more.[10] In the summer of 2008, Saudi Arabia announced an increase in planned production of 500,000 barrels per day.[11] However, in 2008, some experts believed that Saudi oil production had already peaked or would do so in the near future.[12] In April 2015, the Saudi oil minister Ali Al-Naimi said that Saudi Arabia produced 10.3 million barrels per day in March that year, which was the highest figure based on records since the early 1980s. The previous peak was in August 2013 at 10.2 million barrels per day.[13]
Data quality[edit]
Since 1982, the Saudis have withheld their well data and any detailed data on their reserves, giving outside experts no way to verify Saudi claims regarding the overall size of their reserves and output. This has caused some to question the current state of their oil fields. In a 2004 study, Matthew Simmons analyzed 200 technical papers on Saudi reserves by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and concluded that Saudi Arabia's oil production faced near term decline, and that it would not be able to consistently produce more than 2004 levels, when production of crude oil and lease condensate averaged 9.10 million barrels per day. Simmons also argued that the Saudis may have irretrievably damaged their large oil fields by over-pumping salt water into the fields in an effort to maintain the fields' pressure and boost short-term oil extraction. He concluded (in 2004): "In 2-3 years we will have conclusive evidence that Saudi oil is peaking,"[14] Since his prediction, Saudi crude oil production has varied from as low as 8.25 million barrels per day (average for 2009) up to 9.83 million barrels per day (average for 2012). Overall, in the nine years since his 2004 prediction (2005-2013), Saudi crude oil and lease condensate production has averaged 9.20 million barrels per day, just slightly higher than 2004 levels.[15]
Diplomatic cables leaked during the United States diplomatic cables leak in 2011 revealed that Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini, former vice president of Saudi Arabia's oil monopoly Saudi Aramco, warned the US that the oil reserves in Saudi Arabia might in fact be 40% (300 billion barrels) lower than claimed.[16][17]
Gallery[edit]
Oil and gas field locations
Saudi Arabia production, consumption, and exports over time
World oil reserves before the increase from Venezuela
See also[edit]
Saudi Arabia portal
Energy portal
History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia
Energy in Saudi Arabia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Learsy, Raymond (2011). Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Venezuela: Oil reserves surpasses Saudi Arabia's at english.ahram.org.eg
Jump up ^ US Geological Survey, Saudi Arabia, 2000.
Jump up ^ , Daniel Yergin, “Who will rule the oil market,” New York Times, 23 Jan. 2015.
Jump up ^ Farsalas, Ken (2008-07-29). "No Speculation On Oil Reality". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Petroleum (Oil) Production". International Petroleum Monthly. U.S. Energy Information Administration. April 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia Oil Statistics". Country Analysis Briefs. US Energy Intelligence Administration. August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Daily and Cumulative Crude Oil Production in OPEC Members". OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin. OPEC. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ "OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin" (PDF). OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin. OPEC. 2017. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
Jump up ^ Tverberg, Gail (2008-01-18). "President Bush Questions Saudi Ability to Raise Oil Supply". PRWeb. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
Jump up ^ Penketh, Anne (2008-06-16). "Saudi King: 'We will pump more oil'". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
Jump up ^ Report, Ken Farsalas, the Oberweis. "No Speculation On Oil Reality". forbes.com.
Jump up ^ "Saudi pumps up oil production to record high 10.3 million bpd". Reuters. 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "New study raises doubts about Saudi oil reserves". Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
Jump up ^ US EIA, Crude Oil + Lease Condensate, International Energy Statistics, Petroleum Production.
Jump up ^ John Vidal (9 February 2011). "WikiLeaks cables: Saudi Arabia cannot pump enough oil to keep a lid on prices". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Saudi oil reserves 'overstated'". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
External links[edit]
Map of oil and gas infrastructure in Saudi Arabia
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Waltham-Lowell system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century.
Made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame around the time of the American Revolution, the textile industry was among the earliest mechanized industries, and models of production and labor sources were first explored here.
The system used domestic labor, often referred to as mill girls, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than they could at home, and to live a cultured life in "the city". Their life was very regimented - they lived in company boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a moral code.
As competition grew in the domestic textile industry and wages fell, strikes began to occur, and with the introduction of cheaper imported foreign workers by mid-century, the system proved unprofitable and collapsed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rhode Island System
2 Characteristics of the System
3 Waltham
4 Lowell
5 Decline
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Rhode Island System[edit]
Slater Mill
The precursor to the Waltham-Lowell system was seen in Rhode Island, where British immigrant Samuel Slater set up his first spinning mills in the 1790s.
Slater drew on his British village experience to create a factory system called the "Rhode Island System," based on the customary patterns of family life in New England villages. Children aged 7 to 12 were the first employees of the mill; Slater personally supervised them closely. The first child workers were hired in 1790. It is highly unlikely that Slater resorted to physical punishment, relying on a system of fines. Slater first tried to staff his mill with women and children from afar, but that fell through due to the close-knit framework of the New England family. He then brought in whole families, creating entire towns.[1] He provided company-owned housing nearby, along with company stores; he sponsored a Sunday School where college students taught the children reading and writing.
Characteristics of the System[edit]
The Waltham-Lowell system pioneered the use of a vertically integrated system.[2] Here there was complete control over all aspects of production. Spinning, weaving, dying, and cutting were now completed in a single plant.[3] This large amount of control made it so that no other company could interfere with production. The Waltham mill also pioneered the process of mass production. This greatly increased the scale of manufacturing. Water powered line shafts and belts now connected hundreds of power lines. The increase in manufacturing occurred so rapidly that there was no localized labor supply in the early 19th century that could have sufficed.[4] Lowell solved this problem by hiring young women.
Waltham[edit]
Boston Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Massachusetts
After the successes of Samuel Slater, a group of investors now called The Boston Associates and led by Newburyport, Massachusetts merchant Francis Cabot Lowell devised a new textile operation on the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts, west of Boston. This new firm, the first in the nation to place cotton-to-cloth production under one roof, was incorporated as the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1814.
The Boston Associates tried to create a controlled system of labor unlike the harsh conditions they observed while in Lancashire, England. The owners recruited young New England farm girls from the surrounding area to work the machines at Waltham. The mill girls lived in company boarding houses and were subject to strict codes of conduct and supervised by older women. They worked about 80 hours per week. Six days per week, they woke to the factory bell at 4:40am and reported to work at 5am and had a half-hour breakfast break at 7am They worked until a lunch break of 30 to 45 minutes around noon. The workers returned to their company houses at 7pm when the factory closed. This system became known as the Waltham System.
Lowell[edit]
One of the last remaining textile mill boarding houses in Lowell, Massachusetts on right. Part of the Lowell National Historical Park
While the Boston Manufacturing Company proved immensely profitable, the Charles River had very little potential as a power source. Lowell died prematurely in 1817, and soon his partners traveled north of Boston to East Chelmsford, Massachusetts, where the large Merrimack River could provide far more power. The first mills, the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, were running by 1823.[5] The settlement was incorporated as the town of Lowell in 1826, and became the city of Lowell ten years later. Boasting ten textile corporations, all running on the Waltham System and each considerably larger than the Boston Manufacturing Company, Lowell became one of the largest cities in New England and the model, now known as the Lowell System, was copied elsewhere in New England, often in other mill towns developed by the Boston Associates. Examples include Manchester, New Hampshire; Lewiston, Maine; Lawrence, Massachusetts; and Holyoke, Massachusetts.
Tintype of two young women in Lowell, Massachusetts
Decline[edit]
Eventually, cheaper and less organized foreign labor replaced the mill girls. Even by the time of the founding of Lawrence in 1845, there were questions being raised about its viability.[6] One of the leading causes of this transition to foreign labor and the demise of the system was the coming of the Civil War. Girls went to be nurses, back to their farms, or into positions that men had left when they went to the army.[7] These girls were out of the mills for the duration of the war and when the mills reopened after the war, the girls were gone because they no longer needed the mills. They had rooted into their new occupations or moved on in life to the point where the mill was no longer suitable for them.[7] The lack of mill girls created a movement towards Irish immigrants.
The Irish community that was building in Lowell, Massachusetts was not exclusively female unlike the grouping of mill girls in the dormitories.[8] The proportion of male employment at the mill increased which rapidly changed the demographics of the people that work there.[8] The Lowell plant became heavily dependent on the foreign lower-class, especially the Irish immigrants that flocked to Massachusetts. [2] This reliance on foreign workers forced the mills to become what they had been trying to avoid with the mill girls. Poverty snuck up on them and they were forced to deal with slums and a poor lower-class. These immigrants tended to have families and they did not live in the dormitory style of the mill girls. While in many cases the boardinghouses outlived the system, families of immigrant workers typically lived in tenement neighborhoods, and off company property.
See also[edit]
Mills and Factories in the Industrial United States
Lowell Mill Girls
Notes[edit]
Dublin, Thomas (1989). "Review: Lowell, Massachusetts and the Reinterpretation of American Industrial Capitalism". The Public Historian. National Council on Public History. 11 (4): 159–64. ISSN 1533-8576. JSTOR 3378079. doi:10.2307/3378079 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
MacDonald, Allan (1937). "Lowell: A Commercial Utopia". The New England Quarterly. 10 (1): 37–62. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 360145. doi:10.2307/360145 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ No. 384: Samuel Slater
^ Jump up to: a b Dublin 1989, p. 160
Jump up ^ Walton 2010, p. 168
Jump up ^ Vance 1966, p. 316
Jump up ^ Alan Alelrod and Charles Phillips (2008). What Every American Should Know About American History: 225 Events that Shaped the Nation. Avon, MA: Adams Media; 3rd edition. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-59869-428-4.
Jump up ^ http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/mhr/2/ford.html Peter A. Ford - "Father of the whole enterprise" Charles S. Storrow and the Making of Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1845–1860
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald 1937, p. 61
^ Jump up to: a b Dublin 1975, p. 34
External links[edit]
Fire map of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company and Dutton and Worthen Street boardinghouses, 1924
Boardinghouses and their demolition, 1960s
More boardinghouses, 1960s
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