text:
Suitors of Helen
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In Greek mythology, the Suitors of Helen are those who came from many kingdoms of Greece to compete for the hand of the Spartan princess Helen, daughter of Zeus and Leda.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mythology
1.1 Selection of the Husband
1.2 Oath of Tyndareus
2 See also
3 References
Mythology[edit]
Selection of the Husband[edit]
When it was time for Helen to marry, many kings and princes from around the world came to seek her hand, bringing rich gifts with them, or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. During the contest, Castor and Pollux had a prominent role in dealing with the suitors, although the final decision was in the hands of Tyndareus.[1] Menelaus, her future husband, did not attend but sent his brother, Agamemnon, to represent him.
There are three available and not entirely consistent lists of suitors, compiled by Pseudo-Apollodorus (31 suitors), Hesiod (12 suitors), and Hyginus (36 suitors), for a total of 45 distinct names. There are only fragments from Hesiod's poem, so his list would have contained more. Achilles' absence from the lists is conspicuous, but Hesiod explains that he was too young to take part in the contest.[2] Taken together, the list of suitors matches well with the captains in the Catalog of Ships from the Iliad; however, some of the names may have been placed in the list of Helen's suitors simply because they went to Troy. It is not unlikely that relatives of a suitor may have joined the war.
SUITOR
LIST OF SUITORS ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SOURCES
PARENTAGE
ABODE
Hesiod's Ehoiai Apollodorus' Library Hyginus' Fabulae
Agapenor √ √ son of Ancaeus Arcadia
Ajax √ √ √ son of Telamon Salamis
Ajax √ √ son of Oileus Locris
Alcmaeon √ son of Amphiaraus Argos
Amphilochus √ √ son of Amphiaraus Argos
Amphimachus √ √ son of Cteatus Elis
Ancaeus √ son of Poseidon Samos
Antilochus √ √ son of Nestor Pylos
Ascalaphus √ √ son of Ares Orchomenus
Blanirus √
Clytius √ Cyane
Diomedes √ √ son of Tydeus Argos
Elephenor √ √ √ son of Chalcodon Euboea
Epistrophus √ son of Iphitus Phocis
Eumelus √ √ son of Admetus Pherae
Eurypylus √ √ son of Euaemon Ormenius
Ialmenus √ son of Ares Orchomenus
Idomeneus √ √ son of Deucalion Crete
Leitus √ son of Alector Boeotia
Leonteus √ √ son of Coronus Lapiths
Lycomedes √ Crete
Machaon √ √ son of Asclepius Tricca
Meges √ √ son of Phyleus Dulichium
Menelaus √ √ √ son of Atreus Sparta
Menestheus √ √ √ son of Peteos Athens
Meriones √ son of Molus Crete
Nireus √ son of Charopus Syme
Odysseus √ √ √ son of Laertes Cephallenia (Ithaca)
Patroclus √ √ son of Menoetius Opus
Peneleos √ √ son of Hippalcimus Boeotia (Thebes)
Phemius √
Phidippus √ son of Thessalus Cos
Philoctetes √ √ √ son of Poeas Meliboea
Podalirius √ √ son of Asclepius Tricca
Podarces √ son of Iphicles Phylace
Polypoetes √ √ son of Pirithous Lapiths
Polyxenus √ √ son of Agasthenes Elis
Protesilaus √ √ √ son of Iphicles Phylace
Prothous √ son of Tenthredon Magnesia
Schedius √ son of Iphitus Phocis
Sthenelus √ √ son of Capaneus Argos
Teucer √ son of Telamon Salamis
Thalpius √ √ son of Eurytus Elis
Thoas √ son of Andraemon Aetolia
Tlepolemus √ son of Hercules Rhodes
TOTAL 12 31 36
Oath of Tyndareus[edit]
Tyndareus was afraid to select a husband for his daughter, or send any of the suitors away, for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus was one of the suitors, but had brought no gifts because he believed he had little chance to win the contest. He thus promised to solve the problem, if Tyndareus in turn would support him in his courting of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndareus readily agreed, and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with him. After the suitors had sworn not to retaliate, Menelaus was chosen to be Helen's husband. As a sign of the importance of the pact, Tyndareus sacrificed a horse.
See also[edit]
Catalogue of Ships
Achaean Leaders
Trojan War
Trojan Battle Order
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women fr. 198.7–8, and 199.0–1, they are the recipients of the bridal presents. For further details, see A Catalog within a Catalog, 133–135
Jump up ^ Hesiod, Catalogs of Women and Eoiae, fr. 196–204; Hyginus, Fables, 81; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca II, 10.8 * Cingano, A Catalog within a Catalog, 124; Clader, Helen, 10
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Beeturia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Betanin, the beet pigment causing urine coloring
Beeturia is passing of red or pink urine after eating beetroots or foods colored with beetroot extract or beetroot pigments. The color is caused by the excretion of betalain (betacyanin) pigments such as betanin. The coloring is highly variable between individuals and between different occasions and can vary in intensity from invisible to strong. The pigment is sensitive to oxidative degradation under strongly acidic conditions. Therefore, the urine coloring depends on stomach acidity and dwell time as well as the presence of protecting substances such as oxalic acid.[1][2] Beeturia is often associated with red or pink feces.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause
2 Explanations
3 Factors affecting beeturia
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Cause[edit]
A selection of differently colored beetroot varieties
The red color seen in beeturia is caused by the presence of unmetabolized betalain pigments such as betanin in beetroot passed through the body.[1][2] The pigments are absorbed in the colon.[1] Betalains are oxidation sensitive redox indicators that are decolorized by hydrochloric acid, ferric ions, and colonic bacteria preparations.[3] The gut flora plays a not yet evaluated role in the breakdown of the pigment.[4]
Explanations[edit]
There is no relationship to iron deficiency[2]
There is no relation to deficiencies in hepatic metabolism or renal excretion[2]
There is no direct genetic influence and no single gene variant that differentiates excreters from non-excreters[1][4][5]
Factors affecting beeturia[edit]
The extent of excreted pigment depends on:
The pigment content of the meal, including:
The type of beetroot (for instance, the pigment concentration of the deeteroit Rubidus variety is twice that of the Firechief variety)
The addition of concentrated beetroot extract as a food additive to certain processed foods[1]
The storage conditions of the meal, including light, heat, and oxygen exposure, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles that all could degrade the pigments[1]
Urine volume, affecting the dilution of the dye
The stomach acidity and dwell time[1][2]
The presence of protecting substances such as oxalic acid in the meal and during intestinal passage
Medications that affect stomach acidity such as proton pump inhibitors[1]
See also[edit]
Food color
Porphyria, a group of disorders that may cause reddish urine
Blue diaper syndrome
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Mitchell, S. C. (2001). "Food idiosyncrasies: beetroot and asparagus". Drug Metab. Dispos. 29 (4): 539–543. PMID 11259347.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Watts, AR; Lennard, MS; Mason, SL; Tucker, GT; Woods, HF (1993). "Beeturia and the biological fate of beetroot pigments". Pharmacogenetics. 3 (6): 302–11. PMID 8148871. doi:10.1097/00008571-199312000-00004.
^ Jump up to: a b Eastwood, MA; Nyhlin, H (1995). "Beeturia and colonic oxalic acid". QJM. 88 (10): 711–7. PMID 7493168. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b c Allergy Advisor - Beeturia Archived 2010-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Compiled by Karen du Plessis, Food & Allergy Consulting & Testing Services. Retrieved on January 01, 2013
Jump up ^ McDonald, J. H. (2011). "Myths of Human Genetics: Beeturia". Baltimore, Maryland: Sparky House Publishing. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
External links[edit]
Beeturia Allergy Advisor
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beeturia&oldid=790943621"
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Suffrage drama
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Suffrage drama (also known as Suffrage Plays or Suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women’s suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914.[1] Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. These plays also revealed many of the double standards that women faced on a daily basis. Suffrage theatre was a form of realist theatre, which was influenced by the plays of Henrik Ibsen.[2] Suffrage theatre combined familiar everyday situations with relatable characters on the stage in the style of realist theatre.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pro-suffrage plays
1.1 United Kingdom
1.2 America
2 Anti-suffrage plays
3 Influential British Suffrage Plays
4 References
5 External links
Pro-suffrage plays[edit]
Suffrage dramas in favor of women's suffrage often portray strong female characters who illustrate the qualities of a rational, informed voters. They are meant to imply the obsolescence and inaccuracy of gender stereotypes that justified denying women the vote, such as separate spheres philosophy.[3] Such characters often convince male or female anti-suffragists to revise their beliefs and support women's suffrage. Other plays satirize anti-suffragists as buffoons or narrow-minded individuals opposing progress. Many of these plays deliberately required few props and no sets. This was to allow amateur acting companies to perform the dramas at minimal cost, allowing them to be more widely performed and spread pro-suffrage sentiment. Due to the low cost of organizing a performance, suffrage plays were often performed in the drawing rooms of private residences and in small professional theaters.[4]
United Kingdom[edit]
During the suffrage movement in the United Kingdom, eighteen short plays were published that have been coined women’s suffrage drama[5] but these represent only a few of the numerous plays with suffrage themes, the majority written in support of the Cause, that have been identified. Susan Croft's 'Chronology of Plays addressing or supporting Suffrage Issues 1907-1914' lists 170 [6], a figure further supplemented by additional plays, discovered since publication, listed online[7]. Elizabeth Robins’s Votes for Women and Cicely Hamilton and Christopher St. John’s How the Vote Was Won are two predominant examples of suffrage plays.[5] Elizabeth Robins’s Votes for Women was one of the first published women’s suffrage plays. It was performed in 1907 at the Court Theatre in London.[8] Julie Holledge, British actor and director, wrote that Votes for Women “heralded the beginning of a suffrage theatre” and assisted in organizing actresses and “their involvement with the women’s rights movement and their dissatisfaction with a male dominated theatre, these women had begun to develop a drama that could express the reality of women’s lives...With the emergence of the mass suffrage movement in the Edwardian era, over a thousand actresses were thrust into the fight for votes for women. Out of their struggle the first ‘women’s theatre movement of the twentieth century was born.” [9]
The characters in these plays were realistic, middle class characters fighting for or against women’s suffrage. These plays often featured female characters talking with each other about the suffrage movement and often broke the boundaries between class. Suffrage plays led to the 1908 formation of the Actresses' Franchise League that “provided the infrastructure to promote women’s endeavors on a large scale.” [10]
Suffragists used plays to create changes in social attitudes. Attending a play was a social and community event, therefore their message reached a large audience in a short period of time. Some suffragists would say, “a change in legislation was attributed to the production of one play.”[10] Suffrage plays were a source of optimism for the female suffrage movement. Suffrage theatre gave prominence to women’s roles and issues for the first time and greatly influenced the women’s suffrage movement.
Theatre played a crucial role in the United Kingdom women's suffrage movement. Pro-suffrage acting organizations such as The Actresses' Franchise League and Edith Craig's Pioneer Players formed alongside more political entities like the National Society for Women's Suffrage to campaign for the vote using drama and lectures. Only actresses were permitted to join the Actresses Franchise League. However, the AFL vowed to "assist all other [women's suffrage] Leagues wherever possible" by creating and performing "propaganda plays" and hosting informative lectures on the subject.[11] The United Kingdom was home to many of the premiere suffragist playwrights, including Cicely Hamilton (author of Diana of Dobson's[12]), George Bernard Shaw (Press Cuttings[13]), Beatrice Harraden (Lady Geraldine's Speech[14]) and Bessie Hatton (Before Sunrise[14]). Contemporary plays concerning the women's suffrage movement continue to be written and performed in Britain, such as Ian Flint's Woman (2003), Rebecca Lenkiewicz's Her Naked Skin (2008) and Sally Sheringham's The Sound of Breaking Glass (2009).[15]
British suffrage organizations and magazines also showed an interest in the position of women in India and suffrage performance in Britain included tableaux by Indian women, performed in Sloane Square, while Votes for Women reviewed plays like Tagore's Chitra.[16][17]
America[edit]
Although many suffrage dramas were written by British authors and playwrights, a number of American writers contributed to the overall body of pro-suffrage plays. Many of these authors were well known in their own right: Charlotte Perkins Gilman authored the recently re-published Three Women[18], Something to Vote For[19], The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View, and the suffragist/World War I correspondent Inez Milholland composed If Women Voted.[20] Organizations such as the National American Woman Suffrage Association viewed theatre as an effective way to spread pro-suffrage sentiment and provided suffrage dramas to professional and amateur theatres.[3][21] Other American dramatists who contributed to the genre include Miriam Nicholson, Elizabeth Gerberding, Salina Solomon and Mrs. Charles Caffin.[20][22] Unfortunately many of the suffrage dramas circulated by the NAWSA have been lost, and the only evidence of their existence has been found in surviving order pamphlets for the plays.[4]
Anti-suffrage plays[edit]
Some of the earliest plays to address the question of women's suffrage were written in opposition to extending the vote. These plays satirized the notion of revised (and more equal) gender roles by portraying women as incapable of influence afforded to men or characterizing suffragists as "unwomanly" grotesques. Little research has been done into the prevalence or popularity of these anti-suffrage plays.[23] One notable example that transitioned from small parlor performances (like the pro-suffrage plays performed by amateur actors) to widespread popularity in the United States is The Spirit of Seventy-Six; or, The Coming Woman, A Prophetic Drama (1868) by Ariana Randolph Wormeley Curtis and Daniel Sargent Curtis[19]. The play was written following the Civil War, as many abolitionists were beginning to shift their focus to different social issues, such as women's suffrage. The play is meant to be an absurdest fantasy depicting what life would be like if women and men traded gender roles. For example, women in the play wear men's clothing, smoke cigars, and hold all political offices while men struggle to tend to children in the home. The play implies that by enfranchising women they will all become horribly masculine, and suggests that radical suffrage activists campaign to "cover their own undesirability or incompetence".[23]
Influential British Suffrage Plays[edit]
How the Vote Was Won by Cicely Hamilton and Christopher St John
Votes for Women by Elizabeth Robins
Lady Geraldine's Speech by Beatrice Harraden
A Chat with Mrs Chicky and Miss Appleyard's Awakening by Evelyn Glover
A Woman's Influence by Gertrude Jennings
The Apple by Inez Bensusan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chronology of Suffrage Plays | The Suffragettes". thesuffragettes.org. 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Theatre -- Realism". novaonline.nvcc.edu. 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Spender, Dale, and Carole Hayman, ed. How The Vote Was Won and Other Suffragette Plays. Methuen, 1986. 34-87. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Finnegan, Margaret Mary. Selling suffrage: consumer culture & votes for women. Columbia University Press, 1999. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Maroula Joannou & June Purvis, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: New Feminist Perspectives (Manchester University Press, 1998), 127.
Jump up ^ Croft, Susan (2009). Votes for Women and Other Plays. London: Aurora Metro. pp. 216–243. ISBN 978-1-906582-01-2.
Jump up ^ Susan, Croft (2010). [www.thesuffragettes.org "Further Chronology of Suffrage Performances 1907-1914"] Check |url= value (help). Suffragettes: How the Vote Was Won. Retrieved 2018. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Hayman, Carole & Spender, Dale, How the Vote Was Won and Other Suffragette Plays, (London: Methuen, 1985), 36.
Jump up ^ Julie Holledge (as cited in How the Vote Was Won and Other Suffragette Plays, 1985)
^ Jump up to: a b Joannou, Maroula & Purvis, June, 136
Jump up ^ "Actresses Franchise League". How the vote was won. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Cockin, Katharine. Women and Theatre in the Age of Suffrage: The Pioneer Players 1911-25, Palgrave (2001)
Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw (30 June 2004). Press Cuttings. Kessinger Publishing. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Crawford, E. The women's suffrage movement, a reference guide, 1866-1928. 1st ed. Psychology Press, 2002. Print.
Jump up ^ "Plays about the Women's Movement in today's theatre". How the vote was won. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chronology of Suffrage Plays". How the vote was won. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Cockroft, Irene and, Susan Croft (2010). Art, Theatre and Women's Suffrage. London: Aurora Metro. ISBN 978-1-906-58208-1.
Jump up ^ Engle, Sherry and, Susan Croft (2016). Thousands of Noras: Short Plays by Women 1874-1920. New York: i-Universe. ISBN 978-1-4917-6804-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedl, Bettina (1987). On to Victory: Propaganda Plays of the Women's Suffrage Movement. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b "Suffrage Plays". The Movement Comes of Age. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suffrage Plays". The Movement Comes of Age. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 24 August 2011. p. 1. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suffrage Plays". The Movement Comes of Age. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 24 August 2011. p. 3. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedl, Bettina. On To Victory: Propaganda Plays of the Woman Suffrage Movement. Northeastern, 1990. Print.
The Methuen Drama Book of Suffrage Plays - published 2013 - http://www.naomipaxton.co.uk/the-methuen-drama-book-of-suffrage-plays.html Votes for Women and Other Plays - published 2009 - http://aurorametro.com/newsite/products-page/play-collections/votes-for-women/
External links[edit]
A surviving NAWSA pamphlet advertising suffrage plays for sale
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Virginia House of Delegates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 37°32′19″N 77°26′00″W / 37.53865°N 77.43331°W / 37.53865; -77.43331
Virginia House of Delegates
Virginia General Assembly
Type
Type
Lower House of the Virginia General Assembly
Term limits
None
History
New session started
January 10, 2018
Leadership
Speaker
Kirk Cox (R)
Since January 10, 2018
Majority Leader
Todd Gilbert (R)
Since January 10, 2018
Minority Leader
David Toscano (D)
Since November 19, 2011
Clerk
Paul Nardo
Since June 2011
Structure
Seats
100
Political groups
Majority
Republican (51)
Minority
Democratic (49)
Length of term
2 years
Authority
Article IV, Virginia Constitution
Salary
$17,640/year + per diem
Elections
Last election
November 7, 2017
Next election
November 5, 2019
Redistricting
Legislative Control
Meeting place
House of Delegates Chamber
Virginia State Capitol
Richmond, Virginia
Website
Virginia General Assembly
The Virginia House of Delegates is one of two parts in the Virginia General Assembly, the other being the Senate of Virginia. It has 100 members elected for terms of two years; unlike most states, these elections take place during odd-numbered years. The House is presided over by the Speaker of the House, who is elected from among the House membership by the Delegates. The Speaker is usually a member of the majority party and, as Speaker, becomes the most powerful member of the House. The House shares legislative power with the Senate of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Delegates is the modern-day successor to the Virginia House of Burgesses, which first met at Jamestown in 1619. The House is divided into Democratic and Republican caucuses. In addition to the Speaker, there is a majority leader, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority caucus chair, and the chairs of the several committees of the House.
The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative body in the New World.[1] Originally having 22 members, the House of Burgesses met from 1619 through 1632 in the choir of the church at Jamestown.[2] From 1632 to 1699 the legislative body met at four different state houses in Jamestown. The first state house convened at the home of Colonial Governor Sir John Harvey from 1632 to 1656. The burgesses convened at the second state house from 1656 until it was destroyed in 1660. Historians have yet to precisely identify its location.[3]
The House has met in Virginia's Capitol Building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, since 1788. The legislative body met from 1788 to 1904 in what is known as today the Old Hall of the House of Delegates or commonly referred to as the Old House Chamber. The Old House Chamber is part of the original Capitol building structure. It measures 76 feet in width and is filled today with furnishings that resemble what the room would have looked like during its time of use. There are many bronze and marble busts of historic Virginians on display in the Old House Chamber, including: George Mason, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Meriwether Lewis. From 1904 to 1906, University of Virginia graduate and architect John K. Peeples designed and built compatible classical wings to the west and east side of the Capitol building. The new wings added to provide more space and serve as the legislative chambers in the Virginia General Assembly, the Senate of Virginia resides in the west chamber and the House of Delegates resides in the east chamber. The General Assembly members and staff operate from offices in the General Assembly Building, located in Capitol Square. Prior to 1788 the House of Delegates met in the Colonial Capital of Williamsburg.
In 1999, Republicans took control of the House of Delegates for the first time since Reconstruction (with the exception of a brief 2-year period in which the Readjuster Party was in the majority in the 1880s). The Republican Party has held the majority in the House since then.
Contents
[hide]
1 Salary and qualifications
2 Composition
3 Party control
4 House leadership
4.1 Committee chairs and ranking members
5 Members
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Salary and qualifications[edit]
The annual salary for delegates is $17,640 per year.[4] Each delegate represents roughly 83,000 people.[4] Candidates for office must be at least 21 years of age at the time of the election, residents of the districts they seek to represent, and qualified to vote for General Assembly legislators.[5][6] The regular session of the General Assembly is 60 days long during even numbered years and 30 days long during odd numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses.[5][7]
Composition[edit]
Affiliation
Party
(Shading indicates majority caucus)
Total
Republican
Democratic
Vacant
Previous legislature (2016-2018)
66 34
100
0
Current legislature (2018-2020)
51 49
100
0
Latest voting share
7001510000000000000♠51%
7001490000000000000♠49%
Party control[edit]
(The party control table shows the balance of power after each recent general election. The preceding Makeup table includes results of special elections since the last general election.)
Years
Democrats
Republicans
Independents
1900-1904 93 7 0
1904-1912 86 14 0
1912-1914 90 10 0
1914-1916 92 8 0
1916-1922 88 12 0
1922-1924 95 5 0
1924-1926 97 3 0
1926-1928 95 5 0
1928-1930 93 7 0
1930-1934 95 5 0
1934-1940 93 7 0
1940-1944 97 3 0
1944-1946 94 6 0
1946-1950 93 7 0
1950-1960 94 6 0
1960-1962 96 4 0
1962-1964 94 5 1
1964-1966 89 11 0
1966-1968 87 12 1
1968-1970 86 14 0
1970-1972 75 24 1
1972-1974 73 24 3
1974-1976 65 20 15
1976-1978 78 17 5
1978-1980 76 21 3
1980-1982 74 25 1
1982-1984 66 32 2
1984-1986 65 34 1
1986-1988 65 33 2
1988-1990 64 35 1
1990–1992 59 40 1
1992–1994 58 41 1
1994–1996 52 47 1
1996–1998 52 47 1
1998–2000 50[8] 49 1
2000–2002 47 52 1
2002–2004 34 64 2
2004–2006 37 61 2
2006–2008 40 57 3
2008–2010 44 54 2
2010–2012 39 59 2
2012–2014 32 66 2
2014–2016 32 67 1
2016–2018 34 66 0
2018–2020 49 51 0
House leadership[edit]
Speaker Kirk Cox
Majority Leader Todd Gilbert
Minority Leader David Toscano[9]
Caucus Chair Charniele Herring
Committee chairs and ranking members[edit]
The House has 14 standing committees.[10]
Committee
Chair
Senior Minority Member
Agriculture, Chesapeake and Natural Resources Danny Marshall (HD14) Kenneth R. Plum (HD36)
Appropriations S. Chris Jones (HD76) Luke Torian (HD52)
Commerce and Labor Terry Kilgore (HD01) Jeion Ward (HD92)
Counties, Cities and Towns Riley Ingram (HD62) Charniele L. Herring (HD46)
Courts of Justice Richard Bell (HD20) Vivian E. Watts (HD39)
Education Steve Landes (HD25) Roslyn Tyler (HD75)
Finance Lee Ware (HD65) Vivian Watts (HD39)
General Laws Chris Peace (HD97) Jeion Ward (HD92)
Health, Welfare and Institutions Bobby Orrock (HD54) Mark D. Sickles (HD43)
Militia, Police and Public Safety Ben Cline (HD24) Roslyn Tyler (HD75)
Privileges and Elections Mark Cole (HD88) Mark D. Sickles (HD43)
Rules Kirk Cox (HD66) Kenneth Plum (HD36)
Science and Technology Roxann Robinson (HD27) Vivian Watts (HD39)
Transportation David Yancey (HD94) Jeion Ward (HD92)
Members[edit]
The Virginia House of Delegates is reelected every two years, with intervening vacancies filled by special election. The list below contains the House delegates currently serving through January 2020.
District
Name
Party
Areas Represented
First Election
Counties
Cities
1 Terry Kilgore Rep Lee, Scott, Wise (part) Norton 1993
2 Jennifer Carroll Foy Dem Prince William (part), Stafford (part) 2017
3 Will Morefield Rep Bland, Buchanan, Russell (part), Tazewell 2009
4 Todd Pillion Dickenson, Russell (part), Washington (part), Wise (part) 2013
5 Israel O'Quinn Grayson, Smyth (part), Washington (part) Bristol, Galax 2011
6 Jeff Campbell Carroll, Smyth (part), Wythe 2013
7 Nick Rush Floyd, Montgomery (part), Pulaski (part) 2011
8 Greg Habeeb Craig, Montgomery (part), Roanoke (part) Salem 2011
9 Charles Poindexter Franklin (part), Henry (part), Patrick 2007
10 Wendy Gooditis Dem Clarke (part), Frederick (part), Loudoun (part) 2017
11 Salam "Sam" Rasoul Roanoke (part) 2013
12 Chris Hurst Giles, Montgomery (part), Pulaski (part) Radford 2017
13 Danica Roem Prince William (part) Manassas Park 2017
14 Danny Marshall Rep Henry (part), Pittsylvania (part) Danville 2001
15 Todd Gilbert
Majority Leader Page, Rockingham (part), Shenandoah, Warren (part) 2005
16 Les Adams Henry (part), Pittsylvania (part) Martinsville 2013
17 Chris Head Botetourt (part), Roanoke (part) Roanoke (part) 2011
18 Michael Webert Culpeper (part), Fauquier (part), Rappahannock, Warren (part) 2011
19 Terry Austin Alleghany, Bedford (part), Botetourt (part) Covington 2013
20 Richard P. Bell Augusta (part), Highland, Nelson(part) Staunton, Waynesboro 2009
21 Kelly Fowler Dem Virginia Beach (part) Chesapeake (part) 2017
22 Kathy Byron Rep Bedford (part), Campbell (part), Franklin (part) Lynchburg (part) 1997
23 Scott Garrett Amherst (part), Bedford (part) 2009
24 Ben Cline Amherst (part), Augusta (part), Bath, Rockbridge Buena Vista, Lexington 2002
25 Steve Landes Albemarle (part), Augusta (part), Rockingham (part) 1995
26 Tony Wilt Rockingham (part) Harrisonburg 2010
27 Roxann Robinson Chesterfield (part) 2010
28 Bob Thomas Stafford (part) Fredericksburg (part) 2017
29 Chris Collins Frederick (part), Warren (part) Winchester, Front Royal (part) 2015
30 Nicholas Freitas Culpeper (part), Madison, Orange 2015
31 Elizabeth Guzman Dem Fauquier (part), Prince William (part) 2017
32 David A. Reid Loudoun (part) 2017
33 Dave LaRock Rep Clarke (part), Frederick (part), Loudoun (part) 2013
34 Kathleen Murphy Dem Fairfax (part), Loudoun (part) 2015
35 Mark Keam Fairfax (part) 2009
36 Kenneth R. Plum 1981
37 David Bulova Fairfax 2005
38 Kaye Kory 2009
39 Vivian E. Watts 1995
40 Tim Hugo
Majority Caucus Chairman
Rep Fairfax (part), Prince William (part) 2002
41 Eileen Filler-Corn Dem Fairfax (part) 2010
42 Kathy Tran 2017
43 Mark D. Sickles 2003
44 Paul Krizek 2015
45 Mark Levine Arlington (part), Fairfax (part) Alexandria (part) 2015
46 Charniele Herring
Minority Whip 2009
47 Patrick Hope Arlington (part) 2009
48 Rip Sullivan Arlington (part), Fairfax (part) 2014
49 Alfonso Lopez 2011
50 Lee Carter Prince William (part) Manassas 2017
51 Hala Ayala 2017
52 Luke Torian 2009
53 Marcus Simon Fairfax (part) Falls Church 2013
54 Bobby Orrock Rep Caroline (part), Spotsylvania (part) 1989
55 Buddy Fowler Caroline (part), Hanover (part), Spotsylvania (part) 2009
56 John McGuire III Goochland (part), Henrico (part), Louisa, Spotsylvania (part) 2017
57 David Toscano
Minority Leader Dem Albemarle (part) Charlottesville 2005
58 Rob Bell Rep Albemarle (part), Fluvanna (part), Greene, Rockingham (part) 2001
59 Matt Fariss Albemarle (part), Appomattox, Buckingham, Campbell (part), Nelson (part) 2011
60 James Edmunds Campbell (part), Charlotte, Halifax, Prince Edward 2009
61 Tommy Wright Amelia, Cumberland, Lunenburg (part), Mecklenburg, Nottoway 2000
62 Riley Ingram Chesterfield (part), Henrico (part), Prince George (part) Hopewell (part) 1991
63 Lashrecse Aird Dem Chesterfield (part), Dinwiddie (part), Prince George (part) Hopewell (part), Petersburg 2015
64 Emily Brewer Rep Isle of Wight (part), Prince George (part), Southampton (part), Surry (part), Sussex (part) Franklin (part), Suffolk (part) 2011
65 Lee Ware Chesterfield (part), Fluvanna (part), Goochland (part), Powhatan 1998
66 Kirk Cox
Speaker Chesterfield (part) Colonial Heights 1989
67 Karrie Delaney Dem Fairfax (part), Loudoun (part) 2017
68 Dawn Adams Chesterfield (part), Henrico (part) Richmond (part) 2017
69 Betsy Carr Chesterfield (part) 2009
70 Delores McQuinn Chesterfield (part), Henrico (part) 2009
71 Jeff Bourne Henrico (part) 2017
72 Schuyler T. VanValkenburg 2017
73 Debra H. Rodman Richmond (part) 2017
74 Lamont Bagby Charles City, Henrico (part) 2015
75 Roslyn Tyler Brunswick, Dinwiddie (part) Greensville, Isle of Wight (part), Lunenburg (part), Southampton (part), Surry (part), Sussex (part) Emporia, Franklin (part) 2005
76 Chris Jones Rep Chesapeake (part), Suffolk (part) 1997
77 Cliff Hayes, Jr. Dem 2016
78 James Leftwich Rep Chesapeake (part) 2013
79 Steve Heretick Dem Norfolk (part), Portsmouth (part) 2015
80 Matthew James Chesapeake (part), Norfolk (part), Portsmouth (part), Suffolk (part) 2009
81 Barry Knight Rep Chesapeake (part), Virginia Beach (part) 2009
82 Jason Miyares Virginia Beach (part) 2015
83 Chris Stolle Norfolk (part), Virginia Beach (part) 2009
84 Glenn Davis Virginia Beach (part) 2014
85 Cheryl Turpin Dem 2017
86 Jennifer Boysko Fairfax (part), Loudoun (part) 2015
87 John Bell Loudoun (part), Prince William (part) 2015
88 Mark Cole Rep Fauquier (part), Spotsylvania (part), Stafford (part) Fredericksburg (part) 2001
89 Jay Jones Dem Norfolk (part) 2017
90 Joe Lindsey Norfolk (part), Virginia Beach (part) 2014
91 Gordon Helsel Rep York (part) Hampton (part), Poquoson 2011
92 Jeion Ward Dem Hampton (part) 2003
93 Michael P. Mullin James City (part), York (part) Newport News (part), Williamsburg 2016
94 David Yancey Rep Newport News (part) 2011
95 Marcia Price Dem Hampton (part), Newport News (part) 2015
96 Brenda Pogge Rep James City (part), York (part) 2007
97 Chris Peace Hanover (part), King William (part), New Kent 2006
98 Keith Hodges Essex, Gloucester, King and Queen, King William (part), Mathews, Middlesex 2011
99 Margaret Ransone Caroline (part), King George, Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, Westmoreland 2011
100 Robert Bloxom, Jr. Accomack, Northampton Norfolk (part), Virginia Beach (part) 2014
See also[edit]
List of Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates
Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2017
Senate of Virginia
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Mace of the Virginia House of Delegates
Redistricting in Virginia
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "This Day in History". Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Virginia. "Capitol Square Timeline". Retrieved April 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Virginia. "Timeline".
^ Jump up to: a b "Virginia House of Delegates". DailyPress.com. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Virginia State Legislature" (PDF). VAKids.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Virginia, Article IV, Section 4. Qualifications of senators and delegates". Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Virginia, Article IV, Section 6. Legislative sessions". Virginia General Assembly. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ The 1997 general election yielded a 51-48-1 Democratic majority. David Brickley resigned his seat right afterward, however, and a special election for District 51 was called. His seat flipped to the Republicans, and with Independent Lacey Putney siding with the Republicans, the chamber was tied. Democrats retained the Speakership through a power-sharing agreement. [1] [2]
Jump up ^ Kumar, Anita (November 19, 2011). "Toscano, Sickles to lead House Democratic caucus". Washington Post. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/house/committees/all.php
External links[edit]
Virginia General Assembly Official website
Project Vote Smart – State House of Virginia
[show]
v
t
e
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Speaker of the House: Kirk Cox (R)
Majority Leader: Todd Gilbert (R)
Minority Leader: David Toscano (D)
Terry Kilgore (R)
Jennifer Carroll Foy (D)
Will Morefield (R)
Todd Pillion (R)
Israel O'Quinn (R)
Jeff Campbell (R)
Nick Rush (R)
Greg Habeeb (R)
Charles Poindexter (R)
Wendy Gooditis (D)
Sam Rasoul (D)
Chris Hurst (D)
Danica Roem (D)
Danny Marshall (R)
Todd Gilbert (R)
Les Adams (R)
Chris Head (R)
Michael Webert (R)
Terry Austin (R)
Richard Bell (R)
Kelly Fowler (D)
Kathy Byron (R)
Scott Garrett (R)
Ben Cline (R)
Steve Landes (R)
Tony Wilt (R)
Roxann Robinson (R)
Bob Thomas (R)
Chris Collins (R)
Nicholas Freitas (R)
Elizabeth Guzmán (D)
David Reid (D)
Dave LaRock (R)
Kathleen Murphy (D)
Mark Keam (D)
Ken Plum (D)
David Bulova (D)
Kaye Kory (D)
Vivian Watts (D)
Tim Hugo (R)
Eileen Filler-Corn (D)
Kathy Tran (D)
Mark Sickles (D)
Paul Krizek (D)
Mark Levine (D)
Charniele Herring (D)
Patrick Hope (D)
Rip Sullivan (D)
Alfonso Lopez (D)
Lee Carter (D)
Hala Ayala (D)
Luke Torian (D)
Marcus Simon (D)
Bobby Orrock (R)
Buddy Fowler (R)
John McGuire (R)
David Toscano (D)
Rob Bell (R)
Matt Fariss (R)
James E. Edmunds (R)
Tommy Wright (R)
Riley Ingram (R)
Lashrecse Aird (D)
Rick Morris (R)
Lee Ware (R)
Kirk Cox (R)
Karrie Delaney (D)
Dawn Adams (D)
Betsy B. Carr (D)
Delores McQuinn (D)
Jeff Bourne (D)
Schuyler VanValkenburg (D)
Debra Rodman (D)
Lamont Bagby (D)
Roslyn Tyler (D)
Chris Jones (R)
Cliff Hayes (D)
Jay Leftwich (R)
Steve Heretick (D)
Matthew James (D)
Barry Knight (R)
Jason Miyares (R)
Chris Stolle (R)
Glenn Davis (R)
Cheryl Turpin (D)
Jennifer Boysko (D)
John Bell (D)
Mark Cole (R)
Jay Jones (D)
Joe Lindsey (D)
Gordon Helsel (R)
Jeion Ward (D)
Michael Mullin (D)
David Yancey (R)
Marcia Price (D)
Brenda Pogge (R)
Chris Peace (R)
Keith Hodges (R)
Margaret Ransone (R)
Robert Bloxom Jr. (R)
Republican (51)
Democratic (49)
Virginia General Assembly
Virginia House of Delegates
Virginia State Senate
[show]
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Districts of the Virginia House of Delegates
Districts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
[show]
v
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Legislatures of the United States
United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
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State legislatures
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 132066712
LCCN: n79018462
GND: 5037519-2
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Robert B. Bell

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City of Franklin, Virginia

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Robert Bloxom, Jr.

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Appellate jurisdiction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Appellate jurisdiction is the power of a higher court to review decisions and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts. Most appellate jurisdiction is legislatively created, and may consist of appeals by leave of the appellate court or by right. Depending on the type of case and the decision below, appellate review primarily consists of: an entirely new hearing (a non trial de novo); a hearing where the appellate court gives deference to factual findings of the lower court; or review of particular legal rulings made by the lower court (an appeal on the record).
Contents
[hide]
1 The Courts of the United States
2 Standard of review
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
The Courts of the United States[edit]
Under Article Three of the United States Constitution, the judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Court of the United States and the inferior courts established by law. The Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure govern appellate proceedings.[1]
Standard of review[edit]
Under its standard of review, an appellate court decides the extent of the deference it would give to the lower court's decision, based on whether the appeal was one of fact or one of law.
In reviewing an issue of fact, an appellate court ordinarily gives deference to the trial court's findings. It is the duty of trial judges or juries to find facts, view the evidence firsthand, and observe witness testimony. When reviewing lower decisions on an issue of fact, courts of appeal generally look for clear error.
The appellate court reviews issues of law de novo (anew, no deference) and may reverse or modify the lower court's decision if the appellate court believes the lower court misapplied the facts or the law.
An appellate court may also review the lower judge's discretionary decisions, such as whether the judge properly granted a new trial or disallowed evidence. The lower court's decision is only changed in cases of an "abuse of discretion". This standard tends to be even more deferential than the "clear error" standard.
Before hearing any case, the Court must have jurisdiction to consider the appeal.
See also[edit]
Original jurisdiction
Court of last resort
Court of first instance
Judicial review
Exclusive jurisdiction
Concurrent jurisdiction
Appellate
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
References[edit]
United States Constitution, Article III (1783). [1]
28 U.S.C. § 1291:
The courts of appeals (other than the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) can have jurisdiction of appeals from all last decisions of the courts of the United States of America, the District Court of Guam, and the District Court of the Virgin Islands, except where a direct review may be had in the Supreme Courts. The jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall be limited to the jurisdiction described in sections 1292 (c) and (d) and 1295 of this title.
U.S. Courts website
Mandatory appellate jurisdictions must hear all properly filed appeals. Discretionary appellate jurisdictions may pick and choose which cases are to be reviewed again and again.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellate_jurisdiction&oldid=816210916"
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Appellate review
Jurisdiction
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